Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2173 1570863 1558974 2026-06-11T14:01:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|JKK|nchi jirani|Jamhuri ya Kongo}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo | jina_asili = République démocratique du Congo (Kifaransa) | bendera = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | kauli_mbiu = "Justice – Paix – Travail" (Haki – Amani – Kazi) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Debout Congolais" (Simameni Wakongo) </br>[[File:Debout Congolais.ogg]] | ramani = COD orthographic.svg | ramani2 =Location Democratic Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la JKK katika dunia | maelezo_ramani2 = JKK katika [[Afrika]] | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Kinshasa]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kifaransa]] <ref>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | lugha2 = [[Kiswahili]], [[Lingala]], [[Tshiluba]], [[Kikongo]] <ref name="UNDRC">{{cite web |title=Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CD/languages |website=Ethnologue |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> | mwaka_dini = 2024 | dini = {{Plainlist| *95.4% [[Ukristo]] *2.6% [[Dini za jadi]] *1.5% [[Uislamu]] *0.5% others / none }} | uraia = ''Mkongo'' </br> ''Wakongo'' | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-urais | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Judith Suminwa]] | bunge = Bunge la Kitaifa (Seneti na Bunge la Taifa) | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka [[Ubelgiji]]''' | tukio1 = [[Dola Huru la Kongo]] | tukio1_tarehe = 1895 - 1908 | tukio2 = Uhuru | tukio2_tarehe = 30 Juni 1960 | eneo_jumla = 2,345,409 | maji = 3.32% | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 124,388,160 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-population/|title=DR Congo Population (2025)|website=Worldometer|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175204/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-congo-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 48 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $200.76 bilioni <ref name="uchumi"/> | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,881 <ref name="uchumi"/> | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = {{increase}} $79.120 bilioni <ref name="uchumi"/> | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $742 <ref name="uchumi"/> | hdi = {{Ongezeko}} 0.522 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Index in Democratic Republic of theCongo|url=https://data.undp.org/countries-and-territories/COD|publisher=UNDP|website=www.data.undp.org|access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 171 | gini = 44.7 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gini Index, Congo Dem. Republic|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CD|publisher=World Bank|website=www.data.worldbank.org|access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> | mwaka_gini = 2020 | fedha = [[Faranga ya Kongo]] (CDF) | majira_saa = +1 hadi UTC+2 (WAT na CAT) | tld = .cd | msimbo_simu = 243 }} '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' ([[kifupi]]: JKK; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''République démocratique du Congo''; pia '''Kongo-Kinshasa''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Kati]], inayopakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] magharibi, [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] kaskazini, [[Sudan Kusini]] kaskazini-mashariki, [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]] mashariki, [[Tanzania]] kusini-mashariki, [[Zambia]] kusini, na [[Angola]] kusini-magharibi. Mnamo 2024, Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 110, na kuwa nchi ya 15 kwa ukubwa wa idadi ya watu [[Dunia|duniani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Idadi ya Watu nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Benki Kuu ya Dunia|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CD |website=www.data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2025-08-28|lang=en}}</ref> [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Kinshasa]], ambalo pia ni [[mji mkuu]]. JKK imegawanyika katika [[Jimbo|majimbo]] 26 na [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kifaransa]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni nchi ya pili kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]] kwa eneo na ina [[utajiri]] mkubwa wa [[rasilmali]] za [[asili]], hasa [[madini]] kama vile [[kobalti]], [[shaba]], [[almasi]], [[dhahabu]], na [[koltani]]. Licha ya utajiri huo, JKK kwa muda mrefu imekumbwa na hali ya [[siasa|kisiasa]] isiyo thabiti, migogoro, na maendeleo duni. Sehemu kubwa ya matatizo hayO yanatokana na [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Ubelgiji]], uliomalizika [[mwaka]] [[1960]], na kufuatiwa na [[Mwongo|miongo]] kadhaa ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Udikteta|kiimla]], hasa chini ya [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Tangu mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1990]], nchi imepitia mfululizo wa migogoro, ikiwemo [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Kongo|Vita vya Kwanza]] (1996-1997) na [[vita vya Pili vya Kongo|vya Pili vya Kongo]] (1998-2003), ambavyo vilihusisha nchi jirani kadhaa na kusababisha janga lililoathiri mamilioni ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=History of Democratic Republic of Congo|url=https://www.warchild.org.uk/history-democratic-republic-congo-drc|publisher=Warchild|website=6 www.warchild.org.uk|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Democratic Republic of Congo: Colonialism , Civil War and Conflict|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/History|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> [[Mto Kongo]], ambao ni [[mto]] wa pili kwa [[urefu]] barani [[Afrika]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Congo River|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>, unapita katikati ya nchi na ni njia muhimu ya usafirishaji, inayosaidia [[biashara]] na jamii za wenyeji. JKK ina [[Msitu|misitu]] mikubwa ya [[mvua]], ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya [[Bonde]] la Kongo, ambalo ni msitu wa pili kwa ukubwa wa mvua wa [[Tropiki|kitropiki]] duniani baada ya [[msitu wa Amazon]]. Mifumo hiyo ya [[ekolojia]] ni muhimu sana duniani kwa utofauti wa viumbe na udhibiti wa [[hali ya hewa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Introduction to the General Geography of the DRC|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-41065-9_1|website=www.springer.com|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> Aina mbalimbali za [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nchini zinaonekana kupitia zaidi ya [[Kabila|makabila]] 200 na [[lugha]] nyingi, huku [[Kifaransa]] kikiwa [[lugha rasmi]]. Licha ya changamoto hizo, JKK inaendelea na juhudi za kuleta utulivu wa kisiasa, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na uhifadhi wa mazingira. Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendeshwa kama [[Serikali ya Kirais|jamhuri ya nusu-urais]] yenye mfumo wa kisiasa unaotegemea Katiba iliyopitishwa mwaka 2006 baada ya kipindi cha mpito kilichofuata [[Vita vya Pili vya Kongo]]. <ref name="Britannica_DRC">{{cite web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government and Society |website=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Government-and-society|date=May 12, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya ulinzi, huku [[Waziri Mkuu]] akiwa mkuu wa serikali. Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yapo chini ya Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="WFB_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#government |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi hiyo ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC), na [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika ya Kati]] (ECCAS). <ref name="AU_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/democratic_republic_congo |title=Member State Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kiuchumi, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inategemea sana uchimbaji [[madini]], huku nchi hiyo ikiwa na baadhi ya akiba kubwa zaidi duniani ya kobalti pamoja na hifadhi kubwa za [[shaba]], [[almasi]], lithiamu, na madini mengine ya kimkakati muhimu kwa sekta za teknolojia na nishati duniani. <ref name="WorldBank_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview |title=The World Bank in DRC: Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kilimo]] pia kinaajiri sehemu kubwa ya wananchi, huku mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, ndizi za kupika, kahawa, na mafuta ya mawese yakizalishwa katika maeneo mbalimbali. Changamoto za [[miundombinu]], ukosefu wa usalama katika majimbo ya mashariki, na maendeleo madogo ya viwanda zinaendelea kuathiri ukuaji wa uchumi, ingawa nchi hiyo bado ina umuhimu mkubwa wa kimkakati kutokana na maliasili zake, uwezo wa kuzalisha umeme wa maji, na nafasi yake ya kati ndani ya Afrika. <ref name="WFB_DRC_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#economy |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Jina == Jina ''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo'' linaakisi mfumo wa kisiasa wa nchi hiyo pamoja na utambulisho wake wa kijiografia katika eneo la Kongo la [[Afrika ya Kati]]. <ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> Neno ''Kongo'' linatokana na [[Ufalme wa Kongo]], dola yenye nguvu ya kabla ya ukoloni iliyokuwepo kando ya [[Mto Kongo]] wa chini na iliyochangia sana historia ya awali ya eneo hilo. <ref name="UNESCO_Kongo">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/102/ |title=Mbanza Kongo, Mabaki ya Mji Mkuu wa Ufalme wa zamani wa Kongo |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hii mara nyingi hufupishwa kama ''DRC'' na pia hujulikana kama ''Kongo-Kinshasa'' ili kuitofautisha na nchi jirani ya magharibi, [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] (Kongo-Brazzaville). <ref name="BBC_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |title=Wasifu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Jina la sasa lilipitishwa rasmi mwaka 1997 baada ya kuanguka kwa utawala wa Mobutu, likichukua nafasi ya jina la awali ''Zaire'', lililotumika kuanzia 1971 hadi 1997. <ref name="WFB_DRC"/> == Jiografia == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni nchi ya pili kwa ukubwa wa eneo barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa na takribani kilomita za mraba 2,345,409.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#geography |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iko katika [[Afrika ya Kati]] na inapakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], na [[Angola]]. Nchi pia ina ukanda mwembamba wa pwani kwenye [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], unaoiwezesha kupata njia ya moja kwa moja ya usafiri wa baharini.<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> === Topografia na Mandhari === [[File:Congo Kinshasa Topography.png|thumb|200px|Topografia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Mandhari ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni ya aina mbalimbali na hutofautiana kutoka misitu minene ya mvua hadi milima mirefu ya mashariki. * '''Bonde la Mto Kongo''' – Sehemu kubwa ya nchi inafunikwa na [[Bonde la Kongo]], ambalo limezungukwa na [[msitu wa mvua wa kitropiki]]. Eneo hili lina [[Mto Kongo]], mto wa pili kwa urefu barani Afrika baada ya [[Mto Nile]]. Msitu wa Bonde la Kongo ni wa pili kwa ukubwa duniani baada ya [[Msitu wa Amazon]].<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> * '''Uwanda wa Juu''' – Kuizunguka sehemu ya kati ya nchi kuna nyanda za juu zenye mwinuko wa wastani wa mita 500 hadi 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maeneo haya yana mchanganyiko wa misitu, nyasi, na savana. * '''Milima ya Mashariki''' – Mashariki mwa nchi kuna safu za milima zinazounda sehemu ya [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Humo hupatikana [[Milima ya Rwenzori]] na [[Mlima Stanley]], ambao ndio mlima mrefu zaidi nchini ukiwa na urefu wa mita 5,109.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Relief">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-congo/Relief |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Relief |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> * '''Eneo la Maziwa Makuu''' – Mashariki mwa nchi kuna baadhi ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]], yakiwemo [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Ziwa Kivu]], [[Ziwa Edward]], na [[Ziwa Albert]]. Maziwa haya yana umuhimu mkubwa kwa uvuvi, usafiri, na uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo"/> === Maji na Mifumo ya Mito === [[File:Tshuapa River DRC.svg|thumb|200px|Baadhi ya mito nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Mto Kongo]] ndio mto muhimu zaidi nchini na mojawapo ya mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa kiwango cha maji. Mto huo hupitia katikati ya nchi na kutumika kama njia muhimu ya usafiri na biashara. Mito mikubwa inayoulisha ni pamoja na [[Mto Ubangi]], [[Mto Kasai]], [[Mto Lualaba]], [[Mto Aruwimi]], na [[Mto Lomami]]. Mfumo huu mkubwa wa mito una uwezo mkubwa wa kuzalisha umeme wa maji na ni muhimu kwa maisha ya mamilioni ya watu.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Drainage">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Drainage |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Drainage |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Mbali na mito, nchi ina vinamasi, mabwawa, na maeneo mengi ya maji ya ndani yanayofanya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kuwa mojawapo ya nchi zenye rasilimali nyingi za maji barani Afrika. === Hali ya Hewa === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina hali ya hewa ya [[kitropiki]], lakini hali hiyo hutofautiana kulingana na eneo na mwinuko. * '''Hali ya hewa ya ikweta''' – Sehemu ya kati ya nchi huwa na joto la juu, unyevunyevu mwingi, na mvua nyingi karibu mwaka mzima.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Climate">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Climate |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Climate |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> * '''Hali ya hewa ya savana''' – Kaskazini na kusini mwa nchi hupata misimu tofauti ya mvua na kiangazi. * '''Hali ya hewa ya milimani''' – Maeneo ya mashariki yenye mwinuko mkubwa huwa na halijoto ya chini zaidi na mvua nyingi kuliko maeneo ya tambarare.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Climate"/> Katika baadhi ya maeneo ya msitu wa mvua, wastani wa mvua kwa mwaka huzidi milimita 2,000. === Rasilimali Asilia na Bioanuwai === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni mojawapo ya nchi tajiri zaidi duniani kwa [[rasilimali]] za [[madini]]. Miongoni mwa madini muhimu yanayopatikana nchini ni [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[almasi]], [[dhahabu]], [[koltani]], [[bati]], na [[zinki]].<ref name="WFB_DRC_Econ"/> Nchi pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[bioanuwai]]. Misitu yake ni makazi ya wanyama adimu kama [[bonobo]], [[okapi]], [[sokwe]], [[tembo wa msituni]], [[nyati]], na aina nyingi za ndege na mimea. Hifadhi kadhaa za taifa zimeorodheshwa kuwa maeneo ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] wa [[UNESCO]], zikiwemo [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Virunga]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Salonga]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kahuzi-Biega]], na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Garamba]].<ref name="UNESCO_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/cd |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Changamoto za Mazingira === Licha ya kuwa na utajiri mkubwa wa mazingira na viumbehai, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali za kimazingira: * Ukataji miti ovyo na uharibifu wa misitu ya mvua * Uchimbaji haramu wa madini * Uwindaji haramu wa wanyamapori * Uharibifu wa makazi ya viumbehai * Uchafuzi wa mito na ardhi kutokana na shughuli za uchimbaji * Athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] * Kuongezeka kwa shinikizo la matumizi ya ardhi kutokana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu Changamoto hizi zinaendelea kutishia baadhi ya mifumo muhimu ya ikolojia na viumbe adimu wanaopatikana nchini.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo"/> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} === Historia ya kale === [[Picha:KingdomKongo1711.png|thumb|Ufalme wa Kongo mnamo mwaka 1700]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo la Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo wanaaminika kuwa [[wawindaji]] na wakusanyaji wa jamii za [[Wasani]] na [[Wabilikimo]].<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/>Kuanzia karne za kwanza BK, wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] waliingia katika eneo hilo wakileta [[kilimo]], [[uhunzi]], na mbinu mpya za kupanga jamii. Uhamiaji huo ulisababisha kuundwa kwa falme na jamii nyingi zilizostawi katika Bonde la Kongo. Katika [[karne ya 15]], [[Wareno]] walipofika kwenye mwambao wa Atlantiki walikuta [[Ufalme wa Kongo]], ambao ulikuwa moja ya falme kubwa zaidi za Afrika ya Kati. Ufalme huo ulienea kutoka pwani ya Atlantiki hadi maeneo ya ndani karibu na [[mto Kwango]], na kutoka maeneo ya leo ya [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] hadi kaskazini mwa [[Angola]]. Mtawala wake alijulikana kwa cheo cha [[Manikongo]], na ufalme huo ulikuwa na mfumo wa majimbo yaliyotawaliwa kwa utaratibu maalumu.<ref name="Kongo_Kingdom">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kongo-historical-kingdom-Africa |title=Kongo: Historical Kingdom, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya kuwasili kwa Wareno, sehemu ya tabaka la watawala wa Kongo ilikubali [[Ukristo]]. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya watumwa]], migogoro ya ndani, na kuingilia kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika siasa za ufalme kulisababisha kudhoofika kwa Ufalme wa Kongo. Ingawa mamlaka yake yalipungua hatua kwa hatua, nasaba za kifalme ziliendelea kuwepo katika mji wa M'banza-Kongo hadi mwaka [[1914]], wakati Wareno walipofuta mabaki ya uhuru wa kisiasa wa ufalme huo.<ref name="Mbanza_Kongo">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1511 |title=Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2017 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Mbali na Ufalme wa Kongo, maeneo mengine ya nchi yalikuwa na falme zenye nguvu. Mashariki mwa nchi kulikuwa na falme za [[Washi]], ambazo zilistawi kati ya [[karne ya 17]] na [[karne ya 19]] chini ya watawala waliobeba cheo cha Mwami. Kusini mwa nchi kulikuwa na [[Dola la Kazembe]], lililoibuka kuanzia karne ya 17 na kuwa kitovu muhimu cha biashara katika Afrika ya Kati. === Koloni binafsi la mfalme na Kongo ya Kibelgiji === [[Picha:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Picha za watoto waliokatwa mikono kama adhabu wakati wa utawala wa Leopold II.]] Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], eneo la Kongo lilitangazwa kuwa [[Dola Huru la Kongo]], likiwa mali binafsi ya [[mfalme]] [[Leopold II wa Ubelgiji]]. Ingawa kwa jina lilidaiwa kuwa eneo la ustaarabu na maendeleo, utawala huo ulijulikana kwa ukatili mkubwa dhidi ya wakazi wa eneo hilo, hasa katika ukusanyaji wa mpira na maliasili nyingine.<ref name="BBC_DRC_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |title=Democratic Republic of Congo country profile |website=BBC News |date=Mei 21, 2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ripoti za mauaji, mateso, kazi za kulazimishwa, na ukatwaji wa viungo vya mwili zilisababisha upinzani mkubwa wa kimataifa dhidi ya utawala wa Leopold II. Kutokana na shinikizo hilo, mwaka [[1908]] mfalme alilazimika kuikabidhi Kongo kwa [[serikali]] ya Ubelgiji. Eneo hilo likawa [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] na lilibaki koloni la Ubelgiji hadi mwaka [[1960]].<ref name="Congo_Free_State">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State |title=Congo Free State: Historical State, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Siasa za kikoloni === Utawala wa Ubelgiji ulijaribu kuboresha baadhi ya huduma za kijamii kama [[elimu]], [[matibabu]], na [[miundombinu]]. Shule nyingi ziliendeshwa na [[wamisionari]], na lugha za kienyeji zilitumiwa katika hatua za awali za elimu. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kikoloni uliendelea kuwa wa kibaguzi, huku Waafrika wengi wakinyimwa nafasi za juu katika utawala na elimu ya juu.<ref name="Belgian_Congo">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgian-Congo |title=Belgian Congo: Historical Colony, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Katika kipindi hicho, uchimbaji wa [[madini]] ulikuwa msingi muhimu wa uchumi wa koloni. Kampuni kubwa kama Union Minière du Haut-Katanga zilichimba [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[dhahabu]], na [[uranium]]. Uranium iliyochimbwa Katanga ilitumika katika utengenezaji wa mabomu ya kwanza ya kinyuklia yaliyotumiwa na [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1945]].<ref name="Belgian_Congo"/> === Harakati za kupigania uhuru === Baada ya miongo ya utawala wa kikoloni, harakati za kisiasa na kidini zilianza kuongezeka. Miongoni mwa harakati za awali muhimu ilikuwa ile ya [[Simon Kimbangu]], ambaye mafundisho yake yaliwahamasisha Wakongo wengi na kusababisha kuundwa kwa dini ya [[Kimbanguism]]. Harakati hiyo ilipigwa marufuku na mamlaka za kikoloni lakini iliendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha utambulisho wa Waafrika wa Kongo.<ref name="Kimbanguism">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kimbanguism |title=Kimbanguism |website=Britannica |date=2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kuanzia miaka ya 1950, vyama vya kisiasa vilianza kudai uhuru. Miongoni mwa vyama vilivyojitokeza ni [[Alliance des Bakongo]] (ABAKO) chini ya [[Joseph Kasavubu]] na [[Mouvement National Congolais]] (MNC) chini ya [[Patrice Lumumba]]. Kufikia mwaka [[1959]], viongozi wengi wa kisiasa walikuwa wakidai uhuru wa haraka wa nchi.<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> === Uhuru na maendeleo ya kisasa === Serikali ya Ubelgiji ilipotambua kuwa haiwezi tena kuzuia harakati za uhuru, ilitangaza mwaka [[1960]] kuwa uchaguzi ungefanyika na mamlaka yangekabidhiwa kwa viongozi wa Kongo. Chama cha [[Patrice Lumumba]] kilipata mafanikio makubwa katika uchaguzi, na Lumumba akawa [[waziri mkuu]] wa kwanza wa taifa huru.<ref name="BBC_DRC_Profile"/> Tarehe [[30 Juni]] [[1960]], [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] ilipata [[uhuru]] na kuwa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Miaka ya mwanzo baada ya uhuru ilikumbwa na migogoro ya kisiasa, maasi ya kijeshi, na kuingiliwa na mataifa ya kigeni. Mwaka [[1965]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] alichukua madaraka kupitia mapinduzi ya kijeshi na kuanzisha utawala wa muda mrefu wa chama kimoja. Mwaka [[1971]], Mobutu alibadilisha jina la nchi kuwa [[Zaire]] kama sehemu ya sera yake ya "uafrikaishaji". Utawala wake uliendelea hadi mwaka [[1997]], wakati waasi wakiongozwa na [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] walipoingia madarakani na kurejesha jina la [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Tangu wakati huo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo imeendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kisiasa, migogoro ya silaha katika baadhi ya maeneo ya mashariki, na juhudi za kuimarisha demokrasia na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Licha ya changamoto hizo, nchi ina utajiri mkubwa wa maliasili na ina nafasi muhimu katika siasa na uchumi wa Afrika ya Kati. == Mikoa == {{Main|Mikoa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Image:Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo - 2005.svg|thumb|left|350px|Mikoa 25 na [[mji mkuu]] [[Kinshasa]].]] <br clear="left"/> Nchi imegawiwa katika mikoa 26 kadiri ya [[Katiba]] mpya ([[2006]]) na utekelezaji wake wa mwaka [[2015]]. {| style="background:transparent;" | <!----First column----> {| class="wikitable" ! !! [[Mkoa]] !!style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | 1. || [[Mkoa wa Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kinshasa]] |- | 2. || [[Mkoa wa Kongo Kati|Kongo Kati]]{{nbsp|2}} ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Matadi]] |- | 3. || [[Mkoa wa Kwango|Kwango]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kenge (Kwango)|Kenge]] |- | 4. || [[Mkoa wa Kwilu|Kwilu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kikwit]] |- | 5. || [[Mkoa wa Mai-Ndombe|Mai-Ndombe]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Inongo]] |- | 6. || [[Mkoa wa Kasaï|Kasaï]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Luebo]] |- | 7. || [[Mkoa wa Lulua|Lulua]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kananga]] |- | 8. || [[Mkoa wa Kasaï Mashariki|Kasaï Mashariki]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mbuji-Mayi]] |- | 9. || [[Mkoa wa Lomami|Lomami]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kabinda (Lomami)|Kabinda]] |- | 10. || [[Mkoa wa Sankuru|Sankuru]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lodja]] |- | 11. || [[Mkoa wa Maniema|Maniema]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kindu]] |- | 12. || [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Bukavu]] |- | 13. || [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Goma]] |} | <!----Second column----> {| class="wikitable" ! !! [[Mkoa]] !!style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | 14. || [[Mkoa wa Ituri|Ituri]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Bunia]] |- | 15. || [[Mkoa wa Uele Juu|Uele Juu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Isiro]] |- | 16. || [[Mkoa wa Tshopo|Tshopo]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kisangani]] |- | 17. || [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini|Uele Chini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Buta]] |- | 18. || [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kaskazini|Ubangi Kaskazini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Gbadolite]] |- | 19. || [[Mkoa wa Mongala|Mongala]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lisala]] |- | 20. || [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kusini|Ubangi Kusini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Gemena]] |- | 21. || [[Mkoa wa Équateur|Équateur]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mbandaka]] |- | 22. || [[Mkoa wa Tshuapa|Tshuapa]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Boende]] |- | 23. || [[Mkoa wa Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kalemie]] |- | 24. || [[Mkoa wa Lomami Juu|Lomami Juu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kamina]] |- | 25. || [[Mkoa wa Lualaba|Lualaba]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kolwezi]] |- | 26. || [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Katanga Juu]] {{nbsp|2}} ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lubumbashi]] |} |} ==Demografia== [[File:Population pyramid of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Piramidi ya Idadi ya watu ya DRC (JKK)]] '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (DRC), ni taifa la nne kwa ukubwa wa idadi ya watu barani [[Afrika]], likikadiria kuwa na watu takriban milioni 109.3 mwaka 2023<ref name="demografia">{{Rejea habari|title=Demografia za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Data Commons|url=https://datacommons.org/place/country/COD?utm_medium=explore&mprop=count&popt=Person&hl=en|access-date=2025-09-01|website=en}}</ref>Ina muundo wa kundi la vijana, ambapo takriban 46% ya watu wake wako chini ya umri wa miaka 15 na umri wa wastani ni miaka 16.5. Nchi hii ina kiwango kikubwa cha uzazi, ambapo kila mwanamke anazaa watoto wastani 6.05, na kiwango cha kuzaliwa ni 40.08 kwa watu 1,000<ref name="demografia"/>. Miaka ya kuishi unakadiriwa kuwa miaka 61.83, ambapo wanawake wanaishi zaidi (miaka 63.69) kuliko wanaume (miaka 60.03). Idadi ya watu wa DRC ni mchanganyiko wa makabila, ikiwa na zaidi ya makabila 250, ikiwemo [[Waluba]], [[Wamongo]], na [[Wakongo]]. Mji mkubwa na mkuu ni [[Kinshasa]] ===Kabila=== Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni miongoni mwa nchi zenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[kabila|makabila]] barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa na zaidi ya makabila 250 yaliyosambaa kote katika eneo lake kubwa. Makabila makuu ni pamoja na [[Waluba]], wanaoishi hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Kasai|Kasai]] na [[Mkoa wa Katanga|Katanga]]; [[Wakongo]], wanaopatikana kandokando ya mto Kongo wa chini; na [[Wamongo]], wanaoishi katika bonde la katikati. Kwa pamoja, makabila hayo matatu yanachangia takribani asilimia 45 ya idadi ya watu nchini. [[File:Danses et chants folkloriques des Peuples Autochtones Pygmées de la RDC.jpg|thumb|Ngoma za kiasili na nyimbo za Wabilikimo nchini.]] Makundi mengine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Mangbetu]] na [[Wazande]] kaskazini mashariki, pamoja na jamii za [[Watutsi]] na [[Wahutu]] mashariki mwa nchi, ambazo zina uhusiano wa mpakani na [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Wakongo wengi ni sehemu ya familia pana ya lugha za Bantu, ingawa kuna pia wachache wanaozungumza lugha za Kiniloti, pamoja na vikundi vidogo vya Wabilikimo wanaoishi katika misitu. Mchanganyiko huo mkubwa wa kikabila umeunda utajiri wa maisha ya kitamaduni nchini, lakini pia umekuwa chanzo cha mvutano wa kisiasa, hususan katika mikoa ya [[mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]] na [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]]. === Lugha === [[Picha:Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg|thumb|300px|Maeneo ya lugha za taifa za Kongo.]] [[Kifaransa]] ni [[lugha rasmi]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ilikuwa lugha ya utawala ya koloni ikaendelea kutumiwa kama lugha isiyoelekea upande wowote kati ya ma[[kabila]], [[lugha]] na [[utamaduni|tamaduni]] za nchi hii.Lugha ya [[Kiholanzi]] iliyotumiwa na Wabelgiji pamoja na Kifaransa katika utawala haitumiki tena. Kwa jumla kuna takriban lugha 242, hasa [[lugha za Kibantu]], zinazozungumzwa nchini (angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|orodha ya lugha]]). Kati yake, lugha 4 zinatambuliwa kama [[lugha za kitaifa]], nazo ni: [[Kikongo]] ([[Kituba]]), [[Kingala (Kongo)]], [[Kiluba]] (''Tshiluba'') na [[Kiswahili]]. Wakati wa ukoloni lugha hizo nne za kitaifa ziliwahi kutumiwa kieneo katika [[shule za msingi]].[[Kingala]] kilikuwa lugha rasmi ya [[jeshi]] la kikoloni lililoitwa "[[Force Publique]]" chini ya utawala wa Ubelgiji likaendelea kuwa lugha ya jeshi la jamhuri baada ya [[uhuru]]. Tangu [[mapinduzi]] ya [[1997]] sehemu za jeshi, hasa [[mashariki]], hutumia pia Kiswahili.Takriban 47% wanatumia Kifaransa kama [[lugha ya kwanza]] au [[lugha ya pili]]. === Dini === [[File:Kisantu kathedraal 2.JPG|thumb|Our Lady of Seven Sorrows Cathedral, Kisantu]] {{Chati ya duara | caption= | label1 = [[Ukristo]] | value1 = 95.4 | color1= green | label2 = [[Dini za jadi]] | value2 = 2.6 | color2= red | label3 = [[Uislamu]] | value3 = 1.5 | color3= pink | label4 = Dini nyingine | value4 = 0.5 | color4= yellow }} Asilimia 95 ya watu katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni [[Wakristo]], huku [[Kanisa Katoliki]] likiwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kihistoria na kijamii nchini. Asilimia 55 ya wakazi ni [[Wakatoliki]], na 48.1% ni [[Waprotestanti]], wakiwemo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kama vile [[Wapentekoste]], [[Baptisti|Wabaptisti]] na [[Waanglikana]]. [[Uislamu]] unafuata kwa karibu 2% ya watu, na wafuasi wake wengi wanapatikana katika [[mkoa wa Maniema]] na maeneo ya mijini. Aidha, kuna idadi ndogo ya watu wanaofuata [[dini za jadi]] [[dini asilia za Kiafrika|za Kiafrika]] pamoja na [[Wayahudi]] wachache na [[Uhindu|Wahindu]]<ref name="dini">{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/|website=www.state.gov|accessdate=2025-08-26|lang=sw|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref>. ===Miji Mikubwa=== {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo | stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://populationstat.com/africa/ |title=Africa Population (2022) |website=populationstat.com |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719032905/https://populationstat.com/africa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | div_name = Mkoa | city_1 = Kinshasa | div_1 = Kinshasa | pop_1 = 15,628,000 | city_2 = Mbuji-Mayi | div_2 = Kasai Mashariki | pop_2 = 2,765,000 | city_3 = Lubumbashi | div_3 = Haut-Katanga{{!}}Haut-Katanga | pop_3 = 2,695,000 | city_4 = Kisangani | div_4 = Tshopo | pop_4 = 1,640,000 | city_5 = Kananga | div_5 = Kasai ya Kati | pop_5 = 1,593,000 | city_6 = Mbandaka | div_6 = Équateur{{!}}Équateur | pop_6 = 1,188,000 | city_7 = Bukavu | div_7 = Kivu Kusini | pop_7 = 1,190,000 | city_8 = Tshikapa | div_8 = Kasai{{!}}Kasaï | pop_8 = 1,024,000 | city_9 = Bunia | div_9 = Ituri{{!}}Ituri | pop_9 = 768,000 | city_10 = Goma | div_10 = Kivu Kaskazini | pop_10 = 707,000 }} === Afya=== [[File:SECRETARY-GENERAL’S VISIT TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (48710365336).jpg|thumb|200px|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Antonio Guterres akitembelea kituo cha matibabu cha Ebola cha Mangina]] [[Afya]] nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC) inakabiliwa na udhaifu mkubwa wa mfumo wa huduma za [[afya]], hali inayozuia wananchi kufikia kiwango cha [[huduma]] bora. Ingawa baadhi ya maendeleo yameonekana, kama kupungua kwa kiwango cha vifo vya mama wa kujifungua kutoka vifo 934 kwa kila vizazi 100,000 mwaka 2000 hadi 427 mwaka 2023, changamoto kubwa bado zipo. Vifo vya watoto chini ya miaka mitano viko juu, vikiwa watoto 73 kwa kila vizazi 1000 hai mwaka 2022, na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kilikuwa 45 kwa kila vizazi 1,000. Lishe duni inakabili takriban asilimia 69 ya watoto, huku asilimia 43 ya watoto wakiwa na udumavu<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Is stunting in children under five associated with the state of vegetation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo?|publisher=National Institute of Health|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937978/|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|lang=en}}</ref>. Malaria huchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa vifo vya watoto, na JKK (DRC) ikiwa nafasi ya pili duniani kwa idadi ya visa vilivyoripotiwa. Migogoro ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], upungufu wa [[miundombinu]] ya [[afya]], na ufadhili mdogo vinaendelea kuathiri vibaya hali ya afya ya wananchi. == Uchumi == [[Uchumi]] wa '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (JKK) unaonyesha mchanganyiko wa ukuaji wa haraka na changamoto kubwa za [[jamii|kijamii]]. Mwaka 2023, [[uchumi]] wa taifa hili ulikua kwa asilimia 8.6, ukiendeshwa hasa na sekta ya [[madini]] ila ulikuwa kwa asilimia 6.7 2024<ref name="uchumi">{{Rejea habari|title=Takwimu za Uchumi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Data Commons|url=https://datacommons.org/place/country/COD?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource,GrossDomesticProduction&hl=en|access-date=2025-09-01|website=datacommons.org|lang=en}}</ref>. [[Pato la Taifa]] kwa kila raia lilifikia takriban dola bilioni 70.75<ref name="uchumi"/>, huku takriban asilimia 73.5 ya wananchi wakiishi kwa chini ya dola 2.15 kwa siku<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Economic Overview of DRC|publisher=World Bank|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.worldbank.org|lang=en}}</ref>. Sekta ya madini inachangia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya [[maduhuli|mauzo ya nje]], na bidhaa kuu ni [[shaba]] na [[kobalti]], huku kilimo kikiingiza takriban asilimia 17.4 ya [[Pato la Taifa]] na kuajiri asilimia 55.1 ya nguvu kazi. ===Sekta ya Madini=== '''Sekta ya madini''' ndiyo nguzo kuu ya uchumi wa JKK (DRC), ikichangia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya mapato ya kigeni. Taifa hili ndilo mzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kobalti]] duniani, likichangia zaidi ya asilimia 70 ya uzalishaji wa kimataifa<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Rampant cobalt smuggling and corruption deny billions to DRC|publisher=issafrica|url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/rampant-cobalt-smuggling-and-corruption-deny-billions-to-drc|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.issafrica.org|lang=en}}</ref>. Vilevile, DRC ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakubwa wa [[shaba]], [[dhahabu]], [[almasi]], ''tin'', ''tungsten'', na ''tantalum''. Uchimbaji unafanyika kwa njia za viwandani, kati, na za kijadi, ingawa hizi za kijadi zinakabiliwa na changamoto za usalama, utawala duni, na utumiaji wa watoto katika kazi za madini. ===Kilimo na Miundombinu=== [[Kilimo]] ni sekta muhimu katika uchumi wa DRC, ingawa kinakabiliwa na changamoto za miundombinu duni na usalama. Uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] unategemea zaidi [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu, na upatikanaji wa [[chakula]] bora ni mdogo, hasa katika maeneo yaliyoathiriwa na migogoro. Kwa jumla, ingawa JKK (DRC) ina rasilimali nyingi, changamoto za [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[usalama|kiusalama]], na ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]] vinapunguza uwezo wa wananchi kufaidika kikamilifu na ukuaji wa uchumi. == Serikali na Utawala == [[File:Tshisekedi (46615782065) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[rais]] inayotawaliwa kwa mujibu wa [[Katiba]] ya mwaka 2006. [[Rais]] ndiye mkuu wa nchi, amiri jeshi mkuu wa [[jeshi]], na mhusika mkuu katika utekelezaji wa mamlaka ya dola.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Government-and-society |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government and Society |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Rais huchaguliwa kwa kura ya moja kwa moja ya wananchi kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano na anaweza kuchaguliwa tena kwa muhula mmoja wa ziada. Rais humteua [[Waziri Mkuu]], ambaye huongoza shughuli za kila siku za [[serikali]] na kuwajibika mbele ya [[Bunge]]. Kwa mujibu wa katiba, Waziri Mkuu kwa kawaida hutoka katika chama au muungano wenye wingi wa wabunge katika Bunge la Taifa.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#government |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bunge === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina [[bunge]] la mabunge mawili: * [[Bunge la Taifa]] lenye viti 500, ambalo wanachama wake huchaguliwa moja kwa moja na wananchi. * [[Seneti]] yenye viti 108, ambayo wajumbe wake huchaguliwa na mabunge ya mikoa.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Gov"/> Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria, kuidhinisha bajeti ya taifa, na kuisimamia serikali kupitia mijadala, kamati, na taratibu nyingine za uwajibikaji. === Serikali za Mikoa === Kwa mujibu wa katiba ya mwaka 2006, nchi imegawanywa katika [[mikoa]] 26, ikiwemo [[Kinshasa]] ambayo ina hadhi ya jiji na mkoa kwa wakati mmoja. Kila mkoa una gavana na bunge la mkoa linalosimamia masuala ya utawala wa eneo husika. Mfumo huu ulianzishwa kwa lengo la kuimarisha ugatuzi wa madaraka na kusogeza huduma karibu zaidi na wananchi.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Gov"/> === Siasa za Kisasa === Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwezi Desemba 2023, [[Félix Tshisekedi]] alichaguliwa tena kuwa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo baada ya kupata asilimia 73.47 ya kura zilizohesabiwa. Mpinzani wake mkuu, [[Moïse Katumbi]], alipata asilimia 18.32 ya kura.<ref name="CFR_DRC_Elections">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/disputed-election-democratic-republic-congo |author=Michelle Gavin |title=A Disputed Election in the Democratic Republic of Congo |website=cfr.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=Januari 5, 2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Chama tawala cha [[Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social]] (UDPS) pamoja na washirika wake katika muungano wa ''Umoja Takatifu wa Taifa'' (USN) kilipata wingi mkubwa wa viti katika mabunge yote mawili. Ushindi huo uliimarisha nafasi ya Rais Tshisekedi katika siasa za kitaifa, ingawa vyama vya upinzani vilipinga baadhi ya matokeo ya uchaguzi na kueleza wasiwasi kuhusu mwenendo wa mchakato wa uchaguzi.<ref name="CFR_DRC_Elections"/> === Changamoto za Utawala === Licha ya maendeleo ya kidemokrasia yaliyopatikana tangu mwisho wa utawala wa [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali za kisiasa na kiusalama. Mashariki mwa nchi kumekuwa na migogoro ya muda mrefu inayohusisha makundi mengi ya waasi, yakiwemo [[M23]] na makundi mengine yenye silaha. Migogoro hiyo imesababisha vifo vya maelfu ya watu na kuwafanya mamilioni ya wananchi kuyahama makazi yao.<ref name="HRW_DRC_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/democratic-republic-of-congo |title=Democratic Republic of Congo: Events of 2025 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=Januari 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ingawa kumekuwa na juhudi mbalimbali za upatanishi wa kikanda na kimataifa, utekelezaji wa makubaliano ya amani mara nyingi umekabiliwa na changamoto kutokana na uwepo wa makundi mengi yenye silaha na ushindani wa udhibiti wa maeneo yenye utajiri wa madini. Aidha, [[rushwa]] na udhaifu wa taasisi za umma vinaendelea kuwa miongoni mwa changamoto kubwa za utawala. Mashirika mbalimbali ya kimataifa yameendelea kuonyesha kuwa rushwa, matumizi mabaya ya madaraka, na ukosefu wa uwajibikaji huathiri utoaji wa huduma za umma na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini.<ref name="TI_CPI_2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 |website=transparency.org |publisher=Transparency International |date=Januari 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Pamoja na changamoto hizo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendelea kufanya uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, kuimarisha taasisi za kikatiba, na kushirikiana na mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa katika juhudi za kuimarisha amani, usalama, na maendeleo ya taifa. == Elimu == [[File:DRC classroom.jpg|thumb|Darasa nchini Kongo,JKK]] [[Elimu]] katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo imepitia mabadiliko kutoka kwa mila za kabla ya ukoloni, utawala wa kikoloni, hadi mageuzi ya baada ya uhuru, ikionyesha [[historia]] na maendeleo ya [[jamii|kijamii]] ya nchi hiyo. Kabla ya [[ukoloni]], [[elimu]] ilikuwa ya jadi na isiyo rasmi, ikitegemea mila za mdomo, mafunzo ya [[jamii|kijamii]], na ujuzi wa vitendo kama [[kilimo]], ufundi, na majukumu ya kijamii. Wakati wa utawala wa [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] wa [[Ubelgiji]] (mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] hadi 1960), elimu rasmi ilianzishwa hasa kupitia shule za [[wamisionari]] wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], zikilenga kusoma na kuandika, mafundisho ya dini, na mafunzo ya ufundi. Upatikanaji wa [[elimu]] ya juu kwa Wakongo ulikuwa mdogo sana, na mfumo huo uliundwa zaidi kuhudumia mahitaji ya utawala wa kikoloni kuliko kukuza maendeleo mapana ya kielimu. Baada ya kupata uhuru mwaka 1960, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo#Serikali na Utawala|Serikali ya Kongo]] ilijitahidi kupanua na kufanya [[elimu]] iwe ya kitaifa, ili iweze kufikiwa na watu wengi na kuendana na utambulisho wa taifa pamoja na malengo ya maendeleo. Mageuzi yalileta ngazi zilizopangwa za elimu ya msingi, [[sekondari]], na ya [[chuo kikuu|juu]], huku [[Kifaransa]] kikiwa lugha kuu ya kufunzia. Hata hivyo, ukosefu wa utulivu wa [[siasa|kisiasa]], changamoto za [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na vipindi vya migogoro vilizuia maendeleo endelevu. Juhudi zilifanywa kuendeleza lugha za kitaifa katika elimu ya awali na kuanzisha vyuo vikuu na taasisi za kiufundi, ingawa tofauti kati ya maeneo na makundi ya [[jamii|kijamii]] ziliendelea kuwepo. Katika kipindi cha sasa, mfumo wa [[elimu]] unajumuisha miaka sita ya elimu ya msingi, ikifuatiwa na elimu ya sekondari na ya juu, ikiwemo [[Chuo kikuu|vyuo vikuu]] na taasisi maalumu. [[Serikali]] imeanzisha sera kama elimu ya msingi bila malipo ili kuongeza idadi ya wanafunzi wanaojiunga na shule, lakini changamoto bado zipo, zikiwemo madarasa yenye msongamano mkubwa, uhaba wa [[miundombinu]], ukosefu wa [[mwalimu|walimu]] wenye mafunzo ya kutosha, na athari za migogoro inayoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo. Licha ya changamoto hizi, elimu bado inaonekana kuwa nguzo muhimu ya maendeleo ya taifa, huku mageuzi yanayoendelea na msaada wa kimataifa yakilenga kuboresha upatikanaji, ubora, na usawa katika nchi nzima. == Watu Mashuhuri== * 1. [[Patrice Lumumba]] – Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza wa DRC na shujaa wa ukombozi wa taifa, aliuawa mwaka 1961. *2. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] – Rais wa DRC kutoka 1965 hadi 1997, aliyeongoza kwa mtindo wa kiimla na kubadili jina la nchi kuwa Zaire. *3. [[Koffi Olomide]] – Mwanamuziki maarufu wa rumba na soukous, alizaliwa mwaka 1956. * 4. [[Fally Ipupa]] – Mwanamuziki wa kisasa maarufu wa rumba na soukous, alizaliwa mwaka 1977. * 5. [[Joseph Kabila]] – Rais wa nne wa DRC (2001–2019), alichukua madaraka baada ya kuuawa kwa baba yake Laurent-Désiré Kabila. * 6. [[Franco Luambo]] – Mwanamuziki maarufu na kiongozi wa bendi ya TPOK Jazz, aliyeathiri muziki wa DRC na Afrika kwa ujumla. * 7. [[Dikembe Mutombo]] – Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu aliyejulikana kimataifa, alizaliwa mwaka 1966. * 8. [[Serge Ibaka]] – Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu wa DRC anayejulikana duniani, alizaliwa mwaka 1989. * 9. [[Julienne Lusenge]] – Mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Haki za Binadamu 2023. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Bibliografia== {{refbegin|30em}} * Clark, John F., ''The African Stakes of the Congo War'', 2004. * {{cite book| last=Devlin| first=Larry| authorlink=Larry Devlin| title=Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67| url=https://archive.org/details/chiefofstationco0000devl| publisher=PublicAffairs| location=New York| year=2007| isbn=978-1-58648-405-7}}. * Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, ''The Wild Highway'', 2005. * Edgerton, Robert, ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.'' St. Martin's Press, December 2002. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf ''The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo''], Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf ''Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo] {{Wayback|url=http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf |date=20110901165807 }}, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. * Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. * Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, ''The Rebels' Hour'', Atlantic, 2008. * Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008. (In German) ISBN 978-3-17-020781-3. * [[Barbara Kingsolver|Kingsolver, Barbara]]. ''[[The Poisonwood Bible]]'' HarperCollins, 1998. * Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. ''Borders, nationalism and the African state''. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. * Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.'' Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. * Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. ISBN 1-59691-345-2. * [[Linda Melvern|Melvern, Linda]], ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community''. Verso, 2004. * Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp.&nbsp;147 – 205, ISBN 978-0-9802534-1-2; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9802534-2-9. * Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ''The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History'', 2002. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''Congo Journey'', 1996. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo'', 1998. * Prunier, Gérard, ''Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe'', 2011 (also published as ''From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa''). * Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'', 2007. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4. * Reyntjens, Filip, ''The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 '', 2009. * Rorison, Sean, ''Bradt Travel Guide: Congo&nbsp; — Democratic Republic/Republic'', 2008. * Schulz, Manfred. ''Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur'', Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) ISBN 978-3-8258-0425-1. * Stearns, Jason: ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'', Public Affairs, 2011. * Tayler, Jeffrey, ''Facing the Congo'', 2001. * Turner, Thomas, ''The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality'', 2007. * [[David Van Reybrouck|Van Reybrouck]], David, ''Congo: The Epic History of a People'', 2014 * Wrong, Michela, ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. {{refend}} * Osman, Mohamed Omer Guudle(November,2011) Africa: A rich Continent where poorest people live, The Case of DR Congo and the exploitation of the World Market == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|République Démocratique du Congo}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506023504/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-democratic-republic-of-the.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * [http://m.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 Country Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://m.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |date=20150402133833 }} from the [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|cg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm Democratic Republic of the Congo] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm |date=20080727023932 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the}} * {{Wikiatlas|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues] * {{cite web |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |work=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources |publisher=Stanford University |location=USA |editor=Karen Fung |accessdate=2015-09-12 |archivedate=2014-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004102743/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html }} {{Hoja Kuhusu Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika|K]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] l7zw4s0ioimnq2pj54wiufr2odbxbk5 0 3193 1570925 1530309 2026-06-11T22:46:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kodivaa|jina_asili=''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' ([[Kifaransa]])|bendera=Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg|nembo=Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Ivory_Coast.svg|ramani=Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|ramani2=Côte d'Ivoire topographic map-sw.svg|ukubwa_nembo=90|ukubwa_bendera=120|kaulimbiu=<br>''Union – Discipline – Travail'' (Kifaransa)<br>"Umoja– Nidhamu – Kazi"|wimbo=''[[L'Abidjanaise]]''<br>"Wimbo wa Abidjan"|mji_mkuu=[[Yamoussoukro]]|mji_mkubwa=[[Abidjan]]|latd=6|latm=51|latNS=N|longd=5|longm=18|longEW=W|latd2=5|latm2=20|latNS2=N|longd2=4|longm2=1|longEW2=W|lugha_rasmi=[[Kifaransa]]|serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|muundo_uhuru='''Historia'''|eneo_jumla=322 463|cheo_eneo=67|maji=1.4|sensa=2014|watu_kadirio=29 344 847|mwaka_kadirio=2023|cheo_watu=52|watu_sensa=22 671 331|msongamano=91.1|fedha=[[Faranga ya CFA]]|majira_saa=+0 ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]])|msimbo_simu=225|tld=.ci|tukio1=Kuasisi kwa jamhuri|tukio2=[[Uhuru]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]]|tukio1_tarehe=4 Desemba 1958|tukio2_tarehe=7 Agosti 1960|kiongozi1=[[Alassane Ouattara]]|kiongozi2=[[Patrick Achi]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Kodivaa|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=[[Waziri Mkuu wa Kodivaa|Waziri Mkuu]]}} [[File:Abidjan2.jpg|300x300px|thumb|[[Abidjan]] ni mji mkubwa na muhimu zaidi kiuchumi wa Ivory Coast .]] '''Kodivaa'''<ref>{{Cite TUKI|toleo=4|ukurasa=784}}</ref> (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: '''Côte d'Ivoire'''{{Efn|Tamka: kot divwar. Jina la Kifaransa lina maana ya "pwani ya pembe za ndovu"}}, rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kodivaa''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] [[kaskazini]], [[Ghana]] [[mashariki]] na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu milioni 32 ni nchi ya 32 kubwa duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Yamoussoukro]] ndio mji mkuu na [[Abidjan]] ndio mji mkubwa. Kodivaa ni nchi ya pwani ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] yenye [[hali ya hewa]] ya kitropiki, maeneo mbalimbali ya ikolojia, na pwani kando ya [[Ghuba ya Gine]] inayosaidia shughuli za bandari na uvuvi. Sehemu ya kusini kwa ujumla ina unyevunyevu na misitu mingi, wakati kaskazini hubadilika kuwa maeneo ya [[savana]] ya ukanda wa Sudani-Sahel. Tofauti hii ya kijiografia inaathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa mgawanyo wa watu, [[kilimo]], na shughuli za kiuchumi nchini kote. Nchi ina uchumi ulio na utofauti ambao ni miongoni mwa mkubwa zaidi [[Afrika Magharibi]], ukiungwa mkono na [[kilimo]], [[huduma]], na [[viwanda]]. Ni mojawapo ya wazalishaji na wauzaji wakuu wa kakao duniani, pamoja na uzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kahawa]], [[korosho]], mafuta ya mawese, na mpira. Sekta ya [[viwanda]] inajumuisha usindikaji wa vyakula, utengenezaji, ujenzi, na uzalishaji wa nishati, huku sekta ya huduma hasa fedha, mawasiliano, na biashara ikipanuka kwa kasi katika miji mikubwa. Kodivaa pia ina nafasi muhimu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi katika [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Ni mwanachama wa [[ECOWAS|Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika Magharibi]] na Umoja wa Kiuchumi na Fedha wa Afrika Magharibi, ambayo huathiri sera zake za kifedha na ushirikiano wa kibiashara wa kikanda. Maendeleo ya kisasa ya nchi yamechangiwa na vipindi vya ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa vilivyofuatwa na mageuzi ya kiuchumi, upanuzi wa miundombinu, na ongezeko la uwekezaji wa kigeni. ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Kodivaa}} Baada ya [[uhuru]] ([[7 Agosti]] [[1960]]) iliwahi kuwa kati ya nchi [[tajiri]] zaidi za Afrika lakini tangu mwaka [[2002]] [[uchumi]] na hali ya [[maisha]] kwa jumla vimeharibika kutokana na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] ([[2002]]-[[2011]]). ==Demografia== Wakazi walikadiriwa kuwa 29,344,847 mwaka [[2023]], lakini [[sensa]] ya mwaka huo ilihesabu [[idadi]] ndogo zaidi: 29,389,150. === Kabila === [[Kabila]] kubwa ni lile la [[Waakan]] (38%). [[Asilimia]] 22% ni [[wahamiaji]], hasa kutoka nchi jirani (Liberia, Burkina Faso na Guinea). Asilimia 4 wana [[asili]] tofauti, hasa [[Ufaransa]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Vietnam]] na [[Hispania]]. === Lugha === [[Lugha]] zinazotumika kawaida ni 68, lakini [[lugha rasmi]] ni Kifaransa. === Dini === Upande wa [[dini]], [[Uislamu]] una 42.5%, [[Ukristo]] 39.8% ([[Kanisa Katoliki]] peke yake 24.9%), [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] 2.2% na dini nyingine 0.5%. Wasio na dini ni 12.6% == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Tarafa za Cote d'Ivoire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] == Tanbihi == {{Tanbihi}} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Refbegin}} * {{citation|last=Amin Samir|first=Bernard Nantet|chapter=Côte-d’Ivoire|title=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Universalis|location=Paris|year=1999|language=fr}} * {{citation|last=Amondji|first=Marcel|authorlink=Marcel Amondji|title=Côte-d'Ivoire. 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- ''Côte d'Ivoire''] {{Wayback|url=http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cote_d_Ivoire/ |date=20090120103134 }} directory category '''Utalii''' * [http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ |date=20081007125821 }} * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d'ivoire Lonely Planet - Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d%27ivoire |date=20080719212257 }} '''Mengineyo''' * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm Map of Côte d'Ivoire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm |date=20080521162331 }} * [http://www.pipci.org/ Parti ivoirien du Peuple] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pipci.org/ |date=20120123181357 }} {{fr}} * [http://globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ivory-coast.htm Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba ya Kodivaa] {{Wayback|url=http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr |date=20090115100307 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Commons|Côte d'Ivoire}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Cote d'Ivoire| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] kasxkgjxgycha92tpdpstf40iub95ko 0 5264 1570845 1558944 2026-06-11T12:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuhusu|nchi ya sasa|nchi ya kale tazama|Uajemi ya Kale}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Irani | jina_asili = جمهوری اسلامی ایران ''Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân'' (Kifarsi) | bendera = Flag of Iran.svg | nembo = Emblem of Iran.svg | kaulimbiu = اَللّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ ''Allāhu Akbar'' (kisheria)<br>''Uhuru, Haki, Jamhuri ya Kiislamu'' (kiutendaji) | wimbo = ''Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân'' | ramani = Iran (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Tehran]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kifarsi]] | lugha_taifa = | kiongozi1 = Nafasi Huru | kiongozi2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = Kiongozi Mkuu | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Rais]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Irani|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] | tukio2 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio3 = Marekebisho ya katiba | tukio1_tarehe = 11 Februari 1979 | tukio2_tarehe = 3 Desemba 1979 | tukio3_tarehe = 28 Julai 1989 | eneo_jumla = 1,648,195 | cheo_eneo = 17 | maji = 1.63% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = 85,961,000 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 52 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $1.698 trilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $19,607 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 95 | plt = {{increase}} $434.243 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2024 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $5,013 | cheo_plt_kawaida = 37 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = 120 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.799 .</br>- {{juu}} | gini = 34.8 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Rial ya Irani]] (IRR) | majira_saa = +3:30 (IRST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 98 | tld = [[.ir]] }} '''Irani''' (pia '''Uajemi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Irani''', kwa [[Kifarsi]]: جمهوری اسلامی ایران) ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Asia ya Magharibi]]. Inapakana na [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], na [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] upande wa [[kaskazini]]; [[Afghanistan]] na [[Pakistan]] [[mashariki]]; [[Iraq]] na [[Uturuki]] [[magharibi]]; [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]] na [[Bahari ya Omani]] [[kusini]]. Irani ina eneo la takriban [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 1,648,195. Ni nchi ya pili kwa ukubwa katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]], nchi ya sita kwa ukubwa barani pa Asia, na nchi ya kumi na saba kwa ukubwa duniani. Inakadiriwa kuwa na [[idadi]] ya watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] 90 .[[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa wa Irani ni [[Tehran]] ambao ndio pia kituo kikuu cha uchumi. Irani ina [[historia]] ndefu ya [[ustaarabu]] wa kale kama milki ya Achaemenid, [[Milki ya Wasasani|Sasani]], na imekuwa [[kitovu]] cha [[utamaduni]], [[fasihi]], na [[falsafa]] katika [[Uislamu|ulimwengu wa Kiislamu]] na kimataifa. <ref name="Britannica_Iran_Summary">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Iran |title=A brief Summary of Iran |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 10, 2026 }} </ref> Maendeleo yake ya awali yanahusisha [[Umedi|Wamedi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]] aliyeanzisha milki ya Achaemenid, na ushindi wa [[Aleksander Mashuhuri]] katika [[karne ya 4 KK]]. Baadaye, [[Milki ya Wasasani|Wasasani]] waliifanya Irani kuwa kitovu cha ustaarabu hadi kushindwa kwao na [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]] katika [[karne ya 7]]. Baada ya hapo, Irani ikawa sehemu ya ustawi wa [[Uislamu]] ambapo kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa ya [[hisabati]], [[falsafa]], [[tiba]], na [[sanaa]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Iran_Culture">{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-along-silk-road/iran-islamic-republic |title=Iran and the Silk Roads |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 10, 2026 }} </ref> Katika [[karne ya 20]], baada ya Mapinduzi ya Kikatiba (1906), Irani iligeuka kuwa ufalme wa kikatiba kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya 1979 yaliyoanzisha [[Jamhuri ya Kiislamu]] chini ya Ayatollah Khomeini. <ref name="CFR_Iran_Revolution">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/history-behind-irans-1979-revolution |title=Iran's 1979 Revolution |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=2024 |access-date=May 10, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iran ina uchumi uliogawanyika unaotegemea hidrokaboni, viwanda, [[kilimo]], na [[huduma]]. Inamiliki baadhi ya hifadhi kubwa zaidi za mafuta na gesi asilia duniani, jambo linalofanya sekta ya nishati kuwa chanzo kikuu cha mapato ya serikali na mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]]. <ref name="OPEC_Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/161.htm |title=Iran: Member Country Profile |website=opec.org |publisher=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |date=2024 |access-date=May 11, 2026 }}</ref> Mbali na uzalishaji wa mafuta, Iran ina [[viwanda]] muhimu kama vile petrokemikali, utengenezaji wa magari, uchimbaji madini, uzalishaji wa chuma, na nguo. [[Kilimo]] pia bado ni muhimu katika maeneo mengi, huku mazao makuu yakijumuisha ngano, mpunga, pistachio, zafarani, na matunda. Maendeleo ya kiuchumi yameathiriwa na vikwazo vya kimataifa, mfumuko wa bei, na mabadiliko ya masoko ya nishati duniani. <ref name="WorldBank_Iran_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |title=The World Bank in Iran: Economic Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 11, 2026 }}</ref> Nchi hii inafanya kazi kama jamhuri ya [[Kiislamu]] yenye mfumo wa kisiasa unaochanganya taasisi za jamhuri na uangalizi wa kidini. Kiongozi Mkuu (Supreme Leader) ana mamlaka ya juu zaidi ya kisiasa na kidini, wakati Rais anahudumu kama mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kwa kura za wananchi. Iran ina bunge la chumba kimoja linalojulikana kama Bunge la Ushauri la Kiislamu (Majlis), pamoja na taasisi kama Baraza la Walinzi na Baraza la Wataalamu. <ref name="CFR_Iran_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-power-structure |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=Iran's Power Structure |website=cfr.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=2024 |access-date=May 11, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi hii pia ni nguvu muhimu ya kikanda katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na ina jukumu hai katika siasa za kikanda, masoko ya nishati, na diplomasia ya kimataifa. == Historia == {{main|Uajemi ya Kale|Historia ya Irani}} === Irani ya Kale === Eneo la Irani ya kisasa limekuwa likikaliwa na watu kwa maelfu ya miaka. Miongoni mwa ustaarabu wa mwanzo kabisa katika eneo hilo ulikuwa [[Elamu]], uliostawi kusini-magharibi mwa Irani kuanzia takribani mwaka 3000 KK. Watu wa Elamu walijenga miji, waliendeleza biashara na maeneo jirani, na walikuwa na mfumo wao wa maandishi.<ref name="Britannica_Iran">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran |author=Janet Afary |title=Iran: History, Geography, and Government |website=Britannica |date=Mei 14, 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 6 KK]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]] alianzisha [[Nasaba]] ya Achaemenid na kuunganisha makabila mbalimbali ya Kiajemi. Dola la Achaemenid lilipanuka kutoka Asia ya Kati hadi Misri na likawa moja ya milki kubwa zaidi katika historia ya kale. Dola hili lilijulikana kwa mfumo wake wa utawala uliopangwa vizuri, mtandao wa barabara uliounganisha maeneo yake, na uvumilivu kwa tamaduni na dini mbalimbali za watu waliokuwa chini ya utawala wake.<ref name="Achaemenid">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Achaemenid-dynasty |title=Achaemenid Dynasty |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Enzi za Kiislamu === Baada ya ushindi wa [[Alexander Mkuu]] mwaka 330 KK, Dola la Achaemenid lilivunjika na eneo la Irani likatawaliwa na falme mbalimbali, zikiwemo Parthia na [[Wasassanidi|Sassanid]]. Dola la Sassanid (224–651 BK) lilikuwa dola la mwisho kubwa la [[Uajemi|Kiajemi]] kabla ya kuenea kwa [[Uislamu]]. Dola hili lilijulikana kwa maendeleo katika [[sayansi]], [[usanifu]], [[fasihi]], na [[biashara]], pamoja na kuimarisha dini ya Zoroastrian kama dini kuu ya taifa.<ref name="Sasanian">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1568 |title=Sasanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 7]], majeshi ya [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] yaliiteka Irani na kuingiza eneo hilo katika ulimwengu wa Kiislamu. [[Uislamu]] ulienea hatua kwa hatua na kuwa dini kuu ya wakazi wengi wa nchi hiyo. Katika karne zilizofuata, Irani ilitawaliwa na nasaba mbalimbali za Kiislamu. Miongoni mwa nasaba muhimu zaidi ilikuwa [[Safavid]] katika [[karne ya 16]], ambao waliifanya [[Uislamu]] wa Shia Ithnaashari kuwa dini rasmi ya taifa. Hatua hiyo ilichangia kuunda utambulisho wa kisiasa na kidini unaoitofautisha Irani na majirani wake wengi wa Kiislamu.<ref name="Safavid">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Safavid-dynasty |title=Safavid Dynasty |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Karne ya 18 hadi Karne ya 20 === Baada ya kudhoofika kwa Dola la Safavid, Irani ilitawaliwa na nasaba mbalimbali kabla ya [[Nasaba ya Qajar]] kuimarisha mamlaka yake mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 18]]. Katika [[Karne ya 19|karne ya 19]], Irani ilikabiliwa na shinikizo kubwa kutoka kwa [[Urusi]] na [[Uingereza]], hali iliyosababisha kupoteza baadhi ya maeneo yake na kuongezeka kwa ushawishi wa mataifa ya Ulaya katika siasa na uchumi wa nchi hiyo.<ref name="BBC_Iran_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14541327 |title=Iran country profile |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[Mapinduzi ya Katiba ya Uajemi]] (1905–1911) yalileta mageuzi muhimu yaliyolenga kuanzisha bunge na kuweka mipaka kwa mamlaka ya mfalme. Mwaka 1925, [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] alianzisha [[Nasaba ya Pahlavi]] na kuanza programu ya kisasa ya kuendeleza [[miundombinu]], [[elimu]], usafiri, na viwanda. Wakati huo huo, ugunduzi na maendeleo ya sekta ya mafuta yalifanya Irani kuwa moja ya nchi muhimu zaidi za uzalishaji wa nishati duniani.<ref name="Britannica_Iran"/> === Irani ya Kisasa === [[File:Shah's exit from Iran 01.jpg|thumb|Shah akiondoka Irani mwaka 1979]] Mwaka 1979, [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Irani]] yaliangusha utawala wa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] na kuanzisha [[Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Irani]] chini ya uongozi wa [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]]. Mfumo mpya wa serikali uliunganisha taasisi za uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia na mamlaka ya viongozi wa kidini, na kuunda mfumo wa kisiasa unaotumika hadi leo.<ref name="WFB_Iran_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#government |title=Iran - World Factbook: Government and Politics |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208143639/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, Irani imepitia matukio muhimu kama [[Vita vya Irani na Iraki]] (1980–1988), migogoro ya kidiplomasia na nchi za Magharibi, vikwazo vya kiuchumi vya kimataifa, na mabishano kuhusu mpango wake wa nyuklia. Licha ya changamoto hizo, nchi imeendelea kuwa moja ya mataifa yenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ikiwa na urithi mkubwa wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], nafasi muhimu katika siasa za kikanda, na uchumi unaotegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa sekta ya nishati.<ref name="WFB_Iran_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#economy |title=Iran - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208143639/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jiografia== [[File:Iran Topography.png|thumb|Topografia ya Irani]] Irani iko katika [[Asia ya Magharibi]] na ina jiografia ya asili yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa, ikijumuisha [[mlima|milima]], [[tambarare]] za juu, [[jangwa|majangwa]], na maeneo ya [[pwani]]. Inapakana na [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], na [[Turkmenistan]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Afghanistan]] na [[Pakistani]] mashariki, pamoja na [[Uturuki]] na [[Iraki]] magharibi, huku ikiwa na pwani katika [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] upande wa kaskazini na [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]] pamoja na [[Ghuba ya Oman]] kusini. Irani ina eneo la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 1.65, jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi katika eneo hilo. Eneo lake la katika [[Historia ya Irani|kihistoria]] limeifanya kuwa njia muhimu ya mawasiliano na mwingiliano kati ya [[Asia]], [[Mashariki ya Kati]], na [[Ulaya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Geography of Iran|url=https://the-lookout.org/2026/03/07/the-geography-of-iran/|publisher=The-Lookout|author=Zeke Lunder|website=www.the-lookout.org|access-date=2026-04-30}}</ref> Kimuundo wa ardhi, Irani inatawaliwa na safu za milima yenye miinuko mikubwa, hasa [[Milima ya Zagros]] upande wa magharibi na [[Milima ya Alborz]] upande wa kaskazini, ambapo [[Mlima Damavand]], kilele cha juu zaidi nchini, hufikia takriban mita 5,610. Kati ya mifumo hii ya milima kuna Tambarare ya Irani, ambayo inajumuisha mabonde makubwa ya majangwa kama Dasht-e Kavir na Dasht-e Lut. Majangwa haya ni miongoni mwa maeneo yenye ukame na joto kali zaidi duniani. Tambarare zenye rutuba hupatikana kando ya pwani ya [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] na katika baadhi ya mabonde ya mito, zikisaidia shughuli za [[kilimo]] na makazi yenye msongamano mkubwa wa watu. Irani ina [[hali ya hewa]] kwa kiasi kikubwa ya ukame hadi nusu-ukame, ikiwa na tofauti kubwa za kikanda. Maeneo ya ndani hupata majira ya joto yenye joto kali na baridi kali wakati wa majira ya baridi, ilhali eneo la pwani ya [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] lina hali ya hewa yenye unyevunyevu zaidi na mvua nyingi. Mito mikuu ya nchi ni pamoja na Karun, ambao ndio mto pekee unaoweza kupitika kwa usafiri, pamoja na mito ya Karkheh na Dez. Mito mingi ni ya msimu, na uhaba wa maji ni tatizo kubwa, hali iliyosababisha ujenzi wa mabwawa na mifumo ya umwagiliaji. Vipengele vya asili kama milima, majangwa, na pwani vina nafasi muhimu katika kuathiri makazi ya watu, kilimo, na shughuli za kiuchumi nchini Irani. == Siasa == [[Picha:Mass demonstration in Iran, date unknown.jpg|thumb|300px|Maandamano dhidi za Shah mjini Tehran, mwaka 1979]] Mfumo wa [[Siasa|kisiasa]] wa Irani una mizizi yake katika [[Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Irani|Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya 1979]], ambayo yalibadilisha nchi kutoka kwenye [[Ufalme|kifalme]] chini ya Shah kuwa Jamhuri ya Kiislamu, hali ya mseto ya kifalme‑jamhuri (''hybrid theocratic‑republican state'') inayoongozwa na Kiongozi Mkuu mwenye mamlaka ya juu juu ya utendaji, [[jeshi]], mfumo wa sheria, na sera za kigeni. Muundo huu uliundwa ili kuunganisha halali ya [[dini|kidini]] na nguvu za [[serikali]], ukiwekea mipaka ushawishi wa ''Secular'' na kuingiza mamlaka ya makasisi katika taasisi zote kuu za utawala. Katika miongo iliyofuata, siasa za ndani za Irani zimekuwa zikizunguka kati ya makundi ya kihafidhina (''conservative'') yanayounga mkono kufuata kwa ukali kanuni za mapinduzi na wabunifu ''(reformists)'' wanaotafuta uhuru wa [[jamii|kijamii]] zaidi na uwazi, lakini yote ndani ya mipaka iliyowekwa na Kiongozi Mkuu na taasisi kama vile [[Kikosi cha Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu]] (IRGC). Ndani ya nchi, mienendo hii imeunda jinsi nchi inavyoshughulikia shinikizo la [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], kupinga kwa umma, na harakati za marekebisho ya [[siasa|kisiasa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Iran Country Profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14541327|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> Sera za kigeni za Irani kwa muda mrefu zimeashiria ushindani mkubwa na [[Marekani]] na [[Israeli]], unaotokana na upinzani wa theolojia dhidi ya ushawishi wa Magharibi na kuunga mkono washirika wa kikanda wanaopinga maslahi ya [[Israeli]] na [[Marekani]]. Baada ya mapinduzi, [[Tehran]] ilikatisha uhusiano wa kidiplomasia na [[Washington]] na ikachukua mtazamo wa upinzani katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambao ilijaribu kuimarisha kwa kuunga mkono makundi kama [[Hezbollah]] nchini [[Lebanon]] na milisha mbalimbali katika kanda hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Breaking Diplomatic Ties with Iran during the Hostage Crisis, 1980|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/breaking-diplomatic-ties-iran-during-hostage-crisis-1980|publisher=Gilderlehrman|access-date=2026-03-01}}</ref> Juhudi za kudhibiti uhasama huu ikiwa ni pamoja na mazungumzo ya nyuklia kama Mpango wa Pamoja wa Kina wa 2015 (''2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action'') — mara kwa mara zimekwama, hasa baada ya Marekani kujiondoa kwenye mkataba huo mwaka 2018, na kusababisha ongezeko la vikwazo na mvutano wa [[jeshi|kijeshi]] kati ya waliosaini. Mwaka 2025, Irani na [[Israeli]] zilihusika katika mfululizo unaozidi wa mashambulio, mauaji, na migongano ya droni, zikibadilisha kutoka kwenye mapigano ya siri hadi chuki wazi juu ya mpango wa nyuklia wa Irani na nafasi yake kikanda. Migongano hii ilimalizika kwa shambulio kubwa la kijeshi lililoratibiwa mnamo 28 Februari 2026 lililofanywa na [[Marekani]] na [[Israeli]], lililojulikana kama Operesheni “Kikao cha Simba” ''Operation Lion’s Roar / Epic Fury'', linalolenga uongozi wa Irani, vituo vya kijeshi, na miundombinu ya kimkakati. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Operation Epic Fury and the Remnants of Iran’s Nuclear Program|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/operation-epic-fury-and-remnants-irans-nuclear-program|publisher=CSIS|access-date=2026-03-01}}</ref>Mashambulio haya yameripotiwa kusababisha kifo cha Kiongozi Mkuu [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] na maafisa wa ngazi ya juu, jambo lililosababisha Irani kuzindua mashambulio ya kulipiza kisasi kwa kutumia makombora na droni dhidi ya nafasi za [[Israeli]] na [[Marekani]] katika nchi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Hii ilibadilisha mzozo kuwa wa kiwango kisichokuwa na mfano kati ya maadui wa muda mrefu, ikipanua haraka mgongano na kudhoofisha usalama wa kikanda. Ndani ya Irani, ugumu wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] unaoimarishwa na vikwazo na machafuko ya awali umeongeza hasira za umma na kuimarisha mgawanyiko wa [[siasa|kisiasa]], huku kupotea kwa Kiongozi Mkuu kwa namna isiyokuwa ya kawaida kukiingiza kutokuwa na uhakika katika muundo wa nguvu za nchi. Kikanda, mgongano huu umeamsha tahadhari za dharura katika mataifa ya Ghuba na kuvutia lawama kutoka kwa mashirika ya kimataifa yanayohimiza uvumilivu ili kuzuia vita vikubwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Government and Society in Iran|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/Government-and-society|author=Khosrow|access-date=2026-03-01}}</ref> == Serikali na Utawala == Uajemi ni Jamhuri ya Kiislamu inayoongozwa na [[katiba]] yenye sehemu za [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] na sehemu za kidini. [[Mamlaka]] kuu iko [[mikono]]ni mwa Kiongozi Mkuu wa Mapinduzi anayesimamia [[siasa]] ya nchi kwa jumla; yeye ni [[amiri jeshi mkuu]] na msimamizi mkuu wa [[huduma]] ya [[usalama]]; pia anaratibu siasa ya nje. Anateua wakuu wa jeshi, [[redio]] na [[televisheni]], viongozi wa [[salat]] wa [[msikiti]] mkuu katika kila [[mji]], [[jaji mkuu]] na [[mwendesha mashataka mkuu]] halafu nusu ya wajumbe wa Halmashauri ya Walinzi wa Katiba wanaokubali au kukataa sharia zote zilizopitishwa [[bunge]]ni wakiwa na mamlaka kusimamisha wagombea kwa uchaguzi wa kitaifa. Anaweza kumwachisha rais. Kiongozi mkuu huchaguliwa na Mkutano wa Wataalamu wa Uongozi kwa muda wa maisha yake. [[Ayatollah Khamenei]] ni Kiongozi Mkuu wa pili tangu mapinduzi ya Kiislamu. Serikali inayoongozwa na rais wa Uajemi aliye na nafasi ya pili baada ya Kiongozi Mkuu. Huchaguliwa na wananchi wote kwa kipindi cha miaka 4 na anaweza kuchaguliwa upya. Wagombea wanahitaji kukubaliwa na Halmashauri ya Walinzi wa Katiba. Rais anaongoza serikali na kazi yake. Katika mambo ya siasa ya nje, jeshi na siasa ya nyuklia yuko chini ya mamlaka ya kiongozi mkuu. Bunge inayoitwa "majlis" ina [[wabunge]] 290 waliochaguliwa kwa muda wa miaka 4. Wagombea wote wanahitaji kibali cha Halmashauri ya Walinzi wa Katiba. Majlis inatunga sheria za nchi na kukubali [[makisio]] ya serikali na mikataba ya kimataifa. Sheria zote zilizopita bungeni zinahitaji tena kibali cha halmashauri ya walinzi. Halmashauri ya Walinzi wa Katiba ni chombo muhimu sana kinachohakikisha mamlaka kuu ya kiongozi mkuu. Ina wajumbe 12 ambao ni [[wanasheria]]. 6 wanateuliwa moja kwa moja na Kiongozi Mkuu. 6 wengine wanachaguliwa na [[bunge]] kati ya majina wanaopelekwa mbele na jaji mkuu - anayeteuliwa na Kiongozi Mkuu. Kwa hiyo kiongozi mkuu anaamua juu ya wajumbe wote waliomo katika halmashauri hii, hakuna anayeweza kuwa mjumbe bila [[kibali]] chake ama moja kwa moja au kupitia jaji mkuu aliyeteuliwa naye. ==Mikoa== {{main|Mikoa na wilaya za Uajemi}} Uajemi umegawiwa kwa [[mikoa]] 31 inayoitwa "ostan" chini ya [[gavana]] anayeteuliwa na rais. Kila mkoa huwa na [[wilaya]] (shahrestan) na ngazi ya chini zaidi ni [[mitaa]] (bakhsh). Chini ya mitaa kuna [[kata]] (dehestan) zinazojumlisha vijiji kadhaa. ==Demografia== Irani ina mchanganyiko wa makabila na dini uliounganishwa na [[utamaduni]] na [[lugha]] ya [[Kiajemi]], ambayo inatumiwa na wananchi walio wengi na ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]], ikifuatwa na lugha nyingine za jamii ya [[Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya|Kihindi-Kiulaya]], lakini pia za jamii nyingine kama [[Kiazeri]] (16%) na [[Kiarabu]] (2%) (angalia [[orodha ya lugha za Uajemi]]). === Dini === [[File:Isfahan Royal Mosque general.JPG|thumb|Msikiti wa Isfahan, Irani]] Uajemi ilikuwa na [[dini]] za [[Uzoroasta]] na [[Umani]], kisha kuanzia [[karne ya 4]] [[BK]] Ukristo ukaongezeka, na tangu [[karne ya 7]] [[Waarabu]] [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] waliivamia na kuifanya polepole kuwa nchi ya Kiislamu, huku katika [[karne ya 16]] [[Uislamu wa Kishia]] ukitangazwa kuwa [[dini rasmi]]. Leo takriban 90% ni Waislamu Washia, ~10% ni [[Wasunni]] hasa mipakani (wengi [[Wakurdi]], [[Wabaluchi]], [[Waturkomani]]), na ~1% ni dini nyingine zikiwemo [[Bahai]] (marufuku baada ya mapinduzi), Wakristo ([[Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia|Waarmenia]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki la Wakaldayo|Wakaldayo]]), [[Wayahudi]] (0.01%, miongoni mwa wakubwa zaidi katika [[mashariki ya kati]]), Wazoroasta (0.03%), na [[Wamandayo]] wafuasi wa [[Yohane Mbatizaji]]. == Uchumi == [[File:Tehran Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Tehran]], Irani]] Irani ina [[uchumi]] mkubwa na wenye mchanganyiko wa sekta mbalimbali, ukiwa miongoni mwa uchumi mkubwa zaidi katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]] kwa ukubwa wa [[pato la taifa]]. Inahesabiwa kuwa uchumi wa [[Pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha kati cha juu]] na ina sifa ya kuwa na mchanganyiko wa mashirika ya umma, biashara binafsi, pamoja na ushiriki mkubwa wa [[Irani#Serikali na Utawala|serikali]] hasa katika sekta muhimu. Irani ina baadhi ya akiba kubwa zaidi duniani ya mafuta na gesi asilia, ambazo ndizo nguzo kuu ya [[uchumi]] wake na huchangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[serikali]] na [[mauzo ya nje]]. Hata hivyo, utendaji wa uchumi wake umeathiriwa sana na vikwazo vya kimataifa, ambavyo vimeathiri biashara, uwekezaji, na upatikanaji wa mifumo ya kifedha ya kimataifa. Sekta za [[viwanda]] na huduma huchangia sehemu kubwa ya [[pato la taifa]] la Irani. Sekta ya viwanda inajumuisha petrokemikali, uzalishaji wa bidhaa, uchimbaji [[madini]], ujenzi, na utengenezaji wa magari, huku Irani ikiwa na mojawapo ya misingi mikubwa ya [[viwanda]] katika eneo hilo. Sekta ya [[huduma]], ikiwemo fedha, biashara ya rejareja, usafiri, na huduma za umma, pia ina mchango mkubwa katika ajira na shughuli za kiuchumi. [[Kilimo]], ingawa kinachangia kwa kiwango kidogo katika [[pato la taifa]], bado ni muhimu kwa ajira za vijijini na uzalishaji wa chakula wa ndani, ambapo mazao muhimu ni pamoja na ngano, mpunga, matunda, na karanga kama pistashio. [[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ya Irani inategemea zaidi mauzo ya [[nishati]], hasa mafuta ghafi, gesi asilia, na bidhaa za petrokemikali, ingawa vikwazo vimepunguza kiasi cha [[mauzo ya nje]] na upatikanaji wa masoko katika miaka ya hivi karibuni. Irani pia husafirisha bidhaa za viwandani, mazao ya kilimo, na [[madini]], huku ikiagiza mashine, vyakula, na bidhaa za matumizi. [[Serikali]] imekuwa ikitekeleza sera za kukuza mseto wa uchumi, kupunguza utegemezi wa bidhaa kutoka nje, na kuimarisha viwanda vya ndani. Licha ya changamoto kama [[mfumuko wa bei]], mabadiliko ya thamani ya sarafu, na ukosefu wa ajira, Irani inaendelea kutegemea rasilimali zake za asili, rasilimali watu, na uhusiano wa kibiashara wa kikanda kuendeleza uchumi wake. == Tazama pia == * [[Historia ya Irani]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Iran}} * [http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/ The e-office of the Supreme Leader of Iran] * [http://www.president.ir/en/ The President of Iran] * [http://en.iran.ir/ Iran.ir] {{Wayback|url=http://en.iran.ir/ |date=20090517064110 }} * {{CIA World Factbook link|ir|Iran}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Iran}} * {{Wikiatlas|Iran}} {{Asia}} [[Jamii:Irani]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Mashariki ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] kxeliiijkn60d1gtga0i7w22qbsj67s 0 7573 1570946 1560241 2026-06-12T03:44:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.5em;"> ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމުހޫރިއްޔާ </span> |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Maldivi |common_name = Maldivi |image_flag = Flag of Maldives.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Maldives.svg |image_map = LocationMaldives.png |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''[[Gaumii salaam|Gavmii mi ekuverikan matii tibegen kuriime salaam]]''<small><br />"Twasalimu taifa letu kwa umoja"</small> |official_languages = [[Kidhivehi]], [[Kiingereza]] |capital = [[Malé]] |latd=4 |latm=10 |latNS=N |longd=73 |longm=30 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Malé]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Rais]] |leader_names = [[Mohamed Muizzu]] |area_rank = ya 187 |area_magnitude = 1 E7 |area = 298 |areami² = 115 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = -- |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = ya 167¹ |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 515,132 |population_census_year = 2022 |population_density = 1,728.63 |population_densitymi² = 4,477.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ya 7 |GDP_PPP = $2.569 bilioni <!--IMF 2005--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 162 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,675 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 79 |sovereignty_type = Uhuru |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]]<br /> |established_dates = [[26 Julai]] [[1965]] |HDI = 0.739 |HDI_rank = ya 98 |HDI_year = 2006 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |currency = [[Rufiyaa]] |currency_code = MVR |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +5 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.mv]] |calling_code = 960 |footnotes = ¹ Makadirio ya [[UM]] ya 2005. }} [[Picha:Male-total.jpg|thumb|left|Malé ni mji mkuu wa Maldivi]] '''Maldivi''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Maldivi'''; [[Kidhivehi]]: ''ދިވެހި ރާއްޖެ'') ni [[nchi ya visiwa]] iliyoko [[Asia Kusini]] katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], kusini-magharibi mwa [[Sri Lanka]] na [[India]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/#geography⁠ |title=Maldives - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728131758/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/#geography⁠ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2024, inakadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya watu takriban 520,000, ikiwa miongoni mwa nchi ndogo zaidi barani [[Asia]] kwa idadi ya watu na eneo la ardhi. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa ni [[Malé]], huku nchi ikiwa imegawanywa katika [[Atolli|atoli]] 20 za kiutawala na [[lugha rasmi]] ikiwa Kidhivehi. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maldives⁠|author=Clarence Maloney |title=Maldives |website=Britannica |date=Machi 25, 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}</ref> Kabla ya [[uhuru]] ilikuwa chini ya [[ulinzi]] wa [[Uingereza]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1887]]. Kwa jumla kuna [[visiwa]] 1,196 na kati ya hivyo takriban 200 hukaliwa na [[watu]]. Wakazi karibu wote (98.7%) ni [[Waislamu]], hasa [[Wasuni]]; ya kwao ndiyo [[dini rasmi]] na ya lazima kwa [[raia]] wote. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] ni 0.29% ([[nusu]] [[Wakatoliki]] na nusu [[Waprotestanti]]). [[Lugha]] ya kawaida na [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kidhivehi]], mojawapo ya [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]]. Maldivi iko hatarini kupotea. Ni kwamba [[kimo]] cha juu cha nchi yake ni [[mita]] 5.1 pekee juu ya [[uwiano wa bahari]], na [[wastani]] wake ni mita 1.5 tu. Hivyo, kama [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya]] [[hali ya hewa]] kutokana kwa [[kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] yatazidi kuleta kupanda kwa uwiano wa bahari, nchi hii yote itazama chini ya [[maji]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} * {{en}} [http://www.maldivesinfo.gov.mv/ Serikali ya tovuti rasmi] * {{en}} [http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/ Rais ya tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/ |date=20100729003512 }} *[http://www.visitmaldives.com/ Official tourist information] *{{CIA World Factbook link|mv|Maldives}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/maldives.htm Maldives] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/maldives.htm |date=20120829212541 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/Maldives}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12651486 Maldives] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Maldives}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MV Key Development Forecasts for the Maldives] from [[International Futures]] *[http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Maldives] {{Wayback|url=http://www.majlis.gov.mv/en/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-english.pdf |date=20180712165951 }} {{Asia}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Maldivi]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 1yyz64l4dv1bhfr988eonh4rzlrhv4q 0 7585 1570907 1516703 2026-06-11T18:55:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;"> Қазақстан Республикасы <br />''Qazaqstan Respublïkası''<br /> Республика Казахстан <br />''Respublika Kazakhstan''</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Jamhuri ya Kazakhstan</span> |common_name = Kazakhstan |national_motto = |image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Kazakhstan.svg |image_map = LocationKazakhstan.png |national_anthem = [[Kazakhstan yangu]] |official_languages = [[Kikazakh]], [[Kirusi]] |capital = [[Nursultan]] |latd=51 |latm=10 |latNS=N |longd=71 |longm=30 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Almaty]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Kazakhstan|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Mkuu wa Kazakhstan|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Қасым-Жомарт Тоқаев)<br />[[Oljas Bektenov]] (Олжас Бектенов) |area_rank = ya 9 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = 2,724,900 |areami² = 1,052,085 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.7 |population_estimate = 17,563,300<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stat.kz/stat/print.aspx?p=news_27&l=en |title=National Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan |accessdate=2006-12-29 |archivedate=2007-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035957/http://www.stat.kz/stat/print.aspx?p=news_27&l=en }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = July 2015 |population_estimate_rank = ya 62 |population_census = 14,953,100 |population_census_year = 1999 |population_density = 5.94 |population_densitymi² = 15.39 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ya 227 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $125.5 bilioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 56 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,318 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 70 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |sovereignty_note = Kutoka [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] |established_events = Ilitangazwa<br /> ilikamilika |established_dates = <br />[[16 Desemba]] [[1991]]<br />[[25 Desemba]] [[1991]] |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.761 |HDI_rank = ya 80 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency = [[Tenge ya Kazakhstan]] |currency_code = KZT |country_code = KAZ |time_zone = |utc_offset = +5 to +6 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.kz]] |calling_code = 7 |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Kazakhstan political map 2000.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|[[Ramani]] ya Kazakhstan]] '''Kazakhstan''' ni [[nchi]] ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa iko katika [[Asia ya Kati]]. Imepakana na [[Urusi]], [[China]], [[Kyrgyzstan|Kirgizstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] na [[Turkmenistan]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Nursultan (mpaka mwaka [[2019]] [[jina]] lake lilikuwa [[Astana]]); [[Almaty]] ilishika nafasi hiyo hadi [[1996]]. == Jiografia == Kazakhstan ina eneo la [[km²]] 2,717,300; ni nchi kubwa ya tisa [[dunia]]ni. Sehemu kubwa iko upande wa [[Asia]] na nyingine ndogo upande wa [[Ulaya]]. Upande wa magharibi inaanza katika [[tambarare]] za [[mto Volga]] pamoja na [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] na kuelekea hadi milima ya [[Altai]] upande wa China. Kusini iko [[milima ya Tienshan]] yenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 7,000 na [[ziwa Aral]]. Upande wa kaskazini hakuna [[mpaka asilia]] na [[Siberia]]. ==Historia== Jina la nchi limetokana na [[Wakazakhi]] ambao ni taifa la watu wanaotumia [[Kikazakhi]], mojawapo ya [[lugha za Kiturki]]. Eneo liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya [[milki]] mbalimbali lakini tangu [[karne ya 15]] Wakazakhi walijaribu kuungana mata kadhaa bila mafanikio ya kudumu. Tangu [[karne ya 17]] milki ya Urusi ilianza kuenea katika [[Asia ya Kati]] na hadi mwaka [[1865]] eneo lote la Kazakhstan lilitawaliwa na Urusi. Baada ya [[mapinduzi ya Urusi ya 1917]] [[Wakomunisti]] walichukua nafasi ya Ma[[tsar]] wa awali wakafanya nchi kuwa jamhuri yenye kiwango cha kujitawala ndani ya Jamhuri ya Kirusi ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti. Mwaka [[1936]] nchi ilipewa [[cheo]] cha jamhuri kamili ndani ya Umoja wa Kisovyeti, ikijulikana kwa jina la "[[Jamhuri ya Kisovyeti ya Kikazakhi]]".. Katika miaka iliyofuata [[Warusi]] na watu wa [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine ya Umoja huo walihamishwa nchini hadi Wakazakhi kubaki kuwa chini ya [[nusu]] ya wakazi wote. Miaka 1990/1991 wakati wa kuporomoka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti jamhuri ilijiondoa polepole. Kiongozi wa chama cha kikomunisti cha Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nasarbajew]] alitangaza uhuru na kuwa rais wa kwanza akiendelea kutawala hadi mwaka 2019. ==Wakazi== Wakazi wengi (65.5%) ni [[Wakazakhi]] wanaozungumza [[Kikazakhi]], [[lugha]] ya [[jamii]] ya [[Kituruki]], wakifuatwa na [[Warusi]] wanaozungumza lugha yao ya jamii ya [[Kislavoni]] (21.5%). Ya kwanza ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]], ya pili ni pia [[lugha rasmi]]. Kuna ma[[kabila]] mengine 30, kama vile [[Wauzbeki]] (3.0%), [[Waukraina]] (1.8%) n.k. Upande wa [[dini]], 70.2% ni [[Waislamu]] (hasa [[Wasuni]]) na 26.3% [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Waorthodoksi]] 23.9%, wakifuatwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waprotestanti]], jumla 2.3%). Baada ya [[uhuru]], dini zote zimepata [[uhai]] mpya na kujenga [[maabadi]] mengi. [[Serikali]] haina dini, lakini inaziheshimu zote. == Tazama pia == * [[Mikoa ya Kazakhstan]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Kazakhstan]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/uneasyalliancere0000alex |first=Mikhail |last=Alexandrov |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30965-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/centralasia0000mayh |first=Paul |last=Clammer |first2=Michael |last2=Kohn |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=Bradley |last3=Mayhew |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=1-86450-296-7}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite |first=Sally |last=Cummings |location=London |publisher=Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=1-86064-854-1}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan |first=George |last=Demko |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-7007-0380-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Kazakhstan: Coming of Age |first=Michael |last=Fergus |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Janar |last2=Jandosova |location=London |publisher=Stacey International |year=2003 |isbn=1-900988-61-5}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime |url=https://archive.org/details/journeyintokazak0000geor |first=Alexandra |last=George |location=Lanham |publisher=University Press of America |year=2001 |isbn=0-7618-1964-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Law and Custom in the Steppe |first=Virginia |last=Martin |location=Richmond |publisher=Curzon |year=2000 |isbn=0-7007-1405-7}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Epicenter of Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/epicenterofpeace0000naza |first=Nursultan |last=Nazarbayev |location=Hollis, NH |publisher=Puritan Press |year=2001 |isbn=1-884186-13-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan |first=Joma |last=Nazpary |location=London |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7453-1503-8}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise |url=https://archive.org/details/kazakhstanunfulf00olco |first=Martha Brill |last=Olcott |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-87003-189-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? |url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadtoruinis0000rall_t5u8 |first=Ted |last=Rall |location=New York |publisher=NBM |year=2006 |isbn=1-56163-454-9}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofkazakh0000robb |first=Christopher |last=Robbins |location=London |publisher=Profile Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86197-868-4}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges |url=https://archive.org/details/onceinkazakhstan0000rost |first=Keith |last=Rosten |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |year=2005 |isbn=0-595-32782-6}} *{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Lost Heart of Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/lostheartofasia00thub |first=Colin |last=Thubron |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=0-06-018226-1}} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552643 Caspian Pipeline Controversy] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]. * {{CIA World Factbook link|kz|Kazakhstan}} * [http://www.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/ Kazakhstan] information from the [[United States Department of State]] * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/kazakhstan/kazakhstan.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]]. * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm Kazakhstan] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm |date=20160304053245 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * [http://mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan] {{Wayback|url=http://mfa.kz/ |date=20110929145154 }} * [http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html |date=20110929170237 }} * [http://en.encyclopedia.kz/ Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia] {{Wayback|url=http://en.encyclopedia.kz/ |date=20210222042315 }} * [http://www.economist.com/node/21541853 Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, Dec 17th 2011] * [http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, Dec 20th 2011] * [http://www.theregionaltourism.org/ The Region Initiative (TRI)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theregionaltourism.org/ |date=20181208204551 }} * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Kazakhstan}} * [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html Country Facts] from [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/ Kazakhstan Discovery] * [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119135.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan] from [[International Futures]]. ===Serikali=== * [http://www.mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mfa.kz/ |date=20110929145154 }} * [http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan] * [http://en.government.kz/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://en.government.kz/ |date=20190810182052 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html |date=20130917225116 }} ===Biashara=== * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan] {{coord|48|N|68|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{Asia}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Kazakhstan| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] g2rtgzut7v01t1d8aqgbsixxziavd7m 0 9864 1570905 1421037 2026-06-11T18:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Holy sepulchre exterior.jpg|thumb|280px|Lango la Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo.]] [[Picha:Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre BW 7.JPG|thumb|280px|Banda la [[kaburi]] la [[Yesu Kristo]] ndani ya kanisa.]] '''Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo wa Yesu''' liko [[Mji|mjini]] [[Yerusalemu]] mahali ambako, kufuatana na [[mapokeo]] ya [[Ukristo]], [[Yesu]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|alisulubiwa]], akawekwa [[Kaburi|kaburini]] na [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] [[siku]] ya tatu. [[Kanisa]] hili laitwa "Kanisa la ufufuo" na [[Wakristo]] wenyeji [[Waorthodoksi]] (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: كنيسة القيامة ''kanisat-al-qiyama'') na "Kanisa la Kaburi" kwa [[lugha]] nyingi za [[Ulaya]]. Kufuatana na mapokeo ya mahali [[mwamba]] wa [[Golgota]] uliposimama msalaba wa Yesu na kaburi alikozikwa vyote vilikuwa karibu sana hivyo mahali pote pawili hufunikwa na [[jengo]] lilelile. == Historia ya jengo == [[Picha:Anastasia Rotonda sketch 1.png|thumb|250px|left|Ramani ya kanisa la Kaburi]] Habari za kwanza zinapatikana kutoka kwa [[Eusebi wa Kaisarea]] ([[275]] – [[339]]) aliyeandika ya kwamba mahali pa kaburi la Yesu lilifunikwa na [[hekalu]] la [[Apolo]], [[Miungu ya Kiroma|mungu mmojawapo wa Kiroma]]. Hii huaminiwa ilitokea baada ya [[mwaka]] [[135]], mji wa Yerusalemu ulipotangazwa kuwa mji wa Kiroma, na [[Wayahudi]] walikatazwa wasiingie tena. [[Kaisari]] [[Konstantino Mkuu]] aliagiza mahali pafunuliwe tena na [[kanisa]], la kwanza kujengwa juu ya kaburi, [[Kutabaruku|lililotabarukiwa]] [[tarehe]] [[14 Septemba]] [[335]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70120</ref>. Kanisa hilo lilibomolewa na [[Waajemi]] waliovamia [[Yerusalemu]] mwaka [[614]]. Likatengenezwa chini ya Kaisari [[Heraklio]] mnamo [[630]] likaheshimiwa na [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] walioteka mji mwaka [[637]]. Kanisa lilibomolewa kabisa mara ya pili mwaka [[1009]] chini ya [[khalifa]] [[Al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah]] wa [[Misri]]. Likajengwa upya wakati wa [[vita ya misalaba]] mwaka [[1149]] na [[watawala]] Wakristo. Baada ya hao kufukuzwa jengo lilikabidhiwa na Waislamu kwa [[watawa]] [[Wafransisko]] ambao ni [[Wakatoliki]]. == Ushirikiano wa madhehebu == Katika [[karne]] za baadaye ikafuata mivutano kati ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, hasa Wakatoliki na Waorthodoksi. Tangu [[karne ya 19]] kuna namna ya ushirikiano kati ya Waorthodoksi [[Wagiriki]], watawa Wafransisko na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Armenia]]. Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki [[Wasyria]], [[Wamisri]] na [[Waethiopia]] hushirikiana pia. [[Ufunguo|Funguo]] hutunzwa na [[familia]] ya Kiislamu. ==Adhimisho la kila mwaka== Kumbukizi ya kulitabaruku inafanyika kila mwaka tarehe [[13 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Picha== <gallery> Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-18-von oben-1985-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-12-Paar-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-50-Salbungsstein-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-56-Mosaik-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-64-Treppe zur Helenakapelle-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-74-Golgotakapelle-Mosaik von Trifoglio 1937-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-40-aethiopische Kapelle-2010-gje.jpg Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-30-Dach-Tuer-2010-gje.jpg </gallery> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre}} {{Wikisource|Holy Sepulchre}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118132524/http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_%28Jerusalem%29 Makala kuhusu kanisa hili kwenye Wikipedia ya Orthodoksi] * [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm Picha na makala] * [http://www.churchoftheholysepulchre.net Picha na makala] * [http://www.360tr.com/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre-atrium-virtual-tour_9cc4a66367_en.html Tembelea kanisa kwa intaneti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.360tr.com/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre-atrium-virtual-tour_9cc4a66367_en.html |date=20210724075350 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Yerusalemu]] [[Jamii:Makanisa]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] sngn7ygh04e32v7jvpslyjtllmb9a7b 0 22044 1570916 1339695 2026-06-11T21:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|9|06|28|S|33|02|14|E|display=title}} [[Picha:kimondombozi.jpg|thumb|200px|Kimondo cha Mbozi]] '''Kimondo cha Mbozi'''<ref>Wakati mwingine kinatajwa kama "Mbosi meteorite" kwa kufuata tahajia ya Kijerumani ya jina la Mbozi</ref> ni [[kimondo]] ambacho kilianguka kutoka [[anga-nje]] karibu na mji wa [[Vwawa]]. Kinakadiriwa kuwa na uzito wa takriban [[tani]] 16, kilianguka katika kilima cha Mlenje, [[Wilaya ya Mbozi|wilayani Mbozi]] katika [[mkoa wa Songwe]], [[Tanzania]]. Kipo kati ya vimondo vizito 10 vinavyojulikana duniani. Kina urefu wa mita 3.3, upana wa mita 1.63 na kimo cha mita 1.22. Kina maumbile maalum tofauti na vimondo vingine vinavyopatikana ulimwenguni kwa kuwa hiki ni hasa cha chuma. [[Chuma]] ni 90.45%, [[nikeli]] 8,69%, [[sulfuri]] 0,01% na [[fosfori]] 0,11% ya masi yake. Ndani yake vipande vidogo vya [[silikati]] vinapatikana.<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02036.x<nowiki> Edward J. OLSEN, Robert N. CLAYTON, Toshiko K. MAYEDA, Andrew M. DAVIS, Roy S. CLARKE Jr., John T. WASSON; Mbosi: An anomalous iron with unique silicate inclusions], jarida la </nowiki>'''''Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Volume31, Issue5''''', '''''September 1996'''''</ref> Wenyeji wa eneo walijua kimondo hiki tangu muda mrefu; kilielezwa kisayansi mara ya kwanza mwaka 1930 na wakati ule hapakuwa na dalili za [[kasoko]]; kwa hiyo inawezekana ya kwamba ama kilifika kwenye uso wa Dunia kwa [[pembe butu]] sana na kuvingirika hadi kukaa au muda wa kugonga uso wa dunia ni mrefu sana hadi dalili zote za kasoko asilia zilipotea tayari kutokana na [[mmomonyoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] * [[Maeneo ya Kihistoria ya Kitaifa ya Tanzania]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.jambonetwork.com/blog/?p=4430 {{Wayback|url=http://www.jambonetwork.com/blog/?p=4430 |date=20160304210340 }} Ujumbe wa blogu kuhusu Kimondo cha Mbozi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jambonetwork.com/blog/?p=4430 |date=20160304210340 }} *{{de}} [http://www.sternwarte-singen.de/meteoriten_gross_mbozi1.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.sternwarte-singen.de/meteoriten_gross_mbozi1.htm |date=20070928150406 }} Makala kuhusu Kimondo cha Mbozi kwa Kijerumani - kuna picha nzuri] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sternwarte-singen.de/meteoriten_gross_mbozi1.htm |date=20070928150406 }} *[https://sites.google.com/site/astronomyintanzania/previousmonthsnightskies/hazina-iliyosahauliwa-hapa-tanzania Blogu ya Noorali Jiwaji juu ya kutembelea Mbozi] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mbozi]] [[Jamii:Kimondo]] r1jok0pc3cdw3g9sowecc4q4ym7dd0r 0 30270 1570929 1159310 2026-06-11T23:28:49Z Ollin Masa 89330 1570929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Chickcorea19.JPG|thumb|280px|Chick Corea (1992)]] '''Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea''' ([[12 Juni]] [[1941]] - [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa anapiga [[muziki]] ya [[jazz]]. == Muziki == * [[:en:Chick Corea discography|Orodha ya albamu]] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.chickcorea.com/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Corea, Chick}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] 7iyebk1qj00hcgqsmfcizzsb29jm0zp 0 30433 1570953 1519232 2026-06-12T04:17:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|250px|thumb|Injini ya [[Mvuke ya Watt]], [[Injini ya Mvuke]] iliyoendeshwa hasa kutumia [[makaa]] ambayo ilisukuma Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini [[Uingereza]]na Duniani.<ref>[[Watt steam engine]] image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the UPM ([[Madrid]])</ref>]] '''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani''' yalikuwa kipindi kutoka [[karne ya 18]] hadi [[karne ya 19]] ambapo yalitokea mabadiliko makubwa katika [[kilimo]], [[utengenezaji]] wa [[bidhaa]], [[uchimbaji]] wa [[madini]] na [[uchukuzi]] yakiwa na matokeo makubwa kwa hali ya [[kiuchumi]], ya kijamii na ya [[kitamaduni]]. Yalianzia [[Uingereza]] na hatimaye kuenea [[Ulaya]] nzima, [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na mwishowe [[duniani]] kote. Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya viwanda ulidokeza mabadiliko muhimu katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]]; karibu kila kipengele cha maisha ya kila siku hatimaye yaliathirika kwa njia fulani. Mwanzo wa wakati wa mwisho wa karne ya 18 mabadiliko katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[Uingereza]] yalianza na kazi ambazo hapo awali zilikuwa za mkononi na uchumi uliotumia wanyama kuendesha kazi kulibadilishwana uundaji bidhaa uliotegemea [[mashine]]. Ilianza na utumizi wa [[mashine]] katika viwanda vya [[nguo]], uundaji kwa mbinu za kutengeneza chuma na kuzidi kutegemea makaa ya mawe yaliyosafishwa.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck B. | first = Roger | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, Illinois | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Upanuzi wa biashara uliwezeshwa na kuanzishwa kwa [[mifereji]], uboreshaji wa barabara na [[reli]]. Kuvumbuliwa kwa [[nguvu za mvuke]] kuliowezeshwa hasa na makaa ya mawe, utumizi mwingi wa [[gurudumu la maji]] na mashine za nguvu (hasa katika [[kutengeneza nguo]]) kulisisimua kuongezeka kukubwa wa uwezo wa uzalishaji.<ref>Business and Economics. ''Leading Issues in Economic Development'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511589-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0195115899&id=CX9kBaVx4JkC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=V0eO27c7koD8rrIV2EKv6-guB5s Read it]</ref> Kuundwa kwa [[vifaa vya mashine]] ambavyo vilikuwa vya chuma pekee katika miongo miwili ya kwanza ya karne ya 19 kuliwezesha kutengenezwa kwa mashine zaidi za kuunda vifaa katika viwanda vingine. Matokeo yalienea kote katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]] na [[Marekani ya Kaskazini]] wakati wa karne ya 19, na hatimaye kuathiri karibu Dunia yote, mchakato ambao unaendelea katika [[kuenea kwa viwanda]]. Athari ya matokeo kwa jamii ilikuwa kubwa sana.<ref>Russell Brown, Lester. ''Eco-Economy'', James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-904-3 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1853839043&id=5aCyfUsHM6kC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&sig=1dsUat9P_-9dWWVRMpPt1udT8DQ Read it]</ref> Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ya Kwanza, ambayo yalianza katika karne ya 18, yaliingia katika [[Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwanda]] mnamo mwaka wa 1850, ambapo maendeleo ya teknolojia na uchumi yalizidi kwa [[meli]] zinazotumia mvuke, reli, na baadaye katika karne ya 19 [[injini ya mwako ya ndani]] na [[uzalishaji wa nguvu za umeme]]. Urefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda unatofautisha wanahistoria mbalimbali. [[Eric Hobsbawm]] anasisitiza kwamba 'yalianza' nchini [[Uingereza]] katika miaka ya 1780 na hayakuonekana kikamilifu hadi miaka ya 1830 au 1840,<ref>Eric Hobsbawm, ''The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. ISBN 0-349-10484-0</ref> ilhali [[T. S. Ashton]] anaamini kwamba ilifanyika, kwa kukadiria, kati ya miaka 1760 na 1830. Baadhi ya wanahistoria wa karne ya 20 kama vile [[John Clapham]] na [[Nicholas Crafts]] wamedokeza kuwa mchakato wa mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kijamii yalifanyika hatua kwa hatua na kuwa neno ''[[mapinduzi]]'' halifai kuelezea yaliyofanyika. Hii bado ni mada inayojadiliwa na wanahistoria.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2598327 |title=Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_1992-02_45_1/page/24 |year=1992 |author=Berg, Maxine |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=45 |pages=24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html |date=20061109022755 }} by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved Novemba 2006.</ref> [[Mapato ya Kijumla ya Nchi]] ya kila mtu kwa upana yalikuwa imara kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani na kuibuka kwa uchumi wa kisasa wa [[ubepari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution | accessdate = 2007-11-14 | author = [[Robert Lucas, Jr.]] | year = 2003 | quote = it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita [[real income|incomes]] in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year. | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Mapinduzi ya viwanda yalianzisha zama za [[ustawi wa kiuchumi]] na kulenga mapato ya kila mtu katika nchi zenye uchumi wa kibepari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution ''Past and Future'' | first = Robert | last = Lucas | year = 2003 | quote = [consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century | accessdate = 2010-01-14 | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Wanahistoria wanakubaliana kwamba Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa mojawapo ya matukio muhimu sana kihistoria.<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics], Library of Economics and Liberty</ref> == Historia ya jina == [[Arnold Toynbee]] ndiye anayetambulika kuyafanya maneno ''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani'' kuwa maarufu, na ambaye hotuba zake zilizotolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1881 zilikuwa na maelezo ya kina. Matumizi ya kwanza kabisa ya maneno "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani", ambayo ushahidi wake bado haujapatikana, kulingana na mwanahistoria [[David Landes]], yalikuwa katika barua ya tarehe 6 Julai 1799 iliyoandikwa na mjumbe wa Ufaransa Louis-Guillaume Otto. Maneno hayo yalitumika kumaanisha mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia yaliyokuwa yanazidi kuwa ya kawaida katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1830, kama katika maelezo ya [[Louis-Auguste Blanqui]] ya 1837 ya ''la révolution industrielle''. [[Friedrich Engels]] katika ''[[Hali ya Daraja la Watu Linalofanya Kazi nchini Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1844]]'' alizungumzia "mapinduzi ya viwandani, mapinduzi ambayo katika wakati mmoja yalibadilisha jamii nzima ya kiraia." Katika kitabu chake ''[[Maneno muhimu: Msamiati wa Utamaduni na Jamii]]'', [[Raymond Williams]] anataja katika sehemu ya [[Viwanda]]: ''Wazo la utaratibu mpya wa kijamii wenye msingi katika mabadiliko makubwa ya viwandani yalikuwa wazi katika [[Robert Southey|Southey]] na [[Robert Owen|Owen]], kati ya mwaka wa 1811 na mwaka wa 1818, na ulikuwa wazi pia wakati wa mapema wa malenga [[William Blake|Blake]] katika miaka ya mapema ya 1790 na katika mashairi ya [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] kufikia mwisho wa karne.'' == Vyanzo == [[Picha:World GDP Capita 1-2003 A.D.png|300px|thumb|Mapato ya Kijumla ya kila mtu katika maeneo mbalimbali hayakubadilika sana katika historia ya binadamu kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. (sehemu tupu zinamaanisha kuwa hakuna data, si viwango vidogo sana. Kuna data ya miaka 1, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, 1900, and 2003)]] Vyanzo vya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ni vigumu kuelezea na vinabaki kuwa swala la kujadiliwa, huku baadhi ya wanahistoria wakiamini kuwa Mapinduzi hayo yalikuwa sehemu ya mabadiliko ya kijamii na kitaasisi yaliyosababishwa na kuisha kwa [[Ubwana]] nchini [[Uingereza]] baada ya [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa Wwenyewe vya Uingereza]] katika karne ya 17. Kadiri udhibiti wa mipaka ya kitaifa ulivyozidi kufanikiwa, kuenea kwa magonjwa kulipunguzwa, hivyo basi kuzuia [[pandemia]] zilizokuwa kawaida katika nyakati zilizotangulia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml |title=BBC – Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> Asilimia ya watoto ambao waliishi kuzidi miaka ya utotoni iliongezeka pakubwa, kupelekea kuwa na wafanyikazi wengi. Harakati ya [[nyumba]] na [[Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Uingereza]] yalifanya uzalishaji wa chakula kuwa rahisi zaidi na kutotegemea wafanyakazi wengi, hivyo kulazimisha idadi ya watu ambao hawengeweza kupata kazi katika kilimo wajiunge na [[viwanda vya karakana]],kwa mfano [[ushonaji]], na baada ya kipindi kirefu wakajiunga na miji na [[viwanda]] vilivyokuwa vimejengwa upya wakati huo.<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England]</ref> [[Upanuzi wa kikoloni]] wa karne ya 17 ulioambatana na maendeleo ya biashara ya kimataifa, kuundwa kwa [[masoko ya kifedha]] na kukusanywa kwa [[mtaji]] pia zinatajwa kama sababu, kama tu [[mapinduzi ya kisanyansi]] ya karne ya 17.<ref>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html Scientific Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |date=20091028110638 }}". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-10-31.</ref> Hadi miaka ya 1980, iliaminika Ulimwenguni kote na wasomi wa kihistoria kuwa uvumbuzi wa kiteknolojia ulikuwa chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ni kuwa teknolojia msingi iliyowezesha haya ilikuwa uundaji na uboreshaji wa [[injini ya mvuke]].<ref>Hudson, Pat. ''The Industrial Revolution'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-7131-6531-6</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti wa hivi karibuni kuhusu [[zama ya Masoko]] imeibua changamoto dhidi ya tafsiri ya jadi ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda inayotegemea usambazaji.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fullerton | first = Ronald A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era" | journal = The Journal of Marketing | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 108–125 | publisher = [[American Marketing Association]] | location = New York City, NY | date = Januari 1988 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marketing_1988-01_52_1/page/108 | doi = 10.2307/1251689 | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> [[Lewis Mumford]] amependekeza kuwa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yana asili yao katika [[Zama za Mapema za Kati]], mapema zaidi kuliko makadirio mengi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/015688254X/ref=sib_fs_top?ie=UTF8&p=S00Q&checkSum=udoW5CVmUdy3Y45ns0wtGk7Wesh6yWx220dcukbd7VE%3D#reader-link |title=Technics & Civilization |publisher=Lewis Mumford |accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> Anaelezea kuwa mfano wa mfumo huo wa [[uzalishaji mkubwa]] kwa kawaida ulikuwa [[mashine ya uchapishaji]] na kuwa "dhana ya mfano wa zama za viwanda ulikuwa ni saa". Pia anasisitiza kuhusu msisitizo wa [[kimonastiki]]kuhusu mpangilio mwema na kuweka-wakati, na pia ukweli kwamba katika [[miaka ya karne ya 13]] katikati ya miji kulikuwa na kanisa ambapo kengele kilipigwa baada ya saa chache kama mahitaji muhimu ya mambo kufanyika kwa mpangilio maalum uliohitajika baadaye kwa, vifaa vya kimwili zaidi, vilivyoweza kudhihirika, maka vile injini ya mvuke. Kuwepo kwa soko kubwa la ndani pia unapaswa kutiliwa maanani kama chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani , hasa katika kuelezea mbona yakafanyika nchini Uingereza. Katika mataifa mengine, kama vile Ufaransa, masoko yalipasuliwa na kimkoa, mikoa ambayo mara nyingi ilituza ushuru na [[kodi]] kwa bidhaa zilizouzwa miongoni mwao.<ref>Deane, Phyllis. ''The First Industrial Revolution'', Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29609-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0521296099&id=eMBG_soDdNoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&sig=xzXl17mm0GYiH80TH-V0lR7JVAk Read it]</ref> Serikali kuwapa wavumbuzi [[uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza]] ambao ulipimwa chini ya mfumo uliokuwa ukiendelezwa wa [[patenti]] ( [[Katiba ya Uwezo wa Kipekee wa Kuuza 1623]]) inatambulika kama sababu muhimu.Matokeo ya patenti, mabaya na mazuri, ya maendeleo ya viwanda yanaonyeshwa wazi katika historia ya injini ya mvuke, teknolojia muhimu ya kuwezesha mapinduzi hayo. Kama malipo ya kuonyesha wazi mbele ya umma jinsi kifaa kilichovumbuliwa kilivyofanya kazi mfumo wa patenti uliwalipa wavumbuzi kama [[James Watt]] kwa kuwaruhusu kuwa na uwezo wa kipekee wa kuunda injini za kwanza za mvuke, hivyo basi kuwalipa wavumbuzi na kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo ya kiteknolojia. Hata hivyo uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza kawaida husababisha madhara yanayoweza kuondoa, au hata kuzidi kwa umbali, matokeo mazuri ya kufanya uvumbuzi uwe wazi mbele ya umma na kuwalipa wavumbuzi.<ref>Eric Schiff, ''Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907'', [[Princeton University]] Press, 1971.</ref> Uwezo wa kipekee wa Watt wa kuunda injini za mvuke huenda kulizuia wavumbuzi wengine, kama vile [[Richard Trevithick]], [[William Murdoch]] au [[Jonathan Hornblower]], kuunda injini za mvuke bora zaidi, hivyo basi kuchelewesha maendeleo ya mapinduzi ya viwandani kwa takriban miaka 16.<ref>Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstfinal.htm Against Intellectual Monopoly], {{PDFlink|[http://www.dklevine.com/papers/imbookfinal01.pdf Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008]|55&nbsp;KB}}, page 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN-13: 9780521879286</ref> === Sababu za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kutokea Ulaya === [[Picha:Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie bond - Middelburg - Amsterdam - 1622.jpg|thumb|A 1623 [[Hundi (Kifedha)|Hundi]] ya [[Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya Uhindi Mashariki]].<br /> Upanuzi wa kikoloni wa Ulaya wa karne ya 17, biashara ya kimataifa, na kuundwa kwa masoko ya kifedha yalizalisha mazingira mapya ya kisheria na kifedha, ambayo yaliwezesha kuendelea kwa viwanda katika karne ya 18.]] Swali moja linalowasumbua sana wanahistoria ni mbona mapinduzi ya viwanda yakafanyika Barani Ulaya lakini si sehemu zingine za Dunia katika karne ya 18, hasa [[Uchina]], [[Uhindi]], na [[Mashariki ya Kati]], au katika zama zingine kama [[zama za Kale za Kihistoria]]<ref>[http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html |date=20110927042849 }} J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 Septemba 2002. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> au [[Zama za Kati]].<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England] | The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 Oktoba 2006 – Accessed Januari 2007</ref> Sababu nyingi zimependekezwa, ikiwemo elimu na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia<ref>Jackson J. Spielvogel (2009). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Western Civilization: Since 1500]''". p.607.</ref> (angalia [[Mapinduzi ya Kisayanis]] barani Ulaya), serikali ya "kisasa", mitazamo ya "kisasa" ya kikazi, kiikolojia, na utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Causes |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202030217/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zama za Kutaalamika]] hazikumaanisha tu idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu walioelimika lakini pia mitazamo ya kisasa kuhusu kazi. Hata hivyo, wanahistoria wengi wanakataa madai kuwa Ulaya na Uchina zilikuwa karibu sawa kwa sababu makadirio ya kisasa ya mapato ya wastani ya kila mtu katika Ulaya ya magharibi katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 18 ni takriban dola 1,500 za [[nguvu sawa za ununuzi]] (na Uingereza ilikuwa na [[mapato ya wastani ya kila raia]] ya takriban dola 2,000<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.iisg.nl/research/jvz-cobbdouglas.pdf Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growth]|254&nbsp;KB}} Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. Mei 2005. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref>) huku Uchina, kwa kulinganisha, ikiwa na dola 450 pekee. Pia, [[kiwango cha riba]] cha wastani kilikuwa karibu 5% nchini Uingereza na zaidi ya 30% nchini Uchina, jambo linaloonyesha jinsi mtaji ulivyokuwa mwingi zaidi nchini Uingereza.{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}} Baadhi ya wahistoria kama vile [[David Landes]]<ref name=Landes>{{cite book | last = Landes | first = David | authorlink = David Landes | coauthors = | title = The Wealth and Poverty of Nations | publisher = Abacus | date = 1999 | location = London | pages = [https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi/page/38 38]–9 | url =https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi | doi = | id = | isbn = 0349111669}}</ref> na [[Max Weber]] wanaashiria mitazamo mbalimbali nchini Uchina na Ulaya na kuamuru mahali ambapo mapinduzi yalitokea. Dini na imani za Ulaya zilikuwa haswa chanzo cha [[Ukristo wa Kiyudea]], na dhana za Kigiriki. Jamii ya Kichina ilikuwa na msingi wake katika watu kama vile [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Han Feizi]] ([[Matendo bila Imani]]), [[Lao Tzu]] ([[Utao]]), and [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] ([[Ubudha]]). Watu wa Ulaya walipoamini kuwa ulimwengu ulitawaliwa na sheria za kimantiki na za milele, watu wa Mashariki, waliamini kuwa ulimwengu ulibadilika kila uchao na, kwa Wabudha na Watao, haungeweza kueleweka kimantiki. {{Citation needed|tarehe=Oktoba 2009}} Kuhusu Uhindi, mwanahistoria wa Kimaksi [[Rajani Palme Dutt]] alisema: "Mtaji wa kuyawezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uhindi yalitumika kuwezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uingereza kifedha."<ref>[https://archive.today/20121208215606/india_resource.tripod.com/colonial.html South Asian History] -Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent: British rule and the legacy of colonisation. Rajni-Palme Dutt ''India Today'' (Indian Edition published 1947). Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> Ikitofautishwa na Uchina, nchi ya Uhindi iligawanywa katika milki mbalimbali zilizokuwa zikishindana, huku milki tatu kuu zikiwa [[Marathas]], [[Sikhs]] na [[Mughals]]. Isitoshe, uchumi ulitegemea pakubwa—kilimo cha nyumbani na pamba, na kunaonekana kuwa na uvumbuzi mchache sana wa kiufundi. Inaaminika kuwa idadi kubwa ya mali mara nyingi ilifichwa katika hazina za makasri na wafalme au malkia ambao waliendesha serikali za kiimla kabla ya Uingereza kuchukua mamlaka. Uongozi wa [[Kiimla]] nchini Uchina, Uhindi, na Mashariki ya Kati kulishindwa kusisimua utengenezaji wa bidhaa na uuzaji wa bidhaa nje ya nchi, na kulionyesha nia kidogo ya kuwajali waliotawaliwa. === Sababu ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda kufanyika nchini Uingereza === [[Picha:graph rel share world manuf 1750 1900 02.png|300px|thumb|Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalivyoendelea ndivyo idadi ya vyombo vilivyoundwa Uingereza ilivyopanda na kushinda vya uchumi wa nchi zingine]] Mjadala kuhusu mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda pia unahusisha jinsi [[Uingereza]] ilivyozitangulia inchi zingine na kuzishinda kwa mbali. Kuna watu ambao wamesisitiza umuhimu wa rasilimali za kiasili au za kifedha ambazo Uingereza ilipokea kutoka nchi nyingi za nje [[ilizozitawala]] au faida kutokana na [[biashara ya utumwa]] ya Uingereza, kati ya Afrika na eneo la Karibiani, iliyosaidia kuendesha uwekezaji wa viwandani. Imedokezwa kuwa, mbali na hayo, kuwa biashara ya Utumwa na mashamba makubwa ya Uhindi ya Magharibi yalitoa 5% pekee ya mapato ya kitaifa ya Uingereza wakati wa miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |title=Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025327/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |archivedate=2012-05-13 }}</ref> Ingawa utumwa ulikuwa chanzo cha faida cha kiasi kidogo cha kiuchumi nchini Uingereza wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, mahitaji kutoka eneo la Karibiani yaliambatana na 12% ya pato la viwanda vya Uingereza.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Bh7HVl92bVMC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Industrial+Revolution,+slavery&source=bl&ots=zBje8eBxGe&sig=vEZVgz3EL-kzaYWVZAkmRqenBho&hl=en&ei=lTIxSoTdMoOyNP6h1LcH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=12#PPA198,M1 The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198]</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, biashara kufanywa huru zaidi kutokana na msingi mkubwa wa wabepari huenda ikawa uliruhusu ncgi ya Uingereza kutengeneza na kutumia maendeleo ya kisayansi na kiteknolojia vizuri zaidi kuliko nchi zilizokuwa na milki zenye nguvu zaidi, hasa Uchina na Urusi. Uingereza iliinuka kutoka [[Vuta vya Kinapolioni]] kama taifa pekee Ulaya ambalo halikuwa limeharibiwa na utumizi mbaya wa fedha na kuharibika kwa uchumi, na ikiwa meli za kibiashara kubwa za kipekee (Meli za kibiashara za Ulaya zilikuwa zimeharibiwa katika kipindi cha vita na [[Jeshi la Uingereza la Wanamaji]]<ref>The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced ever 4 to 5 years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be see as a similar factor.</ref>). Viwanda vingi vya Uingereza vya kuunda bidhaa ndogo ndogo na kuziuza pia zilihakikisha kuwa masoko yalikuwa tayari kwa aina nyingi ya bidhaa zilizokuwa za kwanza kuundwa.Mgogoro ulisababisha vita vingi vilivyohusisha nchi ya Uingereza kufanywa katika nchi geni, hivyo basi kupunguza madhara mabaya ya utekaji wa maeneo zaidi, jambo lililoaliadhiri inchi nyingi Barani Ulaya. Jambo hili liliwezeshwa zaidi na maumbile ya Kijiografia ya Uingereza—kwani Uingereza ni kisiwa kilichotengwa na nchi zingine Barani Ulaya. Nadharia nyingine ni kuwa Uingereza iliweza kufanikiwa katika Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kwa sababu ya kuwa na rasilimali muhimu. Nchi ya Uingereza Ilikuwa na idadi kubwa ya wakazi katika kila eneo mraba ikilinganishwa na umbo lake ndogo la kijiografia. [[Kupimwa]] kwa ardi iliyotumika na kila mtu na mapinduzi ya kilimo yanayohusiana na hili kulisababisha kupatikana kwa wafanyikazi kuwe rahisi. Kulikuwa na bahati ya kupata maliasili katika maeneo ya [[Kasakazini mwa Uingereza]], [[Maeneo ya Kati ya Uingereza]], [[Wales ya Kusini]] na [[maeneo tambarare ya Scotland]]. Usambazaji wa makaa ya mawe, chuma, risasi, shaba, bati, chokaa mawe na nguvu za maji, kulisababisha mazingira bora ya kuendeleza na kupanua viwanda. Pia, hali za hewa ya unyevunyevu, na hali ya hewa isiyo kali ya eneo la Kaskazini Magharibi mwa Uingereza zilikuwa mazingira bora ya kuzungusha pamba, huku zikiwapatia Waingereza sehemu ya kimaumbile ya kuanza kuanzisha kiwanda cha nguo. Hali tulivu ya kisiasa nchini Uingereza tangu miaka ya 1688, na nia zaidi ya jamii ya Kiingereza kukubali mabadiliko (ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine za Ulaya) inaweza pia kusemwa kuwa sababu iliyowezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Kwa sehemu kubwa, kwa sababu ya Harakati ya Kufungiwa, watu maskini waliangamizwa kama chanzo kubwa cha upinzani dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda, na watu wa madaraja ya juu waliendesha maslahi ya biashara yaliyosababisha watu wa kwanza katika kuondoa vikwazo dhidi ya ukuaji wa ubepari.<ref>[[Barrington Moore, Jr.]], ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World'', pp. 29-30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.</ref> (Wazo hili pia limedokezwa katika kitabu cha [[Hilaire Belloc]], [[Nchi ya Kitumishi]].) ==== Maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti ==== Nadharia nyingine ni kwamba mafanikio ya Waingereza yalikuwa kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa daraja la [[Kijasiriamali]] ambalo liliamini kuwa kulikuwa na maendeleo, teknolojia na kazi ngumu.<ref> {{Rejea kitabu|title=Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalinnovatio0000char|last=Foster|first=Charles|publisher=Arley Hall Press|year=2004|isbn=0951838245|location=Northwich}} Argues that capital accumulation and [[wealth concentration]] in an entrepreneurial culture following the [[commercial revolution]] made the industrial revolution possible, for example.</ref> Kuwepo kwa daraja hili mara nyingi huusishwa na maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti (tazama [[Max Weber]]) na hasa hadhi ya [[Wabatizi]] na madhehebu yanayopingana nao ya Kiprotestanti, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kidini ya Marafiki|Wakweka]] na [[Wapresbiteri]] ambazo zilikuwa zimenawiri wakati wa [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Uingereza]]. Kuimarishwa kwa imani ya watu katika utawala wa sheria, ambao ulifuata kuundwa kwa mfano wa Milki ya Kikatiba nchini Uingereza katika [[Mapinduzi ya Kitukufu]] ya 1688, na kuibuka kwa soko dhabiti la kifedha nchini Uingereza lililokuwa na msingi katika usimamizi wa [[deni la kitaifa]] na [[Benki ya Uingereza]], kulichangia katika uwezo wa, na hamu ya, uwekezaji wa kibinafsi wa kifedha katika biashara za viwanda. [[Wapingamizi wa Kiingereza|Wapingamizi]] walijipata wakiwa wamekatzwa au kukatishwa tamaa kutoka ofisi karibu zote za umma, au elimu katika [[Oxbridge|vyuo vikuu viwili vywa kipekee]] nchini Uingereza wakati huo (ingawa wapingamizi bado walikuwa huru kusoma katika [[Vyuo Vikuu vya Jadi vya Scotland|vyuo vinne vikuu]]) vya Scotland. Marejesho ya milki yalipofanyika na uanachama katika [[Kanisa la rasmi la Kianglikana]] ulipofanywa lazima kwa sababu ya [[Sheria ya Jaribio]], wao baada ya hapo walijibidiisha na shughuli za kibenki, viwanda na elimu. [[Wanaumoja]], haswa, walihusika sana katika elimu, kwa kuwa na Mashule ya Wapingamizi, ambapo, ikitofautishwa na vyuo vya Oxford na Cambridge na mashule kama Eton na Harrow, kipaumbele kilipewa kwa masomo ya hisabati na sayansi—taaluma muhimu kwa maendeleo ya teknolojia ya utengenezaji bidhaa. Wanahistoria wakati mwingine hutazama kipengele hiki cha kijamii kuwa muhimu sana, pamoja na hali ya uchumi wa mataifa yanayohusika. Ingawa wanachama wa madhehebu haya walitengwa mbali na duru fulani za kiserikali, walitazamwa na Waprotestanti wenzao kama, kwa kiwango kidogo, na wengi katika [[daraja la kati]], wakopaji pesa wa jadi au wanabiashara wengine. Kutokana na kuvumilia huku, kiasi na usambazaji wa mtaji, njia ya kimaumbile ya watu wenye nia ya ujasirimali ya haya madhehebu ingekuwa kutafuta nafasi mpya katika teknolojia zilizoundwa wakati wa mapinduzi ya kisayansi ya karne ya 17. == Maendeleo ya uvumbuzi == [[Picha:Mule-jenny.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa kipekee ambao bado unaweza kupatikana wa kifaa cha Farasi mdogo cha kushona kilichojengwa na mvumbuzi Samuel Crompton]] Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kunahusishwa kwa karibu na idadi ndogo ya maendeleo ya uvumbuzi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Innovations |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2011-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906051618/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> yaliyofanywa katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18: * '''Vitambaa''' – [[Uzungushaji]] wa [[pamba]] kwa kutumia [[mashine ya maji]] ya [[Richard Arkwright]], mashine ya [[Punda Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya James Hargreaves, na mashine ya [[Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya Samuel Crompton (machanganyiko wa mashine za Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha na Mashine ya Maji). Hii ilisajiliwa chini ya patenti mnamo mwaka wa 1769 na kwa hivyo patenti hiyo iliisha mnamo mwaka wa 1783. Mwisho wa patenti ulifuatwa kwa haraka na ujenzi wa viwanda vingi vya [[Kutengeneza pamba]]. Teknolojia sawa mwishowe ilitumika kwa kushona [[nyuzi]] za [[worsted]] kwa nguo mbalimbali na [[lin]] badala ya [[sanda]]. * '''Nguvu za Mvuke''' – [[Injini ya mvuke]] iliyoboreshwa na kuvumbuliwa na [[James Watt]] hapo awali ilitumika kwa kusukumia nje [[migodi]], lakini tangu miaka ya 1780 ilitumika kwa mashine za nguvu. Jambo hili liliwezesha maendeleo ya haraka ya viwanda vilivyofanya kazi vizuri na vilivyotumia mashine kufanya baadhi ya kazi katika kiwango ambacho hapo awali hakingewezekana katika mahala ambapo [[nguvu za maji]] hazikuwepo. * '''Kutengeneza Chuma''' – katika [[kiwanda cha Chuma]], [[koki]] mwishowe ilitumika kwa hatua zote za [[kufua chuma]], huku zikikomesha utumizi wa [[makaa]]. Hili lilikuwa limefanywa mapema zaidi kwa [[risasi]] na [[shaba]] na pia kwa kutengeneza [[chuma ya nguruwe]] ndani ya [[tanuri]], lakini hatua ya pili ya uzalishaji [[kipande-chuma]] ilitegemea matumizi ya [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kufinyilia]] (ambayo [[patenti]] yake ilikuwa imekwisha mnamo mwaka wa 1786) au [[Kupudulu]] (Kulipatentiwa na [[Henry Cort]] mnamo mwaka wa 1783 na 1784). Haya yanawakilisha maeneo ''matatu ya mbele'', yaliyokuwa na maendeleo muhimu ya uvumbuzi, na ambayo yaliruhusu kuinuka kiuchumu ambao ndio sehemu maalum ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda. Huku si kupuuza uvumbuzi mwingine mwingi, hasa katika kiwanda cha [[nguo]]. Bidhaa zingine za mapema, kama vile [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] na [[kifaa cha kupaa]] katika kiwanda cha nguo na kuyeyushwa kwa chuma ya nguruwe na koki, mafanikio haya yote hayangewezekana. Uvumbuzi wa baadaye kama vile [[mashine ya ushonaji]] ya nguvu na [[injini ya mvuke]] wenye shinikizo ya [[Richard Trevithick]] pia yalikuwa muhimu katika kuenea kwa viwanda nchini Uingereza. Kutumika kwa injini za mvuke katika uendeshaji wa [[viwanda vya kutengeneza pamba]] na katika [[kazi za kuunda vifaa vya chuma]] kuliwezesha vifaa hivi kujengwa katika maeneo yaliyofaa zaidi kwa sababu rasilimali zingine zilipatikana hapo kwa urahisi, badala ya mahali ambapo ingelazimika maji yapatikane ili kuwezesha [[mashine ya kusaga maji]] ifanye kazi. Katika sekta ya viwanda ya nguo, mashine kama hizo zilikuwa mfano wa mpangilio wa ajira ya binadamu katika viwanda, iliyoonyeshwa bayana na [[“Cottonopolis”]], jina lilopewa idadi kubwa ya [[viwanda vya pamba]], [[viwanda vya kawaida]] na ofisi za usimamizi zilizopatikana mjini [[Manchester]]. Pia mfumo wa kuunda vifaa vilivyosonga mstarini uliboresha sana kazi, katika kiwanda hiki na viwanda vinginevyo. Huku wanaume wengi wakipewa mafunzo ya kufanya huduma moja bidhaa Fulani, halafu kufanya bidhaa hiyo isongeshwe mbele hadi kwa mfanyikazi mwingine, idadi ya bidhaa zilizomalizika iliongezeka pakubwa. Jambo lingine muhimu lilikuwa uvumbuzi wa [[kokoto]] mnamo mwaka wa 1756 (iliyoundwa kwa kutumia [[Chokaa ya kujenga iliyofinyiliwa]]) na mhandisi Mwingereza [[John Smeaton]], ambayo ilikuwa imepotea kwa muda wa karne 13.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2008) "Building construction: the reintroduction of modern concrete"</ref> === Uhamishaji wa maarifa === [[Picha:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mwanafalsafa akitoa hotuba katika eneo la Orrery]] (ca. 1766)<br />iJamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa na muundo maalum ziliendeza uvumbuzi wa kisayansy]] Maarifa kuhusu undelezaji wa uvumbuzi ulienezwa kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali. Wafanyikazi ambao walipewa mafunzo katika mbinu fulani huenda walisonga kwenda kwa mwajiri mwingine au wakachukuliwa na mwajiri fulani kumfanyia kazi. Mbinu ya kawaida ilikuwa mtu kutembea na kujifunza, huku akikusanya taarifa kila mahali lipoweza. Wakati wa Mapinduzi yote ya Viwanda na kwa karne ya awali, nchi zote za Ulaya na Marekani zilitumia mbinu ya masomo ya kutembea; nchi fulani, kama [[Uswidi]] na Ufaransa, ziliweza hata kuwapa watumishi wa umma au mafundi kufanya masomo hayo kama sera ya kiserikali. Katika nchi zingine, hasa Uingereza na Marekani, mwenendo huu ulifanywa na watengenezaji bidhaa wa kibinafsi waliokuwa na wasiwasi na kwa hivyo waliotaka kuboresha mbinu zao. Kusafiri ili kuyapata masomo kulikuwa maarufu wakati huo, kama ilivyo maarufu siku za leo kwa watu kuandika kumbukumbu za safari zao mbalimbali. Kumbukumbu zilizoandikwa na waanzishaji viwanda na mafundi wa wakati huo ni chanzo kisichoweza kulinganishwa na chochote kingine kuhusu mbinu zao. Njia nyingine ya kueneza uendelezaji wa uvumbuzi ilikuwa mtandao wa jamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa rasmi, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kimwezi]] ya [[Birmingham]], ambapo wanachama walikutana kuzijadili 'falsafa za kimaumbile' (''yaani sayansi'') na mara kwa mara jinsi ingeweza kutumika katika utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Jamii ya Kimwezi ilinawiri kutoka mnamo mwaka wa 1765 hadi mwaka wa 1809, na imesemekana hivi kuhusu wanachama wa jamii hiyo, "Walikuwa, ukipenda, kamati ya kimapinduzi ya mapinduzi makubwa zaidi ya karne ya 18, ambayo ni Mapinduzi ya Viwandani".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207075746/http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/morelunar.htm The Lunar Society] at Moreabout, the website of the ''Birmingham Jewellery Quarter'' guide, Bob Miles.</ref> Jamii zingine kama hii zilivichapisha vitabu vingi vya mikutano yao na biashara. Kwa mfano, [[Jamii ya Kimilki ya Sanaa]] iliyokuwa na makao yake mjini London, ilichapisha kitabu chenye picha za vifaa vipya vilivyovumbuliwa, na majarida kuhusu vifaa hivyo katika mikutano yao ya kila mwaka ya ''Kibiashara''. Kulikuwa na vitabu walivyovichapisha vilivyoelezea kuhusu teknolojia. [[Kamusi elezo]] kama vile ''[[Lexicon Technicum]]'' (1704) ya Harris na ''[[Cyclopaedia]]'' ya Daktari Abraham Rees (1802-1819) zina vitu vingi vya maana. ''Cyclopaedia'' inayo idadi kubwa ya taarifa kuhusu sayansi na teknolojia ya nusu ya kwanza ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, zinazoambatana na picha nzuri za kuchongwa. Vyanzo toka nchi geni kama vile ''[[Descriptions des Arts et Métiers]]'' na ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' ya Diderot zilielezea mbinu za kigeni zikitumia picha kwenye vijisahani vya kuchongwa. Kulikuwa na machapisho mengi ya mara kwa mara kuhusu utengenezaji wa bidhaa na teknolojia yaliyoanza katika muongo wa mwisho wa karne ya 18, na mara kwa mara yalihusisha taarifa kuzihusu patenti mpya. Machapisho ya nchi geni, kama vile [[Annales des Mines]], zilizichapisha taarifa kuhusu safari zilizofanywa na wahandisi wa Kifaransa ambao walitazama mbinu za Kiingereza walipokuwa katika safari zao za kujifunza. === Maendeleo ya kiteknolojia nchini Uingereza === ==== Utengenezaji wa nguo ==== [[Picha:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|right|Mfano wa mashine ya [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] katika makavazi mjini [[Wuppertal]],Ujerumani. Mashine ya punda mdogo wa kuzungusha ilikuwa mojawapo ya uvumbuzi ulioanzisha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]] Mapema katika karne ya 18, utengenezaji nguo wa Kiingereza ulitegemea [[sufu]] ambayo ilitengenezwa na [[mafundi]] wa kibinafsi, [[waliozungusha]] na [[kushona]] nyumbani mwao. Mfumo huu unajulikana kama [[karakana ndogo]]. [[Lin]] na [[pamba]] pia zilitumika kutengeneza vitambaa laini, lakini njia ya kuunda ilikuwa gumu, kwa sababu ya shughuli iliyohitajika kufanyika kabla ya kuunda, na kwa sababu hiyo bidhaa zilizotengenezwa na vifaa hivi zilichangia sehemu ndogo tu ya pato. Utumizi wa [[gurudumu la kuzungusha]] na [[mashine ya mkono ya kushona]] uliweka vikwazo dhidi ya uwezo wa uzalishaji wa kiwanda hicho cha nguo, lakini maendeleo yaliyozidi kufanyika yaliongeza uzalishaji hadi kufikia kiwango ambapo bidhaa za kutengenezwa zikawa bidhaa zenye umuhimu zaidi zilizouzwa katika nchi geni kufikia miongo ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Uhindi iling’olewa kama muuzaji mkuu wa bidhaa za pamba. [[Lewis Paul]] aliandikisha patenti ya mashine ya kuzungusha ya kubingiria na mashine ya mfumo wa [[“flyer and bobbin”]] ya kutengeneza sufu iwe na umbo laini, iliyoundwa na usaidizi wa John Wyatt mjini [[Birmingham]]. Paul and Wyatt walifungua kiwanda cha nguo mjini Birmingham ambacho kilitumia mashine yao mpya ya kubingiria iliyoendeshwa na [[punda]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 1743, kiwanda kilifunguliwa mjini [[Northampton]] kikiwa na mbao za kushona hamsini katika kila moja kati ya mashine tano za Paul na Wyatt. Upanuzi huu uliendelea hadi mwaka wa 1764. Kiwanda sawa cha nguo kilijengwa na [[Daniel Bourn]] katika mji wa [[Leominster]], lakini kilichomeka. Lewis Paul na Daniel Bourn wote walipatenti mashine za [[kadi]] mnamo mwaka wa 1748, zIkitumia mipangilio miwili ya mibingirio ambayo ilizunguka kwa mbio tofauti, baadaye zilitumika katika kiwanda cha kwanza cha pamba kuzungushia pamba. Uvumbuzi wa Lewis baadaye uliendelezwa na kuboreshwa na [[Richard Arkwright]] katika [[fremu ya maji]] na [[Samuel Crompton]] katika mashine yake ya [[farasi mdogo wa kuzungushia]]. Wavumbuzi wengine waliboresha kila hatua ya uzungushaji (hatua ya kadi, kusuka and kuzungusha, na kubingirisha) na kuwezesha ugavi wa [[uzi]] kuongezeka vilivyo, jambo lililowezesha kiwanda cha ushonaji kilichokuwa kikizidi kuendelea kuboresha [[mashine ya kushona ya shato]] na lumu au 'fremu'. Uzalishaji bidhaa wa kila mfanyikazi mmoja uliongezeka vilivyo, na kusababisha mashine hizo mpya kuonekana kama tisho kwa ajira, na wavumbuzi wa awali walivamiwa na vifaa walivyokuwa wamevumbua kuharibiwa. Ili kuchukua fursa ya kupata faida kutokana na maendeleo haya, ilikuwa ni zamu ya daraja la [[wajasiriamali]], maarufu kwa wote akiwa ni [[Richard Arkwright]]. Arkwright anatambulika kwa orodha kubwa ya uvumbuzi, lakini vifaa hivyo si yeye aliyevivumbua bali ni watu kama [[Thomas Highs]] na [[John Kay]]; Arkwright aliwakuza wavumbuzi hawa, akasajili patenti za mawazo yao, akawapa usaidizi wa kifedha kwa wale waliojitolea kuvumbua vifaa, na akalinda mashine. Aliunda [[kiwanda cha pamba]] ambacho kilileta hatua za untengenezaji hadi viwandani kutoka manyumbani, na alitengeneza utumizi wa nguvu—kwanza [[nguvu za farasi]] kisha [[nguvu za maji]]— uliofanya utengenezaji wa pamba uambatane na utumizi wa mashine viwandani. Baada ya kipindi kifupi [[nguvu za mvuke]] zilitumika kuendesha mashine za viwanda vya nguo. ==== Ufuaji wa Chuma ==== [[Picha:Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg d. J. 002.jpg|left|thumb|[[mji wa Coalbrookdale wakati wa usiku]], 1801, [[Philip James de Loutherbourg|Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg mdogo]]<br />Tanuri kubwa zinawasha mji wa kufua chuma wa [[Coalbrookdale]]]] [[Picha:Reverberatory furnace diagram.png|thumb|right|Tanuri hii ya kirevaberatori ingeweza kuunda [[chuma nzito]] ikitumia makaa ya mawe yaliyochimbwa kutoka ardhini. Makaa ya mawe yalibaki kando na chuma iliyofuliwa ma kwa hivyo hayakuchafua chuma na uchafu kama vile madini ya kiberiti. Jambo hili liliwezesha ufuaji mwingi zaidi wa chuma.]] Mabadiliko makuu katika viwanda vya chuma wakati wa zama za Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalikuwa kukoma kutumia kuni ya vitu vilivyokuwa hai hapo awali kama vile [[mbao]] na badala yake kutumia [[kuni za kifosili]] zilizopatikana kutoka makaa ya mawe. Mengi kati ya haya yalifanyika kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, yakitumia maendeleo ya kiuvumbuzi ya [[Clement Clerke]] na wengine tangu mwaka wa 1678, kwa kutumia [[tanuri za kireveberatori]] za makaa ya mawe zilizojulikana kama kupola. Hizi ziliendeshwa kwa kutumia mioto, ambayo ilikuwa na [[kaboni monoksaidi]], ikiingia ndani ya [[mawe ya madini]] na [[kupunguza]] [[oksaidi]] ili iwe chuma. Hii ina faida ya kutohamisha uchafu (kama vile madini ya kiberiti) yanayopatikana ndani ya makaa ya mawe hadi yaiingie ndani ya chuma. Teknolojia hii ilitumika na [[risasi]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1678 na [[shaba]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1687. Pia ilitumika katika kazi ya kuunganisha vifaa vya chuma katika miaka ya 1690, lakini tanuri ya kireveberatori ilijulikana kama tanuri ya hewa. Kupola la kuunganisha chuma ni maendeleo ya uvumbuzi (ya baadaye) na tofauti. [[Abraham Darby]] alifuata na kufanya maendeleo makubwa kwa kutumia koki kama kuni ya [[tanuri za kulipua]] katika mji wa [[Coalbrookdale]] mnamo mwaka wa 1709. Hata hivyo, [[chuma ya nguruwe]] aliyotengeneza na koki ilitumika hasa kwa utengenezaji wa vifaa vigumu vya chuma kama vile masufuria na mabirika. Alikuwa amewashinda washirika wake kwani sufuria zake, zilizoundwa na mchakato wa patenti, zilikuwa konde zaidi na za bei rahisi kuliko zingine. Chuma ya nguruwe ya koki ilitumika nadra sana kutengeneza vipande vya chuma kwa kuchomelea hadi miaka ya kati ya 1750, mwanawe [[Abraham Darby II]] alipojenga tanuri za [[“Horsehay”]] na [[Ketley]] (karibu na Coalbrookdale). Kufikia wakati huo, chuma ya koki ya nguruwe ilikuwa ikiuzwa kwa bei rahisi kuliko chuma ya nguruwe ya makaa. [[Chuma ya Kipande]] iliyotumiwa na wafua chuma ili kutengeneza bidhaa za kutumika bado iliundwa katika [[viwanda vya kuchoma]], kama ilivyokuwa ikifanyika tangu jadi. Hata hivyo, mbinu mpya zilianza kutumika katika miaka iliyofuata. Ya kwanza hivi leo inajulikana kama [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga]], lakini mbinu hii ilipitwa na wakati na baadaye mbinu ya [[Henry Cort]] ya [[“kupudulu”]] ikawa maarufu. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, labda kwa sababu mchakato huu ulioboreshwa wa kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga ulikuwa karibu kuachwa kulindwa chini ya patenti, upanuzi mkubwa katika pato la kiwanda cha chuma cha Uingereza ulianza. Mchakato mpya haukutegemea [[makaa]] na kwa hivyo watu hawakudhibitiwa na kutoweza kupata makaa. Hadi wakati huo, watengenezaji chuma wa Uingereza walikuwa wametumia idadi kubwa ya chuma kutoka nchi geni kuongozea ile iliyopatikana nchini. Chuma hii hasa ilitoka [[Uswdi]] kutoka miaka ya kati ya karne ya 17 na baadayeilitoka hata Urusi kuanzia mwisho wa miaka ya 1720. Hata hivyo, kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, idadi ya bidhaa za kuagizwa ilipungua kwa sababu ya teknolojia mpya ya kutengeneza chuma, na Uingereza ikawa muuzaji nje wa chuma ya vipande vipande na pia mtengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya matumizi vya nyumbani]] vya [[chuma nyepesi]]. Kwa sababu chuma ilikuwa inazidi kuuzwa kwa bei nafuu and kuongezeka zaidi, pia iliifanya kuwa nyenzo muhimu ya ujenzi kufuatia ujenzi wa kibunifu wa [[daraja la chuma]] [[Abraham Darby III]]mnamo mwaka wa 1778. [[Picha:Ironbridge 6.jpg|thumb|[[Daraja la Chuma]], [[Shropshire]], Uingereza]] Uboreshaji ulifanywa katika uzalishaji wa [[stili]], ambayo ilikuwa kifaa cha bei ghali kilichotumika tu ambapo chuma haingefaa, kama vile makali ya vifaa na spring’i. [[Benjamin Huntsman]] alitengeneza mbinu yake ya [[chungu cha stili]] katika miaka ya 1740. Mali ghafi kwa ajili ya kufanya hivi yalikuwa stili ya kijipu, iliyoundwa kwa [[machakato wa kuongeza simiti]]. Usambazaji wa chuma ya bei nafuu zaidi na stili kulisaidia mapipa ya kuchemsha na injini za mvuke yatengenezwe vizuri zaidi, na hatimaye kukawezesha kuundwa kwa barabara za reli. Kuboreshwa kwa [[vyombo vya mashinel]] kuliruhusu chuma na stili kutumika kufanyiwa kazi vizuri na kuliongeza zaidi ukuaji wa viwanda wa Uingereza. ==== Uchimbuzi wa madini ==== [[Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe]] nchini uingereza, hasa katika eneo la [[Wales ya Kusini]] ulianza mapema. Kabla ya injini ya mvuke, [[mashimo]] yalikuwa mafupi na yalifuata maeneo lenye makaa ya mawe juu ya ardhi, ambayo yaliwacha kutumika kadiri makaa ya mawe yalivyochimbwa. Wakati mwingine, ikiwa jiolojia ilikuwa nzuri, makaa ya mawe yalichimbuliwa kwa kutumia [[mgodi wa kiaditi]] au [[mgodi wa kusonga]] uliochimbwa katika upnde wa mlima. [[uchimbuzi wa madini kutoka mashimo yaliyochimbwa]] ulifanywa katika maeneo kadhaa, lakini kikwazo kilukuwa kuyatoa maji. Ingefanywa kwa kutumia ndoo kuyachota maji kutoka mashimo hayo au kwa [[“sough”]] (shimo lililochimbwa katika upande wa mlima ili kutoa mawe yenye madini kutoka kwa mgodi). Kwa kutumia mbinu yoyote ile, maji lazima yangeelekezwa kwa mkondo au chimbuko ambapo yangeweza kutiririka yakitumia mvuto. Kuanzishwa kwa utumizi wa injini ya mvuke kuliwezesha pakubwa kuondoa maji na kuliwezesha mashimo kuchimbwa kwa undani zaidi, na pia kuwezesha makaa ya mawe zaidi kutolewa. Haya yalikuwa maendeleo ambayo yalikuwa yameanza kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini yalitumika kwa injini ya mvuke ya James Watt iliyokuwa bora zaidi kuanzia miaka ya 1770 ambapo yalipunguza bei ya kuni ya injini, na kufanya migodi iwe yenye faida zaidi. Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe ulikuwa wa kihatari sana kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa [[motonyevunyevu]] katika maeneo mengi yenye makaa ya mawe ardhini. Usalama kidogo ulipatikana kwa kutumia [[taa ya usalama]] iliyovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1816 na [[Humphry Davy]] na kuvumbuliwa na [[George Stephenson]] akiwa peke yake. Hata hivyo, taa hizo hazikusaidia sana kwani zilisababisha hatari kwa haraka sana na pia zilitoa mwanga dhaifu. Milipuko ya Motonyevunyevu iliendelea, na kuwezesha wakati mwingine [[milipuko]] ya [[vumbi ya makaa ya mawe]], kwa hivyo idadi majeruhi ilizidi kupanda katika kipindi chote cha karne ya kumi na nane. Mazingira ya kikazi yalikuwa mabaya sana, huku kukiwa na visa vingi vya majeruhi kutokana na mawe kuanguka. ==== Nguvu za mvuke ==== [[Picha:Savery-engine.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''Injini ya Savery'' ya mwaka wa 1698– [[Injini]] ya kwanza iliyojengwa na [[Thomas Savery]] kwa mujibu wa picha za [[Denis Papin]].]] Utengenezaji wa [[injini ya mvuke isiyosonga]] ilikuwa kipengele muhimu cha wakati wa mapema cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda; hata hivyo, kwa muda wa kipindi kirefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, viwanda vingi bado vilitegemea nguvu za upepo na maji na hata nguvu za farasi na binadamu ili kuendesha mashine ndogo. Jaribio halisi la kwanza la kutumia nguvu za mvuke lilifanywa na [[Thomas Savery]] mnamo mwaka wa 1698. Alijenga na kupatenti mjini London pampu ya kuinua maji kwa kiwango kidogo iliyojumuisha utupu na shinikizo, na iliyoweza kutoa karibu [[nguvu za farasi]] (HP kwa Kiingereza) moja na iliyotumika katika kazi nyingi zilizohusisha maji na katika migodi michache (ambapo ilipata "jina la kimaarufu", ''Rafiki wa mchimba mgodi''), lakini haikufanikiwa kwa sababu haikuweza kuyapeleka maji juu zaidi ya urefu fulani na sehemu yake ya kuchemshia maji ililipuka kwa urahisi. [[Picha:Newcomens Dampfmaschine aus Meyers 1890.png|thumb|upright|[[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] ilikuwa injini ya kwanza iliyoweza kufanya kazi vyema. Injini zilizofuata za mvuke ndizo ambazo zingeendesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]] Kituo cha kwanza salama ambacho kilizalisha nguvu kutokana na mvuke kilianzishwa na [[Thomas Newcomen]] kabla ya mwaka wa 1712. Newcomen inaonekana aliunda [[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] bila kumtegemea Savery, lakini kwa sababu Savery alikuwa na patenti pana sana, ilimbidi Newcomen na na washirika wake kufanya mpango naye, wakiitafutia soko injini hiyo pamoja hadi mwaka wa 1733 chini ya patenti moja.<ref>Hulse, David H: The Early Development of the Steam Engine; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, U.K., 1999 ISBN 1-85761-107-1</ref><ref>L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, ''The Steam engine of Thomas Newcomen'' (Landmark, Ashbourne, 1997), 44.</ref> Injini ya Newcomen inaonekana ni kana kwamba iliundwa kwa kuyafuata majaribio ya [[Denis Papin|Papin]] yaliyokuwa yamefanywa miaka 30 hapo awali, na ilitumia pistoni na mtungi, sehemu moja ya mwisho ikiwa imewachwa wazi na anga juu ya pistoni. Mvuke ambao ulikuwa juu ya shinikizo la anga (ambalo ndilo kiasi pekee ambacho mtungi wa kuchemshia maji ungeweza kuhimili) uliingizwa chini nusu ndani ya mtungi ikilaliwa na pistoni wakati wa kusonga kwenda juu kuliowezeshwa na mvuto; mvuke hapo ulikuwa baridi na maji baridi yaliyoingizwa katika nafasi ya mvuke ili kutengeneza nafasi tupi; tofauti ya shinikizo kati ya anga na nafasi tupu katika pande mbili za pistoni ziliifanya pistoni kusonga chini na kuingia katika mtungi, hivyo basi kuinua sehemu ya mwisho ya kifaa kilichokuwa kikisonga juu na chini ambacho kilikuwa kimeunganishwa na pampu nyingi za nguvu zilizotumia mvuto zilizokuwa ndani ya kifaa maalum. Kusonga chini kwa kifaa fulani cha nguvu ndani ya injini, kuliilanisha na kuitayarisha kwa hatua ya kutengeneza shinikizo. Mwanzoni hatua hizo zilifanywa kwa kutumia mkono, lakini baada ya miaka mikumi eneo la kutorosha lilikuwa limetengezwa na lilitumia ''mti wa kuziba'' uliosimama wima ukishikiliwa kichuma fulani ambacho kilifanya injini kufanya kazi peke yake. Injini nyingi za Newcomen zilifanikiwa kutumika nchini Uingereza kwa kutoa maji katika migodi ambayo hapo awali haingeweza kuchimbwa, huku injini ikiwa juu; hizi zilikuwa mashine kubwa, zilihitaji mtaji mengi kujenga na zilizalisha takriban nguvu 5 za farasi (kilowati 3.7). Zilikuwa zinapoteza nguvu nyingi zikilinganishwa na mashine za kisasa, lakini katika maeneo ambapo makaa ya mawe yalikuwa yanapatikana kwa virahisi katika sehemu za mwisho za mashimo, ziliwezesha upanuzi wa uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe kwa kuruhusu migodi kuenda chini zaidi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara zao, injini za Newcomen zilikuwa za kutegemewa na rahisi kudumisha na ziliendelea kutumika katika migodi ya makaa ya mawe hadi miaka ya mwanzo ya karne ya kumi na tisa. Kufikia mwaka wa 1729, Newcomen alipokufa, injini zake kwanza zilikuwa zimeenea (kwanza) hadi nchini [[Hungary]] mnamo mwaka wa 1722 , Ujerumani , [[Austria]], na [[Uswidi]]. Jumla ya mashine hizo 110 zinajulikana kujengwa kufikia mwaka 1733 ambapo patenti ya pamoja ilipokwisha, 14 kati ya mashine hizo zote zilikuwa katika nchi geni. Katika miaka ya 1770, mhandisi [[John Smeaton]] alijenga mifano mikubwa sana na kuanzisha maboresho. Jumla ya injini 1,454 zilikuwa zimejengwa kufikia mwaka wa 1800.<ref>Rolt and Allen, 145</ref> [[Picha:Watt James von Breda.jpg|thumb|upright|James Watt]] Mabadiliko makubwa katika kanuni za kufanya kazi yalifanywa na [[James Watt]]. Akishirikiana kwa karibu na [[Matthew Boulton]], kufikia mwaka wa 1778 alikuwa amefanikiwa kuboresha [[injini ya Watt ya mvuke|injini yake ya mvuke]], iliyokuwa na mabadiliko mengi makubwa, hasa kufungwa kwa sehemu ya juu ya mtungi hivyo basi kufanya kiendeshaji mvuke kiwe juu ya pistoni badala ya anga, matumizi ya kifungo cha mvuke na chumba maarufu cha kupoesha mvuke. Haya yote yalimaanisha kuwa kiwango cha joto sawa zaidi kingeweza kudumishwa ndani ya mtungi na kuwa kufanya kazi kwa injini kuliwacha kutegemea hali ya anga. Maboresho haya yaliongeza ufanisi wa injini kwa karibu mara tatu, na hivyo kuokoa 75% ya gharama ya makaa ya mawe. Injini ya kianga haingeweza kutumika kwa urahisi kuendesha gurudumu lizunguke, ingawa Wasborough na Pickard walifanikiwa kufanya hivyo kufikia mwaka wa 1780. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1783 injini ya mvuke ya Watt yenye kuokoa pesa zaidi ilikuwa imetengenezwa kikamilifu kuwa aina ya kuzungusha katika sehemu mbili, jambo ambalo lilimaanisha kuwa ingeweza kutumika kuendesha moja kwa moja mashine za kuzunguka za viwanda. Aina zote mbili za injini msingi za Watt zilifanikiwa kununuliwa kwa wingi, na kufikia mwaka wa 1800, kampuni ya [[Boulton na Watt]] ilikuwa imejenga injini 496, zikiwa na pampu 164 za kubadilishana, [[tanuri za kulipuka]] 24 , na mashine 308 za kuwezesha viwanda vya nguo; injini nyingi zilitoa kati ya nguvu za farasi 5 na 10 (kilowati 7.5) Utengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya mashine]], kama vile mashine za lethi, randa na kutengeneza maumbo ziliwezeshwa na injini hizi, zilifanya sehemu zote za chuma za injini kukatwa kwa urahisi na umakini na hivyo basi zikafanya kujenga injini kubwa na zenye uwezo mkubwa kuwezekane. Hadi mwaka wa 1800, muundo wa kawaida sana wa injini ya mvuke ulikuwa [[injini ya boriti]], iliyojengwa kama sehemu muhimu ya nyumba ya mawe au matofari injini, lakini baada ya muda mfupi miundo mbalimbali ya injini ambazo zilizokuwa za kijitegemea za kusongezwa (zilizoweza kutolewa kwa urahisi lakini ambazo hazikuwa na magurudumu) ziliundwa, kama vile [[injini ya meza]]. Kuelekea mwisho wa karne ya 19, mhandishi wa Kikorni [[Richard Trevithick]], na Mumarekani, [[Oliver Evans]] walianza kujenga injini zenye shinikizo nyingi ambazo hazikubadilisha maji kuwa mvuke, na kutoa mvuke kinyume na anga. Kufanya hivi kuliruhusu injini na mtungi wa kuchemsha kujumuishwa pamoja katika kitengo kimoja kilichokuwa kidogo kiasi cha kutumika katika [[garimoshi]] zilizotumia reli na barabara na [[meli za mvuke]]. Katika karne ya mapema ya 19 baada ya patenti ya Watt kumalizika, injini ya mvuke ilipitia mabadiliko mengi yaliyofanywa na wavumbuzi wengi na wahandisi. ==== Kemikali ==== [[Picha:Thamestunnel.jpg|right|thumb| [[Shimo la Thames]] (lililofunguliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1843)<br />Simiti ilitumika katika shimo la kwanza Duniani la chini ya maji]] Uzalishaji mkubwa wa kemikali ulikuwa mojawapo ya maendelo muhimu wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Ya kwanza kati yao ikiwemo uzalishaji wa [[asidi sulfuriki]] kupitia [[mchakato wa chumba cha risasi]] iliyovumbuliwa na Muingereza [[John Roebuck]] (mwenziwe wa kwanza wa James Watt) mnamo mwaka wa 1746. Aliweza kuongeza pakubwa kiwango cha utengenezaji kwa kuondoa mitungi ghali ya vioo iliyotumika hapo awali na vyumba vikubwa, na ambavyo havikuwa ghali vilivyoundwa na vipande vya [[risasi]]. Badala ya kutengeneza kiasi kidogo kila wakati, aliweza kutengeneza karibu paundi 100 (kilo 50) katika kila chumba, ongezeko la angalau mara kumi. Uzalishaji wa [[alkali]] kwa kiasi kikubwa ulikuwa lengo muhimu pia, na [[Nicolas Leblanc]] alifanikiwa mnamo waka wa 1791 kuanzisha njia ya kuzalisha [[sodiamu kabonati]]. [[Machakato wa Leblanc]] ulikuwa mmenyuko wa asidi sulfiriki na sodiamu kloridi ili kupata sodiamu salfeti na [[asidi haidrokloriki]]. [[Sodiamu salfeti]] ilichomwa na [[chokaa mawe]] ([[kalsiamu kaboneti]]) na makaa ya mawe ili kupata mchanganyiko wa [[sodiamu kaboneti]] na [[kalsiamu salfaidi]]. Kuongeza maji kulitenganisha sodiamu kaboneti mmunyifu kutoka kwa kalsiamu salfaidi. Mchakato ulisababisha idadi kubwa ya mchafuko wa mazingira (asidi kloriki wakati wa kwanza ilitolewa hewani, na kalsiamu salfaidi ilikuwa bidhaa taka ya bure). Hata hivyo, hii, [[jivu ya kisoda]] ilionekana kuwa yenye gharama ndogo ya kiuchumi ikilinganishwa na kuchomwa kwa mimea maalum ([[barilla]]) au kutoka kwa [[kelp]], ambazo zilikuwa vyanzo vikuu vya hapo awali vya jivu ya kisoda,<ref name="Clow52">{{cite |last1=Clow|first1=Archibald |last2=Clow|first2=Nan L. |date=Juni 1952 |title=Chemical Revolution |publisher=Ayer Co |pages=65–90 |isbn=0-8369-1909-2}}</ref> Na pia kwa [[potashi]] ([[potasiamu kaboneti]]) iliyotolewa kwa majivu ya miti migumu. Kemikali hizi mbili zilikuwa muhimu sana kwa sababu ziliwezesha kuanzishwa kwa uvumbuzi mwingi zaidi, zikichukua mahala pa oparesheni nyingi zilizofanywa kwa maeneo madogo na michakato yenye kuokoa pesa na kudhibitiwa kwa urahisi zaidi. Sodiamu kaboneti ilikuwa na matumizi mengi katika viwanda vya vioo, nguo, sabuni na karatasi. Matumizi ya mapema ya asidi sulfuriki ni kama vile usafishaji wa chuma na stili, na [[kufanya vitambaa kwa vieupe zaidi]]. Kutengenezwa kwa poda ya kufanya vifaa view vieupe zaidi ([[kalsiamu haipoklorati]]) na mwanakemia wa Kiskoti [[Charles Tennant]] karibu mwaka wa 1800, ulikuwa na msingi katika uvumbuzi wa mwanakemia wa Kifaransa [[Claude Louis Berthollet]], na ulisababisha mapinduzi katika mchakato wa kufanya vifaa kuwa viupe zaidi kwa kuupunguza muda uliohitajika (kutoka miezi hadi masiku) ikilinganishwa na mbinu ya kijadi iliyokuwa ikitumika wakati huo, iliyohitaji mfiduo unaorudiwa kwa jua katika mashamba maalum baada ya kulowesha nguo na alkali pamoja na maziwa yaliyoganda. Kiwanda cha Tennant kilichokuwa katika mji wa St Rollox, [[Glasgow]] ya kaskazini, kikawa kiwanda kikubwa zaidi cha kemikali duniani kote. Mnamo mwaka wa 1824 [[Joseph Aspdin]], muwekaji matofari katika nyumba aliyebadilika kuwa mjenzi, alipatenti mchakato wa kikemikali wa kutengeneza [[simiti ya aina ya “Portland”]] ambayo ilikuwa muhimu katika ujenzi. Mchakato huu unahusisha [[kuchoma]] mchanganyiko wa matope na makaa ya chokaa hadi kipimo joto cha 1400&nbsp;°C, alafu kusaga hadi kutengeza vumbi laini inayochanganishwa na maji, mchanga na changarawe ili kuzalisha [[konkreta]]. Simiti ya Portland ilitumika na mhandisi mashuhuri wa Kiingereza [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] miaka mingi baadaye alipokuwa akiunda [[Shimo la Thames]].<ref>[http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf ''Properties of Concrete''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf |date=20100628235936 }} Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2007-10-17.</ref> Simiti pia ilitumika vilivyo katika katika ujenzi wa [[mfumo wa kupitishia maji machafu wa London]] kizazi baadaye. ==== Vifaa vya mashine ==== [[Picha:Joseph whitworth.jpg|thumb|left|upright| Joseph Whitworth]] Mapinduzi ya viwanda hayangewezekana bila [[vifaa vya mashine]], kwani viliwezesha vifaa vya utengenezaji bidhaa kuundwa. Vina asili katika vifaa vilivyoundwa katika karne ya 18 na waundaji saa na waundaji wa vyombo vya kisayansi kuwawezesha kuzalisha mashine ndogo ndogo. Sehemu za ufundi za mashine za mwanzo za nguo wakati mwingine ziliitwa “kazi ya saa” kwa sababu ya vyuma na vijigurudumu vilivyokuwa ndani. Uundaji wa mashine za nguo ulitumia mafundi wa kazi za saa na ndiyo asili ya viwanda vya kihandisi vya kisasa. Mashine zilijengwa na mafundi mbalimbali—[[maseremala]] walitengeneza vizingiti vya mbao, na wafua vyuma na wapindushaji walitengeneza sehemu za vyuma. Mfano mzuri kuhusu jinsi vifaa vya mashine vilivyobadilisha utengenezaji bidhaa ulifanyika mjini Birmingham, Uingereza, mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Uvumbuzi wa mashine mpya na [[Joseph Gillott]], [[William Mitchell]] na [[James Stephen Perry]] uliwezesha kuunda kwa wingi kwa sehemu za mbele za kalamu dhabiti kwa bei nafuu; mchakato huo hapo awali ulikuwa mgumu na ghali. Kwa sababu ya ugumu wa kufanya kazi na chuma na ukosefu wa vifaa vya mashine, utumizi wa chuma ulikuwa mdogo. Vizingiti vya mbao vilikuwa na hasara ya kubadilisha vipimo kulingana na kiwango cha kipimo joto na unyevunyevu, na viungo mbalimbali mara nyingi viliharibika. Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalivyoendelea, mashine zenye vizingiti vya chuma vilikuwa nyingi zaidi, lakini vifaa vya mashine vilihitajika ili kuvinda kwa njia ambayo ingeokoa pesa. Kabla ya ujio wa zana za chuma, chuma ilitumika kazini na mikono na vifaa vya kimsingi kama vile nyundo, faili, vigwaruzo, misumeno na vifaa vya kuchonga. Sehemu ndogo za chuma zilitengenezwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia mbinu hii, lakini si sehemu kubwa za mashine, uzalishaji ulikuwa mgumu sana na ghali. [[Picha:Lathe.PNG|thumb|right|Lethi ya mwaka wa 1911. Hii ni zana ya mashine inayoweza kutumika kuunda mashine zingine]] Mbali na [[lethi]] za maduka ya kiufundi zilizotumika na mafundi, zana ya kwanza ya mashine ilikuwa [[mashine ya mtungi ya kutoboa mashimo]] iliyotumika kutoboa mashimo makubwa katika mitungi ya awali ya injini za mvuke. [[Mashine ya randa]], [[mashine ya kutoboa mashimo]] na mashine ya [[kutengeneza maumbo]] zilivumbuliwa katika miongo ya kwanza ya karne ya 19. Ingawa [[mashine ya kusaga]] ilivumbuliwa wakati huu, haikutengenezwa kama zana ya maana Katika maduka ya kiufundi hadi Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani. Uzalishaji wa kijeshi ulikuwa muhimu katika maendeleo ya zana za mashine. [[Henry Maudslay]], ambaye aliipa mafunzo shule ya watengenezaji wa zana za mashine mapema katika karne ya 19, aliajiriwa katika eneo la [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]], kama kijana ambapo aliona mashine kubwa za mbao zilizoendeshwa na farasi za kutoboa [[kanoni]] zikitengenezwa na [[Waverbruggans]]. Baadaye alifanya kazi kwa [[Joseph Bramah]] kuunda vifuli vya chuma, na baadaye alianza kufanya kazi peke yake. Alikuwa akijibidiisha kuunda mashine za kujenga vifaa vya meli vya kuvutia vitu vya [[Wajeshi Wanamaji]] katika kiwanda cha ufundi cha [[Portsmouth]]. Hizi zote zilikuwa chuma na zilikuwa mashine za kwanza [[kutengenezwa kwa wingi]] na za kutengeza sehemu zenye uwezo wa [[kubadilika]]. Maudslay aliyatumia mafunzo aliyoyapata kuhusu haja ya kuwa na utulivu na umakini kwa kutengeneza zana za mashine, na katika maduka yake ya kiufundi alikipa mafunzo kizazi cha watu wengi kuendeleza kazi yake, kama vile [[Richard Roberts (mhandisi)|Richard Roberts]], [[Joseph Clement]] na [[Joseph Whitworth]]. [[James Fox (mhandisi)|James Fox]] wa [[Derby]] alikuwa na biashara nzuri ya kuuza nje bidhaa za zana za mashine katika theluthi ya kwanza ya karne, kama tu [[Matthew Murray]] wa Leeds. Roberts alikuwa muundaji wa zana za mashine za hali ya juu na mwanzilishi wa kutumia jigi na vipimaji kwa mapimo ya ufasaha katika maduka ya ufundi. ==== Taa ya gesi ==== Kiwanda kingine kikubwa cha kipindi cha baadaye cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kilikuwa cha [[taa ya gesi]]. Ingawa wengine waliweza kubuni vifaa sawa kwingeneko, kuanzishwa kwa kazi hii katika eneo kubwa kulifanywa na [[William Murdoch]], mfanyikazi wa [[Boulton na Watt]], waanzilishaji wa [[injini ya mvuke ya Watt|injini za mvuke]] za [[Birmingham]]. Mchakato ulihusu kupitisha gesi kwa tanuri kubwa zenye makaa ya mawe, kuisafisha gesi (kutoa kiberiti, amonia na haidrokaboni nzito), kisha uhifadhi na usambazaji wake. Vifaa vya kwanza vilivyowashwa na gesI vilianzishwa mjini London kati ya miaka ya 1812 na 1820. Baadaye vilikuwa mojawapo ya watumiaji wakubwa wa makaa ya mawe nchini Uingereza. Taa ya gesi ilisababisha mabadiliko makubwa katika mipango ya kijamii na ya viwanda kwa sababu iliviruhusu viwanda na maghala kubaki wazi kwa muda mrefu zaidi kuliko kupitia mishumaa na mafuta taa. Kutumika kwake kuliwezesha maisha ya usiku kunawiri mijini kwa sababu miji na maeneo ya ndani ya manyumba yaliweza kumulikwa kwa njia kubwa sana ambayo haikuwezekana miaka ya awali. ==== Kuunda Vioo ==== [[Picha:Crystal Palace interior.jpg|thumb|Kasri la Vioo lilikuwa na [[Maonyesho Makuu]] ya mwaka wa 1851]] Mbinu pmya ya kuzalisha vioo, iliyojulikana kama mchakato wa mtungi, ilitengenezwa Barani Ulaya katika karne ya 19. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mchakato huu ulitumika na [[Mandugu wa Chance]] kutengeneza vioo vyembaba. Walikuwa wwazalishaji wakuu wa vioo vya dirisha na kijisahani. Maendeleo haya yaliruhusu vioo vikubwa kutengenezwa bila usumbufu, hivyo basi kukomboa nafasi ya kupanga ndani na pia kuundwa kwa majengo yenye vioo vingi. [[Kasri ya Vioo]] ndioyo mfamo mkuu wa utumiaji wa vioo vyembamba katika njia mpya na ujenzi wa kibunifu. ==== Mapinduzi yalivyoathiri kilimo ==== [[Picha:JohnFowlerTractionEngine.JPG|thumb| Injini ya kulima ya [[John Fowler na Kampuni yake.]]]] Uvumbuzi wa mitambo kulisaidia pakubwa katika kuendesha mbele Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Kiingereza. Uboreshaji wa kilimo ulianza katika karne chache kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalipoanza na huenda ilisaidia kwa kukomboa ajira kutoka ardhi ili ifanye kazi katika viwanda vipya vya karne ya kumi na nane. Kadiri mapinduzi katika viwanda yalipoendelea mfululizo wa mitambo ulipatikana na kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula kwa kutumia wafanyikazi wachache kuliko hapo awali. [[Kitoboaji mbegu]] cha [[Jethro Tull]] kilichovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1731 kilikuwa kifaa cha kupanda mbegu ambacho kilizisambaza mbegu vizuri katika ardhi. Jembe ya Rotherham ya [[Joseph Foljambe]] ya mnamo mwaka wa 1730, ndiyo iliyokuwa jembe ya chuma ya kwanza kufanikiwa kibiashara. [[mashine ya kupura]] ya [[Andrew Meikle]] ya 1784 ilikuwa ndiyo mwisho kwa wafanyikazi wengi wa mashamba, na ilisababisha uasi wa kilimo wa [[Maandamano ya Swing]] ya mnamo mwaka 1830. Katika miaka ya 1850 na 1860 [[John Fowler (mhandisi wa kilimo)|John Fowler]], aliyekuwa mhandisi na mvumbuzi, alianza kutafuta uwezekano wa kutumia injini za mvuke kwa kulima na kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji. Mfumo aliovumbua ulihusisha injini moja ambayo haikusonga katika sehemu moja ya shamba ikivuta majembe kwa kutumia kamba au injini mbili ziliwekwa katika pande mbili za mwisho za shamba zinazovuta jembe mbele na nyuma. Mfumo wa kulima wa Fowler ulipunguza gharama ya kulima mashamba pakubwa ikilinganishwa na majembe yaliyovutwa na farasi. Pia, mbinu yake ya kilimo , ilipotumika kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji, ilifanya ardhi yenye maji mengi ambayo haingeweza kutumika hapo awali iweze kutumika. [[Injini ya kuvutwa]] baadaye ilikuwa inaonekana kwa wingi ikitumika pamoja na [[mashine za kupura]] wakati wa kutengeneza nyasi ya mifugo na wakati wa kuyalima mashamba. === Uchukuzi nchini Uingereza === Katika mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Kilimo, mapinduzi ndani ya nchi yalitumia mito na barabara za kuoitika, huku vyombo vya pwani vikitumika kusafirisha bidhaa nzito baharini. Reli ilitumika kusafirisha makaa ya mawe hadi mitoni ili yasafirishwe tena, lakini mifereji bado haikuwa imejengwa. Wanyama ndio walisaidia katika kusafiri ardhini, na mashua zikisaidia katika usafiri majini. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yaliboresha miundombinu ya usafiri huku ikewezesha kuwepo kwa mtandao wa mabarabara, mfereji na mtandao wa majini na hata mtandao wa reli. Malighafi na bidhaa zilizokamilika zingewezwa kusongeshwa haraka na kwa bei nafuu kuliko hapo awali. Kuboreshwa kwa uchukuzi pia kuliruhusu mawazo mapya kuenea haraka. ==== Coastal sail ==== Vyombo vya majini kwa muda mrefu vilikuwa vimetumika kwa kusafirisha bidhaa katika eneo la pwani ya Uingereza. Biashara ya kusafirisha makaa ya mawe kutoka London hadi Newcastle ilikuwa imenaza katika [[Zama za Kati]]. Usafirishaji wa biashara katika pwani kwa kutumia bahari nchini Uingereza ulikuwa jambo la kawaida wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, kama ilivyokuwa karne nyingi za awali. Hili lilizidi kuwa jambo la maana reli zilipokuwa katika mwisho wa kipindi. ==== Mito inayoweza kupitika ==== Mito yote mikubwa nchini Uingereza iliweza kupitika wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Mingine iliweza kupitika katika zama za kale, hasa mto wa [[Severn]], [[Thames]], and [[Trent]]. Mito mingine iliboreshwa, au urambazaji uliweza kufanyika katika maeneo fulani, lakini katika kipindi kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, bali si wakati wa kipindi hicho. Mto Severn, haswa, ulitumika kwa usafirishaji wa bidhaa hadi maeneo ya kati ambazo zilikuwa zimeagizwa hadi Bristol kutoka nje, na kwa uuzaji wa bidhaa nje kutoka vituo vya uzalishaji mjini [[Shropshire]] (kama vile bidhaa za chuma kutoka [[Coalbrookdale]]) na [[Nchi Nyeusi]]. Uchukuzi ulitumia [[trowi]]—vyombo vidogo vya maji ambavyo vingeweza kupita katika katika maeneo mbalimbali ambayo na madaraja katika mito. Trowi zingeweza kupita Mto wa Bristol na kuingia katika bandari za Wales na Somerset Kusini, kama vile [[Bridgwater]] na hata maeneo ya mbali kama vile Ufaransa. ==== Mifereji ==== [[Picha:WalesC0047.jpg|thumbnail|[[Daraja la Pontcysyllte]], [[Llangollen]], [[Wales]]]] Mifereji ilianza kujengwa mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane kuunganisha maeneo makubwa ya utengenezaji bidhaa katika Maeneo ya kati na kaskazini na bandari za bahari na mji wa London, amabyo wakati kuo ilikuwa kituo kikubwa zaidi cha utengenezaji bidhaa nchini. Mkifereji ndiyo iliyokuwa teknoljia ya kwanza kuruhusu vifaa vikubwa kusafirishwa kwa urahisi kote nchini. Farasi mmoja wa mfereji angeweza kuvuta mzigo mkubwa mara nyingi kuliko mkokoteni haraka zaidi. Kufikia miaka ya 1820, mtandao wa kitaifa ulikuwepo. Ujenzi wa mifereji ulikuwa kama mfano wa mipango na mbinu ambazo baadaye zilitumika katika ujenzi wa reli. Hatimaye mifereji ilipitwa kama biashara yenye faida na ujenzi wa reli kuanzia miaka ya 1840 na kuendelea. Mtandao wa mifereji wa Uingereza, pamoja na majengo yaliyobaki ya viwanda vya kinu vilivyobaki, ndiyo mojawapo ya dhihirisho bayana la zama za mapema za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yanayoweza kuonekana nchini Uingereza. ==== Barabara ==== Barabara nyingi za awali za mfumo wa barabara za Uingereza zilitunzwa vibaya na maelfu ya maparokia ya mitaa, lakini kuanzia miaka ya 1720 (na mara chache mapema zaidi) mashirika ya kifedha ya [[turnpike]] yaliundwa kutozwa kodi ili na kudumisha baadhi ya barabara. Kuongezeka kwa idadi ya barabara kuu ziliwekewa vituo vywa “turnpike” kuanzika miaka ya 1750 hadi kiwango ambacho kila barabra kuu ya Uingereza na Wales ilikuwa jukumu la [[shirika la kifedha la “turnpike”]]. Barabara mpya zilizotengenezwa na wahandisi zilijengwa na [[John Metcalf (mhandisi wa kiraia)|John Metcalf]], [[Thomas Telford]] na [[John Loudon McAdam|John Macadam]]. “Turnpike” zilitoka katika katika eneo la mji wa London na zilikuwa mbinu iliyotumika na huduma za Kimiliki za posta kufikia nchi yote. Usafirishaji wa bidhaa nzito katika barabara hizi ulitumia mikokoteni iliyoenda polepole, na yenye miguu pana iliyovutwa na farasi. Bidhaa nyepesi zilisafirishwa kwa kutumia mikokoteni midogo zaidi au kwa kutumia [[farasi]] wengi. Farasi zenye kuvuta majigari madogo yalibeba matajiri, na wale ambao hawakuwa matajiri wangeweza kulipa kuendeshwa katika [[kikokoteni ya kubebewa]]. ==== Njia za reli ==== Njia za reli za mikokoteni za kubeba makaa ya mawe katika maeneo ya uchimbuzi wa madini ulikuwa umenaza kaika karne ya 17 na mara kwa mara yalihusishwa na mifumo ya mifereji au mito kwa usafirishaji zaidi wa makaa ya mawe. Hizi zote zilivutwa na farasi au zilitegemea mvuto , huku zikiwa na injini ya mvuke ambayo haikusonga ya kuivuta mkokoteni maalum juu hadi kilele cha mlima. Matumizi ya kwanza ya [[garimoshi]] ya mvuke yalikuwa katika mkokoteni maalum au njia za sahani (zilivyoitwa mara kwa mara wakati huo kwani ziliundwa na mfano wa vijisahani vya chuma nzito). Reli za umma zilizovutwa na farasi hazikuanza hadi miaka ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Reli za umma zilizovutwa na mvuke zilianza na Reli ya [[Stockton na Darlington]] na mnamo mwaka wa 1825 na reli za [[Liverpool na Manchester]] mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Ujenzi wa reli kuu ukiunganisha miji mikubwa ulianza katika miaka ya 1830 lakini ilizidi kwa kasi katika mwisho kabisa wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Baada ya wafanyikazi wengi kumaliza reli, hawakurudi katika maisha yao ya vijijini lakini badala yake walibaki katika miji, wakitoa nyongeza zaidi ya wafinyikazi katika viwanda vya uundaji wa bidhaa. Barabara za reli ziliusaidia uchumi wa nchi ya Uingereza pakubwa, kwa kutoa njia rahisi nay a haraka ya uchukuzi na niia rahisi ya kusafirisha barua na habarii. == Athari za kijamii == Kwa mujibu wa muundo wa kijamii, Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalishuhudia ushindi wa watu wa [[daraja la kati]] ya wanaviwanda na wafanyabiashara ambao waliwashinda daraja la watu lenye ardhi ya mabwana wakubwa. Watu wa kawaida walipata fursa nyingi zaidi za kufanya kazi katika viwanda vipya vya kutengeneza bidhaa, lakini hizi zilikuwa chini ya mazingira magumu ya kikazi yakiwa na masaa marefu ya kazi yaliyotawaliwa na mbio za kufanya kazi za mashine. Hata hivyo, hali ngumu za kikazi yalikuwa miaka mingi kabla ya ujio wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kufanyika. Jamii ya kabla ya viwanda haikuwa na mabadiliko mengi na mara nyingi ilikuwa na uhasama mwingi—[[watoto kufanya kazi]], hali hafu za maisha, na masaa marefu yalikuwa kwa wingi hata kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth'', Methuen and Co., 1971, page 339-341 ISBN 0-416-19500-8</ref> === Viwanda na upanuzi wa miji === [[Picha:Cottonopolis1.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, Uingereza ("[[Cottonopolis]]"), katika picha ya mwaka wa 1840, ikionyesha idai kubwa ya vifaa vya kutoa moshi katika viwanda vya untegenezaji wa bidhaa]] Ueneaji wa viwanda ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa [[kiwanda cha kuuza bidhaa]]. Cha kwanza ilikuwa ya [[John Lombe]] ya [[Makavazi ya Derby Viwanda|kiwanda cha kuunda nduo kwa kutumia maji]] mjini [[Derby]], kilichoanza mnamo mwaka wa 1721. Hata hivyo, kuibuka kwa kiwanda cha kuunda bidhaa ulifanyika baadaye kidogo wakati uzungushaji wa pama ulipoanza kutumia mitambo maalum. Mfumo wa viwandani uliwajibika pakubwa katika kuibuka kwa [[mji]] wa kisasa, kwani idadi kubwa ya wafanyikazi walihamia miji wakitafuta ajira katika viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa. Hili halikuwa dhahiri popote pengine kama ilivyokuwa katika viwanda vya kinu na viwanda vilivyohusika na kiwanda cha aina hii mjini [[Manchester]], ikipewa jina "[[Cottonopolis]]", na kuwa mji wa kwanza wa viwanda duniani. Kwa kipidindi kikubwa cha karne ya 19, uzalishaji ulifanywa katika viwanda vidogo vya kinu, ambavyo kwa kawaida, vilitumia [[maji]] kufanya kazi na ambavyo vilijengwa kutumikia mahitaji ya mitaa. Baadaye kila kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa kilikuwa na injini yake ya mvuke na kifaa cha kupitishia moshi kuiufanya mtungi wa kuchemshia maji uweze kufanya kazi bora zaidi. Mpito wa kuingia zama za upanuzi wa viwanda haukukosa shida. Kwa mfani, kikundi cha wafayikazi wa Kiingereza kilichojulikana kama [[Waludaiti]] kiliundwa ili kuandamana dhidi ya upanuzi wa viwanda na wakati mwingine [[kuharibu]] viwanda. Katika viwanda vingine mpito wa kuingia katika zama ya viwanda haukuibua mgawanyiko. Baadhi ya wanaviwanda wenyewe walijaribu kuboresha maish katika viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na hali ya maisha ya wafanyikazi wao. Mmmoja wa watu aliyeanazisha mabadiliko viwandani alikuwa [[Robert Owen]], aliyejulikana kwa jitihada zake za kwanza za kuboresha maisha ya wafanyikazai katika [[Viwanda vya kinu vya New Lanark]], na mara kwa mara yeye hutazamwa kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wa [[Uyutopia wa Kisosholista|harakati ya mapema ya kisosholista]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 1746, kiwanda cha kujumuishwa cha kinu cha brasi kilikuwa kikifanya kazi katika mji wa [[Warmley]] karibu na [[Bristol]]. Malighafi yaliingia katika upande mmoja, yakafuliwa kuwa brasi na kubadilishwa kuwa pani, oinim waya na bidhaa nyingenezo. Makazi yalipewa kwa wafanyikazi katika kiwanda. [[Josiah Wedgwood]] na [[Matthew Boulton]] walikuwa wanaviwanda wengine maarufu, amaboa waliotumia mfumo wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa. === Ajira ya watoto === [[Picha:coaltub.png|right|frame|"Mvutaji"mwenye umri mdogo anavuta sanduku la makaa ya mawe katika shimo la kuchimba madini]] Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalisababisha ongezeko la idadi ya watu, lakini uwezekano wa kuishi kupita miaka ya utotoni haukuboreshwa kupitia kipindi chote cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani (ingawa vifo vya ''watoto wachanga'' vilipungua sana).<ref name = "Buer"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation|year=2007|accessdate=2007-11-05|url=http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|first1=Michael last1 = Bar|first2=Oksana|format=PDF|last2=Leukhina|quote=The decrease [in mortality] beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5-10, 10-15, and 15-25 began in the mid 19th century, while that for the age group 0-5 began three decades later|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127160733/http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|archivedate=2007-11-27}}. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the [[Demographics|average Briton was about as old]] in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, page 28). Population size statistics from [http://www.mortality.org/ mortality.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mortality.org/ |date=20110228152143 }} put the mean age at about 26.</ref> Bado kulikuwa na nafasi ndogo ya elimu, na watoto walitarajiwa kufanya kazi. Waajiri waliweza kumplipa motto kiasi kidogo kuliko mtu mzima ingawa uzalishaji wao ulikawa sawa; hakukuwa na haja ya nguvu katika utumizi wa mashine za viwandani, na kwa sababu mfumo wa viwandani ulikuwa mpya kabisa vibarua waliokuwa watu wazima wenye uzoefu hawakuwepo. Jambo hili lilifanya ajira ya watoto kupendwa katika awamu za kwanza za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kati ya karne za 18 na 19. [[Ajira ya watoto]] ilikuwa kabla ya miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini kufuatia ongezeko la idadi ya watu na elimu iliweza kuwa dhahiri zaidi. Watoto wengi walilazimishwa kufanya kazi katika mazingira mabaya na kulipwa kiasi kidogo kuliko watu wazima.<ref>"[http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/victorian/history/workers1.html The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England]".</ref> Ripoti ziliandikwa zikielezea kuhusu dhuluma iliyofanywa, hasa katika migodi ya mawe ya makaa<ref>{{cite web | title = Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html}}</ref> na viwanda vya nguo <ref>{{cite web | title = The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html}}</ref> na ripoti kama hizi zilisaidia watu kujua zaidi kuhusu mateso waliyofanyiwa watoto. Malalamiko ya umma, hasa katika watu wa daraja la kati na daraja la juu, kulisaidia kufanya mabadiliko katika ustwai wa wafanyikazi. Wanasiasa na serikali zilijaribu kukomesha ajira ya watoto kisheria, lakini wamiliki wa viwanda walikataa; wengi walihisi kuwa walikuwa wakiwasaidia watoto maskini kwa kuwapa pesa za kununua chakula ili kujiepusha na [[kufa njaa]], na wengine walikaribisha tu wafanyikazi wa bei nafuu. Mnamo mwaka wa 1833 na 1844, sheria za kwanza za jumla dhidi ya ajira ya watoto, [[Sheria za viwanda vya Utengenezaji wa Bidhaa]], zilipitishwa nchini Uingereza: Watoto wenye umri mdogo kuliko miaka tisa hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kufanya kazi, watoto hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kazi usiku, na siku ya kazi kwa kijana mwenye umri wa chini ya miaka 18 ulikuwa usizidi masaa kumi na mawili.Wasimamizi wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa walihakikisha sheria hiyo imetekelezwa. Miaka kumi baadaye, utumiaji wa watoto na wanawake ulipigwamarufuku. Sheria hizi zilipunguza idadi ya vibarua waliokuwa watoto; hata hivyo, ajira ya watoto ilibaki Barani Ulaya na nchini Marekani hadi karne ya 20.<ref>"[http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/ Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor]". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 1900, kulikuwa na watoto milioni 1.7 walioripotiwa katika viwanda vywa Marekani chini ya umri wa miaka kumi na mitano.<ref>"[http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%7Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm The Industrial Revolution]". The Web Institute for Teachers.</ref> === Makazi === [[Picha:YCBA London a Pilgrimage 06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|''Juu ya mji wa London kwa Reli''. Picha iliyochorwa na [[Gustave Doré]] katika miaka ya 1870. Inaonyesha mazingira yenye watu wengi na yaliyochafuliwa yaliyoibuka katika miji mipya ya viwanda]] Hali ya maisha wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitofautiana kutoka kwa mapambo ya manyumba ya wenye viwanda hadi ufukara wa maisha ya wafanyikazi. [[Cliffe Castle]], [[Keighley]], ni mfano mzuri wa jinsi walikuwa wametajirika wakati huo walichagua kuishi. Hii ni nyumba kubwa inayofanana na kasri ikiwa na minara na nyuta za bustani. Nyumba yenyewe ni kubwa sana na imezingirwa na bustani kubwa, Kasri la sasa limefunguliwa kwa umma kama makavazi. Watu masikini waliishi katika nyumba ndogo sana katika vitongji vilivyosongamana. Makazi haya yangetumia vyoo kwa kushiriki, kuwa na mitaro ya uchafu na iliyokuwa wazi na iliyokuwa katika hatari ya [[unyevunyevu]]. Magonjwa yalienezwa kupitia mfumo wa kusambaza maji uliochafuliwa. Hali hii iliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kadiri sheria za umma za afya zilivyoanzishwa kushughulikia mambo kama vile mitaro ya maji machafu, usafi na kutengeneza kwa vizuizi fulani kuhusu ujenzi wa nyumba. Si watu wote walioishi katika nyumba kama hizi. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitengeneza idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wa daraja la kati katika kazi kama vile mawakili na madakitari. Hali ya maisha za watu masikni ziliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kwa sababu ya mipango ya serikali nay a mitaa iliyosababisha miji kuwa maeneo masafi zaidi, lakini maisha ya maskini hayakuwa rahisi kwa watu masikkini kabla ya kuenea kwa viwanda. Hata hivyo, kama chanzo cha Mapinduzi ya viwandani, watu wengi wa daraja la kufanya kazi walikufa kwa sababu ya magonjwa yaliyoenea kupitia hali ya maisha ya msongamano. Magonjwa ya kifua, [[kipi ndupindu]] kutoka maji machafu na homa ya kuharisha yalikuwa kawaida, kama tu ugonjwa wa “smallpox”. Ajali katika viwanda vya kutengeneza bidhaa zilizohusisha wafanyikazi watoo na wanawake yalikuwa mengi. Riwaya za [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] zinaashiria hili; hata baadhi ya vongozi wa kiserikali walistaajabishwa na kile walichokiona{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2008}}. Migomo na maandamano ya wafanyikazi yalikuwa pia yalikuwa kawaida. === Waludaiti === {{Main|Uludaiti}} [[Picha:Luddite.jpg|thumb|right|''Kiongozi wa Waludaiti'', picha ya kuchongwa ya mnamo mwaka wa 1812]] Kukuwa kwa haraka kwa uchumi wa Uingereza kuliwagharimu wafanyikazi wengi wa rejareja kazi zao. Harakati ilianza kwanza na wafanyikazi wa [[lesi]] and [[kofia]] karibu na mji wa [[Nottingham]] na kuenea hadi pande zingine za viwanda vya nguo kwa sababu ya kuibuka kwa viwanda mapema. Washonaji wengi pia walijipata kighafla bila ajira kwa sababu hawangeweza kushindana na mashine ambazo zilihitaji tu kuhudumiwa kidogo ( na bila kuhitaji uzoefu) ili kuzalisha nguo zaidi kuliko mshonaji mmoja. Wafanyikazi wengi wa aina hiyo waliokuwa wamepoteza kazi zao, waligeuza hasira yao kwa mashine ambazo zilikuwa zimnyakua kazi zao na wakaanza viwanda vywa utengenezaji bidhaa na mitambo. Washambuliaji hawa walijulikana kama Waludaiti, wafuasi wa aliyesemekana kuitwa [[Ned Ludd]], ambaye alikuwa mtu wa kihadithi tu. Mshambulizi ya kwanza ya harakati ya Waludaiti yalianza mnamo mwaka wa 1811. Waludaiti walipata umaarufu haraka, na serikali ya Uingereza ilichukua hatua kubwa kwa kutumia [[wanamigambo]] au [[majeshi]] kuvilinda viwanda. Waandamanaji waliokamatwa walifikishwa kotini na kuyongwa, au [[hukumu ya kusafirishwa|kusafirishwa]] kwa maisha. Migogoro iliendelea katika sekta myingi kadiri zilivyozidi kuongeza viwanda, kama vile vibarua wa kilimo katika miaka ya 1830, ambapo idadi kubwa ya Uingereza ya kusini iliadhiriwa na usumbufu wa [[Kapteni Swing]]. Mashine za upuraji ndizo zilizolengwa haswa, na kuchoma riki za mashine kulikuwa maarufu. Maandamano hayo hata hivyo, yalisababisha kuundwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa [[vyama vya wafanyikazi]], na shinikizo zaidi la kufanya mabadiliko. === Mpangilio wa ajira === {{See also|Vyama vya wafanyakazi}} [[Picha:Chartist meeting, Kennington Common.jpg|thumb|Mkutano Mkuu wa Wachatisti iliyofanywa katika eneo la Kennington Common, mnamo mwaka wa 1848]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani yalifanya ajira kukolea katika viwanda vya vinu, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa bidhaa na migodi, hivyo basi kuwezesha mipango ya ''mchanganyiko'' au [[vyama vya wafanyikaz]] ili kusaidia kuendeleza maslahi ya watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi. Nguvu za vyama vya wafanyikazi ungeweza kudai msharti bora kwa kuondoa ajira yote na kusababisha kukomeshwa kwa uzalishaji. Iliwabidi waajiri kuamua kati ya kukubali matakwa ya vyama vya wafanyikazi ambapo wangelipa gharama au kupitia gharama ya uzalishaji uliopotea. Ilikuwa vigumu kupata wafanyikazi wengine wenye ujuzi wa kufanya kazi ya wale ambao walikuwa wamekataa kufanya kazi, na hivi vilikuwa vikundi vya kwanza kufanikiwa kutetea haki zao kupitia mbinu hii. Njia kuu iliyotumika na vyama vya wafanyikazi kufanya mabadiliko zilikuwa [[hatua za migomo]]. Migomo mingi ilikuwa chanzo cha uchungu mwingi kwa pande zote mbili, vyama vywa wafanyikazi na wasimamizi. Nchini Uingereza, [[Sheria ya Pamoja]] iliwazuia wafanyikazi wasitengeneza aina yoyote ile ya chama cha wafanyikazi kuanzia mwaka wa 1799 hadi ilipofutiliwa mbali mnamo mwaka wa 1824. Hata baada ya hili, vyama vya wafanyikazi bado viliwekewa vikwazo vingi. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mwaka wa [[Sheria ya Mageuzi]] ambayo iliendeleza kura nchini Uingereza lakini haikuwezesha upigaji kura kwa wote, wanaume sita kutoka mtaa wa [[Tolpuddle]] mjini Dorset walianzisha Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo kupinga kupungua kwa kiwango cha mishahara katika miaka ya 1830. Walikataa kufanya kazi kwa kiasi kilichopungua shilingi 10 kila wiki, ingawa kufikia wakati huu mishahara ilikuwa imepunguzwa hadi shilingi saba na zilikuwa zimepangwa kupungzwa zaidi hadi shilingi sita. Mnamo mwaka wa 1834 James Frampton, mwenye ardhi wa mtaa, alimandikia Waziri mkuu, [[Bwana Melbourne]], kulalamika kuhusu chama cha wafanyikazi, na kusababisha kutumika kwa sheria ya zamani ya 1797 iliyowakataza watu kula viapo kati yao, jambo ambalo wanachama wa Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo walikuwa wamefanya. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, James Loveless ndugu yake George, ndugu yake George kisheria Thomas Standfield, na John Standfield mwanawe Thomas walikamatwa, wakapatikana na hatia, na kusafirishwa hadi nchini Australia. Walikuja kujulikana kama [[Mameta wa Tolpuddle]]. Katika miaka ya 1830 na 1840 harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ilikuwa mkutano wa kwanza mkubwa wa kupangwa wa wafanyikazi wa kisiasa uliofanya kampeni za kutetea usawa wa kisiasa na haki ya kijamii. Mkataba wake wa mageuzi ulipokea zaidi ya saini milioni tatu lakini ilikatiliwa na Bunge bila kuzingatiwa. Watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi pia waliunda [[Jamii ya Kirafiki|jamii za kirafiki]] na [[Shirika|mashirika ya kijamii]] kama vikundi vya kutoa usaidizi dhidi ya wakati mgumu wa kiuchumi. Wanaviwanda waliotaalamika, kama vile [[Robert Owen]] pia waliunga mkono mashirika haya ili kuboresha hali za watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi. Vyama vya wafanyikazi polepole vilishinda vikwazo vya kisheria dhidi ya haki ya kugoma. Mnamo mwaka wa 1842, [[Mgomo wa Kijumla]] uliohusisha wafanyikazi wa pamba na wafanyikazi wa kuchimba mawe ya makaa ulipangwa kupitia harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ambayo ilikomesha uzalishaji wa bidhaa kote nchini Uingereza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204531/http://www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842 General Strike 1842] From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 Novemba 2006.</ref> Hatimaye mpango wa kisiasa wneye unfanisi kwa watu wenye kufanya kazi ulifikiwa kupitia vyama vya wafanyikazi ambavyo, baada ya upanuzi wa kibiashara mnamo mwaka wa 1867 na mwaka wa 1885, ulianza kuunga mkono vyama vya kisiasa vya kisosholista ambavyo viliibuka baadaye ili kuwa [[Chama cha Kavi (Uingereza)|Chama cha Kazi]] cha Uingereza. === Athari nyingine === Utumizi wa nguvu za mvuke katika michakato ya viwandani ya [[uchapashaji]] uliwezesha upanuzi mkubwa wa uchapishaji wa magazeti na vitabu maarufu, jambo ambalo liliwezesha kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu wenye uwezo wa kusoma na mahitaji ya kushiriki kukubwa kwa watu kisiasa. Wakati wa Upanuzi wa Viwandani, [[urefu wa maisha]] wa watoto uliongezeka pakubwa. Asilimia ya watoto waliozaliwa mjini London waliokufa kabla ya kutimiza umri wa miaka ilipunguka kutoka 74.5% mnamo mwaka wa 1730–1749 hadi 31.8% mnamo mwaka wa 1810–1829.<ref name="Buer">Mabel C. Buer, ''Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution'', London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1</ref> Pia, kulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa la mishahara ya wafanyikzai wakati wa kipindi cha mwaka 1813 hadi mwaka 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/exeh.1994.1007 |title=Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750-1913 |year=1994 |author=Crafts, N |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=31 |pages=176}}</ref><ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living] From www.econlib.org, downloaded 17 Julai 2006.</ref><ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850'', Economic History Review, 1963, page 398 ISBN 0-631-18071-0</ref> Kulingana na Robert Hughes katika kitabu chake ''The Fatal Shore'', [[idadi ya wakazi wa Uingereza]] na Wales, ambayo ilikuwa imebaki katika kiwango bila kusonga cha milioni 6 kutoka mwaka wa 1700 hadi mwaka wa 1740, kiliongezeka pakubwa baada ya mwaka wa 1740. Idadi ya watu wa Uingereza ilikuwa imeongezeka kwa zaidi ya mara mbili kutoka milioni 8.3 mnamo mwaka wa 1801 hadi milioni 16.8 mnamo mwaka wa 1851 na, kufikia mwaka wa 1901, ilikuwa imeongezeka karibu mara mbili hadi milioni 30.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060215211500/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/01_FOPM_Population.pdf The UK population: past, present and future]" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk</ref> Kadiri hali ya maisha na huduma za kiafya zilivyoboreka wakati wa karne ya 19, ndivyo idadi ya watu nchini Uingereza ilivyoongezeka maradufu kila miaka 50.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-portrait-of-britain-in-2031-395231.html A portrait of Britain in 2031]". The Independent. 24 Oktoba 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_medicine_01.shtml BBC - History - Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory]. Published: 2002-02-01.</ref> Idadi ya watu ya Bara [[Ulaya]] iliongezeka maradufu wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 18, kutoka takriban milioni 100 hadi karibu milioni 200, na kuongezeka maradufu tena wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 19, hadi karibu milioni 400.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change Modernization - Population Change]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Ukuaji wa sekta ya kisasa ya viwanda tangu kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 18 kuendelea kulisababisha [[kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa]] na kuibuka kwa [[mji|miji]] mipya mikubwa, kwanza Barani Ulaya na baadaye katika maeneo mengine, kwani fursa mpya zilileta idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji kutoka jamii za mashambani hadi maeneo mjini. Mnamo mwaka wa 1800, 3% tu ya idadi ya watu duniani iliishi katika miji,<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx Human Population: Urbanization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx |date=20091026040409 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> takwimu ambayo imeongezeka hadi 50% kufikia kipidindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya 21.<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx |date=20130406023303 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1717 [[Manchester]] ilikuwa mji mdogo wa kibiashara tu wa takriban watu 10,000, lakini kufikia mwaka wa 1911 mji wa Manchester ulikuwa na idadi ya watu milioni 2.3.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361363/Manchester Manchester (England, United Kingdom)]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Sababu ya vifo vingi zaidi katika miji ilikuwa ni [[kifua kikuu]].<ref>"[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm Diseases in industrial cities in the Industrial Revolution]". Historylearningsite.co.uk.</ref> Kufikia kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 19, kati ya 70 hadi 90% ya wakazi wa miji wa Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini walikuwa wameambukizwa ugonjwa wa ''M. tuberculosis'', na karibu 40% ya vifo vya watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi katika maeneo ya mijini yalisababishwa na kifua kikuu.<ref>"[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/tuberculosis.html Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922]". ''The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.''</ref> == Bara la Ulaya == Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika maeneo yanayopatikana katika Bara la [[Ulaya]] yalifanyika muda mchache baada ya kufanyika nchini [[Uingereza]]. Katika viwanda vingi, jambo hili lilihusisha matumizi ya teknolojia iliyokuwa na asili yake nchini Uingereza ambapo iliendelezwa katika maeneo mapya. Mara nyingi teknoljia hiyo ilinunuliwa kutoka nchini Uingereza au wahandisi wa Uingereza na wajasiriamali walihamia nchi za ng’ambo wakitafuta fursa mpya. Kufikia mwaka wa 1809 sehemu ya [[Eneo la Ruhr|Bonde la Ruhr]] katika jimbo la Westphalia liliitwa 'Uingereza Ndogo' kwa sababu ya kufanana na maeneo ya viwanda nchini Uingereza. Serikali za Kijerumani, Kirusi na Kibegiji zote zilitoa fedha ili kukuza viwanda vipya. Kwa baadhi ya bidhaa (kama vile [[chuma]]), upatikanaji tofauti wa rasilimali nchini kulimaanisha kuwa nit u baadhi ya vipengele vya teknolojia ya Uingereza vilivyotumika. === Wallonia, Ubelgiji === [[Picha:Houding1.jpg|thumb| [[Vifaa vya kuinua meli katika Mfereji mzee wa Canal du Centre]]mwaka wa 1900 [[Eneo la Kitamaduni la Dunia]]]] [[Picha:Bois-du-Luc CM3JPG.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya wafanyikazi katika eneo la Bois-du-Luc (1838-1853) katika [[La Louvière]]]] Maarufu kwa makaa yake ya mawe na chuma yake ya aina ya stili, [[Wallonia]] imekuwa na uzoefu mkubwa wa viwanda tangu Zama za Kati. Kwa miaka mingi, viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa nzito nzito ndivyo vilivyokuwa kiendeshaji cha uchumi wa kanda hiyo. Hakika, mji wa Wallonia ndio uliokuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika Bara la Ulaya: <blockquote>Kabla ya ujenzi wa reli katika Bara Ulaya lilihitaji idadi kubwa ya chuma iliyoweza kuchomwa na kufanywa kuwa umbo lolote kwa urahisi ili kuunda chuma za reli, ambapo chuma dhaifu za bei ya rejareja zilitumika, Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kipekee Barani Ulaya kufanikiwa katika kuufuata mfano wa Uingereza. Tangu miaka ya kati ya 1820, vifaa vingi vilivyojumuisha tanuri za kulipua za koki na hata viwanda vya vinu vya “puddling” na kubingirisha zilijengwa katika maeneo ya kuchimba makaa ya mawe karibu na miji ya [[Liège]] na [[Charleroi]]. Ikishinda vingine vyote, viwanda vya [[John Cockerill]] katika mji wa [[Seraing]] vilijumisha hatua zote za uzalishaji, kuanzia uhandisi hadi utoaji wa malighafi, kufikia mwaka wa 1825.<ref>Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, ''The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Ninenteenth-Century Europe'' Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham2005, pp. 37-38 ISBN 0-7546-3390-X.</ref></blockquote> Mji wa Wallonia ulikuja kutazamwa kama mfano wa mabadiliko makuu ya upanuzi wa viwandani. Kwa sababu ya makaa ya mawe (jina la Kifaransa "houille" lilibuniwa mjini Wallonia),<ref>a word from [[Walloon language|Walloon]] origin</ref> kanda hiyo ilijitayarisha kuwa nguvu ya pili katika eneo la kiwandani baada ya Uingereza. Lakini pia inadokezwa na watafiti wengi kuwa, pamoja na ''[[Sillon industriel]]'' yake, haswa katika maeneo la [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na Bonde la [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], (...) kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe na utengenezaji wa chuma...'<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M.Beyen and I.Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in ''Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine'', XXXI, 2001, 3-4, pages 347-359 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160338/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2031,%202001,%203-4,%20inhoud.pdf]</ref>. Philippe Raxhon aliandika kuhusu kipindi hicho baada ya mwaka wa 1830: "Haikuwa propaganda lakini ukweli kuwa maeneo ya Walloon yalikuwa yakielekea kuwa nguvu za pili za viwandandani nchini kote baada ya Uingereza."<ref>Philippe Raxhon, ''Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794-1914)'', in B.Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), ''Histoire de la Wallonie'', Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pages 233-276, p. 246 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6</ref> "Kituo cha pekee cha viwandani nje ya migodi ya mawe ya makaa na tanuri za kulipuka za Walloon yalikuwa kijiji cha zamani za kutengeneza nguo cha [[Ghent]]."<ref>[European Route of Industrial Heritage http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 {{Wayback|url=http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 |date=20130731024244 }}]</ref> Michel De Coster, Profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Liège]] pia aliandika: "Wanahistoria na wanauchumi wanasema kuwa Ubelgiji ilikuwa nchi ya pili duniani ya nguvu viwandani, kulingana na na wakazi wake na wilaya yake(…) Lakini safu hii ni ile ya Wallonia ambapo migodi ya mawe ya makaa, tanuri za kulipua, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa chuma na zinki. Kiwanda cha sufu, kiwanda cha vioo, kiwanda cha silaha ... vyote vilikolea " <ref>Michel De Coster, ''Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques'', L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-0339-8 , pages 122-123</ref> ==== Matokeo ya Kidemografia ==== [[Picha:Belgium resources 1968.jpg|thumb| [[Sillon industriel]] ya mji wa [[Wallonia]] tilia maanani eneo la buluu katika pande ya kaskazini]] [[Picha:Chassis à molette de Crachet à Frameries vue large.JPG|thumb| ''Gallow frame'' ya ''Crachet'' katika [[Frameries]] katika lugha ya Kifaransa ya Wallonia ''Châssis à molettes''au ''Belfleur'' (Kifaransa ''Chevalement'' ]] [[Picha:Affiche 1905.jpg|thumb|Picha rasmi ya maonyesho ya Dunia ya [[Liège]] ya mwaka wa 1905]] Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa chama chenye nguvu cha Kisosholista na vyama vyenye nguvu vya wafanyikazi katika mandhari fulani ya kijamii. Kushoto, kuna ''Sillon industriel'', ambayo inapatikana kutoka eneo la [[Mons]] katika eneo la Magharibi, hadi [[Verviers]] katika eneo la mashariki (isipokuwa sehemu ya Flanders ya Kaskazini, katika kipindi kingine cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, baada ya mwaka wa 1920). Hata kama Wallonia ndiyo nchi ya pili ya viwandani baada ya Uingereza, athari ya mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa tofauti. Katika kitabu cha 'Kuvunja dhana za Kiakili', Muriel Beven na Isabelle Devos wanasema: <blockquote>Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalibadilisha jamii iliyokuwa ya mashambani kuwa jamii ya mjini, lakini kukiwa na tofauti kubwa kati ya [[Ubelgiji]] ya kaskazini nay a kusini. Wakati wa [[Zama za Kati]] na Kipindi cha Mapema cha Kisasa, eneo la Flanders lilikuwa na sifa ya kuwa na vituo vikubwa vya mji (...) katika kipindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya kumi na tisa eneo hili (Flanders), likiwa na kiwango cha muwa mji cha asilimia 30, kilibaki kuwa mojawapo ya maeneo yenye miji mikubwa zaidi duniani. Kwa kulinganisha, uwiano huu ulifikia asilimia 17 katika eneo la Wallonia, na chini ya asilimia 10 katika maeneo mengi ya Ulaya ya Magharibi, 16 nchini Ufaransa na asilimia 25 nchini Uingereza. Kuenea kwa viwanda katika karne miundomsingi ya kijadi ya miji, isipokuwa katika mji wa [[Ghent]] (...) Pia, katika mji wa [[Wallonia]] mtandao wa mji wa kijadi haukuathiriwa pakubwa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda, hata ingawa uwiano wa wakazi wa miji ulipanda kutoka asilimia 17 hadi asilimia 45 kati ya mwaka wa 1831 na mwaka wa 1910. Hasa katika maeneo ya [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na mabonde ya [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], ambapo palikuwa na maendleo mengi ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbuzi wa migodi ya makaa na uundaji wa chuma, kuenea kwa miji kulikuwa haraka. Katika miaka hii themanini idadi ya manisipaa zenye zaidi ya wakazi 5,000 ilipanda kutoka 21 tu hadi zaidi ya mia, huku zikijaza zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya watu wa Kiwaluni katika eneo hili. Hata hivyo, kuenea kwa viwanda ulibaki kuwa wa aina ya kijadi hakukusababisha kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa ya kisasa, lakini kuishi kwa watu wengi katika vijiji vyenye viwanda na miji kulifanyika karibu na mgodi wa makaa ya mawe au kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Njia za mawasiliano kati ya vito hivi vidogo zilikuja tu kuwa na watu wengi baadaye na ziliunda umbo dogo zaidi la mji, kwa mfano, eneo linalozingira Liège ambapo mji mzee ulikuwa kuelekeza mitiririko ya wahamiaji.<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, ''Breaking stereotypes'', art. cit., pages 315-316</ref></blockquote> ==== Matokeo ya kisiasa na kijamii ==== Wallonia ilikuwa nchi ya [[mgomo wa kijumla]]. Mgomo wwa kijumla ni wakati ambapo wafanyikzi wengi wanawacha kufanya kazi katika viwanda vyote katika eneo fulani au nchi fulani. Kuwacha kufanya kazi kwa namna hii ni wa kiuchumi ikiwa lengo lake ni kurekebisha shida fulani au kumsukuma mwajiri mfululizo wa madai ya kiuchumi. Ni wa kisiasa ikiwa umeitwa kwa lengo kuilazimisha serikali kufanya jambo fulani au ikiwa lengo ni kuipindua serikali iliyopo. Mgomo wa aina ya kisiasa umeungwa mkono na wasindiketi na kwa kiwango fulani na harakati za kianakisti".<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-generals.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008]</ref> Migomo ya kijumla ilifanyika katika eneo la Wallonia mnamo mwaka wa 1885 (mgomo huu ulianza kusherehekea [[Commune de Paris]]), 1902, 1913 (ili kuweza kupata haki ya kupiga kura kwa wote), 1932, 1936 (ili kupata likizo ambapo wafanyikazi wanalipwa), 1950 (dhidi ya [[Leopold III wa Ubelgiji|Leopold III]]), katika majira ya baridi ya 1960-1961 ili kupata uhuru wa eneo la Wallonia, wakati kushuka kwa uchumi wa Walloon ulipokuwa wazi na wkati ilipokuwa (au wakati ilipoonekana) wazi kwa baadhi ya viongozi wa vyama vya wafanyikazi, kuwa serikali uya Ubelgiji haingeweza kufanya chochote kusaidia uchumi wa Wallonia usaidike. === Ufaransa === [[Picha:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|Kufungwa kwa barabara katika Commune de Paris—ilifanywa mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 1885 katika eneo la Wallonia kupitia mgomo wa kijumla wa tarehe 18 Machi, mwaka wa 1871.]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani nchini Ufaransa ulikuwa mchakato fulani kwani haukufuata mtindo mkuu uliofuatwa na nchi nchi zingine.Haswa, wahistoria wengi wa Kifaransa huwa na mtazamo kuwa Ufaransa haikupitia enzi ''ya kupanda''<ref>Jean Marczewski, « Y a-t-il eu un "''take-off''" en France ? », 1961, dans les ''Cahiers de l'ISEA''</ref>.Badala yake, kukuwa kwa uchumi wa Ufaransa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda ulikuwa polepole na wa makini katika karne za kumi na nane na kumi na tisa. Hata hivvyo, hatua fulani zilitambuliwa na Maurice Lévy-Leboyer : * Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa na Vita vya Napolia (1789-1815), * Upanuzi wa viwanda, pamoja na Uingereza (1815-1860), * Uchumi kukuwa polepole (1860-1905), * marekebisho ya ukuaji baada ya 1905. == Marekani == [[Picha:SlaterMill.JPG|thumb|left|Kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater]] Awali, Marekani ilitumia mashine zilizotumia farasi kwa mahitaji ya nguvu katika viwanda vyake, lakini mwishowe ilianza kutumia nguvu za maji, na matokeo yakasababisha upanuzi wa viwandani kimsingi ulibaki katika eneo la [[Uingereza Mpya]] na upande uliosalia wa [[Kaskazini-mashariki mwa Marekani]], ambapo mito yenye maji yaliyosonga kwa kasi yanapatikana. Uzalishaji unaotegemea farasi kuvuta vitu ilionekana kuwa yenye changamoto nyingi na mbinu ya mbadala iliyokuwa gumu zaidi kuliko mbinu mpya ya kuunda bidhaa viwandani iliyotumia maji. Hata hivyo, malighafi (pamba) ilitoka eneo la [[Marekani Kusini]]. Haikuwa hadi baada ya [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Marekani|Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe]] katika miaka ya 1860 ambapo utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia mvuke ulipita utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia maji, hivyo basi kuruhusu kiwanda kuenea nchini kote. [[Samuel Slater]] (1768–1835) ni maarufu kama mwanzilishi wa sekta ya pamba nchini Marekani. Kama kijana mwanafunzi katika mji wa [[Derbyshire]], Uingereza, alijifunza mbinu mpya za kiwanda cha nguo na alizipuuza sheria dhidi ya uhamiaji wa wafanyikazi wenye ujuzi kwa kuelekea mji wa New York mnamo mwaka wa 1789, akitumaini kupata pesa na maarifa yake. Slater, alijiunga na [[Mandugu wa Cabot]] na wawekezaji, ma kuanzisha [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]] mjini [[Beverly, Massachusetts]]. Hiki kilikuwa kiwanda cha kinu cha kwanza cha pamba nchini Marekani. Kiwanda hichi cha kinu kiliundwa kutumia nguvu za farasi. Wafanyikzai wa kinu walijifunza haraka kuwa utulivu wa kiuchumi wa kifaa chao kilichovutwa na farasi haukuwa dhabiti, na walikuwa na maswala ya kifedha miaka mingi baada ya ujenzi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara, kiwanda hicho kilikuwa kama eneo la kukuza ubunifu, kwa kutengeneza idadi kubwa ya pamba na pia kwa kutengeneza muundo wa kinu wa kutengeneza pamba uliotumika katika kinu cha pili cha Slater<ref>"Made In Beverly-A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.</ref>, [[Kinu cha Slater]] katika eneo la [[Pawtucket, Kisiwa cha Rhode]], mnamo mwaka wa 1793. Alizidi na kuendelea ambapo alikuwa na vinu kumi na vitatu vya nguo.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1998): ''Samuel Slater''</ref> [[Daniel Day]] alianzisha kinu cha kukadi katika [[Bonde la Blackstone]] mjini [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]] mnamo mwaka wa 1810, kinu cha sufi cha tatu kilichoanzishwa nchini Marekani (Cha kwanza kilikuwa katika mji wa [[Hartford, Connecticut]], na cha pili katika mji wa [[Watertown, Massachusetts]].) makavazi ya [[John H. Chafee]] ya [[Bonde la Mto Blackstone la Kitamaduni]] inafuata historia ya "Mto wa Marekani uliofanya Kazi Nyingi Zaidi', Mto Blackstone. [[Mto Blackstone]] na vijito vyake, vinavyopita katika eneo la zaidi ya maili 45 (kilomita 72) kutoka [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] hadi [[Providence, Kisiwa cha Rhode|Providence]], ilikuwa eneo ambapo Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Amerika yalifanyika. Katika kilele chake cha vuwanda vya vinu 1100 vilivyofanya kazi katika bonde hilo, ikiwemo kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater, na pamoja nayo mwanzo wa mapema kabisa wa Maendeleo ya Kiteknolojia na Viwanda ya Amerika. Wakati aliposafiri kwenda Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1810, Mfanyibiashara [[Francis Cabot Lowell (mfanyibiashara)|Francis Cabot Lowell]] wa [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]] aliruhusiwa kutembelea viwanda vya [[nguo]] vya Uingereza, lakini bila ya kuandika chochcote. Alipogundua kuwa [[Vita vya mwaka 1812]] vilkuwa vimeharibu biashara yake ya uagizaji bidhaa kuttoka nchi geni lakini soko la vitambaa vilivyokamilika vya nyumbani lilikuwa likiibuka nchini Marekani, alikumbuka muundo wa mashine za nguo, na aliporudi nchini Marekani, alianzisha [[Kampuni ya Utengenezaji]] bidhaa. Lowell na wenziwe walijenga kiwanda cha pili cha kinu cha Marekani cha kubadilisha pamaba iwe kitambaa katika eneo la [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], ikija nafasi ya pili baada ya [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]]. Baada ya kifo chake mnamo mwaka wa 1817, wenzake wa kibiashara walijenga mji wa kwanza Marekani wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa vua kupangwa, ambao waliupa jina lake. Biashara hii ilipata mtaji wake kutoka [[Utoaji Hisa kwa Umma]], mojawapo ya matumizi yake ya awali nchini Marekani. [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], ikitumia maili 5.6 (kilomita 9) za mifereji na nguvu za farasi elfu kumi iliyosafirishwa na [[Mto Merrimack]], hutazamwa kuwa kama is considered the 'Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani nchini Marekani'. [[Mfumo wa Lowell]] uliofanana Yutopia na uliokaa kwa kipindi muda mchache ulitengeneza, kama jibu la moja kwa moja la hali duni za kikazi za Uingereza. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1850, hasa kufuatia [[Ukame wa Viazi wa nchi ya Ireland]], mfumo huo ulikuwa umebadilishwa na ajira ya wahamiaji maskini. Kuundwa katika viwanda kwa saa pia kulianza katika mwaka wa 1854 pia katika eneo la Waltham, Massachusetts, katika [[Kampuni ya Saa ya Waltham]], pamoja na maendeleo ya zana za mashine, zana, vipimaji, na mbinu za kuunda bidhaa zilizotumiwa katika ufasaha mdogo unaohitajika kuunda saa. == Ujapani == {{Main|Matengenezo ya Meiji}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1871 kikundi cha wanasiasa wa Kijapani waliojulikana kama [[Mishoni ya Iwakura]] walitembelea nchi ya Ulaya na Marelani kujifunza mbinu za magharibi. Chanzo kilikuwa sera uundaji wa viwanda za kimakusudi zilizoanzishwa na serikali zilizonuiwa kuzuia Ujapani isachwe nyuma. [[Benki ya Ujapani]], iliyoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1877, ilitumia kodi kulipia mifano ya viwanda vya utengenezaji wa stili na nguo. Elimu ilipanuliwa na wanafunzi wa Kijapani walitumwa magharibi kusoma. == Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani na mabadiliko ya baadaye == [[Picha:ConverterB.jpg|thumb|Kibadilishaji cha Bessemer]] Mahitaji makubwa ya barabara za reli ya reli ambayo ingeweza kudumu zaidi ilisababisha kuvumbuliwa kwa mbinu za kuzalisha kwa bei nafuu idadi kubwa ya stili. Stili mara nyingi hutajwa kama eneo ya kwanza kati ya maeneo mengi ya uzalishaji wa kiasi kikubwa viwandani, ambazo zinasemekana kuwa sifa ya "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Pili ", kuanzia mwaka wa 1850, ingawa mbinu ya kutengeneza [[stili]] kwa kiwango kikubwa haikuvumbuliwa hadi mnamo miaka ya 1860, wakati ambapo [[Henry Bessemer]] aliundwa tanuri mpya ambayo ingeweza kutengeneza [[chuma nzito]] na stili kwa kiwango kikubwa. Hata hivyo, iliweza tu kupatikana kwa wingi katika miaka ya 1870. Mapinduzi haya ya pili ya Viwandani yalikua ya polepole na ya kujumuisha [[kiwanda cha kemikali|viwanda vywa kemikali]], usafishaji na usambazaji wa [[mafuta]], [[viwanda vya umeme]], na, katika karne ya ishirini, [[kiwanda cha magari|viwanda vya magari]], na ilikuwa na mpito ya uongozi wa kiteknolojia kutoka nchi ya Uingereza hadi nchi Mrekani na Ujerumani. Kuanzishwa kwa kizazi cha [[nguvu za umeme za maji]] katika milima ya [[Alps]] kuliwezesha kuenea kukubwa kwa eneo la kaskazini la Italy ambalo halikuwa na viwanda, kuanzia miaka ya 1890. Kuzidi kongezeka kwa bidhaa za mafuta za bei nafuu pia kulipunguza umuhimu wa makaa ya mawe na kulipanua zaidi uwezo wa kuwa na viwanda zaidi. [[Marshall McLuhan]] aliyachambua matokeo ya kijamii na kitamaduni ya [[zama za umeme]]. Ingawa zama ya awali ya [[mashine]] ilikuwa imeeneza wazo la kugawa kila mchakato uwe mtiririko, hili lilimalizwa na kuanzishwa kwa kasi ya mara moja ya umeme ambayo iliwezesha mambo kufanyika mara moja. Jambo hili lilileta mabadiliko ya kitamaduni kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kuangalia "maeneo maalum " (kushikilia mtazamo maalum), hadi kwa dhana ya "kujua mara moja kwa kuhisi kuhusu yote", na umakini kwa "eneo jumla", "hisia ya muundo mzima". Ilifanya iwe dhahiri na dhana ya "umbo na umoja", an "dhana muhimu ya muundo na kufanya kazi". Hii ilikuwa na athari kubwa katika masomo ya uchoraji (na [[ukiubi]]), fizikia, ushairi, mawasiliamo na [[nadharia ya elimu]].<ref>[[Marshall McLuhan]] (1964) ''[[Understanding Media]]'', p.13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218071224/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/theory/McLuhan-Understanding_Media-I-1-7.html]</ref> Kufikia miaka ya 1890, kuenea kwa viwanda katika maeneo haya ulikuwa umeunda mashirika ya kwanza makubwa yaliyokuwa na maslahi ya kimataifa, kama vile kampuni kama vile [[Shrika la Marekani la Stili|U.S. Steel]], [[General Electric]],na [[Bayer|Bayer AG]] yaliyojiunga kampuni za njia za reli katika [[masoko ya hisa]] ya Dunia. == Dhana za kielimu na ukosoaji == === Ubepari === {{Main|Ubepari}} Ujio wa [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] ulitoa miundomsingi ya kitaaluma ambayo iliambayo ilikaribisha kutumika bayana kwa mwili wa maarifa ya kisayansi—chanzo kinachothibitika wazi maendeleo ya kimfumo ya injini ya mvuke, iliyoongzwa kwa kutumia uchunguzi wa kisayansi, na maendeleo katika uchunguzi wa kisiasa na katika [[elimu ya kijamii]], iliyofikia upeo wake katika kitabu cha [[Adam Smith]] kilichoitwa ''[[Utajiri wa Mataifa]]''. Mojawapo ya hoja za kuunga mkono ubepari, iliyoandikwa katika kitabu ''[[Kuboresha Hali ya Dunia]]'', ni kuwa kuenea kwa viwanda kunaongezea kila mtu utajiri, kama inavyothibitishwa na kuongezeka kwa urefu wa maisha ya watu, kupunguka kwa masaa ya kazi, na watoto na watu wazee kutofanya kazi. === Umaksi === {{Main|Umaksi}} Umaksi ulianza kimsingi kama mmenyuko wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae4_1_5.pdf Karl Marx: Communist as Religious Eschatologist]|3.68&nbsp;MB}}</ref> Kulingana na [[Karl Marx]], kuenea kwa viwanda kulifanya jamii kutengana na kuwa [[“bourgeoisie”]] (wale ambao wanamiliki [[mbinu za uzalishaji]], viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na ardhi) na kundi la [[“proletariat”]] lenye watu zaidi (watu wanaofanya kazi na amabo hufanya kazi [[ajira (uchumi)|ajira]] inayotakikana kutoa kitu cha thamani kutoka kwa mbinu za uzalishaji). Aliona mchakato wa kuenea kwa viwanda kama umantiki wa [[dialectics|dialectical]] progression of feudal economic modes, necessary for the full development of capitalism, which he saw as in itself a necessary precursor to the development of [[socialism]] and eventually [[communism]]. ===Uromantiki===<!-- This section is linked from [[And did those feet in ancient time]] --> {{Main|Uromantiki}} Wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandanu uadui dhidi wa kitaaluma na kisanii dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda kulitokea. Jambo hili lilijulikana kama harakati ya Kiromantiki. Baadhi ya Wafuasi wake nchini Uingereza walikuwa msanii na malenga [[William Blake]] na malenga [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Keats]], [[Byron]] na [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. Harakati ilizisitiza umuhimu wa "maumbile" katika sanaa na lugha, ikitofautishwa na mashine na viwanda vya "kizimwi"; "Viwanda vyenye giza" katika shairi la Blake "[[Na hiyo miguu ilifanya katika muda wa kale]]". Riwaya ya [[Mary Shelley]] ya ''[[Frankenstein]]'' iliangazia wasiwasi kuwa maendeleo ya kisayansi yanaweza kuwa mwenye pande mbili za kukata. == Tazama pia == * [[Karatasi]] * [[Viwanda]] * [[Historia]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Soma zaidi == * {{cite |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1 |accessdate=2009-07-26}} * {{cite |last=Ashton|first=Thomas S. |authorlink=T. S. Ashton |title=The Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1948 |isbn10=0195002520 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77198082 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |editor-last=Berlanstein|editor-first=Lenard R. |title=The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London and New York |date=1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=J. H.|last=Clapham |title=An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1926 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=83597738 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Clark|first=Gregory |title=A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2007 |isbn10=0691121354 }} * {{cite |first=M. J.|last=Daunton |title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-1850 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1995 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100599398 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Dunham|first=Arthur Louis |title=The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815-1848 |publisher=[[Exposition Press]] |publication-place=New York |date=1955 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14880719 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x |title=Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2004-11_57_4/page/794 |year=2004 |author=Gatrell, PETER |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=57 |pages=794 }} * {{cite |first=Margaret C.|last=Jacob |title=Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=Oxford, UK |date=1997 }} * {{cite |first=Herbert|last=Kisch |title=From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1989 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78932320 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Paul|last=Mantoux |authorlink=Paul Mantoux |title=The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century |date=First English translation 1928, revised 1961 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Constance|last=McLaughlin Green |title=''[[Holyoke, Massachusetts]]: A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |publication-place=New Haven, CT |date=1939 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8893044 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Mokyr|first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Mokyr |title=The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective |date=1999 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=More|first=Charles |title=Understanding the Industrial Revolution |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London |date=2000 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 online edition |accessdate=2009-04-17 }} * {{cite |first=Sidney|last=Pollard |title=Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1981 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |authorlink=Neil Smelser |last=Smelser|first=Neil J. |title=Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1959 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55370383 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1998 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2010-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 }} * {{cite |first=Vaclav |last=Smil |title=Energy in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1994 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2007-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718112416/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 }} * {{cite |last=Snooks|first=G.D. |title=Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? |publication-place=London & New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 }} * {{cite |last=Szostak|first=Rick |title=The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |publication-place=[[Montréal]] |date=1991 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Toynbee |title=Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England |url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |year=1884 |publication-place=[[Whitefish, Montana]] |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |9=edition-paperback edition 2004 |isbn10=1-4191-2952-X |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182004/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev }} * {{cite |last=Uglow|first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Uglow |title=The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730-1810 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |publication-place=London |date=2002 }} * {{cite |last=Usher|first=Abbott Payson |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=529 |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1- online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * Chambliss, William J. (editor), ''Problems of Industrial Society'', Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Desemba 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Industrial revolution|{{PAGENAME}}}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/}} * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html |date=20090831051624 }} * [http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 |date=20130118112031 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtml BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ |date=20091012185400 }} * [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html ''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living''] by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. * [http://www.galbithink.org/fw.htm Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=20060308154827 }} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Mapinduzi]] [[Jamii:Historia]] 7jwgup6r9h8lvzbczzfobnpqdfvgb7d 0 64166 1570989 1209457 2026-06-12T08:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Bafing | native_name = ''Région du Bafing'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Bafing region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Bafing (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Woroba]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Woroba|Woroba]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Touba]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Benoît Yao Kouakou | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Diomande Lassina | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Agnéby-Tiassa"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 8650 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 183047 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Bafing''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Bafing) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[kaskazini]]-[[magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Touba]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 183,047. Bafing kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Koro|Koro]]; *[[Wilaya ya Ouaninou|Ouaninou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Touba|Touba]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] b52wnbcci3tsiqjwics7nkpkmj7a5yi 0 64171 1571004 1209471 2026-06-12T08:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Haut-Sassandra | native_name = ''Région du Haut-Sassandra'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Haut-Sassandra region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Haut-Sassandra (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Sassandra-Marahoué]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Sassandra-Marahoué|Sassandra-Marahoué]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Daloa]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Brou Kouame | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Djedje Mady Alphonse | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Haut-Sassandra"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 15200 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 1,430,960 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Haut-Sassandra''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Haut-Sassandra) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Magharibi]] ya kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Daloa]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1,430,960. Haut-Sassandra kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Daloa|Daloa]]; *[[Wilaya ya Issia|Issia]]; *[[Wilaya ya Vavoua|Vavoua]]; *[[Wilaya ya Zoukougbeu|Zoukougbeu]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] fivw7sig60wvpi26esba44k2itcwr19 0 64174 1571010 1306637 2026-06-12T08:40:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Marahoué | native_name = ''Région de la Marahoué'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Marahoué region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Marahoué (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Sassandra-Marahoué]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Sassandra-Marahoué|Sassandra-Marahoué]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Bouaflé]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Gbamele Kouame Adrien | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Abi Koffi Richmond | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Marahoué"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 4222,48 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 862,344 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Marahoué''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de la Marahoué) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Magharibi ya Kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Bouaflé]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 862,344. Marahoué kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tano]]: *[[Wilaya ya Bonon|Bonon]]; *[[Wilaya ya Bouaflé|Bouaflé]]; *[[Wilaya ya Gohitafla|Gohitafla]]; *[[Wilaya ya Zuénoula|Zuénoula]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sinfra|Sinfra]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 0pavu39pxvftiev35gw0hc9b9vnbku5 0 64184 1571017 1255452 2026-06-12T08:49:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Sud-Comoé | native_name = ''Région du Sud-Comoé'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Sud-Comoé region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Sud-Comoé (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Comoé]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Comoé|Comoé]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Aboisso]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Boni Kouassi Albert | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Aka Aouélé | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Sud-Comoé"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 7189 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 642,620 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Sud-Comoé''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Sud-Comoé) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Mashariki]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Aboisso]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 642,620. Sud-Comoé kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Aboisso | Aboisso]]; *[[Wilaya ya Adiaké | Adiaké]]; *[[Wilaya ya Grand-Bassam | Grand-Bassam]]; *[[Wilaya ya Tiapoum | Tiapoum]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 6nye8dfq2rvc4brl8uk8cxvh0alrjfk 0 64187 1571021 1255458 2026-06-12T08:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Worodougou | native_name = ''Région du Worodougou'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Worodougou region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Worodougou (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Woroba]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Woroba|Woroba]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Séguéla]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Bamba Moussa | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Bouaké Fofana | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Worodougou"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 21 900 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 272,334 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Worodougou''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Worodougou) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Magharibi]] ya Kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Séguéla]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 272,334. Worodougou kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[mbili]]: *[[Wilaya ya Kani|Kani]]; *[[Wilaya ya Séguéla|Séguéla]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ftuxvypz2ghx95fyf4mvgyjw4cauzem 0 68862 1570904 1516416 2026-06-11T18:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cathedral of Blaj.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Utatu Mtakatifu]] la jimbo la [[Blaj]].]] [[File:Biserica Bob din Medias.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Kanisa la [[Mediaş]].]] {{Kanisa Katoliki}} [[File:Greco-catolici Transilvania 1850.png|thumb|Waamini huko Transilvania (1850)]] [[File:Greco-catolici Romania (1930).png|thumb|Waamini huko Romania (1930)]] [[File:Greco-catolici Romania (2002).png|thumb|Waamini huko Romania (2002)]] [[Image:Greek-catholics in Romania 2002.jpg|thumb|Uwepo wa waamini nchini kadiri ya sensa ya mwaka 2002<ref>Source: http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/ {{Wayback|url=http://recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro/ |date=20120320124003 }}</ref>]] [[File:Romanian Greek-Catholic (Uniate) Church map.svg|thumb|Majimbo nchini]] '''Kanisa Katoliki la Kigiriki la Romania''' (kwa [[Kiromania]] Biserica Română Unită cu Roma, Greco-Catolică) ni mojawapo kati ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo wa mashariki]] yenye [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Papa]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] lote. Linafuata [[mapokeo]] ya [[Ukristo]] wa [[Ugiriki]] na kutumia [[liturujia ya Ugiriki]] likiongozwa na [[Askofu mkuu kabisa]], kwa sasa [[kardinali]] [[Lucian Mureşan]]. Mbali ya [[jimbo kuu]] la Fǎgǎraş na Alba Iulia, nchini [[Romania]] kuna ma[[dayosisi|jimbo]] manne: [[Oradea Mare]], [[Cluj-Gherla]], [[Lugoj]] na [[Maramureş]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.faswebdesign.com/ECPA/Byzantine/Romanian.html |title=Romanian Catholic site |accessdate=2013-07-07 |archivedate=2013-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723070607/http://www.faswebdesign.com/ECPA/Byzantine/Romanian.html }}</ref> Kanisa hilo lina pia jimbo la [[Mt. George huko Canton]], [[Marekani]] linalowashughulikia waamini walioko [[Amerika Kaskazini]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Canada]].<ref>[http://www.romaniancatholic.org/ Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton]</ref> Kadiri ya ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' ya mwaka [[2016]], mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2012]] Kanisa hilo lilikuwa na waamini 504,280 katika [[parokia]] 1225, wakiongozwa na ma[[askofu]] 8 na ma[[padri]] [[wanajimbo]] 882 hivi, ingawa [[sensa]] iliyoendeshwa na [[serikali]] ya Romania mwaka [[2011]] ilidai waamini waliokuweko nchini walikuwa 150,593 tu.<ref>[http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp 2002 Romanian census official data].</ref><ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51575.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2005] United States Department of State</ref> ==Historia== Baada ya [[Austria]] kuteka [[Transilvania]] mwaka [[1687]], [[askofu mkuu]] [[Atanasie Anghel]] alikubali kuungana na [[Kanisa la Roma]] mwaka [[1698]], na uamuzi huo ulipitishwa na [[sinodi ya maaskofu]] tarehe [[4 Septemba]] [[1700]].<ref>''The Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism'' (New York: Harper Collins, 1995) 1132.</ref> Baada ya [[Ukomunisti]] kuteka Romania, ulilazimisha waamini wote wa Kanisa hilo kujiunga tena na [[Waorthodoksi]], lakini wengine walikataa na kuendelea kufuata [[imani]] yao kwa chinichini, bila ya kujali [[dhuluma]] iliyoendelea hadi tarehe [[31 Desemba]] [[1989]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.bru.ro/ "Biserica Română Unită cu Roma, Greco-Catolică" (in Romanian)] *[http://www.greco-catolic.ro/ Another informative site (in Romanian)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greco-catolic.ro/ |date=20061021122730 }} *[http://www.greco-catolica.org/ Another informative site (in Romanian)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greco-catolica.org/ |date=20130625142954 }} *[http://www.grecocatolicamadrid.webs.com/ "Romanian Greek Catholic community in Madrid, Spain (Web)" (in Romanian and Spanish)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grecocatolicamadrid.webs.com/ |date=20120211120556 }} *[http://www.grecocatolicamadrid.blogspot.com/ "Romanian Greek Catholic community in Madrid, Spain (Blog)" (in Romanian and Spanish)] *[http://www.catholica.ro/biserica/indexi.asp "Chiesa Romena Unita con Roma, Greco-Cattolica" (in Italian)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholica.ro/biserica/indexi.asp |date=20051201074017 }} *[http://www.romaniancatholic.org/ St. George Romanian Byzantine Catholic Diocese (in English)] *[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=71&IndexView=toc Article on the Romanian Greek Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=71&IndexView=toc |date=20090710182529 }} *[http://www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2001/03/5-070301.asp Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rferl.org/reports/eepreport/2001/03/5-070301.asp |date=20070930055216 }}*[http://www.vatican.net/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_it.html Hati ''Orientalium Ecclesiarum'' ya [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]]] *[http://www.vatican.net/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_23121945_orientales-omnes-ecclesias_it.html Hati ''Orientales omnes Ecclesias'' ya [[Papa Pius XII]]] * [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19950502_orientale-lumen.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vatican.net/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_it.html |date=20120305190239 }} - Hati ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] ''Orientale Lumen'' kuhusu Makanisa ya Mashariki *[http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0758.HTM Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium] - Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Makanisa ya Mashariki (katika [[Kilatini]] pamoja na sehemu sambamba) *[http://www.byzcath.org/faith/documents/instruction.htm Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches] {{Wayback|url=http://www.byzcath.org/faith/documents/instruction.htm |date=20090425211956 }} - Hati ya Idara ya Papa kwa Makanisa ya Mashariki kuhusu [[liturujia]] *[http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp Ujuzi wa msingi kuhusu Makanisa hayo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp |date=20110517182136 }} *[http://www.cnewa.org/home-us.aspx CNEWA Idara ya Papa inayosaidia Makanisa hayo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnewa.org/home-us.aspx |date=20090309071924 }} *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html Sura ya Idara ya Papa kwa Makanisa hayo] *[http://www.cnewa.org/generalpg-verus.aspx?pageID=125 Takwimu za Makanisa hayo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnewa.org/generalpg-verus.aspx?pageID=125 |date=20070627012545 }} ==Tanbihi== <references /> {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Romania]] lmc4689idaldxchb7yzawudklnst66w 0 75495 1570853 1514882 2026-06-11T13:09:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Boko Haram Amputation.png|thumb|Boko Haram kundi la itikadi kali kutoka Afrika]] [[Picha:Al Shabaab fighters disengage and lay down arms 02 (8019360780).jpg |thumb|Kikundi cha itikadi kali cha Al Shabaab Somalia]] '''Itikadi kali''' ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya [[dini]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism" | journal = American Anthropologist | date = Jun 2001 | first = Judith | last = Nagata | volume = 103 | issue = 2| id =}}<!--|accessdate=January 13, 2011--></ref><ref>Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_Christians</ref><ref>Kunst, J. R., & Thomsen, L. (2014). Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.93796 https://www.academia.edu/7455300/Prodigal_sons_Dual_Abrahamic_categorization_mediates_the_detrimental_effects_of_religious_fundamentalism_on_Christian-Muslim_relations</ref><ref>Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x</ref> au [[falsafa]] au [[siasa]] fulani kwa kuchukua hasa ma[[neno]] yaliyoandikwa na [[mwanzilishi]] bila [[ufafanuzi]] wowote, kadiri unavyohitajika kutokana na [[muda]] kupita au ma[[badiliko]] mbalimbali kutokea.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2013-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817003534/http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf }}</ref> Kwa jumla [[msamiati]] huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Harriet |title=Fundamentalism and Evangelicals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2008 |isbn=0-19-953253-2 |oclc=182663241}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Roland |last=Boer |editor=Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris and Raymonnd Williams |title=Fundamentalism |encyclopedia=New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=2005 |pages=134–137 |isbn=0-631-22568-4 |oclc=230674627 57357498 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |archivedate=2005-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523045718/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf }} {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2005-05-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523045718/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf }}</ref>, tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa [[uaminifu]] wake unaoendana na [[msimamo]] usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine. ==Katika dini== Mfano maarufu wa aina hiyo ni "fundamentalism" iliyoenea katika [[Uprotestanti]] huko [[Marekani]] katika [[karne ya 20]] ikitaka kushika kabisa mambo 5 ya "msingi" (= fundamentals) kwa kupinga [[teolojia]] ya [[Usasa]]: * [[Biblia]] kuwa na [[uvuvio]] wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kwa sababu hiyo [[kutodanganyika|kutoweza kukosea]] hata katika masuala ya [[sayansi]] * [[Yesu]] kuwa [[mzao]] wa [[bikira]] * [[Kifo cha Yesu]] kuwa [[malipizi]] ya [[dhambi]] za [[binadamu]] * [[Ufufuko wa Yesu]] katika [[mwili]] wake, si kwa [[roho]] tu * [[Uhalisia|Ukweli wa kihistoria]] wa [[miujiza ya Yesu]].<ref>George M. Marsden, ''Fundamentalism and American Culture'', (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=marsden+fundamentalism&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_sdtp= according to Google Scholar].</ref><ref>Buescher, John. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092 A History of Fundamentalism]", [http://www.teachinghistory.org ''Teachinghistory.org''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.teachinghistory.org/ |date=20180926205612 }}. Retrieved August 15, 2011.</ref> Mfano mwingine wa siku hizi ni [[Uislamu]] wenye itikadi kali kama ule wa [[DAESH]], wa [[Boko Haram]], wa wale wanaolipua hata [[misikiti]], na wa nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu ambazo zinadhulumu watu wa dini tofauti na hata Waislamu wa [[madhehebu]] mengine. Vilevile dini nyingine kadhaa, kama si zote, zina watu wenye itikadi kali, kama vile [[Wahindu]] wanaodhulumu [[Wahindi]] wenzao kwa sababu hawafuati [[dini ya jadi]] ya [[India]]. Mambo hayo yamefanya [[wakanamungu]] na wengineo wadai kwamba dini zote [[duniani]] zinaharibu [[maisha]] ya watu badala ya kuyaboresha. [[Utetezi wa dini|Watetezi wa dini]] wanahoji kama ni sawa kusema [[mwili]] ni mbaya kwa sababu una [[ugonjwa]] katika [[kiungo]] fulani. Kwao itikadi kali ni [[saratani]] ambayo wote wapambane nayo, badala ya kumuua mtu aliye nayo. Wanasema dini zimechangia sana [[maadili]] ya [[binadamu]] na ya [[jamii]], hata kama baadhi ya wanadini wameshika misimamo mibaya na kutenda mambo yasiyofaa. ==Chanzo na matokeo== [[Saikolojia]] na [[sosholojia]] zinasaidia kuelewa kwa nini baadhi ya watu wanaelekea kuwa na itikadi kali. Matokeo ya kawaida ya [[ukali]] huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini [[itikadi]] yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2015-03-18 |archivedate=2013-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817003534/http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2|refs=<!--ref name=AFAC>{{cite book|editor-last=Stuard-will|editor-first=Kelly|title=A Faraway Ancient Country|year=2007|publisher=Gardners Books|location=United States|isbn=978-0-615-15801-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Emissary |publisher=Karitas Publishing |deadurl=no |accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref-->}} ==Marejeo== * Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan (2003). ''Strong Religion''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01497-5 * Armstrong, Karen (2001). ''[[The Battle for God]]: A History of Fundamentalism''. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39169-1 * Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). ''The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92244-5 * Caplan, Lionel. (1987). "Studies in Religious Fundamentalism". London: The MacMillan Press Ltd. * Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, ''A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law'', SUNY Press, 1988. * Keating, Karl (1988). ''Catholicism and Fundamentalism''. San Francisco: Ignatius. ISBN 0-89870-177-5 * Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). ''The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' New York: The Free Press. * Hindery, Roderick. 2001. ''Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought?'' Mellen Press: aspects of fundamentalism, pp.&nbsp;69–74. * Lawrence, Bruce B. ''Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age.'' San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. * Marsden; George M. (1980). ''Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925'' Oxford University Press. * Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.). ''The Fundamentalism Project''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ** (1991). ''Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed''. ISBN 0-226-50878-1 ** (1993). ''Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society''. ISBN 0-226-50880-3 ** (1993). ''Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State''. ISBN 0-226-50883-8 ** (1994). ''Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms''. ISBN 0-226-50885-4 ** (1995). ''Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended''. ISBN 0-226-50887-0 * Noll, Mark A. ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992. * Ruthven, Malise (2005). "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8 * Torrey, R.A. (ed.). (1909). ''The Fundamentals''. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now [[Biola University]]). ISBN 0-8010-1264-3 * "Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm (Ed.) (2003). ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003'' (38th ed.), p.&nbsp;218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0-917360-22-2. {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://swordofthelordbook.com The Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family, book by Andrew Himes] {{Wayback|url=http://swordofthelordbook.com/ |date=20200919044445 }} *[http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/may/12/can-anyone-define-fundamentalist/ Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist?] Article by [[Terry Mattingly]] via [[Scripps Howard News Service]] *[http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap1502/1502Watson.htm Richard Dawkins' ''The God Delusion'' and Atheist Fundamentalism] by Simon Watson, published in [http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/home.html Anthropoetics XV,2 Spring 2010] {{Wayback|url=http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/home.html |date=20100706211825 }} *[http://www.awid.org/eng/content/download/62360/695057/file/Shared%20Insights%20-%20Women's%20rights%20activists%20define%20RFs.pdf Shared Insights: Women's Rights Activists Define Religious Fundamentalisms]{{Wayback|url=http://www.awid.org/eng/content/download/62360/695057/file/Shared%20Insights%20-%20Women%27s%20rights%20activists%20define%20RFs.pdf |date=20120201071352 }} *[http://www.adventistreview.org/issue.php?issue=2006-1530&page=8 The Appeal-and Peril-of Fundamentalism ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adventistreview.org/issue.php?issue=2006-1530&page=8 |date=20071015133135 }} by Dr. [[Bert B. Beach]] *[http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/ ''The Fundamentals''] not complete at 2011-07-26. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030101082327/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm ''The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth''] Online version of "The Fundamentals", not complete at 2011-07-26. *[http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/2005/08/thoughts-on-religious-fundamentalism_22.html Thoughts on "Religious Fundamentalism" Identity] {{Wayback|url=http://lecturesoncentralasia.blogspot.com/2005/08/thoughts-on-religious-fundamentalism_22.html |date=20150202123620 }} *[http://www.icapi.org International Coalition Against Political Islam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icapi.org/ |date=20051015022726 }} *[http://www.rawa.org Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rawa.org/ |date=20190806185950 }} *[http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam] *[http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups] {{Wayback|url=http://home.earthlink.net/%7Ejcmmsm/article/index.html |date=20141008132811 }} by Jim Moyers *[http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1004/p25s1-wosc.html Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism] *[http://www.blessedquietness.com/ www.blessedquietness.com] a conservative Christian website, maintained by Steve van Natten *[http://waf.gn.apc.org/ Women Against Fundamentalism (UK)] {{Wayback|url=http://waf.gn.apc.org/ |date=20050829035533 }} *[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=gis The Rise of Religious Violence] *[http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/fundamentalism.htm Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism] *[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/home/news-and-notices/news/press-releases/release-archive/releases-2007/fundamentalism-11072007.shtml Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations], [[Harvard University]], November 7, 2007. * [http://www.athenaintelligence.org/aij-vol3-a18.pdf The Fundamentalist Distortion of the Islamic Message] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athenaintelligence.org/aij-vol3-a18.pdf |date=20150911000443 }} by Syed Manzar Abbas Saidi, published in [http://www.athenaintelligence.org/spip.php?rubrique11&lang=en Athena Intelligence Journal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.athenaintelligence.org/spip.php?rubrique11&lang=en |date=20150910235334 }} * [http://ibcsr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:religion-is-a-celebration-of-excellence-review-of-born-rich&catid=25:research-news&Itemid=59 Fundamentalism linked to intimate partner violence] {{Wayback|url=http://ibcsr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:religion-is-a-celebration-of-excellence-review-of-born-rich&catid=25:research-news&Itemid=59 |date=20130309063456 }} * [http://www.ukapologetics.net/evangelicalism.html Evangelicalism – Fundamentalism; What Is The Difference?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ukapologetics.net/evangelicalism.html |date=20150202133919 }} * Admiel Kosman, [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/between-orthodox-judaism-and-nihilism-1.458950 Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/between-orthodox-judaism-and-nihilism-1.458950 |date=20150202134125 }}, Haaretz, Aug.17, 2012. {{mbegu-dini}} [[Category:Dini]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] h33lbkcdwhokjesnbh7gjxbmg54libd 0 79006 1570941 1518684 2026-06-12T02:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maafa asilia''' ni matukio yanayosababisha mabadiliko kwenye uso wa [[ardhi]] au [[angahewa]] ya [[dunia]] yanayoleta hasara kubwa kwa [[mali]] na [[maisha]] ya [[binadamu]], na sababu zake ni za kiasili. Mifano yake ni [[tetemeko la ardhi]], [[banguko]], [[kimbunga]], [[mafuriko]], [[tsunami]], [[mlipuko wa volkeno]] au [[pigo la asteroidi]]. Matukio hayo yote si lazima yawe maafa kwa maana yakitokea mahali pasipo na wanadamu na kutosababisha hasara kwa watu basi hayaitwi "maafa". ==Maafa ya asili na maafa yaliyosababishwa na binadamu== Kuna maafa mbalimbali yanayosababishwa na binadamu na sababu za kibinadamu huingiliana na maafa asilia: *Kwa jumla ni [[vita]] na [[uaji|mauaji]] ya vikundi fulani zilizosabisha [[Kifo|vifo]] vingi *[[ajali]] na milipuko katika [[viwanda]] vikubwa na [[ghala]] za [[baruti]] vinaweza kuua watu na kusumisha mazingira, kwa mfano [[maafa ya kikemia ya Bhopal]] nchini [[Uhindi]] (vifo 20,000) *Mafuriko hutokea kutokana na kuziba njia asilia za [[mito]] na [[ujenzi]] wa [[nyumba]] katika maeneo haya ambako watu hupata hasara kama nyumba zao zinaharibika * maafa kutokana na ajali wakati wa kusafirisha [[kemikali]], [[mafuta]] au baruti * maafa ya mazingira ambako kemikali [[sumu]] au mafuta zinasambaa (k.m. [[mlipuko wa BP Deepwater Horizon]] kwenye [[ghuba ya Meksiko]] mwaka [[2010]]. * maafa ya [[nyuklia]] ambako [[vituo vya nyuklia]] vinaharibika, kwa mfano maafa ya [[Chernobyl]] ([[Ukraine]], mwaka [[1986]]) au maafa ya [[Fukushima]]([[Japani]], mwaka [[2011]]) Mara nyingi ni matendo ya binadamu yanayofanya tukio la kiasili kuwa maafa makubwa kwa mfano ujenzi wa makazi katika mazingira ya [[volkeno]] hai (mfano: mji wa [[Napoli]], [[Italia]] kando ya [[Vesuvio]]) au penye mipaka ya [[mabamba ya gandunia]] inayojulikana kama vile [[Los Angeles]], Marekani. ==[[Tetemeko la ardhi]]== [[Tetemeko la ardhi]] (pia: zilizala) ni mishtuko ya ghafla kwenye [[ganda la dunia]]. Likifikia ukali fulani ni hatari hasa kwa majengo. Hatari kwa binadamu hutegemea ubora wa majengo. Vifo vingi vinaweza kutokea wakati majengo yanaporomoka na kujeruhi au kuua watu. Hata tetemeko kali haliui watu waliopo [[pori|porini]] katika [[tambarare]] ingawa linatisha. Nguvu ya tetemeko la ardhi hupimwa kwenye [[skeli]] ya 0-9 au zaidi<ref>Matetemeko makali yaliyopimwa yalipita kidogo kiwango cha 9; matetemeko makali zaidi yanawezekana lakini hayakupimwa bado</ref>. Nguvu ya uharibifu inaweza kutofautiana sana. Kwa mfano, tetemeko la ardhi lenye nguvu ya 6.4 liliharibu mji wa [[Bam]], [[Iran]] mwaka [[2003]] na kusababisha vifo vya watu zaidi ya 40,000. Lakini tetemeko huko [[Northridge]], [[Kalifornia]] ya mwaka [[1994]] ilikuwa na nguvu ileile ila ni watu 60 tu waliofariki<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1994_01_17.php |title=Taarifa ya US Geological Survey |accessdate=2015-10-06 |archivedate=2016-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405010222/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1994_01_17.php }}</ref>. Tofauti ilikuwa ubora wa majengo katika maeneo yaliyohusika. Ilhali takriban [[wanafunzi]] 10,000 walifariki, huko [[Marekani]] [[shule]] zote zilisimama. Athira nyingine ilikuwa hali ya [[huduma za dharura]] na muda wa mahanga kukaa chini ya [[kifusi]] cha majengo. [[Picha:Caraballeda 1999 Deposits and Damage.jpg|thumbnail|Uharibifu baada ya banguko huko [[Venezuela]] mwaka [[1999]].]] ==[[Banguko]]== [[Banguko]] ni kiasi kikubwa cha [[mawe]], [[ardhi]], [[theluji]] au [[barafu]] kinachoanza kuteleza kwenye [[mtelemko]] wa [[Mlima|mlimani]] na kuelekea [[bonde|bondeni]]. Banguko unaweza kusababishwa na tetemeko la ardhi, kuyeyuka kwa theluji mlimani au [[mvua]] kali. Banguko kubwa la mwaka 1999 nchini [[Venezuela]] liliharibu nyumba zaidi ya 8,000 na kuua idadi ya watu isiyojulikana lakini imekadiriwa kuwa kati ya watu 10,000 hadi 30,000<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0144/ Taarifa ya US Geological Survey]</ref>. Mwaka [[2010]] banguko kwenye mitelemko ya [[mlima Elgon]] huko [[Uganda]] likaua watu zaidi ya 100.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/03/02/idUKLDE621183._CH_.2420 |title=Taarifa ya Reuters News |accessdate=2015-10-06 |archivedate=2012-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012020955/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/03/02/idUKLDE621183._CH_.2420 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012020955/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/03/02/idUKLDE621183._CH_.2420 }}</ref> ==[[Kimbunga]] na [[tufani]]== [[Tufani]] na [[kimbunga]] ni aina za [[dhoruba]] zenye mwendo wa kuzunguka. Zinatokea hasa katika [[kanda la tropiki]] la [[dunia]]. Zinaleta [[upepo]] mkali mno pamoja na kiasi kikubwa cha mvua. Zinaweza kubomoa nyumba, kuvuta watu na hata [[gari|magari]] [[hewa|hewani]] na kuleta mafuriko makali. [[Tufani ya Katrina]] ya mwaka [[2005]] iliharibu mji wa [[New Orleans]] huko Marekani, ikasabisha vifo zaidi ya 1,200 na hasara ya mali ya takriban [[dolar za Marekani]] [[bilioni]] 108<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.dhh.state.la.us/assets/docs/katrina/deceasedreports/KatrinaDeaths_082008.pdf |title=Utathmini wa vifo kutokana na Katrina (2008) |accessdate=2015-10-06 |archivedate=2015-08-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831135843/http://www.dhh.state.la.us/assets/docs/katrina/deceasedreports/KatrinaDeaths_082008.pdf }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TRO PICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2010, US WeatherService]</ref>. ==[[Mafuriko]]== [[Picha:Mafuriko ya Tazara, Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|Mafuriko katika eneo la [[TAZARA]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].]] [[Picha:Mafuriko 2.jpg|thumb|Mafuriko huko Jangwani [[Jiji|jijini]] [[Dar es Salaam]].]] Mafuriko ni hali ya kuwa na [[maji]] mengi yanayofunika [[nchi kavu]] isiyo na maji kwa kawaida. Mafuriko yanaweza kutokea * popote baada ya [[mvua]] kali inayoteremsha maji mengi yasiyo na njia ya kupotea, hasa baada ya kutelemka penye [[mlima]] au [[mtelemko]] * kando ya [[mto]] ama baada ya mvua kali au wakati wa mvua nyingi au kwenye [[majira]] ya kuyeyuka kwa [[theluji]] * kando ya [[ziwa]] au [[bahari]] kama [[upepo]] mkali unasukuma maji kuelekea [[pwani]], hasa pamoja na kutokea kwa [[maji kujaa]] au [[bamvua]] Mafuriko mara nyingi ni [[hatari]] kwa [[binadamu]], huleta hatari kwa [[uhai]], [[mali]] na [[nyumba]]. Njia za kujiokoa ni pamoja na kuhama haraka sehemu za [[bonde|mabondeni]] kwenda penye miinuko au nchi ya juu zaidi. Watu waliozoea mafuriko wana [[mbinu]] za pekee kama vile kujenga vizuizi vya maji kupanda juu, kuchimba [[mifereji]] inayopeleka maji mbali au kujenga nyumba juu ya [[vilima]] wakijua hakuna njia ya kuzuia mafuriko. ==[[Tsunami]]== [[Tsunami]] ni [[wimbi]] kubwa sana katika [[bahari]] inayosababishwa na [[tetemeko la ardhi]], mlipuko wa volkeno au matokeo mengine yanayoleta mshtuko wa ghafla chini ya maji. Mshtuko huo unapita ndani ya maji si hatari sana kwa meli baharini maana haubadilishi mno uso wa bahari. Lakini pale unapokutana na nchi kavu au kufikia sehemu ambako [[kina]] cha maji kinapungua kuna wimbi kubwa linalotokea na hii ni hatari kwenye pwani ambako wimbi hilo linafikia. Tsunami inaweza kutokea pia baada ya banguko la mtelemko mkubwa kwenye pwani ya bahari au [[ziwa]]. Kabla ya kipindi cha kihistoria kulikuwa pia na tsunami zilizosababishwa na mgongano wa [[gimba la angani]] na uso wa dunia. Tsunami zimewahi kutokea mara nyingi duniani. Kati ya taarifa za kwanza zilizotambua uhusiano kati ya tetemeko la ardhi na tsunami ni mwandishi [[Thukidides]] wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]]<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+3.89.1&redirect=true Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War , Thomas Hobbes, Ed. online]</ref> mnamo mwaka [[426 KK]]. Tsunami kubwa iliyotazamwa kwa msaada wa vifaa vya [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ni [[Tsunami#Tsunami_wa_Krismasi_2004|Tsunami wa Krismasi 2004]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]] iliyoua maelfu ya watu kuanzia [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]] na [[India]] hadi [[Somalia]] na [[Kenya]]. Ilisababishwa na tetemeko la ardhi kutokana na mwendo wa [[mabamba ya gandunia]], hapa [[bamba la Burma]] chini ya [[bamba la Uhindi]]. ==[[Mlipuko wa volkeno]]== [[Picha:Lava flow at Krafla, 1984.jpg|thumbnail|Mwendo wa lava kutoka shimo la volkeno kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[Iceland]], mnamo [[1984]].]] [[Mlipuko wa volkeno]] ni kutokea vikali kwa [[lava]] na [[gesi]] kutoka ndani ya [[ganda la dunia]]. [[Volkeno]] hupatikana pale ambako vipande vya ganda la dunia vinaachana au kusukumana. Kuna pengo ambako [[magma]] joto kutoka ndani ya dunia inapanda juu kufika usoni. Hii inaweza kutokea polepole lakini ikitokea kwa ghafla inaleta maafa katika mazingira yenye makazi ya watu. Milipuko ya volkeno mbalimbali zinaweza kutofautiana kutegemeana na aina ya volkeno na hasa aina ya magma na lava zinazotoka nje. *Kuna milipuko mikali inayorusha kiasi kikubwa cha [[mwamba wa joto]] katika umbali wa [[kilomita]] kadhaa. *kuna milipuko inayorusha [[majivu]] ya moto inayofunika kila kitu na kuganda kuwa [[mwamba]] tena. *kuna milipuko ambako [[mto wa lava]] unatoka nje *kuna [[gesi za sumu]] zinazotoka nje na kuua kila [[uhai]] kwenye njia yake. *nguvu ya mlipuko inaweza kurusha miamba yenye kiasi cha [[kilomita za ujazo]] katika mazingira ya volkeno na kubadilisha uso wa dunia; mfano ni mlipuko wa [[mlima Krakatau]] huko Indonesia mwaka [[1903]]; kisiwa cha Krakatau kilipotea kabisa. ==Pigo la asteroidi== Dunia yetu inazunguka Jua letu katika [[anga-nje]]. Hapa inakutana mara kwa mara na [[violwa]] vinavyoanguka kwenye [[angahewa]] na kuonekana kama [[vimondo]]. Vingi ni vidogo, hivyo havileti hasara. Lakini kiolwa kinachogonga Dunia kikiwa kikubwa kama [[asteroidi]] hatari ni kubwa. Migongano hiyo hutokea mara chache sana lakini [[sayansi]] imetambua ya kwamba [[Kasoko ya Chicxulub|pigo la asteroidi kubwa miaka milioni 66 iliyopita]] lilisababisha kuangamia kwa [[spishi]] nyingi, zikiwa pamoja na [[dinosauri]]. Pigo hilo lilirusha kiasi kikubwa cha [[vumbi]] kwenye angahewa pamoja na kusababisha milipuko ya volkeno nyingi na kuleta mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]] kwa miaka kadhaa, hivyo kushusha [[halijoto]] duniani na kusababisha [[giza]] kwa muda mrefu. Katika karne iliyopita kulikuwa na matukio mawili yaliyoonyesha nguvu haribifu ya violwa kutoka anga-nje: *mwaka [[1908]] kimondo kikubwa au asteroidi ndogo iligonga eneo la [[Tunguska]] huko [[Urusi]] na kuangamiza [[kilomita za mraba]] 2,000 za [[misitu]], Kwa bahati nzuri wakati ule hapakuwa na watu katika eneo la Tunguska. * Mwaka [[2013]] kimondo kilichokadiriwa kuwa na [[kipenyo]] cha [[mita]] 17 pekee kilisababisha uharibifu kwa kulipuka juu ya [[mji]] wa [[Chelyabinsk]] nchini Urusi. Watu 1,500 walijeruhiwa, hasa na [[Kioo|vioo]] vya [[Dirisha|madirisha]] vilivyopasuka kote mjini wakati wa mlipuko. [[Nyumba]] nyingi ziliathiriwa. Kutambuliwa kwa hatari hii imesababisha [[mataifa]] mbalimbali kushirikiana katika mipango ya kutambua mapema [[Kiolwa cha kukaribia dunia|violwa vinavyokaribia Dunia]]. ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikiquote|Natural disasters}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.naturaldisastersnews.net/ | title=Natural Disasters News | publisher=Ubyrisk | accessdate=2015-10-06 | archive-date=2018-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101071715/http://naturaldisastersnews.net/ | url-status=dead }} Worldwide news site focused on natural disasters, mitigation and climate changes news * {{cite web | url=http://www.gripweb.org | title=Global Risk Identification Program (GRIP) | publisher=GRIP }} * {{cite web | url=http://go.worldbank.org/BCQUXRXOW0 | title=World Bank's Hazard Risk Management | publisher=World Bank | accessdate=2015-10-06 | archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100409011106/http://go.worldbank.org/BCQUXRXOW0 | archivedate=2010-04-09 }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.disasternews.net/ | title=Disaster News Network | accessdate=2006-11-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105012103/http://www.disasternews.net/ | archivedate=2006-11-05 }} US news site focused on disaster-related news. * {{cite web | url=http://www.em-dat.net/ | title=EM-DAT International Disaster Database | accessdate=2006-11-05 | archive-date=2007-01-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107121958/http://www.em-dat.net/ | dead-url=yes }} Includes country profiles, disaster profiles and a disaster list. * {{cite web | url=http://www.gdacs.org | title=Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System | publisher=[[European Commission]] and [[United Nations]] website initiative }} * {{cite web | url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/disaster/home.action | title= Natural Disaster and Extreme Weather. Searchable Information Center | publisher= [[Ebrary]] }} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maafa asilia]] hmiyug83lvrpttqwht1y84frft8m4zd 0 90171 1570874 1144200 2026-06-11T14:52:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570874 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi wa Mungu''' ni [[jina]] la [[heshima]] linalotumika katika [[Biblia]] na katika [[Ukristo]] kwa [[mtu]] anayesadikiwa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa namna ya pekee. ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ni la juu kuliko "[[nabii]]", kwa sababu jina hilo lilikuwa na maana mbalimbali, hata mbaya, kwa mfano "[[kichaa]]" au "[[nabii wa uongo]]". ==Katika Ukristo== Siku hizi linatumiwa na Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kwa maana tofauti. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao [[maisha]] yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa [[watakatifu]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"]. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Tofauti na hilo ni jina ''Servus Servorum Dei'' (Mtumishi wa Watumishi wa Mungu), ambalo kuanzia [[Papa Gregori I]] linatumiwa na [[Mapapa]] kujitambulisha kwa [[unyenyekevu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtumishi mteswa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] laihqkm2uy0lr33m6ofb7votijy070j 1570877 1570874 2026-06-11T14:58:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi wa Mungu''' ni [[jina]] la [[heshima]] linalotumika katika [[Biblia]] na katika [[Ukristo]] kwa [[mtu]] anayesadikiwa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa namna ya pekee. ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ni la juu kuliko "[[nabii]]", kwa sababu jina hilo lilikuwa na maana mbalimbali, hata mbaya, kwa mfano "[[kichaa]]" au "[[nabii wa uongo]]". ==Katika Ukristo== Siku hizi linatumiwa na Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kwa maana tofauti. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao [[maisha]] yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa [[watakatifu]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} [[File:Salvo D'Acquisto.jpg|thumb|[[Salvo D'Acquisto]], [[askari]] wa [[Italia]], ni mfano wa [[mlei]] anayeheshimiwa kama ''mtumishi wa Mungu''.]] [[File:Don oreste benzi.jpg|thumb|[[Upadri|Padri]] [[Oreste Benzi]], ''mtumishi wa Mungu'' tangu mwaka [[2014]].]] Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"]. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Tofauti na hilo ni jina ''Servus Servorum Dei'' (Mtumishi wa Watumishi wa Mungu), ambalo kuanzia [[Papa Gregori I]] linatumiwa na [[Mapapa]] kujitambulisha kwa [[unyenyekevu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtumishi mteswa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] gemtxm4bvgmi5jdq0snf0wr69mc0mgc 1570878 1570877 2026-06-11T15:02:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi wa Mungu''' ni [[jina]] la [[heshima]] linalotumika katika [[Biblia]] na katika [[Ukristo]] kwa [[mtu]] anayesadikiwa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa namna ya pekee. ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] jina hilo ni la juu kuliko "[[nabii]]", kwa sababu jina hilo lilikuwa na maana mbalimbali, hata mbaya, kwa mfano "[[kichaa]]" au "[[nabii wa uongo]]". Linapatikana humo mara tano <ref>The Hebrew Bible refers to [[Moses]] as "the servant of [[Elohim]]" (עֶֽבֶד הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים ''‘eḇeḏ-hā’ĕlōhîm''; {{bibleref|1 Chronicles|6:49|9}}, {{bibleref|2 Chronicles|24:9|9}}, {{bibleref|Nehemiah|10:29|9}}, and {{bibleref|Daniel|9:11|9}}). {{bibleref|Judges|2:8|9}} and {{bibleref|2 Timothy|2:15|9}} refer to [[Joshua]] as "the slave of Yahweh" (עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה, ''‘eḇeḏ [[Yahweh]]'').</ref>, halafu mara nne katika [[Agano Jipya]]<ref>The New Testament also describes Moses in this way in {{bibleref|Revelation|15:3|9}} (τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ''tou doulou tou Theou''). [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God" in {{bibleref|Titus|1:1|9}} (δοῦλος Θεοῦ, ''doulos Theou''), while [[Epistle of James|James]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ" (θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ''Theou kai Kyriou Iēsou Christou doulos'') in {{bibleref|James|1:1|9}}. {{bibleref|1 Peter|2:16|9}} describes "servants of God" (Θεοῦ δοῦλοι, ''Theou douloi'') being free to act within the bounds of God's will. Following usage conventions established in the [[Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]], the word "servant" is never capitalized or used as a title of nobility. ("The servant is not greater than his lord.") {{bibleref|John|13:16|9}}; {{bibleref|John|15:20|9}}; {{bibleref|Matthew|25:21|9}}</ref>. ==Katika Ukristo== Siku hizi linatumiwa na Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kwa maana tofauti. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao [[maisha]] yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa [[watakatifu]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} [[File:Salvo D'Acquisto.jpg|thumb|[[Salvo D'Acquisto]], [[askari]] wa [[Italia]], ni mfano wa [[mlei]] anayeheshimiwa kama ''mtumishi wa Mungu''.]] [[File:Don oreste benzi.jpg|thumb|[[Upadri|Padri]] [[Oreste Benzi]], ''mtumishi wa Mungu'' tangu mwaka [[2014]].]] Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"]. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Tofauti na hilo ni jina ''Servus Servorum Dei'' (Mtumishi wa Watumishi wa Mungu), ambalo kuanzia [[Papa Gregori I]] linatumiwa na [[Mapapa]] kujitambulisha kwa [[unyenyekevu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtumishi mteswa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] s3pbghx9k44z992deu9wqa4ndfhqg34 1570879 1570878 2026-06-11T15:03:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Katika Kanisa Katoliki */ 1570879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi wa Mungu''' ni [[jina]] la [[heshima]] linalotumika katika [[Biblia]] na katika [[Ukristo]] kwa [[mtu]] anayesadikiwa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa namna ya pekee. ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] jina hilo ni la juu kuliko "[[nabii]]", kwa sababu jina hilo lilikuwa na maana mbalimbali, hata mbaya, kwa mfano "[[kichaa]]" au "[[nabii wa uongo]]". Linapatikana humo mara tano <ref>The Hebrew Bible refers to [[Moses]] as "the servant of [[Elohim]]" (עֶֽבֶד הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים ''‘eḇeḏ-hā’ĕlōhîm''; {{bibleref|1 Chronicles|6:49|9}}, {{bibleref|2 Chronicles|24:9|9}}, {{bibleref|Nehemiah|10:29|9}}, and {{bibleref|Daniel|9:11|9}}). {{bibleref|Judges|2:8|9}} and {{bibleref|2 Timothy|2:15|9}} refer to [[Joshua]] as "the slave of Yahweh" (עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה, ''‘eḇeḏ [[Yahweh]]'').</ref>, halafu mara nne katika [[Agano Jipya]]<ref>The New Testament also describes Moses in this way in {{bibleref|Revelation|15:3|9}} (τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ''tou doulou tou Theou''). [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God" in {{bibleref|Titus|1:1|9}} (δοῦλος Θεοῦ, ''doulos Theou''), while [[Epistle of James|James]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ" (θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ''Theou kai Kyriou Iēsou Christou doulos'') in {{bibleref|James|1:1|9}}. {{bibleref|1 Peter|2:16|9}} describes "servants of God" (Θεοῦ δοῦλοι, ''Theou douloi'') being free to act within the bounds of God's will. Following usage conventions established in the [[Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]], the word "servant" is never capitalized or used as a title of nobility. ("The servant is not greater than his lord.") {{bibleref|John|13:16|9}}; {{bibleref|John|15:20|9}}; {{bibleref|Matthew|25:21|9}}</ref>. ==Katika Ukristo== Siku hizi linatumiwa na Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kwa maana tofauti. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao [[maisha]] yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa [[watakatifu]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} [[File:Salvo D'Acquisto.jpg|thumb|[[Salvo D'Acquisto]], [[askari]] wa [[Italia]], ni mfano wa [[mlei]] anayeheshimiwa kama ''mtumishi wa Mungu''.]] [[File:Don oreste benzi.jpg|thumb|[[Upadri|Padri]] [[Oreste Benzi]], ''mtumishi wa Mungu'' tangu mwaka [[2014]].]] Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi ya watakatifu|maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"]. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Tofauti na hilo ni jina ''Servus Servorum Dei'' (Mtumishi wa Watumishi wa Mungu), ambalo kuanzia [[Papa Gregori I]] linatumiwa na [[Mapapa]] kujitambulisha kwa [[unyenyekevu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtumishi mteswa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] bmdiu5778zjk5y8h1dd5n0nkzihl175 0 111720 1570988 1209456 2026-06-12T08:19:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Agnéby-Tiassa | native_name = ''Région de l'Agnéby-Tiassa'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = Agnéby-Tiassa_Region_(Ivory_Coast)_logo.png | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Location Map of Agnéby-Tiassa Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Agneby-Tiassa (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lagunes|Lagunes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Agboville]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Anatole-Privat Bako Digbe | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Nando Martin M'Bolo | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Agnéby-Tiassa"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 9080 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 606,852 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = {{URL|agneby-tiassa.ci}} | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Agneby-Tiassa''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de l'Agnéby-Tiassa) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[kusini]]-[[mashariki]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Agboville]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 606,852. Agneby-Tiassa kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Agboville|Agboville]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sikensi|Sikensi]]; *[[Wilaya ya Taabo|Taabo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Tiassalé|Tiassalé]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 80kizd3be83wewgd58pvjkgadgmsxrs 0 111754 1570990 1209458 2026-06-12T08:21:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Bagoué | native_name = ''Région de la Bagoué'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Bagoué region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Bagoué (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Savanes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Savanes|Savanes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Boundiali]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Issa Coulibaly | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Siama Bamba | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Agnéby-Tiassa"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 10668 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 375,687 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Bagoué''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de la Bagoué) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Boundiali]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 375,687. Bagoué kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Boundiali|Boundiali]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kouto|Kouto]]; *[[Wilaya ya Tengréla|Tengréla]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] jbk0pr68fkl5oicin4l3xqi1611t0p4 0 111755 1570992 1209460 2026-06-12T08:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Bélier | native_name = ''Région du Bélier'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Bélier region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Bélier (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Lacs]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lacs|Lacs]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Yamoussoukro]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = André Ekponon Assomou | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = [[Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Bélier"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 6809 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 346,768 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Bélier''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Bélier) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[kitovu]] cha nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Yamoussoukro]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 346,768. Bélier kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Didiévi|Didiévi]]; *[[Wilaya ya Djékanou|Djékanou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Tiébissou|Tiébissou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Toumodi|Toumodi]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ittt0ez57gt8a2kjg8ux355wz3tykoo 0 111799 1570993 1209461 2026-06-12T08:23:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Béré | native_name = ''Région de Béré'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Béré region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Béré (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Woroba]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} ||subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Woroba|Woroba]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Mankono]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Adje Dago Remi | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Karamoko Abdel Kader | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Béré"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 13.293 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 389,758 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Béré''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de Béré; pia: '''Koyadougou''') ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Magharibi ya Kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Mankono]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 389,758. Béré kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Dianra|Dianra]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kounahiri|Kounahiri]]; *[[Wilaya ya Mankono|Mankono]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] k0q9lkrt13gznj56ybfjg8di07zhenu 0 111800 1570991 1209459 2026-06-12T08:23:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Bounkani | native_name = ''Région du Bounkani'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map =Location Map of Bounkani Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Bounkani (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Zanzan]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo za Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Zanzan|Zanzan]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Bouna]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Tuo Fozie, | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Hien Philippe | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Bounkani"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 22 091 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 267,167 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Bounkani''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Bounkani) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Bouna]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 267,167. Bounkani kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Nassian|Nassian]]; *[[Wilaya ya Doropo|Doropo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Téhini|Téhini]]; *[[Wilaya ya Bouna|Bouna]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 1pxghpyi7q8py244u3i58jhtb3tbsa1 0 111801 1570995 1209462 2026-06-12T08:24:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Cavally | native_name = ''Région du Cavally'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Location_Map_of_Cavally_Region_in_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Cavally (machungwa)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Montagnes|Montagnes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Guiglo]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Kone Messamba | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Dagobert Banzio | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Cavally"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 11376 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 459,964 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Cavally''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]:Région du Cavally) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Guiglo]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 459,964. Cavally kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Bloléquin|Bloléquin]]; *[[Wilaya ya Guiglo|Guiglo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Taï|Taï]]; *[[Wilaya ya Toulépleu|Toulépleu]]. . ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] dw4jfpngbffrx4d1k0mvxfgi5zmhene 0 111802 1570996 1209463 2026-06-12T08:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Folon | native_name = ''Région du Folon'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Folon region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Folon (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Denguélé]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Denguélé|Denguélé]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Minignan]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Baladji Abdou Karim Barro | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Cisse Sindou: | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Folon"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 7239 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 96,415 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Folon''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Folon) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Minignan]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 96,415. Folon kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[Wilaya]] [[mbili]]: *[[Wilaya ya Minignan|Minignan]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kaniasso|Kaniasso]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ksouy0618okeqxlz67je2ioyfg8l0kw 0 111803 1570997 1209464 2026-06-12T08:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Gbêkê | native_name = ''Région de Gbêkê'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Gbêkê region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Gbêkê (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Vallée du Bandama]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Vallée du Bandama|Vallée du Bandama]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Imara | established_date = 2011 | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Bouaké]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Konin Aka | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Jean Kouassi Abonouan | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Gbêkê"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 8 996 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 1,010,849 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Gbêkê''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de Gbêkê) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katikati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Bouaké]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1,010,849. Gbêkê kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] nne: *[[Wilaya ya Bouaké|Bouaké]]; *[[Wilaya ya Béoumi|Béoumi]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sakassou|Sakassou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Botro|Botro]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 3s916rsksnf97ndtdkov8d2w2bnfw7o 0 111804 1570998 1209465 2026-06-12T08:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Gbôklé | native_name = ''Région du Gbôklé'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Location_Map_of_Gbôklè_Region_in_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Gbôklé <br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Bas-Sassandra|Bas-Sassandra]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Sassandra]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Boni Koffi Ernest | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Legre Dakpa Philippe | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Gbôklé"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 7225 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 400,798 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Gbôklé''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Gbôklé) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Kusini Magharibi ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Sassandra]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 400,798. Gbôklé kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[mbili]]: *[[Wilaya ya Sassandra|Sassandra]]; *[[Wilaya ya Fresco|Fresco]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 38clgnvdannpzeqdl5r1lmm98k5l67w 0 111805 1571002 1433157 2026-06-12T08:31:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Gôh | native_name = ''Région du Gôh'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Gôh Region location (Côte d'Ivoire).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Gôh<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Gôh-Djiboua|Gôh-Djiboua]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Gagnoa]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = N`Zi Kanga Remi | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Joachim Djédjé Bagnon | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 " Gôh"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 7327 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 876,117 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Gôh''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Gôh) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[kusini]] ya kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Gagnoa]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 876,117. Gôh kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[mbili]]: *{{legend2|#57940080|border=1}}[[Wilaya ya Gagnoa|Gagnoa]]; *{{legend2|#ff7f2a80|border=1}}[[Wilaya ya Oumé|Oumé]]. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 78ma8x10ahpi0bpoqjxol264e5o0xpl 0 111806 1570999 1209466 2026-06-12T08:31:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Gontougo | native_name = ''Région du Gontougo'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Gontougo region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Gontougo (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Zanzan]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya za Cote d'Ivoire|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Zanzan|Zanzan]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Bondoukou]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Goun Germain Francois | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Kossonou Kouassi Ignace | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Gontougo"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 16.770 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 667,185 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Gontougo''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Gontougo) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Bondoukou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 667,185. Gontougo kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tano]]: *[[Wilaya ya Bondoukou|Bondoukou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Tanda|Tanda]]; *[[Wilaya ya Koun-Fao|Koun-Fao]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sandégué|Sandégué]]; *[[Wilaya ya Transua|Transua]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] f3qz7d84zjicobm7jl1ec0qnhvvngt2 0 111807 1571000 1209467 2026-06-12T08:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Grands-Ponts | native_name = ''Région des Grands-Ponts'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Grands-Ponts region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Grands-Ponts (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Lagunes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo za Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lagunes|Lagunes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Dabou]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Kouakou Assoman | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Joseph Gabriel Yace | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Grands-Ponts"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 5500 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 356,495 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Grands-Ponts''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région des Grands-Ponts) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kusini]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Dabou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 356,495. Grands-Ponts kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Dabou|Dabou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Jacqueville|Jacqueville]]; *[[Wilaya ya Grand-Lahou|Grand-Lahou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] cggk15mb9fqoc4cjz8itc6e78nsepju 0 111808 1571001 1209468 2026-06-12T08:31:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Guémon | native_name = ''Région du Guémon'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Guémon region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Guémon (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Montagnes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Montagnes|Montagnes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Duékoué]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Sory Sangare | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Evariste Tié Méambly | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Guémon"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 6695 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 919,392 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Guémon''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Guémon) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Magharibi ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Duékoué]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 919,392. Guémon kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[Wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Bangolo|Bangolo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Duékoué|Duékoué]]. *[[Wilaya ya Facobly|Facobly]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kouibly|Kouibly.]]; ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ak10y4ffuk5la50vz8w2odcp7a3w8e6 0 111809 1571003 1209470 2026-06-12T08:31:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Hambol | native_name = ''Région du Hambol'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Hambol region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Hambol (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Vallée du Bandama]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Vallée du Bandama|Vallée du Bandama]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Katiola]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Omepieu Yul Lambert | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Brahima Traoré | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Hambol"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 19,122 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 429,977 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Hambol''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Hambol) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katikati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Katiola]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 429,977. Hambol kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Dabakala|Dabakala]]; *[[Wilaya ya Katiola|Katiola]]; *[[Wilaya ya Niakaramandougou|Niakaramandougou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 3ue9fgkaoi7x0rhbvmdwscvrbc08gt0 0 111810 1571005 1209472 2026-06-12T08:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Iffou | native_name = ''Région de Iffou'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Iffou Region location (Côte d'Ivoire).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Iffou (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lacs|Lacs]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Daoukro]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Koffi Akpolleh Kouame Albert | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Koffi Moïse Koumoué | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Iffou"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 8955 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 311,642 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Iffou''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de Iffou) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katikati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Daoukro]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 311,642. Iffou kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Daoukro|Daoukro]]; *[[Wilaya ya M'Bahiakro|M'Bahiakro]]; *[[Wilaya ya Prikro|Prikro]]. *[[Wilaya ya Ouellé|Ouellé]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] hhyfxilom07otpmsdphi4jg55nh5lgx 0 111811 1571006 1209473 2026-06-12T08:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Indénié-Djuablin | native_name = ''Région de l’Indénié-Djuablin'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Indénié-Djuablin region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Indénié-Djuablin (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Comoé]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Comoé|Comoé]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Abengourou]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Fadi Ouattara, | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Abinan Kouakou Pascal | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Indénié-Djuablin"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 8000 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 560,432 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Indénié-Djuablin''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de l’ Indénié-Djuablin) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Mashariki]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Abengourou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 560,432. Indénié-Djuablin kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Abengourou|Abengourou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Agnibilékrou|Agnibilékrou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Bettié|Bettié]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] akojev83y97nvetp3xgyuo9nw1ox7xz 0 111812 1571007 1436640 2026-06-12T08:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Kabadougou | native_name = ''Région du Kabadougou'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Location Map of Kabadougou Region in Côte d'Ivoire.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Kabadougou (bluu nyeusi)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Denguélé|Denguélé]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Odienné]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Amani Yao Michel | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Kone Souleymane | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Kabadougou"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 14000 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = {{formatnum:289806}} | population_as_of = 2021 | population_density_km2 = | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Kabadougou''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Kabadougou) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Odienné]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2021]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu {{formatnum:289806}}. Kabadougou kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[Wilaya]] [[tano]]: *[[Wilaya ya Odienné|Odienné]]; *[[Wilaya ya Madinani|Madinani]]; *[[Wilaya ya Gbéléban|Gbéléban]]; *[[Wilaya ya Séguélon|Séguélon]]; *[[Wilaya ya Samatiguila|Samatiguila]]. ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ptzzxizdhaeh1j682t219ycva1oevrb 0 111814 1571008 1209475 2026-06-12T08:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa La Mé | native_name = ''Région de La Mé'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = La Mé region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa La Mé (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Lagunes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lagunes|Lagunes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Imara | established_date = 2011 | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Adzopé]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Sanogo Al Hassana, | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Sombo Yapi Jean-Claude | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "La Mé"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 8237 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 514,700 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa La Mé''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de La Mé) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kusini]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Adzopé]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 514,700. La Mé kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Adzopé|Adzopé]]; *[[Wilaya ya Akoupé|Akoupé]]; *[[Wilaya ya Alépé|Alépé]]; *[[Wilaya ya Yakassé-Attobrou|Yakassé-Attobrou]]. . ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] kb7h00vz8iccp0ux6psglxh8kwi22pb 0 111815 1571009 1209476 2026-06-12T08:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Lôh-Djiboua | native_name = ''Région du Lôh-Djiboua'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Lôh-Djiboua region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Lôh-Djiboua (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Gôh-Djiboua]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo za Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Gôh-Djiboua|Gôh-Djiboua]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Divo]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Kpan Droh Joseph | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Komenan Tchekoura Rolland Zakpa | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Lôh-Djiboua"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 10650 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 729,169 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Lôh-Djiboua''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Lôh-Djiboua) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Magharibi]] ya kati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Divo]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 729,169. Lôh-Djiboua kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Divo|Divo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Guitry|Guitry]]; *[[Wilaya ya Lakota|Lakota]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] or2w8v95u4hdgu2ii44t1r4rfcakc2z 0 111817 1571011 1209478 2026-06-12T08:43:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Moronou | native_name = ''Région du Moronou'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Moronou region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Moronou (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Lacs]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lacs|Lacs]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Bongouanou]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Nemlin Houande Henriette Epse Diahi Nessero | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Aka Amanan Véronique | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Moronou"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 5570 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 352,616 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Moronou''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Moronou) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katikati ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Bongouanou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 352,616. Moronou kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Arrah|Arrah]]; *[[Wilaya ya Bongouanou|Bongouanou]]; *[[Wilaya ya M'Batto|M’Batto]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] 1slvpkx4oat5h8wi422b0jpnmq73qer 0 111818 1571013 1209480 2026-06-12T08:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Nawa | native_name = ''Région de la Nawa'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Nawa region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Nawa (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Bas-Sassandra]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Bas-Sassandra|Bas-Sassandra]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Soubré]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Alliali Kouadio | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Alain-Richard Donwahi | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Nawa"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 9193 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 1,053,084 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Nawa''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de la Nawa) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kusini]] [[Magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Soubré]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1,053,084. Nawa kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] nne: *[[wilaya ya Soubré| Soubré]]; *[[wilaya ya Méagui| Méagui]]; *[[wilaya ya Guéyo|Guéyo]]; *[[wilaya ya Buyo|Buyo]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] oauqyvl0qyodlehpkuys2oqik9ypczp 0 111819 1571012 1209479 2026-06-12T08:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa N'Zi | native_name = ''Région du N'Zi'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = N'Zi region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa N'Zi (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Lacs]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire| Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Lacs|Lacs]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Dimbokro]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = N’guessan Obouo Jacques | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Koffi Bernard N'guessan | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "N'Zi"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 19560 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 247,578 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa N'Zi''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du N'Zi) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Kituo ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Dimbokro]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 247,578. N'Zi kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Bocanda|Bocanda]]; *[[Wilaya ya Dimbokro|Dimbokro]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kouassi-Kouassikro|Kouassi-Kouassikro]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] et9zt1qb211w2x6fw65i5wc32gsni3l 0 111820 1571014 1255447 2026-06-12T08:45:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Poro | native_name = ''Région du Poro'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Poro region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Poro (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Savanes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Savanes|Savanes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Korhogo]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Daouda Ouattara | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Coulibaly Tiémoko Yadé | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Poro"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 13.400 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 763,852 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Poro''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Poro) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika Kaskazini ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Korhogo]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 763,852. Poro kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[nne]]: *[[Wilaya ya Dikodougou|Dikodougou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Korhogo|Korhogo]]; *[[Wilaya ya Mbengue|Mbengue]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sinématiali|Sinématiali]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] i1wwt8g8mdnwmugibkeny1oqer8fjyc 0 111821 1571016 1255449 2026-06-12T08:47:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa San-Pédro | native_name = ''Région de San-Pédro'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = San-Pédro region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa San-Pédro (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Bas-Sassandra]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Bas-Sassandra|Bas-Sassandra]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[San-Pédro]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Coulibaly Ousman | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Donatien Beugré | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "San-Pédro"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 12790 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 826,666 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa San-Pédro''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région de San-Pédro) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kusini]] [[Magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[San-Pédro]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 826,666. San-Pédro kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[mbili]]: *[[wilaya ya San-Pédro|San-Pédro]]; *[[wilaya ya Tabou|Tabou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] kdjh1pmblpat01xl0tg0e0z3bi7novb 0 111822 1571018 1255454 2026-06-12T08:49:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Tchologo | native_name = ''Région du Tchologo'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Tchologo region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Tchologo (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Savanes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Savanes|Savanes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Ferkessédougou]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Soualoho Diakite | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Lassina Koné | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Tchologo"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 17,728 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 467,958 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Tchologo''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Tchologo) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Kaskazini]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Ferkessédougou]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 467,958. Tchologo kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] [[tatu]]: *[[Wilaya ya Ferkessédougou|Ferkessédougou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Kong|Kong]]; *[[Wilaya ya Ouangolodougou|Ouangolodougou]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] q61cevurzwvevlpp8nkdc2o3ngk8bkv 0 111823 1571020 1255456 2026-06-12T08:51:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Mkoa wa Tonkpi | native_name = ''Région du Tonkpi'' | native_name_lang = fr | settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|Mkoa]] |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Ivory Coast.svg ||ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Cote d'Ivoire]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Tonkpi region locator map Côte d'Ivoire.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Tonkpi (kijani)<br> katika [[Cote d'Ivoire]] za [[Jimbo la Montagnes]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Majimbo ya Cote d'Ivoire|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Jimbo la Montagnes|Montagnes]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type =Regional seat | seat =[[Man]] | government_footnotes = <ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html "Préfets de Région et de Préfets de Département (Conseil des ministres du mercredi 26 septembre 2012)"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/442135.html |date=20171013230555 }}, abidjan.net, 2 October 2012.</ref> | leader_party = | leader_title = Prefect | leader_name = Soro Kayaha Jerome | leader_title1 = Rais wa Baraza | leader_name1 = Woï Mela Gaston Aimé | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 "Tonkpi"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dgddl.interieur.gouv.ci/index.php?page=mono_detail&title=regions&id=1 |date=20161105172440 }}, gouv.ci, accessed 23 February 2016.</ref> | area_total_km2 = 12284 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =<ref name=geohive>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |website=geohive.com |accessdate=5 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122041623/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/coteivoire.aspx |archivedate=22 Aprili 2019 }}</ref> | population_total = 992,564 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[GMT]] | utc_offset1 = +0 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mkoa wa Tonkpi''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Région du Tonkpi) ni [[moja]] kati ya [[Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|mikoa 31 ya nchini Cote d'Ivoire]]. Uko katika [[Magharibi]] ya nchi. [[Makao makuu]] ya eneo hilo ni [[Man]]. [[Mwaka]] [[2014]] [[idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 992,564. Tonkpi kwa sasa imegawanywa katika [[Wilaya]] tano: *[[Wilaya ya Man|Man]]; *[[Wilaya ya Biankouma|Biankouma]]; *[[Wilaya ya Danané|Danané]]; *[[Wilaya ya Sipilou|Sipilou]]; *[[Wilaya ya Zouan-Hounien|Zouan-Hounien]]. ==Marejeo== <small><references/></small> {{Mbegu-jio-Cote d'Ivoire}} {{Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire|state=collapsed}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Cote d'Ivoire]] ftlnjnq6l7m2qrmw3p47ock8kcygueu 0 113781 1570944 1559579 2026-06-12T03:38:29Z ~2026-34372-98 90178 1570944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abbay OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la mto Abay.]] '''Mto Bashilo''' (ambao mara chache huitwa pia Beshitta) ni [[mto]] unaopatikana nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa korongo lake kubwa, ambalo limeelezwa kuwa karibu linafikia ukubwa wa korongo la mto mama wake, Abay (pia ujulikanao kama Mto Nile ya Bluu). Mto Bashilo unaanzia magharibi mwa [[mji]] wa Kutaber katika Mkoa wa Amhara. Mwanzoni hutiririka kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi mahali ambapo Mto Tergiya hujiunga nao, kisha hubadilisha mkondo wake na kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi unapoungana na Mto Abay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Documents & Reports - All Documents {{!}} The World Bank|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|work=World Bank|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref> Bonde la maji la Mto Bashilo lina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 13,242, likienea katika sehemu za maeneo ya Semien Gondar, Semien Wollo na Debub Wollo. Mito inayoulisha ni pamoja na Mto Checheho na Mto Walano. Mbali na umuhimu wake wa kijiografia, Mto Bashilo ulikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika kuainisha mipaka ya majimbo ya kihistoria ya Ethiopia. Katika [[karne]] ya 17, ulitenganisha majimbo ya Begemder na Amhara Sayint. Kufikia mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, mto huo ulikuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa. Hali hii ilidhihirishwa na uamuzi wa Mfalme Tekle Giyorgis I wa kutovuka Mto Bashilo kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kungewaingiza katika jimbo la Shewa. Mto huu uliendelea kuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa hadi angalau mwaka 1870, kama ilivyoelezwa katika barua ya Menelik II kwa G.R. Goodfellow. Mto Bashilo ni mojawapo ya mito muhimu ya Ethiopia kutokana na mchango wake katika mfumo wa Mto Abay, mandhari yake ya [[korongo]] kubwa, na nafasi yake katika historia ya mipaka ya majimbo ya Ethiopia. == Tazama pia == *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} {{mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] r5tptmv5i90069th2jko1i62b4w6gfn 1570945 1570944 2026-06-12T03:39:38Z Don Malya 61486 1570945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abbay OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la mto Abay.]] '''Mto Bashilo''' (ambao mara chache huitwa pia Beshitta) ni [[mto]] unaopatikana nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa korongo lake kubwa, ambalo limeelezwa kuwa karibu linafikia ukubwa wa korongo la mto mama wake, Abay (pia ujulikanao kama Mto Nile ya Bluu). Mto Bashilo unaanzia magharibi mwa [[mji]] wa Kutaber katika Mkoa wa Amhara. Mwanzoni hutiririka kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi mahali ambapo Mto Tergiya hujiunga nao, kisha hubadilisha mkondo wake na kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi unapoungana na Mto Abay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Documents & Reports - All Documents {{!}} The World Bank|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|work=World Bank|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref> Bonde la maji la Mto Bashilo lina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 13,242, likienea katika sehemu za maeneo ya Semien Gondar, Semien Wollo na Debub Wollo. Mito inayoulisha ni pamoja na Mto Checheho na Mto Walano. Mbali na umuhimu wake wa kijiografia, Mto Bashilo ulikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika kuainisha mipaka ya majimbo ya kihistoria ya Ethiopia. Katika [[karne]] ya 17, ulitenganisha majimbo ya Begemder na Amhara Sayint. Kufikia mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, mto huo ulikuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa. Hali hii ilidhihirishwa na uamuzi wa Mfalme Tekle Giyorgis I wa kutovuka Mto Bashilo kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kungewaingiza katika [[jimbo]] la Shewa. Mto huu uliendelea kuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa hadi angalau mwaka 1870, kama ilivyoelezwa katika barua ya Menelik II kwa G.R. Goodfellow. Mto Bashilo ni mojawapo ya mito muhimu ya Ethiopia kutokana na mchango wake katika mfumo wa Mto Abay, mandhari yake ya [[korongo]] kubwa, na nafasi yake katika historia ya mipaka ya majimbo ya Ethiopia. == Tazama pia == *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} {{mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] laa911kr2g6q19q14mytqv7aqwu38di 1571033 1570945 2026-06-12T09:34:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abbay OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la mto Abay.]] '''Mto Bashilo''' (ambao mara chache huitwa pia Beshitta) ni [[mto]] unaopatikana nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unajulikana kwa korongo lake kubwa, ambalo limeelezwa kuwa karibu linafikia ukubwa wa korongo la mto mama wake, Abay (pia ujulikanao kama Mto Nile ya Bluu). Mto Bashilo unaanzia magharibi mwa [[mji]] wa Kutaber katika Mkoa wa Amhara. Mwanzoni hutiririka kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi hadi mahali ambapo Mto Tergiya hujiunga nao, kisha hubadilisha mkondo wake na kuelekea kusini-magharibi hadi unapoungana na Mto Abay.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Documents & Reports - All Documents {{!}} The World Bank|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|work=World Bank|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref> Bonde la maji la Mto Bashilo lina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 13,242, likienea katika sehemu za maeneo ya Semien Gondar, Semien Wollo na Debub Wollo. Mito inayoulisha ni pamoja na Mto Checheho na Mto Walano. Mbali na umuhimu wake wa kijiografia, Mto Bashilo ulikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika kuainisha mipaka ya majimbo ya kihistoria ya Ethiopia. Katika [[karne]] ya 17, ulitenganisha majimbo ya Begemder na Amhara Sayint. Kufikia mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, mto huo ulikuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa. Hali hii ilidhihirishwa na uamuzi wa Mfalme Tekle Giyorgis I wa kutovuka Mto Bashilo kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kungewaingiza katika [[jimbo]] la Shewa. Mto huu uliendelea kuwa mpaka wa kaskazini wa Shewa hadi angalau mwaka 1870, kama ilivyoelezwa katika barua ya Menelik II kwa G.R. Goodfellow. Mto Bashilo ni mojawapo ya mito muhimu ya Ethiopia kutokana na mchango wake katika mfumo wa Mto Abay, mandhari yake ya [[korongo]] kubwa, na nafasi yake katika historia ya mipaka ya majimbo ya Ethiopia. == Tazama pia == *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} {{mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] byqpq656du6jw47hga4zsnhu329l0gw 0 113803 1570948 1561267 2026-06-12T04:03:11Z Don Malya 61486 1570948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|450px|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la [[mto Sobat]].]] '''Mto Birbir''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Ni tawimto la mfumo wa Baro River, ambao huundwa pale ambapo Mto Birbir hukutana na Gebba River.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller Schmied |first=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |issn=1991-959X}}</ref> Mto Birbir una umuhimu wa kisiasa kwa sababu mkondo wake unaainisha sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Kanda za Mirab Welega na Illubabor katika Mkoa wa Oromia. Kwa mujibu wa Richard Pankhurst, Mto Birbir pia una umuhimu wa kiuchumi kutokana na ugunduzi wa [[madini]] ya platinamu uliofanyika mwaka 1904 katika maeneo ya kandokando ya mkondo wake. Ugunduzi huo uliufanya mto huu kuwa eneo muhimu katika [[historia]] ya uchimbaji wa madini nchini Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GMD....14.1037M|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mto Birbir ni sehemu muhimu ya mtandao wa mito ya kusini-magharibi mwa Ethiopia, ukiwa na mchango katika mfumo wa Mto Baro pamoja na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utawala wa maeneo yanayouzunguka. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Oromia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bfhjy7e7pbjr48dpf0e0aigwnboa597 1571036 1570948 2026-06-12T09:35:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1571036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|450px|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la [[mto Sobat]].]] '''Mto Birbir''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana kusini-magharibi mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Ni tawimto la mfumo wa Baro River, ambao huundwa pale ambapo Mto Birbir hukutana na Gebba River.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Müller Schmied |first=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |issn=1991-959X}}</ref> Mto Birbir una umuhimu wa kisiasa kwa sababu mkondo wake unaainisha sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Kanda za Mirab Welega na Illubabor katika Mkoa wa Oromia. Kwa mujibu wa Richard Pankhurst, Mto Birbir pia una umuhimu wa kiuchumi kutokana na ugunduzi wa [[madini]] ya platinamu uliofanyika mwaka 1904 katika maeneo ya kandokando ya mkondo wake. Ugunduzi huo uliufanya mto huu kuwa eneo muhimu katika [[historia]] ya uchimbaji wa madini nchini Ethiopia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GMD....14.1037M|work=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mto Birbir ni sehemu muhimu ya mtandao wa mito ya kusini-magharibi mwa Ethiopia, ukiwa na mchango katika mfumo wa Mto Baro pamoja na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utawala wa maeneo yanayouzunguka. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Oromia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 7ohn40j8k035e6jii6kw12hy93ks11b 0 117898 1571094 1521403 2026-06-12T11:17:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Van Stadens River Bridge-002.jpg|thumb|Daraja la Mto Van Stadens]] '''Mto Van Stadens''' unapatikana katika [[jimbo]] la [[Rasi ya Mashariki]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lango la Mto Van Stadens lipo umbali wa takribani kilomita 30 magharibi mwa bandari ya Elizabeth. Jina la [[mto]] huu ulitokana na mwanzilishi wa [[wakulima]] katika eneo hilo linaloitwa Marthinus van Staden. <ref name= "R102">{{Cite web |url=https://mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/find-a-pass/eastern-cape/item/236-van-stadens-pass-r102.html |title=Van Stadens Pass (R102). Mountain Passes South Africa. Accessed 24 July 2017. |accessdate=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2019-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009074000/https://mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/find-a-pass/eastern-cape/item/236-van-stadens-pass-r102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Korongo la Van Stadens hutokana na miamba ya Paleozoic inayounda [[mlima]] Table. <ref name= "Estuary">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/7731/1255-1-05_EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY.pdf |title=Gama, PT, Adams, JB, Schael, DM and Skinner T. 2005. Phytoplankton Chlorophyll: A concentration and community structure of two temporarily open/closed estuaries. Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Accessed 26 July 2017. |accessdate=2019-10-09 |archive-date=2017-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731195546/http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/7731/1255-1-05_EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sehemu za juu hadi za kati huwa na miinuko mikubwa, yenye kuchangia kiwango kidogo cha virutubisho asilia pembezoni mwa mto na kukwamisha shughuli nyingine za kibinadamu kama vile [[kilimo]].<ref name="Estuary" /> Barabara kuu ya taifa, N2 hupita katika daraja la Van Stadens na eneo hili hutambulika kama eneo la kujitoa mhanga.<ref name="sellick-195">{{cite book|last=Sellick|first=W.S.J|title=Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904|publisher=W.S.J. Sellick|year=1904|pages=195|url=https://archive.org/stream/uitenhagepastpre00sell#page/195/mode/1up}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[jamii: Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] a092i9t3beiuem0fto79w1dljhh2kc3 0 117971 1571092 1521395 2026-06-12T11:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Limpopo_watershed_topo.png|thumb|300x300px|[[Ramani]] ya [[Mto Limpopo]].]] '''Mto Marico''' au '''Madikwe''' ni [[mto]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kuna [[Bwawa|mabwawa]] mengi ndani ya [[bonde]] la mto huo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|title=Major dams in the Marico River|access-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|archive-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm|archivedate=2012-04-17}}</ref> [[Groot Marico]] limeitwa kutokana na jina la mto Marico. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marico.co.za/ |title=Marico - Africa at its best |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2021-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220054851/http://www.marico.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mto unaungana kulia mwa kando zake na [[Crocodile River (West)|Crocodile River]] ambao hujulikana kama [[mto Limpopo]]. == Chanzo == [[Picha:Marico_Oog.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Eye of Marico, chanzo cha mto Marico.]] Mto unaanza mwanzoni kabisa katika [[Eye of Marico]], karibu na [[Rustenburg]] na [[Swartruggens]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|Kaskazini-Magharibi]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] cha mto ni [[dolomitic]] shimo lillopo chini ya ardhi lenye maji masafi ambayo pia ni mazuri kwa michezo ya [[scuba diving]] .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archivedate=2017-02-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html }}</ref> Hutiririka kaskazini kama Marico mkuu na mbali kwa chini hujulikana kama [[Klein Marico River]] .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map |title=Klein-Maricorivier, North-West, South Africa |accessdate=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205642/http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa urefu wake hujulikana pia kama mto Madikwene , ila baada ya [[Sehubyane River]] (Sandsloot) huungana kushoto kwake na jina lake hubadilika kuwa mto Marico.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile (West) & Marico WMA 3]</ref> Mto huendelea kutiririka kuelekea kaskazini halafu hupinda kuelekea kaskazini mashariki na kuung mpaka kati ya  [[South Africa]] na [[Botswana]]. Kwa chini maji yanapotiririka,mto Crocodile huungana na mto Marico kwa upande wake wa kulia na jina la mkondo huo hubadilika na kuwa [[Limpopo River]]. About 5&nbsp;km short of the confluence the [[Notwane River]] huungana na mto Limpopo kwa upande wake wa kusini magharibi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm|title=Limpopo Drainage Network|access-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm|archive-date=2014-09-03|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-10-10|archivedate=2014-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm}}</ref> == Mabwawa katika bonde la mto Marico == Mto Marico ni sehemu ya [[Crocodile (West) and Marico Water Management Area]]. Mabwawa katika bonde la mto ni: * [[Lambo la Molatedi]] * [[Lambo la Kromellenboog]] * [[Lambo la Marico-Bosveld]] * [[Lambo la Uitkyk]] * [[Lambo la Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Lambo la Sehujwane]] * [[Lambo la Madikwe]] == Angalia pia == * [[Orodha ya mito ya Afrika Kusini]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Overview of the Crocodile (West)/Marico Water Management Area] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf |date=20180419184646 }} * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060008/http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=37 Madikwe Game Reserve] * [http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ Madikwe River Lodge] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ |date=20111215154235 }} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] 24aa84aqaofj2etokyokr2nyiasgxbq 0 120992 1570969 1472643 2026-06-12T06:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Materuni Falls, Uru mashariki.jpg|thumb|[[Maporomoko ya maji]] Materuni.]] '''Materuni''' ni sehemu ya [[Wilaya ya Moshi]] katika [[kijiji]] cha Kishumundu, [[kata]] ya [[Uru Mashariki]]. [[Jina]] lilitokana na makazi ya [[watu]] wa [[ukoo]] wa Materu ambao ndio waanzilishi wa kijiji. Koo nyingine zinazopatikana katika kijiji hiki ni kama vile Akaro, Chuwa, Kessi, Maro, Mauki, Mmbando, Pacho, Shirima, Tete. Imekuwa maarufu kwa maporomoko ya maji yanayovutia [[Utalii|watalii]] wengi<ref name="TANAPA2023">TANAPA (2023). "Materuni Waterfalls – Kilimanjaro Region". *Tanzania National Parks Authority*. https://www.tanzaniaparks.go.tz</ref><ref name="TZTourismBoard2024">Tanzania Tourism Board (2024). "Materuni Village and Waterfalls – Moshi". *Tanzania Tourist Board Resources*. https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/ |date=20251118135429 }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maporomoko ya Maji Materuni]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-kilimanjaro}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini]] [[Jamii:1Lib1Ref2020 Tanzania]] 1bgd23bvo1y3oiq2vyq6l3ouq79azvq 0 133073 1570885 1515575 2026-06-11T15:32:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jinai''' ni kitendo kinachofanywa na [[Binadamu|mtu]] ambacho ni kinyume sana na [[sheria]] za [[nchi]] au eneo. Kwa hiyo jinai inafafanuliwa na [[sheria]] inayotaja matendo maalum kuwa vile<ref>[https://sheriakiganjani.co.tz/page.php?key=226<nowiki> Nini maana ya jinai?], tovuti ya Sheria Kiganjani, inayotolewa na Tanganyika Law Society</nowiki></ref>. Matendo yanayotajwa kama jinai hutazamwa kuwa hatari kwa [[amani]] katika [[jamii]] na pia kuvunja [[haki]] za watu. Kwa hiyo katika mifumo ya sheria ya kisasa [[dola]] linalenga kulinda amani na haki kwa kutunga sheria zinazokataza jinai. Kwa hiyo si kazi ya mtu aliyepata madhara kufuatilia jinai, bali ni kazi ya dola.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sheriakiganjani.co.tz/uploads/97731-jinai.pdf |title=Wakili Manace Ndoroma: Kosa la jinai, maelezo na ufafanuzi |accessdate=2021-02-21 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921201828/https://sheriakiganjani.co.tz/uploads/97731-jinai.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa kawaida tendo fulani linahitaji kutendwa pamoja na nia ya kuvunja sheria ili kutajwa kama jinai. Hata hivyo, pia matendo maalum yanayotendwa "kwa namna ya kutokuwa mwangalifu au kupuuza kwa kiasi cha kuhatarisha maisha ya binadamu au kusababisha dhara kwa mtu mwingine yeyote"<ref>Kanuni ya Adhabu Tanzania (Penal Code , Chapter 16 of the Laws (revised), Jinai kwa kutojali na kupuuza, ss. 233.</ref> yanaweza kuangaliwa kama jinai. Ilhali kila jinai inavunja sheria, siyo kila uvunjaji wa sheria unahesabiwa kama jinai. Kuvunja sheria za [[biashara]] na [[Mkataba|mikataba]] baina ya watu inaweza kufuatiliwa kwa [[kesi]] za madai mbele ya [[mahakama]], lakini mara nyingi hazifuatiliwi mara moja na vyombo vya dola. Kutokea kwa jinai kunahitaji kuthibitishwa na mahakama au [[jaji]] anayeangalia mashtaka dhidi ya mtu na kutoa [[hukumu]] ambako hatia fulani kulingana na sheria inathibitishwa au kukataliwa. Kama mkosaji anahukumiwa kuwa na hatia, jaji ataamua kuhusu [[adhabu]] yake. Sheria za jinai hutaja adhabu maalumu kwa kila aina ya kosa, ilhali jaji kwa kawaida ana chaguo fulani kuamulia kiwango cha adhabu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Kujisomea== * Attenborough, F.L. (ed. and trans.) (1922). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142907/http://www.ilabdatabase.com/member/detail.php3?custnr=&membernr=1661&ordernr=42311 ''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'']. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. Reprint March 2006. [http://www.lawbookexchange.com/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.lawbookexchange.com/ |date=20210224205326 }} The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lawbookexchange.com/ |date=20210224205326 }} ISBN 1-58477-583-1 * Blythe, James M. (1992). ''Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages''. Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-03167-3 * Cohen, Stanley (1985). ''Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment, and Classification''. Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-0021-2 * [[Michel Foucault|Foucault, Michel]] (1975). ''Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison'', New York: Random House. * Garoupa, Nuno & Klerman, Daniel. (2002). "Optimal Law Enforcement with a Rent-Seeking Government". ''American Law and Economics Review'' Vol. 4, No. 1. pp.&nbsp;116–140. * Hart, H.L.A. (1972). ''Law, Liberty and Morality''. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. ISBN 0-8047-0154-7 * Hitchins, Peter. ''[[A Brief History of Crime]]'' (2003) 2nd edition was issued as ''he Abolition of Liberty: The Decline of Order and Justice in England'' (2004) * Kalifa, Dominique. ''Vice, Crime, and Poverty: How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld'' (Columbia University Press, 2019) * Kern, Fritz. (1948). ''Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages''. Reprint edition (1985), Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. * Kramer, Samuel Noah. (1971). ''The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago]]. ISBN 0-226-45238-7 * Maine, Henry Sumner. (1861). ''Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas''. Reprint edition (1986). Tucson: [[University of Arizona Press]]. ISBN 0-8165-1006-7 * Oppenheim, A. Leo (and Reiner, Erica as editor). (1964). ''Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization''. Revised edition (September 15, 1977). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-63187-7 * Pennington, Kenneth. (1993). ''The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. ISBN 0-520-07995-7 * Polinsky, A. Mitchell. (1980). "Private versus Public Enforcement of Fines". ''The Journal of Legal Studies'', Vol. IX, No. 1, (January), pp.&nbsp;105–127. * Polinsky, A. Mitchell & Shavell, Steven. (1997). ''[https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6259.html On the Disutility and Discounting of Imprisonment and the Theory of Deterrence]'', NBER Working Papers 6259, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. * Skaist, Aaron Jacob. (1994). ''The Old Babylonian Loan Contract: Its History and Geography''. [[Ramat Gan]], [[Israeli|Israel]]: [[Bar-Ilan University]] Press. ISBN 965-226-161-0 * [http://www.cliothemis.com/Atrocitas-enormitas-Esquisse-pour {{Wayback|url=http://www.cliothemis.com/Atrocitas-enormitas-Esquisse-pour |date=20150208092207 }} Théry, Julien. (2011). "Atrocitas/enormitas. Esquisse pour une histoire de la catégorie de 'crime énorme' du Moyen Âge à l'époque moderne", Clio@Themis, Revue électronique d'histoire du droit, n. 4] * Tierney, Brian. (1979). ''Church Law and Constitutional Thought in the Middle Ages''. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 0-86078-036-8 * {{Rejea kitabu | last= Tierney | first= Brian | author-link= Brian Tierney (medievalist) | title= The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300: with selected documents | url= https://archive.org/details/crisisofchurchst0000tier_j3c7 | edition= Reprint | orig-year= 1964 | year= 1988 | publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]] | location= Toronto | isbn= 978-0-8020-6701-2 }} * Vinogradoff, Paul. (1909). ''Roman Law in Medieval Europe''. Reprint edition (2004). Kessinger Publishing Co. ISBN 1-4179-4909-0 {{mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[jamii:Makosa ya jinai]] ohuhkd8kp0aur354h0rknu5i4bkl6v3 0 134551 1571023 1520878 2026-06-12T08:57:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Mkunde Chachage | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha =Mkunde.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Mkunde Chachage akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam kampasi ya Mbeya ya Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi (UDSM-MCHAS) | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =Juni 2 1984 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dar es Salaam | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mhadhiri na mtafiti wa kinga mwili | cheo = Mwana sayansi | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Mkunde Chachage''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 2]], [[1984]]) ni mhadhiri na [[Utafiti|mtafiti]] wa kinga-mwili katika Chuo Shirikishi cha [[Afya]] na [[Sayansi]] za Afya cha [[Mbeya]] kilichopo chini ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM - MCHAS).<ref name="udsm">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337|title=Mkunde Chachage|work=University of Dar es Salaam|accessdate=2021-04-15|archive-date=2023-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chachage pia ni mtafiti katika Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba katika kituo cha utafiti wa afya cha Mbeya (NIMR - MMRC).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/|title=Mkunde Chachage|work=FAIS Legacy Project|accessdate=2021-04-15|archive-date=2025-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Utafiti wake umejikita kwenye kinga mwili na magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya binadamu hasa [[Kifua kikuu|Kifua Kikuu (TB)]], [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] na maambukizi ya minyoo.<ref name="tbs">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/|title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage|work=TBSequel|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2020-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Chachage anatoka kwenye [[familia]] ya wanataaluma mashuhuri na [[wanaharakati]]. Alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]] na marehemu [[Profesa]] Chachage Seithy Loth Chachage na [[Demere Kitunga]] akiwa mmoja wa watoto wa nne. [[Baba]] yake alikuwa msomi mashuhuri, mchambuzi wa kisiasa na mwandishi. Mama yake ni mwanaharakati wa [[usawa wa kijinsia]] na [[mwandishi]] mashuhuri,<ref name="afrfem">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/|title=Demere Kitunga African Feminist|work=African Feminist Forum|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185554/http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/}}</ref><ref name="thecitizen">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/-a-leading-feminist-s-juggling-act-as-she-advocates-literacy-3340886|title=Leading Feminist and Literacy advocate|work=The Citizen Newspaper}}</ref> mhariri na mchapishaji nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref name="baran">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.barrancapress.com/demere-kitunga|title=Demere Kitunga|work=Barranca Press}}</ref><ref name="dailynews">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579|title=Feminism column|work=Daily News, the National Newspaper|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174546/https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579}}</ref> Ndugu zake wawili pia ni wanataaluma, wakiwemo Chambi Chachage, ambaye ni mwanataaluma wa taaluma za Kiafrika katika [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton]] na mchambuzi wa kisiasa,<ref name="sidint">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage|title=Africa: Rethinking in action!|work=Society for International Development|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185507/https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage}}</ref> pamoja na Rehema Chachage, ambaye ni mwanataaluma katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Vienna]], [[Austria]],<ref name="univviena">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tfm.univie.ac.at/en/about-us/staff/lecturers/|title=Staff list University of Viana Department of theatre, film and media studies|work=University of Vienna|accessdate=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185523/https://tfm.univie.ac.at/en/about-us/staff/lecturers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na mwanasanaa.<ref name="urbafricans">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.urbanafricans.com/rehema-chachage/|title=Rehema Chachage: The intimacy and harshness of African women’s rituals|work=Urban Africans}}</ref> Chachage amekulia jijini [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], ambapo alipata elimu yake ya msingi katika shule ya msingi Mlimani na shule ya msingi Dar es Salaam Independent, kabla ya kumaliza masomo ya [[sekondari]] katika shule ya sekondari ya Aga Khan Mzizima. Hivi sasa ameolewa na Keremba Brian Warioba, ambaye alishirikiana naye kuanzisha kampuni ya biashara ya kijamii (''social entreprise)'''na kupata mtoto mmoja. == Elimu == Chachage ana [[shahada ya uzamili]] (PhD) ya [[afya]] ya Kimataifa kwenye kinga ya mwili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ludwig Maximilian cha [[Munich]], [[Ujerumani]], aliyoipata mnamo mwaka [[2013]]. Andiko lake la [[shahada ya uzamili]] lilichunguza mabadiliko ya mfumo wa kinga ya binadamu yanayosababishwa na maambukizi ya minyoo na athari zake kupata maambukizo ya VVU au kuzorota kwa afya za watu wanaoishi na VVU<ref name="cihlmu">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.klinikum.uni-muenchen.de/Abteilung-fuer-Infektions-und-Tropenmedizin/en/50_Research/Working_groups/AG_Infection-and-Immunity/Alumni/index.html|title=CIH - LMU alumna|work=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich}}</ref> Alipata Shahada ya [[sayansi]] katika [[Biolojia|Baiolojia]] ya [[Molekuli|Molekula]] na Celi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town|Chuo Kikuu cha Capetown]] mnamo 2007, ikifuatiwa na digrii ya ''honors'' mwaka uliofuata kutoka taasisi hiyo hiyo.  == Kazi == Chachage alijiunga na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba kituo ca utafiti wa afya cha [[Mbeya]] (NIMR-MMRC) mnamo mwaka [[2009]] kama mtafiti.<ref name="aas">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde|title=Chachage Mkunde &#124; The AAS|work=www.aasciences.africa|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2022-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921000332/https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde}}</ref> Alirudi katika kituo hicho cha utafiti mara tu baada ya kupata shahada ya uzamili, ambapo alipewa nafasi ya kuongoza maabara ya utafiti wa kinga mwili ikitilia mkazo kwenye utafiti unaohusiana na vitambuzi vya magonjwa kwenye magonjwa ya TB, VVU na VVU-HPV. Chachage ni mshirika wa African Academy of Science katika kundi la tatu kati ya miaka 2018 - 2022. Pia amekua mshirika wa masomo baada ya shahada ya uzamili katika Taasisi ya Burnet, [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], kati ya miaka 2015 - 2016 na ushirika wa Afrika - Oxford (AfOx) kwa watafiti wa Kiafrika mnamo 2020, ambayo inamruhusu kushirikiana na watafiti [[Chuo kikuu cha Oxford|Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]] katika utafiti unaoendelea wa vijidudu.<ref name="afox">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/|title=AfOx Fellows 2020|work=Africa-Oxford fellowship|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151712/http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/}}</ref> Chachage pia ni mshiriki wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Ukimwi (IAS) ambapo anashiikiana na wanasayansi wengine kwenye utafiti na teknolojia mpya za tiba ya VVU.<ref name="ias">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage|title=AIS fellow Mkunde Chachage|work=International AIDS Society|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151707/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage}}</ref><ref name="iasfellows">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy|title=AIS global fellows|work=International AIDS Society|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142144/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy}}</ref> Mbali na kazi ya utafiti, amefundisha kozi juu ya kingamwili ya magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika Taasisi ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ya Afrika ya Nelson Mandela (NM-AIST), huko [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] . Mnamo Januari 2019 alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] kama mhadhiri na mtafiti akifundisha na kufanya utafiti juu ya masomo yanayohusiana na kingamwili ya binadamu. Chachage pia ni [[mjasiriamali]] ambaye alianzisha [[kampuni]] ya kijamii ambayo inasaidia wakulima wadogo wa [[kahawa]] wa Tanzania kupata soko la mavuno yao.<ref name="fvs">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fivesenses.com.au/blog/get-to-know-communal-shamba/|title=Communal shamba|work=Five Senses}}</ref> == Tuzo == * Mwanasayansi bora wa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR) iliyoyolewa na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR) (2018)<ref name="fvs"/> * Mtafiti bora wa kisayanis wa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR) - Kituo cha utafiti cha Mbeya aliyopewa na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR) kwa kutambua kazi zake za utafiti kwenye vimelea vya VVU na TB (2018) * Tuzo ya Mwanasayansi Bora wa Kike ya Dkt. Maria Kamm aliyopewa na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Utafiti wa Tiba (NIMR) (2012)<ref name="udadisi">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1|title=Dr. Maria Kamm Best Woman Scientist Award|work=UDADISI|accessdate=2021-04-15|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140724/http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1}}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * Machapisho ya Mkunde Chachage ya [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-tUGvvoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao Google Scholar] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2021 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] kkdlxyotam9tgpfq4jsuoclpfcvsuog 0 136661 1570936 1518241 2026-06-12T01:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} [[Picha:Ars%26Urbis_International_Workshop_-_Emiliano_Gandolfi_15.JPG|thumb|Mwandishi wa Kameruni, Lionel Manga]] '''Lionel Manga''' ([[Dschang]], [[1 Juni]] [[1955]] - [[Douala]], [[15 Desemba]] [[2024]]<ref>[https://vantaart.com/fr/blog/news/lionel-manga-cameroonian-art-critic-and-exhibition-curator-dies-at-69-46 Lionel Manga, Critique d’Art et Commissaire d’Exposition Camerounais est mort à l’âge de 69 ans]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na mkosoaji wa kitamaduni wa Kameruni. Kitabu chake cha [[2008]], ''L'Ivresse du Papillon'', kinazungumzia wasanii wa kuonekana wa Kameruni kama vile ''Goddy Leye'', ''Guy Wouété'' na ''Joseph-Francis Sumégné'' miongoni mwa wengine.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author= Maud de la Chapelle|title=L'Ivresse du Papillon de Lionel Manga|date=9 September 2009|accessdate=4 July 2015|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=article&no=8876/}}</ref> ==Maisha na kazi == Baada ya masomo yake nchini [[Kamerun]]i na [[Ufaransa]], mnamo Desemba mwaka [[2007]] alishirikiana na msanii wa Ufaransa Philippe Mouillon na kugundua kazi ya "Ngozi za Bend", mkusanyiko wa hadithi za maisha za waendesha-pikipiki-teksi 500 wakati wa tukio la ''SUD Salon Urbain de Douala'' mnamo Desemba mwaka [[2007]]. Mnamo [[2015]] aliongoza "Presence" maonyesho ambayo yalihusu uchoraji, sanamu na upigaji picha na wasanii wa Kameruni huko SCB huko Douala na ilionyeshwa katika maonyesho ya Face-À-Faces, maelezo mafupi kutoka kwa ulimwengu wa kitamaduni katika heshima ya saluni katika Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Abidjan. Tangu mwaka [[2005]], amechapisha katika majarida mbalimbali ya ''francophone: Afrique et Méditerrannée'', ''Local Contemporain, Riveneuve Continents, Politique Africaine'', na ''Douala in translation''. Akiwa na shauku juu ya kupita kwa njia ambayo anafunua katika nakala na safu zake kwa majarida ya Mutations (2001- 2003), Le Messager (2006-2008), mkali huyu wa bure, anayejulikana kwa ukweli wake na ufisadi wa kawaida, ameshirikiana na doual'art kuhusu swali la miji nchini Kameruni, kwa safu wa majadiliano ya Ars & Urbis. Alialikwa kuzungumza kwenye mkutano wa Ex-tension, créations africaines et postcolonialismes huko Rennes mnamo mwaka [[2009]]. Kitabu chake cha kwanza L'Ivresse du papillon. Kuangalia sur le Cameroun kuzingatia. Ombres et lucioles "dans le sillage des plasticiens kilichapishwa mnamo mwaka [[2008]] na nyumba ya uchapishaji ya Edimontagne na Artistafrica. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1955|2024}} [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kamerun]] 4vkawf27h1ov18f1vdq2r2xeljrixhy 0 147934 1570962 1489955 2026-06-12T05:15:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Marina Joubert |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mtafiti Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch |nchi = }} '''Marina Joubert''' ni [[mtafiti]] mkuu wa mawasiliano ya sayansi katika Kituo cha Utafiti na Tathmini, [[Sayansi]] na [[Teknolojia]] (CREST) [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]].<ref name="CMJ">{{cite web |title=Catherina Magdelena (Marina) Joubert |url=http://www0.sun.ac.za/crest/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/cv_joubert.pdf |website=sun.ac.za |publisher=Stellenbosch University |access-date=14 November 2019 |date=June 2019}}</ref> Hapo awali, alikuwa [[meneja]] wa mawasiliano wa Kitaifa wa Utafiti na alisimamia ushauri wake wa kujitegemea wa mawasiliano ya sayansi kwa [[muongo]] mmoja. Mshauri wake aliwasilisha kozi ya kwanza ya mtandaoni ya mawasiliano ya sayansi barani [[Afrika]].<ref name="CT">{{cite AV media| people =Marina Joubert| date =27 July 2019| title =How Anti Vaccination beliefs go viral| language =en| url =http://lifepodcasts.fm/podcasts/72-best-of-weekend-early-breakfast/episode/187951-how-anti-vaccination-beliefs-go-viral| access-date =14 November 2019| format =Podcast| location =Life Podcasts| publisher =Cape Talk| archive-date =2019-11-14| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191114205943/http://lifepodcasts.fm/podcasts/72-best-of-weekend-early-breakfast/episode/187951-how-anti-vaccination-beliefs-go-viral| url-status =dead}}</ref> Joubert ametunukiwa tuzo ya NSTF ya "Mawasiliano kwa ajili ya Ufikiaji na Kujenga Uhamasishaji" na ni mwanachama wa kudumu wa heshima na Mtandao wa Mawasiliano ya Umma wa Sayansi na Teknolojia (PCST) Network ([[Australia]]), iliyotolewa kwa "mchango alioutoa kwa jumuiya ya kimataifa ya mawasiliano ya sayansi. ".<ref name="EA2017">{{cite web | title=International summit on quackery and pseudoscience | website=EurekAlert! | date=25 October 2017 | url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/su-iso102517.php | access-date=14 November 2019 | accessdate=2022-03-19 | archivedate=2019-11-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114205939/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/su-iso102517.php }}</ref><ref name="GuentherJoubert2017">{{cite journal | last=Joubert | first=Marina | last2=Guenther | first2=Lars | title=In the footsteps of Einstein, Sagan and Barnard: Identifying South Africa's most visible scientists | journal=South African Journal of Science | publisher=Academy of Science of South Africa | volume=113 | issue=11/12 | date=29 November 2017 | issn=1996-7489 | doi=10.17159/sajs.2017/20170033 | doi-access=free }}</ref> == Elimu na taaluma == Joubert alipata BSc yake ya Sayansi ya Chakula ( ''Cum Laude'' ) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch mwaka wa [[1984]], ikifuatiwa na BSc Honours ( ''Cum Laude'' ) mwaka [[1986]] na [[Uandishi]] wa Heshima ( ''Cum Laude'' ) mwaka wa [[1987]].<ref name="IE2017">{{cite web | last=Education | first=Inside | title=Who and where are the visible scientists in South Africa? | website=Inside Education Inspiring Minds | date=2 December 2017 | url=https://insideeducation.co.za/visible-scientists-south-africa/ | access-date=14 November 2019 | accessdate=2022-03-19 | archivedate=2019-11-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114205940/https://insideeducation.co.za/visible-scientists-south-africa/ }}</ref> Alihitimu [[Shahada ya uzamili|Shahada]] yake ya [[Uzamili]] ( ''Cum Laude'' ) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]] mwaka [[1989]] na [[shahada ya uzamivu]] (PhD) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch]] mwaka wa [[2018]].<ref name="JMA">{{cite web | title=Science Communication Training | website=Jive Media Africa | date=24 June 2014 | url=https://jivemedia.co.za/science-communication/science-communication-training-we-mind-the-gap/ | access-date=14 November 2019 | archive-date=2022-01-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116134046/https://jivemedia.co.za/science-communication/science-communication-training-we-mind-the-gap/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] hcjpe401122gc92c4dq6y469ijg0usb 0 148275 1571096 1521448 2026-06-12T11:25:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.jpg|thumb|Mujibur Rahman Mwaka 1950]] '''Mujibur Rahman''' (kwa [[Kibengali]]: মুজিবুর রহমান; mara nyingi jina linafupishwa kama '''Mujib'''; anajulikana sana kama '''Bangabandhu'''; [[17 Machi]] [[1920]] - [[15 Agosti]] [[1975]]), alikuwa [[siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa kwanza wa [[Bangladesh]] ambaye baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa [[Rais]] wa Bangladesh na mwanasiasa raia wa kwanza wa Bangladesh kama [[waziri mkuu]] wa Bangladesh kuanzia [[Aprili]] [[1971]] hadi kuuawa kwake Agosti 1975. Mujibur anasifiwa kwa kuongoza kwa mafanikio kampeni ya [[uhuru]] wa Bangladesh kutoka kwa [[Pakistan]]. Anaheshimika nchini Bangladesh kwa jina la heshima la "Bangabandhu" - "Rafiki wa Bengal" ambalo linatumika kote ulimwenguni. Alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi na hatimaye kiongozi wa Awami League, iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa 1949 kama chama cha kisiasa chenye makao yake makuu nchini Pakistani nchini [[Pakistan]]. Mujibur anachukuliwa kuwa mtu wa msingi katika juhudi za kupata uhuru wa kisiasa kwa Pakistan Mashariki na baadaye kama mtu mkuu nyuma ya Vuguvugu la Ukombozi la Bangladesh na Vita vya Ukombozi vya Bangladesh mnamo 1971. Kwa hivyo, anachukuliwa kama "Jatir Janak" au "Jatir Pita" (zote zikimaanisha "Baba wa Taifa") la Bangladesh. Binti yake [[Hasina Wazed]] ndiye kiongozi wa sasa wa [[Awami League|Ligi ya Awami]] na kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose birth centenary Bangladesh is observing today|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-whose-birth-centenary-bangladesh-is-observing-6317512/|work=The Indian Express|date=2020-03-17|accessdate=2022-03-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bangabandhu wanted to establish socialism within democratic state framework: Amu {{!}} Daily Sun {{!}}|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/75909/Bangabandhu-wanted-to-establish-socialism-within-Democratic-state-framework:-Amu|work=daily sun|accessdate=2022-03-22|language=en|author=daily sun|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408183909/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/75909/Bangabandhu-wanted-to-establish-socialism-within-Democratic-state-framework:-Amu|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Bangladesh]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1975]] gcrj6heoclzmpetlil655parbiw0m3r 0 148876 1570942 1364348 2026-06-12T03:04:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tendeka tati.jpg|alt=|thumb|Picha ya Tendekai Tati kwenye Mkahawa wa Vitabu, Harare, Zimbabwe]] '''Philemon Tati''' (anafahamika kwa jina lake la uwanjani Madzitatiguru; alizaliwa [[30 Desemba]], [[1989]]) ni msanii, mwimbaji wa Kiislamu, mwandishi na mchekeshaji wa Zimbabwe. Ni msanii wa kimataifa na mshindi wa mashairi ambaye amekuwa na sehemu yake ya ushindi katika matukio mbalimbali ya Mashahiri nchini [[Zimbabwe]]. .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Poetry|first1=Badilisha|title=Madzitatiguru|url=http://badilishapoetry.com/madzitatiguru/|website=Badilisha Poetry exchange|accessdate=25 April 2016|archive-date=2022-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117040822/https://badilishapoetry.com/madzitatiguru/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Madzitatiguru alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma [[Juni]] [[2011]] katika House of Hunger.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of hunger poetry slam|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/2010/03/100316_strand_slams.shtml|website=BBC world Service|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> Aliendelea kuwa mshindi wa Slam ya mashahiri huko [[Johannesburg]] katika Slam ya Poetry ya Afro Express mnamo mwezi Septemba mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afro Slam Poetry|url=http://wpm2011.org/node/20|website=World Poetry Movement|accessdate=25 April 2016|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525061222/https://wpm2011.org/node/20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alishiriki katika Mashairi Afrika, ambayo ni moja ya maadhimisho makubwa ya Mashairi katika Afrika <ref>{{cite news|last1=Rorvick|first1=Monica|title=Poetry Africa on tour 2012|url=https://poetryafrica.wordpress.com/category/poetry-africa-on-tour-2012/|accessdate=25 April 2016|publisher=Poetry Africa Blog|date=8 October 2012}}</ref> Mwaka [[2014]] Madzitatiguru alitawala Denmark kama msanii wa maneno, akitoa maonyesho pamoja na kuendesha vitabu vya kuandika na maonyesho ndani ya shule na vyuo vikuu vya Denmark. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Chigama|first1=Batsirai|title=a Journey with in copenhagen|url=http://batsiraichigama.co.zw/content/journey-within-copenhagen|website=Batsirai chigama|accessdate=25 April 2016|archivedate=2017-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510064752/http://batsiraichigama.co.zw/content/journey-within-copenhagen}}</ref> == Matukio aliyoshiriki== HIFA 2015, 2014 and 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hifa artists|url=http://www.hifa.co.zw/artists/10/madzitatiguru|website=HIFA|publisher=Hifa|accessdate=25 April 2016|archivedate=2016-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426112142/http://www.hifa.co.zw/artists/10/madzitatiguru}}</ref> Miaka 400 ya Maadhimisho ya Shakespeare yaliyoandaliwa na Baraza la Uingereza Zimbabwe<ref>{{cite news|title=Shona Performances illuminate shakespeare event|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/25/shona-performances-illuminate-shakespeare-event|accessdate=25 April 2016|publisher=Daily News zimbabwe|date=25 April 2016|archivedate=2017-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116124846/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/25/shona-performances-illuminate-shakespeare-event}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sulu returns to city sports Bar|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/22/sulu-returns-to-city-sports-bar|accessdate=25 April 2016|publisher=Daily News Zimbabwe|date=22 April 2016|archivedate=2017-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116112625/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/04/22/sulu-returns-to-city-sports-bar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Antonio|first1=Winstone|title=Weekend Outing|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2016/04/22/weekend-outing-42/|accessdate=25 April 2016|publisher=News Day|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Maadhimisho ya Shoko. == Rekodi ya sauti == *''T.S.I.NE : The S.tru.ggle is Necessary'' (Mixtape of Music and Poetry)(2013) Revibe Music, Harare<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mupotaringa|first1=Micheal|title=Monday Noose and Tsine|url=http://mcpotar.com/zimbabwes-spoken-word-poet-madzitatiguru-s-monday-noose-and-t-s-i-n-e/|website=McPotar.com|publisher=Mcpotar|accessdate=25 April 2016|archivedate=2016-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531121106/http://mcpotar.com/zimbabwes-spoken-word-poet-madzitatiguru-s-monday-noose-and-t-s-i-n-e/}}</ref> *''Far Beyond I : Nzeve dzinonzwa'' (Album of Poetry and Music)(2015) Revibe Music, Harare == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] evpj9lr3xqrv42g9lqxa0qtcit6ectn 0 151238 1570951 1519187 2026-06-12T04:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manispaa ya Mtaa ya Mantsopa''' ni manispaa ya mtaa katika Wilaya ya Thabo Mofutsanyana katika [[Dola Huru|Jimbo Huru]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] . == Asili ya jina == Nabii Mantsopa Makhetha <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/mantsopa-makhetha/|title=Mantsopa Makhetha|date=6 September 2019}}</ref> alikuwa dadake Mfalme [[Moshweshwe I|Moshoeshoe]] ambaye alimfukuza kutoka kwa Ufalme aliposhuku kwamba mamlaka yake yalikuwa makubwa kuliko yake. Alipofika Modderpoort hakukuwa na nyumba na alikaa kwenye pango. Mnamo mwaka wa 1886 kikundi cha wanaume walioitwa The Brotherhood of St Augustine walifika Modderpoort, na Mantsopa akawaweka katika pango lake. Wamisionari waliamua kubaki na wakageuza pango kuwa kanisa. Baadaye Mantsopa alijiunga na kanisa hilo na kubatizwa na kupewa jina la Anna. Kaburi la Mantsopa linaendelea kutembelewa na sadaka bado zimewekwa juu yake au karibu nayo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |title=South African Languages - Place names |accessdate=2022-05-31 |archive-date=2008-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101133146/http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] 58mj8mlxe6lux758wurqw0f49piy4az 1571022 1570951 2026-06-12T08:56:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manispaa ya Mtaa ya Mantsopa''' ni manispaa ya mtaa katika Wilaya ya Thabo Mofutsanyana katika [[Dola Huru|Jimbo Huru]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] . == Asili ya jina == Nabii Mantsopa Makhetha <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za/mantsopa-makhetha/|title=Mantsopa Makhetha|date=6 September 2019}}</ref> alikuwa dadake Mfalme [[Moshweshwe I|Moshoeshoe]] ambaye alimfukuza kutoka kwa Ufalme aliposhuku kwamba mamlaka yake yalikuwa makubwa kuliko yake. Alipofika Modderpoort hakukuwa na nyumba na alikaa kwenye pango. Mnamo mwaka wa 1886 kikundi cha wanaume walioitwa The Brotherhood of St Augustine walifika Modderpoort, na Mantsopa akawaweka katika pango lake. Wamisionari waliamua kubaki na wakageuza pango kuwa kanisa. Baadaye Mantsopa alijiunga na kanisa hilo na kubatizwa na kupewa jina la Anna. Kaburi la Mantsopa linaendelea kutembelewa na sadaka bado zimewekwa juu yake au karibu nayo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |title=South African Languages - Place names |accessdate=2022-05-31 |archive-date=2008-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101133146/http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] 59pvc9js57c7oewrxmwme9w404et19o 0 151645 1571089 1521324 2026-06-12T10:43:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Msitu wa Mchanga wa Kusini mwa Afrika''' ni msitu wa mchanga, au [[jumuiya]] ya [[Mmea|mimea]] ya misitu ya [[kitropiki]] ya misitu ya tropiki na ya tropiki yenye majani mapana yaliyokauka. Inakua kwenye matuta ya mchanga ya zamani kaskazini mwa [[KwaZulu-Natal]] na kusini mwa Msumbiji. Nchini Afrika Kusini misitu hii inajulikana tu kama Msitu wa Mchanga, huku [[Msumbiji]] ikijulikana kama Msitu wa Licuati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ecology at Tembe Elephant National Park - article by Wayne Matthews|url=http://www.africaelephants.com/ecology.htm|work=www.africaelephants.com|accessdate=2022-06-11|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617013618/http://www.africaelephants.com/ecology.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Msitu wa mchanga wa Kusini mwa Afrika ni sehemu ya eneo la [[Mosaiki|mosai]] ya misitu ya pwani ya Maputaland. === Asili === Misitu ya mchanga inadhaniwa kuwa mabaki ya misitu ya miamba ya pwani, ambayo imetenganishwa na bahari kwa zaidi ya miaka milioni moja kwani ufuo umesogea polepole kuelekea mashariki katika kipindi cha milenia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Living Library {{!}} Sand Forest {{!}} Article in Other|url=http://www.wildwatch.com/living_library/other-2/sand-forest|work=web.archive.org|date=2007-08-06|accessdate=2022-06-11|archivedate=2007-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806182947/http://www.wildwatch.com/living_library/other-2/sand-forest}}</ref> Matuta ya mawe yameongezeka katika uwanda wa pwani ya kusini mashariki mwa Afrika tangu Pliocene, na matukio ya mara kwa mara ya kukusanya mchanga wakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yamesababisha kufanyiwa kazi upya kwa mchanga. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:KwaZulu-Natal]] dckdb5li263o8pcve84nv4mcs6wfww4 0 152682 1570881 1515470 2026-06-11T15:10:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania Bara''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Tanzania Prisons Service''', kifupi: '''TPS''') ni [[Jeshi]] la [[Serikali]] ya [[Tanzania]] lenye [[mamlaka]] ya kushughulikia [[gereza|magereza]] ya Tanzania Bara. Majukumu ya jeshi hili ni kutunza, wafungwa na kusimamia urekebishwaji wao . Lilianzishwa rasmi kama Idara Kamili ya Serikali mnamo tarehe 25 mwezi Agosti mwaka 1931. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Historia|url=https://magereza.go.tz/index.php/historia|work=magereza.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-21|archive-date=2022-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621040737/https://magereza.go.tz/index.php/historia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jeshi hili lina makao yake makuu [[Dodoma]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ziara ya MH Rais samia Suluhu Hassan makao makuu ya jeshi la magereza kwaajili ya uzinduzi na uwekaji wa mawe ya msingi katika miradi|url=http://www.magereza.go.tz/index.php/habari/276-ziara-ya-mh-rais-samia-suluhu-hassan-makao-makuu-ya-jeshi-la-magereza-kwaajili-ya-uzinduzi-na-uwekaji-wa-mawe-ya-msingi-katika-miradi|work=www.magereza.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-21|archive-date=2022-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701103818/http://www.magereza.go.tz/index.php/habari/276-ziara-ya-mh-rais-samia-suluhu-hassan-makao-makuu-ya-jeshi-la-magereza-kwaajili-ya-uzinduzi-na-uwekaji-wa-mawe-ya-msingi-katika-miradi|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rais samia aweka mawe ya msingi katika miradi ya jeshi la magereza makao makuu jijini dodoma|url=https://mzalendo.co.tz/2022/03/25/rais-samia-aweka-mawe-ya-msingi-katika-miradi-ya-jeshi-la-magereza-makao-makuu-jijini-dodoma/|work=Mzalendo|date=2022-03-25|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en-US|author=mzalendoeditor}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania {{!}} World Prison Brief|url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/tanzania|work=www.prisonstudies.org|accessdate=2022-06-21}}</ref>. Jeshi la Magereza wakati lilipoanzishwa liliitwa Idara ya Jela ambapo shughuli zake zilibaki kuwa zile za kikoloni za utesaji wa wafungwa pamoja na kazi ngumu bila kujali kama ni ya manufaa kwao au kwa Taifa. Mwaka 1974 yalifanyika maboresho makubwa ya kimuundo, kifikra na kifalsafa katika uendeshaji wa magereza. Maboresho haya yalianzisha huduma za urekebu kwa kuanzisha magereza maalumu ya urekebu pamoja na ofisi za magereza za mikoa. [[Miaka]] ya 1990 lilianzisha dira na dhima yake kulingana na kanuni na viwango vilivyowekwa Kitaifa na Kimataifa. == Historia == === Kipindi cha ukoloni wa Kijerumani === Kanuni ya Jinai ya Dola ya Ujerumani (Kwa [[kiingereza]] "''The Criminal Code Of The German Empire''" ilitoa aina mbalimbali za vifungo - yaani, vifungo vya adhabu, kufungwa, kuwekwa kizuizini kijeshi na kuwekwa kizuizini. Shughuli za magereza wakati wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|Afrika Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] zilihusisha utesaji wa wafungwa, kazi ngumu, kubaguliwa kwa rangi na unyanyasaji.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Criminal Code of the German Empire|last=Drage|first=Geoffrey|date=1885|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|year=January 17, 2005|isbn=978-1584775935|author-link=}}</ref> === Kipindi cha Utawala wa Uingereza === Msingi wa kisheria wa mfumo wa magereza uliofanya kazi wakati wa uhuru wa [[Tanganyika]] unaendana na [[Tangazo la Polisi na Magereza 1919]] na [[Sheria ya Magereza ya 1921]]. Hivi vilikuwa vyombo vya kisheria ambapo [[Waingereza]] walianzisha mfumo wao wa magereza kwa eneo lililokabidhiwa kwao na [[Mkataba wa Versailles]]. Asili ya Huduma ya Magereza inaendana na vifungu muhimu zaidi vya Sheria ya 1921. Mtindo wa kibaguzi na uongozi wa utawala wa kikoloni unaweza kupatikana kutoka sehemu ya 6-8 ambapo maafisa wa magereza wanawekwa katika mpangilio. Kulikuwa na Kamishna, aliyehusika na usimamizi wa magereza katika eneo lote, na Wasimamizi waliopewa usimamizi wa kila gereza. Chini yao walikuwepo askari wa daraja la kwanza na wa daraja la pili wa magereza wa Ulaya, kisha wakaja maofisa wasaidizi wa Kiasia na wazawa, wakifuatiwa na wodi wakuu wa daraja la kwanza, la pili na la tatu, na kuteremka zaidi hadi wa wadi wa darasa la kwanza, la pili, la tatu, la nne, la tano na la sita.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Role of Prisons in Tanzania: An Historical Perspective|last=Williams|first=D|date=1980|publisher=|year=|isbn=|pages=pp. 27-37.|author-link=}}</ref> Viwango vya magereza chini ya Utawala wa Uingereza ni pamoja na: * Kutenganishwa kwa makundi mbalimbali ya wafungwa, wanaume kutoka kwa wafungwa wa kike, wafungwa wa Ulaya kutoka kwa wasio [[Wazungu]], na pia kwa kutenganisha makao ya wafungwa wa kiume chini ya umri wa miaka 16, wafungwa wahalifu wasio na hatia na wafungwa wa kiraia. * Wafungwa waliruhusiwa kutembelewa na marafiki mara moja tu katika kila baada ya miezi 3. Mfumo wa msamaha ulianzishwa ambapo wafungwa wa muda mrefu "wenye mwenendo mzuri, baada ya kukamilika kwa kifungo cha miezi sita, wanaweza kupata msamaha wa moja ya saba ya muda uliobaki wa kifungo chao." * Adhabu kwa utovu wa nidhamu kwa mfungwa kama; kupoteza msamaha, kifungo cha upweke, mlo wa adhabu, kazi ngumu na adhabu ya viboko. * Idadi kubwa ya makosa ya gereza ilitangazwa, arobaini na mbili kwa jumla, ikiwa ni pamoja na vitendo viovu kama vile kukataa kula chakula kilichowekwa na kanuni ya lishe ya wafungwa, kufanya fujo, kutema mate kwenye sakafu yoyote, kulaani, kuapa au kutoa kelele zisizo za lazima, kukashifu na kadhalika na kadhalika. * Pamoja na Sheria ya Magereza, kulikuwa na sheria tanzu inayojulikana kama Kanuni za Magereza (kwa [[kiingereza]] "''Prisons Regulations''"). Kanuni zilieleza kwa undani jinsi magereza yangesimamiwa katika eneo lote. Mnamo 1933, kulikuwa na ujumuishaji na marekebisho ya Sheria ya Magereza ambayo kimsingi ilihifadhi mfumo huu, ingawa kulikuwa na marekebisho kadhaa. Kwa mfano, chini ya kifungu cha 89, ziara kutoka kwa marafiki iliruhusiwa mara moja kwa kila mwezi, na katika sehemu ya l00, mfumo wa msamaha ulizidi kuwa wa ukarimu, msamaha wa asilimia ya hukumu iliyobaki baada ya kukamilika kwa mwezi mmoja. Neno "mlinzi wa jela wa Uropa" liliondolewa. Vinginevyo, mfumo wa magereza ulibaki kama ulivyoanzishwa, na uliendelea kufuata sheria za 1933 hadi 1967. === Zanzibar === Utawala wa magereza Zanzibar ulikuwa sawa na ule wa Tanganyika. Msimamo wa kikatiba ulitofautiana ambapo Mkaazi wa Uingereza badala ya Gavana alianzisha magereza, na Mtukufu Sultani katika Halmashauri Kuu alishiriki katika kutoa Maagizo na sheria tanzu. Hata hivyo, Amri ya Magereza ya 1933 (''Prisons Decree 1933'') , ambayo ilisimamia magereza ya Zanzibar hadi 1972, ilikuwa inaendana na Amri ya Tanganyika ya mwaka huo huo. === Tanzania: Baada ya uhuru === Sera mpya ya kusimamia usimamizi wa magereza ilitolewa. Sera iliyorekebishwa iliwekwa na Kamishna wa kwanza wa Magereza Mwafrika, [[O.K. Rugimbana]]. Kazi ya Uongozi wa Magereza ilikuwa kutayarisha sera mpya inayoendana na fikra za kistaarabu, ili kuifanya itumike sio tu kwa madhumuni ya kuadhibu bali hasa ya kuleta urekebishaji, wenye uwezo wa kuwasaidia wafungwa uwezo wa kiakili na ujuzi wa siku zijazo. Ndani ya mfumo kama huu, sera ya kupeleka wafanyakazi wa magereza katika msingi wa ujenzi wa taifa ilibidi iboreshwe. Sifa ya msingi ya sera mpya ilikuwa kupeleka kila mfungwa aliyepatikana na hatia kwenye kazi yenye tija. Hata hivyo Sheria ya Magereza ya 1967 ina alama zote za kuwa muunganisho wa Sheria ya Magereza ya 1933 na marekebisho yake. Marekebisho madhubuti ni machache. Mabadiliko haya, hata hivyo, hayakuleta uboreshaji mkubwa wa hali ya magereza kwani msisitizo ulibaki kwenye ulinzi salama. Kufungwa kwa wafungwa katika taasisi za ulinzi wa hali ya juu zilizojengwa katika miji mikuu na vituo vya wilaya, kazi ngumu na unyanyasaji. Sera hii ya magereza iliakisi msingi wake wa kifalsafa wa kulipiza kisasi na kutokuwa na uwezo uliokuwapo wakati wote ingawa enzi ya ukoloni wa Wajerumani ulioishia 1919 na enzi ya ulinzi wa Uingereza inayoishia na uhuru mnamo 1961. Kwa upande wa Zanzbar kumekuwa na mwelekeo tofauti, ingawa Zanzibar na Tanganyika ziliungana na kuunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania mwaka 1964. Sheria ya Magereza ya 1933 ilifutwa na Amri ya Elimu ya Wahalifu 1972 ("''Offenders Education Decree 1972''") ambayo ilidai kufuta magereza kabisa na kuanzisha [[Chuo cha Mafunzo Zanzbar]] badala yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rais Mwinyi akitaka Chuo cha Mafunzo zanzibar kujifunza Magereza|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/rais-mwinyi-akitaka-chuo-cha-mafunzo-zanzibar-kujifunza-magereza-3584888|work=Mwananchi|date=2021-10-15|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en}}</ref> === Miaka ya 1970 hadi sasa === Baada ya uhuru, [[Sera mpya ya magereza]] ilitayarishwa ikikumbatia utendaji wa [[haki]] kwa wafungwa kama msingi mkuu wa sera. Lengo lilikuwa ni kuwarekebisha wahalifu kama mchango kwa usalama wa jamii. Kiutendaji, mabadiliko haya ya kifalsafa yalidhihirishwa na:- · Kuanzishwa kwa sheria mpya, [[Sheria ya Magereza ya 1967]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PRISONS ACT {{!}} Subsidiary Legislation|url=https://www.tanzanialaws.com/subsidiary-legislation/prisons-act|work=www.tanzanialaws.com|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2022-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621103000/https://www.tanzanialaws.com/subsidiary-legislation/prisons-act}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Refworld {{!}} Tanzania: Act No. 34 of 1967, Prisons Act, 1967|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5394.html|work=Refworld|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref>ambayo inajumuisha nia ya [[sheria ya kimataifa]] ya kujali haki za msingi za binadamu; Kuanzishwa kwa Magereza kadhaa ya mashamba ya Wazi katika maeneo ya vijijini ambayo yaliteuliwa kuwa vituo vya ubora kwa ajili ya kutoa ujuzi wa kilimo kwa wafungwa na kusambaza huduma hizo kwa jamii zinazowazunguka; Kuanzisha vituo vya mafunzo ya ufundi stadi katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] na [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] kwa ajili ya mafunzo ya ujuzi kwa wafungwa. Mafunzo haya yaliunganishwa na [[VETA|Mamlaka ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi Stadi]] ili vyeti vya wahitimu vitambuliwe; Upanuzi wa miradi ya kiuchumi ndani ya magereza ya zamani yaliyorithiwa kwa ajili ya mafunzo ya ujuzi kwa wafungwa wa muda mrefu; · Uanzishaji wa programu za elimu za ngazi mbalimbali katika magereza ikijumuisha elimu ya msingi ya watu wazima, masomo ya kawaida ya kitaaluma na elimu ya shule ya msingi kwa walioacha shule katika Magereza ya Watoto; na · Kupitishwa kwa mtaala mpya wa mafunzo kwa wafanyakazi wa magereza kulingana na mbinu mpya ambapo uzingatiaji wa haki za binadamu ulisisitizwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tovuti Kuu ya Serikali: Jeshi la Magereza|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/312|work=www.tanzania.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2022-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619174645/https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/312}}</ref> Pamoja na maendeleo haya mapya, hali ya magereza ilianza kupata sura ya kibinadamu zaidi na taswira ya TPS iliimarishwa sana ndani na nje ya nchi kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970. Hadi sasa TPS ina taasisi 126, ofisi za mikoa 21, Vyuo vya Mafunzo ya Watumishi viwili, Vituo vya Mafunzo ya Ufundi Stadi vine na Makao Mkuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tovuti Kuu ya Serikali: Jeshi la Magereza|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/312|work=www.tanzania.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2022-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619174645/https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/312}}</ref> Ofisi za mikoa zinatoa usimamizi wa kiutawala, hali ya kuwa Makao Makuu yanasimamia vituo vyote vya Magereza nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prisons And Imprisonment In Tanzania: A Student’s Guide On The History, Key Issues And Literature|url=http://jabashadrack.blogspot.com/2017/03/prisons-and-imprisonment-in-tanzania.html|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en-us|archive-date=2023-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127234601/https://jabashadrack.blogspot.com/2017/03/prisons-and-imprisonment-in-tanzania.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Magereza yaliyo chini ya Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania Bara ni pamoja na: {| class="wikitable" |- | {| class="wikitable" |- |'''S/NO''' |'''MKOA''' |'''MAGEREZA MAKUU''' |'''MAGEREZA YA WILAYA''' |'''MAGEREZA YA KILIMO''' |'''KAMBI''' |- | rowspan="3" |1 | rowspan="3" |ARUSHA |Arusha | | | |- | | |Mang'ola | |- | |Loliondo | | |- | rowspan="4" |2 | rowspan="4" |DAR ES SALAAM |Ukonga | | |(i) Mvuti (ii) Kimbiji |- |Keko | | | |- |Segerea | | | |- | | |Wazo Hill | |- | rowspan="7" |3 | rowspan="7" |DODOMA | |Kongwa | |Mkoka |- | |Kondoa | | |- | |Mpwapwa | | |- | | |King'ang'a | |- | | |Msalato | |- |Isanga | | | |- | | | | |- | rowspan="7" |4 | rowspan="7" |IRINGA | |Iringa | |(i) Mlolo (ii) Igumbilo |- | | |Isupilo | |- | |Njombe | |(i) Ihanga (ii) Mdandu (iii) Kidewa |- | |Makete | | |- | | |Mgagao | |- | | |Pawaga | |- | | |Ludewa | |- | rowspan="8" |5 | rowspan="8" |KAGERA | |Biharamulo | |Nyarumbungu |- | |Bukoba | | |- | | |Kitengule | |- | |Muleba | | |- | | |Rwamrumba |Nkindo |- | |Ngara | | |- | |Kayanga | |Kihanga |- | | |Rusumo |<nowiki>-- —</nowiki> |- | rowspan="5" |6 | rowspan="5" |KIGOMA | |Bangwe | | |- | | |Ilagala |Burega |- | |Kasulu | |Makere |- | |Kibondo | | |- | | |Kwitanqa | |- | rowspan="4" |7 | rowspan="4" |KILIMANJARO |Karanga | | |Kifaru |- | |Same | | |- | |Rombo | | |- | |Mwanqa | |Shamba Kigonqoni |- | rowspan="5" |8 | rowspan="5" |LINDI | | |Kingurungundwa | |- | |Nachingwea | | |- | |Kilwa | |Mtanga |- |Mah. Lindi | | | |- | |Li wale | | |- | rowspan="3" |9 | rowspan="3" |MANYARA | |Babati | |Magugu |- | |Mbulu | | |- | |Kiteto | | |- | rowspan="6" |10 | rowspan="6" |MARA | | |Mugumu | |- | | |Kiabakari | |- | |Mah. Mugumu | | |- | |Tarime | | |- | |Bunda | | |- | |Musoma | |Butiama |- | rowspan="7" |11 | rowspan="7" |MBEYA | |Mbarali | | |- |Ruanda | | |Kawetele |- | | |Songwe | |- | |Tukuyu | |Kyela |- | | |Ngwala |Mkwajuni |- | |Ileje | | |- | |Mbozi | | |- | rowspan="13" |12 | rowspan="13" |MOROGORO | | |Mkono wa Mara | |- | | |Wami Kuu | |- | | |Mtego wa Simba |Mkumbo |- | | |G/Wanawake | |- | | |Wami Vijana | |- | | | | |- | | |Kihonda | |- | |Kilosa | | |- | |Mahenge | | |- | |Mah. Morogoro | | |- | | |Mbigili | |- | | |Idete | |- | | |Kiberege | |- | rowspan="5" |13 | rowspan="5" |MTWARA |Lilungu | | | |- | |Newala | | |- | |Masasi | | |- | | |Chumvi | |- | | |Namajani | |- | rowspan="7" |14 | rowspan="7" |MWANZA |Butimba | | | |- | |Geita | | |- | |Ukerewe | |Bugorola |- | |Ngudu | |Malya |- | |Magu | | |- | | |Kasungamile |Sengerema |- | | |Butundwe | |- | rowspan="7" |15 | rowspan="7" |PWANI | | |Kigongoni |Kimara |- | |Utete. | | |- | |Mafia | | |- | |Mkuza | | |- | | |Kibiti |Kopea |- | | |Kilombero | |- | | |Ubena |Mgogodo |- | rowspan="6" |16 | rowspan="6" |RUVUMA | | |Kitai | |- | | |Mkwaya | |- | |Mah. Songea | | |- | |Tunduru | | |- | | |Majimaji | |- | |Mbinga mjini | | |- | rowspan="5" |17 | rowspan="5" |RUKWA | | |Kulilankulunkulu | |- | | |Molo | |- | |Mpanda | | |- | |M/Sumbawanga | | |- | |Kitete | | |- | rowspan="4" |18 | rowspan="4" |SINGIDA | |Manyoni | |Chikuyu |- | |Singida | |Singa |- | |Kiomboi | | |- | | |Ushora |Uganda |- | rowspan="8" |19 | rowspan="8" |SHINYANGA | |Shinyanga | |Ning'hwa |- | |Maswa | | |- | |Malya | | |- | |Kahama | | |- | |Bariadi | | |- | | |Kanegele | |- | | |Matongo | |- | |Meatu | | |- | rowspan="6" |20 | rowspan="6" |TABORA |Uyui | | |Kazima Kasisi |- | |Mah. Tabora | | |- | |Nzega | | |- | |Mah.Urambo | | |- | |Igunga | | |- | | |K/Urambo | |- | rowspan="8" |21 | rowspan="8" |TANG A |Maweni | | |Mgwisha |- | |Pangani | |Mivumoni 'C' |- | |Lushoto | |Yoghoi |- | |Mah. Tanga | |Kilulu |- | |Handeni | |Kwabaya |- | | |Kwamngumi | |- | | |Mng'aro | |- | |Korogwe | |Komsala |- | |'''Jumla''' |12 |68 |46 |'''40''' |} |} == Wajibu == Majukumu ya Jeshi la Magereza ni kuchangia katika kuleta, kuendeleza na kudumisha usalama wa jamii nchini kwa kufanya yafuatayo:<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Williams|first=David|date=1980|title=THE ROLE OF PRISONS IN TANZANIA: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766085|journal=Crime and Social Justice|issue=13|pages=27–38|issn=0094-7571}}</ref> * Kuwahifadhi wafungwa wa aina zote wanaowekwa chini ya ulinzi halali kisheria ndani ya magereza. * Kuandaa na kutekeleza programu za urekebishaji wa wahalifu na kuwafundisha wahalifu shughuli za uzalishaji na ujuzi mbalimbali kwa njia ya vitendo na ushauri. * Kuendesha shughuli na huduma za watuhumiwa (Mahabusu) kwa mujibu wa sheria. * Kuchangia katika ushauri wa sera kuhusu uzuiaji na udhibiti wa uhalifu na urekebishaji wahalifu. == Sheria na Kanuni == Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania linaendeshwa kupitia sheria na kanuni zifuatazo: * Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, 1977 (The Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania, 1977);<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tovuti Kuu ya Serikali: Katiba|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/8|work=www.tanzania.go.tz|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2022-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032725/https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/8}}</ref> * Sheria ya Magereza Na. 34 ya 1967 (The Prisons Act, No. 34 of 1967);<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Refworld {{!}} Tanzania: Act No. 34 of 1967, Prisons Act, 1967|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5394.html|work=Refworld|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> * Kanuni za Kifungo cha Nje, 1968 (The Prisons (Extra Mural Employment Regulations, 1968); * Kanuni za Makosa ya Magereza, 1968 (The Prisons (Prison Offences) Regulations, 1968); * Kanuni za Uendeshaji wa Magereza, 1968 (The Prisons (Prison Management) Regulations, 1968; * Kanuni za matumizi ya Pingu, 1968 (The Prison (Restraint of Prisoners Regulations. 1968; * Sheria ya Bodi za Parole, 1994 (The Parole Boards Act, 1994; * Kanuni za Bodi za Parole, 1997 (The Parole Boards Regulations, 1997; * Sheria ya kuhamishiana Wafungwa, 2004 (The Transfer of Prisoners Act,2004; * Kanuni za kuhamishiana Wafungwa, 2004 (The Transfer of Prisoners Regulations, 2004; * Sheria ya Tume ya Haki za Binadamu na Utawala Bora, 2001 (The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Act, 2001; * Sheria ya Tume ya Utumishi wa Jeshi la Polisi na Jeshi la Magereza. 1990 (The Police Force and Prisons Service Commission Act, 1990; * Sheria ya Watoto na Vijana ya Mwaka 1937, sura ya 13 (The Children and Young Persons Ordinance 1937 (Chapter 13 of the Revises Laws); * Kanuni za Watoto na Vijana (Shule Maadilisho) za Mwaka 1945 (The Children and Young Persons (Approved School) Annual Holiday) Rules, 1945); * Sheria ya Uangalizi wa Wahalifu ya Mwaka 1947, Sura ya 247 (The Probation of Offenders Ordinance, 1947 (Chapter 247 of the Revised Laws); * Sheria ya Wakimbizi ya Mwaka, 1998 (The Refugees Act, 1998); * Sheria ya Kutangaza Uangalizi wa Wahalifu, 1950 – 1961 (The Probation of Offenders Proclamations, 1950 – 1961); * Sheria ya Kima chini cha Adhabu za Makosa ya Jinai ya Mwaka 1972 (The Minimum Sentences Act, 1972); * Sheria kwa Huduma kwa Jamii, 2002 (The Community Service Regulations, 2002); * Sheria ya Utumishi wa Jeshi la Magereza Mwaka 1997 (The Prisons Service Regulations, 1997); * Sheria Utumishi wa Umma ya Mwaka 2002 (The Public Service Act, 2002); * Kanuni za Kudumu za Jeshi la Magereza, Toleo la 4 la 2003 (Prison Standing Prders (4th Edition 2003). == Viongozi == Baada ya kupatikana kwa Uhuru wa Tanzania Bara, Jeshi la Magereza liliendelea kuongozwa na Kamishna wa Magereza Muingereza, Bw. Patric. Manley hadi mwaka 1962 Jeshi hili lilipoanza kuongozwa na wazalendo. Mtiririko wa Uongozi huo ni kama ifuatavyo: #Kamishna P. Manley - 1955 – 1962 #Kamishna O.K.Rugimbana - 1962 – 1967 #Kamishna R.Nyamka - 1967 – 1974 #Kamishna Mkuu R. Nyamka - 1974 – 1978 #Kamishna Mkuu A.B Mwaijande - 1978 – 1978 #Kamishna Mkuu G.G.Geneya - 1979 – 1983 #Kamishna Mkuu S.A. Mwanguku - 1983 – 1992 #Kamishna Mkuu J.H. Mangara - 1992 - 1996 #Kamishna Mkuu O.E.Malisa - 1996 - 2002 #Kamishna Mkuu N.P. Banzi - 2002 - 2007 #Kamishna Mkuu A. N.Nanyaro - 2007 – 2012 #Kamishna Jenerali J.C. Minja - 2012 - 2017 #Kamishna Jenerali Dr. Juma A. Malewa - 2017 - 2018 #Kamishna Jenerali CGP. Phaustine M. Kasike - 2018 - 2020 #Kamishna Jenerali CGP Mej. Jen. Suleiman M. Mzee - 2020 - 2022 #Kamishna Jenerali CGP Mzee R. Nyamka -2022 - 2024 #Kamishna Jenerali CGP. Jeremiah Yoram Katungu - Julai 28, 2024 Hadi Sasa == Shirika la magereza == Shirika la Magereza lilianzishwa mwaka 1983 kwa Sheria ya Bunge namba 23 ya mwaka 1974 (the Corporation Sole Act No. 23/1974)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CORPORATIONS SOLE (ESTABLISHMENT) ACT {{!}} Subsidiary Legislation|url=https://www.tanzanialaws.com/subsidiary-legislation/corporations-sole-establishment-act|work=www.tanzanialaws.com|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2022-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621195701/https://www.tanzanialaws.com/subsidiary-legislation/corporations-sole-establishment-act}}</ref> chini ya kifungu cha 3(1) na kanuni zake za mwaka 1983. Shirika linazalisha mali katika mwelekeo wa kibiashara ili kupata faida na kujitegemea kiuchumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=KAMISHNA JENERALI WA MAGEREZA SULEIMAN MZEE AKABIDHI MALORI MATATU SHIRIKA LA UZALISHAJI MALI LA MAGEREZA (SHIMA) DODOMA|url=https://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/2020/06/kamishna-jenerali-wa-magereza-suleiman.html|work=MICHUZI BLOG|accessdate=2022-06-21|author=Michuzi Blog}}</ref> Malengo ya shirika la magereza ni pamoja na: * Chombo cha urekebishaji wafungwa kuwafundisha stadi za kazi na kuwaongezea ujuzi kwa wale ambao tayari wana ujuzi. * Kuendesha shughuli zake kiuchumi na kibiashara kwa kujitegemea (Revolving fund). * Kuipunguzia Serikali mzigo wa gharama za uendeshaji wa Magereza. Shirika la magereza lina vitengo vitatu ambavyo ni Ujenzi na Ukaraba, Kilimo, Mifungo na Mazingira na Viwanda vidogovidogo. Shirika lina jumla ya miradi 27, kati ya hiyo miradi 16 ni ya kilimo na mifugo na 11 ni ya viwanda vidogo vidogo, pia zipo shughuli za mradi wa Kikosi cha Ujenzi zinazosimamiwa na shirika. '''(i) Miradi ya Kilimo na Mifugo''' {| class="wikitable" |1 |Mradi wa Maziwa KPF |- |2 |Mradi wa Nyama Mbigiri |- |3 |Mradi wa Mahindi Songwe<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Magereza Mbeya yanavyotumika kurekebisha tabia ya mwanadamu|url=https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/magereza-mbeya-yanavyotumika-kurekebisha-tabia-ya-mwanadamu.aspx|work=habarileo.co.tz|accessdate=2022-07-29|language=en|author=Tanzania Standard Newspapers Ltd|archivedate=2022-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729212554/https://habarileo.co.tz/habari/magereza-mbeya-yanavyotumika-kurekebisha-tabia-ya-mwanadamu.aspx}}</ref> |- |4 |Mradi wa Kilimo na Mifugo Kitengule |- |5 |Mradi wa Mitamba Mugumu |- |6 |Mradi wa Kilimo Mollo |- |7 |Mradi wa Kilimo Ludewa |- |8 |Mradi wa Kilimo na Mifugo Isupilo |- |9 |Mradi wa Kilimo Kiberege |- |10 |Mradi wa Kilimo Idete Morogoro |- |11 |Mradi wa Kilimo Kitai |- |12 |Mradi wa Kilimo Mkwaya |- |13 |Mradi wa Kilimo Bagamoyo |- |14 |Mradi wa Kilimo Mang’ola |- |15 |Mradi wa Kilimo Arusha |- |16 |Mradi wa Kuku Ukonga |} '''(ii) Miradi ya viwanda vidogo vidogo''' {| class="wikitable" |1 |Kiwanda cha Ushonaji Ukonga |- |2 |Mradi wa Viatu Karanga |- |3 |Mradi wa Uhunzi KPF |- |4 |Mradi wa Mbao Uyui |- |5 |Mradi wa Samani Arusha |- |6 |Kiwanda cha Seremala Ukonga |- |7 |Mradi wa Sabuni Ruanda |- |8 |Mradi wa Chumvi Lilungu |- |9 |Karakana ya Ukarabati wa Magari-Ukonga |- |10 |Mradi wa Kokoto Msalato |- |11 |Mradi wa Kokoto Wazo |} == Ushirikiano Kimataifa == Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania ni miongoni mwa wachangiaji wa Maofisa warekebishaji kwenye shughuli za utunzaji wa Amani Umoja wa Mataifa katika eneo la urekebishaji. Kuanzishwa kwa huduma hii ni katika kutimiza mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu usimamizi wa urekebishaji unaohitaji nchi zinazoshiriki katika shughuli za utunzaji wa amani kutoa wataalamu wenye ujuzi wa kufufua Taasisi za Magereza zilizobomolewa katika nchi zilizopigana. Jeshi la Magereza lilianza shughuli za kutunza amani za umoja wa Mataifa mwaka 2009 kwa kupeleka Maofisa kwenye maeneo yaliyopigana kama vile [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Liberia]] pamoja na [[Sudan ya Kusini|Sudani ya Kusini]] na [[Sudan]]. Pia limeshiriki kwenye huduma nyingine za urekebishaji barani Afrika katika Programu za kubadilishana wataalamu na nchi mbalimbali kwa ajili ya Mafunzo. Nchi hizo ni pamoja na[[Malaysia]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Namibia]]. Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania limefanya mikataba ya Uhamishaji wa wafungwa na nchi za [[Mauritius]], [[Zambia]], [[Namibia]] pamoja na [[Thailand]]. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://magereza.go.tz/ {{Wayback|url=https://magereza.go.tz/ |date=20220618105502 }} - Tovuti ya Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania Bara *https://www.shima.go.tz/#{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Tovuti ya Shirika la Magereza [[Jamii:Jeshi la Tanzania]] 9gg2gnensh9gh5sg13j528v9lnrzvqw 0 160595 1571078 1521116 2026-06-12T10:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monica Anderson''' ni mwanasayansi wa kompyuta wa Marekani ambaye ni Profesa Mshiriki wa Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Alabama]]. Anderson anafanya kazi kwenye robotiki, kwa kuzingatia mifumo ya mawakala wengi, mifumo ya roboti nyingi na miingiliano ya watumiaji. Anderson alipokea Tuzo ya ubora katika maelekezo la UPE mwaka wa 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cra.org/crae/monica-anderson/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815200948/https://cra.org/crae/monica-anderson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> na aliratibu Warsha ya AAAI 2008 kuhusu Uhamaji na Udhibiti<ref>https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2208</ref> katika Mkutano wa Ishirini na Tatu wa AAAI kuhusu Akili Bandia. == Elimu == Anderson alipata B.S. shahada ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la [[Chicago]] mwaka wa 1990, [3] na PhD katika Sayansi ya Kompyuta na Uhandisi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Minnesota]] mwaka wa 2006.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://cs.ua.edu/people/manderson/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archivedate=2021-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125081212/http://cs.ua.edu/people/manderson/ }}</ref> == Utafiti == Anderson ni mkurugenzi wa ''Distributed Autonomy Lab'' katika Idara ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Alabama]], ambayo inajumuisha miradi kadhaa inayohusiana na mawakala mbalimbali na mifumo ya roboti nyingi na miingiliano ya watumiaji, na athari zake kwenye uaminifu. Matokeo kutoka kwa miradi hii ni pamoja na utambuzi wa mambo ya kupunguza imani ya waendeshaji kwa mifumo inayojitegemea, mbinu za kuongeza ufanisi katika kozi za utangulizi za sayansi ya kompyuta kwa kutumia robotiki, na mbinu za kuboresha muundo wa mifumo ya vifaa vinavyojitegemea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cra.org/crae/monica-anderson/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815200948/https://cra.org/crae/monica-anderson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] k4239ug7nlz1k6k27re3tw06dtnavyv 0 173798 1570914 1296932 2026-06-11T21:05:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Annette Robertson''' (amezaliwa 10 Machi 1957) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa mbio za mwendo kasi kutoka New Zealand. Alimwakilisha [[New Zealand]] katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola mara tatu, Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ndani mara moja, Kombe la Dunia la IAAF mara tatu, na Michezo ya Pacific Conference mara tatu. Pia aliteuliwa kwenye timu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya [[Moscow]] ya mwaka 1980 katika mbio za mita 400 lakini hakushiriki kwa sababu serikali ya New Zealand iliamua kususia hafla hiyo. == Maisha ya Awali == Robertson alizaliwa tarehe 10 Machi 1957, akiwa mtoto wa kati wa Maurice Robertson<ref>[https://archive.today/20120911135536/http://www.nzrl.co.nz/legends-of-league.aspx "Legends of Legue" History. New Zealand Rugby League. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012] iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 03/08/2023</ref> na Eileen Hobcraft, huko Mt Eden, eneo la [[Auckland]]. Wazazi wake wote walikuwa wanariadha hodari. Baba yake alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya rugby ya New Zealand katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950 na aliteuliwa kuingia kwenye Ukumbi wa Washindi wa Ligi ([[Hall of Fame]]) mwaka 2000. Mama yake alikuwa mwanariadha wa mbio za mwendo kasi, na pia alicheza netiboli na mpira wa kikapu kwa mkoa wa Auckland. Robertson alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya [[Epsom]] huko Auckland, na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Teknolojia|Teknolojia ya Mashariki,]] Idara ya [[Kilimo|Kilimo cha Mizabibu]] na Uzalishaji wa Divai, Napier, [[New Zealand|New Zealand.]] == Kazi ya michezo == Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba, alijiunga na Hillsborough Junior Athletic Club na hakupoteza mashindano ya mbio fupi tangu wakati huo hadi miaka 13. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, alishiriki katika Mbio za Watoto za [[Auckland]] na kufanikiwa kushinda kila tukio aliloshiriki - mita 75, mita 100, kuruka mbali na kuruka juu. Baadaye, alishiriki katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Epsom Girls 'Grammar ambapo alishinda Mashindano ya kwanza ya Wanafunzi wa Sekondari ya New Zealand katika mbio fupi za wasichana katika mita 100 na 200, rekodi ambazo zimebaki kwa zaidi ya miaka 25. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 na bado yupo shuleni, alishiriki katika Timu ya New Zealand kwenye Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya [[Christchurch]] mwaka 1974. Baadaye, alijiunga na kocha Tom McIntyre na akawa bingwa katika mashindano ya kitaifa ya New Zealand katika mbio fupi za mita 100, 200 na 400, akishinda majina 32 kuanzia 1976 hadi 1984. Aliposukuma hadi mita 400, alishinda mataji sita ya mita 400 na kuvunja rekodi ya Auckland. Mwaka 1980, alivunja rekodi ya New Zealand kwa mbio za mita 400 na kuwa ya 12 ulimwenguni. <ref>[http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder |date=20200317153054 }} New Zealand National Records<sup>[''permanent dead link''<nowiki>]</nowiki></sup>. NZSSA. Retrieved on 2016-02-20.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder |date=20200317153054 }} iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 03/08/2023</ref> Kwa bahati mbaya, timu ya New Zealand haikushiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Moscow mwaka 1980, kwa hivyo hakuweza kushiriki. Alikuwa wa tano katika mbio za mita 400 kwenye Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola mwaka 1982. Mwaka 1985, alishiriki kwenye Mashindano ya Kwanza ya Ndani ya Dunia huko [[Paris, Ufaransa]], akishinda medali ya shaba katika mita 200. Kwenye miezi ya baridi, alifanya vizuri katika mchezo wa mpira wa wavu, akiiwakilisha Auckland kwenye mashindano kadhaa na kushinda mashindano ya A Grade ya [[Auckland]] kwa michezo ya ndani ya mpira wa wavu mwaka 1978. ==Kazi ya Ukocha== Baada ya kustaafu michezo ya ushindani, Robertson alihama kwenda mji mdogo wa South Island wa Nelson na akawa kocha wa vijana wengi wanaosukuma na kuruka. Brent Stebbings alishinda taji la kuruka mara 3 mfululizo la New Zealand Secondary Schools akitumia mtindo wa mafunzo ya mbio/kuruka ya Robertson yenye ubunifu. Robertson pia alifundisha wachezaji wa hoki, kikapu, na soka, wakimbiaji wa marathon, na wanamichezo wa Olimpiki Maalum kwa kipindi cha miaka 20. Sasa akiishi [[California|California, Marekani,]] anaendelea kujihusisha na mafunzo ya kasi kwa riadha na soka. == Heshima == Mwanamichezo wa Mwaka wa [[New Zealand]] - 1980 Mwanamichezo wa Mwaka wa [[North Shore]] - 1985 Kapteni wa Kufuatilia wa Shule ya Wasichana ya Epsom - 1973-1975 {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:wanariadha wa New Zealand]] kwis4jufavkveqbdfxu5qqvmhqljnd9 0 192376 1570842 1369278 2026-06-11T12:10:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imane Chebel''' (amezaliwa [[Kanada]], [[25 Machi]], [[1995]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] ambaye aliwahi kucheza kama [[beki]] katika klabu ya ligi ya wanawake ya Wellington Phoenix FC. Anachezea timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya [[Algeria]] katika kiwango cha kimataifa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://footeuses.com/fleury-attire-linternationale-algerienne-imane-chebel/|title=Fleury attire l’internationale algérienne Imane Chebel|language=fr|date=19 July 2021|website=footeuses.com|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/stade-brestois/stade-brestois-d2f-des-changements-dans-l-effectif-des-feminines-08e564a4-1ef1-11ed-87e6-ec5e03fce8f7|title=Stade Brestois (D2F). Des changements dans l’effectif des féminines|language=fr|date=19 August 2022|website=ouest-france.fr|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flamengo.com.br/noticias/futebol-feminino/bem-vinda--imane-chebel-|title=Bem-vinda, Imane Chebel!|language=pt|date=1 April 2024|website=flamengo.com|publisher=[[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo (women)|Flamengo]]|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://africafootunited.com/bresil-flamengo-annonce-la-signature-de-lalgerienne-imane-chebel/|title=Brésil : Flamengo annonce la signature de l’algérienne Imane Chebel|language=fr|date=2 April 2024|website=africafootunited.com|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127124731/https://africafootunited.com/bresil-flamengo-annonce-la-signature-de-lalgerienne-imane-chebel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] 51upplqr9p7cufo2yaalfjircss7852 0 193934 1570950 1519175 2026-06-12T04:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Leonardo Gómez''' (aliyezaliwa Machi 30, [[1987]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kitaaluma wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye alichezea timu ya Atlético Jorge Griffa.<ref>[http://www.bigsoccer.com/forum/showthread.php?p=18161029 Canucks Abroad @ bigsoccer.com]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cansoc.org/showthread.php?40436-The-New-Mother-Of-All-Canadians-Abroad/page14 |title=The New Mother Of All Canadians Abroad |accessdate=2024-12-10 |archive-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315090657/http://www.cansoc.org/showthread.php?40436-The-New-Mother-Of-All-Canadians-Abroad/page14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://futbolbasebinefar.futbolaragon.com/pnfg/NFG_CmpPartido?cod_primaria=1000120&CodActa=169858 Binefar Futbol base-Ficha Partido - portada]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] gs1nwx3y6axs6s7fla0l81xsqewrjb1 0 196142 1570841 1382497 2026-06-11T12:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilias Iliadis''' (alizaliwa Kanada, Machi 21, [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa kitaalamu wa soka anayecheza kama kiungo kwa timu ya Atlético Ottawa katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Kanada]], akicheza kwa mkopo kutoka timu ya CF Montréal ya Ligi kuu ya Soka. Aliiwakilisha [[Ugiriki]] katika ngazi ya vijana kimataifa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.com/life/olympic-flame-boys-take-top-spot-at-st-catharines-soccer-tourney/article_065978e7-94cc-5eed-9bd5-adc58bdcc87c.html|title=Olympic Flame boys take top spot at St. Catharines soccer tourney|date=July 30, 2010|work=[[Scarborough Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/sports/soccer/mls/club-de-foot-montreal/cf-montreal-signs-toronto-born-midfielder-to-two-year-deal|title=CF Montréal signs Toronto-born midfielder to two-year deal|date=January 13, 2023|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|accessdate=2025-01-06|archive-date=2023-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113220529/https://montrealgazette.com/sports/soccer/mls/club-de-foot-montreal/cf-montreal-signs-toronto-born-midfielder-to-two-year-deal|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2001|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 9gfi3vm4rqpdjus4reu2pgkatzuc4uf 0 207646 1570978 1501254 2026-06-12T06:58:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Merveille Mbemba''' ni mwanasoka wa kimataifa wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa CSF Bikira na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Rédaction|title=Éliminatoires JO de Tokyo dames : Cameroun vs RD Congo : 2-0|url=https://www.leopardsfoot.com/eliminatoires-jo-de-tokyo-dames-cameroun-vs-rd-congo-2-0/|date=2019-10-03|accessdate=2023-05-06}}.</ref> == Wasifu == === Kazi ya klabu === Merveille Mbemba alicheza hadi mwaka 2019 katika klabu ya '''Promesse Star'''; tangu mwaka 2020, ameendelea kucheza katika '''CSF Bikira'''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Admin|title=Sport-Éliminatoires Football Dames JO Tokyo 2020 : Tanzanie vs RDC, Marcelo Kadiamba publie une liste de 20 joueuses|url=https://nzadinews.net/j-o-2020-voici-les-20-leopards-dames-attendues-en-tanzanie/|date=2019-04-03|accessdate=2023-05-06|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127125424/https://nzadinews.net/j-o-2020-voici-les-20-leopards-dames-attendues-en-tanzanie/|url-status=dead}}.</ref> . === Kazi ya kimataifa === Merveille Mbemba alicheza mwaka wa 2015 na timu ya taifa ya vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 20, haswa akicheza mechi za kufuzu kwa Kombe la Dunia la Soka la Wanawake chini ya miaka 20 mwaka 2016. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mediacongo.net//article-actualite-10136.html|title=Les Léopards dames surclassent (5-0) les Panthères en préliminaires africains de la Coupe du Monde Féminine U-20|date=18 mai 2005|accessdate=7 mai 2023|archive-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509032021/https://www.mediacongo.net//article-actualite-10136.html/|url-status=dead}}.</ref> . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] r7bn74xejjk3bcbblre80kfy5j1to7r 4 208508 1570893 1570824 2026-06-11T16:13:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1570893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-11) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-11)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 648 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2792 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1144 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1811 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1018 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 809 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34921 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29122 || ↓ -13.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 169.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2792 || ↓ -13.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1144 || ↑ +3.5% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1008 || ↑ +24.9% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 794 || ↑ +47.0% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +71.5% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 703 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 648 || ↑ +6.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 517 || ↓ -2.1% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 500 || ↑ +1462.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.1% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 109 || 7.5% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 9mbtmmlcimyhigta3vjgr7qlb8piztl 1570894 1570893 2026-06-11T16:14:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1570894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-11) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-11)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 648 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2792 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1144 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1811 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1018 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 809 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34923 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29122 || ↓ -13.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 169.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2792 || ↓ -13.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1144 || ↑ +3.5% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1008 || ↑ +24.9% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 794 || ↑ +47.0% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +71.5% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 703 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 648 || ↑ +6.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 517 || ↓ -2.1% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 500 || ↑ +1462.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.1% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 111 || 7.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} cxcwsvh0d18er4rnc5jb0iwo2i3rvfw 1570911 1570894 2026-06-11T20:30:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1570911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-11) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-11)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 648 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2792 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1144 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1811 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1018 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 809 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 502 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34924 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28330 || ↓ -13.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 164.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2792 || ↓ -13.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1144 || ↑ +3.5% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1008 || ↑ +24.9% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 794 || ↑ +47.0% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +71.5% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 703 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 648 || ↑ +6.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 517 || ↓ -2.1% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 500 || ↑ +1462.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 112 || 7.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} fx651ckhi8aanmydxbbxux0e64ywfx5 1570912 1570911 2026-06-11T20:32:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1570912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-11) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-11)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 648 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 703 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2792 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1144 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1811 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1008 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 242 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 794 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 462 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34924 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28330 || ↓ -13.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 164.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2792 || ↓ -13.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1144 || ↑ +3.5% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1008 || ↑ +24.9% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 794 || ↑ +47.0% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +71.5% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 703 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 648 || ↑ +6.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 517 || ↓ -2.1% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 500 || ↑ +1462.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 112 || 7.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 2706qhd541eesgf1j6u5917lcbqs4qj 1570954 1570912 2026-06-12T04:24:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1570954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-12) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-12)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 647 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2755 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1197 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1682 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 933 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 790 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 508 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 730 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 412 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 424 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34924 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28330 || ↓ -13.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 164.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2792 || ↓ -13.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1144 || ↑ +3.5% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1008 || ↑ +24.9% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 794 || ↑ +47.0% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +71.5% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 703 || ↓ -0.3% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 648 || ↑ +6.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 517 || ↓ -2.1% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 500 || ↑ +1462.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 112 || 7.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} d4ctazmo1pr16z9zzxzf111057sgzjq 1570957 1570954 2026-06-12T04:44:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1570957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-12) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-12)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 647 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2755 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1197 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1682 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 933 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 790 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 508 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 730 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 705 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 412 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 354 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 424 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34926 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29234 || ↓ -14.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 170.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2755 || ↓ -15.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1197 || ↑ +10.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 933 || ↑ +10.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 790 || ↑ +81.6% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 730 || ↑ +58.7% |- | 6 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.6% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 647 || ↑ +5.9% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 508 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 499 || ↓ -9.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 114 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} nvvep8k2zlmcjjt8jzwy82p63ifisph 1571085 1570957 2026-06-12T10:23:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1571085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-12) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-12)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 647 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2755 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1197 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1682 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 955 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 790 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 508 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 730 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 726 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 412 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34926 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29234 || ↓ -14.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 170.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2755 || ↓ -15.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1197 || ↑ +10.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 933 || ↑ +10.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 790 || ↑ +81.6% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 730 || ↑ +58.7% |- | 6 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.6% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 647 || ↑ +5.9% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 508 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 499 || ↓ -9.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 114 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 23cow328z1ugcr5sq7nu480cdhk5vn0 1571086 1571085 2026-06-12T10:24:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1571086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157<sup>2.0</sup></i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-12) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-12)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 647 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 728 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2755 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1197 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1682 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 955 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 790 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 508 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 730 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 726 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 412 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34926 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29234 || ↓ -14.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 170.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2755 || ↓ -15.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1197 || ↑ +10.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 933 || ↑ +10.7% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 790 || ↑ +81.6% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 730 || ↑ +58.7% |- | 6 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.8% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 705 || ↑ +11.6% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 647 || ↑ +5.9% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 508 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 10 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 499 || ↓ -9.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 659 || 45.0% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.9% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 114 || 7.8% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 9ccxlrpha7puxsn4h3u0ak1utt7pq25 0 215630 1570983 1510614 2026-06-12T07:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Michel Sogny b.jpg|thumb|Michel Sogny]] '''Michel Sogny''' ([[21 Novemba]] 1947, [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], [[Ufaransa]]) ni mpiga piano, mtunzi na mwandishi wa Kifaransa wa asili ya [[Kihungaria]]. Aliunda mbinu mpya ya kufundisha piano.<ref>Valérie Sasportas (23 April 2010). [http://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2010/04/22/03005-20100422ARTFIG00623-michel-sogny-la-musique-sans-soupir-.php «&nbsp;Michel Sogny, La musique sans soupirs&nbsp;»]. ''[[Le Figaro]]''.</ref><ref>Radio Classique (December 2015). [http://www.radioclassique.fr/actu-classique/dossiers/dossiers-detail/lart-et-la-methode-de-michel-sogny.html "L’art et la Méthode de Michel Sogny"].</ref> Mbinu yake imewapa nafasi wanafunzi wengi wa umri wote kufurahia kujifunza ala hii, kwani kupiga piano kwa ujumla kunachukuliwa kuwa hakifikiiki ikiwa hakifundishwi wakati wa utoto.<ref>«&nbsp;L'histoire d'une adulte prodige&nbsp;», Piano n°19, 2005–2006.</ref> ==Wasifu== Michel Sogny alihudhuria École Normale de Musique de Paris, ambapo alifuatilia masomo ya piano chini ya uongozi wa Jules Gentil na Yvonne Desportes. Ana shahada ya uzamili katika saikolojia, shahada ya kwanza katika fasihi na shahada ya uzamivu katika falsafa,<ref>''Le Processus de l'esprit créateur chez Liszt'' {{SUDOC|040853942}}</ref> ambayo aliikamilisha katika Sorbonne mnamo 1974 chini ya uongozi wa Vladimir Jankélévitch. Michel Sogny ni mwanzilishi wa Shirika la SOS Talents. Pamoja na Valéry Giscard d'Estaing na mjukuu mkubwa wa Franz Liszt, Blandine Ollivier de Prévaux, Sogny alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama waanzilishi wa Chama cha Kifaransa cha Franz Liszt.<ref>Association française Franz Liszt 1972 », Documentation Association Franz Liszt,‎ octobre 1972</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Une Association Franz Liszt|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=16 October 1973|page=29|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/60784876@N06/49472640182/in/dateposted-public}}</ref> ==Mbinu ya piano ya Michel Sogny== Mbinu ya Sogny inafundishwa katika shule zake huko [[Paris]] na [[Geneva]]. Tangu 1974, zaidi ya wanafunzi 20,000 wamejifunza ustadi wa piano kwa mbinu ya Sogny.<ref>{{cite news |first=Thierry |last=Hillériteau|title=Les antiques accords de Michel Sogny|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2 May 2014|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2014/05/02/10001-20140502ARTFIG00286-les-antiques-accords-de-michel-sogny.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=L'HUMANISTEDE LA MUSIQUE|date=18 May 2017|url=https://studylibfr.com/doc/5076546/de-la-musique---%C3%A9ditions-michel-de-maule}}</ref> Mbinu hiyo ina vijenzi vikuu viwili: kazi za kufundishia – Prolegomena, ambazo zinawakilisha mazoezi madogo.<ref>François Lancel, "En avant la musique", ''Le Parisien'',‎ mai 1981</ref> Prolegomena huendeleza ufahamu wa simfonia ya muziki na sauti.<ref>Stephan Friedrich, ''"L'Art et la Méthode", Classica L'Express"'',‎ décembre 2015, p. 4</ref> Mwelekeo wa pili una mfululizo wa masomo ya kina, ambapo umakini unalenga maendeleo ya ujuzi wa kiufundi, kama vile ishara za mikono na nafasi.<ref>Georges Hilleret, "Le bonheur de jouer Bach après quelques mois de pratique", Télé 7 Jours,‎ 26 mai 1984</ref> Mmoja wa wanafunzi wa Sogny, ambaye alianza kujifunza piano akiwa tayari mtu mzima, alikuwa profesa wa lugha ya Kifaransa Michel Paris.<ref>Stephan Friedrich, ''"Michèle Paris – L'adulte prodige"'', Classica L'Express,‎ décembre 2014, p. 9</ref> Baada ya kukamilisha kozi ya mbinu ya miaka 4 ya Sogny, akiwa na umri wa miaka 30 alitoa tamasha la pekee katika Théâtre des Champs-Élysées chini ya ulinzi wa Wizara ya Utamaduni.<ref>Edgar Schneider, ''"Jours de France"'', Le Carnet de la Semaine,‎ 3 mai 1980</ref> Mwanafunzi mwingine mwenye mafanikio wa Michel Sogny alikuwa Claudine Zévaco, ambaye alitoa maonyesho katika Théâtre des Champs-Élysées mnamo 1983 na 1984.<ref>"En Bref- Récital à la Fondation Cziffra", ''Le Monde'',‎ 26 mai 1984</ref> Mnamo 1981, Seneti iliwasiliana rasmi na Waziri wa Utamaduni, Jack Lang, kujadili kuanzishwa kwa mbinu ya Michel Sogny katika [[Ufaransa]] mzima.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enseignement de la musique : extension du centre Michel Sogny – Sénat|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/60784876@N06/25294925464}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.michelsogny.ch/ Michel Sogny Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.michelsogny.ch/ |date=20221017174615 }} * [https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/michel-sogny-l-art-de-la-resilience-20220605 Michel Sogny, l’art de la résilience] [[Le Figaro]] * [http://www.academie-michel-sogny.ch Michel Sogny Academy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.academie-michel-sogny.ch/ |date=20221017174620 }} * [http://www.michelsogny.com Michel Sogny Personal Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.michelsogny.com/ |date=20220508032616 }} * [http://www.sos-talents.ch SOS Talents Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sos-talents.ch/ |date=20221021030101 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822211931/http://www.artchipel.net/fr/compositeur/sogny-michel/ Works at Artchipel] * [https://www.laflutedepan.com/recherche?Effiltre=1&Effiltre2=0&tri=0&page=0001&boutique=&instrument=&style=&motcle=michel+sogny laflutedepan.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sogny, Michel }} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]] jj4j9adslgbyu1p3509b8qm2cj6ubfl 0 216511 1570848 1514771 2026-06-11T12:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Isabella Matambanadzo|picha=Isabella_Matambanadzo.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=5/6/1973|asili yake=Pelandaba, [[Zimbabwe]]|kazi yake=mwandishi|uraia=Zimbabwe}} '''Isabella (Bella) Matambanadzo''' (alizaliwa [[5 Juni]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{Citation|title=THE GONJON PIN BOOK REVIEW - Elle South Africa|date=2014-09-10|url=http://www.elle.co.za/gonjon-pin-book-review/|work=Elle South Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-25|archive-date=2018-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102355/http://www.elle.co.za/gonjon-pin-book-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia na [[usawa wa kijinsia]], anayehusishwa na Jukwaa la Wanaharakati wa Kike wa Kiafrika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Isabella Matambanadzo|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/isabella-matambanadzo/|work=African Feminist Forum|date=2016-03-19|accessdate=2025-10-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Akiwa na uzoefu katika uandishi wa habari za [[magazeti]], [[redio]], na [[televisheni]], ametumia [[vyombo vya habari]] kukuza kusikika kwa sauti za [[wanawake]]. Pia ana uzoefu katika kuripoti habari za dharura barani Afrika, baada ya kufanya kazi na [[Shirika]] la Habari la Reuters kati ya mwaka [[1999]] na [[2001]].<ref>{{Citation|last=McElligott|first=Margaret|title=Zimbabwe: Radio Voice of the People Trustees Face Trial Over Program|date=2006-03-09|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200603090680.html|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kxsn00yvplipirekc6lhayrgu4lms11 0 219133 1570858 1558892 2026-06-11T13:20:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Moses Gerald Gordon''' ([[14 Desemba]] [[1933]] – [[11 Septemba]] [[2016]]) alikuwa msanifu majengo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Alikuwa [[Profesa]] katika Shule ya [[Usanifu majengo]] ya Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand kuanzia mwaka 1976 hadi 1994, na baadaye akawa Mtafiti Mshiriki wa Heshima wa chuo hicho kuanzia 1994 hadi 2016. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kubuni mbinu ya ujenzi iitwayo “Thin-Skin”. Nyaraka zake pamoja na michoro yake ya usanifu zimehifadhiwa katika Shule ya Usanifu Majengo na Mipango ya Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand. Aidha, aliwahi kuwa [[rais]] wa Taasisi ya Wasanifu Majengo ya Transvaal (sasa Gauteng) katika miaka ya 1978 na 1979. Makazi yake ya kuishi yalitambuliwa rasmi kwa kuwekwa “Blue Plaque” na Taasisi ya Urithi ya Johannesburg mwaka 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Obituary. Journal of the South African Institute of Architects. p.13|url=https://saia.org.za/assets/docs/archsa/ASA87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223131723/https://saia.org.za/assets/docs/archsa/ASA87.pdf|archive-date=2025-02-23|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=GORDON, Joseph Moses Gerald|url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=4249|access-date=2021-12-27|website=www.artefacts.co.za|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223075535/https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=4249|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wasanifu majengo wa Afrika Kusini]] sr0211hd8lip3fhgda5vdl5hmmzhvwx 0 221160 1570943 1518863 2026-06-12T03:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maguy Kakon''' (alizaliwa [[1953]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwandishi]], na [[mwanaharakati]] kutoka nchini [[Moroko]]. Anajulikana kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza wa [[Kiyahudi]] nchini Moroko kugombea nafasi ya ubunge katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa nchi hiyo, jambo lililoonyesha hali ya uvumilivu na [[demokrasia]] nchini humo<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=en}}</ref>. == Maisha ya awali == Maguy alizaliwa mjini [[Casablanca]] katika familia ya Kiyahudi ya Moroko. Baada ya kukamilisha masomo yake nchini Moroko, aliendelea na masomo ya juu katika masuala ya [[utawala]] na [[sheria]], jambo lililompa msingi wa kuingia katika biashara ya majengo na baadaye siasa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=True to her dream - Haaretz - Israel News|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083967.html|work=www.haaretz.com|accessdate=2026-01-25|archive-date=2009-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903223908/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083967.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Safari ya kisiasa == Mnamo mwaka 2007, Kakon aliweka historia kwa kugombea kiti cha ubunge kupitia chama cha "Social Centre Party" (Parti du Centre Social)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jewish Candidate Eyes Morocco Parliament|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/150108|work=Israel National News|accessdate=2026-01-25|language=en|author=Elad Benari Canada}}</ref>. Ingawa hakushinda kiti hicho, hatua yake ilichukuliwa kama ushindi wa kijamii kwa wanawake na makundi ya wachache nchini Moroko. == Kazi ya uandishi == Kama mwandishi, Maguy Kakon amejikita katika kuhifadhi urithi wa kitamaduni wa Moroko, hususan maisha ya jamii ya Kiyahudi yaliyokuwa yakistawi nchini humo. Baadhi ya vitabu vyake ni: * ''La Cuisine juive marocaine : un art de vivre'' (Mapishi ya Kiyahudi ya Moroko): Kitabu kinachoelezea tamaduni za chakula kama sehemu ya utambulisho. * ''Traditions et coutumes des Juifs du Maroc'' (2007) (Mila na Desturi za Wayahudi wa Moroko): Kazi inayochambua maisha ya kijamii na kiroho ya jamii yake. == Harakati za kijamii == Kakon ni [[rais]] wa [[shirika]] la ''"American-Moroccan Women’s Association"'' na ni mwanachama hai wa mashirika yanayopambana na umaskini na kusaidia watoto wenye mahitaji maalum. Anajulikana kwa kauli yake kuwa "Moroko ni nchi ya kila mtu, bila kujali dini yako." == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i1hddex91fj2cfcn3nh0nto0jl6vk4g 0 221806 1570887 1486084 2026-06-11T15:33:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jo Smail''' (alizaliwa [[Durban]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[1943]]) ni [[Wasanii|msanii]] wa [[Marekani]] alipohamia mwaka 1985.<ref name="BMA">{{cite web|title=Collaboration #9 (Jo Smail with William Kentridge)|url=https://collection.artbma.org/objects/93579/collaboration-9?ctx=6d66b0bd3d19e25512121eb9b3713b37503f1010&idx=0|website=Baltimore Museum of Art|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=2024-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218185248/https://collection.artbma.org/objects/93579/collaboration-9?ctx=6d66b0bd3d19e25512121eb9b3713b37503f1010&idx=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Smail alizaliwa na kukulia Durban, Afrika Kusini. Huko alipata digrii katika Kiswahili na Historia. Baada ya kuwa na watoto watatu, alijiunga na shule ya sanaa.<ref name="AiE">{{cite web|title=Jo Smail|url=https://art.state.gov/personnel/jo_smail/|website=Art in Embassies, U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] fwhatvrsa57d2zpexaqr4ksxz9wwkqb 0 222167 1570933 1487000 2026-06-12T00:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lazare Kaptué''' ([[1939]] – [[12 Aprili]] [[2021]]) alikuwa msomi kutoka [[Kamerun]]. Kaptué alikuwa mtaalamu mahiri wa virusi na alifanya utafiti mwingi kuhusu [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]] (HIV/AIDS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osidimbea.cm/hommes-et-femmes/kaptue-lazare/|title=Lazare KAPTUE|date=28 December 2015|work=Osidimbea|language=French|accessdate=2026-02-04|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116174307/https://www.osidimbea.cm/hommes-et-femmes/kaptue-lazare/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wasifu== Kaptué alizaliwa mjini Mbanga mwaka 1939, na alihudumu kama Meya wa Demding magharibi mwa nchi ya Kamerun. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1939]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Kamerun]] b62qo4t6s60z2t7smcie0b96073rxc6 0 223635 1570875 1515377 2026-06-11T14:54:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jemima Osunde''' (alizaliwa Aprili 30, 1996) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=30 April 2020|title=Birthday Girl Jemima Osunde is Painting the Town Red from her Couch|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/04/jemima-osundes-birthday/|accessdate=30 April 2020|work=BellaNaija}}</ref> ni mwigizaji, mwanamitindo, na mtangazaji kutoka Nigeria. Alipata umaarufu baada ya kucheza Leila katika kipindi cha televisheni ''cha Shuga''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I'm a no nonense person – Jemima Osunde|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/im-a-no-nonsense-person-jemima-osunde/}}</ref> Osunde aliteuliwa kuwa Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike katika Jukumu la Uongozi katika Tuzo za 15 za Chuo cha Filamu cha Afrika kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake katika filamu ya ''The Delivery Boy'' (2018).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Husseini|first=Shaibu|date=28 September 2019|title=AMAA 2019 nomination: Four 'huge' slots for Nollywood's leading ladies|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/amaa-2019-nomination-four-huge-slots-for-nollywoods-leading-ladies/|accessdate=30 April 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ==Maisha ya Awali== Jemima Osunde ni mzaliwa wa Jimbo la Edo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Budding actress, Jemima Osunde up against Adesua Etomi?|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/budding-actress-jemima-osunde-adesua-etomi/|work=Vanguard News|date=2017-08-13|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-GB|author=Nwafor}}</ref> Alikua akiwa pamoja na mama yake, baba yake, na kaka zake wakubwa. Yeye ndiye mtoto wa mwisho na binti pekee kwa wazazi wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jemima Osunde Biography {{!}} Age {{!}} Movies {{!}} Net Worth {{!}} Naijabiography|url=https://naijabiography.com/biography/jemima-osunde-biography/|work=Naijabiography Media|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113022140/https://naijabiography.com/biography/jemima-osunde-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jemima Osunde Biography, Lifestyle, Boyfriend, Education, Career, Networth - Lots Of Entertainment|url=https://lotsofentertainment.com/jemima-osunde-biography/|date=2021-07-19|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisomea tiba ya viungo (Physiotherapy) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos.<ref>{{Citation|title=Jemima Osunde Biography, Net Worth, Real Age, Facts and Relationship|date=2021-07-22|url=https://newsblits.com/24/jemima-osunde-biography-net-worth-real-age-facts-and-relationship/|work=Newsblits 24|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-02-16|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722194753/https://newsblits.com/24/jemima-osunde-biography-net-worth-real-age-facts-and-relationship/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Budding actress, Jemima Osunde up against Adesua Etomi?|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/budding-actress-jemima-osunde-adesua-etomi/|work=Vanguard News|date=2017-08-13|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-GB|author=Nwafor}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actress is what Nigeria needs at this time|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/jemima-osunde-actress-is-what-nigeria-needs-at-this-time-2024080203514681793|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2017-07-10|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en}}</ref> Osunde alionekana katika filamu ya Jungle Jewel baada ya kuhimizwa na mjomba wake kuendelea na uigizaji mnamo mwaka wa 2014. ==Elimu== Alihudhuria Shule ya Msingi ya Jeshi la Anga, akaendelea na masomo yake ya shule ya upili katika shule ya Holy Child, na akapata elimu yake ya juu katika Chuo cha Tiba, Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bio – Jemima Osunde|url=https://jemimaosunde.com/bio/|work=jemimaosunde.com|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622205314/https://jemimaosunde.com/bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2019, Osunde alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos akiwa na shahada ya tiba ya viungo (Physiotherapy).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jemima Osunde graduates from medical school|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/jemima-osunde-graduates-from-medical-school-2024081115435593179|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2019-03-28|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en}}</ref> Osunde alijiunga na mpango wa lazima wa mafunzo ya Jeshi la Kitaifa la Huduma ya Vijana na aliweka picha yake kwenye mitandao ya kijamii ikionyesha akishiriki katika mpango huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actress Jemima Osunde goes to NYSC camp|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/actress-jemima-osunde-goes-to-nysc-camp-2024081815014232368|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2021-06-07|accessdate=2026-02-16|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:WikiMalkia]] fpl83c82rnaa4w8cr436sjjkatrc2ue 0 225638 1570868 1515334 2026-06-11T14:42:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeanne Gervais''', '''Jeanne Ahou Siefer-N'Dri''' ([[6 Juni]] [[1922]] - [[9 Desemba]] [[2012]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ivory Coast]] na waziri wa kwanza [[mwanamke]] katika Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally|Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name="abidjan.net">{{cite web|url=http://news.abidjan.net/h/446802.html|title=Jeanne Gervais, première femme ivoirienne ministre tire sa révérence|publisher=|accessdate=29 September 2017|archive-date=2019-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909222942/http://news.abidjan.net/h/446802.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Jacob |first=Elizabeth |date=September 2023 |title=“The Ministry of Women’s Affairs will not be Feminist”: Jeanne Gervais and Gender Complementarity in Côte d’Ivoire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/905189 |journal=[[Journal of Women's History]] |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2023.a905189 |issn=1527-2036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1922|2012}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Cote d'Ivoire]] 71bv46rb3w16ql3yxw3ycaifnvf0gwx 0 227195 1571025 1508874 2026-06-12T09:12:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmantsae Diale''' ni profesa wa [[fizikia]] wa kutokea nchi ya [[Afrika Kusini]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], mtafiti, na Mwenyekiti wa Utafiti wa Afrika Kusini (SARCHI) kwenye nishati safi na kijani. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Mmantsae Moche Diale: "In big conferences, there are very few black women."|url=https://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/exclude-from-home-page/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale-in-big-conferences-there-are-very-few-black-women|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.scienceinpublic.com.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria {{!}}|url=https://www.newswise.com/users/expert/Mmantsae-Diale-10067875|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.newswise.com|language=en}}</ref> Utafiti wake umebobea juu ya njia za kimwili na kemikali za kudhibiti sifa za kielektroniki na macho za vifaa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/physics/article/2086799/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> Mmantsae Diale ndiye mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa Wanawake katika Fizikia nchini Afrika Kusini (WiPiSA). <ref name=":0" /> == Elimu == Diale alipata elimu yake ya Shahada ya Sayansi katika Elimu (Fizikia na Hisabati) ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini Magharibi ( [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] ), Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi kwenye Fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba cha Kusini mwa Afrika (SMU) pamoja na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Fizikia ndani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Sefako Makgatho eneo la [[Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof Mmantsae Moche Diale – NSTF|url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/|accessdate=2025-08-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521040911/https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisomea elimu yake ya shahada [[Uzamivu|ya Uzamivu]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]] . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Moche Diale {{!}} UR ACE-ESD|url=https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558|accessdate=2025-08-29|work=aceesd.ur.ac.rw}}</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka wa 2018, Diale alipewa Tuzo ya Jukwaa la Kitaifa la Sayansi na Teknolojia (NSTF) kwa Maendeleo ya Uwezo wa Utafiti wa Uhandisi kwa athari yake kubwa kwenye ujenzi wa uwezo wa STEM ndani ya nchi ya Afrika Kusini. Mwaka wa 2023, aliteuliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika, michango wake ukitambulika katika utafiti wa kisayansi na maendeleo katika bara hilo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS|url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale|accessdate=2025-09-05|work=aasciences.africa|language=en}}</ref> == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mtangi |first=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=M. Diale, A. |date=2009 |title=Analysis of temperature dependent measurements on Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921452608005280 |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=8–11 |pages=1092–1096 |bibcode=2009PhyB..404.1092M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Diale |first=M. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=van der Berg |first3=N.G. |last4=Odendaal |first4=R.Q. |last5=Roos |first5=W.D. |date=2005 |title=Analysis of GaN cleaning procedures |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433204015697 |journal=Applied Surface Science |volume=246 |issue=1–3 |pages=279–289 |bibcode=2005ApSS..246..279D |doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.11.024 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Kyesmen |first=Pannan I. |last2=Nombona |first2=Nolwazi |last3=Diale |first3=Mmantsae |date=2021 |title=Heterojunction of nanostructured α-Fe2O3/CuO for enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/85755/1/Kyesmen_Heterojunction_2021.pdf |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=863 |doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158724 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free |article-number=158724}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Omotoso |first=E. |last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Rosenberg |first=John W. |last2=Legodi |first2=Matshisa J. |last3=Rakita |first3=Yevgeny |last4=Cahen |first4=David |last5=Diale |first5=Mmantsae |date=2017-10-14 |title=Laplace current deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of defect states in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/63099/3/Rosenberg_Laplace_2017.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=122 |issue=14 |bibcode=2017JAP...122n5701R |doi=10.1063/1.4995970 |issn=0021-8979 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free |article-number=145701}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mayimele |first=M A |last2=van Rensburg |first2=J P. Janse |last3=Auret |first3=F D |last4=Diale |first4=M |date=2016 |title=Analysis of temperature-dependant current–voltage characteristics and extraction of series resistance in Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/52231/1/Mayimele_Analysis_2016.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=480 |pages=58–62 |bibcode=2016PhyB..480...58M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2015.07.034 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mayimele |first=Meehleketo A. |last2=Diale |first2=Mmantsae |last3=Mtangi |first3=Wilbert |last4=Auret |first4=Francois D. |date=2015 |title=Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50425/1/Mayimele_Temperature_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=34 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.018 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mtangi |first=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=A. |last6=Diale |first6=M. |last7=Nel |first7=J.M. |last8=Meyer |first8=W.E. |date=2009 |title=The dependence of barrier height on temperature for Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/11788/1/Mtangi_Dependence%282009%29.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=22 |pages=4402–4405 |bibcode=2009PhyB..404.4402M |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.022 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Mwankemwa |first=Benard S. |last2=Nambala |first2=Fred J. |last3=Kyeyune |first3=Farooq |last4=Hlatshwayo |first4=Thulani T. |last5=Nel |first5=Jackie M. |last6=Diale |first6=Mmantsae |date=2017 |title=Influence of ammonia concentration on the microstructure, electrical and raman properties of low temperature chemical bath deposited ZnO nanorods |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/62183/1/Mwankemwa_Influence_2017.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=71 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2017.08.005 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Afrika Kusini]] nxv7xbmuexazjkfmrmervpsrlcib59a 0 228248 1571028 1529015 2026-06-12T09:32:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Nadir Azizi''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1941]] huko Miliana, [[Aljeria]]) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu na mtengenezaji wa filamu kutoka Aljeria. Aliongoza filamu za kumbukumbu zilizotengenezwa na shirika la utengenezaji na usambazaji wa filamu linaloitwa ONCIC katika miaka ya [[1970]], pamoja na angalau filamu moja maarufu, L'Olivier de Boulhilet ya mwaka [[1978|1978.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9227528/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Azizi Mohamed Nadir|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=7133|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Dhamira na Mtindo == Filamu za kumbukumbu za miaka za miaka ya [[1970]] zinaonyesha kuvutiwa kwake na mandhari kamavile ''[[Atlas (milima)|Atlas]]'', mchakato ya kihistoria na wahusika wa kiishara kama vile ''Hommage'' ''à'' ''l'Émir'' ''Abd'' ''El-Kader''. Filamu zake zinachanganya mbinu ya maelezo ya maandishi na masuala ya kijamii na ishara katika filamu za kubuni, kama inavyoonyeshwa katika ''L'Olivier de Boulhilet'', ambayo ni tamthiliya ya kifumbo inayozungumzia uboreshai wa kijamii na mgawanyiko kati ya mila na maendeleo. == Filamu == * Filamu ya ''Pour que vive l'Algérie!'' (Ishi Milele Algeria) ya mwaka [[1972]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - L'Homme de L'Atlas|url=https://africine.org/film/lhomme-de-latlas/21770|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Filamu ya ''L'Homme de l'Atlas'' ''(Mtu wa Atlas) ya mwaka [[1973]].''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - L'Homme de L'Atlas|url=https://africine.org/film/lhomme-de-latlas/21770|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Filamu ya ''Signe évocateur'' ''(Ishara ya Kuashiria) ya mwaka [[1973]].''<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Azizi Mohamed Nadir|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=7133|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=fr-FR}}</ref> * ''Filamu ya L'olivier de Boulhilet ya mwaka [[1978]],'' iliandikwa na Khaled Benmiloud kwa msingi wa hadithi ya redioni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vidéo non disponible|url=https://www.nrmagazine.com/cinema/watch/341660|work=Nrmagazine|accessdate=2026-04-14|language=fr|archive-date=2026-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418172724/https://www.nrmagazine.com/cinema/watch/341660|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Filamu ya ''Hommage à l'Émir Abd el-Kader'' ''ya mwaka [[1984]].<ref name=":0" />'' == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 0pgj2jtijnecf358ozevr49h7s1m03d 0 229055 1570935 1518107 2026-06-12T00:52:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leïla Sebbar''' (amezaliwa 1941) ni mwandishi wa Ufaransa mwenye asili ya Algeria. == Maisha ya awali == Leïla Sebbar alizaliwa tarehe 9 Novemba 1941, katika mji wa Aflou. Akiwa binti wa mama Mfaransa na baba Mualgeria, alikulia katika [[Algeria]] ya Kifaransa kabla ya kuondoka akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na saba kwenda Paris,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |title=Third world women's literatures: a dictionary and guide to materials in English |last=Fister |first=Barbara |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1995}}</ref> ambako anaishi hadi sasa. == Kazi == Sebbar huandika kwa lugha ya Kifaransa juu ya uhusiano kati ya Ufaransa na Algeria, na mara nyingi huweka pamoja taswira za nchi hizi mbili ili kuonyesha tofauti za tamaduni zilizopo kati yao. Hushughulikia mada mbalimbali, aidha kwa kutumia mtazamo wa kifasihi wa kubuni au kwa kuhusisha saikolojia ili kufikisha ujumbe wake. Riwaya nyingi za Sebbar zinaeleza hisia za kuchanganyikiwa kwa vijana wa kizazi cha pili cha asili ya Maghreb (Beur), waliozaliwa na kukulia Ufaransa lakini bado hawajaweza kujumuika kikamilifu katika jamii ya Kifaransa. Kitabu chake ''Parle mon fils, parle à ta mère'' (1984; ''Ongea mwanangu, ongea na mama yako''), kinaonyesha ukosefu wa mawasiliano kati ya vizazi viwili visivyozungumza lugha moja. Riwaya hiyo inasimulia siku ya mwisho ya maisha ya mwanaume anayekaribia kufa, aliyewahi kuhamia kutoka Algeria kwenda Ufaransa akiwa kijana kutafuta kazi. Inaelezea maisha yake ya ujana na mtazamo wake kuhusu jamii ya Kiislamu pamoja na “wachawi watatu”. Msomaji hugundua kuwa mhusika huyo haogopi hao “wachawi”, bali ana hofu ya kufa peke yake bila Mwislamu mwingine karibu yake wa kumsomea dua ya maiti. Sebbar huwa hawapi wahusika wake majina ili kudumisha hali ya usiri na fumbo. Mbinu hii hufanya simulizi lisihusishwe na mtu mmoja tu, bali liweze kumhusu mtu yeyote na kuakisi hali ya kawaida kwa watu wanaotafuta hifadhi. Mwaka 2016, Sebbar alitunukiwa cheo cha Afisa wa Shirika la Sanaa na Fasihi (Ordre des Arts et des Lettres).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Nomination dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres janvier 2016 |url=http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/ |publisher=Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication |date=2016-03-31 |language=fr |accessdate=2026-04-18 |archive-date=2013-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722142535/http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Machapisho teule == * ''An Algerian Childhood: A Collection of Autobiographical Narratives''. St. Paul, MN: Ruminator Books, 2001. Tafsiri kutoka Kifaransa na Marjolijn de Jager. ISBN 1886913498 * ''Arabic as a Secret Song''. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015. Tafsiri ya Skyler Artes. ISBN 9780813937564 * ''Confessions of a Madman''. Victoria, TX: Dalkey Archive Press, 2016. Tafsiri ya Rachel Crovello. ISBN 9781564787606 * ''The Seine Was Red: Paris, October 1961''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. Tafsiri ya Mildred Mortimer. ISBN 9780253352460 * ''Sherazade''. London: Quartet, 1999. Tafsiri ya Dorothy S. Blair. ISBN 0704381257 * ''Silence on the Shores''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. Tafsiri na utangulizi wa Mildred Mortimer. ISBN 0803242859 == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]] 89uioc14s5z7a2giei1zxqralrk3ogw 0 229300 1570940 1518636 2026-06-12T02:32:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570940 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lynette Burger''' (alizaliwa [[4 Novemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa mbio za [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] za barabarani kutoka [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusini.]] Aliiwakilisha nchi yake katika UCI Road World Championships 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/Lynette_Burger|title=Lynette Burger|accessdate=7 February 2015|work=procyclingstats.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://inthebunch.co.za/riders/lynette-burger/|title=Lynette Burger {{!}} Biography, statistics & news – In the Bunch|website=inthebunch.co.za|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617164602/https://inthebunch.co.za/riders/lynette-burger/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika mafanikio yake, alishinda mashindano ya ''National Classic Cycle Race'' na ''Tshwane Diamond Classic'' mwaka 2019. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] clwwem1fllwxffuceizecu2yl0ybfr3 0 229585 1570900 1508462 2026-06-11T16:59:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joy Ogochukwu Omewa''' (alizaliwa [[1 Desemba]] [[2002]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Nigeria ambaye anacheza kama [[Forward (association football)|mshambuliaji]] wa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Nottingham Forest na timu ya taifa ya mpira wa miguu ya wanawake ya Nigeria . == Kazi == Kazi ya kitaaluma ya Omewa ilianza katika nchi yake ya asili ya Nigeria akiwa na Confluence Queens <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Adegboyega|first=Bayo|date=25 November 2020|title=Flying Officers Cup 2020: Ali, Alani, Jerry Named In Best XI|url=https://ogunradio.ng/2020/11/25/flying-officers-cup-2020-ali-alani-jerry-named-in-best-xi/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=ogunradio.ng|publisher=[[Ogun State Broadcasting Corporation]]}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kabla ya kufika Østerbro, akijiunga na B.93 mwezi Aprili. 2021 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=19. Omewa Joy Ohochukwu|url=https://b93prof.dk/project/19-omewa-joy-ogochukwu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722223904/https://b93prof.dk/project/19-omewa-joy-ogochukwu/|archivedate=22 July 2021|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=b93prof.dk|publisher=B.93|language=da}}</ref> kama juhudi za ushirikiano kati ya vilabu hivyo viwili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=12 April 2021|title=Udenlandsk tilgang til B.93 Q|url=https://b93prof.dk/1-kvindesenior/udenlandsk-tilgang-til-b-93-q/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722223907/https://b93prof.dk/1-kvindesenior/udenlandsk-tilgang-til-b-93-q/|archivedate=22 July 2021|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=b93prof.dk|publisher=B.93|language=da}}</ref> Alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika klabu hiyo tarehe 3 Aprili 2021 katika kipigo cha 0-1 dhidi ya AaB . Wakati wa muda wake na klabu hiyo, alicheza mechi tisa huku akifunga mabao matatu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=3 April 2021|title=Snævert nederlag til AaB|url=https://b93prof.dk/kampreferat/snaevert-nederlag-til-aab/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722223905/https://b93prof.dk/kampreferat/snaevert-nederlag-til-aab/|archivedate=22 July 2021|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=b93prof.dk|publisher=B.93|language=da}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba, 2021, Omewa aliuzwa kwa klabu nyingine ya Denmark Fortuna Hjørring katika Kvindeligaen, ligi kuu ya soka ya wanawake nchini Denmark. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=24 November 2021|title=Omewa Joy Ogochuckwu udlejes til Kvindeligaklub|url=https://b93prof.dk/1-kvindesenior/omewa-joy-oguchuckwu-udlejes-til-kvindeligaklub/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621194330/https://b93prof.dk/1-kvindesenior/omewa-joy-oguchuckwu-udlejes-til-kvindeligaklub/|archivedate=21 June 2023|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=b93prof.dk|publisher=B.93|language=da}}</ref> Wakati wa 2024-25 msimu huu, alijitofautisha na juhudi zake za kufunga mabao, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jensen|first=Michael Sten|date=21 April 2025|title='Det er mega fedt at vise Danmark, at vi er med igen'|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/kvindeligaen/det-er-mega-fedt-vise-danmark-vi-er-med-igen|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=dr.dk|publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=21 April 2025|title=Fortuna på guldkurs: Vandt topkamp over FC Nordsjælland|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2025/04/fortuna-paa-guldkurs-vandt-topkamp-over-fc-nordsjaelland/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=fodboldforpiger.dk|publisher=Fodbold for Piger|language=da}}</ref> akifunga mabao 14 na pasi nne za mabao katika michezo 17 pekee ya ligi kufikia katikati ya Aprili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omewa Bags A Brace, Fires Fortuna Hjorring Closer to Glory in Denmark|url=https://www.brila.net/omewa-bags-a-brace-fires-fortuna-hjorring-closer-to-glory-in-denmark/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=brila.net|publisher=[[Brila FM]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Skipper|first=Niels|date=13 April 2025|title=Klassespil af Fortuna|url=https://nordsoeposten.dk/klassespil-af-fortuna/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=nordsoeposten.dk|language=da}}</ref> Kufikia mwisho wa 2024-25 msimu, yeye na klabu walishinda mataji mawili ya ndani — wakitwaa Ligi ya Wanawake ya Denmark <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Muminović|first=Arnela|date=10 May 2025|title=Så lykkedes det endelig: Fortuna Hjørring er dansk mester igen|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/kvindeligaen/fortuna-hjoerring-vinder-det-danske-mesterskab|accessdate=17 May 2025|work=dr.dk|publisher=DR|language=da}}</ref> na Kombe la Wanawake . <ref name="Bagger-2025">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Bagger|first=Sebastian Taarsted|date=17 May 2025|title=Endnu en titel og endnu en festlig bustur for Fortuna|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/pokalturneringen/fortuna-har-det-fedt-over-titler-paa-en-uge|accessdate=17 May 2025|work=dr.dk|publisher=DR|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nielsen|first=Anders Juncker|title=Fortuna Hjørring sælger stjerneangriber til Nottingham Forest|work=Fodbold for piger|date=27 January 2026|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2026/01/fortuna-hjoerring-saelger-stjerneangriber-til-nottingham-forest/|language=danish|accessdate=30 January 2026}}</ref> Tarehe 13 Juni 2025, alitambuliwa kama Mchezaji Bora wa Msimu katika Ligi ya Wanawake ya Denmark kwa utendaji wake. <ref name="Grønberg-2025">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Grønberg|first=Matias|date=13 June 2025|title=Omewa Joy Ogochukwu er Årets Profil i Kvindeligaen|url=https://bold.dk/fodbold/klubber/fortuna-hjoerring/nyheder/omewa-joy-ogochukwu-er-arets-profil-i-kvindeligaen|accessdate=13 June 2025|publisher=bold.dk|language=da}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 27, 2026, Omewa alisajiliwa na klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Nottingham Forest hadi mwisho wa msimu wa 2025-26 . <ref>"Forest women complete Joy Omewa signing"''.'' Nottingham Forest F.C. ''27 January 2026. Retrieved 28 January 2026.''</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa klabu hiyo mnamo Februari 1, akianza mchezo na kufunga bao moja katika ushindi wa 5-1 dhidi ya Birmingham City . == Kazi ya kimataifa == Omewa hapo awali ameitwa kwenye kikosi cha Nigeria cha U-17 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ahmadu|first=Dennis|date=9 January 2025|title=Exclusive: Joy Omewa the Nigerian Star Lighting Up Danish Football|url=https://www.sportsboom.com/en-ng/football/exclusive-joy-omewa-fortuna-hjorring-sensation-aiming-to-pave-way-for-africans-in-denmark/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=sportsboom.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=25 September 2024|title=Nigeria's Flamingos in Final Preparations for U-17 Women's World Cup|url=https://www.brila.net/nigerias-flamingos-in-final-preparations-for-u-17-womens-world-cup/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=brila.net|publisher=Brila FM}}</ref> na U-20 . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=5 June 2022|title=U20 Women's World Cup: Omewa makes Nigeria's 30-woman provisional squad|url=https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/at-a-glance/u20-womens-world-cup-omewa-makes-nigerias-30-woman-provisional-squad/|accessdate=26 April 2025|work=sportsnewsafrica.com|archive-date=2022-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811205049/https://sportnewsafrica.com/en/at-a-glance/u20-womens-world-cup-omewa-makes-nigerias-30-woman-provisional-squad/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kikosi cha wakubwa kwa Nigeria mnamo 24 Oktoba 2025, akiingia kama mchezaji mbadala katika ushindi wa Nigeria wa 2−0 ugenini dhidi ya Benin katika mechi ya kufuzu Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika kwa Wanawake mwaka wa 2026. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=24 October 2025|title=WAFCON 2026: Super Falcons defeat Benin 2–0 in first leg|url=https://www.aclsports.com/wafcon-2026-super-falcons-defeat-benin-2-0-in-first-leg/|accessdate=19 February 2026|work=aclsports.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] jpwigv3693kwrooi43tlhgnqzfdpp41 0 229609 1570973 1520118 2026-06-12T06:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maksymilian Rafailovych "Max" Levchin''' (Alizaliwa [[Julai 11]], [[1975]]) ni [[mhandisi]] wa programu na [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Levchin |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/max-levchin/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> Mwaka [[1998]], alianzisha kampuni ambayo hatimaye ikawa ''PayPal'', na alitoa mchango mkubwa katika juhudi za PayPal za kukabiliana na ulaghai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Levchin |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> Pia alianzisha au alisaidia kuanzisha ''Slide.com'', ''HVF'', na ''Affirm''.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/one-day-in-silicon-valley-1.305642 Hareetz: "One day in Silicon Valley" by Guy Rolnick] {{Wayback|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/one-day-in-silicon-valley-1.305642 |date=20120322141526 }} August 3, 2010 |''"Levchin, 32, Jewish of course and born in Kyiv, refused to discuss money."''</ref>Alikuwa mwekezaji wa awali katika ''Yelp'' na alikuwa mwanahisa wao mkubwa mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Cohan |first=Peter |title=Yelp Chair Max Levchin's Trek from Kiev to San Francisco |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2012/09/14/yelp-chair-max-levchins-trek-from-kiev-to-san-francisco/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c38vxodt89l24e1x9aiwibgdtm8zn3o 0 235819 1570851 1544731 2026-06-11T13:06:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Issaka''' '''Sidibé''' (amezaliwa 26 Juni 1946) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Mali]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Issaka SIDIBE (Président de l`Assemblée Nationale du Mali) - aBamako.com - Qui est qui ?|url=http://www.abamako.com/qui/profil.asp?id=115|work=www.abamako.com|accessdate=2026-05-16|archive-date=2025-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209141107/http://www.abamako.com/QUI/profil.asp?id=115|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tangu 11 Juni 2020, anahudumu kama Rais wa Mahakama ya Juu ya Haki (High Court of Justice). Aliwahi pia kuwa Rais wa Bunge la Kitaifa la Mali kuanzia 22 Januari 2014 hadi 11 Mei 2020. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa kuanzia 2002 hadi 2007, na akachaguliwa tena mwaka 2013. Kabla ya kuingia katika siasa, alikuwa afisa wa forodha. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7kjkq2c63utix8ux6vtlvo5auv7raq4 0 237980 1570862 1549228 2026-06-11T13:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Bamford''' (alizaliwa 15 Septemba 1946) ni mwandishi, mwandishi wa habari na mtayarishaji wa filamu za kumbukumbu kutoka [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa maandishi yake kuhusu mashirika ya ujasusi ya Marekani, hasa National Security Agency (NSA).<ref>{{cite news |author=Scott Shane |title=Decades on the Trail of a Shadowy Agency |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html) |quote=For 30 years, on a sometimes lonely hunt, James Bamford has pursued that great white whale of American intelligence, the National Security Agency. It has been a jarring ride at times. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=March 8, 2011 |author-link=Scott Shane}}</ref> James Bamford ametajwa na gazeti la ''The New York Times'' kuwa "mwandishi mkuu wa taifa kuhusu Shirika la Usalama wa Taifa (NSA)"<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/11/books/11bamford.html) |title=James Bamford and the N.S.A.: Decades of Trailing a Shadowing |last=Shane |first=Scott |date=October 10, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 28, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> huku jarida la ''The New Yorker'' likimtaja kama "mwandishi mkuu wa historia ya NSA".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=[https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-n-s-a-s-chief-chronicler](https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-n-s-a-s-chief-chronicler) |title=The NSA's Chief Chronicler |last=Nazaryan |first=Alexander |date=June 10, 2013 |magazine=The New Yorker }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 2sbqq7mnekdc0ft3xvp03k4f7bshxpt 0 238117 1570938 1549396 2026-06-12T01:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Litsila Macdonald Fani''' (alizaliwa 1 Julai 1933) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika]] Kusini aliyewakilisha chama cha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Kitaifa wakati wa muhula wa kwanza wa [[Bunge]] la kidemokrasia kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SOUTH AFRICA: CAMPAIGN AND ELECTION REPORT APRIL 26 ...|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26-|work=yumpu.com|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en|author=Yumpu.com}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa kihistoria wa mwaka 1994 na alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Kudumu ya [[Hesabu]] za Serikali (SCOPA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fani, Litsila Macdonald|url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/fani.html|work=www.parliament.gov.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=1998-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203150656/http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/fani.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingawa aligombea tena nafasi hiyo katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa mwaka 1999, hakufanikiwa kuchaguliwa tena bungeni. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] 1n8t39wqfjev679tio1rchbisorbfxb 0 238138 1570896 1549391 2026-06-11T16:32:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Edward Bland''', anayejulikana pia kama '''J. Edward Bland''' (5 Mei 1866 – 2 Oktoba 1945), alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Michigan]] nchini [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Joseph Edward Bland alizaliwa tarehe 5 Mei 1866 huko London, Canada West. Wazazi wake walikuwa wa asili ya Kiayalandi kutoka tawi la familia ya Kiingereza. Bland alipata elimu yake nchini Marekani. Alisoma katika shule za umma na chuo cha biashara kabla ya kujiunga na University of Michigan Law School. Huko alipata shahada ya sheria pamoja na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria mwaka 1896.<ref name="book"/><ref name="book2"/> == Kazi == Bland alifanya kazi ya uwakili mjini [[Detroit]]. Kwa kipindi fulani aliishi kwa miaka kadhaa katika [[California]]. Wakati wa vita ya Uhispania na Marekani, alijiunga na United States Navy na kuhudumu katika meli ya USS ''Yosemite''. Baada ya huduma yake jeshini, aliendelea kushiriki katika wanamgambo wa wanamaji wa Michigan.<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Michigan Historical Commission|date=1924 |title=Michigan Biographies: Including Members of Congress, Elective State Officers, Justices of the Supreme Court, Members of the Michigan Legislature, Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, State Board of Agriculture and State Board of Education, Volume 1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2jhAAAAMAAJ|language=English}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2jhAAAAMAAJ|language=English}})</ref> Tarehe 6 Novemba 1900, Bland alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Michigan House of Representatives akiuwakilisha wilaya ya kwanza ya Wayne County kuanzia 1 Januari 1901 hadi 1 Januari 1903. Alihudumu tena kuanzia 1 Januari 1905 hadi 1 Januari 1907. Akiwa katika bunge la jimbo, kati ya mwaka 1905 na 1906 alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kamati ya sheria za uwindaji.<ref name="legis"/> Katika kitabu ''The Men of '05'', mhariri Harry M. Nimmo alimkosoa Bland kuhusu uwezo wake wa kudhibiti kamari kutokana na tabia zake mwenyewe za kucheza kamari. Hata hivyo, Nimmo alimwelezea Bland kama mtu aliyepigania maslahi ya wananchi wa kawaida dhidi ya matajiri, akitaja juhudi zake za kudhibiti nauli za reli za umeme.<ref name="book_1905">{{cite book |last=Nimmo|first=Harry M.|date=1905 |title=The Men of '05: Some Pen Pictures and a Few Other Things Concerning One Hundred Or More Gentlemen Connected with the First All-Republican Government of Michigan |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3zhAAAAMAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=R3zhAAAAMAAJ) |language=English}}</ref> Tarehe 6 Novemba 1906, Bland alichaguliwa kuwa seneta katika [[Michigan Senate]], akiuwakilisha wilaya ya 3 kuanzia 1 Januari 1907 hadi 1 Januari 1909.<ref name="legis">{{cite web|url=[https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/3368|title=Legislator](https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/Legislator/LegislatorDetail/3368|title=Legislator) Details - Joseph Edward Bland|publisher=[[Library of Michigan]]|accessdate=13 Agosti 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Bland alikuwa hajaoa wakati wa muhula wake wa pili katika bunge la jimbo mwaka 1905. Hali hiyo ilitajwa kwa mzaha katika kitabu cha Harry M. Nimmo, ''The Men of '05''.<ref name="book_1905"/> == Kifo == Bland alifariki tarehe 2 Oktoba 1945 huko Lakeland, Florida.<ref name="book2">{{cite book |last=Alumni Association of the University of Michigan|date=1945 |title=The Michigan Alumnus, Volume 53 |url=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071120854|language=English](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071120854|language=English) |page=287|publisher=HathiTrust}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1866|1945}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] pldadwcqk4etg0ejumbx2fsx3039q5d 0 238221 1570864 1549542 2026-06-11T14:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jan Mydlář''' (takriban 1572 – 14 Machi 1664) alikuwa mnyongaji kutoka ([[Ucheki|Czech Republic]]), anayejulikana kwa kutekeleza hukumu ya kifo kwa viongozi 27 wa Bohemian Revolt katika tukio la (Old Town Square execution).<ref name=sto>{{cite web|title=Nejslavnější český kat: Co víme o Janu Mydlářovi?|url=[https://www.stoplusjednicka.cz/nejslavnejsi-cesky-kat-co-vime-o-janu-mydlarovi|website=stoplusjednicka.cz|language=cs|date=2021-09-07|access-date=2025-04-23}}](https://www.stoplusjednicka.cz/nejslavnejsi-cesky-kat-co-vime-o-janu-mydlarovi|website=stoplusjednicka.cz|language=cs|date=2021-09-07|access-date=2025-04-23}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref><ref name=ct>{{cite web|title=Výlet na Staroměstské náměstí v Praze za katem Janem Mydlářem|url=[https://www.kudyznudy.cz/vylety/vylety-pro-deti/vylet-na-staromestske-namesti-v-praze-za-katem-jan|publisher=CzechTourism|language=cs|access-date=2025-04-23}}](https://www.kudyznudy.cz/vylety/vylety-pro-deti/vylet-na-staromestske-namesti-v-praze-za-katem-jan|publisher=CzechTourism|language=cs|access-date=2025-04-23}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> Alijulikana kwa kuvaa kofia nyekundu iliyofunika uso wake alipokuwa akitekeleza hukumu za kifo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1572|1664}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ucheki]] gah6yluhhtp1965cwhcbkzmc6q7o9w7 0 238290 1570927 1549661 2026-06-11T23:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kume Eizaemon Michikata''' (Kijapani: 久米 榮左衛門 通賢; 1780 – 1841) alikuwa mvumbuzi, mtengenezaji wa bunduki na mwanazuoni wa [[Kijapani]] wa rangaku (elimu ya Magharibi nchini Japani wakati wa kipindi cha Edo).<ref>{{cite web |title=久米通賢について |url=[https://kamahaku.jp/kume-tsuken/](https://kamahaku.jp/kume-tsuken/) |website=鎌田共済会郷土博物館 Kamada Foundation Museum |access-date=18 Mei 2026 |date=2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="kadai">{{cite web |title=久米通賢とはどんな人か |url=[https://www.ed.kagawa-u.ac.jp/~matsu/kume/about/index.html](https://www.ed.kagawa-u.ac.jp/~matsu/kume/about/index.html) |website=香川大学 Kagawa University |access-date=18 Mei 2026 |language=ja |date=2008 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Michikata alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika maendeleo ya teknolojia, sayansi na uhandisi nchini Japani katika kipindi cha mwisho wa utawala wa Tokugawa. Alifanya tafiti mbalimbali kuhusu silaha, astronomia, jiografia na mbinu za kisasa za Magharibi kupitia masomo ya rangaku. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1780|1841}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] 4ud9b2kabe53rmy30eliu35bixbqlr5 0 238337 1570897 1549758 2026-06-11T16:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jostein Helge Bernhardsen''' (18 Juni 1945 – 27 Desemba 2023) alikuwa mwanadiplomasia kutoka [[Norwei]]. == Maisha na Kazi == Alianza kufanya kazi katika Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs mwaka 1973, na baadaye akawa mkuu wa idara ndani ya wizara hiyo kuanzia 1995 hadi 2001. Kuanzia 2001 hadi 2006 alikuwa balozi wa Norway nchini Ukraine, na kuanzia 2006 hadi 2011 alikuwa balozi wa Norway nchini Belgium. == Tuzo == Mwaka 2002 alitunukiwa cheo cha Knight 1st Class cha Royal Norwegian Order of Merit kwa mchango wake katika huduma za kidiplomasia.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.kongehuset.no/tildelinger.html?q=%22Jostein+H.+Bernhardsen%22&tid=32812&sek=27337](http://www.kongehuset.no/tildelinger.html?q=%22Jostein+H.+Bernhardsen%22&tid=32812&sek=27337) |title=Jostein H. Bernhardsen |publisher=Det Norske Kongehus |date=2 August 2002 |language=no }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1945|2023}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] hwlhtb0etwwsr7xtl1cb09cz4ritktj 0 238342 1570843 1549765 2026-06-11T12:17:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inger Elise Birkeland''' (alizaliwa 1954 katika Årdal Municipality) ni mtumishi wa serikali na mwanasiasa wa Chama cha Labour cha [[Norwei]]. Tangu mwaka 2005, amehudumu kama Mkurugenzi wa Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, taasisi ya utafiti inayomilikiwa na serikali ya Norway. Aliwahi kuwa mshauri wa kisiasa wa Waziri Mkuu wa Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland katika Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu kuanzia 1992 hadi 1996.<ref name="regjeringen">{{cite web |url= [https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/smk/vedlegg/tidligere-pressemeldinger/1992/ny-radgiver-hos-statsministeren.pdf](https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/smk/vedlegg/tidligere-pressemeldinger/1992/ny-radgiver-hos-statsministeren.pdf) |title= Ny rådgiver hos statsministeren |publisher= Prime Minister's Office |date= 14 July 1992 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= [http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2000/03/14/197835.html](http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2000/03/14/197835.html) |title= Klart for Arbeiderpartiets Spice Girls |work= Dagbladet |date= 14 March 2000 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia alikuwa mwanachama wa baraza la jiji la Oslo kuanzia 1992 hadi 1996. Katika utumishi wa umma, alifanya kazi katika Norwegian Directorate of Health (1978–1983), katika Wizara ya Afya ya Norwei (1997–1998), na baadaye kama mshauri katika IBM Global Services (1998–2005).<ref>{{cite web |url= [https://www.nkvts.no/ansatt/inger-elise-birkeland/](https://www.nkvts.no/ansatt/inger-elise-birkeland/) |title= Birkeland, Inger Elise |publisher= Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1954|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] anqxggh7pfo6rqiwhy6qno2ueoqxe53 0 238444 1570984 1549971 2026-06-12T07:38:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570984 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mick Inkpen''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba 22]], [[1952]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na [[mchoraji]] picha wa [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa ubunifu wake wa ''Kipper the Dog'' na ''Wibbly Pig''. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://booksforkeeps.co.uk/issue/107/childrens-books/articles/authorgraph/authorgraph-no107-mick-inkpen|title=Children's Books - Articles - Authorgraph No.107: Mick Inkpen {{!}} BfK No. 107|website=booksforkeeps.co.uk|access-date=2016-11-20|archive-date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121044637/http://booksforkeeps.co.uk/issue/107/childrens-books/articles/authorgraph/authorgraph-no107-mick-inkpen|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c4eq14a9jqowo5ww3gjtr68bgq35kkj 0 238531 1570891 1550094 2026-06-11T15:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570891 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johan Castberg''' (21 Septemba 1862 – 24 Desemba 1926) alikuwa [[Norway|Mnorway]], mwanasheria na mwanasiasa aliyefahamika zaidi kwa kuwakilisha Chama cha Watu wa Kijamaa cha Norway. Alikuwa waziri wa serikali kuanzia 1908 hadi 1910 na tena kuanzia 1913 hadi 1914, na pia alihudumu mihula saba katika Bunge la Norway. Akiwa shemeji wa Katti Anker Møller, wawili hao walihusika katika kutekeleza sheria za maendeleo zilizojulikana kama Sheria za Castberg, ambazo zilitoa haki kwa watoto waliozaliwa nje ya ndoa. Kwa ujumla, alikuwa mmoja wa wanasiasa wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Norway mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20.<ref name="snl">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Castberg, Johan |encyclopedia=Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske leksikon |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |url=[http://www.snl.no/article.html?id=488007](http://www.snl.no/article.html?id=488007) }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2013, eneo la mafuta katika [[Bahari ya Barents]] lilipewa jina la Johan Castberg kwa heshima yake.<ref>[[http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/statoils-skrugard-and-havis-fields-renamed-to-johan-castberg/](http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/statoils-skrugard-and-havis-fields-renamed-to-johan-castberg/){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Offshore Energy Today"] Statoil’s Skrugard and Havis Fields Renamed to Johan Castberg</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1862|1926}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] 0c7tr5pyybrgcvx4jdlbf2shb5aj5md 0 238581 1570985 1550169 2026-06-12T07:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mikhail Ivanovich Naidov''' (20 Oktoba 1932 – 13 Februari 2022) alikuwa mchimba madini na mwanasiasa wa Umoja wa Kisovieti na [[Urusi]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Umoja wa Kisovieti, alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wa kamati ya utendaji ya Baraza la Wawakilishi wa Watu wa Mkoa wa Kemerovo kuanzia Mei hadi Desemba 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afond.kuzbassarchives.ru/index.php?act=fund&fund=1124|title=Кузбасский шахтостроительный терком профсоюза рабочих угольной промышленности Российского комитета независимого профсоюза работников угольной промышленности.|work=Архивный фонд Кемеровской области|language=Russian|accessdate=2026-05-25|archive-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824112323/https://afond.kuzbassarchives.ru/index.php?act=fund&fund=1124|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alifariki dunia mkoani [[Kemerovo]] mnamo tarehe 13 Februari 2022, akiwa na umri wa miaka 89.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=13 February 2022|title=Сергей Цивилев выразил соболезнования родным и близким Михаила Ивановича Найдова|trans-title= |url=https://ako.ru/news/detail/sergey-tsivilev-vyrazil-soboleznovaniya-rodnym-i-blizkim-mikhaila-ivanovicha-naydova|language=Russian|work=Government of Kemerovo Oblast|location= |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2022}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] npkmcd5bduh0ozo7p1xao65aid41esw 0 238772 1570939 1550509 2026-06-12T02:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ludvig Johan Carl Manthey''' (1 Septemba 1809 – 8 Oktoba 1875) alikuwa mtumishi wa umma kutoka [[Norway]]. Alihitimu Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sheria mwaka 1834. Baada ya kufanya kazi katika wizara mbalimbali za serikali ya Norway, aliteuliwa kuwa hakimu wa mahakama ya mji (stipendiary magistrate, {{Lang|no|byfoged}}) mjini [[Tromsø]] mwaka 1855. Kuanzia mwaka 1859 hadi kifo chake mwaka 1875, alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hiyo mjini [[Trondheim|Trondhjem]].<ref name="bio2">[[http://www.tfb.no/db/personalhistorie/3_7_20070228_153436.pdf](http://www.tfb.no/db/personalhistorie/3_7_20070228_153436.pdf){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Biographies], iliyohifadhiwa na maktaba ya umma ya Trondheim</ref> Alikuwa ndugu wa August Christian Manthey, aliyekuwa waziri katika serikali ya Norway.<ref name="bio2"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] gffxdyqwkc9o9ih01f46r8jkds98bma 0 238833 1570987 1550602 2026-06-12T08:00:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mira Antonitsch''' (amezaliwa tarehe 16 Desemba 1998) ni mchezaji wa [[tenisi]] wa [[Austria]] ambaye kwa sasa hashiriki mashindano ya kitaaluma. Antonitsch ameshinda mataji mawili ya mchezo wa mmoja mmoja na mataji matano ya mchezo wa wawili wawili katika mashindano ya ITF Women's Circuit. Tarehe 12 Juni 2017, alifikia nafasi yake ya juu zaidi katika viwango vya mchezo wa mmoja mmoja duniani akiwa namba 507. Tarehe 4 Novemba 2019, alifikia nafasi ya 717 katika viwango vya mchezo wa wawili wawili vya WTA. Mnamo Mei 2016, Antonitsch alipewa wildcard ya kushiriki kwenye droo kuu ya mashindano ya 2016 Nürnberger Versicherungscup,<ref name="ORF-debut">{{cite web|url=[http://sport.orf.at/stories/2251075/|title=Mira](http://sport.orf.at/stories/2251075/|title=Mira) Antonitsch feiert WTA-Premiere in Nürnberg|work=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]]|date=14 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016|language=German}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> lakini aliondolewa katika raundi ya kwanza na mchezaji aliyekuwa amepewa nafasi ya nne pamoja na kuwa namba 42 duniani, Lesia Tsurenko. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Austria]] bnmoymxedvy6zkoa5ga4xv2av8pve0s 0 238888 1570937 1550686 2026-06-12T01:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lisa-Maria Moser''' (amezaliwa tarehe 28 Machi 1991) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[tenisi]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Austria]]. Moser alishinda mataji mawili ya mchezo wa mmoja mmoja na taji moja la mchezo wa wawili wawili kwenye Mzunguko wa ITF katika taaluma yake. Tarehe 28 Julai 2014 alifikia kiwango chake bora zaidi katika mchezo wa mmoja mmoja akiwa namba 280 duniani. Tarehe 4 Mei 2015 alifikia nafasi ya 480 katika viwango vya mchezo wa wawili wawili. == Taaluma == Moser alipewa mwaliko maalum (wild card) kushiriki katika mashindano ya 2013 Gastein Ladies, ambapo alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika WTA Tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.tennisnet.com/oesterreich/welttennis/damen/Bad-Gastein-Letzte-Wildcard-an-Moser/5036415|title=Bad](http://www.tennisnet.com/oesterreich/welttennis/damen/Bad-Gastein-Letzte-Wildcard-an-Moser/5036415|title=Bad) Gastein: Mwaliko wa mwisho waenda kwa Moser|work=tennisnet.com|date=12 Julai 2013|accessdate=15 Julai 2013|language=Kijerumani}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika mchezo huo, alimshinda mchezaji aliyeingia kupitia mchujo Elena Bogdan kwa seti tatu na kufuzu kucheza raundi ya pili dhidi ya Mona Barthel.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.krone.at/Sport/Lisa-Maria_Moser_gewinnt_bei_WTA-Debuet_in_drei_Saetzen-Gastein_Ladies-Story-368977|title=Lisa-Maria](https://www.krone.at/Sport/Lisa-Maria_Moser_gewinnt_bei_WTA-Debuet_in_drei_Saetzen-Gastein_Ladies-Story-368977|title=Lisa-Maria) Moser ashinda katika mchezo wake wa kwanza wa WTA kwa seti tatu|work=[[Kronen Zeitung]]|date=16 Julai 2013|accessdate=16 Julai 2013|language=Kijerumani}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 65w09l64pllk6fkc6ex9roqxevougo7 0 238920 1571074 1551076 2026-06-12T09:57:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moncef Dhouib''' (Kiarabu: المنصف ذويب) (alizaliwa mwaka 1952 mjini Sfax) ni mwongozaji wa filamu, mwigizaji, mwandishi wa miswada, mtayarishaji, na mchezeshaji wa vikaragosi kutoka nchini [[Tunisia]]. Yeye ni mshindi wa tuzo ya FESPACO. Baada ya kutengeneza filamu fupi nne zilizopata umaarufu mkubwa katika miaka ya 1980, alitengeneza filamu za ''The Sultan of the City'' (Soltane El Medina) (1993) na ''The TV arrives'' (Talfaza Jaya) (2006).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&q=Moncef+Dhouib&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Moncef%20Dhouib&f=false|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|last=Armes|first=Roy|date=2008-07-11|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Paris.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Dhouib Moncef|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=7174&utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=557|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-05-26|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Aliandaa maonyesho makubwa ya chezeshaji wa vikaragosi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Moncef Dhouib|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/moncef-dhouib/7174|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-26|language=fr|archive-date=2024-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211070753/http://www.africine.org/personne/moncef-dhouib/7174|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2014, aliandika kitabu kilichoitwa ''Le roi et les trois buffles.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le lion et les trois buffles aux éditions Seuil Jeunesse|url=https://seuiljeunesse.com/ouvrage/le-lion-et-les-trois-buffles-moncef-dhouib/9791023500653|work=seuiljeunesse.com|accessdate=2026-05-26|language=fr|author=Editions Seuil Jeunesse}}</ref> == Filamu zilizochaguliwa == '''Muigizaji''' Aliigiza nafasi ya mjakazi mnamo 1983 katika filamu ya ''Misunderstood.'' '''Uongozaji Filamu''' Aliongoza mfululizo wa filamu fupi mnamo 1980. * 1986: ''Hammam D'hab'' iliyoandikwa na Hedi Abassi. * 1989: ''El hadhra''. * 1992: ''Soltane El Medina'' (The Sultan of The City) iliyoongozwa na Ahmed Baha. * 1995: ''Tourba''. * 1999: ''Les siestes grenadine'' (Grenadine naps) iliyoongozwa na Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud. * 2006: Alitayarisha na kuongoza filamu ya vichekesho iitwayo ''Talfaza Jaya'' iliyotengenezwa na kampuni ya ''Manara Productions''. '''Ukumbi wa Maigizo''' Pia aliandika maonyesho matatu yaliyopata mafanikio makubwa nchini Tunisia: * 1993: ''Makki and Zakia'' na ''Fi hak Essardouk Enraychou'' (michezo ya kuigiza ya mtu mmoja) iliyoigizwa na Lamine Nahdi (kila mmoja kati ya michezo hiyo alitumbuiza kwa zaidi ya miaka sita). * 2008: ''Mme Kenza'' lililoigizwa na Wajiha Jendoubi. * ''Manseya Fe Al Entekhabet Al Re2aseya'' (Aliyesahaulika kwenye Uchaguzi wa Rais) lililotumbuizwa na Naima El Jeni. == Tuzo == Alipokea Tuzo ya Filamu Fupi Bora katika Tamasha la 7 la Filamu za Afrika mjini [[Milano|Milan]], [[Italia]]. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu]] 44gxmjp9gd1ref1808rmzd7gepk4cpd 0 239023 1570866 1551021 2026-06-11T14:28:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda''' (17 Mei 1963 – 31 Julai 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actualité {{!}} Décès de l’ancien gouverneur du Haut-Katanga Jean-Claude Kazembe {{!}} mediacongo.net|url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-91014_deces_de_l_ancien_gouverneur_du_haut_katanga_jean_claude_kazembe.html|work=www.mediacongo.net|accessdate=2026-05-26|language=fr|author=mediacongo.net}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Rédaction|title=Haut-Katanga : L'ancien Gouverneur Jean Claude Kazembe n'est plus ! - 24H|url=https://24h.cd/2021/07/31/haut-katanga-lancien-gouverneur-jean-claude-kazembe-nest-plus/|work=24H|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-05-26|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020104704/https://24h.cd/2021/07/31/haut-katanga-lancien-gouverneur-jean-claude-kazembe-nest-plus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alihudumu kama [[gavana]] wa kwanza wa [[Mkoa]] wa Haut-Katanga baada ya mgawanyo mpya wa majimbo uliofanyika mwaka [[2015]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] bf7hhh6u7yr4nwyck4jx51kmgxbzgl9 0 239126 1570961 1551195 2026-06-12T05:05:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Kondo''' ({{lang|ja|近藤 麻理恵}}, Kondō Marie; {{IPA|ja|kondoː maɾie|pron}}, alizaliwa 9 Oktoba 1984<ref name=Stern>{{cite magazine |url=[https://www.instyle.com/news/marie-kondo-decluttering-queen-trivia](https://www.instyle.com/news/marie-kondo-decluttering-queen-trivia) |date=23 Januari 2016 |last=Stern |first=Claire |title=Marie Kondo ni nani? Mambo 7 huenda hujui kuhusu gwiji wa upangaji vitu kutoka Japani |magazine=InStyle |access-date=12 Agosti 2016 |archive-date=22 Agosti 2016 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160822132806/http://www.instyle.com/news/marie-kondo-decluttering-queen-trivia](https://web.archive.org/web/20160822132806/http://www.instyle.com/news/marie-kondo-decluttering-queen-trivia) |url-status=dead }}</ref>), pia anajulikana kama {{nihongo||こんまり|''Konmari''<ref name=こんまり>{{cite magazine|url=[https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/woman/2019/01/post-133.php|date=21](https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/woman/2019/01/post-133.php|date=21) Januari 2019|author=寺町幸枝|title=“Konmari” imeenea Marekani—mbinu ya Kijapani ya kupanga vitu imepata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia mtandao|magazine=Newsweek Japan|access-date=11 Machi 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}, ni mshauri wa kitaalamu wa upangaji na mpangilio wa vitu majumbani, mwandishi, na mtangazaji wa televisheni kutoka [[Japani]].<ref name="Socks">{{cite news |first=Penelope |last=Green |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/23/garden/home-organization-advice-from-marie-kondo.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/23/garden/home-organization-advice-from-marie-kondo.html) |title=Kissing Your Socks Goodbye: Home Organization Advice from Marie Kondo |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 Oktoba 2014 |access-date=26 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c5fko2fbq6mh15i6v3tr8kmmr33cfm2 0 239169 1571083 1551248 2026-06-12T10:16:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morisada Matsudaira''' ({{lang|ja|松平 保定}}; 1926 – 9 Agosti 2011) alikuwa mwanabenki wa [[Japani]] ambaye alijihusisha sana na shughuli za kuhifadhi historia na urithi wa kitamaduni. Alikuwa mjukuu wa Matsudaira Katamori na alitumia muda mwingi katika eneo la Aizu. Baada ya kuhitimu chuo kikuu, alifanya kazi katika Benki ya Norinchukin kwa kipindi cha miaka 29. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Morisada aliombwa na Shirika la Nyumba ya Kifalme ya Japani kuhudumu kama afisa katika sherehe za maombolezo ya Emperor Hirohito. Wakati huohuo, alitakiwa pia kuwa kuhani mkuu wa Yasukuni Shrine. Hata hivyo, Morisada alikataa uteuzi huo kwa sababu hekalu hilo lilijengwa kwa ajili ya kuwakumbuka wanajeshi wa Jeshi la Kifalme la Japani waliokufa katika Vita vya Boshin, huku likiwatenga waliopigana upande wa upinzani, wakiwemo watu wa maeneo ya Aizu, Sendai , Nihonmatsu, na Morioka .<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [[http://www.zaikai21.co.jp/zaifuku/back/0306.html](http://www.zaikai21.co.jp/zaifuku/back/0306.html){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}財界21 福島の経済情報誌「財界ふくしま」]</ref> Morisada alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume, Morihisa Matsudaira.<ref>Kobiyama Rokurō, ''Matsudaira Katamori no Shōgai: Shashinshu''. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 2003, uk. 189</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2011}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] 7hw8pam0bz0ekkavxohf42gwao6jgx7 0 239436 1571060 1554993 2026-06-12T09:50:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moletsane Simon Moletsane''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini. Akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha ''Economic Freedom Fighters'' (EFF), alihudumu kama Mjumbe wa Kudumu katika Baraza la Kitaifa la Mikoa (NCOP) akiwakilisha mkoa wa Free State kuanzia Mei 2019 hadi Mei 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hansard {{!}} NCOP: Unrevised hansard {{!}} PMG|url=https://pmg.org.za/hansard/28538/|work=pmg.org.za|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en}}</ref> Moletsane alitunukiwa [[diploma]] ya elimu kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Sefikeng (''Sefikeng College of Education''). Pia, yeye ni mwanachama wa [[Timu]] ya Kamandi ya Mkoa ya chama cha EFF (''Provincial Command Team'') katika mkoa wa Free State.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mr Moletsane Simon Moletsane - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/405|work=www.parliament.gov.za|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en|archive-date=2024-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413003846/https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/405|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] 1x7qkr3r1w2ekqpqdekq0j135nrxzpt 0 239575 1571043 1555099 2026-06-12T09:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammad Choucair''' (1 Agosti 1917 – 2 Agosti 1987) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Lebanoni|Lebanon]], ambaye aliuawa kwa mauaji ya kisiasa mnamo tarehe 2 Agosti 1987.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Are Knudsen|title=Acquiescence to Assassinations in Post-Civil War Lebanon?|journal=[[Mediterranean Politics]]|year=2010|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1080/13629391003644611|s2cid=154792218 }}</ref> == Kazi == Choucair alikuwa mshauri maalum wa rais wa zamani wa Lebanon, [[Amine Gemayel]]. Alishiriki kikamilifu katika mazungumzo ya makubaliano ya amani ya mwaka 1987 kati ya Lebanon na Israel.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Gary C. Gambill|author2=Daniel Nassif|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0104_l1.htm|title=Syria's Campaign to Silence Lebanese Muslims|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=April 2001|volume=3|issue=4|archive-date=2017-03-01|access-date=2026-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301212243/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0104_l1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gary C. Gambill|title=How Washington lost Syria|access-date=1 April 2013|url=https://www.fpri.org/articles/2012/05/how-washington-lost-syria|work=Foreign Policy Research Institute|date=May 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1917|1987|Choucair, Mohammad}} hcbdhlvqm0w5l6nta6or7bwt1zpcf84 0 240234 1570986 1564574 2026-06-12T07:57:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mina Kiá''' (binti wa kazi mdogo) ni filamu fupi ya tamthilia ya mwaka 2017 kutoka nchini [[Sao Tome na Principe]], ikiwa ni kazi ya kwanza kuongozwa na Katya Aragão. Inasimulia kuhusu magumu wanayokabiliana nayo wasichana nchini São Tomé. Filamu hii imemshirikisha Ana Pinheiro katika uhusika mkuu. Washiriki wengine ni pamoja na Ely Patrícia, Marilene Mandinga, Job do Mocho, na Djamila Costa. == Muhtasari wa matukio == Tónia ana ndoto ya kuwa [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]]. Familia yake inamtuma kwenda kuishi na ndugu zake katika jiji kubwa. Ndugu hao wanamchukulia kama binti wa kazi za ndani, huku wakimnyanyasa na kumbaka. Wasichana wengine walio katika hali kama hiyo huacha shule na kupoteza kabisa mustakabali wao wa kitaaluma, lakini Tónia amedhamiria kuvumilia na kufanya ndoto zake zitimie. == Historia na Utayarishaji == Filamu hii ilitayarishwa kwa ufadhili wa fedha kutoka mpango wa Huduma ya Ulaya ya Maelekezo ya Nje kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya filamu barani Afrika na uendelezaji wa haki za kibinadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Concurso de Curtas-Metragens PALOP-TL/UE: conheça os vencedores! {{!}} EEAS|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/24644_pti|work=www.eeas.europa.eu|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=en}}</ref> Urekodiji wa filamu hii ulifanyika Porto Alegre na katika maeneo mbalimbali kwenye kisiwa cha São Tomé. Aragão alitengeneza filamu hii ili kuangazia changamoto zinazowakabili wasichana katika nchi yake, kufichua mwiko unaohusishwa na mada hiyo, na kuchochea utatuzi wa matatizo hayo kupitia elimu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mário Lopes – A mente Brilhante que está a mudar a visão dos Jovens São-tomenses|url=https://stpdigital.net/sociedade/mario-lopes-a-mente-brilhante-que-esta-a-mudar-a-visao-dos-jovens-sao-tomenses|work=STP Digital|date=2019-07-21|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=pt-PT|author=Vivalda Prazeres}}</ref> Suala hili linatambulika kama tatizo kubwa nchini São Tomé na Príncipe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mina kiá e os estorvos dos paizinhos|url=https://www.telanon.info/suplemento/opiniao/2019/02/19/28686/mina-kia-e-os-estorvos-dos-paizinhos/|work=Téla Nón|date=2019-02-19|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=pt-PT}}</ref> Aragão ameeleza kuwa ukatili na ubaguzi dhidi ya wasichana ndiyo sababu kuu zinazowafanya waache shule, na kwamba aliamua kwa makusudi kutomwonyesha mhusika wake mkuu, Tónia, akiacha masomo yake licha ya magumu makubwa aliyopitia. 'Nilihisi ni vyema kuonyesha ukombozi wa msichana mdogo kupitia elimu... Filamu hii inalenga kuibua mjadala kuhusu mada ambayo ni mwiko, na kuongeza uelewa kuhusu kinachoendelea, ili mtazamo wa jamii uweze kubadilika, na kuhimiza mapambano ya haki za wanawake na usawa wa kijinsia, mambo ambayo bado tuko mbali sana kuyafikia kwa sasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Kutolewa kwa Filamu == Filamu hii ilichaguliwa kuonyeshwa katika Matamasha mengi ya kimataifa ya filamu, hasa yale ya lugha ya Kireno, ikiwa ni pamoja na Kugoma – Jukwaa la Filamu la Msumbiji lililofanyika Maputo,<ref>[https://clubofmozambique.com/news/maputo-hosts-cinema-festival-from-portuguese-speaking-countries/ Page not found – Mozambique]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la São Tomé na Príncipe, FESTIN, ambalo ni tamasha la kimataifa la filamu za lugha ya [[Kireno]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=São Jorge|url=http://www.cinemasaojorge.pt/agenda/mina-kia|work=cinemasaojorge.pt|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=pt|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010190151/http://www.cinemasaojorge.pt/agenda/mina-kia|url-status=dead}}</ref> tamasha la kimataifa la filamu za wanawake la Porto Femme,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Porto Femme – Festival Internacional de Cinema|url=https://portofemme.com/|work=PORTO FEMME|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Tamasha la Filamu la Ulaya nchini [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], na Wiki ya Filamu ya Afrika katika Nyumba ya [[Angola]] nchini [[Brazil]]. Katika maadhimisho ya miaka 29 ya Mkataba wa Haki za Mtoto, filamu hiyo ilionyeshwa kupitia ushirikiano wa uzalishaji kati ya Alliance Française na [[UNICEF]], mnamo Novemba 23, 2018, na pia ilirushwa hewani kupitia kituo cha televisheni cha kimataifa cha RTF mnamo Novemba 3, 2018. == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == *[https://www.facebook.com/minakia.themovie Mina Kiá | Facebook] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2017]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Sao Tome na Principe]] gqkm9ot383mequxqsj4l3htjzmqqr7v 1728 240237 1570849 1564580 2026-06-11T12:59:19Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 /* AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles */ 1570849 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:Water for life - awc 2026.gif|AFRICA WIKI CHALLENGE 2026 BANNER|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:400px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026/Makala|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Makala</span>]] </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 1. Major African Lakes & Rivers (Mito na Maziwa ya Afrika) |- | 1 || [[Ziwa Victoria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria Lake Victoria] |- | 2 || [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika] |- | 3 || [[Ziwa Nyasa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Malawi Lake Malawi] |- | 4 || [[Ziwa Turkana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana Lake Turkana] |- | 5 || [[Ziwa Albert (Afrika)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert Lake Albert] |- | 6 || [[Ziwa Edward]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward Lake Edward] |- | 7 || [[Ziwa Kivu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu Lake Kivu] |- | 8 || [[Ziwa Rukwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rukwa Lake Rukwa] |- | 9 || [[Ziwa Natron]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Natron Lake Natron] |- | 10 || [[Ziwa Manyara]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara] |- | 11 || [[Ziwa Eyasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyasi Lake Eyasi] |- | 12 || [[Ziwa Naivasha]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha Lake Naivasha] |- | 13 || [[Ziwa Baringo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo Lake Baringo] |- | 14 || [[Ziwa Chad]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad Lake Chad] |- | 15 || [[Ziwa Mweru]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru Lake Mweru] |- | 16 || [[Ziwa Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba Lake Kariba] |- | 17 || [[Mto Nile]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile Nile River] |- | 18 || [[Nile Nyeupe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile White Nile] |- | 19 || [[Nile ya buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile Blue Nile] |- | 20 || [[Mto Kagera]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River Kagera River] |- | 21 || [[Mto Rufiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River Rufiji River] |- | 22 || [[Mto Ruvuma]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvuma_River Ruvuma River] |- | 23 || [[Mto Tana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya) Tana River] |- | 24 || [[Mto Athi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athi-Galana-Sabaki_River Athi River] |- | 25 || [[Mto Jubba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_River Jubba River] |- | 26 || [[Mto Shebelle]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River Shebelle River] |- | 27 || [[Mto Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River Congo River] |- | 28 || [[Mto Ubangi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River Ubangi River] |- | 29 || [[Mto Kasai]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River Kasai River] |- | 30 || [[Mto Chari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_River Chari River] |- | 31 || [[Mto Logone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_River Logone River] |- | 32 || [[Mto Niger]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River Niger River] |- | 33 || [[Mto Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River Senegal River] |- | 34 || [[Mto Gambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_River Gambia River] |- | 35 || [[Mto Volta]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River Volta River] |- | 36 || [[Mto Benue]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River Benue River] |- | 37 || [[Mto Zambezi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River Zambezi River] |- | 38 || [[Mto Limpopo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_River Limpopo River] |- | 39 || [[Mto Orange]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River Orange River] |- | 40 || [[Mto Okavango]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River Okavango River] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 2. Natural Water Sources & Geography (Vyanzo vya Maji na Jiografia) |- | 41 || [[Mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River River] |- | 42 || [[Ziwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake Lake] |- | 43 || [[Bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Ocean] |- | 44 || [[Chemchemi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology) Spring] |- | 45 || [[Chemchemi joto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring Hot spring] |- | 46 || [[Maporomoko ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall Waterfall] |- | 47 || [[Beseni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin Drainage basin] |- | 48 || [[Delta ya mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta River delta] |- | 49 || [[Mdomo wa mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth River mouth] |- | 50 || [[Maji ya ardhini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater Groundwater] |- | 51 || [[Ghuba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay Bay / Gulf] |- | 52 || [[Mlango wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait] |- | 53 || [[Mwamba tumbawe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef Coral reef] |- | 54 || [[Fukwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach] |- | 55 || [[Kinamasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp Swamp] |- | 56 || [[Rasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula Peninsula] |- | 57 || [[Kapa (pwani)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove Mangrove forest] |- | 58 || [[Ziwa la Bonde la Ufa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley_lake Rift valley lake] |- | 59 || [[Mto wa barafu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Glacier] |- | 60 || [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain Floodplain] |- | 61 || [[Koo la mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon Canyon] |- | 62 || [[Mto wa chini ya ardhi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_river Subterranean river] |- | 63 || [[Wangwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon Lagoon] |- | 64 || [[Funguvisiwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago Archipelago] |- | 65 || [[Bwawa la pembeni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake Oxbow lake] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 3. Science & Hydrology (Sayansi na Haidrolojia) |- | 66 || [[Elimumaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology] |- | 67 || [[Dura ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle Water cycle] |- | 68 || [[Ubora wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality Water quality] |- | 69 || [[Usafishaji wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification Water purification] |- | 70 || [[Uondoaji wa chumvi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination Desalination] |- | 71 || [[Ikolojia ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecology Aquatic ecology] |- | 72 || [[Uvukizi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation Evaporation] |- | 73 || [[Uhandisi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering Hydraulic engineering] |- | 74 || [[Hidrololojia ya mjini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_hydrology Urban hydrology] |- | 75 || [[Usafi wa mazingira]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation Sanitation] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 4. Infrastructure & Engineering (Miundombinu na Uhandisi) |- | 76 || [[Miundombinu ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network Water infrastructure] |- | 77 || [[Lambo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam Dam / Reservoir] |- | 78 || [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment Water treatment plant] |- | 79 || [[Mfereji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal Canal] |- | 80 || [[Umwagiliaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation Irrigation farming] |- | 81 || [[Mnara wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower Water tower] |- | 82 || [[Uchimbaji wa visima virefu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole Borehole drilling] |- | 83 || [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage Sewerage system] |- | 84 || [[Shimo la majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank Septic tank] |- | 85 || [[Miundombinu ya kijani]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_infrastructure Green infrastructure] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 5. Environment & Policy (Mazingira na Sera) |- | 86 || [[Uhifadhi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation Water conservation] |- | 87 || [[Upungufu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity Water scarcity] |- | 88 || [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution Water pollution] |- | 89 || [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change Climate change] |- | 90 || [[Usawa wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level Sea level] |- | 91 || [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation Water rights] |- | 92 || [[Sheria za maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law Water law] |- | 93 || [[Mamlaka ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_regulated_utility Water authority] |- | 94 || [[Uchumi wa buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_economy Blue economy] |- | 95 || [[Sera ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_policy Water policy] |- | 96 || [[Mkataba wa mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_politics River treaty] |- | 97 || [[Uendelevu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sustainability Water sustainability] |- | 98 || [[Uchumi wa mzunguko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy Circular economy] |- | 99 || [[Upatikanaji wa maji salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply Safe water access] |- | 100 || [[Usimamizi wa mito inayovuka mipaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transboundary_river Transboundary river management] |} </div> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Articles List V2 === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- | 1 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia] |- | 2 || [[Bwawa la Renaissance nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam] |- | 3 || [[Nishati ya maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Kenya Hydroelectricity in Kenya] |- | 4 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya Water supply and sanitation in Kenya] |- | 5 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tanzania]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania] |- | 6 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Nigeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria] |- | 7 || [[Bwawa la Kainji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam Kainji Dam] |- | 8 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa Water supply and sanitation in South Africa] |- | 9 || [[Bwawa la Gariep]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariep_Dam Gariep Dam] |- | 10 || [[Rasilimali za maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_South_Africa Water resources management in South Africa] |- | 11 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Misri]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt Water supply and sanitation in Egypt] |- | 12 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ghana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana Water supply and sanitation in Ghana] |- | 13 || [[Bwawa la Akosombo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam Akosombo Dam] |- | 14 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Uganda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda Water supply and sanitation in Uganda] |- | 15 || [[Bwawa la Bujagali]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujagali_Dam Bujagali Dam] |- | 16 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zambia Water supply and sanitation in Zambia] |- | 17 || [[Bwawa la Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam Kariba Dam] |- | 18 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zimbabwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe] |- | 19 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Malawi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malawi Water supply and sanitation in Malawi] |- | 20 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini DR Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Water supply and sanitation in the DRC] |- | 21 || [[Bwawa la Inga]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Dams Inga Dams] |- | 22 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal Water supply and sanitation in Senegal] |- | 23 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Moroko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco Water supply and sanitation in Morocco] |- | 24 || [[Bwawa la Bin El Ouidane]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_el_Ouidane_Dam Bin el Ouidane Dam] |- | 25 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tunisia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia] |- | 26 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Algeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria Water supply and sanitation in Algeria] |- | 27 || [[Bwawa la Beni Haroun]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Haroun_Dam Beni Haroun Dam] |- | 28 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Botswana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Botswana Water supply and sanitation in Botswana] |- | 29 || [[Bwawa la Gaborone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone_Dam Gaborone Dam] |- | 30 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Namibia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia Water supply and sanitation in Namibia] |- | 31 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Msumbiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mozambique Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique] |- | 32 || [[Bwawa la Cahora Bassa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam Cahora Bassa Dam] |- | 33 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Angola]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Angola Water supply and sanitation in Angola] |- | 34 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Sudan]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sudan Water supply and sanitation in Sudan] |- | 35 || [[Bwawa la Merowe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Dam Merowe Dam] |- | 36 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Rwanda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda] |- | 37 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Burundi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burundi Water supply and sanitation in Burundi] |- | 38 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Madagascar]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Madagascar Water supply and sanitation in Madagascar] |- | 39 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Lesotho]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lesotho Water supply and sanitation in Lesotho] |} </div> ol38jd8u1m33zds81lq725m1khqp3n3 1570850 1570849 2026-06-11T13:04:22Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 /* AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles */ 1570850 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:Water for life - awc 2026.gif|AFRICA WIKI CHALLENGE 2026 BANNER|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:400px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026/Makala|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Makala</span>]] </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 1. Major African Lakes & Rivers (Mito na Maziwa ya Afrika) |- | 1 || [[Ziwa Victoria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria Lake Victoria] |- | 2 || [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika] |- | 3 || [[Ziwa Nyasa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Malawi Lake Malawi] |- | 4 || [[Ziwa Turkana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana Lake Turkana] |- | 5 || [[Ziwa Albert (Afrika)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert Lake Albert] |- | 6 || [[Ziwa Edward]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward Lake Edward] |- | 7 || [[Ziwa Kivu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu Lake Kivu] |- | 8 || [[Ziwa Rukwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rukwa Lake Rukwa] |- | 9 || [[Ziwa Natron]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Natron Lake Natron] |- | 10 || [[Ziwa Manyara]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara] |- | 11 || [[Ziwa Eyasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyasi Lake Eyasi] |- | 12 || [[Ziwa Naivasha]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha Lake Naivasha] |- | 13 || [[Ziwa Baringo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo Lake Baringo] |- | 14 || [[Ziwa Chad]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad Lake Chad] |- | 15 || [[Ziwa Mweru]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru Lake Mweru] |- | 16 || [[Ziwa Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba Lake Kariba] |- | 17 || [[Mto Nile]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile Nile River] |- | 18 || [[Nile Nyeupe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile White Nile] |- | 19 || [[Nile ya buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile Blue Nile] |- | 20 || [[Mto Kagera]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River Kagera River] |- | 21 || [[Mto Rufiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River Rufiji River] |- | 22 || [[Mto Ruvuma]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvuma_River Ruvuma River] |- | 23 || [[Mto Tana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya) Tana River] |- | 24 || [[Mto Athi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athi-Galana-Sabaki_River Athi River] |- | 25 || [[Mto Jubba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_River Jubba River] |- | 26 || [[Mto Shebelle]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River Shebelle River] |- | 27 || [[Mto Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River Congo River] |- | 28 || [[Mto Ubangi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River Ubangi River] |- | 29 || [[Mto Kasai]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River Kasai River] |- | 30 || [[Mto Chari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_River Chari River] |- | 31 || [[Mto Logone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_River Logone River] |- | 32 || [[Mto Niger]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River Niger River] |- | 33 || [[Mto Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River Senegal River] |- | 34 || [[Mto Gambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_River Gambia River] |- | 35 || [[Mto Volta]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River Volta River] |- | 36 || [[Mto Benue]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River Benue River] |- | 37 || [[Mto Zambezi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River Zambezi River] |- | 38 || [[Mto Limpopo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_River Limpopo River] |- | 39 || [[Mto Orange]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River Orange River] |- | 40 || [[Mto Okavango]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River Okavango River] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 2. Natural Water Sources & Geography (Vyanzo vya Maji na Jiografia) |- | 41 || [[Mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River River] |- | 42 || [[Ziwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake Lake] |- | 43 || [[Bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Ocean] |- | 44 || [[Chemchemi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology) Spring] |- | 45 || [[Chemchemi joto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring Hot spring] |- | 46 || [[Maporomoko ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall Waterfall] |- | 47 || [[Beseni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin Drainage basin] |- | 48 || [[Delta ya mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta River delta] |- | 49 || [[Mdomo wa mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth River mouth] |- | 50 || [[Maji ya ardhini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater Groundwater] |- | 51 || [[Ghuba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay Bay / Gulf] |- | 52 || [[Mlango wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait] |- | 53 || [[Mwamba tumbawe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef Coral reef] |- | 54 || [[Fukwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach] |- | 55 || [[Kinamasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp Swamp] |- | 56 || [[Rasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula Peninsula] |- | 57 || [[Kapa (pwani)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove Mangrove forest] |- | 58 || [[Ziwa la Bonde la Ufa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley_lake Rift valley lake] |- | 59 || [[Mto wa barafu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Glacier] |- | 60 || [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain Floodplain] |- | 61 || [[Koo la mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon Canyon] |- | 62 || [[Mto wa chini ya ardhi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_river Subterranean river] |- | 63 || [[Wangwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon Lagoon] |- | 64 || [[Funguvisiwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago Archipelago] |- | 65 || [[Bwawa la pembeni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake Oxbow lake] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 3. Science & Hydrology (Sayansi na Haidrolojia) |- | 66 || [[Elimumaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology] |- | 67 || [[Dura ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle Water cycle] |- | 68 || [[Ubora wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality Water quality] |- | 69 || [[Usafishaji wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification Water purification] |- | 70 || [[Uondoaji wa chumvi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination Desalination] |- | 71 || [[Ikolojia ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecology Aquatic ecology] |- | 72 || [[Uvukizi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation Evaporation] |- | 73 || [[Uhandisi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering Hydraulic engineering] |- | 74 || [[Hidrololojia ya mjini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_hydrology Urban hydrology] |- | 75 || [[Usafi wa mazingira]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation Sanitation] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 4. Infrastructure & Engineering (Miundombinu na Uhandisi) |- | 76 || [[Miundombinu ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network Water infrastructure] |- | 77 || [[Lambo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam Dam / Reservoir] |- | 78 || [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment Water treatment plant] |- | 79 || [[Mfereji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal Canal] |- | 80 || [[Umwagiliaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation Irrigation farming] |- | 81 || [[Mnara wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower Water tower] |- | 82 || [[Uchimbaji wa visima virefu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole Borehole drilling] |- | 83 || [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage Sewerage system] |- | 84 || [[Shimo la majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank Septic tank] |- | 85 || [[Miundombinu ya kijani]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_infrastructure Green infrastructure] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 5. Environment & Policy (Mazingira na Sera) |- | 86 || [[Uhifadhi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation Water conservation] |- | 87 || [[Upungufu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity Water scarcity] |- | 88 || [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution Water pollution] |- | 89 || [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change Climate change] |- | 90 || [[Usawa wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level Sea level] |- | 91 || [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation Water rights] |- | 92 || [[Sheria za maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law Water law] |- | 94 || [[Uchumi wa buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_economy Blue economy] |- | 95 || [[Sera ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_policy Water policy] |- | 97 || [[Uendelevu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sustainability Water sustainability] |- | 98 || [[Uchumi wa mzunguko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy Circular economy] |- | 99 || [[Upatikanaji wa maji salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply Safe water access] |- | 100 || [[Usimamizi wa mito inayovuka mipaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transboundary_river Transboundary river management] |} </div> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Articles List V2 === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- | 1 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia] |- | 2 || [[Bwawa la Renaissance nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam] |- | 3 || [[Nishati ya maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Kenya Hydroelectricity in Kenya] |- | 4 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya Water supply and sanitation in Kenya] |- | 5 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tanzania]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania] |- | 6 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Nigeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria] |- | 7 || [[Bwawa la Kainji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam Kainji Dam] |- | 8 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa Water supply and sanitation in South Africa] |- | 9 || [[Bwawa la Gariep]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariep_Dam Gariep Dam] |- | 10 || [[Rasilimali za maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_South_Africa Water resources management in South Africa] |- | 11 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Misri]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt Water supply and sanitation in Egypt] |- | 12 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ghana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana Water supply and sanitation in Ghana] |- | 13 || [[Bwawa la Akosombo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam Akosombo Dam] |- | 14 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Uganda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda Water supply and sanitation in Uganda] |- | 15 || [[Bwawa la Bujagali]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujagali_Dam Bujagali Dam] |- | 16 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zambia Water supply and sanitation in Zambia] |- | 17 || [[Bwawa la Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam Kariba Dam] |- | 18 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zimbabwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe] |- | 19 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Malawi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malawi Water supply and sanitation in Malawi] |- | 20 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini DR Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Water supply and sanitation in the DRC] |- | 21 || [[Bwawa la Inga]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Dams Inga Dams] |- | 22 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal Water supply and sanitation in Senegal] |- | 23 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Moroko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco Water supply and sanitation in Morocco] |- | 24 || [[Bwawa la Bin El Ouidane]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_el_Ouidane_Dam Bin el Ouidane Dam] |- | 25 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tunisia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia] |- | 26 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Algeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria Water supply and sanitation in Algeria] |- | 27 || [[Bwawa la Beni Haroun]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Haroun_Dam Beni Haroun Dam] |- | 28 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Botswana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Botswana Water supply and sanitation in Botswana] |- | 29 || [[Bwawa la Gaborone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone_Dam Gaborone Dam] |- | 30 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Namibia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia Water supply and sanitation in Namibia] |- | 31 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Msumbiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mozambique Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique] |- | 32 || [[Bwawa la Cahora Bassa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam Cahora Bassa Dam] |- | 33 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Angola]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Angola Water supply and sanitation in Angola] |- | 34 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Sudan]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sudan Water supply and sanitation in Sudan] |- | 35 || [[Bwawa la Merowe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Dam Merowe Dam] |- | 36 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Rwanda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda] |- | 37 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Burundi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burundi Water supply and sanitation in Burundi] |- | 38 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Madagascar]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Madagascar Water supply and sanitation in Madagascar] |- | 39 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Lesotho]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lesotho Water supply and sanitation in Lesotho] |} </div> rrzskghozuvqtejmisqes8th6aeeb3o 1570852 1570850 2026-06-11T13:09:06Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 /* AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles */ 1570852 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:Water for life - awc 2026.gif|AFRICA WIKI CHALLENGE 2026 BANNER|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:400px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026/Makala|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Makala</span>]] </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 1. Major African Lakes & Rivers (Mito na Maziwa ya Afrika) |- | 1 || [[Ziwa Victoria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria Lake Victoria] |- | 2 || [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika] |- | 3 || [[Ziwa Nyasa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Malawi Lake Malawi] |- | 4 || [[Ziwa Turkana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana Lake Turkana] |- | 5 || [[Ziwa Albert (Afrika)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert Lake Albert] |- | 6 || [[Ziwa Edward]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward Lake Edward] |- | 7 || [[Ziwa Kivu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu Lake Kivu] |- | 8 || [[Ziwa Rukwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rukwa Lake Rukwa] |- | 9 || [[Ziwa Natron]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Natron Lake Natron] |- | 10 || [[Ziwa Manyara]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara] |- | 11 || [[Ziwa Eyasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyasi Lake Eyasi] |- | 12 || [[Ziwa Naivasha]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha Lake Naivasha] |- | 13 || [[Ziwa Baringo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo Lake Baringo] |- | 14 || [[Ziwa Chad]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad Lake Chad] |- | 15 || [[Ziwa Mweru]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru Lake Mweru] |- | 16 || [[Ziwa Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba Lake Kariba] |- | 17 || [[Mto Nile]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile Nile River] |- | 18 || [[Nile Nyeupe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile White Nile] |- | 19 || [[Nile ya buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile Blue Nile] |- | 20 || [[Mto Kagera]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River Kagera River] |- | 21 || [[Mto Rufiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River Rufiji River] |- | 22 || [[Mto Ruvuma]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvuma_River Ruvuma River] |- | 23 || [[Mto Tana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya) Tana River] |- | 24 || [[Mto Athi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athi-Galana-Sabaki_River Athi River] |- | 25 || [[Mto Jubba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_River Jubba River] |- | 26 || [[Mto Shebelle]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River Shebelle River] |- | 27 || [[Mto Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River Congo River] |- | 28 || [[Mto Ubangi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River Ubangi River] |- | 29 || [[Mto Kasai]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River Kasai River] |- | 30 || [[Mto Chari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_River Chari River] |- | 31 || [[Mto Logone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_River Logone River] |- | 32 || [[Mto Niger]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River Niger River] |- | 33 || [[Mto Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River Senegal River] |- | 34 || [[Mto Gambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_River Gambia River] |- | 35 || [[Mto Volta]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River Volta River] |- | 36 || [[Mto Benue]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River Benue River] |- | 37 || [[Mto Zambezi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River Zambezi River] |- | 38 || [[Mto Limpopo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_River Limpopo River] |- | 39 || [[Mto Orange]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River Orange River] |- | 40 || [[Mto Okavango]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River Okavango River] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 2. Natural Water Sources & Geography (Vyanzo vya Maji na Jiografia) |- | 41 || [[Mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River River] |- | 42 || [[Ziwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake Lake] |- | 43 || [[Bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Ocean] |- | 44 || [[Chemchemi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology) Spring] |- | 45 || [[Chemchemi joto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring Hot spring] |- | 46 || [[Maporomoko ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall Waterfall] |- | 47 || [[Beseni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin Drainage basin] |- | 48 || [[Delta ya mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta River delta] |- | 49 || [[Mdomo wa mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth River mouth] |- | 50 || [[Maji ya ardhini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater Groundwater] |- | 51 || [[Ghuba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay Bay / Gulf] |- | 52 || [[Mlango wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait] |- | 53 || [[Mwamba tumbawe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef Coral reef] |- | 54 || [[Fukwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach] |- | 55 || [[Kinamasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp Swamp] |- | 56 || [[Rasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula Peninsula] |- | 57 || [[Kapa (pwani)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove Mangrove forest] |- | 58 || [[Ziwa la Bonde la Ufa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley_lake Rift valley lake] |- | 59 || [[Mto wa barafu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Glacier] |- | 60 || [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain Floodplain] |- | 61 || [[Koo la mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon Canyon] |- | 62 || [[Mto wa chini ya ardhi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_river Subterranean river] |- | 63 || [[Wangwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon Lagoon] |- | 64 || [[Funguvisiwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago Archipelago] |- | 65 || [[Ziwa la kwato]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake Oxbow lake] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 3. Science & Hydrology (Sayansi na Haidrolojia) |- | 66 || [[Elimumaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology] |- | 67 || [[Dura ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle Water cycle] |- | 68 || [[Ubora wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality Water quality] |- | 69 || [[Usafishaji wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification Water purification] |- | 70 || [[Uondoaji wa chumvi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination Desalination] |- | 71 || [[Ikolojia ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecology Aquatic ecology] |- | 72 || [[Uvukizi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation Evaporation] |- | 73 || [[Uhandisi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering Hydraulic engineering] |- | 75 || [[Usafi wa mazingira]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation Sanitation] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 4. Infrastructure & Engineering (Miundombinu na Uhandisi) |- | 76 || [[Miundombinu ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network Water infrastructure] |- | 77 || [[Lambo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam Dam / Reservoir] |- | 78 || [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment Water treatment plant] |- | 79 || [[Mfereji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal Canal] |- | 80 || [[Umwagiliaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation Irrigation farming] |- | 81 || [[Mnara wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower Water tower] |- | 82 || [[Uchimbaji wa visima virefu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole Borehole drilling] |- | 83 || [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage Sewerage system] |- | 84 || [[Shimo la majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank Septic tank] |- | 85 || [[Miundombinu ya kijani]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_infrastructure Green infrastructure] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 5. Environment & Policy (Mazingira na Sera) |- | 86 || [[Uhifadhi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation Water conservation] |- | 87 || [[Upungufu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity Water scarcity] |- | 88 || [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution Water pollution] |- | 89 || [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change Climate change] |- | 90 || [[Usawa wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level Sea level] |- | 91 || [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation Water rights] |- | 92 || [[Sheria za maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law Water law] |- | 94 || [[Uchumi wa buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_economy Blue economy] |- | 95 || [[Sera ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_policy Water policy] |- | 97 || [[Uendelevu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sustainability Water sustainability] |- | 98 || [[Uchumi wa mzunguko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy Circular economy] |- | 99 || [[Upatikanaji wa maji salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply Safe water access] |- | 100 || [[Usimamizi wa mito inayovuka mipaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transboundary_river Transboundary river management] |} </div> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Articles List V2 === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- | 1 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia] |- | 2 || [[Bwawa la Renaissance nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam] |- | 3 || [[Nishati ya maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Kenya Hydroelectricity in Kenya] |- | 4 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya Water supply and sanitation in Kenya] |- | 5 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tanzania]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania] |- | 6 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Nigeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria] |- | 7 || [[Bwawa la Kainji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam Kainji Dam] |- | 8 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa Water supply and sanitation in South Africa] |- | 9 || [[Bwawa la Gariep]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariep_Dam Gariep Dam] |- | 10 || [[Rasilimali za maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_South_Africa Water resources management in South Africa] |- | 11 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Misri]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt Water supply and sanitation in Egypt] |- | 12 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ghana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana Water supply and sanitation in Ghana] |- | 13 || [[Bwawa la Akosombo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam Akosombo Dam] |- | 14 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Uganda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda Water supply and sanitation in Uganda] |- | 15 || [[Bwawa la Bujagali]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujagali_Dam Bujagali Dam] |- | 16 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zambia Water supply and sanitation in Zambia] |- | 17 || [[Bwawa la Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam Kariba Dam] |- | 18 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zimbabwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe] |- | 19 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Malawi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malawi Water supply and sanitation in Malawi] |- | 20 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini DR Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Water supply and sanitation in the DRC] |- | 21 || [[Bwawa la Inga]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Dams Inga Dams] |- | 22 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal Water supply and sanitation in Senegal] |- | 23 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Moroko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco Water supply and sanitation in Morocco] |- | 24 || [[Bwawa la Bin El Ouidane]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_el_Ouidane_Dam Bin el Ouidane Dam] |- | 25 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tunisia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia] |- | 26 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Algeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria Water supply and sanitation in Algeria] |- | 27 || [[Bwawa la Beni Haroun]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Haroun_Dam Beni Haroun Dam] |- | 28 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Botswana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Botswana Water supply and sanitation in Botswana] |- | 29 || [[Bwawa la Gaborone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone_Dam Gaborone Dam] |- | 30 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Namibia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia Water supply and sanitation in Namibia] |- | 31 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Msumbiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mozambique Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique] |- | 32 || [[Bwawa la Cahora Bassa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam Cahora Bassa Dam] |- | 33 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Angola]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Angola Water supply and sanitation in Angola] |- | 34 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Sudan]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sudan Water supply and sanitation in Sudan] |- | 35 || [[Bwawa la Merowe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Dam Merowe Dam] |- | 36 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Rwanda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda] |- | 37 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Burundi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burundi Water supply and sanitation in Burundi] |- | 38 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Madagascar]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Madagascar Water supply and sanitation in Madagascar] |- | 39 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Lesotho]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lesotho Water supply and sanitation in Lesotho] |} </div> 7z713jw8qp88ve7mam4hxo8naa69xx6 1570855 1570852 2026-06-11T13:16:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570855 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:10px;"> [[File:Water for life - awc 2026.gif|AFRICA WIKI CHALLENGE 2026 BANNER|center|frameless|1400x1400px]] </div> <div style="width:400px; margin:auto; display:flex; justify-content:space-around; border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center;"> <div style="flex:1; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026|<span style="color:#777; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Kuhusu Tukio</span>]] </div> <div style="flex:1; border-bottom:3px solid #005696; padding-bottom:5px;"> [[Event:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026/Makala|<span style="color:#333; font-size:14px; font-weight:bold;">Makala</span>]] </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Target List of Missing and Improveable Articles === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 1. Major African Lakes & Rivers (Mito na Maziwa ya Afrika) |- | 1 || [[Ziwa Viktoria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria Lake Victoria] |- | 2 || [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika] |- | 3 || [[Ziwa Nyasa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Malawi Lake Malawi] |- | 4 || [[Ziwa Turkana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Turkana Lake Turkana] |- | 5 || [[Ziwa Albert (Afrika)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert Lake Albert] |- | 6 || [[Ziwa Edward]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward Lake Edward] |- | 7 || [[Ziwa Kivu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu Lake Kivu] |- | 8 || [[Ziwa Rukwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rukwa Lake Rukwa] |- | 9 || [[Ziwa Natron]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Natron Lake Natron] |- | 10 || [[Ziwa Manyara]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manyara Lake Manyara] |- | 11 || [[Ziwa Eyasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyasi Lake Eyasi] |- | 12 || [[Ziwa Naivasha]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha Lake Naivasha] |- | 13 || [[Ziwa Baringo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo Lake Baringo] |- | 14 || [[Ziwa Chad]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad Lake Chad] |- | 15 || [[Ziwa Mweru]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru Lake Mweru] |- | 16 || [[Ziwa Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba Lake Kariba] |- | 17 || [[Mto Nile]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile Nile River] |- | 18 || [[Nile Nyeupe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile White Nile] |- | 19 || [[Nile ya buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile Blue Nile] |- | 20 || [[Mto Kagera]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagera_River Kagera River] |- | 21 || [[Mto Rufiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River Rufiji River] |- | 22 || [[Mto Ruvuma]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruvuma_River Ruvuma River] |- | 23 || [[Mto Tana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya) Tana River] |- | 24 || [[Mto Athi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athi-Galana-Sabaki_River Athi River] |- | 25 || [[Mto Jubba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_River Jubba River] |- | 26 || [[Mto Shebelle]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River Shebelle River] |- | 27 || [[Mto Congo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River Congo River] |- | 28 || [[Mto Ubangi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River Ubangi River] |- | 29 || [[Mto Kasai]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River Kasai River] |- | 30 || [[Mto Chari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_River Chari River] |- | 31 || [[Mto Logone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_River Logone River] |- | 32 || [[Mto Niger]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River Niger River] |- | 33 || [[Mto Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River Senegal River] |- | 34 || [[Mto Gambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia_River Gambia River] |- | 35 || [[Mto Volta]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River Volta River] |- | 36 || [[Mto Benue]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River Benue River] |- | 37 || [[Mto Zambezi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River Zambezi River] |- | 38 || [[Mto Limpopo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo_River Limpopo River] |- | 39 || [[Mto Orange]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River Orange River] |- | 40 || [[Mto Okavango]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River Okavango River] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 2. Natural Water Sources & Geography (Vyanzo vya Maji na Jiografia) |- | 41 || [[Mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River River] |- | 42 || [[Ziwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake Lake] |- | 43 || [[Bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Ocean] |- | 44 || [[Chemchemi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology) Spring] |- | 45 || [[Chemchemi joto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring Hot spring] |- | 46 || [[Maporomoko ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall Waterfall] |- | 47 || [[Beseni]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin Drainage basin] |- | 48 || [[Delta ya mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta River delta] |- | 49 || [[Mdomo wa mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth River mouth] |- | 50 || [[Maji ya ardhini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater Groundwater] |- | 51 || [[Ghuba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay Bay / Gulf] |- | 52 || [[Mlango wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait] |- | 53 || [[Mwamba tumbawe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef Coral reef] |- | 54 || [[Fukwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach Beach] |- | 55 || [[Kinamasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp Swamp] |- | 56 || [[Rasi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula Peninsula] |- | 57 || [[Kapa (pwani)]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove Mangrove forest] |- | 58 || [[Ziwa la Bonde la Ufa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley_lake Rift valley lake] |- | 59 || [[Mto wa barafu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Glacier] |- | 60 || [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain Floodplain] |- | 61 || [[Koo la mto]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon Canyon] |- | 62 || [[Mto wa chini ya ardhi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_river Subterranean river] |- | 63 || [[Wangwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon Lagoon] |- | 64 || [[Funguvisiwa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago Archipelago] |- | 65 || [[Ziwa la kwato]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake Oxbow lake] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 3. Science & Hydrology (Sayansi na Haidrolojia) |- | 66 || [[Elimumaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology Hydrology] |- | 67 || [[Dura ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle Water cycle] |- | 68 || [[Ubora wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality Water quality] |- | 69 || [[Usafishaji wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification Water purification] |- | 70 || [[Uondoaji wa chumvi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination Desalination] |- | 71 || [[Ekolojia ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecology Aquatic ecology] |- | 72 || [[Uvukizi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation Evaporation] |- | 73 || [[Uhandisi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering Hydraulic engineering] |- | 75 || [[Usafi wa mazingira]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation Sanitation] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 4. Infrastructure & Engineering (Miundombinu na Uhandisi) |- | 76 || [[Miundombinu ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network Water infrastructure] |- | 77 || [[Lambo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam Dam / Reservoir] |- | 78 || [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment Water treatment plant] |- | 79 || [[Mfereji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal Canal] |- | 80 || [[Umwagiliaji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation Irrigation farming] |- | 81 || [[Mnara wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower Water tower] |- | 82 || [[Uchimbaji wa visima virefu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole Borehole drilling] |- | 83 || [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage Sewerage system] |- | 84 || [[Shimo la majitaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank Septic tank] |- | 85 || [[Miundombinu ya kijani]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_infrastructure Green infrastructure] |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | 5. Environment & Policy (Mazingira na Sera) |- | 86 || [[Uhifadhi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation Water conservation] |- | 87 || [[Upungufu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity Water scarcity] |- | 88 || [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution Water pollution] |- | 89 || [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change Climate change] |- | 90 || [[Usawa wa bahari]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level Sea level] |- | 91 || [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation Water rights] |- | 92 || [[Sheria za maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law Water law] |- | 94 || [[Uchumi wa buluu]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_economy Blue economy] |- | 95 || [[Sera ya maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_policy Water policy] |- | 97 || [[Uendelevu wa maji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_sustainability Water sustainability] |- | 98 || [[Uchumi wa mzunguko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy Circular economy] |- | 99 || [[Upatikanaji wa maji salama]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply Safe water access] |- | 100 || [[Usimamizi wa mito inayovuka mipaka]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transboundary_river Transboundary river management] |} </div> <div align="center"> === AWC 2026: Articles List V2 === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Makala !! Link (en:Wikipedia) |- | 1 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ethiopia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia] |- | 2 || [[Lambo la Renaissance]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam] |- | 3 || [[Nishati ya maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Kenya Hydroelectricity in Kenya] |- | 4 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Kenya]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya Water supply and sanitation in Kenya] |- | 5 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tanzania]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania] |- | 6 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Nigeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria] |- | 7 || [[Lambo la Kainji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam Kainji Dam] |- | 8 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa Water supply and sanitation in South Africa] |- | 9 || [[Lambo la Gariep]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariep_Dam Gariep Dam] |- | 10 || [[Rasilimali za maji nchini Afrika Kusini]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_South_Africa Water resources management in South Africa] |- | 11 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Misri]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt Water supply and sanitation in Egypt] |- | 12 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Ghana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ghana Water supply and sanitation in Ghana] |- | 13 || [[Lambo la Akosombo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam Akosombo Dam] |- | 14 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Uganda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Uganda Water supply and sanitation in Uganda] |- | 15 || [[Lambo la Bujagali]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujagali_Dam Bujagali Dam] |- | 16 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zambia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zambia Water supply and sanitation in Zambia] |- | 17 || [[Lambo la Kariba]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariba_Dam Kariba Dam] |- | 18 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Zimbabwe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe] |- | 19 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Malawi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malawi Water supply and sanitation in Malawi] |- | 20 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Water supply and sanitation in the DRC] |- | 21 || [[Lambo la Inga]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Dams Inga Dams] |- | 22 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Senegal]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal Water supply and sanitation in Senegal] |- | 23 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Moroko]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco Water supply and sanitation in Morocco] |- | 24 || [[Lambo la Bin El Ouidane]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_el_Ouidane_Dam Bin el Ouidane Dam] |- | 25 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Tunisia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia] |- | 26 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Algeria]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria Water supply and sanitation in Algeria] |- | 27 || [[Lambo la Beni Haroun]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Haroun_Dam Beni Haroun Dam] |- | 28 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Botswana]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Botswana Water supply and sanitation in Botswana] |- | 29 || [[Lambo la Gaborone]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone_Dam Gaborone Dam] |- | 30 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Namibia]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia Water supply and sanitation in Namibia] |- | 31 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Msumbiji]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mozambique Water supply and sanitation in Mozambique] |- | 32 || [[Lambo la Cahora Bassa]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam Cahora Bassa Dam] |- | 33 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Angola]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Angola Water supply and sanitation in Angola] |- | 34 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Sudan]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sudan Water supply and sanitation in Sudan] |- | 35 || [[Lambo la Merowe]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Dam Merowe Dam] |- | 36 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Rwanda]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda] |- | 37 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Burundi]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Burundi Water supply and sanitation in Burundi] |- | 38 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Madagaska]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Madagascar Water supply and sanitation in Madagascar] |- | 39 || [[Usambazaji wa maji nchini Lesotho]] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Lesotho Water supply and sanitation in Lesotho] |} </div> bd7b0d0g1q6ntxywzlpmft3e2kcm1j3 0 240409 1570884 1570819 2026-06-11T15:30:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1570884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Africa Watsan 7 (10665637964).jpg|thumb|259x259px|Msichana anachota maji safi kutoka kwenye mfumo wa upatikanaji wa maji wa jamii huko Kawempe, Uganda.]] '''Upatikanaji wa maji''' ni utoaji wa [[maji]] unaofanywa na huduma za [[umma]], mashirika ya kibiashara, juhudi za jamii au na watu binafsi, kwa kawaida kupitia mfumo wa [[pampu]] na mabomba. Mifumo ya umma ya upatikanaji wa maji ni ni muhimu kwa jamii zinazofanya kazi ipasavyo. Mifumo hii ndiyo inayosambaza maji ya kunywa kwa watu kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Public Supply Water Use {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/public-supply-water-use|work=www.usgs.gov|date=2018-08-30|accessdate=2026-06-06|language=en}}</ref> Vipengele vya ubora wa huduma ni pamoja na mwendelezo wa usambazaji, ubora wa maji, na [[shinikizo]] la maji. Wajibu wa kitaasisi wa upatikanaji wa maji hupangwa tofauti katika nchi na maeneo tofauti (mijini dhidi ya vijijini). Kwa kawaida hujumuisha masuala yanayohusu sera na udhibiti, utoaji wa huduma na usanifishaji. Gharama ya upatikanaji wa maji inajumuisha, kwa kiasi kikubwa, gharama zisizobadilika (gharama za [[mtaji]] na gharama za wafanyakazi) na kwa kiasi kidogo tu [[gharama]] zinazobadilika ambazo hutegemea kiasi cha maji kinachotumiwa (hasa [[nishati]] na [[kemikali]]). Karibu watoa huduma wote duniani hutoza ushuru ili kurejesha sehemu ya gharama zao. Upatikanaji wa maji ni mada tofauti na [[umwagiliaji]], ambao ni utendaji na mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji kwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi, kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, hasa [[kilimo]]. == Muhtasari wa kiufundi == [[Faili:Engine room at water works; Toledo-O - DPLA - 03776e461315e063546dc401d72e022c (page 1).jpg|thumb|253x253px|Chumba cha mashine cha mfumo wa maji wa manispaa huko Toledo, Ohio, mwaka 1908.]] Mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji hupata maji kutoka maeneo mbalimbali baada ya kutibiwa ipasavyo, ikiwemo maji ya ardhini (tabaka la maji chini ya ardhi), maji ya juu ya ardhi ([[ziwa|maziwa]] na [[mito]]), na bahari kupitia usafishaji wa [[maji ya chumvi]]. Hatua za utibaji wa maji hujumuisha, katika hali nyingi, usafishaji, uua-viini kupitia [[klorini]] na wakati mwingine uongezaji wa floridi. Maji yaliyotibiwa kisha hutiririka kwa msaada wa uvutano au husukumwa kwa pampu kuelekea kwenye hifadhi, ambazo zinaweza kuwa zimeinuliwa kama vile [[Mnara wa maji]] au ziko kwenye ardhi (kwa viashiria vinavyohusiana na ufanisi wa usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa tazama maji yasiyoingizia [[mapato]]). Maji yakishatumika, maji machafu kwa kawaida hutolewa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka na kutibiwa katika kiwanda cha kusafisha maji taka kabla ya kutolewa [[mtoni]], ziwani, au [[Bahari|baharini]] au kutumiwa tena kwa ajili ya kupamba [[mandhari]] au [[umwagiliaji]]. === Mtandao wa Usambazaji wa Maji === Mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji ni mfumo wa miundombinu ya kihandisi ya kihidrologia na kihidrauliki unaotumika kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji mbalimbali.<ref name=":0" /> Mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji kwa kawaida hujumuisha vipengele vifuatavyo: * Bonde la maji (drainage basin), ambalo ni eneo linalokusanya maji yanayoelekezwa kwenye chanzo cha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Eneo la ukusanyaji wa maji ghafi, ambalo linaweza kuwa ziwa, mto au maji ya chini ya ardhi kutoka kwenye akiferi. Maji haya yanaweza kusafirishwa kwa mifereji wazi, handaki zilizofunikwa au mabomba ya chini ya ardhi hadi kwenye vituo vya kusafisha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusafisha maji, ambapo maji hutibiwa ili yawe salama kwa matumizi ya [[binadamu]].<ref name=":0" /> * Miundombinu ya kuhifadhi maji kama mabwawa, matangi ya maji na minara ya maji. Mifumo midogo inaweza kutumia matenki au vyombo vya kuhifadhi maji vyenye shinikizo.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusukuma maji na vifaa vingine vya kuongeza shinikizo la maji pale ambapo mtiririko wa maji kwa kutumia [[nguvu]] ya uvutano hauwezekani.<ref name=":0" /> * Mtandao wa mabomba ya kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji wa majumbani, viwandani, kibiashara na taasisi mbalimbali, pamoja na sehemu nyingine za matumizi kama vile vizima vya kuzimia moto.<ref name=":0" /> Ingawa mifumo ya maji taka mara nyingi huunganishwa na maeneo yanayotumia maji, mfumo wa maji taka kwa kawaida hutazamwa kuwa mfumo tofauti na mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji.<ref name=":0" /> Mitandao mingi ya usambazaji wa maji huendeshwa na mashirika ya umma yanayohusika na huduma za maji. === Matumizi ya Maji === Matumizi ya maji hutofautiana kulingana na eneo na mtindo wa maisha. Nchini Marekani, nyumba ya kawaida ya familia moja hutumia wastani wa lita 520 za maji kwa siku, sawa na takribani lita 222 kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2|url=https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/residential-end-uses-water-version-2|work=The Water Research Foundation|date=2026-06-18|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Matumizi hayo yanajumuisha shughuli mbalimbali za nyumbani kama matumizi ya choo, kuoga, matumizi ya mabomba ya maji, kufua nguo, kuosha vyombo na matumizi mengine ya kila siku.<ref name=":1" /> '''Mahitaji ya msingi ya maji kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku yanakadiriwa kuwa:''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shughuli !Kiwango cha chini (Lita/Siku) !Kiwango cha kawaida (Lita/Siku) |- |Maji ya kunywa |2 |2-5 |- |Huduma za usafi wa mazingira |20 |20–75 |- |Kuoga |15 |5–70 |- |Kupika na matumizi ya jikoni |10 |10–50 |} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21, ongezeko la watu katika maeneo ya mijini na pembezoni mwa miji limeongeza mahitaji ya maji kiasi kwamba mifumo mingi ya jadi ya usambazaji wa maji imeshindwa kukidhi mahitaji hayo.<ref name=":1" /> Miongoni mwa suluhisho zilizopendekezwa ni matumizi makubwa ya teknolojia ya kuondoa chumvi kwenye maji ya bahari (desalination), hasa katika maeneo ya pwani na nchi zenye ukame.<ref name=":1" /> Aidha, matumizi ya mifumo iliyogatuliwa ya usambazaji wa maji yameongezeka, ikiwemo uvunaji wa maji ya mvua na ukusanyaji wa maji ya dhoruba (stormwater harvesting).<ref name=":1" /> Mbinu za kisasa za usimamizi wa maji zinahimiza matumizi ya kanuni ya ''fit for purpose'', ambayo inahakikisha kuwa maji yanatumika kulingana na ubora unaohitajika kwa matumizi husika, hivyo kusaidia matumizi endelevu ya rasilimali za maji.<ref name=":1" /> == Ubora wa huduma == Huduma ya maji ina vipengele kadhaa muhimu vya ubora, ikiwa ni pamoja na: mfululizo wa upatikanaji wa maji , ubora wa maji, shinikizo la maji, na uwezo wa watoa huduma kujibu malalamiko ya wateja kwa haraka na ufanisi. Katika nchi zinazoendelea, watu wengi hupata huduma ya maji yenye ubora wa chini au wa chini sana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mtego wa panya kwa kutumia ndoo ya maji|url=https://doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.20137803404|work=PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank|date=2012-10|accessdate=2026-06-11|author=E. Kimambo, J. Sembosi}}</ref> '''Mfululizo wa upatikanaji wa maji''' Mfululizo wa upatikanaji wa maji mara nyingi huchukuliwa kama jambo la kawaida katika nchi zilizoendelea, lakini ni tatizo kubwa katika nchi nyingi zinazoendelea. Katika maeneo haya, maji mara nyingi hutolewa kwa saa chache tu kwa siku au siku chache kwa wiki; hali hii huitwa huduma ya maji ya vipindi'''.''' Tatizo hili ni kubwa zaidi katika makazi yasiyo rasmi, ambayo mara nyingi hayajaunganishwa vizuri na mtandao wa maji wa jiji na hayana njia mbadala za kupata maji kama vile visima binafsi au mabomba ya kujitegemea. Inakadiriwa kuwa karibu nusu ya watu katika [[nchi]] zinazoendelea hupata maji kwa mfumo wa upatikanaji wa vipindi.<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00543.x</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] e1oahekfo96c8qkrijbxmw2ls69ar8s 0 240475 1570959 1568182 2026-06-12T04:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mariama Hima Yankori''' (alizaliwa [[Niamey]], 1951) ni mwongozaji wa filamu, mtaalamu wa ethnolojia, na mwanasiasa kutoka [[Niger]]. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Niger kuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]] katika miaka ya 1980, aliwahi kuwa Katibu wa Nchi wa Uendelezaji wa Wanawake na Ulinzi wa Watoto, na baadaye kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Niger kuhudumu kama [[balozi]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Maisha ya awali == Hima alioma katika eneo la Nyamey hadi alipopata shahada ya kwanza. Mwaka 1973, aliondoka kuelekea Ufaransa na kusoma isimu-ethnolojia katika shule ya École pratique des hautes études<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Accueil {{!}} École Pratique des Hautes Études|url=https://www.ephe.psl.eu/|work=www.ephe.psl.eu|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=fr}}</ref> jijini [[Paris]]. Alipata shahada yake ya [[uzamivu]] (PhD) mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Paris X katika nyanja ya anthropolojia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=these Mariama HIMA : Etude filmique de l'artisanat de recuperation au niger ½baabu banza+|url=https://www.diffusiontheses.fr/8252-these-de-hima-mariama.html|work=www.diffusiontheses.fr|accessdate=2026-06-07}}</ref> == Kazi ya filamu na siasa == [[Faili:Zoo du Musée national de Niamey.jpg|thumb|Jengo katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa mjini Niamey, ambapo Hima alikuwa mkurugenzi kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi 1996.]] Katika miaka ya [[1980]] na [[1990]], alitengeneza filamu tano za makala, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Niger kuwa mwongozaji wa filamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger|url=http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010534/http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kutengeneza filamu zake nyingi, Hima alifanya kazi kwa jumla ya zaidi ya muongo mmoja kama mhifadhi katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Kitaifa la Niger mjini Niamey,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=9es6zZIb-NcC&q=%22Mariama+Hima%22&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22Mariama%20Hima%22&f=false|title=With Open Eyes: Women and African Cinema|last=Harrow|first=Kenneth W.|date=1997|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-0154-1|language=en}}</ref> ambapo kati ya mwaka [[1992 KK|1992]] na [[1996]] alihudumu kama mkurugenzi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&q=Mariama+Hima&pg=PA332&redir_esc=y|title=Historical Dictionary of Niger|last=Idrissa|first=Abdourahmane|last2=Decalo|first2=Samuel|date=2012-06-01|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-8108-7090-1|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1990, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kitaifa wa [[Utamaduni]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Portraits des femmes pionnières du Niger|url=http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-infos-du-pays/societe/item/67130-portraits-des-femmes-pionnieres-du-niger|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=kRR2fBv2NhUC&redir_esc=y|title=African Cinema: Postcolonial and Feminist Readings|last=Harrow|first=Kenneth W.|date=1999|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-697-8|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1996, Hima aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu wa Nchi wa Uendelezaji wa Wanawake na Ulinzi wa Watoto na rais Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara<ref>{{Citation|title=Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara {{!}} Niger president, coup leader, assassination {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-07}}</ref>. Baadaye, alikuwa Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Jamii wa Niger. Mnamo mwaka 1997, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Niger nchini Ufaransa, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Niger kushika nafasi ya ubalozi. Licha ya kifo cha Maïnassara wakati wa mapinduzi ya kijeshi ya mwaka [[1999]], aliendelea kuwa balozi mjini Paris hadi mwaka 2003. Hima ni ''Chevalier'' na ''Grand Officier'' wa Nishani ya Kitaifa ya Sifa na ''Commandeur'' wa ''Ordre des'' ''Palmes Académiques.'' Kufikia mwaka [[2013]], hakuwa na mapambo yoyote ya Niger. == Filamu alizotengeneza == Filamu za Hima ni makala zinazohusu mafundi wanaofanya kazi jijini Niamey. Filamu hizo zimetunukiwa tuzo katika sherehe za kimataifa za filamu, ikiwemo [[Venice]] na Beaubourg. * 1984: ''Baabu Banza'' (Rien ne se jette), makala, dakika 20<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&q=Mariama+Hima&pg=PA236&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Mariama%20Hima&f=false|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|date=2000-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|language=fr}}</ref> * 1985: ''Falaw'' (L’aluminium), makala, dakika 16<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&q=Mariama+Hima&pg=PA236&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Mariama%20Hima&f=false|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|date=2000-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|language=fr}}</ref> * 1986: ''Toukou'' (Le tonneau), makala<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger|url=http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010534/http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1987: ''Katako'' (Les planches), makala * 1994: ''Hadiza et Kalia'', makala<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger|url=http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|work=www.africanwomenincinema.org|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010534/http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Afwc_Niger.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{BD|1951|}} [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Niger]] [[Jamii:waongozaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Niger]] qrmkfjlxocat1brwl4zyvmw3oecavny 0 240589 1571082 1569127 2026-06-12T10:12:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Morelle McCane | jina_halisi = Morelle McCane | jina_la_utani = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1995|01|30|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Cleveland, Ohio, Marekani | urefu = futi 5 inchi 7 | mikono = inchi 68 | uzito = Uzani wa Welter | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 987654 | jumla = 20 | ushindi = 15 | KO = 5 | kupoteza = 5 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalSilver| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 66 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Morelle McCane''' (alizaliwa Januari 30, 1995)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usaboxing.org/profiles/morelle-mccane-1147546 |title=Morelle McCane |accessdate=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723141951/https://www.usaboxing.org/profiles/morelle-mccane-1147546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda medali ya fedha katika Michezo ya "[[Pan American]]" ya mwaka 2023 katika mchezo wa ngumi kwenye uzito wa ya kilo 66 ya wanawake, na baadaye alishiriki katika Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024.<ref name="Binner 2023 s281">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=USA boxer Morelle McCane: "Discipline is self-love and I’m the captain of my ship" | website=Olympics.com | date=Novemba 7, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/usa-boxing-morelle-mccane-discipline-self-love | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Team USA 2023 o699">{{cite web | title=Morelle McCane 1147546 | website=Team USA | date=Desemba 13, 2023 | url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/morelle-mccane-1147546 | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Meyer 2023 f168">{{cite web | last=Meyer | first=Anna | title=Cleveland native boxer Morelle McCane qualifies for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=wkyc.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/olympics/cleveland-boxer-morelle-mccane-qualifies-for-2024-paris-olympics/95-19627ceb-3d10-4aae-9f00-56ad4d39219b | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] czhmf569d38lkxljgy0ch0nhvucdp9c 2 240673 1571097 1569415 2026-06-12T11:42:43Z Masatu Baraza 90121 /* Masatu Baraza Masare */ 1571097 wikitext text/x-wiki = Masatu Baraza Masare = '''Masatu Baraza Masare''' (amezaliwa mkoani Mara, Tanzania) ni mtaalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA), mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini ya Miradi (M&E), na kiongozi wa kisiasa wa kijana nchini Tanzania. Amehudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Shirika la Maendeleo ya Jamii la Mwanga (''Mwanga Social Development Organization - Mwanga SDO''). Pia ni kada na kiongozi thabiti ndani ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) na Jumuiya ya Vijana ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (UVCCM) katika Mkoa wa Mara na Wilaya ya Rorya. == Chimbuko na Maisha ya Awali == Masatu alizaliwa na kukulia mkoani Mara. Anatoka katika '''Ukoo wa Busanwa''', wa '''Kabila la Suba (Wasurwa)''', jamii yenye chimbuko na utamaduni wa kipekee ndani ya Wilaya ya Rorya. Ni mtoto wa Mzee Othuman Baraza Masare, na ni Muislamu kwa kuzaliwa. Katika ukuaji wake, alipata malezi na elimu ya dini ya Kiislamu kupitia madrasa za misikitini, vipindi vya dini akiwa shule za sekondari na chuo, pamoja na kuhudhuria madarasa ya dini katika Madrasa mashuhuri ya Ibn Taymiyya iliyopo Pongwe, mkoani Tanga, pamoja na madarasa ya dini yaliyopo Moshi Mjini. == Elimu na Tuzo za Kitaaluma == Masatu ana historia ndefu na thabiti ya kitaaluma katika nyanja za ufundi na TEHAMA: * '''Elimu ya Awali na Sekondari:''' Alihitimu masomo yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Marshi (Musoma), baada ya kupita katika shule za Malikia wa Shirati na Nyakato. Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya sekondari ya Ufundi Bwiru (Bwiru Boys Technical Secondary School) na Kalangalala kwa masomo ya juu ya sekondari. * '''Elimu ya Juu:''' Alitunukiwa Shahada ya Sayansi ya Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano ('''Bachelor of Science in Business Information and Communication Technology - BSc BICT''') kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). * '''Tuzo za Kitaaluma:''' Wakati wa masomo yake ya chuo kikuu, Masatu alionyesha umahiri mkubwa wa kitaaluma na kutunukiwa Vyeti vya '''Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mwaka''' (''Best Student of the Years 2015-17'') katika kozi yake kutoka taasisi tatu tofauti: *# Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). *# Kampuni ya Bonite Bottlers Limited (kama watambuzi wa vipaji vya kitaaluma mkoani Kilimanjaro). *# Shirikisho la Serikali za Wanafunzi wa Vyuo Vikuu Tanzania (TAHLISO), kutokana na uwezo wake wa kusawazisha uongozi na ufaulu wa juu darasani. == Uzoefu wa Kitaalamu na Kazi == Masatu amejenga uzoefu mkubwa katika mifumo ya data, usimamizi wa TEHAMA, na maendeleo ya jamii: * '''Mafunzo ya Uwandani:''' Alianza utendaji wake kama mtaalamu kwa kufanya mafunzo ya uwandani ya chuo kama ''ICT Officer'' katika Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Musoma (Musoma Municipal Council). * '''Ukufunzi wa TEHAMA:''' Alihudumu kama Mkufunzi (Tutor) wa matumizi ya kompyuta katika Chuo cha Ufundi Mwibara (Mwibara Technical College) kilichopo Bunda, ambapo alisaidia kutoa mafunzo ya kidijitali kwa vijana. * '''Sekta ya Mashirika Yasiya ya Kiserikali (NGOs):''' Alifanya kazi ya kujitolea na baadae kuajiriwa katika Mashirika ya Maendeleo ikiwemo ''Rafiki Social Development Organization (Rafiki SDO)'' na miradi mikubwa inayofadhiliwa na USAID kama ''ACHIEVE'' (2022–2024) na ''Kizazi Hodari'' (2024–2025) mkoani Mara, akihudumu kama Data Clerk na Mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini (M&E Specialist). Kwa sasa ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa ''Mwanga SDO''. * '''Utumishi wa Kitaifa:''' Mwaka 2022, aliteuliwa na Serikali kuwa Msimamizi wa TEHAMA (ICT Officer) katika zoezi la Sensa ya Watu na Makazi katika Wilaya ya Rorya. Pia amefanya kazi kwa nyakati tofauti (2019, 2020, 2024, na 2025) kama mwendeshaji wa mashine za usajili wa wapiga kura (BVR Operator). == Harakati za Kisiasa na Uongozi == Safari ya uongozi wa Masatu ilianza tangu akiwa shule za msingi, sekondari na chuo kikuu na kuendelea hadi ngazi za uongozi za chama cha Mapinduzi: === Uongozi wa Wanafunzi (2015–2017) === Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha MoCU, alichaguliwa na wanafunzi wenzake kuwa '''Mbunge wa Kozi ya BSc BICT''' katika Bunge la Serikali ya Wanafunzi (MoCUSO), nafasi aliyohudumu kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2017. === Uongozi Ndani ya CCM na UVCCM (2022–2025) === Masatu ni kiongozi na mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa chama nyanjani mkoani Mara: * '''Mjumbe wa Baraza la Vijana (UVCCM) Mkoa wa Mara''' (2022–2025). * '''Mjumbe wa Mkutano Mkuu wa CCM Wilaya ya Rorya''' (2022–2025). * Akiwa kiongozi, ametekeleza wajibu wake kikatiba kwa kuhudhuria na kushiriki vikao rasmi vya kimaamuzi na kimkakati vya chama katika ngazi zote. === Usimamizi wa Uchaguzi na Usajili wa Chama === * Alisimamia Uchaguzi wa Ndani wa CCM katika Kata ya Nyamunga (2025) na Uchaguzi wa CCM Chipukizi ngazi ya Wilaya ya Rorya (2023). * Aliratibu na kusimamia zoezi la usajili wa kidijitali wa wanachama wa CCM katika kata za Nyathorogo, Nyaburongo, Rabuor, na Kisumwa (2025). === Uhamasishaji na Ushiriki wa Kampeni === * '''Matembezi ya Uhamasishaji (2024):''' Alishiriki kikamilifu katika matembezi ya hamasa ya kumuenzi Baba wa Taifa, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, kutoka Butiama hadi Mwanza. * '''Kampeni za Uchaguzi:''' Amekuwa mnadi sera na mshiriki mkuu katika kampeni mbalimbali za wagombea udiwani na ubunge wa CCM, ikiwemo Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka 2020 (Bunda) na uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 (Rorya). * Amehudhuria na kushiriki uratibu wa mikutano mikubwa ya viongozi wa kitaifa mkoani Mara, ikiwemo ya Rais Dkt. Samia Suluhu Hassan (Musoma na Serengeti), Makamu wa Rais/Katibu Mkuu Dkt. Emmanuel Nchimbi (Shirati), Ndugu Stephen Wasira, na aliyekuwa Mwenezi Paul Makonda (Tarime). === Kazi za Kijamii na Uwakilishi === Amesimamia mahusiano mema ya Mbunge wa Vijana katika kata mbalimbali za mkoa wa Mara. Miongoni mwa matukio hayo ni kuliwakilisha jimbo katika Kata ya Goribe, ambapo alikabidhi mchango wa mifuko 10 ya saruji kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa Shule ya Sekondari ya Tatwe. == Maisha ya Binafsi na Michezo == === Uhusiano na Familia === Masatu ni mume na ni baba wa watoto wanne. Ni mtoto wa pili kwa wazazi wake na ana dada zake wa karibu wanaojulikana kama Zainabu Baraza, Najma Othuman, Leyla Othuman na kaka yake Elisha Emmanuel. === Urithi wa Michezo (Soka) === Mpira wa miguu (soka) ni sehemu muhimu sana ya maisha ya Masatu tangu utotoni. Alilelewa kisoka mitaani kwenda Musoma na kijijini kwao Nyang'ombe. Wakati akisoma Shule ya Msingi Marshi, alichezea timu za watoto za '''Musoma United''' (chini ya Kocha Ize) na '''Mukendo Boys'''. Mapenzi yake kwenye soka ni urithi wa kifamilia: * Baba yake mzazi, Mzee Othuman Baraza, alikuwa mchezaji maarufu aliyetumikia timu za '''Mara Sekondari''' na '''Vijana Mara'''. * Baba yake mkubwa, '''Thomas Bela''', alikuwa golikipa mahiri tangu akiwa Shule ya Nyarigamba na amezichezea timu nyingi za Wilaya ya Rorya na Mkoa wa Mara. == Falsafa ya Uongozi == Masatu anajulikana kwa kusimamia falsafa ya '''uongozi wa hekima kubwa''' katika kutatua changamoto za kijamii. Anaamini katika kufikia mafanikio ya kudumu kwa kufuata misingi ya hatua kwa hatua, akiamini katika utulivu, kufanya maamuzi ya kimkakati, na ushirikishwaji wa jamii badala ya papara. 4teft79c3lf5hhngswzadqsm05cwla4 1571098 1571097 2026-06-12T11:44:38Z Masatu Baraza 90121 /* Masatu Baraza Masare */ 1571098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masatu Baraza Masare''' (amezaliwa mkoani Mara, Tanzania) ni mtaalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA), mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini ya Miradi (M&E), na kiongozi wa kisiasa wa kijana nchini Tanzania. Amehudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Shirika la Maendeleo ya Jamii la Mwanga (''Mwanga Social Development Organization - Mwanga SDO''). Pia ni kada na kiongozi thabiti ndani ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) na Jumuiya ya Vijana ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (UVCCM) katika Mkoa wa Mara na Wilaya ya Rorya. == Chimbuko na Maisha ya Awali == Masatu alizaliwa na kukulia mkoani Mara. Anatoka katika '''Ukoo wa Busanwa''', wa '''Kabila la Suba (Wasurwa)''', jamii yenye chimbuko na utamaduni wa kipekee ndani ya Wilaya ya Rorya. Ni mtoto wa Mzee Othuman Baraza Masare, na ni Muislamu kwa kuzaliwa. Katika ukuaji wake, alipata malezi na elimu ya dini ya Kiislamu kupitia madrasa za misikitini, vipindi vya dini akiwa shule za sekondari na chuo, pamoja na kuhudhuria madarasa ya dini katika Madrasa mashuhuri ya Ibn Taymiyya iliyopo Pongwe, mkoani Tanga, pamoja na madarasa ya dini yaliyopo Moshi Mjini. == Elimu na Tuzo za Kitaaluma == Masatu ana historia ndefu na thabiti ya kitaaluma katika nyanja za ufundi na TEHAMA: * '''Elimu ya Awali na Sekondari:''' Alihitimu masomo yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Marshi (Musoma), baada ya kupita katika shule za Malikia wa Shirati na Nyakato. Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya sekondari ya Ufundi Bwiru (Bwiru Boys Technical Secondary School) na Kalangalala kwa masomo ya juu ya sekondari. * '''Elimu ya Juu:''' Alitunukiwa Shahada ya Sayansi ya Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano ('''Bachelor of Science in Business Information and Communication Technology - BSc BICT''') kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). * '''Tuzo za Kitaaluma:''' Wakati wa masomo yake ya chuo kikuu, Masatu alionyesha umahiri mkubwa wa kitaaluma na kutunukiwa Vyeti vya '''Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mwaka''' (''Best Student of the Years 2015-17'') katika kozi yake kutoka taasisi tatu tofauti: *# Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). *# Kampuni ya Bonite Bottlers Limited (kama watambuzi wa vipaji vya kitaaluma mkoani Kilimanjaro). *# Shirikisho la Serikali za Wanafunzi wa Vyuo Vikuu Tanzania (TAHLISO), kutokana na uwezo wake wa kusawazisha uongozi na ufaulu wa juu darasani. == Uzoefu wa Kitaalamu na Kazi == Masatu amejenga uzoefu mkubwa katika mifumo ya data, usimamizi wa TEHAMA, na maendeleo ya jamii: * '''Mafunzo ya Uwandani:''' Alianza utendaji wake kama mtaalamu kwa kufanya mafunzo ya uwandani ya chuo kama ''ICT Officer'' katika Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Musoma (Musoma Municipal Council). * '''Ukufunzi wa TEHAMA:''' Alihudumu kama Mkufunzi (Tutor) wa matumizi ya kompyuta katika Chuo cha Ufundi Mwibara (Mwibara Technical College) kilichopo Bunda, ambapo alisaidia kutoa mafunzo ya kidijitali kwa vijana. * '''Sekta ya Mashirika Yasiya ya Kiserikali (NGOs):''' Alifanya kazi ya kujitolea na baadae kuajiriwa katika Mashirika ya Maendeleo ikiwemo ''Rafiki Social Development Organization (Rafiki SDO)'' na miradi mikubwa inayofadhiliwa na USAID kama ''ACHIEVE'' (2022–2024) na ''Kizazi Hodari'' (2024–2025) mkoani Mara, akihudumu kama Data Clerk na Mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini (M&E Specialist). Kwa sasa ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa ''Mwanga SDO''. * '''Utumishi wa Kitaifa:''' Mwaka 2022, aliteuliwa na Serikali kuwa Msimamizi wa TEHAMA (ICT Officer) katika zoezi la Sensa ya Watu na Makazi katika Wilaya ya Rorya. Pia amefanya kazi kwa nyakati tofauti (2019, 2020, 2024, na 2025) kama mwendeshaji wa mashine za usajili wa wapiga kura (BVR Operator). == Harakati za Kisiasa na Uongozi == Safari ya uongozi wa Masatu ilianza tangu akiwa shule za msingi, sekondari na chuo kikuu na kuendelea hadi ngazi za uongozi za chama cha Mapinduzi: === Uongozi wa Wanafunzi (2015–2017) === Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha MoCU, alichaguliwa na wanafunzi wenzake kuwa '''Mbunge wa Kozi ya BSc BICT''' katika Bunge la Serikali ya Wanafunzi (MoCUSO), nafasi aliyohudumu kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2017. === Uongozi Ndani ya CCM na UVCCM (2022–2025) === Masatu ni kiongozi na mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa chama nyanjani mkoani Mara: * '''Mjumbe wa Baraza la Vijana (UVCCM) Mkoa wa Mara''' (2022–2025). * '''Mjumbe wa Mkutano Mkuu wa CCM Wilaya ya Rorya''' (2022–2025). * Akiwa kiongozi, ametekeleza wajibu wake kikatiba kwa kuhudhuria na kushiriki vikao rasmi vya kimaamuzi na kimkakati vya chama katika ngazi zote. === Usimamizi wa Uchaguzi na Usajili wa Chama === * Alisimamia Uchaguzi wa Ndani wa CCM katika Kata ya Nyamunga (2025) na Uchaguzi wa CCM Chipukizi ngazi ya Wilaya ya Rorya (2023). * Aliratibu na kusimamia zoezi la usajili wa kidijitali wa wanachama wa CCM katika kata za Nyathorogo, Nyaburongo, Rabuor, na Kisumwa (2025). === Uhamasishaji na Ushiriki wa Kampeni === * '''Matembezi ya Uhamasishaji (2024):''' Alishiriki kikamilifu katika matembezi ya hamasa ya kumuenzi Baba wa Taifa, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, kutoka Butiama hadi Mwanza. * '''Kampeni za Uchaguzi:''' Amekuwa mnadi sera na mshiriki mkuu katika kampeni mbalimbali za wagombea udiwani na ubunge wa CCM, ikiwemo Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka 2020 (Bunda) na uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 (Rorya). * Amehudhuria na kushiriki uratibu wa mikutano mikubwa ya viongozi wa kitaifa mkoani Mara, ikiwemo ya Rais Dkt. Samia Suluhu Hassan (Musoma na Serengeti), Makamu wa Rais/Katibu Mkuu Dkt. Emmanuel Nchimbi (Shirati), Ndugu Stephen Wasira, na aliyekuwa Mwenezi Paul Makonda (Tarime). === Kazi za Kijamii na Uwakilishi === Amesimamia mahusiano mema ya Mbunge wa Vijana katika kata mbalimbali za mkoa wa Mara. Miongoni mwa matukio hayo ni kuliwakilisha jimbo katika Kata ya Goribe, ambapo alikabidhi mchango wa mifuko 10 ya saruji kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa Shule ya Sekondari ya Tatwe. == Maisha ya Binafsi na Michezo == === Uhusiano na Familia === Masatu ni mume na ni baba wa watoto wanne. Ni mtoto wa pili kwa wazazi wake na ana dada zake wa karibu wanaojulikana kama Zainabu Baraza, Najma Othuman, Leyla Othuman na kaka yake Elisha Emmanuel. === Urithi wa Michezo (Soka) === Mpira wa miguu (soka) ni sehemu muhimu sana ya maisha ya Masatu tangu utotoni. Alilelewa kisoka mitaani kwenda Musoma na kijijini kwao Nyang'ombe. Wakati akisoma Shule ya Msingi Marshi, alichezea timu za watoto za '''Musoma United''' (chini ya Kocha Ize) na '''Mukendo Boys'''. Mapenzi yake kwenye soka ni urithi wa kifamilia: * Baba yake mzazi, Mzee Othuman Baraza, alikuwa mchezaji maarufu aliyetumikia timu za '''Mara Sekondari''' na '''Vijana Mara'''. * Baba yake mkubwa, '''Thomas Bela''', alikuwa golikipa mahiri tangu akiwa Shule ya Nyarigamba na amezichezea timu nyingi za Wilaya ya Rorya na Mkoa wa Mara. == Falsafa ya Uongozi == Masatu anajulikana kwa kusimamia falsafa ya '''uongozi wa hekima kubwa''' katika kutatua changamoto za kijamii. Anaamini katika kufikia mafanikio ya kudumu kwa kufuata misingi ya hatua kwa hatua, akiamini katika utulivu, kufanya maamuzi ya kimkakati, na ushirikishwaji wa jamii badala ya papara. mz8saumxgenzhfq0ubnwkrls0kckks7 0 240681 1570869 1569460 2026-06-11T14:44:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi mteswa''' wa [[YHWH]] (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''עבד יהוה''', ''‘eḇeḏ Yahweh'') ni [[Mhusika (fasihi)|mhusika]] mkuu wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] nne za [[kitabu cha Isaya]], kilicho katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] na katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] vilevile. Nyimbo hizo zimo: Is 42:1–4; Is 49:1-6|9; Is 50:4–11|9 na Is 52:13|9–53:12|9. Katika [[tenzi]] hizo [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] anamuita [[Mtumishi wa Mungu|mtumishi]] wake huyo wa pekee aongoze [[Taifa|mataifa]], lakini anadhulumiwa kikatili sana. Hata hivyo anapata kwa [[Mungu]] [[tuzo]] kubwa<ref>Bernhard Duhm, Das Buch Jesaia (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1892).</ref><ref>"Servant of The Lord" in Wood, D. R. W., and I. Howard Marshall. New Bible Dictionary. 3rd ed. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.</ref>. Nyimbo hizo zote zimo katika sehemu ya pili ya [[kitabu]] hicho, ambayo [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wengi wanaeleza iliandikwa hasa katika [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na [[nabii]] asiyejulikana kwa [[jina]], hivyo anatajwa kama [[Isaya II]]. [[Yesu]] na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wameona katika habari za mhusika huyo [[utabiri]] juu ya [[Kristo]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mwenyewe kuteseka]] kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] za [[umati]] lakini hatimaye kushinda kwa [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko]] kama inavyoshuhudiwa na madondoo mengi ya [[Agano Jipya]]<ref name="ReferenceA">"Servant Songs." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Yesu na matabiri ya Agano la Kale]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.abideinchrist.com/messages/isa42v1.html The Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202130015/http://www.holytrinitylutheranbrooklyn.org/Isaiah/ssintro.pdf Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cbtj/06-2_002.pdf A Comparison of Ancient and Medieval Jewish Interpretations of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah] {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Biblia]] 42hv2sapr8pybi702ou9rsewhy1eiz1 1570871 1570869 2026-06-11T14:47:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Great_Isaiah_Scroll_Ch53.jpg|thumb|Sura ya 53 ya kitabu cha Isaya katika gombo ambalo lina kitabu hicho kizima jinsi kilivyoandikwa katikati ya [[karne ya 2 KK]].]] '''Mtumishi mteswa''' wa [[YHWH]] (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''עבד יהוה''', ''‘eḇeḏ Yahweh'') ni [[Mhusika (fasihi)|mhusika]] mkuu wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] nne za [[kitabu cha Isaya]], kilicho katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] na katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] vilevile. Nyimbo hizo zimo: Is 42:1–4; Is 49:1-6|9; Is 50:4–11|9 na Is 52:13|9–53:12|9. Katika [[tenzi]] hizo [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] anamuita [[Mtumishi wa Mungu|mtumishi]] wake huyo wa pekee aongoze [[Taifa|mataifa]], lakini anadhulumiwa kikatili sana. Hata hivyo anapata kwa [[Mungu]] [[tuzo]] kubwa<ref>Bernhard Duhm, Das Buch Jesaia (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1892).</ref><ref>"Servant of The Lord" in Wood, D. R. W., and I. Howard Marshall. New Bible Dictionary. 3rd ed. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.</ref>. Nyimbo hizo zote zimo katika sehemu ya pili ya [[kitabu]] hicho, ambayo [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wengi wanaeleza iliandikwa hasa katika [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na [[nabii]] asiyejulikana kwa [[jina]], hivyo anatajwa kama [[Isaya II]]. [[Yesu]] na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wameona katika habari za mhusika huyo [[utabiri]] juu ya [[Kristo]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mwenyewe kuteseka]] kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] za [[umati]] lakini hatimaye kushinda kwa [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko]] kama inavyoshuhudiwa na madondoo mengi ya [[Agano Jipya]]<ref name="ReferenceA">"Servant Songs." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Yesu na matabiri ya Agano la Kale]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.abideinchrist.com/messages/isa42v1.html The Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202130015/http://www.holytrinitylutheranbrooklyn.org/Isaiah/ssintro.pdf Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cbtj/06-2_002.pdf A Comparison of Ancient and Medieval Jewish Interpretations of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah] {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Biblia]] h336wukj0pn53o8k15ave137y5tx1y9 1570872 1570871 2026-06-11T14:49:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Great_Isaiah_Scroll_Ch53.jpg|thumb|Sura ya 53 ya kitabu cha Isaya katika gombo ambalo lina kitabu hicho kizima jinsi kilivyoandikwa katika [[karne ya 2 KK]] hivi.]] '''Mtumishi mteswa''' wa [[YHWH]] (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''עבד יהוה''', ''‘eḇeḏ Yahweh'') ni [[Mhusika (fasihi)|mhusika]] mkuu wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] nne za [[kitabu cha Isaya]], kilicho katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] na katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] vilevile. Nyimbo hizo zimo: Is 42:1–4; Is 49:1-6|9; Is 50:4–11|9 na Is 52:13|9–53:12|9. Katika [[tenzi]] hizo [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] anamuita [[Mtumishi wa Mungu|mtumishi]] wake huyo wa pekee aongoze [[Taifa|mataifa]], lakini anadhulumiwa kikatili sana. Hata hivyo anapata kwa [[Mungu]] [[tuzo]] kubwa<ref>Bernhard Duhm, Das Buch Jesaia (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1892).</ref><ref>"Servant of The Lord" in Wood, D. R. W., and I. Howard Marshall. New Bible Dictionary. 3rd ed. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.</ref>. Nyimbo hizo zote zimo katika sehemu ya pili ya [[kitabu]] hicho, ambayo [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wengi wanaeleza iliandikwa hasa katika [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na [[nabii]] asiyejulikana kwa [[jina]], hivyo anatajwa kama [[Isaya II]]. [[Yesu]] na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wameona katika habari za mhusika huyo [[utabiri]] juu ya [[Kristo]] [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mwenyewe kuteseka]] kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] za [[umati]] lakini hatimaye kushinda kwa [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko]] kama inavyoshuhudiwa na madondoo mengi ya [[Agano Jipya]]<ref name="ReferenceA">"Servant Songs." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Yesu na matabiri ya Agano la Kale]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.abideinchrist.com/messages/isa42v1.html The Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121202130015/http://www.holytrinitylutheranbrooklyn.org/Isaiah/ssintro.pdf Servant Songs of Isaiah] * [https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cbtj/06-2_002.pdf A Comparison of Ancient and Medieval Jewish Interpretations of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah] {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Category:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Biblia]] ryjnvhyrxpqxfy4xqofxfhvmu3vd2ta 0 240695 1570860 1570792 2026-06-11T13:33:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1570860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mauston water tower with cellular tower on top.jpg|thumb|Mnara wa maji huko Mauston, [[Marekani]]]] '''Mnara wa maji''' ni muundo ulioinuliwa unaobeba tanki la maji lililojengwa katika [[urefu]] unaotosha kutoa shinikizo katika mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji safi ya kunywa, na kutoa hifadhi ya dharura kwa ajili ya [[ulinzi]] dhidi ya [[moto]]. Minara ya maji mara nyingi hufanya kazi pamoja na hifadhi za maji zilizo chini ya ardhi au zilizo juu ya ardhi, ambazo huhifadhi maji yaliyotibiwa karibu na mahali yatakapotumika<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=10 Industrial Water Towers Converted Into Awesome, Modern Homes|url=https://www.flavorwire.com/319722/10-industrial-water-towers-converted-into-awesome-modern-homes|work=Flavorwire|date=2012-08-17|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=Flavorwire Staff}}</ref>. Aina nyingine za minara ya maji zinaweza kuhifadhi tu maji ghafi (yasiyo salama kwa kunywa) kwa ajili ya ulinzi wa moto au matumizi ya [[Kiwanda|viwandani]], na huenda zisihusishwe moja kwa moja na mfumo wa umma wa usambazaji maji. Minara ya maji inaweza kusambaza maji hata wakati wa kukatika kwa umeme, kwa sababu hutegemea shinikizo la hidrostatiki linalotokana na urefu wa maji (kutokana na mvuto wa dunia) kusukuma maji katika mifumo ya usambazaji majumbani na viwandani hata hivyo, haiwezi kusambaza maji kwa muda mrefu bila [[umeme]], kwa sababu pampu kwa kawaida huhitajika kujaza tena mnara. Mnara wa maji pia hutumika kama hifadhi ya kusaidia mahitaji ya maji wakati wa nyakati za matumizi makubwa. Kiwango cha maji katika mnara hushuka wakati wa saa za kilele cha matumizi ya [[mchana]], kisha pampu huujaza tena usiku. Utaratibu huu pia husaidia kuzuia maji kuganda wakati wa hali ya hewa ya baridi, kwani mnara huendelea kumwagwa na kujazwa tena mara kwa mara<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/watersupplytown00burtgoog|title=The Water Supply of Towns and the Construction of Waterworks: A Practical ...|last=William Kinnimond Burton|date=1894|publisher=Lockwood|others=University of California|language=English}}</ref>. ==Historia== Ingawa matumizi ya matanki ya maji yaliyoinuliwa yamekuwepo tangu [[Nyakati za kati|nyakati za kale]] kwa namna mbalimbali, matumizi ya kisasa ya minara ya maji kwa mifumo ya umma ya maji yenye shinikizo yaliibuka katikati ya [[karne ya 19]], wakati matumizi ya pampu za mvuke yalipoanza kuenea zaidi, na mabomba bora zaidi yaliyoweza kustahimili shinikizo kubwa yalipotengenezwa. Nchini [[Uingereza]], mifumo ya standpipe ilikuwa na mabomba marefu, yaliyo wazi na yenye umbo la herufi N, yaliyotumika kupunguza shinikizo na kutoa urefu thabiti kwa mitambo ya pampu ya mvuke ambayo mara nyingi ilitoa mtiririko usio thabiti, ilhali mfumo wa usambazaji maji wenye shinikizo ulihitaji shinikizo la kudumu. Standpipe pia ilitoa eneo thabiti na rahisi la kupimia kiwango cha mtiririko wa maji. Wabunifu kwa kawaida walifunika mabomba hayo ya kupandisha maji kwa uashi wa mapambo au miundo ya [[mbao]]. Kufikia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], standpipe zilianza kujumuisha matanki ya kuhifadhi maji ili kukidhi mahitaji yanayoongezeka ya miji iliyokuwa ikikua. Minara mingi ya awali ya maji sasa inachukuliwa kuwa ya kihistoria na imejumuishwa katika orodha mbalimbali za urithi duniani. Baadhi yake imegeuzwa kuwa nyumba za makazi au vyumba vya kifahari. Katika maeneo fulani, kama [[Jiji la New York|New York City]] nchini [[Marekani]], minara midogo ya maji hujengwa kwa ajili ya majengo binafsi. [[California]] na baadhi ya majimbo mengine, minara ya maji ya nyumbani iliyofunikwa kwa mbao (tankhouses) iliwahi kujengwa kati ya miaka ya [[1850]] hadi [[1930]] ili kuhudumia nyumba za mtu mmoja mmoja; [[Kisaga upepo]] zilipampu maji kutoka kwenye [[visima]] vilivyochimbwa kwa mikono na kuyapandisha kwenye tanki. Minara ya maji ilitumika pia kutoa maji katika vituo vya [[treni]] za mvuke kwenye [[reli]]. Lokomotivu za awali za mvuke zilihitaji vituo vya maji kila baada ya [[maili]] 7 hadi 10 ([[kilomita]] 11 hadi 16)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The importance of water on steam-operated railways {{!}} SCRCA|url=https://scrca.foscl.org.uk/importance-water-steam-operated-railways|work=scrca.foscl.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref>. = _{Ubunifu na ujenzi} = [[Faili:Water tower cellular.webp|thumb|Mnara wa maji huko Barrington, [[Illinois]]]] Aina mbalimbali za [[vifaa]] zinaweza kutumika kujenga mnara wa maji wa kawaida; [[chuma]] na [[zege]] iliyoimarishwa au iliyobandikwa kwa mvutano ndizo hutumika zaidi (ingawa mbao au matofali pia hutumika), huku kukiwa na mipako ya ndani ili kulinda maji dhidi ya athari za nyenzo za ukuta wa ndani. Hifadhi ya maji ndani ya mnara inaweza kuwa ya umbo la tufe, silinda au duaradufu (ellipsoid), ikiwa na urefu wa chini wa takribani mita 6 (futi 20) na kipenyo cha angalau mita 4 (futi 13). Mnara wa kawaida wa maji huwa na [[urefu]] wa takribani mita 40 (futi 130). Shinikizo hutokana na shinikizo la hidrostatiki linalosababishwa na urefu wa maji; kwa kila [[milimita]] 102 ([[inchi]] 4.016) ya urefu, huzalisha [[kilopaskali]] 1 (kPa 0.145) ya shinikizo. Urefu wa mita 30 (futi 98.43) huzalisha takribani kPa 300 (psi 43.511), ambayo inatosha kuendesha na kutoa shinikizo linalohitajika kwa matumizi mengi ya maji ya majumbani na mifumo ya usambazaji maji. Urefu wa mnara huleta shinikizo katika mfumo wa usambazaji maji, na unaweza kusaidiwa na pampu. Kiasi cha hifadhi na kipenyo cha mabomba hudumisha na kusaidia kiwango cha mtiririko wa maji. Hata hivyo, kutegemea pampu pekee ni ghali; ili kukidhi mahitaji yanayobadilika, pampu lazima iwe kubwa ya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji ya kilele. Katika nyakati za matumizi ya chini, pampu ndogo hutumika kukidhi mahitaji madogo ya mtiririko wa maji. Mnara wa maji hupunguza matumizi ya umeme ya kuwasha na kuzima pampu mara kwa mara na hivyo kupunguza hitaji la mfumo wa gharama kubwa wa kudhibiti pampu. Kiasi kikubwa cha maji na kasi kubwa ya mtiririko huhitajika wakati wa kuzima moto. Kwa kuwepo kwa mnara wa maji, pampu zinaweza kubuniwa kukidhi mahitaji ya wastani badala ya mahitaji ya kilele; mnara hutoa shinikizo la maji wakati wa mchana na pampu huujaza tena wakati mahitaji ni ya chini. Kutumia mitandao ya sensa zisizo na waya kufuatilia viwango vya maji ndani ya mnara huruhusu halmashauri kufuatilia na kudhibiti pampu kiotomatiki bila kusakinisha na kutunza nyaya za gharama kubwa za data. == Usanifu == Picha iliyo karibu inaonyesha mbinu tatu za usanifu wa majengo za kujumuisha matangi haya katika muundo wa jengo, mojawapo ikiwa katika Barabara ya East 57th, [[Jiji la New York]]. Kuanzia kushoto kwenda kulia, kuna muundo wa matofali uliofungwa kabisa na kupambwa kwa ustadi, muundo rahisi wa matofali usio na paa unaoficha sehemu kubwa ya tanki lakini unaacha sehemu ya juu ionekane, na muundo rahisi wa matumizi ya kawaida ambao haujaribu kuficha matangi wala kuyajumuisha katika muundo wa jengo.<ref>https://www.npr.org/2006/12/02/6567297/wondering-about-water-towers</ref> [[Teknolojia]] hii ilianza kutumika tangu angalau karne ya 19, na kwa muda mrefu [[Jiji la New York]] ilihitaji majengo yote yenye zaidi ya ghorofa sita kuwa na mnara wa maji juu ya paa. Kampuni mbili mjini New York bado zinajenga minara ya maji, na zote ni biashara za kifamilia zilizoendelea kufanya kazi tangu karne ya 19. Wajenzi wa kwanza wa minara ya maji walikuwa watengenezaji wa mapipa, ambao walipanua ujuzi wao ili kukidhi mahitaji mapya yaliyotokana na kuongezeka kwa urefu wa majengo jijini. Hata leo, hakuna dawa maalumu ya kuziba inayotumika kuzuia maji yasivuje. Kuta za mbao za mnara wa maji hushikiliwa pamoja kwa nyaya au mikanda ya chuma, lakini maji huvuja kupitia mianya wakati tanki linapojazwa kwa mara ya kwanza. Mbao zinapolowana na maji, huvimba na kuziba mianya hiyo, hivyo kuzuia uvujaji. Minara ya maji ya juu ya paa huhifadhi kati ya lita 250,000 na 500,000 za maji hadi yatakapohitajika katika jengo lililo chini. Sehemu ya juu ya maji hutumiwa kwa matumizi ya kila siku, huku maji yaliyoko chini ya tanki yakihifadhiwa kwa ajili ya kuzima moto. Kiwango cha maji kinaposhuka chini ya kiwango fulani, swichi ya shinikizo, swichi ya kiwango cha maji au vali ya kuelea huwasha pampu au kufungua njia ya maji ya umma ili kujaza tena tanki.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/nyregion/thecity/03wate.html?_r=1&ref=thecity&oref=login</ref> Mnara wa maji wa zege wenye umbo la uyoga wa Roihuvuori huko Helsinki, [[Ufini|Finland]], ulijengwa katika miaka ya 1970. Una urefu wa mita 52 na unaweza kuhifadhi takribani mita za ujazo 12,000 za maji. Wasanifu majengo na wajenzi wametumia mbinu mbalimbali za kujumuisha minara ya maji katika miundo ya majengo yao. Katika majengo mengi makubwa ya biashara, minara ya maji hufichwa kabisa nyuma ya sehemu ya nje ya jengo. Kwa sababu za urembo, majengo ya makazi mara nyingi hufunika matangi yao kwa miundo ya juu ya paa, iwe ni masanduku rahisi yasiyopambwa au miundo iliyopambwa kwa ustadi ili kuongeza mvuto wa jengo. Hata hivyo, majengo mengi huacha minara yao ya maji ionekane wazi juu ya miundo ya kawaida ya kuibeba. Iwapo pampu zitashindwa kufanya kazi, kwa mfano wakati wa kukatika kwa umeme, shinikizo la maji litapotea, jambo ambalo linaweza kusababisha hatari kwa afya ya umma. Majimbo mengi nchini Marekani yanahitaji kutolewa kwa tahadhari ya kuchemsha maji kabla ya kuyatumia ikiwa shinikizo la maji litashuka chini ya pauni 20 kwa kila inchi ya mraba (140 kPa). Tahadhari hii hutolewa kwa sababu shinikizo la chini linaweza kuruhusu vijidudu vya magonjwa kuingia katika mfumo wa maji. Baadhi ya minara ya maji imebadilishwa kwa matumizi ya kisasa. Mfano ni Wieża Ciśnień (Mnara wa Maji wa Wrocław) huko Wrocław, Poland, ambao sasa ni sehemu ya mgahawa. Mingine imebadilishwa kuwa makazi ya watu. Kihistoria, reli zilizotumia lokomotivu za mvuke zilihitaji njia ya kujaza tena matangi ya maji ya treni. Minara ya maji ilikuwa jambo la kawaida kando ya reli. Matangi hayo kwa kawaida yalijazwa kupitia kreni za maji zilizopata maji kutoka kwenye mnara wa maji. Baadhi ya minara ya maji pia hutumika kama minara ya kutazamia mandhari. Mingine hutumika kwa migahawa, kama vile Goldbergturm huko Sindelfingen, Ujerumani, au mnara wa pili kati ya Minara mitatu ya Kuwait nchini Kuwait. Pia ni kawaida kutumia minara ya maji kama maeneo ya kufunga vifaa vya mawasiliano vya masafa ya UHF yenye nguvu ndogo, kwa mfano kwa huduma za utangazaji wa maeneo ya vijijini, redio za mawasiliano ya kibinafsi na mitandao ya simu za mkononi. Katika maeneo yenye vilima, mazingira ya asili yanaweza kutumika badala ya kujenga miundo ya kuinua matangi ya maji. Matangi haya mara nyingi huwa ni matenki ya zege yaliyojengwa kwenye miteremko ya vilima au milima, lakini hufanya kazi sawa kabisa na minara ya maji ya kawaida. Sehemu za juu za matangi hayo zinaweza kupandwa mimea au kutumika kama maeneo ya bustani au mapumziko iwapo itahitajika. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:uhandisi]] [[Jamii:Maji]] g143p3b5cwow0cdzje6mf1wd8wswni4 0 240698 1570890 1570748 2026-06-11T15:50:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570890 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johannes Nicolaas "Johan" Ackermann''' (amezaliwa 3 Juni 1970) ni kocha wa kulipwa wa Raga ya Muungano kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na mchezaji wa zamani. Alicheza katika nafasi ya Lock wakati wa maisha yake ya uchezaji kati ya mwaka 1995 na 2007. Kwa sasa ni kocha mkuu wa timu ya Bulls . == Maisha ya uchezaji == Mwaka 2007, Ackermann alikua mchezaji mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi kuwahi kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Springbok, akiwa na umri wa miaka 37. Baada ya Kombe la Dunia la Rugby la 2007 nchini Ufaransa, aliitwa tena katika kikosi cha Springbok kucheza dhidi ya Barbarians. Huo ulikuwa mchezo wake wa mwisho katika ngazi ya kimataifa. Ackermann alistaafu mchezo wa raga ya kulipwa kwa ushindi tarehe 1 Machi 2008, wakati Sharks walipoifunga Bulls kwa mabao 29–15 katika uwanja wa Loftus Versfeld. Alikuwa mchezaji mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi kuwahi kushiriki katika historia ya Super Rugby wakati huo. == Maisha ya ukocha == Ackermann alikuwa kocha wa wachezaji wa mbele wa Lions katika mashindano ya Super Rugby chini ya kocha mkuu John Mitchell . Mitchell alipoondoka katika chama hicho, Ackermann alichukua nafasi yake. Alipata mafanikio makubwa kama kocha, ikiwa ni pamoja na kushinda tuzo ya Kocha Bora wa Mwaka ya SARU mwaka 2014, ambao ulikuwa mwaka wake wa kwanza kama kocha mkuu. Mwaka 2013 aliteuliwa kuwa kocha mkuu wa timu za Lions katika Super Rugby na Golden Lions katika mashindano ya Currie Cup. Kabla ya msimu wa 2017–18, aliteuliwa kuwa kocha mkuu wa klabu ya Gloucester inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Raga nchini Uingereza.<ref name="Johan Ackermann named as Gloucester Rugby Head Coach">{{cite press release|url=http://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/news/13712.php|title=Johan Ackermann named as Gloucester Rugby Head Coach|publisher=Gloucester Rugby|date=3 Aprili 2017|access-date=3 Aprili 2017}}</ref> Mwisho wa Juni 2020, aliondoka Gloucester na kujiunga na klabu ya Kijapani ya Red Hurricanes kama kocha mkuu.<ref>{{Rejea habari|date=2020-05-15|title=Johan Ackermann: Gloucester head coach leaves to join Red Hurricanes|language=en-gb|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/52673923|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Nafasi yake Gloucester ilichukuliwa na George Skivington.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-27|title=Gloucester Rugby announce the appointment of George Skivington as Head Coach|url=https://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/2020/06/27/gloucester-rugby-announce-the-appointment-of-george-skivington-as-head-coach/|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Gloucester Rugby|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905045139/https://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/2020/06/27/gloucester-rugby-announce-the-appointment-of-george-skivington-as-head-coach/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarehe 16 Julai 2025, alitangazwa kuwa kocha mkuu mpya wa Vodacom Bulls.<ref>{{cite web|title='A dream come true,' says Johan Ackermann as he is appointed Bulls coach|work=TimesLIVE|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/rugby/2025-07-16-a-dream-come-true-says-johan-ackermann-as-he-is-appointed-bulls-coach/}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Ackermann ameoa na ana wana wawili pamoja na binti mmoja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Iles|first=Robert|date=2018-08-18|title=Johan Ackermann on one year at Gloucester and feeling at 'Holm|url=https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/one-year-johan-ackermann-gloucester-1899325|access-date=2021-07-24|website=GloucestershireLive|language=en}}</ref> Yeye ni Mkristo mwenye imani thabiti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-11-01|title=Gloucester hoping Johan Ackermann can work another miracle|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/nov/01/gloucester-johan-ackermann-the-breakdown|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1970|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 43tn0hizswc38w6hsqgjy3s63vtaw2t 0 240706 1570861 1570758 2026-06-11T13:33:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacobus Petrus Adriaanse''' (amezaliwa 19 Julai 1985) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa muungano wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyeshiriki mashindano ya daraja la kwanza kati ya mwaka 2008 na 2019, na aliwakilisha timu ya Emerging Springboks katika ngazi ya kimataifa. Nafasi yake ya kawaida ilikuwa ya ''tighthead prop''. == Wasifu wa mchezo wa raga == === Ujana === Adriaanse aliwakilisha timu ya Boland kutoka eneo la Western Cape katika ngazi mbalimbali za vijana wakati wa masomo yake, kuanzia kikosi cha chini ya miaka 12 mwaka 1997 hadi chini ya miaka 16 mwaka 2001. Alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Western Province cha chini ya miaka 18 kilichoshiriki Craven Week mwaka 2002 mjini [[Pietermaritzburg]], ambapo timu hiyo ilishinda mechi kuu ya mashindano hayo.<ref name="Cravenweekspanne bekend">{{cite web | url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2002/06/03/8/16.html | title=Cravenweekspanne bekend | work=Die Burger | date=3 June 2002 | accessdate=2026-06-11 | archive-date=2015-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090441/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2002/06/03/8/16.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Baada ya mashindano hayo alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha mazoezi cha Afrika Kusini cha chini ya miaka 19. Mwaka 2003, licha ya kuwa bado alikuwa katika kundi la chini ya miaka 18, Adriaanse alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha mwisho cha Afrika Kusini cha chini ya miaka 19 kilichoshiriki Mashindano ya Dunia ya Raga kwa vijana chini ya miaka 19 yaliyofanyika [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="SA o.19-span vertrek">{{cite web | url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2003/04/08/DB/21LDSk/09.html | title=SA o.19-span vertrek | work=Die Burger | date=8 April 2003 | accessdate=2026-06-11 | archive-date=2014-05-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514190559/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2003/04/08/DB/21LDSk/09.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Aliisaidia Afrika Kusini kutwaa ubingwa kwa kuifunga [[New Zealand]] mabao 22–18 katika fainali.<ref name="Bokkies moes vrees vir groot Kiwi's oorkom">{{cite web | url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2003/04/22/1/8.html | title=Bokkies moes vrees vir groot Kiwi's oorkom | work=Beeld | date=22 April 2003 | accessdate=2026-06-11 | archive-date=2015-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125344/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2003/04/22/1/8.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye mwaka huo alirejea Afrika Kusini na kushiriki tena Craven Week akiwa na Western Province katika toleo la mwaka 2003 lililofanyika Wellington. Alisaidia timu hiyo kushinda mechi ya mwisho isiyo rasmi kwa mwaka wa pili mfululizo. Mwishoni mwa mashindano hayo alichaguliwa katika timu ya South African Schools Academy, ambayo ilicheza dhidi ya timu ya vijana ya [[Ufaransa]] mjini [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="WP spog met 12 in SA spanne">{{cite web | url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2003/07/14/DB/16LDSk/03.html | title=WP spog met 12 in SA spanne | work=Die Burger | date=14 July 2003 | accessdate=2026-06-11 | archive-date=2015-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113158/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2003/07/14/DB/16LDSk/03.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka 2004 alijumuishwa tena katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini cha chini ya miaka 19 kilichoshiriki Mashindano ya Dunia yaliyofanyika [[Durban]]. Ingawa timu hiyo haikuweza kutetea taji lake baada ya kufungwa na New Zealand katika nusu fainali, ilifanikiwa kuishinda [[England]] katika mchezo wa kuwania nafasi ya tatu.<ref name="Baby Blacks dra kroon; Bokkies knak die Rose">{{cite web | url=http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2004/04/13/DB/22LDSk/03.html | title=Baby Blacks dra kroon; Bokkies knak die Rose | work=Die Burger | date=13 April 2004 | accessdate=2026-06-11 | archive-date=2015-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113318/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2004/04/13/DB/22LDSk/03.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Maties, Western Province na Emerging Springboks === Kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2006, Adriaanse aliichezea timu ya Western Province U21 katika mashindano ya vijana chini ya miaka 21. Pia alichezea klabu ya Stellenbosch University, inayojulikana kama '''Maties''', kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2008. Mwaka 2008 aliichezea Maties katika toleo la kwanza la Varsity Cup. Alishiriki mechi nane, zikiwemo za nusu fainali na fainali, ambapo Maties ilitwaa ubingwa wa kwanza wa mashindano hayo baada ya kuishinda timu ya UCT Ikey Tigers. Baadaye mwaka huo alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Emerging Springboks kilichoshiriki 2008 IRB Nations Cup nchini [[Romania]]. Alicheza mechi moja dhidi ya [[Georgia]], ambayo Emerging Springboks walishinda kwa mabao 11–3. === Boland Cavaliers === Baada ya kurejea kutoka Romania mwaka 2008, Adriaanse alijiunga na timu ya Boland Cavaliers yenye makao yake Wellington. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya daraja la kwanza tarehe 19 Julai 2008 dhidi ya Blue Bulls katika Currie Cup Premier Division. Katika msimu wa 2009 alijidhihirisha kama ''tighthead prop'' wa kwanza wa timu hiyo, akianza mechi nyingi za ligi. Hata hivyo, Boland Cavaliers walimaliza mkiani mwa msimamo na kushushwa daraja baada ya kupoteza mfululizo wa mechi za mtoano dhidi ya Pumas. === Griquas === Baada ya kushushwa kwa Boland Cavaliers, Adriaanse alihamia Kimberley kujiunga na Griquas mwaka 2010. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza katika Vodacom Cup dhidi ya Blue Bulls. Katika Currie Cup Premier Division ya mwaka 2010, alifunga ''try'' ya kwanza katika maisha yake ya mchezo wakati Griquas ilipoifunga Golden Lions kwa mabao 26–20. === Golden Lions na Lions === Mwaka 2011 Adriaanse alijiunga na Golden Lions ya [[Johannesburg]]. Utendaji wake mzuri ulimwezesha kupandishwa katika kikosi cha Lions kilichoshiriki Super Rugby. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya Super Rugby tarehe 26 Machi 2011 dhidi ya Bulls. Katika msimu wa Currie Cup wa mwaka huo alifunga ''try'' tatu na kusaidia Golden Lions kutwaa ubingwa wao wa kwanza tangu mwaka 1999. Aliendelea kucheza kwa Lions na Golden Lions hadi mwisho wa mwaka 2012. === Scarlets === Baada ya msimu wa 2012, Adriaanse alisaini mkataba wa miaka mitatu na klabu ya Scarlets ya [[Wales]], iliyokuwa ikishiriki mashindano ya Pro12. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Scarlets katika 2012–13 LV Cup dhidi ya Worcester Warriors. Pia alicheza katika Heineken Cup na Pro12. Katika misimu mitatu aliyokaa Wales, alicheza jumla ya mechi 51 kwa Scarlets lakini hakufunga ''try'' yoyote. === Montpellier === Mwaka 2015 Adriaanse alijiunga kwa muda mfupi na klabu ya Montpellier ya [[Ufaransa]] inayoshiriki Top 14, ili kutoa msaada wakati wa 2015 Rugby World Cup. Alicheza mechi tatu katika ligi hiyo. === Kings === Baada ya kuondoka Montpellier, alirejea Afrika Kusini na kujiunga na Southern Kings kabla ya msimu wa 2016 Super Rugby . === Bulls === Mwaka 2016 alihamia [[Pretoria]] na kujiunga na Blue Bulls kabla ya kuanza kwa 2016 Currie Cup Premier Division. == Maisha binafsi == Adriaanse ni kaka mkubwa wa mchezaji wa kimataifa wa Afrika Kusini Lourens Adriaanse, ambaye pia alicheza katika nafasi ya ''prop''. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] ocedhnm8okmxg77r2ag7l9283bqyxuh 0 240710 1571091 1570762 2026-06-12T10:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1571091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Akaki''' ni mto unaopatikana katikati ya jiji la [[Addis Ababa]] nchini [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu ni [[tawimto]] la upande wa kulia la [[mto Awash]]. Akaki pia ndio mto mkubwa zaidi katika jiji la Addis Ababa, mji mkuu wa Ethiopia. Hata hivyo, watu wengi hawautambui kwa urahisi kutokana na kufunikwa na misitu minene na kupungua kwa viumbe wa kawaida wa mtoni; mimea inayopatikana kandokando yake kwa kiasi kikubwa ni magugu na miti ya ukingoni. Mito miwili midogo huungana na [[Mto]] Akaki katika bwawa la Aba Samuel. Mito hiyo ni Akaki Ndogo (Little Akaki) upande wa magharibi na Akaki Kubwa (Great Akaki) upande wa mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AKAKI RIVER: OROMIA - ENVIRONMENT IN PERIL|url=http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html|work=www.gadaa.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225074400/http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uchafuzi wa mazingira == Jiji la Addis Ababa limekuwa likitumia Mto Akaki kama eneo la kutupia taka. Hali hii imeweka hatarini wakazi wa vijijini wanaoishi pembezoni mwa [[jiji]], kwa kuwa mto huo ni mojawapo ya vyanzo vya maji ya kunywa kwa jamii hizo. Mto Akaki una umuhimu mkubwa kwa spishi nyingi za [[ndege]]. Ardhi oevu za Akaki–Aba Samuel zimetambuliwa na BirdLife International kuwa eneo muhimu la mapumziko kwa ndege wahamiaji wa msimu wa baridi. Eneo hilo limeripotiwa kuwa makazi ya hadi ndege wa majini 20,000 kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AKAKI RIVER: OROMIA - ENVIRONMENT IN PERIL|url=http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html|work=www.gadaa.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225074400/http://www.gadaa.com/AkakiRiver.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 1qnvkrnt183ff2ipjaf0eo59a9orzxu 0 240729 1570844 1570833 2026-06-11T12:28:51Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Nimeendelea kuhariri 1570844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Septic tank Bolduc.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Shimo la maji taka likisakinishwa ardhini {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Kipengele''' !Maelezo |- |Nafasi katika mnyororo wa usafi wa mazingira |Ukusanyaji na uhifadhi/matibabu (on-site)[ |- |Ngazi ya matumizi |Ngazi ya kaya au ujirani (shule, hoteli n.k.) |- |Ngazi ya usimamizi |Kaya, umma, iliyoshirikiwa (ya kawaida zaidi ni ngazi ya kaya) |- |Pembejeo |blackwater (taka), greywater, brownwater |- |Pato |Tope la kinyesi, maji yaliyotibiwa (effluent) |- |Aina |Tanki moja au matanki ya vyumba vingi (huenda yakawa na vizuizi/baffles) |- |Masuala ya mazingira |Uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, uchafuzi wa maji mfano wakati wa mafuriko |} ]] '''Tangi la maji taka''' ni shimo la chini ya [[ardhi]] lilichotengenezwa kwa zege, glasi, au plastiki ambapo maji machafu ya majumbani (maji taka) hutiririka kwa ajili ya usafishwaji wa msingi wa maji taka. <ref name="tilley2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|last=Tilley|first=Elizabeth|last2=Ulrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Lüthi|first3=Christoph|last4=Reymond|first4=Philippe|last5=Zurbrügg|first5=Chris|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|year=2014|isbn=978-3906484570|edition=2nd|location=Duebendorf, Switzerland|chapter=Septic tanks|chapter-url=http://ecompendium.sswm.info/sanitation-technologies/septic-tank?group_code=s}}</ref> Michakato ya usagaji wa maji taka na yasiyo na hewa hupunguza vitu vikali na vya kikaboni, lakini ufanisi wa matibabu ni wa wastani tu (unaojulikana kama "matibabu ya msingi"). <ref name="tilley2" /> Mifumo ya tanki la maji taka ni aina ya kituo rahisi cha maji taka . Inaweza kutumika katika maeneo ambayo hayajaunganishwa na mfumo wa [[Mfumo wa majitaka|maji taka]], kama vile maeneo ya vijijini. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini unaweza kutokea na ni tatizo. Neno "septic" linarejelea mazingira ya [[bakteria]] wa anaerobic yanayositawi ndani ya tanki ambayo huchambua au kuharibu taka zinazotiririshwa ndani ya tanki. Mashimo ya maji taka yanaweza kuunganishwa na vitengo vingine vya matibabu ya maji taka ya mahali hapo kama vile vichujio vya kibiolojia au mifumo ya aerobic inayohusisha uingizaji hewa wa kulazimishwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Ground Water Trust - Septic Systems for Waste Water Disposal|url=http://www.agwt.org/info/septicsystems.htm|work=www.agwt.org|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> [[Kiwango]] cha mkusanyiko wa tope—ambalo pia huitwa septage au tope la kinyesi—ni cha haraka kuliko kiwango cha [[mmeng'enyo]]. Kwa hiyo, tope la [[kinyesi]] lililokusanyika lazima liondolewe mara kwa mara, jambo ambalo kwa kawaida hufanywa kwa [[lori]] la kufyonza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Septic Systems|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm|work=www.nesc.wvu.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Maelezo == [[Faili:Schematic of a septic tank 2.png|thumb|220x220px|Mchoro wa tanki la maji taka<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanitation Systems Perspective {{!}} SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!|url=https://sswm.info/perspective/sanitation-systems-perspective|work=sswm.info|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>]] Shimo la maji taka lina tanki moja au zaidi za zege au plastiki zenye ujazo wa kati ya [[lita]] 4,500 na 7,500 (galoni 1,000 na 2,000); upande mmoja umeunganishwa na bomba la kuingizia maji machafu na mwingine kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka. Kwa ujumla, viungio hivi vya mabomba hufanywa kwa kutumia bomba la T, ikiruhusu maji kuingia na kutoka bila kuvuruga ukoko wowote ulio juu ya uso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Care for Your Septic System|url=https://www.epa.gov/septic/how-care-your-septic-system|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-06-16|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Leo hii, muundo wa tanki kwa kawaida hujumuisha vyumba viwili, kila kimoja kikiwa na tundu la kufikia na mfuniko, na vimetenganishwa na ukuta wa mgawanyo wenye matundu yaliyopo katikati ya sakafu na [[paa]] la tanki. Maji machafu huingia kwenye chumba cha kwanza cha tanki, ikiruhusu yabisi kutulia na takataka kuwaka juu. Yabisi yaliyotulia humeng'enywa bila hewa, na kupunguza kiasi cha yabisi. Sehemu ya maji hutiririka kupitia ukuta wa mgawanyo kuingia kwenye chumba cha pili, ambapo utulivu zaidi hutokea. Chaguo moja kwa maji yaliyotibiwa ni kuyapeleka kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka, ambao pia hujulikana kama leach field, drain field au seepage field, kulingana na eneo. Jaribio la upenyezaji linahitajika kabla ya usakinishaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa utoboaji wa udongo unatosha kutumika kama uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to run a percolation test : Moisture Management : Housing and Technology : Environment : University of Minnesota Extension|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/how-to-run-a-percolation-test/index.html|work=www.extension.umn.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye matibabu ya sekondari, kwa kawaida kwenye ardhi oevu iliyotengenezwa na binadamu. Ardhi oevu zilizotengenezwa hunufaika na utendaji mzuri wa mashimo ya maji taka katika kuondoa yabisi, jambo ambalo huyaepusha kuziba haraka. [[Faili:Landpeople s cc8.PNG|thumb|180x180px|Tangi ya maji taka na uwanja wa kukimbia septic]] Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye kituo kikuu cha [[matibabu]]. Uchafu uliobaki hunaswa na kuondolewa kwenye udongo, huku maji ya ziada yakiondolewa kupitia upenyezaji ndani ya [[udongo]], kupitia uvukizi, na kwa kufyonzwa kupitia mfumo wa [[mizizi]] ya [[mimea]] na hatimaye upumuaji wa mimea au kuingia kwenye maji ya chini ya ardhi au maji ya juu ya ardhi. Mtandao wa mabomba, ambao mara nyingi huwekwa kwenye mfereji uliojazwa mawe (tazama weeping tile), husambaza maji machafu kote shambani kwa kutumia matundu mengi ya mifereji kwenye mtandao huo. Ukubwa wa uwanja wa mifereji ni sawia na kiasi cha maji machafu na kinyume na upenyezaji wa uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo mzima wa shimo la maji taka unaweza kufanya kazi kwa mvutano wa dunia pekee au, ambapo mazingira ya kijiografia yanahitaji, kwa kujumuisha [[pampu]] ya kunyanyua. Miundo fulani ya shimo la maji taka hujumuisha sifoni au vifaa vingine ili kuongeza kiasi na kasi ya mtiririko unaotoka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hizi husaidia kujaza bomba la mifereji kwa usawa zaidi na kuongeza muda wa maisha ya uwanja wa mifereji kwa kuzuia kuziba mapema au kuziba kwa viumbe. Shimo la maji taka la Imhoff ni mfumo wa shimo la maji taka wa hatua mbili ambapo tope humeng'enywa katika tanki tofauti. Hii huepuka kuchanganya tope lililomeng'enywa na maji taka yanayoingia. Pia, baadhi ya miundo ya mashimo ya maji taka ina hatua ya pili ambapo maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka hatua ya kwanza ya anaerobic huingizwa hewa kabla hayajatiririka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo wa shimo la maji taka ulioundwa vizuri na unaofanya kazi kawaida hauna harufu. Licha ya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara na uondoaji wa taka, shimo la maji taka linapaswa kudumu kwa miongo kadhaa na matengenezo madogo, huku matanki ya [[zege]], [[nyuzi]] za [[kioo]], au [[plastiki]] yakidumu kwa takriban miaka 50.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEPTIC TANKS|url=http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/realp.htm|work=cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Kuondoa (kufuta) == ''Taarifa zaidi: Fecal sludge management'' Taka ambazo hazijameng'enywa na mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa lazima hatimaye ziondolewe kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka. Vinginevyo, shimo la maji taka hujaa na maji machafu yenye nyenzo zisizomeng'enywa hutiririka moja kwa moja kuelekea kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hili si tu kwamba ni hatari kwa mazingira bali, ikiwa tope litafurika kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka kuingia kwenye leach field, linaweza kuziba mabomba ya leach field au kupunguza upenyezaji wa udongo wenyewe, na kuhitaji ukarabati wa gharama kubwa. Wakati shimo la maji taka linapomwagwa, tope lililokusanyika (septage, pia hujulikana kama fecal sludge<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Fecal Sludge Management is Serious Business|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/why-fecal-sludge-management-serious-business|work=World Bank Blogs|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>) hufyonzwa kutoka kwenye tanki na [[lori]] la kufyonza. Ni mara ngapi shimo la maji taka lazima limwagwe inategemea ujazo wa tanki ikilinganishwa na pembejeo ya yabisi, kiasi cha yabisi kisichoweza kumeng'enywa, na halijoto iliyopo (kwa sababu mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa hutokea kwa ufanisi zaidi katika [[halijoto]] ya juu), pamoja na matumizi, sifa za mfumo na mahitaji ya mamlaka husika. Baadhi ya mamlaka za afya zinahitaji matanki yamwagwe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa, wakati zingine zinaiacha kwa uamuzi wa mkaguzi. Baadhi ya mifumo inahitaji kufyonzwa baada ya miaka michache au mapema zaidi, wakati mingine inaweza kwenda miaka 10–20 kati ya ufyonzaji na ufyonzaji. Mfumo wa zamani wenye tanki dogo ambalo linatumiwa na [[familia]] kubwa litahitaji ufyonzaji wa mara kwa mara zaidi kuliko mfumo mpya unaotumiwa na watu wachache tu. Mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa huanza tena kwa haraka wakati tanki linapojazwa tena. Tanki tupu linaweza kuharibiwa na shinikizo la maji na kusababisha tanki "kuelea" nje ya ardhi, hasa katika hali ya mafuriko au hali ya ardhi yenye maji mengi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Septic Systems - What to Do after the Flood|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/septic-systems-what-do-after-flood|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-11-18|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Chaguo jingine ni "scheduled desludging" ya mashimo ya maji taka ambayo imeanzishwa katika nchi kadhaa za Asia zikiwemo Ufilipino, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, na India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Meera |last2=Mehta |first2=Dinesh |last3=Yadav |first3=Upasana |date=2019-11-27 |title=Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Through Scheduled Desludging Services: Emerging Experience From India |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188/full |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |language=English |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188 |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> katika mchakato huu, kila mali inahudumiwa kufuatia njia iliyopangwa na wakaazi wa mali hizo hupewa taarifa mapema kuhusu uondoaji wa tope utakaofanyika. == Matengenezo == Matengenezo ya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka mara nyingi ni jukumu la mkazi au mmiliki wa mali. Baadhi ya aina za matumizi mabaya au uzembe ni pamoja na yafuatayo: === Matendo ya mtumiaji === * Utupaji wa kupita kiasi wa mafuta ya kupikia na grisi unaweza kusababisha mifereji ya kuingilia kuziba. Mafuta na grisi mara nyingi ni vigumu kuvunjwa na vinaweza kusababisha matatizo ya harufu na ugumu wakati wa uondoaji wa mara kwa mara wa tope. * Kupeleka vitu vya taka visivyoweza kuoza chooni kama vile vipisi vya [[sigara]], [[pamba]] za masikioni/swabs au bidhaa za usafi wa [[hedhi]] na [[kondomu]] kunaweza kusababisha shimo la maji taka kuziba na kujaa haraka, kwa hivyo vifaa hivi havipaswi kutupwa kwa namna hiyo. Hali hiyo inatumika pia wakati [[choo]] kimeunganishwa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka badala ya shimo la maji taka. * Kutumia choo kwa ajili ya kutupa taka za [[chakula]] kunaweza kusababisha mfumo kulemewa haraka na yabisi na kuchangia katika kuharibika kwa mfumo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20041019011759/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/homeowner_guide_long_customize.pdf </ref> * Kemikali fulani zinaweza kuharibu vijenzi vya shimo la maji taka au kuua [[bakteria]] wanaohitajika ndani ya shimo la maji taka ili mfumo ufanye kazi vizuri, kama vile viuatilifu, viua miguu, vifaa vyenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa bleach au soda ya kusafishia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Mark |date=1987-06-01 |title=Assessment of the Effects of Household Chemicals Upon Individual Septic Tank Performances |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/awrctr/81 |journal=Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports}}</ref> au nyenzo nyingine zozote zisizo za kikaboni kama vile rangi au viyeyusho.<ref>{{Citation|title=Septic Tanks - The Guide - Septicleanse|date=2016-03-09|url=https://septicleanse.com/septic-tanks/|work=Septicleanse|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> * Kutumia vilainishi vya maji – maji yenye [[chumvi]] nyingi yanayotoka kwenye vilainishi vya maji yanaweza kuwadhuru bakteria wanaohusika na kuvunja maji machafu. Hata hivyo, kwa kawaida, maji hayo yenye chumvi huchanganyikana vya kutosha na maji mengine machafu kiasi kwamba hayaathiri vibaya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka.<ref>https://www.hockingcountyhealthdepartment.com/pdf/water-softener-fact-sheet.pdf</ref> == Matatizo ya mazingira == === Uchafuzi wa maji === Katika maeneo yenye [[msongamano]] mkubwa wa watu, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini kupita mipaka inayokubalika unaweza kutokea. Baadhi ya miji midogo hupata gharama za kujenga mifumo ya matibabu ya maji machafu ya gharama kubwa sana kwa sababu ya tatizo hili, kutokana na gharama kubwa ya mifumo ya ukusanyaji iliyopanuliwa. Ili kupunguza maendeleo ya makazi ambayo yanaweza kuongeza mahitaji ya kujenga mfumo wa maji taka wa [[gharama]] kubwa wa kati, kusitishwa kwa ujenzi na vikwazo katika [[Ugawaji (Nachingwea)|ugawaji]] wa mali mara nyingi huwekwa. Kuhakikisha mashimo ya maji taka yaliyopo yanafanya kazi vizuri pia kunaweza kusaidia kwa muda mfupi, lakini inakuwa na ufanisi mdogo kama mkakati mkuu wa kurekebisha hali hiyo kadiri msongamano wa watu unavyoongezeka. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 10agmeikpcuul8okkd1saw1bdybxsnm 1570847 1570844 2026-06-11T12:49:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kuondoa (kufuta) */ 1570847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Septic tank Bolduc.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Shimo la maji taka likisakinishwa ardhini {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Kipengele''' !Maelezo |- |Nafasi katika mnyororo wa usafi wa mazingira |Ukusanyaji na uhifadhi/matibabu (on-site)[ |- |Ngazi ya matumizi |Ngazi ya kaya au ujirani (shule, hoteli n.k.) |- |Ngazi ya usimamizi |Kaya, umma, iliyoshirikiwa (ya kawaida zaidi ni ngazi ya kaya) |- |Pembejeo |blackwater (taka), greywater, brownwater |- |Pato |Tope la kinyesi, maji yaliyotibiwa (effluent) |- |Aina |Tanki moja au matanki ya vyumba vingi (huenda yakawa na vizuizi/baffles) |- |Masuala ya mazingira |Uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, uchafuzi wa maji mfano wakati wa mafuriko |} ]] '''Tangi la maji taka''' ni shimo la chini ya [[ardhi]] lilichotengenezwa kwa zege, glasi, au plastiki ambapo maji machafu ya majumbani (maji taka) hutiririka kwa ajili ya usafishwaji wa msingi wa maji taka. <ref name="tilley2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|last=Tilley|first=Elizabeth|last2=Ulrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Lüthi|first3=Christoph|last4=Reymond|first4=Philippe|last5=Zurbrügg|first5=Chris|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|year=2014|isbn=978-3906484570|edition=2nd|location=Duebendorf, Switzerland|chapter=Septic tanks|chapter-url=http://ecompendium.sswm.info/sanitation-technologies/septic-tank?group_code=s}}</ref> Michakato ya usagaji wa maji taka na yasiyo na hewa hupunguza vitu vikali na vya kikaboni, lakini ufanisi wa matibabu ni wa wastani tu (unaojulikana kama "matibabu ya msingi"). <ref name="tilley2" /> Mifumo ya tanki la maji taka ni aina ya kituo rahisi cha maji taka . Inaweza kutumika katika maeneo ambayo hayajaunganishwa na mfumo wa [[Mfumo wa majitaka|maji taka]], kama vile maeneo ya vijijini. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini unaweza kutokea na ni tatizo. Neno "septic" linarejelea mazingira ya [[bakteria]] wa anaerobic yanayositawi ndani ya tanki ambayo huchambua au kuharibu taka zinazotiririshwa ndani ya tanki. Mashimo ya maji taka yanaweza kuunganishwa na vitengo vingine vya matibabu ya maji taka ya mahali hapo kama vile vichujio vya kibiolojia au mifumo ya aerobic inayohusisha uingizaji hewa wa kulazimishwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Ground Water Trust - Septic Systems for Waste Water Disposal|url=http://www.agwt.org/info/septicsystems.htm|work=www.agwt.org|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> [[Kiwango]] cha mkusanyiko wa tope—ambalo pia huitwa septage au tope la kinyesi—ni cha haraka kuliko kiwango cha [[mmeng'enyo]]. Kwa hiyo, tope la [[kinyesi]] lililokusanyika lazima liondolewe mara kwa mara, jambo ambalo kwa kawaida hufanywa kwa [[lori]] la kufyonza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Septic Systems|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm|work=www.nesc.wvu.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Maelezo == [[Faili:Schematic of a septic tank 2.png|thumb|220x220px|Mchoro wa tanki la maji taka<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanitation Systems Perspective {{!}} SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!|url=https://sswm.info/perspective/sanitation-systems-perspective|work=sswm.info|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>]] Shimo la maji taka lina tanki moja au zaidi za zege au plastiki zenye ujazo wa kati ya [[lita]] 4,500 na 7,500 (galoni 1,000 na 2,000); upande mmoja umeunganishwa na bomba la kuingizia maji machafu na mwingine kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka. Kwa ujumla, viungio hivi vya mabomba hufanywa kwa kutumia bomba la T, ikiruhusu maji kuingia na kutoka bila kuvuruga ukoko wowote ulio juu ya uso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Care for Your Septic System|url=https://www.epa.gov/septic/how-care-your-septic-system|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-06-16|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Leo hii, muundo wa tanki kwa kawaida hujumuisha vyumba viwili, kila kimoja kikiwa na tundu la kufikia na mfuniko, na vimetenganishwa na ukuta wa mgawanyo wenye matundu yaliyopo katikati ya sakafu na [[paa]] la tanki. Maji machafu huingia kwenye chumba cha kwanza cha tanki, ikiruhusu yabisi kutulia na takataka kuwaka juu. Yabisi yaliyotulia humeng'enywa bila hewa, na kupunguza kiasi cha yabisi. Sehemu ya maji hutiririka kupitia ukuta wa mgawanyo kuingia kwenye chumba cha pili, ambapo utulivu zaidi hutokea. Chaguo moja kwa maji yaliyotibiwa ni kuyapeleka kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka, ambao pia hujulikana kama leach field, drain field au seepage field, kulingana na eneo. Jaribio la upenyezaji linahitajika kabla ya usakinishaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa utoboaji wa udongo unatosha kutumika kama uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to run a percolation test : Moisture Management : Housing and Technology : Environment : University of Minnesota Extension|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/how-to-run-a-percolation-test/index.html|work=www.extension.umn.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye matibabu ya sekondari, kwa kawaida kwenye ardhi oevu iliyotengenezwa na binadamu. Ardhi oevu zilizotengenezwa hunufaika na utendaji mzuri wa mashimo ya maji taka katika kuondoa yabisi, jambo ambalo huyaepusha kuziba haraka. [[Faili:Landpeople s cc8.PNG|thumb|180x180px|Tangi ya maji taka na uwanja wa kukimbia septic]] Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye kituo kikuu cha [[matibabu]]. Uchafu uliobaki hunaswa na kuondolewa kwenye udongo, huku maji ya ziada yakiondolewa kupitia upenyezaji ndani ya [[udongo]], kupitia uvukizi, na kwa kufyonzwa kupitia mfumo wa [[mizizi]] ya [[mimea]] na hatimaye upumuaji wa mimea au kuingia kwenye maji ya chini ya ardhi au maji ya juu ya ardhi. Mtandao wa mabomba, ambao mara nyingi huwekwa kwenye mfereji uliojazwa mawe (tazama weeping tile), husambaza maji machafu kote shambani kwa kutumia matundu mengi ya mifereji kwenye mtandao huo. Ukubwa wa uwanja wa mifereji ni sawia na kiasi cha maji machafu na kinyume na upenyezaji wa uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo mzima wa shimo la maji taka unaweza kufanya kazi kwa mvutano wa dunia pekee au, ambapo mazingira ya kijiografia yanahitaji, kwa kujumuisha [[pampu]] ya kunyanyua. Miundo fulani ya shimo la maji taka hujumuisha sifoni au vifaa vingine ili kuongeza kiasi na kasi ya mtiririko unaotoka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hizi husaidia kujaza bomba la mifereji kwa usawa zaidi na kuongeza muda wa maisha ya uwanja wa mifereji kwa kuzuia kuziba mapema au kuziba kwa viumbe. Shimo la maji taka la Imhoff ni mfumo wa shimo la maji taka wa hatua mbili ambapo tope humeng'enywa katika tanki tofauti. Hii huepuka kuchanganya tope lililomeng'enywa na maji taka yanayoingia. Pia, baadhi ya miundo ya mashimo ya maji taka ina hatua ya pili ambapo maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka hatua ya kwanza ya anaerobic huingizwa hewa kabla hayajatiririka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo wa shimo la maji taka ulioundwa vizuri na unaofanya kazi kawaida hauna harufu. Licha ya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara na uondoaji wa taka, shimo la maji taka linapaswa kudumu kwa miongo kadhaa na matengenezo madogo, huku matanki ya [[zege]], [[nyuzi]] za [[kioo]], au [[plastiki]] yakidumu kwa takriban miaka 50.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEPTIC TANKS|url=http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/realp.htm|work=cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Kuondoa == Taka ambazo hazijameng'enywa na mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa lazima hatimaye ziondolewe kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka. Vinginevyo, shimo la maji taka hujaa na maji machafu yenye nyenzo zisizomeng'enywa hutiririka moja kwa moja kuelekea kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hili si tu kwamba ni hatari kwa mazingira bali, ikiwa tope litafurika kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka kuingia kwenye leach field, linaweza kuziba mabomba ya leach field au kupunguza upenyezaji wa udongo wenyewe, na kuhitaji ukarabati wa gharama kubwa. Wakati shimo la maji taka linapomwagwa, tope lililokusanyika (septage, pia hujulikana kama fecal sludge<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Fecal Sludge Management is Serious Business|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/why-fecal-sludge-management-serious-business|work=World Bank Blogs|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>) hufyonzwa kutoka kwenye tanki na [[lori]] la kufyonza. Ni mara ngapi shimo la maji taka lazima limwagwe inategemea ujazo wa tanki ikilinganishwa na pembejeo ya yabisi, kiasi cha yabisi kisichoweza kumeng'enywa, na halijoto iliyopo (kwa sababu mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa hutokea kwa ufanisi zaidi katika [[halijoto]] ya juu), pamoja na matumizi, sifa za mfumo na mahitaji ya mamlaka husika. Baadhi ya mamlaka za afya zinahitaji matanki yamwagwe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa, wakati zingine zinaiacha kwa uamuzi wa mkaguzi. Baadhi ya mifumo inahitaji kufyonzwa baada ya miaka michache au mapema zaidi, wakati mingine inaweza kwenda miaka 10–20 kati ya ufyonzaji na ufyonzaji. Mfumo wa zamani wenye tanki dogo ambalo linatumiwa na [[familia]] kubwa litahitaji ufyonzaji wa mara kwa mara zaidi kuliko mfumo mpya unaotumiwa na watu wachache tu. Mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa huanza tena kwa haraka wakati tanki linapojazwa tena. Tanki tupu linaweza kuharibiwa na shinikizo la maji na kusababisha tanki "kuelea" nje ya ardhi, hasa katika hali ya mafuriko au hali ya ardhi yenye maji mengi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Septic Systems - What to Do after the Flood|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/septic-systems-what-do-after-flood|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-11-18|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Chaguo jingine ni "scheduled desludging" ya mashimo ya maji taka ambayo imeanzishwa katika nchi kadhaa za Asia zikiwemo Ufilipino, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, na India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Meera |last2=Mehta |first2=Dinesh |last3=Yadav |first3=Upasana |date=2019-11-27 |title=Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Through Scheduled Desludging Services: Emerging Experience From India |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188/full |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |language=English |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188 |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> katika mchakato huu, kila mali inahudumiwa kufuatia njia iliyopangwa na wakaazi wa mali hizo hupewa taarifa mapema kuhusu uondoaji wa tope utakaofanyika. == Matengenezo == Matengenezo ya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka mara nyingi ni jukumu la mkazi au mmiliki wa mali. Baadhi ya aina za matumizi mabaya au uzembe ni pamoja na yafuatayo: === Matendo ya mtumiaji === * Utupaji wa kupita kiasi wa mafuta ya kupikia na grisi unaweza kusababisha mifereji ya kuingilia kuziba. Mafuta na grisi mara nyingi ni vigumu kuvunjwa na vinaweza kusababisha matatizo ya harufu na ugumu wakati wa uondoaji wa mara kwa mara wa tope. * Kupeleka vitu vya taka visivyoweza kuoza chooni kama vile vipisi vya [[sigara]], [[pamba]] za masikioni/swabs au bidhaa za usafi wa [[hedhi]] na [[kondomu]] kunaweza kusababisha shimo la maji taka kuziba na kujaa haraka, kwa hivyo vifaa hivi havipaswi kutupwa kwa namna hiyo. Hali hiyo inatumika pia wakati [[choo]] kimeunganishwa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka badala ya shimo la maji taka. * Kutumia choo kwa ajili ya kutupa taka za [[chakula]] kunaweza kusababisha mfumo kulemewa haraka na yabisi na kuchangia katika kuharibika kwa mfumo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20041019011759/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/homeowner_guide_long_customize.pdf </ref> * Kemikali fulani zinaweza kuharibu vijenzi vya shimo la maji taka au kuua [[bakteria]] wanaohitajika ndani ya shimo la maji taka ili mfumo ufanye kazi vizuri, kama vile viuatilifu, viua miguu, vifaa vyenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa bleach au soda ya kusafishia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Mark |date=1987-06-01 |title=Assessment of the Effects of Household Chemicals Upon Individual Septic Tank Performances |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/awrctr/81 |journal=Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports}}</ref> au nyenzo nyingine zozote zisizo za kikaboni kama vile rangi au viyeyusho.<ref>{{Citation|title=Septic Tanks - The Guide - Septicleanse|date=2016-03-09|url=https://septicleanse.com/septic-tanks/|work=Septicleanse|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> * Kutumia vilainishi vya maji – maji yenye [[chumvi]] nyingi yanayotoka kwenye vilainishi vya maji yanaweza kuwadhuru bakteria wanaohusika na kuvunja maji machafu. Hata hivyo, kwa kawaida, maji hayo yenye chumvi huchanganyikana vya kutosha na maji mengine machafu kiasi kwamba hayaathiri vibaya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka.<ref>https://www.hockingcountyhealthdepartment.com/pdf/water-softener-fact-sheet.pdf</ref> == Matatizo ya mazingira == === Uchafuzi wa maji === Katika maeneo yenye [[msongamano]] mkubwa wa watu, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini kupita mipaka inayokubalika unaweza kutokea. Baadhi ya miji midogo hupata gharama za kujenga mifumo ya matibabu ya maji machafu ya gharama kubwa sana kwa sababu ya tatizo hili, kutokana na gharama kubwa ya mifumo ya ukusanyaji iliyopanuliwa. Ili kupunguza maendeleo ya makazi ambayo yanaweza kuongeza mahitaji ya kujenga mfumo wa maji taka wa [[gharama]] kubwa wa kati, kusitishwa kwa ujenzi na vikwazo katika [[Ugawaji (Nachingwea)|ugawaji]] wa mali mara nyingi huwekwa. Kuhakikisha mashimo ya maji taka yaliyopo yanafanya kazi vizuri pia kunaweza kusaidia kwa muda mfupi, lakini inakuwa na ufanisi mdogo kama mkakati mkuu wa kurekebisha hali hiyo kadiri msongamano wa watu unavyoongezeka. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] m0ebca4l7pb24r0e7esksaouri0rbbh 1570882 1570847 2026-06-11T15:14:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 10 template(s) replaced. 1570882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Septic tank Bolduc.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Shimo la maji taka likisakinishwa ardhini {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Kipengele''' !Maelezo |- |Nafasi katika mnyororo wa usafi wa mazingira |Ukusanyaji na uhifadhi/matibabu (on-site)[ |- |Ngazi ya matumizi |Ngazi ya kaya au ujirani (shule, hoteli n.k.) |- |Ngazi ya usimamizi |Kaya, umma, iliyoshirikiwa (ya kawaida zaidi ni ngazi ya kaya) |- |Pembejeo |blackwater (taka), greywater, brownwater |- |Pato |Tope la kinyesi, maji yaliyotibiwa (effluent) |- |Aina |Tanki moja au matanki ya vyumba vingi (huenda yakawa na vizuizi/baffles) |- |Masuala ya mazingira |Uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi, uchafuzi wa maji mfano wakati wa mafuriko |} ]] '''Tangi la maji taka''' ni shimo la chini ya [[ardhi]] lilichotengenezwa kwa zege, glasi, au plastiki ambapo maji machafu ya majumbani (maji taka) hutiririka kwa ajili ya usafishwaji wa msingi wa maji taka. <ref name="tilley2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|last=Tilley|first=Elizabeth|last2=Ulrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Lüthi|first3=Christoph|last4=Reymond|first4=Philippe|last5=Zurbrügg|first5=Chris|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|year=2014|isbn=978-3906484570|edition=2nd|location=Duebendorf, Switzerland|chapter=Septic tanks|chapter-url=http://ecompendium.sswm.info/sanitation-technologies/septic-tank?group_code=s}}</ref> Michakato ya usagaji wa maji taka na yasiyo na hewa hupunguza vitu vikali na vya kikaboni, lakini ufanisi wa matibabu ni wa wastani tu (unaojulikana kama "matibabu ya msingi"). <ref name="tilley2" /> Mifumo ya tanki la maji taka ni aina ya kituo rahisi cha maji taka . Inaweza kutumika katika maeneo ambayo hayajaunganishwa na mfumo wa [[Mfumo wa majitaka|maji taka]], kama vile maeneo ya vijijini. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini unaweza kutokea na ni tatizo. Neno "septic" linarejelea mazingira ya [[bakteria]] wa anaerobic yanayositawi ndani ya tanki ambayo huchambua au kuharibu taka zinazotiririshwa ndani ya tanki. Mashimo ya maji taka yanaweza kuunganishwa na vitengo vingine vya matibabu ya maji taka ya mahali hapo kama vile vichujio vya kibiolojia au mifumo ya aerobic inayohusisha uingizaji hewa wa kulazimishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=American Ground Water Trust - Septic Systems for Waste Water Disposal|url=http://www.agwt.org/info/septicsystems.htm|work=www.agwt.org|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> [[Kiwango]] cha mkusanyiko wa tope—ambalo pia huitwa septage au tope la kinyesi—ni cha haraka kuliko kiwango cha [[mmeng'enyo]]. Kwa hiyo, tope la [[kinyesi]] lililokusanyika lazima liondolewe mara kwa mara, jambo ambalo kwa kawaida hufanywa kwa [[lori]] la kufyonza.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Septic Systems|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm|work=www.nesc.wvu.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Maelezo == [[Faili:Schematic of a septic tank 2.png|thumb|220x220px|Mchoro wa tanki la maji taka<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sanitation Systems Perspective {{!}} SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!|url=https://sswm.info/perspective/sanitation-systems-perspective|work=sswm.info|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>]] Shimo la maji taka lina tanki moja au zaidi za zege au plastiki zenye ujazo wa kati ya [[lita]] 4,500 na 7,500 (galoni 1,000 na 2,000); upande mmoja umeunganishwa na bomba la kuingizia maji machafu na mwingine kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka. Kwa ujumla, viungio hivi vya mabomba hufanywa kwa kutumia bomba la T, ikiruhusu maji kuingia na kutoka bila kuvuruga ukoko wowote ulio juu ya uso.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How to Care for Your Septic System|url=https://www.epa.gov/septic/how-care-your-septic-system|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-06-16|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Leo hii, muundo wa tanki kwa kawaida hujumuisha vyumba viwili, kila kimoja kikiwa na tundu la kufikia na mfuniko, na vimetenganishwa na ukuta wa mgawanyo wenye matundu yaliyopo katikati ya sakafu na [[paa]] la tanki. Maji machafu huingia kwenye chumba cha kwanza cha tanki, ikiruhusu yabisi kutulia na takataka kuwaka juu. Yabisi yaliyotulia humeng'enywa bila hewa, na kupunguza kiasi cha yabisi. Sehemu ya maji hutiririka kupitia ukuta wa mgawanyo kuingia kwenye chumba cha pili, ambapo utulivu zaidi hutokea. Chaguo moja kwa maji yaliyotibiwa ni kuyapeleka kwenye uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka, ambao pia hujulikana kama leach field, drain field au seepage field, kulingana na eneo. Jaribio la upenyezaji linahitajika kabla ya usakinishaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa utoboaji wa udongo unatosha kutumika kama uwanja wa mifereji ya maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How to run a percolation test : Moisture Management : Housing and Technology : Environment : University of Minnesota Extension|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/how-to-run-a-percolation-test/index.html|work=www.extension.umn.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye matibabu ya sekondari, kwa kawaida kwenye ardhi oevu iliyotengenezwa na binadamu. Ardhi oevu zilizotengenezwa hunufaika na utendaji mzuri wa mashimo ya maji taka katika kuondoa yabisi, jambo ambalo huyaepusha kuziba haraka. [[Faili:Landpeople s cc8.PNG|thumb|180x180px|Tangi ya maji taka na uwanja wa kukimbia septic]] Maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka yanaweza pia kupelekwa kwenye kituo kikuu cha [[matibabu]]. Uchafu uliobaki hunaswa na kuondolewa kwenye udongo, huku maji ya ziada yakiondolewa kupitia upenyezaji ndani ya [[udongo]], kupitia uvukizi, na kwa kufyonzwa kupitia mfumo wa [[mizizi]] ya [[mimea]] na hatimaye upumuaji wa mimea au kuingia kwenye maji ya chini ya ardhi au maji ya juu ya ardhi. Mtandao wa mabomba, ambao mara nyingi huwekwa kwenye mfereji uliojazwa mawe (tazama weeping tile), husambaza maji machafu kote shambani kwa kutumia matundu mengi ya mifereji kwenye mtandao huo. Ukubwa wa uwanja wa mifereji ni sawia na kiasi cha maji machafu na kinyume na upenyezaji wa uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo mzima wa shimo la maji taka unaweza kufanya kazi kwa mvutano wa dunia pekee au, ambapo mazingira ya kijiografia yanahitaji, kwa kujumuisha [[pampu]] ya kunyanyua. Miundo fulani ya shimo la maji taka hujumuisha sifoni au vifaa vingine ili kuongeza kiasi na kasi ya mtiririko unaotoka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hizi husaidia kujaza bomba la mifereji kwa usawa zaidi na kuongeza muda wa maisha ya uwanja wa mifereji kwa kuzuia kuziba mapema au kuziba kwa viumbe. Shimo la maji taka la Imhoff ni mfumo wa shimo la maji taka wa hatua mbili ambapo tope humeng'enywa katika tanki tofauti. Hii huepuka kuchanganya tope lililomeng'enywa na maji taka yanayoingia. Pia, baadhi ya miundo ya mashimo ya maji taka ina hatua ya pili ambapo maji yaliyotibiwa kutoka hatua ya kwanza ya anaerobic huingizwa hewa kabla hayajatiririka kwenda kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Mfumo wa shimo la maji taka ulioundwa vizuri na unaofanya kazi kawaida hauna harufu. Licha ya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara na uondoaji wa taka, shimo la maji taka linapaswa kudumu kwa miongo kadhaa na matengenezo madogo, huku matanki ya [[zege]], [[nyuzi]] za [[kioo]], au [[plastiki]] yakidumu kwa takriban miaka 50.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SEPTIC TANKS|url=http://cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu/realp.htm|work=cecalaveras.ucdavis.edu|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Kuondoa == Taka ambazo hazijameng'enywa na mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa lazima hatimaye ziondolewe kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka. Vinginevyo, shimo la maji taka hujaa na maji machafu yenye nyenzo zisizomeng'enywa hutiririka moja kwa moja kuelekea kwenye uwanja wa mifereji. Hili si tu kwamba ni hatari kwa mazingira bali, ikiwa tope litafurika kutoka kwenye shimo la maji taka kuingia kwenye leach field, linaweza kuziba mabomba ya leach field au kupunguza upenyezaji wa udongo wenyewe, na kuhitaji ukarabati wa gharama kubwa. Wakati shimo la maji taka linapomwagwa, tope lililokusanyika (septage, pia hujulikana kama fecal sludge<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Fecal Sludge Management is Serious Business|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/why-fecal-sludge-management-serious-business|work=World Bank Blogs|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref>) hufyonzwa kutoka kwenye tanki na [[lori]] la kufyonza. Ni mara ngapi shimo la maji taka lazima limwagwe inategemea ujazo wa tanki ikilinganishwa na pembejeo ya yabisi, kiasi cha yabisi kisichoweza kumeng'enywa, na halijoto iliyopo (kwa sababu mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa hutokea kwa ufanisi zaidi katika [[halijoto]] ya juu), pamoja na matumizi, sifa za mfumo na mahitaji ya mamlaka husika. Baadhi ya mamlaka za afya zinahitaji matanki yamwagwe katika vipindi vilivyowekwa, wakati zingine zinaiacha kwa uamuzi wa mkaguzi. Baadhi ya mifumo inahitaji kufyonzwa baada ya miaka michache au mapema zaidi, wakati mingine inaweza kwenda miaka 10–20 kati ya ufyonzaji na ufyonzaji. Mfumo wa zamani wenye tanki dogo ambalo linatumiwa na [[familia]] kubwa litahitaji ufyonzaji wa mara kwa mara zaidi kuliko mfumo mpya unaotumiwa na watu wachache tu. Mmeng'enyo wa kikaboni bila hewa huanza tena kwa haraka wakati tanki linapojazwa tena. Tanki tupu linaweza kuharibiwa na shinikizo la maji na kusababisha tanki "kuelea" nje ya ardhi, hasa katika hali ya mafuriko au hali ya ardhi yenye maji mengi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Septic Systems - What to Do after the Flood|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/septic-systems-what-do-after-flood|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-11-18|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> Chaguo jingine ni "scheduled desludging" ya mashimo ya maji taka ambayo imeanzishwa katika nchi kadhaa za Asia zikiwemo Ufilipino, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, na India.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mehta |first=Meera |last2=Mehta |first2=Dinesh |last3=Yadav |first3=Upasana |date=2019-11-27 |title=Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Through Scheduled Desludging Services: Emerging Experience From India |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188/full |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |language=English |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2019.00188 |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> katika mchakato huu, kila mali inahudumiwa kufuatia njia iliyopangwa na wakaazi wa mali hizo hupewa taarifa mapema kuhusu uondoaji wa tope utakaofanyika. == Matengenezo == Matengenezo ya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka mara nyingi ni jukumu la mkazi au mmiliki wa mali. Baadhi ya aina za matumizi mabaya au uzembe ni pamoja na yafuatayo: === Matendo ya mtumiaji === * Utupaji wa kupita kiasi wa mafuta ya kupikia na grisi unaweza kusababisha mifereji ya kuingilia kuziba. Mafuta na grisi mara nyingi ni vigumu kuvunjwa na vinaweza kusababisha matatizo ya harufu na ugumu wakati wa uondoaji wa mara kwa mara wa tope. * Kupeleka vitu vya taka visivyoweza kuoza chooni kama vile vipisi vya [[sigara]], [[pamba]] za masikioni/swabs au bidhaa za usafi wa [[hedhi]] na [[kondomu]] kunaweza kusababisha shimo la maji taka kuziba na kujaa haraka, kwa hivyo vifaa hivi havipaswi kutupwa kwa namna hiyo. Hali hiyo inatumika pia wakati [[choo]] kimeunganishwa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka badala ya shimo la maji taka. * Kutumia choo kwa ajili ya kutupa taka za [[chakula]] kunaweza kusababisha mfumo kulemewa haraka na yabisi na kuchangia katika kuharibika kwa mfumo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20041019011759/http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/homeowner_guide_long_customize.pdf </ref> * Kemikali fulani zinaweza kuharibu vijenzi vya shimo la maji taka au kuua [[bakteria]] wanaohitajika ndani ya shimo la maji taka ili mfumo ufanye kazi vizuri, kama vile viuatilifu, viua miguu, vifaa vyenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa bleach au soda ya kusafishia,<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Gross |first=Mark |date=1987-06-01 |title=Assessment of the Effects of Household Chemicals Upon Individual Septic Tank Performances |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/awrctr/81 |journal=Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports}}</ref> au nyenzo nyingine zozote zisizo za kikaboni kama vile rangi au viyeyusho.<ref>{{Citation|title=Septic Tanks - The Guide - Septicleanse|date=2016-03-09|url=https://septicleanse.com/septic-tanks/|work=Septicleanse|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> * Kutumia vilainishi vya maji – maji yenye [[chumvi]] nyingi yanayotoka kwenye vilainishi vya maji yanaweza kuwadhuru bakteria wanaohusika na kuvunja maji machafu. Hata hivyo, kwa kawaida, maji hayo yenye chumvi huchanganyikana vya kutosha na maji mengine machafu kiasi kwamba hayaathiri vibaya mfumo wa shimo la maji taka.<ref>https://www.hockingcountyhealthdepartment.com/pdf/water-softener-fact-sheet.pdf</ref> == Matatizo ya mazingira == === Uchafuzi wa maji === Katika maeneo yenye [[msongamano]] mkubwa wa watu, uchafuzi wa maji ya ardhini kupita mipaka inayokubalika unaweza kutokea. Baadhi ya miji midogo hupata gharama za kujenga mifumo ya matibabu ya maji machafu ya gharama kubwa sana kwa sababu ya tatizo hili, kutokana na gharama kubwa ya mifumo ya ukusanyaji iliyopanuliwa. Ili kupunguza maendeleo ya makazi ambayo yanaweza kuongeza mahitaji ya kujenga mfumo wa maji taka wa [[gharama]] kubwa wa kati, kusitishwa kwa ujenzi na vikwazo katika [[Ugawaji (Nachingwea)|ugawaji]] wa mali mara nyingi huwekwa. Kuhakikisha mashimo ya maji taka yaliyopo yanafanya kazi vizuri pia kunaweza kusaidia kwa muda mfupi, lakini inakuwa na ufanisi mdogo kama mkakati mkuu wa kurekebisha hali hiyo kadiri msongamano wa watu unavyoongezeka. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 1e6trd29o8ginagun2sxiuo4l5jxw97 0 240762 1570846 1570840 2026-06-11T12:46:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AndreasAmrhein.JPG|thumb|Padri Andreas Amrhein, [[mwanzilishi]].]] [[File:Tutzing,_Kloster.01.jpg|thumb|[[Monasteri]] mama huko [[Tutzing]], [[Bavaria]], [[Ujerumani]].]] '''Masista Wabenedikto Wamisionari wa Tutzing''' ni [[tawi]] la [[umisionari|kimisionari]] la [[Shirika]] la Mt. [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]] lililoanzishwa [[tarehe]] [[24 Septemba]] [[1885]] na [[padri]] wa [[Uswisi]] [[Andreas Amrhein]], [[Wabenedikto|OSB]] ([[1844]] - [[29 Desemba]] [[1927]]), likifuata lile la kiume la [[Shirika la Kibenedikto la Mt. Otilia]]<ref name=Ottilien>[https://www.ottilien.org/en/ "History", Benediktinerkongregation von St. Ottilien]</ref>. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuunganisha [[maisha]] ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] kadiri ya [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]] na [[umisionari]]<ref name=Dysinger>Dysinger, O.S.B., Luke. "Andreas Amrhein", ''The Benedictine Missionary Movement'', St. Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, 1990</ref>. [[shirika|Mashirika]] hayo yalitekeleza mpango huo kwanza kabisa [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Tanzania]] ya leo ([[Ndanda]] na [[Peramiho]]). Kuhusu jambo hilo, [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]] 1887 Amrhein alimuandikia hivi [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuhusu mazungumzo yake na [[Karl Peters]]: "Wao wanataka wamisionari kwa ajili ya faida yao wenyewe. Lakini nimeweka masharti: wamisionari wafanye kazi yao kwa uhuru wote, bila kupingwa kwa namna yoyote na wakoloni. Licha ya hayo naona kwamba wamisionari wataweza kuwalinda wenyeji wasinyonywe ovyo na wakoloni na wafanyabiashara" <ref>Kanisa katika Tanzania, V2, Kitabu cha Mwalimu, Ndanda Mission Press, 1975, uk. 22.</ref>. Shirika lilipata idhini ya [[Dayosisi|kijimbo]] tarehe [[17 Septemba]] [[1895]] na [[shirika la Kipapa|hadhi ya Kipapa]] tarehe [[25 Julai]] [[1934]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2005]] lilikuwa na [[Sista|masista]] 1,441 katika [[nyumba]] 37. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * Pugu Hadi Peramiho - kimehaririwa na P. Gerold Rupper, OSB, BPNP, Peramiho 1988, ISBN 9967 67 031 1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.peramiho.org/ Tovuti ya Abasia ya Peramiho] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] lgaq1ctgesirufhmp0igro5kef1gqnu 0 240763 1570854 2026-06-11T13:16:02Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1570854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nowitna-river-s.jpg|thumb|Picha hii ya [[Mto Nowitna]] kule Alaska inaonyesha maziwa mawili ya mkato – moja fupi chini ya picha na nyingine ndefu zaidi na iliyopinda zaidi katikati ya upande wa kulia. Picha hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba ziwa la tatu la mkato linaweza kuwa linatengenezwa: tuta au ukingo uliopo katikati ya mzingo mkuu unaonekana kuwa mwembamba sana – mwembamba kuliko upana wa mto wenyewe; hatimaye, sehemu mbili za mto zilizo pande zote mbili za tuta kama hilo huelekea kupasuka na kutengeneza mkondo mpya ulionyooka zaidi; ukingo mpya wa mto kisha huanza kujijenga, na kuifunga sehemu hiyo iliyopinda na kuacha ziwa lingine la mkato.]] '''Ziwa la mkato''' ni [[ziwa]] au [[bwawa]] lenye umbo la U ambalo hutokea wakati mzunguko mpana wa mto unapokatwa, na kutengeneza sehemu ya maji iliyotengana. Neno "oxbow" linaweza pia kurejelea mzingo wenye umbo la U katika mto au kijito, iwe umekatwa kutoka kwenye mkondo mkuu au la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford Languages|url=https://languages.oup.com/|work=Oxford Languages|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=oxbow</ref> Linapata jina lake kutoka kwa "oxbow" ambayo ni sehemu ya nira ya [[ng'ombe]] kwa ajili ya kuvutia jembe au gari la kukokotwa. Katika [[Texas]] [[Kusini]], maziwa ya aina hiyo yaliyoachwa na Mto [[Rio Grande]] huitwa ''resacas''. Nchini [[Australia]], maziwa ya mkato huitwa billabongs. == Jiolojia == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] [[Jamii:Mito]] 41sgk7oscuy2ziiuemdezuzupswysd4 1570856 1570854 2026-06-11T13:18:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Bwawa la pembeni]] hadi [[Ziwa la kwato]]: usahihi wa jina 1570854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nowitna-river-s.jpg|thumb|Picha hii ya [[Mto Nowitna]] kule Alaska inaonyesha maziwa mawili ya mkato – moja fupi chini ya picha na nyingine ndefu zaidi na iliyopinda zaidi katikati ya upande wa kulia. Picha hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba ziwa la tatu la mkato linaweza kuwa linatengenezwa: tuta au ukingo uliopo katikati ya mzingo mkuu unaonekana kuwa mwembamba sana – mwembamba kuliko upana wa mto wenyewe; hatimaye, sehemu mbili za mto zilizo pande zote mbili za tuta kama hilo huelekea kupasuka na kutengeneza mkondo mpya ulionyooka zaidi; ukingo mpya wa mto kisha huanza kujijenga, na kuifunga sehemu hiyo iliyopinda na kuacha ziwa lingine la mkato.]] '''Ziwa la mkato''' ni [[ziwa]] au [[bwawa]] lenye umbo la U ambalo hutokea wakati mzunguko mpana wa mto unapokatwa, na kutengeneza sehemu ya maji iliyotengana. Neno "oxbow" linaweza pia kurejelea mzingo wenye umbo la U katika mto au kijito, iwe umekatwa kutoka kwenye mkondo mkuu au la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford Languages|url=https://languages.oup.com/|work=Oxford Languages|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=oxbow</ref> Linapata jina lake kutoka kwa "oxbow" ambayo ni sehemu ya nira ya [[ng'ombe]] kwa ajili ya kuvutia jembe au gari la kukokotwa. Katika [[Texas]] [[Kusini]], maziwa ya aina hiyo yaliyoachwa na Mto [[Rio Grande]] huitwa ''resacas''. Nchini [[Australia]], maziwa ya mkato huitwa billabongs. == Jiolojia == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] [[Jamii:Mito]] 41sgk7oscuy2ziiuemdezuzupswysd4 1570859 1570856 2026-06-11T13:23:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nowitna-river-s.jpg|thumb|Picha hii ya [[Mto Nowitna]] kule [[Alaska]] inaonyesha maziwa mawili ya kwato – moja fupi chini ya picha na lingine refu zaidi na lililopinda zaidi katikati ya upande wa kulia. Picha hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba ziwa la tatu la kwato linaweza kuwa linatengenezwa: tuta au ukingo uliopo katikati ya mzingo mkuu unaonekana kuwa mwembamba sana – mwembamba kuliko upana wa mto wenyewe; hatimaye, sehemu mbili za mto zilizo pande zote mbili za tuta kama hilo huelekea kupasuka na kutengeneza mkondo mpya ulionyooka zaidi; ukingo mpya wa mto kisha huanza kujijenga, na kuifunga sehemu hiyo iliyopinda ukiacha ziwa lingine la kwato.]] '''Ziwa la kwato''' ni [[ziwa]] au [[bwawa]] lenye [[umbo]] la U ambalo hutokea wakati mzunguko mpana wa [[mto]] unapokatwa, na kutengeneza sehemu ya [[maji]] iliyotenganika. [[Neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "oxbow" linaweza pia kurejelea mzingo wenye umbo la U katika mto au kijito, uwe umekatwa kutoka kwenye mkondo mkuu au la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford Languages|url=https://languages.oup.com/|work=Oxford Languages|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=oxbow</ref> Linapata jina lake kutoka "oxbow" ambayo ni sehemu ya nira ya [[ng'ombe]] kwa ajili ya kuvutia [[plau|jembe]] au gari la kukokotwa. Katika [[Texas]] [[Kusini]], maziwa ya aina hiyo yaliyoachwa na Mto [[Rio Grande]] huitwa ''resacas''. Nchini [[Australia]], maziwa ya kwato huitwa billabongs. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:jiografia]] [[Jamii:Mito]] [[Jamii:maziwa]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ioux0vc1rv42w463w5vdmwb42psonna 1570892 1570859 2026-06-11T15:57:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1570892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nowitna-river-s.jpg|thumb|Picha hii ya [[Mto Nowitna]] kule [[Alaska]] inaonyesha maziwa mawili ya kwato – moja fupi chini ya picha na lingine refu zaidi na lililopinda zaidi katikati ya upande wa kulia. Picha hiyo pia inaonyesha kwamba ziwa la tatu la kwato linaweza kuwa linatengenezwa: tuta au ukingo uliopo katikati ya mzingo mkuu unaonekana kuwa mwembamba sana – mwembamba kuliko upana wa mto wenyewe; hatimaye, sehemu mbili za mto zilizo pande zote mbili za tuta kama hilo huelekea kupasuka na kutengeneza mkondo mpya ulionyooka zaidi; ukingo mpya wa mto kisha huanza kujijenga, na kuifunga sehemu hiyo iliyopinda ukiacha ziwa lingine la kwato.]] '''Ziwa la kwato''' ni [[ziwa]] au [[bwawa]] lenye [[umbo]] la U ambalo hutokea wakati mzunguko mpana wa [[mto]] unapokatwa, na kutengeneza sehemu ya [[maji]] iliyotenganika. [[Neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "oxbow" linaweza pia kurejelea mzingo wenye umbo la U katika mto au kijito, uwe umekatwa kutoka kwenye mkondo mkuu au la.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oxford Languages|url=https://languages.oup.com/|work=Oxford Languages|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=oxbow</ref> Linapata jina lake kutoka "oxbow" ambayo ni sehemu ya nira ya [[ng'ombe]] kwa ajili ya kuvutia [[plau|jembe]] au gari la kukokotwa. Katika [[Texas]] [[Kusini]], maziwa ya aina hiyo yaliyoachwa na Mto [[Rio Grande]] huitwa ''resacas''. Nchini [[Australia]], maziwa ya kwato huitwa billabongs. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:jiografia]] [[Jamii:Mito]] [[Jamii:maziwa]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gvor3jexto3og4dha88u650lm1qmwco 0 240764 1570857 2026-06-11T13:18:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Bwawa la pembeni]] hadi [[Ziwa la kwato]]: usahihi wa jina 1570857 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ziwa la kwato]] jj9z3p1qfqbog2xhk1trjh47s9bn6og 1 240765 1570865 2026-06-11T14:08:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Kwato */ mjadala mpya 1570865 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwato == Nimechukua jina hilo katika tangazo la editathons, lakini kwato si nira (oxbow). Tubadilishe? '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 11 Juni 2026 (UTC) 1kkr0syh3ljaqjt5klzx0im2nsxjsqr 1570867 1570865 2026-06-11T14:35:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1570867 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kwato == Nimechukua jina hilo katika tangazo la editathon lililobadilishwa na {{ping|Anuary Rajabu}} mara ya mwisho, lakini kwato si nira (oxbow). Tubadilishe tena? '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:08, 11 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2gufoozb7hc3gjj4ort7elbtpuj8kxs 0 240766 1570870 2026-06-11T14:45:24Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1570870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Katse huko [[lesotho]],sehemu ya mradi wa maji nyanda za juu za lesotho]] '''[[Lesotho]]''' ni nchi yenye milima na 'nchi yenye maji mengi', lakini inakabiliwa na ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa kutokana na usafi duni. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kutokana na ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP), Lesotho imekuwa mtoaji mkuu wa maji kwa sehemu za kaskazini [[Afrika Kusini|mwa Afrika Kusini]] . Licha ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na miundombinu yaliyosababishwa na LHWP, magonjwa yanayosababishwa na maji ni ya kawaida nchini na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kutokana nayo ni cha juu. Mnamo 2017, mradi wa kuboresha usambazaji wa maji vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ulifadhiliwa na Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika, na unaendelea. == Historia == Wazo la Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP) lilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970; hata hivyo, mradi huo haukuanzishwa hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi yalipoipindua serikali ya Lesotho mnamo 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}</ref> LHWP ilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Afrika Kusini na serikali mpya ya Lesotho, ingawa mpango huo uliisaidia Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 16ew1me9n1q04fdm48ovcng287ilgdg 1570888 1570870 2026-06-11T15:44:38Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeongeza 1570888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Katse huko [[lesotho]],sehemu ya mradi wa maji nyanda za juu za lesotho]] '''Lesotho''' ni nchi yenye milima na 'nchi yenye maji mengi', lakini inakabiliwa na ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa kutokana na usafi duni. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kutokana na ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP), Lesotho imekuwa mtoaji mkuu wa maji kwa sehemu za kaskazini [[Afrika Kusini|mwa Afrika Kusini]] . Licha ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na miundombinu yaliyosababishwa na LHWP, magonjwa yanayosababishwa na maji ni ya kawaida nchini na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kutokana nayo ni cha juu. Mnamo 2017, mradi wa kuboresha usambazaji wa maji vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ulifadhiliwa na Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika, na unaendelea. == Historia == Wazo la Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP) lilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970; hata hivyo, mradi huo haukuanzishwa hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi yalipoipindua serikali ya Lesotho mnamo 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}</ref> LHWP ilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Afrika Kusini na serikali mpya ya Lesotho, ingawa mpango huo uliisaidia Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":0" /> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Februari 13, 2017, [[Global Environment Facility|Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani]] (GEF) kwa ushirikiano na [[African Development Bank|Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika]] (AfDB) kiliamua kufadhili [[Kukabiliana na ongezeko la joto duniani|marekebisho ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] kwa ajili ya Ugavi Endelevu wa Maji Vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref> GEF itafadhili dola milioni 4.4 na AfDB dola milioni 17 mtawalia. Mradi huu ni wa kuboresha maji safi na usafi wa mazingira kwa jamii za vijijini za Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya hivi karibuni na kusimamia rasilimali kwa ufanisi zaidi baada ya ukame wa hivi karibuni. <ref name=":4" /> Mradi huo utasaidia kudumisha jamii za vijijini kwa maji safi. Mpango wao ni kutekeleza mabonde ya maji ili kulinda usambazaji wa maji kutoka nje kutokana na ukame unaojirudia na mafuriko yanayowezekana. <ref name=":4" /> == Marejeo == <references responsive="" /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 08t7gr50utsgjloa87vwiumtgfrlvbe 1570889 1570888 2026-06-11T15:48:42Z ~2026-34401-47 90154 Nimerekebisha 1570889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Katse huko [[lesotho]],sehemu ya mradi wa maji nyanda za juu za lesotho]] '''Lesotho''' ni nchi yenye milima na 'nchi yenye maji mengi', lakini inakabiliwa na ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa kutokana na usafi duni. Katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, kutokana na ujenzi wa mabwawa ya Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP), Lesotho imekuwa mtoaji mkuu wa maji kwa sehemu za kaskazini [[Afrika Kusini|mwa Afrika Kusini]] . Licha ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi na miundombinu yaliyosababishwa na LHWP, magonjwa yanayosababishwa na maji ni ya kawaida nchini na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kutokana nayo ni cha juu. Mnamo [[2017]], mradi wa kuboresha usambazaji wa maji vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ulifadhiliwa na Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika, na unaendelea. == Historia == Wazo la Mradi wa Maji wa Nyanda za Juu za Lesotho (LHWP) lilianza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970; hata hivyo, mradi huo haukuanzishwa hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi yalipoipindua serikali ya Lesotho mnamo 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}</ref> LHWP ilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Afrika Kusini na serikali mpya ya Lesotho, ingawa mpango huo uliisaidia Afrika Kusini. <ref name=":0" /> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo Februari 13, 2017, Kituo cha Mazingira Duniani (GEF) kwa ushirikiano na Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika (AfDB) kiliamua kufadhili marekebisho ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa ajili ya Ugavi Endelevu wa Maji Vijijini katika Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref> GEF itafadhili dola milioni 4.4 na AfDB dola milioni 17 mtawalia. Mradi huu ni wa kuboresha maji safi na usafi wa mazingira kwa jamii za vijijini za Nyanda za Chini za Lesotho ili kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa ya hivi karibuni na kusimamia rasilimali kwa ufanisi zaidi baada ya ukame wa hivi karibuni. <ref name=":4" /> Mradi huo utasaidia kudumisha jamii za vijijini kwa maji safi. Mpango wao ni kutekeleza mabonde ya maji ili kulinda usambazaji wa maji kutoka nje kutokana na ukame unaojirudia na mafuriko yanayowezekana. <ref name=":4" /> == Marejeo == <references responsive="" /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] spuacl7cd4tkv8ds6c9fbj9s2642uqp 0 240768 1570876 2026-06-11T14:56:02Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 nimeanzisha makala 1570876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Water Tank in Kigali on the road.jpg|thumb|Lori la kusafirishia tangi la maji mjini [[Kigali]]]] '''Ugavi wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Rwanda''' una sifa ya sera iliyo wazi ya serikali na usaidizi mkubwa wa wafadhili. Kujibu uendelevu duni wa mifumo ya maji vijijini na ubora duni wa huduma, mwaka wa 2002 serikali za mitaa katika Mkoa wa Kaskazini wa Byumba zilitoa huduma kwa sekta binafsi ya ndani kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi . Usaidizi wa ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ukawa sera ya serikali mwaka wa 2004 na ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ulioanzishwa ndani ulienea haraka, ukijumuisha 25% ya mifumo ya maji vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2007. == Miundombinu == Miundombinu ya maji nchini Rwanda ilijumuisha mifumo 15 ya maji ya mijini na takriban mifumo 796 ya maji ya vijijini mwaka wa 2002. <ref name="PRSP2">[http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf PRSP p. 51]</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya mijini hulishwa maji kutoka kwa mitambo 17 ya kutibu maji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EWSA Water Production|url=http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|publisher=EWSA|accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya vijijini hulishwa zaidi na mabomba ya maji. Pampu za mikono zinazotumia maji ya ardhini na chemchemi zinazosimamiwa hutoa maji tofauti na mifumo ya maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pphy95a00hziko5kxef8bqln1spiusp 1570895 1570876 2026-06-11T16:15:18Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeongeza 1570895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Water Tank in Kigali on the road.jpg|thumb|Lori la kusafirishia tangi la maji mjini [[Kigali]]]] '''Ugavi wa maji''' na usafi wa mazingira nchini Rwanda una sifa ya sera iliyo wazi ya serikali na usaidizi mkubwa wa wafadhili. Kujibu uendelevu duni wa mifumo ya maji vijijini na ubora duni wa huduma, mwaka wa 2002 serikali za mitaa katika Mkoa wa Kaskazini wa Byumba zilitoa huduma kwa sekta binafsi ya ndani kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi . Usaidizi wa ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ukawa sera ya serikali mwaka wa 2004 na ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi ulioanzishwa ndani ulienea haraka, ukijumuisha 25% ya mifumo ya maji vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2007. == Miundombinu == Miundombinu ya maji nchini Rwanda ilijumuisha mifumo 15 ya maji ya mijini na takriban mifumo 796 ya maji ya vijijini mwaka wa 2002. <ref name="PRSP2">[http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/Rwanda_PRSP.pdf PRSP p. 51]</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya mijini hulishwa maji kutoka kwa mitambo 17 ya kutibu maji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EWSA Water Production|url=http://www.ewsa.rw/index.php/En/products-services/water/distribution-water|publisher=EWSA|accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref> Mifumo ya maji ya vijijini hulishwa zaidi na mabomba ya maji. Pampu za mikono zinazotumia maji ya ardhini na chemchemi zinazosimamiwa hutoa maji tofauti na mifumo ya maji. == Rasilimali za maji na matumizi ya maji == Rwanda ina [[chemchemi]] 22,300 zilizosajiliwa katika orodha ya chemchemi. Jumla ya matumizi ya maji ilikadiriwa kuwa {{Convert|150|e6m3}} mwaka wa 2000, ambapo 24% ( {{Convert|36|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) ilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, sawa na mita za ujazo 4 pekee kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka au takriban lita 11 kwa kila mtu kwa siku (140&#x20;cu&#x20;ft/capita/mwaka au kama 3&#x20;Galoni za Marekani au galoni 2½ za kifalme/mtu/siku). <ref name="FAO">[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/rwanda/indexfra.stm FAO Aquastat]</ref> Chanzo kingine kinakadiria jumla ya matumizi ya maji kuwa {{Convert|800|e6m3}} kwa mwaka mwaka wa 1993, ambapo 5% ( {{Convert|40|e6m3}} kwa mwaka) zilikuwa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani. <ref name="WRI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716143242/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_646.pdf WRI]</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0syc2k6tqw08l9vj785wuyee71xvwdl 0 240769 1570880 2026-06-11T15:06:11Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 nimeanzisha makala 1570880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Merowe''', linalojulikana pia kama Bwawa Kuu la Merowe, Mradi wa Maji wa Merowe wa Madhumuni Mengi au Bwawa la Hamdab, ni bwawa kubwa karibu na Mji wa Merowe kaskazini mwa [[Sudan]], takriban {{Convert|350|km}} kaskazini mwa mji mkuu [[Khartoum]] . Vipimo vyake vinaufanya kuwa mradi mkubwa zaidi wa kisasa wa umeme wa maji barani [[Afrika]] . Upo kwenye mto [[Nile]], karibu na na kufunikwa na Cataract ya 4 ambapo mto huo hugawanyika katika matawi mengi madogo huku visiwa vikubwa katikati. Merowe ni mji wenye urefu wa kama {{Convert|40|km}} . chini ya mto kutoka eneo la ujenzi huko Hamdab. Kusudi kuu la kujenga bwawa hilo lilikuwa uzalishaji wa [[umeme]] . <ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Upangaji na Ujenzi == [[Faili:Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of the Sudan.JPG|thumb|Picha iliopigwa [[Anga|angani]] yua bwawa la [[Merowe]]]] Wazo la bwawa la Nile kwenye mtaro wa nne ni la zamani sana. Mamlaka ya Sudan ya Anglo-Misri yalipendekeza mara kadhaa wakati wa nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 20. Ilitakiwa kusawazisha mabadiliko makubwa ya mtiririko wa Nile kila mwaka, kuunda uwezekano wa kupanda [[pamba]] na kutoa ulinzi wa mafuriko kwa bonde la chini la Nile. Baada ya Sudan kupata [[Nchi huru|uhuru]] mwaka wa 1956, [[Misri]] iliamua kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji ya Nile uliofika katika eneo lake kwa kujenga bwawa na kuunda hifadhi &#x2014; [[Lambo la Aswan|Bwawa la Aswan]] na [[Ziwa la Nasser]] . == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3ardy0ssmmdlo5dhrud57lmuqbl74b2 1570898 1570880 2026-06-11T16:57:00Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeongeza 1570898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Merowe''', linalojulikana pia kama Bwawa Kuu la Merowe, Mradi wa Maji wa Merowe wa Madhumuni Mengi au Bwawa la Hamdab, ni bwawa kubwa karibu na Mji wa Merowe kaskazini mwa [[Sudan]], takriban {{Convert|350|km}} kaskazini mwa mji mkuu [[Khartoum]] . Vipimo vyake vinaufanya kuwa mradi mkubwa zaidi wa kisasa wa umeme wa maji barani [[Afrika]] . Upo kwenye mto [[Nile]], karibu na na kufunikwa na Cataract ya 4 ambapo mto huo hugawanyika katika matawi mengi madogo huku visiwa vikubwa katikati. Merowe ni mji wenye urefu wa kama {{Convert|40|km}} . chini ya mto kutoka eneo la ujenzi huko Hamdab. Kusudi kuu la kujenga bwawa hilo lilikuwa uzalishaji wa [[umeme]] . <ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Upangaji na Ujenzi == [[Faili:Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of the Sudan.JPG|thumb|Picha iliopigwa [[Anga|angani]] yua bwawa la [[Merowe]]]] Wazo la bwawa la Nile kwenye mtaro wa nne ni la zamani sana. Mamlaka ya Sudan ya Anglo-Misri yalipendekeza mara kadhaa wakati wa nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 20. Ilitakiwa kusawazisha mabadiliko makubwa ya mtiririko wa Nile kila mwaka, kuunda uwezekano wa kupanda [[pamba]] na kutoa ulinzi wa mafuriko kwa bonde la chini la Nile. Baada ya Sudan kupata [[Nchi huru|uhuru]] mwaka wa 1956, [[Misri]] iliamua kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji ya Nile uliofika katika eneo lake kwa kujenga bwawa na kuunda hifadhi &#x2014; [[Lambo la Aswan|Bwawa la Aswan]] na [[Ziwa la Nasser]] . == Athari ya kibinadamu == [[Faili:Compensated palms hamdab.JPG|thumb|Wakati wa kuhamishwa kwa wamanasir kutoka Dar al - manasir , kabla yua [[mafuriko]], vijiji vyao viliharibiwa na [[Mtende (mti)|mitende]] iliyolipwa fidia ilichomwa.]] Kabla ya ujenzi kuanza, inakadiriwa kuwa watu 55,000 hadi 70,000 walikuwa wakazi katika eneo lililofunikwa na ziwa la maji, hasa likiwa la makabila ya [[Manasir]], [[Hamadab]] na [[Amri people|Amri]] . Waliishi katika vijiji vidogo vya kilimo kando ya kingo za Nile na kwenye visiwa vilivyo kwenye paka wa jicho. Eneo lote lilikuwa limetengwa kwa kiasi fulani, bila barabara za lami au miundombinu mingine, na jamii hizo kwa kiasi kikubwa zilijitegemea. Isipokuwa [[maharage|maharagwe]] na [[Ulezi|mtama,]] wakulima walilima mboga, kwa matumizi yao wenyewe na kwa biashara katika masoko ya kila wiki ya kikanda. Hata hivyo, chanzo chao kikuu cha mapato na mali yao muhimu zaidi ilikuwa [[Date Cultivation in Dar al-Manasir|vichaka vya mitende]] vilivyokua kwenye [[Silt|udongo]] wenye rutuba kwenye kingo za mto.Wakazi wa eneo lililokumbwa na mafuriko walilazimika kuhama kwa nguvu kulingana na ratiba inayolingana na ukaribu wa ardhi yao na eneo la bwawa: watu wa Hamadab hadi Al-Multaga mnamo 2003, watu wa Amri hadi [[Wadi Muqaddam]] mnamo 2007, na Manasir hadi Al-Mokabrab na Al-Fidah mnamo 2008. <ref name="Hafsass">{{Rejea jarida |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ejzd08rytuoznsyd2810dcp3uxpr39r 1570899 1570898 2026-06-11T16:58:18Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimerekebisha 1570899 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Merowe''', linalojulikana pia kama Bwawa Kuu la Merowe, Mradi wa Maji wa Merowe wa Madhumuni Mengi au Bwawa la Hamdab, ni bwawa kubwa karibu na Mji wa Merowe kaskazini mwa [[Sudan]], takriban {{Convert|350|km}} kaskazini mwa mji mkuu [[Khartoum]] . Vipimo vyake vinaufanya kuwa mradi mkubwa zaidi wa kisasa wa umeme wa maji barani [[Afrika]] . Upo kwenye mto [[Nile]], karibu na na kufunikwa na Cataract ya 4 ambapo mto huo hugawanyika katika matawi mengi madogo huku visiwa vikubwa katikati. Merowe ni mji wenye urefu wa kama {{Convert|40|km}} . chini ya mto kutoka eneo la ujenzi huko Hamdab. Kusudi kuu la kujenga bwawa hilo lilikuwa uzalishaji wa [[umeme]] . <ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Upangaji na Ujenzi == [[Faili:Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of the Sudan.JPG|thumb|Picha iliopigwa [[Anga|angani]] yua bwawa la [[Merowe]]]] Wazo la bwawa la Nile kwenye mtaro wa nne ni la zamani sana. Mamlaka ya Sudan ya Anglo-Misri yalipendekeza mara kadhaa wakati wa nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 20. Ilitakiwa kusawazisha mabadiliko makubwa ya mtiririko wa Nile kila mwaka, kuunda uwezekano wa kupanda [[pamba]] na kutoa ulinzi wa mafuriko kwa bonde la chini la Nile. Baada ya Sudan kupata [[Nchi huru|uhuru]] mwaka wa 1956, [[Misri]] iliamua kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji ya Nile uliofika katika eneo lake kwa kujenga bwawa na kuunda hifadhi &#x2014; [[Lambo la Aswan|Bwawa la Aswan]] na [[Ziwa la Nasser]] . == Athari ya kibinadamu == [[Faili:Compensated palms hamdab.JPG|thumb|Wakati wa kuhamishwa kwa wamanasir kutoka Dar al - manasir , kabla yua [[mafuriko]], vijiji vyao viliharibiwa na [[Mtende (mti)|mitende]] iliyolipwa fidia ilichomwa.]] Kabla ya ujenzi kuanza, inakadiriwa kuwa watu 55,000 hadi 70,000 walikuwa wakazi katika eneo lililofunikwa na ziwa la maji, hasa likiwa la makabila ya Manasir, Hamadab na Amri . Waliishi katika vijiji vidogo vya kilimo kando ya kingo za Nile na kwenye visiwa vilivyo kwenye paka wa jicho. Eneo lote lilikuwa limetengwa kwa kiasi fulani, bila barabara za lami au miundombinu mingine, na jamii hizo kwa kiasi kikubwa zilijitegemea. Isipokuwa [[maharage|maharagwe]] na [[Ulezi|mtama,]] wakulima walilima mboga, kwa matumizi yao wenyewe na kwa biashara katika masoko ya kila wiki ya kikanda. Hata hivyo, chanzo chao kikuu cha mapato na mali yao muhimu zaidi ilikuwa vichaka vya mitende vilivyokua kwenye udongo wenye rutuba kwenye kingo za mto.Wakazi wa eneo lililokumbwa na mafuriko walilazimika kuhama kwa nguvu kulingana na ratiba inayolingana na ukaribu wa ardhi yao na eneo la bwawa: watu wa Hamadab hadi Al-Multaga mnamo 2003, watu wa Amri hadi Wadi Muqaddam mnamo 2007, na Manasir hadi Al-Mokabrab na Al-Fidah mnamo 2008. <ref name="Hafsass">{{Rejea jarida |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] matxamj742tx1847xtoumb56rytv68e 0 240770 1570883 2026-06-11T15:17:48Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha makala 1570883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usambazaji wa maji''' na [[usafi wa mazingira]] ni changamoto inayoendelea katika taifa la [[Angola]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/water-and-sanitation-pillar-angolas-development|title=Water and sanitation: A pillar of Angola’s development}}</ref> == Muhtasar == Angola imekuwa na matatizo ya [[rushwa]] na ukosefu wa utulivu unaozuia maendeleo ya miundombinu yake ya maji. == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Licha ya kuwa nchi maskini kiasi, upatikanaji wa maji umeimarika katika historia ya hivi karibuni. Asilimia ya Waangola walio na upatikanaji wa maji thabiti iliongezeka kutoka 42% mwaka 1990 hadi 54% mwaka 2012. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Angola_-_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_-_ESMP_Document_2014__-_10_2014.pdf|title=INSTITUTIONAL AND SUSTAINABILITY SUPPORT TO URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY (ISSUWSSSD)}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2lbbq9ixqh1ltzk0pz7xjoospxx91l4 0 240771 1570886 2026-06-11T15:32:44Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1570886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cahora Bassa em Tete - panoramio - Nelson Deolinda Amin… (10).jpg|thumb|Bwawa mnamo 2007]] '''Bwawa la Cahora Bassa''' ni [[Lambo|bwawa]] lililoko ng'ambo ya [[Zambezi (mto)|Mto Zambezi]], lililoko [[Msumbiji]] . Lililokamilika mwaka wa 1979, hifadhi iliyotokana na hilo, [[Cahora Bassa|Ziwa Cahora Bassa]], lilijengwa hasa kwa ajili ya kuzalisha [[Umememaji|umeme wa kawaida wa maji]] kwa ajili ya matumizi nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] . <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Dams, Displacement, and the Delusion of Development: Cahora Bassa and Its Legacies in Mozambique, 1965–2007|last=Isaacman|first=Allen|last2=Isaacman|first2=Barbara|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780821420331|location=Athens|pages=9–10|jstor=j.ctt3fgwvd}}</ref> == Historia == [[Faili:Caborabassa02.jpg|thumb|UJenzi wa bwawa mnamo mwaka 1974]] Kabla ya ujenzi kuanza, [[Mkulima|wakulima]] wa asili walipinga bwawa hilo kwa nia ya kudumisha umiliki na matumizi ya ardhi yao ya shamba. Walipopewa amri ya kuanza ujenzi mwaka wa 1969, serikali ya kikoloni ya [[Ureno]] ya Msumbiji iliwalazimisha wakulima wa asili kutoka katika nyumba na vijiji vyao ili wafanyakazi wa Ureno na Ulaya wapate mahali pa kuishi wakati wa ujenzi. Serikali ya Ureno ilijenga mji mdogo kwa wakandarasi wote, mafundi [[umeme]], na wahandisi juu ya nyumba za asili za Msumbiji. Wakulima wa asili waliofukuzwa hawakupewa fidia kwa kupoteza mali yao. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Isaacman |first=Allen |date=2005 |title=Displaced People, Displaced Energy, and Displaced Memories: The Case of Cahora Bassa, 1970-2004 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=201–238 |jstor=40034919}}</ref> Mnamo 2021, ilidaiwa kwamba zaidi ya wakulima milioni moja wanaoishi chini ya mto waliathiriwa vibaya na bwawa hilo; na kwamba zaidi ya watu 42,000 walilazimika kuhama makazi yao. <ref name="AAAS">{{Rejea jarida |last=Isaacman |first=Allen F. |date=Fall 2021 |title=Cahora Bassa Dam & the Delusion of Development |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/cahora-bassa-dam-delusion-development |journal=[[American Academy of Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 14s34j68jtf17hqrsl0c2a160qz9mlb 2 240772 1570901 2026-06-11T17:08:24Z David Mwigani 87697 Nimetengeneza ukurasa wangu wa mtumiaji na kuweka utambulisho wangu. 1570901 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu kwenye Ukurasa wa Mtumiaji wa David Mwigani == Nawashukuru sana wahariri wenzangu kwa upendo wenu, sala zenu, na kiu yenu ya kutaka kunifahamu. Ni heshima kubwa kwangu kuwa nanyi katika safari hii ya kujifunza na kuijua Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwanza kabisa, napenda kuwafahamisha kuwa '''mimi sina Daraja lolote Takatifu''' (mimi si mtawa, si Bruda, wala si Padre); mimi ni Mlei wa kawaida kabisa ambaye kila kukicha ninajifunza na kugundua kuwa bado nina mengi sana ya kujifunza kuhusu utajiri wa Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa, naomba niwashirikishe kwa ufupi safari ya maisha yangu ya kiroho na jinsi utume wangu wa kidijitali ulivyozaliwa: === 1. Asili Yangu na Mapambano ya Awali Kidini === Mimi sikubahatika kukulia mikononi mwa wazazi wangu, bali nililelewa na walezi tofauti tofauti. Katika kipindi hicho cha utotoni, nilikuwa nikisali kadiri ya dini ya ndugu au mlezi niliyekuwa nikiishi naye kwa wakati huo. Kiuhalisia, asili yangu ya kuzaliwa nilikuwa Mwislamu, na jina langu la kuzaliwa niliitwa Ramadhani. Baadaye, nilipita na kusali katika madhehebu mbalimbali ikiwemo Roman Catholic kabla ya 2007, na baada ya hapo nilisali na TAG, EAGT, Pentekoste, na Mashahidi wa Yehova. Dhehebu la mwisho kabisa kusali ilikuwa mwaka 2009 katika kanisa linaloitwa Ufunuo. Kupitia mahubiri na mafundisho yao, walikuwa wanaamini kuwa popote penye msalaba basi hapo ni kaburi, na kauli mbiu yao kuu ilikuwa ni kuwatoa watu wote wanaosali kwenye makanisa yenye msalaba. Mafundisho haya yalinivunja moyo sana, na nikaamua kuacha kusali kokote kule, nikabaki nyumbani bila dhehebu lolote. === 2. Mbegu ya Kwanza na Mgusano wa Ajabu (2011) === Mnamo mwezi wa sita mwaka 2011, nikiwa mwanafunzi wa sekondari wakati wa likizo, nilienda kupata masomo ya ziada (Tuition) katika kituo cha Masista Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco kilichopo Temeke, Dar es Salaam. Hapo ndipo nilipokutana na Wasalesiani na kuguswa maisha yangu yote na Historia ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Don Bosco. Bila kufika kituoni hapo na kuguswa na maisha ya mtakatifu huyo, yawezekana kabisa tusingefahamiana leo hii, isingekuwepo chapa ya '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani''', na hata nisingekakuwa naitwa David huyu wa leo. === 3. Sakramenti za Kanisa (2012) === Baada ya mafundisho ya kina, mnamo 14 Septemba 2012, nilibahatika kupokea Sakramenti ya Ubatizo na Mnamo 15 September 2012 nilibahatika kupata Sakramenti ya Kipaimara, Msimamizi wangu akiwa Mathew Alex Kipeta katika Parokia ya Chang'ombe, Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam. Baada ya kuona watu wengi sana wakitoka na kukimbia ndani ya Kanisa Katoliki kwa kusomewa tu mstari mmoja au miwili ya Biblia iliyopotoshwa kwa lengo la kuiponda imani yetu, muda mwingi nilitumia kusoma na kujifunza mengi ili nisaidie kulinda na kutetea imani. Ingawa Mungu aliniongoza katika maisha ya Ulei, kiu hiyo ya kulinda imani bado ipo hai ndani ya kifua changu hadi leo. Nina amani kubwa sana kuwa Mlei kwani sina mipaka ya muda wa kuinjilisha, na inanipa nafasi ya kusikiliza na kuona mwenyewe wakati wowote kama rafiki, jirani, n.k. === 4. Shule ya Malezi Kupitia Mashirika na Majimbo (2011–2024) === Tanya mwaka 2011 hadi 2024, niliendelea kusoma, kulelewa, na kuifahamu imani kupitia mashirika na maeneo tofauti ya kiroho yaliyojenga msingi wangu: * '''Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco (Temeke na Don Bosco Upanga):''' Hawa ndio walioanaza kunilea na kunipa misingi thabiti ya kiroho na elimu ya kompyuta, akiwepo Sr. Vero na masista wengine kutoka Kenya. * '''Abasia ya Hanga (Wamonaki wa Benediktini - Songea):''' Hapo nilipata nafasi ya kujisomea kwa kina kupitia vitabu mbalimbali vya kiroho nilivyokuwa nikivipata kutoka kwa watawa na Mapadre, ikiwemo Katekesi, Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani, Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma, na Mwongozo wa Misa (GIRM). * '''Wakonsolata (Tosamaganga - Iringa, Mseke, na Mshindo):''' Maeneo haya yote yalikuwa ni sehemu ya misingi iliyonikuza kiroho. * '''Utume wa Vyama na Kwaya (Songea, 2017):''' Mwaka 2017 nikiwa Songea, nilijiunga kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Redio Maria, pamoja na chama cha Harimatea (chama kinachokesha kwa kusali na kuimba misibani). Kupitia utume huu katika mikoa ya Songea, Iringa, Mbeya, na sasa Dodoma, nilizidi kuingia ndani zaidi katika kuifahamu imani. === 5. Walimu Wangu wa Malezi na Ushirikiano wa Kiroho === Katika safari yangu ya sanaa na huduma, namshukuru Mungu kwa walimu wangu wa muziki walionifundisha tangu mwaka 2018 hadi 2023 nikiwa Songea na baadaye Iringa na Dodoma, ambao ni Mwalimu Sunday Mazingo, Mwalimu Ponsiano Mwanuke, na '''Dr. Kelvin B. Bongole'''. Katika kuandaa mada, makala, na fafanuzi mbalimbali za kiimani kupitia jukwaa langu, nimekuwa nikishirikiana na kushauriana na Mapadre na Masista tofauti tofauti ndani na nje ya nchi. Miongoni mwao ni Padre Jerry Orbos (SVD) kutoka Indonesia, Padre Albert Nwosu, Sista Gina King, Sista Jane Francis, Sista Ester, na Sista Chiamaka (hawa wote kutoka Nigeria), na wengine wengi, ili kuhakikisha hatupotoki kwa kuongezea rejea za Kanisa Katoliki kama msingi mkuu wa Imani yetu. === 6. Vyanzo vya Mafundisho Ninavyosimamia === Ili kukidhi kiu yangu ya kuinjilisha kupitia kujisomea, maudhui na fafanuzi zote ninazoshirikisha katika harakati zangu za uinjilishaji wa kidijitali zinajikita kikamilifu katika vyanzo vikuu na rasmi sita (6) vya Mama Kanisa Katoliki: # Biblia Takatifu # Katekesi ya Kanisa Katoliki (KKK) # Nyaraka za Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani # Sheria za Kanisa (Canon Law) # Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (Roman Missal) # Mwongozo Mkuu wa Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (GIRM) === 7. Jukwaa la "Mkatoliki Kiganjani" === Kati ya mwaka 2020 hadi 2024, nilikuwa nikifanya utume huu taratibu sana, mara nyingi kwa kujibu maswali kwenye magrupu ya kijamii ya watu wengine au ana kwa ana. Lakini baada ya kuona uhitaji wa watu kupata maarifa sahihi ni mkubwa mno, ndipo lilipokuja wazo la kuanzisha rasmi jukwaa huru la '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani: Maarifa, Ukweli na Ujuzi''' mnamo '''Mei 1, 2025'''. Lengo langu hapa Wikipedia ni kushirikiana na wahariri wenzangu katika kuboresha makala zinazohusu teolojia, historia ya Kanisa, na Liturujia. Mimi ni chombo tu, na lengo langu ni kuwasaidia wenzangu wapate maarifa haya kwa urahisi kiganjani mwao pale ninapojaliwa na Mungu. Pia bado nina mengi ya kujifunza kila kukicha. Tuendelee kuombeana katika safari hii ya kiimani. Wenu katika Kristo, '''David Mwigani''' gdi7v0srle7hbtr49wwvjub0whvnjq9 1570903 1570901 2026-06-11T17:30:49Z David Mwigani 87697 Nimesasisha ukurasa kwa kuongeza tarehe ya kuzaliwa. 1570903 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu kwenye Ukurasa wa Mtumiaji wa David Mwigani == Nawashukuru sana wahariri wenzangu kwa upendo wenu, sala zenu, na kiu yenu ya kutaka kunifahamu. Ni heshima kubwa kwangu kuwa nanyi katika safari hii ya kujifunza na kuijua Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwanza kabisa, napenda kuwafahamisha kuwa '''mimi sina Daraja lolote Takatifu''' (mimi si mtawa, si Bruda, wala si Padre); mimi ni Mlei wa kawaida kabisa ambaye kila kukicha ninajifunza na kugundua kuwa bado nina mengi sana ya kujifunza kuhusu utajiri wa Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa, naomba niwashirikishe kwa ufupi safari ya maisha yangu ya kiroho na jinsi utume wangu wa kidijitali ulivyozaliwa: === 1. Asili Yangu na Mapambano ya Awali Kidini === Mimi David Mwigani nilizaliwa mnamo 14 February 1996 Mkoani Iringa. Pia sikubahatika kukulia mikononi mwa wazazi wangu, bali nililelewa na walezi tofauti tofauti. Katika kipindi hicho cha utotoni, nilikuwa nikisali kadiri ya dini ya ndugu au mlezi niliyekuwa nikiishi naye kwa wakati huo. Kiuhalisia, asili yangu ya kuzaliwa nilikuwa Mwislamu, na jina langu la kuzaliwa niliitwa Ramadhani Kiburungwa Mwigani, hivyo baada ya kubatizwa napaswa kuitwa David Rk Mwigani kwa kifupi hivo njia sahihi na fupi ni kunitwa David Mwigani. Baadaye, nilipita na kusali katika madhehebu mbalimbali ikiwemo Roman Catholic kabla ya 2007, na baada ya hapo nilisali na TAG, EAGT, Pentekoste, na Mashahidi wa Yehova. Dhehebu la mwisho kabisa kusali ilikuwa mwaka 2009 katika kanisa linaloitwa Ufunuo. Kupitia mahubiri na mafundisho yao, walikuwa wanaamini kuwa popote penye msalaba basi hapo ni kaburi, na kauli mbiu yao kuu ilikuwa ni kuwatoa watu wote wanaosali kwenye makanisa yenye msalaba. Mafundisho haya yalinivunja moyo sana, na nikaamua kuacha kusali kokote kule, nikabaki nyumbani bila dhehebu lolote. === 2. Mbegu ya Kwanza na Mgusano wa Ajabu (2011) === Mnamo mwezi wa sita mwaka 2011, nikiwa mwanafunzi wa sekondari wakati wa likizo, nilienda kupata masomo ya ziada (Tuition) katika kituo cha Masista Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco kilichopo Temeke, Dar es Salaam. Hapo ndipo nilipokutana na Wasalesiani na kuguswa maisha yangu yote na Historia ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Don Bosco. Bila kufika kituoni hapo na kuguswa na maisha ya mtakatifu huyo, yawezekana kabisa tusingefahamiana leo hii, isingekuwepo chapa ya '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani''', na hata nisingekakuwa naitwa David huyu wa leo. === 3. Sakramenti za Kanisa (2012) === Baada ya mafundisho ya kina, mnamo 14 Septemba 2012, nilibahatika kupokea Sakramenti ya Ubatizo na Mnamo 15 September 2012 nilibahatika kupata Sakramenti ya Kipaimara, Msimamizi wangu akiwa Mathew Alex Kipeta katika Parokia ya Chang'ombe, Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam. Baada ya kuona watu wengi sana wakitoka na kukimbia ndani ya Kanisa Katoliki kwa kusomewa tu mstari mmoja au miwili ya Biblia iliyopotoshwa kwa lengo la kuiponda imani yetu, muda mwingi nilitumia kusoma na kujifunza mengi ili nisaidie kulinda na kutetea imani. Ingawa Mungu aliniongoza katika maisha ya Ulei, kiu hiyo ya kulinda imani bado ipo hai ndani ya kifua changu hadi leo. Nina amani kubwa sana kuwa Mlei kwani sina mipaka ya muda wa kuinjilisha, na inanipa nafasi ya kusikiliza na kuona mwenyewe wakati wowote kama rafiki, jirani, n.k. === 4. Shule ya Malezi Kupitia Mashirika na Majimbo (2011–2024) === Tanya mwaka 2011 hadi 2024, niliendelea kusoma, kulelewa, na kuifahamu imani kupitia mashirika na maeneo tofauti ya kiroho yaliyojenga msingi wangu: * '''Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco (Temeke na Don Bosco Upanga):''' Hawa ndio walioanaza kunilea na kunipa misingi thabiti ya kiroho na elimu ya kompyuta, akiwepo Sr. Vero na masista wengine kutoka Kenya. * '''Abasia ya Hanga (Wamonaki wa Benediktini - Songea):''' Hapo nilipata nafasi ya kujisomea kwa kina kupitia vitabu mbalimbali vya kiroho nilivyokuwa nikivipata kutoka kwa watawa na Mapadre, ikiwemo Katekesi, Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani, Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma, na Mwongozo wa Misa (GIRM). * '''Wakonsolata (Tosamaganga - Iringa, Mseke, na Mshindo):''' Maeneo haya yote yalikuwa ni sehemu ya misingi iliyonikuza kiroho. * '''Utume wa Vyama na Kwaya (Songea, 2017):''' Mwaka 2017 nikiwa Songea, nilijiunga kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Redio Maria, pamoja na chama cha Harimatea (chama kinachokesha kwa kusali na kuimba misibani). Kupitia utume huu katika mikoa ya Songea, Iringa, Mbeya, na sasa Dodoma, nilizidi kuingia ndani zaidi katika kuifahamu imani. === 5. Walimu Wangu wa Malezi na Ushirikiano wa Kiroho === Katika safari yangu ya sanaa na huduma, namshukuru Mungu kwa walimu wangu wa muziki walionifundisha tangu mwaka 2018 hadi 2023 nikiwa Songea na baadaye Iringa na Dodoma, ambao ni Mwalimu Sunday Mazingo, Mwalimu Ponsiano Mwanuke, na '''Dr. Kelvin B. Bongole'''. Katika kuandaa mada, makala, na fafanuzi mbalimbali za kiimani kupitia jukwaa langu, nimekuwa nikishirikiana na kushauriana na Mapadre na Masista tofauti tofauti ndani na nje ya nchi. Miongoni mwao ni Padre Jerry Orbos (SVD) kutoka Indonesia, Padre Albert Nwosu, Sista Gina King, Sista Jane Francis, Sista Ester, na Sista Chiamaka (hawa wote kutoka Nigeria), na wengine wengi, ili kuhakikisha hatupotoki kwa kuongezea rejea za Kanisa Katoliki kama msingi mkuu wa Imani yetu. === 6. Vyanzo vya Mafundisho Ninavyosimamia === Ili kukidhi kiu yangu ya kuinjilisha kupitia kujisomea, maudhui na fafanuzi zote ninazoshirikisha katika harakati zangu za uinjilishaji wa kidijitali zinajikita kikamilifu katika vyanzo vikuu na rasmi sita (6) vya Mama Kanisa Katoliki: # Biblia Takatifu # Katekesi ya Kanisa Katoliki (KKK) # Nyaraka za Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani # Sheria za Kanisa (Canon Law) # Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (Roman Missal) # Mwongozo Mkuu wa Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (GIRM) === 7. Jukwaa la "Mkatoliki Kiganjani" === Kati ya mwaka 2020 hadi 2024, nilikuwa nikifanya utume huu taratibu sana, mara nyingi kwa kujibu maswali kwenye magrupu ya kijamii ya watu wengine au ana kwa ana. Lakini baada ya kuona uhitaji wa watu kupata maarifa sahihi ni mkubwa mno, ndipo lilipokuja wazo la kuanzisha rasmi jukwaa huru la '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani: Maarifa, Ukweli na Ujuzi''' mnamo '''Mei 1, 2025'''. Lengo langu hapa Wikipedia ni kushirikiana na wahariri wenzangu katika kuboresha makala zinazohusu teolojia, historia ya Kanisa, na Liturujia. Mimi ni chombo tu, na lengo langu ni kuwasaidia wenzangu wapate maarifa haya kwa urahisi kiganjani mwao pale ninapojaliwa na Mungu. Pia bado nina mengi ya kujifunza kila kukicha. Tuendelee kuombeana katika safari hii ya kiimani. Wenu katika Kristo, '''David Mwigani''' ik84cqocey7nsoi33medahj0rxzmlse 1571015 1570903 2026-06-12T08:46:12Z David Mwigani 87697 Nimesasisha ukurasa kwa kuongeza tarehe ya kuzaliwa. 1571015 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu kwenye Ukurasa wa Mtumiaji wa David Mwigani == Nawashukuru sana wahariri wenzangu kwa upendo wenu, sala zenu, na kiu yenu ya kutaka kunifahamu. Ni heshima kubwa kwangu kuwa nanyi katika safari hii ya kujifunza na kuijua Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwanza kabisa, napenda kuwafahamisha kuwa '''mimi sina Daraja lolote Takatifu''' (mimi si mtawa, si Bruda, wala si Padre); mimi ni Mlei wa kawaida kabisa ambaye kila kukicha ninajifunza na kugundua kuwa bado nina mengi sana ya kujifunza kuhusu utajiri wa Imani yetu Katoliki. Kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa, naomba niwashirikishe kwa ufupi safari ya maisha yangu ya kiroho na jinsi utume wangu wa kidijitali ulivyozaliwa: === 1. Asili Yangu na Mapambano ya Awali Kidini === Mimi David Mwigani nilizaliwa mnamo 14 February 1996 Mkoani Iringa. Pia sikubahatika kukulia mikononi mwa wazazi wangu, bali nililelewa na walezi tofauti tofauti. Katika kipindi hicho cha utotoni, nilikuwa nikisali kadiri ya dini ya ndugu au mlezi niliyekuwa nikiishi naye kwa wakati huo. Kiuhalisia, asili yangu ya kuzaliwa nilikuwa Mwislamu, na jina langu la kuzaliwa niliitwa Ramadhani Kiburungwa Mwigani, hivyo baada ya kubatizwa napaswa kuitwa David Rk Mwigani, kwa kifupi hivo njia sahihi na fupi ni kuniita David Mwigani. Baadaye, nilipita na kusali katika madhehebu mbalimbali ikiwemo Roman Catholic kabla ya 2007, na baada ya hapo nilisali na TAG, EAGT, Pentekoste, na Mashahidi wa Yehova. Dhehebu la mwisho kabisa kusali ilikuwa mwaka 2009 katika kanisa linaloitwa Ufunuo. Kupitia mahubiri na mafundisho yao, walikuwa wanaamini kuwa popote penye msalaba basi hapo ni kaburi, na kauli mbiu yao kuu ilikuwa ni kuwatoa watu wote wanaosali kwenye makanisa yenye msalaba. Mafundisho haya yalinivunja moyo sana, na nikaamua kuacha kusali kokote kule, nikabaki nyumbani bila dhehebu lolote. === 2. Mbegu ya Kwanza na Mgusano wa Ajabu (2011) === Mnamo mwezi wa sita mwaka 2011, nikiwa mwanafunzi wa sekondari wakati wa likizo, nilienda kupata masomo ya ziada (Tuition) katika kituo cha Masista Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco kilichopo Temeke, Dar es Salaam. Hapo ndipo nilipokutana na Wasalesiani na kuguswa maisha yangu yote na Historia ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Don Bosco. Bila kufika kituoni hapo na kuguswa na maisha ya mtakatifu huyo, yawezekana kabisa tusingefahamiana leo hii, isingekuwepo chapa ya '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani''', na hata nisingekakuwa naitwa David huyu wa leo. === 3. Sakramenti za Kanisa (2012) === Baada ya mafundisho ya kina, mnamo 14 Septemba 2012, nilibahatika kupokea Sakramenti ya Ubatizo na Mnamo 15 September 2012 nilibahatika kupata Sakramenti ya Kipaimara, Msimamizi wangu akiwa Mathew Alex Kipeta katika Parokia ya Chang'ombe, Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam. Baada ya kuona watu wengi sana wakitoka na kukimbia ndani ya Kanisa Katoliki kwa kusomewa tu mstari mmoja au miwili ya Biblia iliyopotoshwa kwa lengo la kuiponda imani yetu, muda mwingi nilitumia kusoma na kujifunza mengi ili nisaidie kulinda na kutetea imani. Ingawa Mungu aliniongoza katika maisha ya Ulei, kiu hiyo ya kulinda imani bado ipo hai ndani ya kifua changu hadi leo. Nina amani kubwa sana kuwa Mlei kwani sina mipaka ya muda wa kuinjilisha, na inanipa nafasi ya kusikiliza na kuona mwenyewe wakati wowote kama rafiki, jirani, n.k. === 4. Shule ya Malezi Kupitia Mashirika na Majimbo (2011–2024) === Tanya mwaka 2011 hadi 2024, niliendelea kusoma, kulelewa, na kuifahamu imani kupitia mashirika na maeneo tofauti ya kiroho yaliyojenga msingi wangu: * '''Wasalesiani wa Mtakatifu Don Bosco (Temeke na Don Bosco Upanga):''' Hawa ndio walioanaza kunilea na kunipa misingi thabiti ya kiroho na elimu ya kompyuta, akiwepo Sr. Vero na masista wengine kutoka Kenya. * '''Abasia ya Hanga (Wamonaki wa Benediktini - Songea):''' Hapo nilipata nafasi ya kujisomea kwa kina kupitia vitabu mbalimbali vya kiroho nilivyokuwa nikivipata kutoka kwa watawa na Mapadre, ikiwemo Katekesi, Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani, Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma, na Mwongozo wa Misa (GIRM). * '''Wakonsolata (Tosamaganga - Iringa, Mseke, na Mshindo):''' Maeneo haya yote yalikuwa ni sehemu ya misingi iliyonikuza kiroho. * '''Utume wa Vyama na Kwaya (Songea, 2017):''' Mwaka 2017 nikiwa Songea, nilijiunga kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Redio Maria, pamoja na chama cha Harimatea (chama kinachokesha kwa kusali na kuimba misibani). Kupitia utume huu katika mikoa ya Songea, Iringa, Mbeya, na sasa Dodoma, nilizidi kuingia ndani zaidi katika kuifahamu imani. === 5. Walimu Wangu wa Malezi na Ushirikiano wa Kiroho === Katika safari yangu ya sanaa na huduma, namshukuru Mungu kwa walimu wangu wa muziki walionifundisha tangu mwaka 2018 hadi 2023 nikiwa Songea na baadaye Iringa na Dodoma, ambao ni Mwalimu Sunday Mazingo, Mwalimu Ponsiano Mwanuke, na '''Dr. Kelvin B. Bongole'''. Katika kuandaa mada, makala, na fafanuzi mbalimbali za kiimani kupitia jukwaa langu, nimekuwa nikishirikiana na kushauriana na Mapadre na Masista tofauti tofauti ndani na nje ya nchi. Miongoni mwao ni Padre Jerry Orbos (SVD) kutoka Indonesia, Padre Albert Nwosu, Sista Gina King, Sista Jane Francis, Sista Ester, na Sista Chiamaka (hawa wote kutoka Nigeria), na wengine wengi, ili kuhakikisha hatupotoki kwa kuongezea rejea za Kanisa Katoliki kama msingi mkuu wa Imani yetu. === 6. Vyanzo vya Mafundisho Ninavyosimamia === Ili kukidhi kiu yangu ya kuinjilisha kupitia kujisomea, maudhui na fafanuzi zote ninazoshirikisha katika harakati zangu za uinjilishaji wa kidijitali zinajikita kikamilifu katika vyanzo vikuu na rasmi sita (6) vya Mama Kanisa Katoliki: # Biblia Takatifu # Katekesi ya Kanisa Katoliki (KKK) # Nyaraka za Mtaguso Mkuu wa Pili wa Vatikani # Sheria za Kanisa (Canon Law) # Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (Roman Missal) # Mwongozo Mkuu wa Kitabu cha Misa ya Roma (GIRM) === 7. Jukwaa la "Mkatoliki Kiganjani" === Kati ya mwaka 2020 hadi 2024, nilikuwa nikifanya utume huu taratibu sana, mara nyingi kwa kujibu maswali kwenye magrupu ya kijamii ya watu wengine au ana kwa ana. Lakini baada ya kuona uhitaji wa watu kupata maarifa sahihi ni mkubwa mno, ndipo lilipokuja wazo la kuanzisha rasmi jukwaa huru la '''Mkatoliki Kiganjani: Maarifa, Ukweli na Ujuzi''' mnamo '''Mei 1, 2025'''. Lengo langu hapa Wikipedia ni kushirikiana na wahariri wenzangu katika kuboresha makala zinazohusu teolojia, historia ya Kanisa, na Liturujia. Mimi ni chombo tu, na lengo langu ni kuwasaidia wenzangu wapate maarifa haya kwa urahisi kiganjani mwao pale ninapojaliwa na Mungu. Pia bado nina mengi ya kujifunza kila kukicha. Tuendelee kuombeana katika safari hii ya kiimani. Wenu katika Kristo, '''David Mwigani''' 9kohu5j24vd26t3r6lit5ot4ag3bl7c 0 240773 1570902 2026-06-11T17:10:52Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1570902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Msumbiji''' una sifa ya viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau vyanzo vya maji vya msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 47% mwaka 2015), viwango vya chini vya upatikanaji wa angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi (inakadiriwa kuwa 24% mwaka 2015) na ubora duni wa huduma. Mnamo 2007 serikali imefafanua mkakati wa usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya vijijini, ambapo 62% ya wakazi wanaishi. Katika maeneo ya mijini, maji hutolewa na watoa huduma wadogo wasio rasmi na watoa huduma rasmi. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Daily struggle for water (5400691444).jpg|thumb|Mwanamke akiteka maji wakati wa kiangazi kutoka katika chanzo kilichochafuliwa wilaya ya Machanze, Mkoa wa Manica kati]] Ni takriban 47% tu ya wakazi wa Msumbiji ndio wanaopata angalau chanzo cha maji cha msingi, na 24% pekee ndio wanaopata angalau usafi wa mazingira wa msingi. <ref name="JMP">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Matokeo kwa hali ya maisha ni mengi, kuanzia afya mbaya hadi uzalishaji mdogo kutokana na muda unaohitajika kuchota maji. Takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji zina utata. Kwa mfano, Mpango wa Pamoja wa Ufuatiliaji [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|wa WHO]] / [[UNICEF]] wa Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira unakadiria upatikanaji wa angalau chanzo cha msingi cha maji kwa 79% katika maeneo ya mijini na 32% katika maeneo ya vijijini kufikia mwaka wa 2015. <ref name="JMP2">[[Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data Table Mozambique] {{Webarchive}}, retrieved on 19 August 2012</ref> Hata hivyo, Wizara ya Ujenzi wa Umma inatumia takwimu za upatikanaji wa maji za 38% katika maeneo ya mijini na 40% katika maeneo ya vijijini. Nambari za upatikanaji wa maji vijijini zinatokana na idadi ya visima na wastani wa idadi ya kaya zinazotumia kisima. <ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/08/22/000020439_20070822115203/Rendered/INDEX/393070IDA1R20071022911.txt World Bank: WATER SERVICES AND INSTITUTIONALSUPPORT PROJECT, Project Appraisal Document], p. 32</ref> == Historia == Mnamo 1999 serikali ilitoa kwa ushindani mkataba mseto wa kukodisha/usimamizi kwa miji saba kwa muungano wa kimataifa unaoitwa ''Aguas de Moçambique'' (AdeM), ambao uliongozwa na kampuni ya Ufaransa SAUR (35%) na kujumuisha Aguas de Portugal (32%). Kwa [[Maputo]] na [[Matola (Msumbiji)|Matola]] mkataba huo ulikuwa wa kukodisha wa miaka 15 na kwa miji mingine ulikuwa wa mkataba wa usimamizi wa miaka 5. <ref>[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002] p. 17</ref> AdEM pia ilijumuisha umiliki wa hisa wa 30% na kampuni miliki ya Msumbiji inayoitwa Mazi ya Msumbiji yenye wanahisa sita wa ndani. Zabuni ya kifedha ya AdeM ilikuwa chini sana kuliko ile ya mshindani wa karibu zaidi. Kulingana na utafiti wa Benki ya Dunia, hatimaye ilithibitika kuwa ya chini sana. <ref name="citizen.org">[http://www.citizen.org/documents/Lessons%20from%20Mozambique.pdf Horacio Zandamela:The Maputo water concession, 2002], p. 6</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] inhcia591zlufbx32plbtik9f0fj7mj 0 240774 1570906 2026-06-11T18:15:41Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1570906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:River Niger at Kainji Dam Niger State.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Kainji]] [[Faili:Kainji Dam 10.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Kainji]] '''Bwawa la Kainji''' ni [[bwawa]] lililojengwa kuvuka [[Mto Niger]] katika [[Jimbo la Niger]] nchini [[Nigeria]] ya Kati.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current|work=saharareporters.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa hilo uliofanywa na Impregilo (muungano wa makandarasi wa uhandisi wa kiraia wa Italia) ulianza mwaka 1964 na kukamilika mwaka 1968.<ref>{{Citation|title=Niger River - Hydrology, Basin, Delta {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger-River/Hydrology|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Gharama yake yote ilikadiriwa kuwa dola za Kimarekani milioni 209 (sawa na takriban dola bilioni 1.5 kwa thamani ya mwaka 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/|work=www.measuringworth.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref>), ambapo robo moja ya kiasi hicho ilitumika kuwahamishia watu waliopoteza makazi yao kutokana na ujenzi wa bwawa hilo na hifadhi yake ya maji, [[Ziwa]] Kainji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria|url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html|work=www.legit.ng|date=2018-05-04|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=Adrianna Simwa}}</ref> == Vipimo == Bwawa la kainji lina urefu wa takriban kilomita 10 (maili 6.2), likijumuisha [[bwawa]] lake la pembeni (saddle dam), ambalo huziba [[bonde]] la [[kijito]]. Sehemu kuu inayovuka njia ya maji ya Mto Niger ina urefu wa mita 550 (futi 1,800). Sehemu kubwa ya muundo huo imetengenezwa kwa udongo, lakini sehemu ya katikati, inayohifadhi mitambo ya kuzalisha [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]] ilijengwa kwa [[zege]]. Sehemu hii ina urefu wa mita 65 (futi 213). Bwawa la Kainji ni miongoni mwa mabwawa marefu zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An inside look at Kainji Dam|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam|work=www.dailytrust.com.ng|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-gb|author=aliyu}}</ref> == Kituo cha umeme == Bwawa hilo liliundwa ili kuwa na uwezo wa kuzalisha [[megawati]] 960 (farasi nguvu 1,290,000); hata hivyo, ni mitambo 8 kati ya 12 ndiyo iliyofungwa, jambo linalopunguza uwezo huo hadi megawati 760 (farasi nguvu 1,020,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=An inside look at Kainji Dam|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam|work=www.dailytrust.com.ng|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-gb|author=aliyu}}</ref> Bwawa hilo huzalisha umeme kwa miji yote mikubwa nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake|url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake|work=Environment & Society Portal|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> Baadhi ya umeme huo huuzwa kwa nchi jirani ya Niger. Aidha, [[ukame]] wa mara kwa mara umefanya mtiririko wa maji wa Mto [[Niger]] kutotabirika, jambo linalopunguza uzalishaji wa umeme wa bwawa hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity|url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2017-03-29|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB|author=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Faili:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|thumb|Mtiririko wa maji kupitia matundu manne katika Bwawa la Kainji, 1970–1973. Mtiririko wa maji kupitia matundu manne katika Bwawa la Kainji, 1970–1973.]] == Funga == Bwawa hilo lina chumba kimoja cha gati chenye uwezo wa kuinua mabegi kwa kimo cha mita 49 (futi 161). == Utekelezaji wa mafuriko == Mnamo Oktoba 1998, kufuatia [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokea maeneo ya juu ya mto, mtiririko mkubwa wa maji uliachiwa kutoka kwenye [[bwawa]] hilo, na kusababisha kingo za mto kupasuka. Takriban vijiji 60 vilifurika maji. [[Mifugo]] ilizama na tuta za kuzuia maji pamoja na mashamba kadhaa yalisombwa. Maafisa wa bwawa walikosolewa kwa kusubiri muda mrefu sana kabla ya kuanza kuachia maji na kisha kuachia kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The dam which brought disaster|url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm|work=www.africasia.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Ziwa Kainji == [[Ziwa]] Kainji lina urefu wa takriban kilomita 135 (maili 84) na upana wa takriban kilomita 30 (maili 19) katika sehemu yake pana zaidi, na linasaidia shughuli za [[umwagiliaji]] pamoja na sekta ya [[uvuvi]] ya kijamii.<ref>{{Citation|title=Niger Dams Project {{!}} hydroelectricity, irrigation & flood control {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Niger-Dams-Project|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[1999]], ufunguaji wa malango ya maji bila uratibu ulisababisha mafuriko katika vijiji karibu 60.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The dam which brought disaster|url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm|work=www.africasia.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Tazama pia == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Niger]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] 1zlrxmfhvp6g4a4i4u7rsjg9ywv2u1q 1570910 1570906 2026-06-11T20:09:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 10 template(s) replaced. 1570910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:River Niger at Kainji Dam Niger State.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Kainji]] [[Faili:Kainji Dam 10.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Kainji]] '''Bwawa la Kainji''' ni [[bwawa]] lililojengwa kuvuka [[Mto Niger]] katika [[Jimbo la Niger]] nchini [[Nigeria]] ya Kati.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current|work=saharareporters.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> Ujenzi wa bwawa hilo uliofanywa na Impregilo (muungano wa makandarasi wa uhandisi wa kiraia wa Italia) ulianza mwaka 1964 na kukamilika mwaka 1968.<ref>{{Citation|title=Niger River - Hydrology, Basin, Delta {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Niger-River/Hydrology|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Gharama yake yote ilikadiriwa kuwa dola za Kimarekani milioni 209 (sawa na takriban dola bilioni 1.5 kwa thamani ya mwaka 2024<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/|work=www.measuringworth.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref>), ambapo robo moja ya kiasi hicho ilitumika kuwahamishia watu waliopoteza makazi yao kutokana na ujenzi wa bwawa hilo na hifadhi yake ya maji, [[Ziwa]] Kainji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria|url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html|work=www.legit.ng|date=2018-05-04|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en|author=Adrianna Simwa}}</ref> == Vipimo == Bwawa la kainji lina urefu wa takriban kilomita 10 (maili 6.2), likijumuisha [[bwawa]] lake la pembeni (saddle dam), ambalo huziba [[bonde]] la [[kijito]]. Sehemu kuu inayovuka njia ya maji ya Mto Niger ina urefu wa mita 550 (futi 1,800). Sehemu kubwa ya muundo huo imetengenezwa kwa udongo, lakini sehemu ya katikati, inayohifadhi mitambo ya kuzalisha [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]] ilijengwa kwa [[zege]]. Sehemu hii ina urefu wa mita 65 (futi 213). Bwawa la Kainji ni miongoni mwa mabwawa marefu zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=An inside look at Kainji Dam|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam|work=www.dailytrust.com.ng|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-gb|author=aliyu}}</ref> == Kituo cha umeme == Bwawa hilo liliundwa ili kuwa na uwezo wa kuzalisha [[megawati]] 960 (farasi nguvu 1,290,000); hata hivyo, ni mitambo 8 kati ya 12 ndiyo iliyofungwa, jambo linalopunguza uwezo huo hadi megawati 760 (farasi nguvu 1,020,000).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=An inside look at Kainji Dam|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam|work=www.dailytrust.com.ng|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-gb|author=aliyu}}</ref> Bwawa hilo huzalisha umeme kwa miji yote mikubwa nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake|url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake|work=Environment & Society Portal|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> Baadhi ya umeme huo huuzwa kwa nchi jirani ya Niger. Aidha, [[ukame]] wa mara kwa mara umefanya mtiririko wa maji wa Mto [[Niger]] kutotabirika, jambo linalopunguza uzalishaji wa umeme wa bwawa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity|url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2017-03-29|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en-GB|author=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Faili:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|thumb|Mtiririko wa maji kupitia matundu manne katika Bwawa la Kainji, 1970–1973. Mtiririko wa maji kupitia matundu manne katika Bwawa la Kainji, 1970–1973.]] == Funga == Bwawa hilo lina chumba kimoja cha gati chenye uwezo wa kuinua mabegi kwa kimo cha mita 49 (futi 161). == Utekelezaji wa mafuriko == Mnamo Oktoba 1998, kufuatia [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokea maeneo ya juu ya mto, mtiririko mkubwa wa maji uliachiwa kutoka kwenye [[bwawa]] hilo, na kusababisha kingo za mto kupasuka. Takriban vijiji 60 vilifurika maji. [[Mifugo]] ilizama na tuta za kuzuia maji pamoja na mashamba kadhaa yalisombwa. Maafisa wa bwawa walikosolewa kwa kusubiri muda mrefu sana kabla ya kuanza kuachia maji na kisha kuachia kiasi kikubwa sana cha maji kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The dam which brought disaster|url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm|work=www.africasia.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Ziwa Kainji == [[Ziwa]] Kainji lina urefu wa takriban kilomita 135 (maili 84) na upana wa takriban kilomita 30 (maili 19) katika sehemu yake pana zaidi, na linasaidia shughuli za [[umwagiliaji]] pamoja na sekta ya [[uvuvi]] ya kijamii.<ref>{{Citation|title=Niger Dams Project {{!}} hydroelectricity, irrigation & flood control {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Niger-Dams-Project|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[1999]], ufunguaji wa malango ya maji bila uratibu ulisababisha mafuriko katika vijiji karibu 60.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The dam which brought disaster|url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm|work=www.africasia.com|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> == Tazama pia == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Niger]] [[Jamii:Nigeria]] ovjashjwk3lj83yaakdk6hz2djgsesw 0 240775 1570908 2026-06-11T19:03:20Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1570908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:GariepDam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Gariep]] '''Bwawa la Gariep''' liko nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], karibu na mji wa Norvalspont, katika mpaka wa majimbo ya [[Free State]] na [[Eastern Cape]]. Madhumuni yake makuu ni kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji, matumizi ya nyumbani na viwandani, pamoja na uzalishaji wa umeme. Hili ndilo bwawa kubwa zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini. == Jina == '''Bwawa la Gariep''', wakati wa kuzinduliwa kwake mwaka 1971, awali liliitwa '''Bwawa la Hendrik Verwoerd''', kwa heshima ya Hendrik Verwoerd, [[Waziri Mkuu]] kabla na baada ya tarehe 31 Mei 1961, wakati nchi ilipobadilika kutoka kuwa Umoja wa Afrika Kusini na kuwa Jamhuri ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hata hivyo, baada ya kumalizika kwa mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi, jina la Verwoerd lilichukuliwa kuwa halifai. Jina hilo lilibadilishwa rasmi kuwa Bwawa la Gariep mnamo tarehe 4 Oktoba 1996. "Gariep" ni neno la lugha ya [[Khoekhoe]] linalomaanisha "mto", ambalo ndilo lilikuwa jina asilia la [[Mto Orange]] (mto mrefu zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|last=P E Raper - HSRC}}</ref> == Mahali == Bwawa hili liko kwenye [[Mto Orange]] takriban kilomita 48 (maili 30) kaskazini-mashariki mwa Colesberg na kilomita 208 (maili 129) kusini mwa [[Bloemfontein]]. Liko kwenye [[korongo]] (gorge) katika lango la Bonde la Ruigte takriban kilomita 5 (maili 3.1) mashariki mwa Norvalspont. Sehemu ya juu kabisa ya bwawa (dam crest) iko takriban mita 1,300 (futi 4,300) juu ya usawa wa bahari. == Vipimo == Ukuta wa bwawa una kimo cha mita 88 na urefu wa sehemu ya juu wa mita 914, na unajumuisha takriban mita za ujazo milioni 1.73 za zege. Bwawa la Gariep ndilo hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini Afrika Kusini. Katika lugha ya Kiingereza cha [[Afrika Kusini]], neno 'dam' hutumika kumaanisha muundo wa bwawa lenyewe na pia kiasi cha maji kinachohifadhiwa ndani yake. Bwawa la Gariep lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi jumla ya takriban megalita milioni 5,340 (hekta-mita 5,340) na lina eneo la uso wa maji la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 370 (maili za mraba 140) likiwa limejaa. Kituo cha kufua umeme kwa nguvu ya maji kina jenereta nne za megawati 90 kila moja. == Aina ya usanifu na wakandarasi == Muundo wa bwawa hili ni mseto wa bwawa la zege la uzito na tao. Usanifu huu ulichaguliwa kwa sababu korongo hilo ni pana sana kwa tao kamili, hivyo kuta za pembeni huunda nguzo za uzito kwa tao la katikati. Lilijengwa na Dumez, kampuni ya ujenzi ya Ufaransa. == Daraja la Bwawa la Gariep == [[Faili:Gariep Dam, Free State, South Africa (20349874268).jpg|thumb|Daraja la Bwawa la Gariep]] == Mito na spruits inapita ndani ya bwawa == * [[Mto Orange]] * [[Mto Caledon]] * Brakspruit * Broekspruit * Oudagspruit * Palmietspruit * Slykspruit == Matumizi ya maji, mtiririko wa nje, matumizi yanayotokana na ugeuzaji == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito]] ay4hs7ikth7mprcelt4itqjb7irjxs1 1570909 1570908 2026-06-11T20:09:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1570909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:GariepDam.jpg|thumb|Bwawa la Gariep]] '''Bwawa la Gariep''' liko nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], karibu na mji wa Norvalspont, katika mpaka wa majimbo ya [[Free State]] na [[Eastern Cape]]. Madhumuni yake makuu ni kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji, matumizi ya nyumbani na viwandani, pamoja na uzalishaji wa umeme. Hili ndilo bwawa kubwa zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini. == Jina == '''Bwawa la Gariep''', wakati wa kuzinduliwa kwake mwaka 1971, awali liliitwa '''Bwawa la Hendrik Verwoerd''', kwa heshima ya Hendrik Verwoerd, [[Waziri Mkuu]] kabla na baada ya tarehe 31 Mei 1961, wakati nchi ilipobadilika kutoka kuwa Umoja wa Afrika Kusini na kuwa Jamhuri ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. Hata hivyo, baada ya kumalizika kwa mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi, jina la Verwoerd lilichukuliwa kuwa halifai. Jina hilo lilibadilishwa rasmi kuwa Bwawa la Gariep mnamo tarehe 4 Oktoba 1996. "Gariep" ni neno la lugha ya [[Khoekhoe]] linalomaanisha "mto", ambalo ndilo lilikuwa jina asilia la [[Mto Orange]] (mto mrefu zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|last=P E Raper - HSRC}}</ref> == Mahali == Bwawa hili liko kwenye [[Mto Orange]] takriban kilomita 48 (maili 30) kaskazini-mashariki mwa Colesberg na kilomita 208 (maili 129) kusini mwa [[Bloemfontein]]. Liko kwenye [[korongo]] (gorge) katika lango la Bonde la Ruigte takriban kilomita 5 (maili 3.1) mashariki mwa Norvalspont. Sehemu ya juu kabisa ya bwawa (dam crest) iko takriban mita 1,300 (futi 4,300) juu ya usawa wa bahari. == Vipimo == Ukuta wa bwawa una kimo cha mita 88 na urefu wa sehemu ya juu wa mita 914, na unajumuisha takriban mita za ujazo milioni 1.73 za zege. Bwawa la Gariep ndilo hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini Afrika Kusini. Katika lugha ya Kiingereza cha [[Afrika Kusini]], neno 'dam' hutumika kumaanisha muundo wa bwawa lenyewe na pia kiasi cha maji kinachohifadhiwa ndani yake. Bwawa la Gariep lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi jumla ya takriban megalita milioni 5,340 (hekta-mita 5,340) na lina eneo la uso wa maji la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 370 (maili za mraba 140) likiwa limejaa. Kituo cha kufua umeme kwa nguvu ya maji kina jenereta nne za megawati 90 kila moja. == Aina ya usanifu na wakandarasi == Muundo wa bwawa hili ni mseto wa bwawa la zege la uzito na tao. Usanifu huu ulichaguliwa kwa sababu korongo hilo ni pana sana kwa tao kamili, hivyo kuta za pembeni huunda nguzo za uzito kwa tao la katikati. Lilijengwa na Dumez, kampuni ya ujenzi ya Ufaransa. == Daraja la Bwawa la Gariep == [[Faili:Gariep Dam, Free State, South Africa (20349874268).jpg|thumb|Daraja la Bwawa la Gariep]] == Mito na spruits inapita ndani ya bwawa == * [[Mto Orange]] * [[Mto Caledon]] * Brakspruit * Broekspruit * Oudagspruit * Palmietspruit * Slykspruit == Matumizi ya maji, mtiririko wa nje, matumizi yanayotokana na ugeuzaji == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito]] fsetj57onpacdq1rmah0o7m8bzu47j9 0 240776 1570913 2026-06-11T20:38:10Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1570913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Kariba''' ni bwawa la tao la [[zege]] lenye upindaji maradufu lililopo katika Korongo la Kariba katika bonde la Mto Zambezi kati ya nchi za Zambia na Zimbabwe. Bwawa hilo lina kimo cha mita 128 (futi 420) na urefu wa mita 579 (futi 1,900). Bwawa hilo linatengeneza [[Ziwa Kariba]], ambalo lina urefu wa kilomita 280 (maili 170) na kuhifadhi kilomita za ujazo 185 (ekari-futi 150,000,000) za maji. == Ujenzi == Bwawa hilo lilijengwa kwa agizo la [[Serikali]] ya Shirikisho la [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] na Nyasaland, ambayo ilikuwa 'koloni la shirikisho' ndani ya [[Dola la Uingereza]]. Wahandisi washauri walikuwa ni Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, ubia wa wahandisi washauri uliokuwa ukijumuisha Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{Citation|last=Editor|title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton {{!}} New Civil Engineer|date=1999-04-15|url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/|work=New Civil Engineer|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> na Coyne et Bellier, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na André Coyne. [[Bwawa]] hilo la tao la zege lenye upindaji maradufu ilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1955 na 1959 na kampuni ya Cogefar-Impresit ya Italia kwa gharama ya $135,000,000 kwa hatua ya kwanza iliyohusisha pango la [[umeme]] la [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] Kusini pekee. Ujenzi wa mwisho na uongezaji wa pango la umeme la Kariba Kaskazini na kampuni ya Mitchell Construction<ref>{{Citation|title=ISBN|date=2026-06-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISBN&oldid=1357756776|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> haukukamilika hadi mwaka 1977, kutokana na sababu kubwa za kisiasa, kwa gharama ya jumla ya $480,000,000. Wakati wa ujenzi, [[wafanyakazi]] 86 walipoteza maisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref> [[Bwawa]] hilo lilizinduliwa rasmi na [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Malkia]] [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], [[Mama]] wa Malkia, mnamo tarehe 17 Mei 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|work=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba - PhMuseum|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|work=phmuseum.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> == Uzalishaji wa nguvu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ido9dnuf8e5tvbli7c77fz09gebihhh 1570932 1570913 2026-06-11T23:55:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1570932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Kariba''' ni bwawa la tao la [[zege]] lenye upindaji maradufu lililopo katika Korongo la Kariba katika bonde la Mto Zambezi kati ya nchi za Zambia na Zimbabwe. Bwawa hilo lina kimo cha mita 128 (futi 420) na urefu wa mita 579 (futi 1,900). Bwawa hilo linatengeneza [[Ziwa Kariba]], ambalo lina urefu wa kilomita 280 (maili 170) na kuhifadhi kilomita za ujazo 185 (ekari-futi 150,000,000) za maji. == Ujenzi == Bwawa hilo lilijengwa kwa agizo la [[Serikali]] ya Shirikisho la [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] na Nyasaland, ambayo ilikuwa 'koloni la shirikisho' ndani ya [[Dola la Uingereza]]. Wahandisi washauri walikuwa ni Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, ubia wa wahandisi washauri uliokuwa ukijumuisha Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{Citation|last=Editor|title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton {{!}} New Civil Engineer|date=1999-04-15|url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/|work=New Civil Engineer|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> na Coyne et Bellier, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na André Coyne. [[Bwawa]] hilo la tao la zege lenye upindaji maradufu ilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1955 na 1959 na kampuni ya Cogefar-Impresit ya Italia kwa gharama ya $135,000,000 kwa hatua ya kwanza iliyohusisha pango la [[umeme]] la [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] Kusini pekee. Ujenzi wa mwisho na uongezaji wa pango la umeme la Kariba Kaskazini na kampuni ya Mitchell Construction<ref>{{Citation|title=ISBN|date=2026-06-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISBN&oldid=1357756776|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> haukukamilika hadi mwaka 1977, kutokana na sababu kubwa za kisiasa, kwa gharama ya jumla ya $480,000,000. Wakati wa ujenzi, [[wafanyakazi]] 86 walipoteza maisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquivo.pt|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Bwawa]] hilo lilizinduliwa rasmi na [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Malkia]] [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], [[Mama]] wa Malkia, mnamo tarehe 17 Mei 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|work=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba - PhMuseum|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|work=phmuseum.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> == Uzalishaji wa nguvu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] qacczufarn2i92l7nlkf4nkmpm5co0m 1570934 1570932 2026-06-12T00:27:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1570934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Kariba''' ni bwawa la tao la [[zege]] lenye upindaji maradufu lililopo katika Korongo la Kariba katika bonde la Mto Zambezi kati ya nchi za Zambia na Zimbabwe. Bwawa hilo lina kimo cha mita 128 (futi 420) na urefu wa mita 579 (futi 1,900). Bwawa hilo linatengeneza [[Ziwa Kariba]], ambalo lina urefu wa kilomita 280 (maili 170) na kuhifadhi kilomita za ujazo 185 (ekari-futi 150,000,000) za maji. == Ujenzi == Bwawa hilo lilijengwa kwa agizo la [[Serikali]] ya Shirikisho la [[Rhodesia ya Kusini|Rhodesia]] na Nyasaland, ambayo ilikuwa 'koloni la shirikisho' ndani ya [[Dola la Uingereza]]. Wahandisi washauri walikuwa ni Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, ubia wa wahandisi washauri uliokuwa ukijumuisha Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{Citation|last=Editor|title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton {{!}} New Civil Engineer|date=1999-04-15|url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/|work=New Civil Engineer|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> na Coyne et Bellier, ambao timu yao iliongozwa na André Coyne. [[Bwawa]] hilo la tao la zege lenye upindaji maradufu ilijengwa kati ya mwaka 1955 na 1959 na kampuni ya Cogefar-Impresit ya Italia kwa gharama ya $135,000,000 kwa hatua ya kwanza iliyohusisha pango la [[umeme]] la [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]] Kusini pekee. Ujenzi wa mwisho na uongezaji wa pango la umeme la Kariba Kaskazini na kampuni ya Mitchell Construction<ref>{{Citation|title=ISBN|date=2026-06-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISBN&oldid=1357756776|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> haukukamilika hadi mwaka 1977, kutokana na sababu kubwa za kisiasa, kwa gharama ya jumla ya $480,000,000. Wakati wa ujenzi, [[wafanyakazi]] 86 walipoteza maisha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Arquivo.pt|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|work=arquivo.pt|accessdate=2026-06-11|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Bwawa]] hilo lilizinduliwa rasmi na [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Malkia]] [[Malkia Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], [[Mama]] wa Malkia, mnamo tarehe 17 Mei 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|work=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=2026-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba - PhMuseum|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|work=phmuseum.com|accessdate=2026-06-11|language=en}}</ref> == Uzalishaji wa nguvu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bi88n6l4rnv5eduqcm6lblggvp10o0w 0 240778 1570947 2026-06-12T03:59:34Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mto Bilate''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT IN THE BILATE RIVER CATCHMENT - PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238681859_WATER_RESOURCES_ASSESSMENT_IN_THE_BILATE_RIVER_CATCHMENT_-_PRECIPITATION_VARIABILITY|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref>ni mto unaopatikana kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unaanzia kwenye miteremko ya kusini-magharibi ya [[Mlima]] Gurage, kisha hutir...' 1570947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bilate''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT IN THE BILATE RIVER CATCHMENT - PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238681859_WATER_RESOURCES_ASSESSMENT_IN_THE_BILATE_RIVER_CATCHMENT_-_PRECIPITATION_VARIABILITY|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref>ni mto unaopatikana kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unaanzia kwenye miteremko ya kusini-magharibi ya [[Mlima]] Gurage, kisha hutiririka kuelekea kusini kandokando ya upande wa magharibi wa Great Rift Valley na hatimaye kumwaga maji yake katika Lake Abaya. Mto Bilate ndio mto mrefu zaidi unaoingia katika [[Ziwa]] Abaya na pia ndio unaobeba kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha [[maji]] kuliko mito mingine inayoingia ziwani humo. Una urefu wa takribani kilomita 250, hauwezi kutumika kwa usafiri wa majini, na hauna tawimito muhimu yanayojulikana. Katika sehemu ya kati ya mkondo wake, Mto Bilate hupita karibu na eneo la volkeno la Bilate River Volcanic Field. Sehemu kubwa ya [[bonde]] lake ipo ndani ya Ukanda wa Halaba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Bilate River Field|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=221291|work=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref> Mtaalamu wa [[historia]] na jiografia, David Buxton, alieleza umuhimu wa Mto Bilate kama mpaka wa asili uliotenganisha wilaya ya Sidamo upande wa mashariki na wilaya ya Wolaita upande wa magharibi. Pia alieleza kuwepo kwa soko la kila wiki karibu na kivuko cha mto kilichojulikana kwa jina la Dimtu. Mto Bilate una umuhimu mkubwa kwa mazingira, kilimo na historia ya maeneo ya kusini mwa Ethiopia, pamoja na kuwa chanzo kikuu cha maji yanayoingia katika Ziwa Abaya. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] eg6utmo8r2qkyycp79ocfjycyijorpj 1571035 1570947 2026-06-12T09:34:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1571035 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bilate''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=(PDF) WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT IN THE BILATE RIVER CATCHMENT - PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238681859_WATER_RESOURCES_ASSESSMENT_IN_THE_BILATE_RIVER_CATCHMENT_-_PRECIPITATION_VARIABILITY|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref>ni mto unaopatikana kusini mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Mto huu unaanzia kwenye miteremko ya kusini-magharibi ya [[Mlima]] Gurage, kisha hutiririka kuelekea kusini kandokando ya upande wa magharibi wa Great Rift Valley na hatimaye kumwaga maji yake katika Lake Abaya. Mto Bilate ndio mto mrefu zaidi unaoingia katika [[Ziwa]] Abaya na pia ndio unaobeba kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha [[maji]] kuliko mito mingine inayoingia ziwani humo. Una urefu wa takribani kilomita 250, hauwezi kutumika kwa usafiri wa majini, na hauna tawimito muhimu yanayojulikana. Katika sehemu ya kati ya mkondo wake, Mto Bilate hupita karibu na eneo la volkeno la Bilate River Volcanic Field. Sehemu kubwa ya [[bonde]] lake ipo ndani ya Ukanda wa Halaba.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Bilate River Field|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=221291|work=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program|accessdate=2026-06-12|language=en}}</ref> Mtaalamu wa [[historia]] na jiografia, David Buxton, alieleza umuhimu wa Mto Bilate kama mpaka wa asili uliotenganisha wilaya ya Sidamo upande wa mashariki na wilaya ya Wolaita upande wa magharibi. Pia alieleza kuwepo kwa soko la kila wiki karibu na kivuko cha mto kilichojulikana kwa jina la Dimtu. Mto Bilate una umuhimu mkubwa kwa mazingira, kilimo na historia ya maeneo ya kusini mwa Ethiopia, pamoja na kuwa chanzo kikuu cha maji yanayoingia katika Ziwa Abaya. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] edyf2eetkgf7qkoea8fywvfplpg2a0d 0 240779 1570949 2026-06-12T04:05:50Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mto Borkana''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana katikati mwa Ethiopia. Mto huu ni tawimto la upande wa kushoto la Awash River. Mwanahistoria na [[mmisionari]] wa Kijerumani Johann Ludwig Krapf alirekodi kuwa Mto Borkana uliitwa '''"Tshaffa"''' na [[jamii]] ya Oromo people wanaoishi katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen|title=Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary s...' 1570949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Borkana''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana katikati mwa Ethiopia. Mto huu ni tawimto la upande wa kushoto la Awash River. Mwanahistoria na [[mmisionari]] wa Kijerumani Johann Ludwig Krapf alirekodi kuwa Mto Borkana uliitwa '''"Tshaffa"''' na [[jamii]] ya Oromo people wanaoishi katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen|title=Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary society, detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842|last=Isenberg|first=Charles William|last2=Krapf|first2=J. L. (Johann Ludwig)|last3=MacQueen|first3=James|date=1843|publisher=London : Seeley|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5gzcezcvwtydip9uwv0n31weiiwvvr8 1571037 1570949 2026-06-12T09:35:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Borkana''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana katikati mwa Ethiopia. Mto huu ni tawimto la upande wa kushoto la Awash River. Mwanahistoria na [[mmisionari]] wa Kijerumani Johann Ludwig Krapf alirekodi kuwa Mto Borkana uliitwa '''"Tshaffa"''' na [[jamii]] ya Oromo people wanaoishi katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen|title=Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary society, detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842|last=Isenberg|first=Charles William|last2=Krapf|first2=J. L. (Johann Ludwig)|last3=MacQueen|first3=James|date=1843|publisher=London : Seeley|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gdwwzlegllxlciqvlkbf8snz7oybkx7 0 240780 1570952 2026-06-12T04:15:46Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha Makala 1570952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pirogue Bozo sur le Bafing.jpeg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Bafing ukiwa juu ya [[mtumbwi]] wa kienyeji (pirogue) wa watu wa [[kabila]] la Bozo]] '''Mto Bafing''' ( kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bafing'') ni mto uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Mali]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[maili]] 350 (sawa na [[kilomita]] 560) na ndio urefu na tawari kubwa zaidi ya [[Mto Senegal]].<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013">{{cite book|author1=Mohamed Saliou Camara|author2=Thomas O'Toole|author3=Janice E. Baker|title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfcKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7969-0|page=38}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Bafing unaanza katika nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon nchini Guinea,<ref name="KnaapNations1994">{{cite book|author1=M. van der Knaap|author2=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=Status of Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Thirteen Medium-sized African Reservoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl4nd5K52FIC&pg=RA1-PA19|year=1994|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-103581-8|page=19}}</ref> umbali wa maili 30 kaskazini mwa mji wa Mamou.<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013"/> Kutoka hapo unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini na kukutana na Mto Bakoy katika eneo la Bafoulabé nchini Mali, ambapo muungano wa mito hii miwili ndio unaounda rasmi Mto Senegal.<ref name=omvs>{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144235/http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | archivedate=16 July 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Katika mfumo mzima wa Mto Senegal, Bafing ndicho chanzo kinachochangia kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha maji, kikisambaza karibu nusu ya ujazo wote wa maji ya mto huo mkuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development Anthropology Network: Bulletin of the Institute for Development Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzA9AAAAYAAJ|year=1982|publisher=The Institute for Development Anthropology|page=10}}</ref> Pia, mto huu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi za Guinea na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 310–13}}</ref> == Umwagiliaji na mabwawa == Kihistoria, jamii zinazoishi kando ya mto huu zilitegemea mafuriko ya msimu ya Mto Bafing kwa ajili ya kuendesha shughuli zao za [[kilimo]] cha asili. Hata hivyo, kufuatia ukame mkubwa uliotokea katika miaka ya 1970, ilionekana kuna haja ya kujenga mabwawa ili kudhibiti maji. Bwawa la kufua umeme la Manantali lilikamilika mwaka 1987 kwenye mto huu,<ref name="Kornfeld2020">{{cite book|author=Itzchak Kornfeld|title=Mega-Dams and Indigenous Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_3LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=31 January 2020|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-549-1|page=109}}</ref> umbali wa kilomita 90 juu ya mji wa Bafoulabé. Bwawa hili lilisababisha kutokea kwa Ziwa Manantali, ambalo ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi la kutengenezwa na binadamu nchini Mali. Bwawa hili linahifadhi mita za ujazo bilioni 11.3 za maji ambayo hutumika kuzungusha pampu za kufua umeme wakati wa kiangazi, hali inayosaidia kuzuia mafuriko makubwa huku ikihakikisha mtiririko wa maji unakuwa wa usawa mwaka mzima.<ref>{{citation | title=Étude des impacts environnementaux du projet d’aménagement de Félou | year=2006 | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (O.M.V.S.) | url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/1527_eia_fr.pdf | language=French | page=63 }}.</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mazingira ya Mto Bafing yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]]. Tafiti za mazingira zinaonyesha kuwa kuna idadi kubwa ya [[Sokwe mtu|sokwe]] wanaoishi katika maeneo ya misitu yaliyopo upande wa mashariki wa mto huu.<ref name="Kormos2003">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Kormos|title=West African Chimpanzees: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2003-059.pdf|year=2003|publisher=IUCN|page=48}}</ref> Mbali na wanyama hao, ndege adimu aina ya "blue-headed bee-eater" (''Merops muelleri'') ameshawahi kuonekana pia kwenye misitu ya mto huu iliyopo upande wa kusini mwa Milima ya Manding, jambo linalofanya eneo hili kuwa muhimu kwa utunzaji wa viumbe hai.<ref name="Fry2010">{{cite book|author=C. Hilary Fry|title=The Bee-Eaters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQ9aIbU48MC&pg=PA47|date=30 September 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3687-4|page=47}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3gk5te52g0iy4a0xhkycvrxqv2zltdt 1571029 1570952 2026-06-12T09:33:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571029 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pirogue Bozo sur le Bafing.jpeg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Bafing ukiwa juu ya [[mtumbwi]] wa kienyeji (pirogue) wa watu wa [[kabila]] la Bozo]] '''Mto Bafing''' ( kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bafing'') ni mto uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Mali]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[maili]] 350 (sawa na [[kilomita]] 560) na ndio urefu na tawari kubwa zaidi ya [[Mto Senegal]].<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013">{{cite book|author1=Mohamed Saliou Camara|author2=Thomas O'Toole|author3=Janice E. Baker|title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfcKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7969-0|page=38}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Bafing unaanza katika nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon nchini Guinea,<ref name="KnaapNations1994">{{cite book|author1=M. van der Knaap|author2=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=Status of Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Thirteen Medium-sized African Reservoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl4nd5K52FIC&pg=RA1-PA19|year=1994|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-103581-8|page=19}}</ref> umbali wa maili 30 kaskazini mwa mji wa Mamou.<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013"/> Kutoka hapo unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini na kukutana na Mto Bakoy katika eneo la Bafoulabé nchini Mali, ambapo muungano wa mito hii miwili ndio unaounda rasmi Mto Senegal.<ref name=omvs>{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144235/http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | archivedate=16 July 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Katika mfumo mzima wa Mto Senegal, Bafing ndicho chanzo kinachochangia kiasi kikubwa zaidi cha maji, kikisambaza karibu nusu ya ujazo wote wa maji ya mto huo mkuu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development Anthropology Network: Bulletin of the Institute for Development Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzA9AAAAYAAJ|year=1982|publisher=The Institute for Development Anthropology|page=10}}</ref> Pia, mto huu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi za Guinea na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Rejea kitabu|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 310–13}}</ref> == Umwagiliaji na mabwawa == Kihistoria, jamii zinazoishi kando ya mto huu zilitegemea mafuriko ya msimu ya Mto Bafing kwa ajili ya kuendesha shughuli zao za [[kilimo]] cha asili. Hata hivyo, kufuatia ukame mkubwa uliotokea katika miaka ya 1970, ilionekana kuna haja ya kujenga mabwawa ili kudhibiti maji. Bwawa la kufua umeme la Manantali lilikamilika mwaka 1987 kwenye mto huu,<ref name="Kornfeld2020">{{cite book|author=Itzchak Kornfeld|title=Mega-Dams and Indigenous Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_3LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=31 January 2020|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-549-1|page=109}}</ref> umbali wa kilomita 90 juu ya mji wa Bafoulabé. Bwawa hili lilisababisha kutokea kwa Ziwa Manantali, ambalo ndilo ziwa kubwa zaidi la kutengenezwa na binadamu nchini Mali. Bwawa hili linahifadhi mita za ujazo bilioni 11.3 za maji ambayo hutumika kuzungusha pampu za kufua umeme wakati wa kiangazi, hali inayosaidia kuzuia mafuriko makubwa huku ikihakikisha mtiririko wa maji unakuwa wa usawa mwaka mzima.<ref>{{citation | title=Étude des impacts environnementaux du projet d’aménagement de Félou | year=2006 | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (O.M.V.S.) | url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/1527_eia_fr.pdf | language=French | page=63 }}.</ref> == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mazingira ya Mto Bafing yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]]. Tafiti za mazingira zinaonyesha kuwa kuna idadi kubwa ya [[Sokwe mtu|sokwe]] wanaoishi katika maeneo ya misitu yaliyopo upande wa mashariki wa mto huu.<ref name="Kormos2003">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Kormos|title=West African Chimpanzees: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2003-059.pdf|year=2003|publisher=IUCN|page=48}}</ref> Mbali na wanyama hao, ndege adimu aina ya "blue-headed bee-eater" (''Merops muelleri'') ameshawahi kuonekana pia kwenye misitu ya mto huu iliyopo upande wa kusini mwa Milima ya Manding, jambo linalofanya eneo hili kuwa muhimu kwa utunzaji wa viumbe hai.<ref name="Fry2010">{{cite book|author=C. Hilary Fry|title=The Bee-Eaters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQ9aIbU48MC&pg=PA47|date=30 September 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3687-4|page=47}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] oh4btfkor75zwy36z4oal6i1srwk6v9 0 240781 1570955 2026-06-12T04:30:18Z Laylah26 89982 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg|thumb|Mto Djoua katika [[ramani]]]] '''Mto Djoua''' (pia '''Mto Juah''' au '''Djouah''') ni [[mto]] uliopo katikati mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia nchi za [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Gabon]].<ref name="britannica">{{Citation|title=Djoua River {{!}} river, Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Djoua-River|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mto huu...' 1570955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg|thumb|Mto Djoua katika [[ramani]]]] '''Mto Djoua''' (pia '''Mto Juah''' au '''Djouah''') ni [[mto]] uliopo katikati mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia nchi za [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Gabon]].<ref name="britannica">{{Citation|title=Djoua River {{!}} river, Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Djoua-River|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mto huu ni tawari ya [[Mto Ivindo]], ambao nao unamwaga maji yake katika [[Mto Ogooué]], mfumo mkuu wa maji nchini Gabon na mto wa nne kwa ukubwa barani Afrika kwa kiwango cha mtiririko wa maji. == Jiografia == Mto Djoua unaanzia nchini Jamhuri ya Kongo na unatiririka kuelekea upande wa magharibi. Mto huu unajulikana kijiografia kwa sababu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa asili wa kimataifa unaotenganisha Jamhuri ya Kongo upande wa kaskazini-mashariki na Gabon upande wa magharibi.<ref name="britannica" /> Mto huu unapita katikati ya misitu minene ya kitropiki kabla ya kuungana na Mto Ivindo, ambapo mwendo wake unavuka maeneo yenye miamba na maporomoko madogo ya maji kutokana na topografia ya eneo hilo. == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Bonde la Mto Djoua lina umuhimu mkubwa sana wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]], hasa kutokana na mazingira yake ya misitu ya ushoroba (forest corridor) yanayofuatiliwa kwa ukaribu na mashirika ya mazingira kama vile WWF.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web|url=https://wwf-congobasin-monitoring.org/en/information/site/39|work=wwf-congobasin-monitoring.org|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> Eneo hili linasifika kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya wanyamapori hatarini kutoweka, wakiwemo [[Tembo wa msituni]] wa Afrika (Congo forest elephants) na [[Sokwe]] wakubwa kama vile gorilla wa nyanda za chini. Kutokana na tishio la ujangili na ukataji miti ovyo, mashirika mbalimbali ya kimataifa ya uhifadhi wa mazingira yamekuwa yakishirikiana na serikali za Gabon na Kongo ili kulinda mfumo wa ikolojia wa misitu ya Djoua-Ivindo.<ref name="wwf" /> Jitihada hizi zinalenga kuhakikisha kuwa vyanzo vya maji na maporomoko ya mto huu yanabaki salama kwa ajili ya uendelevu wa viumbe hai. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] nbykxjuppey5sixyen6gp1w0l5p7cn2 1571040 1570955 2026-06-12T09:36:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg|thumb|Mto Djoua katika [[ramani]]]] '''Mto Djoua''' (pia '''Mto Juah''' au '''Djouah''') ni [[mto]] uliopo katikati mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia nchi za [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Gabon]].<ref name="britannica">{{Citation|title=Djoua River {{!}} river, Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Djoua-River|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2026-06-12}}</ref> Mto huu ni tawari ya [[Mto Ivindo]], ambao nao unamwaga maji yake katika [[Mto Ogooué]], mfumo mkuu wa maji nchini Gabon na mto wa nne kwa ukubwa barani Afrika kwa kiwango cha mtiririko wa maji. == Jiografia == Mto Djoua unaanzia nchini Jamhuri ya Kongo na unatiririka kuelekea upande wa magharibi. Mto huu unajulikana kijiografia kwa sababu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa asili wa kimataifa unaotenganisha Jamhuri ya Kongo upande wa kaskazini-mashariki na Gabon upande wa magharibi.<ref name="britannica" /> Mto huu unapita katikati ya misitu minene ya kitropiki kabla ya kuungana na Mto Ivindo, ambapo mwendo wake unavuka maeneo yenye miamba na maporomoko madogo ya maji kutokana na topografia ya eneo hilo. == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Bonde la Mto Djoua lina umuhimu mkubwa sana wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]], hasa kutokana na mazingira yake ya misitu ya ushoroba (forest corridor) yanayofuatiliwa kwa ukaribu na mashirika ya mazingira kama vile WWF.<ref name="wwf">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wwf-congobasin-monitoring.org/en/information/site/39|work=wwf-congobasin-monitoring.org|accessdate=2026-06-12}}</ref> Eneo hili linasifika kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya wanyamapori hatarini kutoweka, wakiwemo [[Tembo wa msituni]] wa Afrika (Congo forest elephants) na [[Sokwe]] wakubwa kama vile gorilla wa nyanda za chini. Kutokana na tishio la ujangili na ukataji miti ovyo, mashirika mbalimbali ya kimataifa ya uhifadhi wa mazingira yamekuwa yakishirikiana na serikali za Gabon na Kongo ili kulinda mfumo wa ikolojia wa misitu ya Djoua-Ivindo.<ref name="wwf" /> Jitihada hizi zinalenga kuhakikisha kuwa vyanzo vya maji na maporomoko ya mto huu yanabaki salama kwa ajili ya uendelevu wa viumbe hai. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ortzw8dzq7gbd9p6w7czfw9xuhfdvgi 0 240782 1570956 2026-06-12T04:40:56Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guineabissau oli 2018137 lrg.jpg|thumb|[[Mdomo wa mto|Mdomo wa Mto]] Geba unavyoonekana kutoka kwenye picha ya [[Satelaiti|setilaiti]]]] '''Mto Geba''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Geba''; kwa [[Kireno]]: ''Rio Geba'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani kilomita 550 (sawa na maili 340) na unatiririka kupitia nchi za [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]], na [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Katika nchi ya Senegal, mto huu unajulikana pia kwa jina la '''Kayanga'''. == Jiografia == Mto Geba unaanzia katika nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon zilizopo kaskazini kabisa mwa nchi ya Guinea. Kutoka hapo, unavuka kuelekea kusini mwa Senegal na hatimaye kuingia Guinea-Bissau ambako unaishia kwenye [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]].<ref name=eosnap>{{cite web|title=Golden Sediments from Geba River, Guinea Bissau|url=http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/golden-sediments-from-geba-river-guinea-bissau-november-27th-2012/|website=Earth Snapshot|publisher=Chelys|accessdate=8 October 2015|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927094342/http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/golden-sediments-from-geba-river-guinea-bissau-november-27th-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa asilimia kubwa, mto huu unapita kwenye maeneo ya tambarare, huku kiasi cha maji kikiongezeka kwa kasi wakati wa msimu wa mvua kuanzia mwezi Juni hadi Oktoba. Maeneo yanayozunguka sehemu ya chini ya mto huu yanajumuisha savanna na misitu yenye rutuba, ambayo inakaliwa na idadi kubwa ya watu wanaotegemea kilimo cha kujikimu.<ref name="Z2017">{{cite journal |last1=Zúquete |first1=Sara Tudela |last2=Coelho |first2=João |last3=Rosa |first3=Fernanda |last4=Vaz |first4=Yolanda |last5=Cassamá |first5=Bernardo |last6=Padre |first6=Ludovina |last7=Santos |first7=Dulce |last8=Basto |first8=Afonso P. |last9=Leitão |first9=Alexandre |title=Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations in cattle along Geba River basin in Guinea-Bissau |journal=Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases |date=January 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=161–169 |doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.013 |url=https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/20963/1/Tick%20Acari_%20Ixodidae%20infestations%20in%20cattle%20along%20Geba%20River%20basin%20in.pdf |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> Mdomo wa Mto Geba una sifa ya kuwa na mlango mpana wa bahari (estuary) unaoathiriwa sana na maji kupwa na kujaa (tidal estuary), ambapo unachangia eneo hili na Mto Corubal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sambou |first1=Saly |last2=Dacosta |first2=Honore |last3=Diouf |first3=Rene Ndimag |last4=Diouf |first4=Ibrahima |last5=Kane |first5=Alioune |title=Hydropluviometric variability in non-Sahelian West Africa: case of the Koliba/Corubal River Basin (Guinea and Guinea-Bissau) |journal=Proceedings of IAHS |date=16 September 2020 |volume=383 |pages=171–183 |doi=10.5194/piahs-383-171-2020 |url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/383/171/2020/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=Copernicus GmbH |language=en |doi-access=free|hdl=11343/281039 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Katika mlango huo, nguvu ya mawimbi ya bahari inaweza kupandisha kina cha maji kwa hadi mita 7.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dièye |first1=Arame |last2=Marchesiello |first2=Patrick |last3=Sow |first3=Bamol Ali |last4=Dieng |first4=Habib Boubacar |last5=Thuan |first5=Duong Hai |last6=Descroix |first6=Luc |title=Tidal amplification and distortion in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |date=August 2025 |volume=320 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109318 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771425001969 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Bissau]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la Guinea-Bissau, lipo upande wa kaskazini mwa mlango huu wa mto, ambao unazidi kupanuka unapoingia baharini karibu na fungu la [[Visiwa vya Bijagós]].<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Kasha |title=The Meandering Estuaries of Guinea–Bissau - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/the-meandering-estuaries-of-guineabissau-92266/ |website=NASA Science |access-date=3 April 2026 |date=18 June 2018}}</ref> == Bonde la mto na mtandao wake == Bonde la Mto Geba lina ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 12,440.<ref name="Sambou2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sambou |first1=Saly |last2=Dacosta |first2=Honoré |last3=Paturel |first3=Jean-Emmanuel |title=Variabilité spatio-temporelle des pluies de 1932 à 2014 dans le bassin versant du fleuve Kayanga/Gêba (République de Guinée, Sénégal, Guinée-Bissau) |journal=Physio-Géo |date=2018 |volume=12 |pages=61–78 |doi=10.4000/physio-geo.5798 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/physio-geo/5798 |access-date=3 April 2026 |lang=fr}}</ref> Kati ya eneo hilo lote, asilimia 65 ipo ndani ya Guinea-Bissau, asilimia 34 ipo nchini Senegal, na asilimia ndogo iliyobaki ipo upande wa kaskazini mwa nchi ya Guinea. Matawiri makuu yanayoingiza maji kwenye mto huu ni pamoja na mito ya Anambé, Gambiel, na Colufe (unaojulikana pia kama Campossa) ambao unajiunga na Geba katika mji wa [[Bafatá]]. Pamoja na Mto Corubal na Mto Farim, Mto Geba unasaidia kushusha na kusafirisha maji kutoka kwenye uwanda wa juu wa Bafatá na tambarare za Gabú.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pélissier|first1=René|title=Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> == Uchumi na historia == Kihistoria, Mto Geba umekuwa njia muhimu sana ya usafiri na biashara kuelekea maeneo ya ndani ya bara. Mto huu una uwezo wa kupitisha meli zenye uzito wa tani 2,000 kwa umbali wa kilomita 140 kuelekea ndani, na vyombo vidogo vya majini vinaweza kwenda mbali zaidi kuliko hapo. Mji wa kale wa Geba uliopo kando ya mto huu ulikuwa kituo kikubwa cha kibiashara kilichounganisha njia za biashara za makabila ya [[Wasoninke]], [[Wamande]], ufalme wa Kaabu, na [[Wabiafada]]. Katika karne zilizopita, kituo hiki kilihusika pia katika biashara haramu ya utumwa ya Atlantiki, pamoja na biashara ya bidhaa za asili kama vile karanga za kola, madini, na pembe za ndovu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Havik |first1=Philip J. |title=The Port of Geba: at the crossroads of Afro-Atlantic trade and culture |journal=Mande Studies |date=2007 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=21–50 |doi=10.2979/mnd.2007.a873447 |access-date=3 April 2026 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/873447/summary|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 419rg0aaez41qphlefu5gmb2n3bmnl3 0 240783 1570958 2026-06-12T04:53:09Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sangha OSM.png|thumb|Bonde la [[Mto Sangha]] likionyesha mtandao wa Mto Kadéï na maeneo yanayozunguka]] '''Mto Kadéï''' ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa kati na wa [[ikweta]] wa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Kamerun]] na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Mto huu ni tawari muhimu ya [[Mto Sangha]] na una bonde la mifereji ya maji (drainage basin) lenye ukubwa wa [[kilomita]] za mraba 24,000. Katika mfumo mpana wa kijiografia, Mto Kadéï ni sehemu ya bonde kuu la [[Mto Congo]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Kadéï unaanzia katika Nyanda za Juu za Adamawa zilizopo upande wa mashariki, kusini-mashariki mwa mji wa Garoua-Boulaï katika Mkoa wa Mashariki nchini Kamerun. Unapotiririka kuelekea kusini na mashariki, mto huu unaongezewa nguvu na maji kutoka kwenye matawari mawili makuu ambayo ni Mto Doumé katika eneo la Mindourou pamoja na Mto Boumbé. Baada ya muungano huo, Mto Kadéï unaendelea kutiririka hadi unafikia mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Kamerun na Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati. Mto huu unafuata mpaka huo kwa umbali wa kilomita 12 kabla ya kugeuka na kuingia moja kwa moja upande wa mashariki wa Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati. Katika mji wa Nola uliopo nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Mto Kadéï unakutana na Mto Mambéré, na muungano wa mito hii miwili ndio unaounda rasmi Mto Sangha unaelekea upande wa kusini.<ref>Gwanfogbe 27–8; Neba 43.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} * Gwanfogbe, Mathew, Ambrose Meligui, Jean Moukam, and Jeanette Nguoghia (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd. * Neba, Aaron (1999). ''Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon,'' 3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers. [[Jamii:Mito ya Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] azyr212fiweze6icvj744r4xje1xkmq 0 240784 1570960 2026-06-12T05:03:46Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Katsina Ala River.jpg|thumb|Eneo ambapo Mto Katsina Ala unaingia na kuungana na [[Mto Benue]]]] '''Mto Katsina Ala''' (pia: '''Katsina-Ala''') ni mto uliopo sehemu ya katikati ya nchi ya [[Nigeria]] na upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Kameruni]]. Mto huu ni tawari kuu na muhimu ya [[Mto Benue]] nchini Nigeria. Chanzo cha mto huu kinapatikana katika nyanda za juu za [[Bamenda]] zilizopo upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa Kameruni.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River</ref> Kutoka kwenye chanzo chake, mto huu unatiririka kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 320 (sawa na [[maili]] 200) kuelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi ndani ya Kameruni, kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa kimataifa na kuingia nchini Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River|title=Katsina Ala River {{!}} river, western Africa|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> Nchini Nigeria, mto huu unapita katika Jimbo la Benue. Bonde la mto huu na jamii ya Katsina-Ala (yenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 2,402 na idadi ya watu wapatao 224,718 kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2006) ni miongoni mwa maeneo yaliyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuathiriwa na mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika Jimbo la Benue. Athari hizi zinajumuisha kupungua kwa kiwango cha mvua, kukauka kwa mto na vyanzo vingine vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, mafuriko, mmomonyoko wa udongo, pamoja na mkurupuko wa wadudu na magonjwa.<ref>{{cite news |id={{Gale|A358337532}} {{ProQuest|1724085651}} |title=Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources and Food Security in Katsina Ala and Buruku Communities of Benue State |work=MENA Report |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> == Mahali na miji == Mto Katsina Ala unapatikana zaidi katika Jimbo la Benue nchini Nigeria baada ya kuvuka mpaka wa Kameruni, ambapo hutiririsha maji yake ndani ya Mto Benue.<ref>https://soluap.com/katsina-ala/</ref> Kijiografia, mto huu unapatikana kati ya nyuzi za longitudo 9° 15′ na 9° 56′ Mashariki, na latitudo 6° 55′ na 7° 36′ Kaskazini. Mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi kando ya mto huu ni mji wa [[Katsina-Ala]], ambao pia ni makao makuu ya serikali ya mtaa ya Katsina Ala katika Jimbo la Benue. Mji huu upo pembezoni mwa mwendo wa mto na umezungukwa na vijiji vingi vidogo kando ya barabara. Mji huu una soko kuu la kikanda ambalo hufanyika kila Alhamisi ya wiki.<ref>http://www.iambenue.com/benue-state/local-governments-areas/katsina-ala-local-government-area/</ref> == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na umuhimu wa mto huu kama chanzo cha maji ya kunywa na matumizi ya nyumbani kwa jamii zinazouzunguka, kuna umuhimu mkubwa wa kuimarisha mbinu za uhifadhi ili kukabiliana na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Tafiti za ubora wa maji zinaonyesha kuwa Mto Katsina Ala unakabiliwa na uchafuzi wa kiwango cha chini unaotokana na utiririshaji wa majitaka na mabaki kutoka kwenye machinjio ya wanyama. Taka hizi za machinjioni huvuruga uwiano wa kikemia na kimaumbile wa maji ya mto kwa kuongeza mkusanyiko wa metali nzito (heavy metals). Kutokana na uwezekano wa metali hizi kujirundika mwilini (bioaccumulation) kupitia unywaji wa maji hayo kwa muda mrefu, wataalamu wanashauri kuwepo kwa mifumo ya kusafisha majitaka ya viwanda na machinjio kabla hayajaruhusiwa kuingia mtoni ili kupunguza athari za kiafya na kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] sp2m47rc52m57swz1sf8bezchd2huzg 1571044 1570960 2026-06-12T09:43:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Katsina Ala River.jpg|thumb|Eneo ambapo Mto Katsina Ala unaingia na kuungana na [[Mto Benue]]]] '''Mto Katsina Ala''' (pia: '''Katsina-Ala''') ni mto uliopo sehemu ya katikati ya nchi ya [[Nigeria]] na upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Kameruni]]. Mto huu ni tawari kuu na muhimu ya [[Mto Benue]] nchini Nigeria. Chanzo cha mto huu kinapatikana katika nyanda za juu za [[Bamenda]] zilizopo upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa Kameruni.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River</ref> Kutoka kwenye chanzo chake, mto huu unatiririka kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 320 (sawa na [[maili]] 200) kuelekea upande wa kaskazini-magharibi ndani ya Kameruni, kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa kimataifa na kuingia nchini Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River|title=Katsina Ala River {{!}} river, western Africa|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> Nchini Nigeria, mto huu unapita katika Jimbo la Benue. Bonde la mto huu na jamii ya Katsina-Ala (yenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 2,402 na idadi ya watu wapatao 224,718 kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2006) ni miongoni mwa maeneo yaliyo katika hatari kubwa ya kuathiriwa na mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika Jimbo la Benue. Athari hizi zinajumuisha kupungua kwa kiwango cha mvua, kukauka kwa mto na vyanzo vingine vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, mafuriko, mmomonyoko wa udongo, pamoja na mkurupuko wa wadudu na magonjwa.<ref>{{cite news |id={{Gale|A358337532}} {{ProQuest|1724085651}} |title=Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources and Food Security in Katsina Ala and Buruku Communities of Benue State |work=MENA Report |date=20 October 2015 }}</ref> == Mahali na miji == Mto Katsina Ala unapatikana zaidi katika Jimbo la Benue nchini Nigeria baada ya kuvuka mpaka wa Kameruni, ambapo hutiririsha maji yake ndani ya Mto Benue.<ref>https://soluap.com/katsina-ala/</ref> Kijiografia, mto huu unapatikana kati ya nyuzi za longitudo 9° 15′ na 9° 56′ Mashariki, na latitudo 6° 55′ na 7° 36′ Kaskazini. Mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi kando ya mto huu ni mji wa [[Katsina-Ala]], ambao pia ni makao makuu ya serikali ya mtaa ya Katsina Ala katika Jimbo la Benue. Mji huu upo pembezoni mwa mwendo wa mto na umezungukwa na vijiji vingi vidogo kando ya barabara. Mji huu una soko kuu la kikanda ambalo hufanyika kila Alhamisi ya wiki.<ref>http://www.iambenue.com/benue-state/local-governments-areas/katsina-ala-local-government-area/</ref> == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na umuhimu wa mto huu kama chanzo cha maji ya kunywa na matumizi ya nyumbani kwa jamii zinazouzunguka, kuna umuhimu mkubwa wa kuimarisha mbinu za uhifadhi ili kukabiliana na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Tafiti za ubora wa maji zinaonyesha kuwa Mto Katsina Ala unakabiliwa na uchafuzi wa kiwango cha chini unaotokana na utiririshaji wa majitaka na mabaki kutoka kwenye machinjio ya wanyama. Taka hizi za machinjioni huvuruga uwiano wa kikemia na kimaumbile wa maji ya mto kwa kuongeza mkusanyiko wa metali nzito (heavy metals). Kutokana na uwezekano wa metali hizi kujirundika mwilini (bioaccumulation) kupitia unywaji wa maji hayo kwa muda mrefu, wataalamu wanashauri kuwepo kwa mifumo ya kusafisha majitaka ya viwanda na machinjio kabla hayajaruhusiwa kuingia mtoni ili kupunguza athari za kiafya na kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kl7lgbleucbcwjfcfiigrb56xwaw64l 0 240785 1570963 2026-06-12T05:15:47Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Great Scarcies Basin OSM.svg|thumb|Ramani inayonyesha Bonde la Mto Great Scarcies (Kolenté)]] '''Mto Kolenté''' (pia '''Mto Great Scarcies'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Great Scarcies River'') ni [[mto] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Sierra Leone]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 257 (sawa na [[maili]] 160) na unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizo mbili kabla ya kuishia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]].<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Jina la Kolenté hutumiwa zaidi nchini Guinea, wakati nchini Sierra Leone mto huu unafahamika zaidi kama Great Scarcies. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Kolenté unaanzia katika milima ya Fouta Djallon nchini Guinea. Kutoka hapo unatiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa Guinea na Sierra Leone, na hatimaye unaingia kabisa nchini Sierra Leone kabla ya kumwaga maji yake kwenye Bahari ya Atlantiki katika eneo linaloitwa Barlo Point. Kwa wastani, mto huu unaingiza kiasi cha kilomita za ujazo 13.37 za maji kwa mwaka baharini, na bonde lake lina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 7,832.<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ikolojia na historia == Upande wa kusini kidogo mwa mdomo wa mto huu, kuna mto mwingine mdogo unaoitwa Mto Little Scarcies ambao unamwaga maji yake katika ghuba ileile ya Bahari ya Atlantiki. Eneo hili la kijiografia linalozunguka mito yote miwili kihistoria lilikaliwa na watu wa kabila la Watemne ([[Temne people]]), ambao walihama kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon upande wa kaskazini na kuja kuweka makazi yao ya kudumu katika ukanda huu wa pwani.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] jcf8ehv9hc6209ogxphlojneuzbt72x 1570964 1570963 2026-06-12T05:17:46Z Laylah26 89982 /* Ikolojia na historia */ 1570964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Great Scarcies Basin OSM.svg|thumb|Ramani inayonyesha Bonde la Mto Great Scarcies (Kolenté)]] '''Mto Kolenté''' (pia '''Mto Great Scarcies'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Great Scarcies River'') ni [[mto] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Sierra Leone]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 257 (sawa na [[maili]] 160) na unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizo mbili kabla ya kuishia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]].<ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> Jina la Kolenté hutumiwa zaidi nchini Guinea, wakati nchini Sierra Leone mto huu unafahamika zaidi kama Great Scarcies. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Kolenté unaanzia katika milima ya Fouta Djallon nchini Guinea. Kutoka hapo unatiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa Guinea na Sierra Leone, na hatimaye unaingia kabisa nchini Sierra Leone kabla ya kumwaga maji yake kwenye Bahari ya Atlantiki katika eneo linaloitwa Barlo Point. Kwa wastani, mto huu unaingiza kiasi cha kilomita za ujazo 13.37 za maji kwa mwaka baharini, na bonde lake lina ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 7,832.<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ikolojia na historia == Upande wa kusini kidogo mwa mdomo wa mto huu, kuna mto mwingine mdogo unaoitwa Mto Little Scarcies ambao unamwaga maji yake katika [[ghuba]] ileile ya Bahari ya Atlantiki. Eneo hili la kijiografia linalozunguka mito yote miwili kihistoria lilikaliwa na watu wa [[kabila]] la Watemne, ambao walihama kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu za Fouta Djallon upande wa kaskazini na kuja kuweka makazi yao ya kudumu katika ukanda huo wa pwani.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 6649ym6cf50gp5z76gy99h0v93408vt 0 240786 1570965 2026-06-12T05:25:16Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Le Komo.JPG|thumb|Kibao cha maelekezo kilichopo kwenye [[daraja]] linalovuka Mto Komo]] '''Mto Komo''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Komo''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''Río Komo'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] na [[Gabon]]. Mto huu una urefu wa jumla ya [[kilomita]] 230.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Course sidekick |url=https://www.coursesidekick.com/geography/4210291 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.coursesidekick.com}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na matumizi == Mto Komo unaanzia nchini Guinea ya Ikweta katika upande wa kusini-magharibi wa nyanda za juu za Woleu-Ntem.<ref name=":0" /> Licha ya kuanzia huko, sehemu kubwa ya bonde lake la mifereji ya maji (watershed) ipo ndani ya ardhi ya nchi ya Gabon. Tawari kubwa zaidi linalomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Komo ni Mto Mbeya. Katika mwendo wake kuelekea baharini, mtiririko wa mto huu unakatishwa na vizuizi mbalimbali vya kijiolojia ambavyo vinasababisha kutokea kwa maporomoko makubwa ya maji. Maporomoko yanayojulikana zaidi ni yale ya Tchimbélé na Kinguélé. Maporomoko haya yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi kwani yanatumika kama vyanzo vikuu vya kuzalisha nishati ya uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji (hydroelectric power) unaosambazwa na kutumiwa katika jiji la [[Libreville]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la Gabon. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] my33h8pevjyv2ayfr0zz9vla6xpaplz 1571045 1570965 2026-06-12T09:45:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Le Komo.JPG|thumb|Kibao cha maelekezo kilichopo kwenye [[daraja]] linalovuka Mto Komo]] '''Mto Komo''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Komo''; kwa [[Kihispania]]: ''Río Komo'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] na [[Gabon]]. Mto huu una urefu wa jumla ya [[kilomita]] 230.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Course sidekick |url=https://www.coursesidekick.com/geography/4210291 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.coursesidekick.com}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na matumizi == Mto Komo unaanzia nchini Guinea ya Ikweta katika upande wa kusini-magharibi wa nyanda za juu za Woleu-Ntem.<ref name=":0" /> Licha ya kuanzia huko, sehemu kubwa ya bonde lake la mifereji ya maji (watershed) ipo ndani ya ardhi ya nchi ya Gabon. Tawari kubwa zaidi linalomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Komo ni Mto Mbeya. Katika mwendo wake kuelekea baharini, mtiririko wa mto huu unakatishwa na vizuizi mbalimbali vya kijiolojia ambavyo vinasababisha kutokea kwa maporomoko makubwa ya maji. Maporomoko yanayojulikana zaidi ni yale ya Tchimbélé na Kinguélé. Maporomoko haya yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi kwani yanatumika kama vyanzo vikuu vya kuzalisha nishati ya uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji (hydroelectric power) unaosambazwa na kutumiwa katika jiji la [[Libreville]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la Gabon. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] drhledeich2ga80l6dn6kj78w61ijtm 0 240787 1570966 2026-06-12T05:35:45Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|Mto Kwenge ukiwa katikati ya mfumo wa vyanzo vya maji vya [[Mto Kasai]] (upande wa kushoto katikati)]] '''Mto Kwenge''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Kwenge'') ni [[mto]] uliopo katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Bandundu]] ndani ya nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Angola]] na kisha unajenga sehemu fupi ya urefu wa takribani kilomita 6 ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Angola na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/4%C2%B050'25.5%22S+18%C2%B043'19.2%22E/@-7.9534875,18.7487729,13.13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-4.840404!4d18.721991?hl=en|title=Kwenge|website=GoogleMaps|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Kutoka kwenye mpaka huo, mto unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kaskazini kupitia wilaya za Kwango na Kwilu, ambapo unaenda kuungana na [[Mto Kwilu]] upande wa chini ya mji wa [[Kikwit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |last=Blaes |first=X. |date=October 2008 |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075411/http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-18 }}</ref> Mji wa [[Lusanga]] (ambao zamani ulijulikana kama Leverville) ndio uliopo kwenye makutano kabisa ya mito hii miwili ya Kwenge na Kwilu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/103History/TimePDFs/MBWaNaBasenjiWarrington.pdf |title=M'Bwa na Basenji |author=C.J. Warrington |work=The Basenji |date=May 1972 |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> == Historia na utamaduni == Eneo la ardhi lililopo kati ya mito ya Kwilu na Kwenge hapo awali lilikaliwa na watu wa kabila la [[Wapende]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |title=Tribal Treasures |date=August 25, 2011 |publisher=Zemanek-Münster |access-date=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817022444/http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |archive-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref> Baadaye katika miaka ya 1800, watu wa kabila la [[Wasuku]], ambao walihamia katika eneo hili wakitokea kwenye bonde la [[Mto Kwango]], walianza kuishi katika ukanda wa savannah uliopo kati ya sehemu za juu za mto Bakali na Mto Kwenge.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1uFe__DEB4C&pg=PA83 |page=83 |title=The family estate in Africa: studies in the role of property in family structure and lineage continuity |author=Robert F. Gray, P. H. Gulliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-32985-X}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na Ikolojia == Katika mifumo ya kiikolojia ya mito barani [[Afrika]], sehemu ya chini kabisa ya bonde la Mto Kwenge ina sifa ya kuwa na kanda nyembamba za ardhi oevu ambazo hufurika maji kwa msimu au kubaki na maji mfululizo mwaka mzima.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA531 |page=531 |title=A directory of African wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes |author2=J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Maeneo haya ni muhimu sana kwa utunzaji wa bioanuwai na viumbe wa majini wanaotegemea mafuriko hayo ya msimu kwa ajili ya mazalia na usalama wa ikolojia yao. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Angola]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3twh5c4kbqyapoin9yn7b5vfuxot4cn 0 240788 1570967 2026-06-12T05:50:18Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mekrou river in W-National Park MS 6380.JPG|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Mékrou unavyopita katikati ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya W]]]] '''Mto Mékrou''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ukitiririka kupitia nchi za [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], na [[Niger]]. Mto huu una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia kwani unapita katikati ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya W]] ambayo ni eneo lililohifadhiwa kimataifa. Mto Mékrou ni tawari la [[Mto Niger]], ambapo unaanzia nchini Benin upande wa kaskazini mwa eneo la Kouandé na kutiririka kwa urefu wa [[kilomita]] 250 (sawa na [[maili]] 155).<ref>Houngnikpo & Decalo 2013, p. 252</ref> Katika ukubwa wake, mto huu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchini Benin na Burkina Faso, pamoja na mpaka kati ya Benin na Niger. == Uhifadhi == Kutokana na mto huu kupita kwenye mfumo wa [[ikolojia]] wa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya W, masuala ya utunzaji wa mazingira yamekuwa yakipewa kipaumbele kikubwa. Mpango uliopendekezwa wa ujenzi wa bwawa la kufua umeme la Dyondyonga kwenye mto huu umekuwa ukizua wasiwasi mkubwa miongoni mwa wanaharakati wa mazingira na wataalamu wa ikolojia.<ref>UNESCO (2003), W-Arly-Pendjari Complex</ref> Wasiwasi huo unatokana na uwezekano wa mradi huo kuathiri mtiririko wa asili wa maji na kuhatarisha viumbe hai wakiwemo wanyamapori na mimea adimu inayotegemea bonde la mto huo barani [[Afrika]]. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book|last1=Houngnikpo|first1=Mathurin|last2=Decalo|first2=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0810871717}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Niger]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] hj83opjh1qyov7c5yr3fa2ljoaueh0y 0 240789 1570968 2026-06-12T06:01:04Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Charirivermap.png|thumb|Ramani ya bonde la [[Mto Chari]] ikionyesha ukubwa wa Mto Ouham upande wa chini katikati]] '''Mto Ouham''' (pia ''Bahr Sarh'' au ''Bahr Sara'') ni [[mto]] mkuu uliopo upande wa kati wa bara la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu ni moja ya vyanzo vikuu vinavyomwaga maji katika [[Mto Chari]]. Mto Ouham unaanzia katika nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], ambapo unachomoza kati ya mikoa ya Nana-Mambéré na Ouham-Pendé. Kutoka hapo, unatiririka na kuvuka mpaka kuelekea nchini [[Chadi]], ambako unaungana na Mto Chari umbali wa takribani kilomita 25 kaskazini mwa mji wa Sarh. Katika mwendo wake, Mto Ouham unapokea maji kutoka kwa mito tawari mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na Mto Baba, Mto Fafa, Mto Nana Bakassa, na Mto Nana Barya. == Vipimo vya mtiririko wa maji == Kiwango cha mtiririko wa maji ya Mto Ouham kimefanyiwa utafiti na kuandikwa kwa kipindi cha miaka 33 (kuanzia mwaka 1951 hadi 1984) katika kituo cha hidrolejia kilichopo Moïssala, mji uliopo nchini Chadi takribani kilomita 150 kabla ya mto huu haujaungana na Mto Chari.<ref>[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1537450.html GRDC - The Bahr Sara at Moïssala]</ref> Kulingana na vipimo vilivyokusanywa katika kituo hicho cha Moïssala, wastani wa mtiririko wa maji kwa mwaka ulikuwa mita za ujazo 480 kwa sekunde. Kiwango hiki cha maji kinazalishwa na eneo la bonde la mto lenye ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 67,600, ambalo ni sawa na asilimia 95 ya eneo lote la vyanzo vinavyolisha mto huo. Mtiririko wa mto huu hubadilika sana kulingana na majira ya mwaka, ambapo kiwango cha chini zaidi cha maji hurekodiwa mwezi Aprili kikiwa wastani wa mita za ujazo 66 kwa sekunde, na kufikia kilele cha mafuriko mwezi Septemba kikiwa na wastani wa mita za ujazo 1,430 kwa sekunde. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] intxxyz6h2j6yduy0zm9hkazwnjeyo8 0 240790 1570970 2026-06-12T06:14:14Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pendjari fluss.JPG|thumb|Mto Pendjari ukiwa ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari wakati wa [[kiangazi]]; upande wa [[kushoto]] ni [[ardhi]] ya Benin na [[kulia]] ni Burkina Faso]] '''Mto Pendjari''' (pia '''Mto Oti'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Pendjari'') ni mto wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Benin]], ukitengeneza sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Benin na [[Burkina Faso]], kisha unatiririka kupitia nchini [[Togo]] na kuingia nchini [[Ghana]] ambapo unaungana na mfumo wa [[Mto Volta]]. == Jiografia na ukubwa wa mto == Mto Pendjari una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 520 (sawa na [[maili]] 320). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vya maji vinapatikana katika nchi za Benin na Burkina Faso. Kutoka huko, mto huu unapita Togo na kuelekea Ghana. Matawi ya mto huu yanayounga mkono upande wa kushoto nchini Togo yanatokea kwenye [[Milima ya Togo]] iliyopo upande wa kusini. Moja ya tawari zake za upande wa mashariki ni Mto Kara, ambapo makutano yake yapo kwenye mpaka kati ya Ghana na Togo, mahali ambapo tawi jingine linaloitwa Mto Koumongou linaungana nao likitokea upande wa kusini. Zamani, mdomo wa Mto Pendjari ulikuwa unaishia moja kwa moja kwenye Mto Volta, lakini kwa sasa unamwaga maji yake ndani ya bwawa kubwa la [[Ziwa Volta]] nchini Ghana.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101 }}</ref> Mto huu unakata sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya Togo katika bonde lenye uoto wa [[savana]] ambalo lina upana wa kilomita 40 hadi 50. Kando ya kingo za mto huu kuna misitu ya dharura (gallery forest) ambayo hufunikwa na maji mara kwa mara wakati wa mafuriko. Msimu wa kiangazi katika eneo hili huanza mwezi Novemba hadi Aprili, huku ukiambatana na upepo mkavu na wa joto wa Harmattan unaovuma kutoka kaskazini, na kusababisha mtiririko wa maji ya mto kupungua sana. Pande zote mbili za Mto Pendjari na Mto Koumongou zina mabonde ya mafuriko yenye upana wa kilomita 10 na kilomita 4. Mabonde haya hujaa maji tele wakati wa msimu wa mvua, lakini wakati wa kiangazi yanageuka kuwa tambarare kavu zenye vumbi, huku yakibakiwa na madimbwi au maziwa madogo ya hapa na pale. Wakati huu wa kiangazi, wafugaji huyatumia mabonde haya kwa ajili ya kulishia ng'ombe, na pia shughuli ndogo za kilimo pamoja na uwindaji wa wanyamapori hufanyika hapo.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}</ref> == Mipaka ya kimataifa == Kama mto wa kimataifa, Pendjari una umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia kwani unaunda na kufuata sehemu ya mipaka ya kisiasa inayotenganisha nchi nne za Afrika Magharibi ambazo ni Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, na Benin.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Mto Oti unapita na kulisha mifumo ya [[ikolojia]] ya hifadhi kubwa za wanyamapori. Nchini Benin, mto huu unapita katikati ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari]] ambapo unajulikana kama mshipa mkuu wa uhai kwa wanyama wa huko.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |title=Parc National de la Pendjari |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nchini Togo, mto huu unapita pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Oti-Kéran.<ref name=Hughes/> Kutokana na umuhimu wake kiikolojia, eneo la mto huu lililopo Benin limetengwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar site) ili kulinda viumbe hai na vyanzo vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zone Humide de la Rivière Pendjari|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1669|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Togo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iwbuc1nh1cp98s8dwry2534eknesn5w 1570971 1570970 2026-06-12T06:15:40Z Laylah26 89982 1570971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pendjari fluss.JPG|thumb|Mto Pendjari ukiwa ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari wakati wa [[kiangazi]]; upande wa kushoto ni [[ardhi]] ya Benin na kulia ni Burkina Faso]] '''Mto Pendjari''' (pia '''Mto Oti'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Pendjari'') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Benin]], ukitengeneza sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Benin na [[Burkina Faso]], kisha unatiririka kupitia nchini [[Togo]] na kuingia nchini [[Ghana]] ambapo unaungana na mfumo wa [[Mto Volta]]. == Jiografia na ukubwa wa mto == Mto Pendjari una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 520 (sawa na [[maili]] 320). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vya maji vinapatikana katika nchi za Benin na Burkina Faso. Kutoka huko, mto huu unapita Togo na kuelekea Ghana. Matawi ya mto huu yanayounga mkono upande wa kushoto nchini Togo yanatokea kwenye [[Milima ya Togo]] iliyopo upande wa kusini. Moja ya tawari zake za upande wa mashariki ni Mto Kara, ambapo makutano yake yapo kwenye mpaka kati ya Ghana na Togo, mahali ambapo tawi jingine linaloitwa Mto Koumongou linaungana nao likitokea upande wa kusini. Zamani, mdomo wa Mto Pendjari ulikuwa unaishia moja kwa moja kwenye Mto Volta, lakini kwa sasa unamwaga maji yake ndani ya bwawa kubwa la [[Ziwa Volta]] nchini Ghana.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101 }}</ref> Mto huu unakata sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya Togo katika bonde lenye uoto wa [[savana]] ambalo lina upana wa kilomita 40 hadi 50. Kando ya kingo za mto huu kuna misitu ya dharura (gallery forest) ambayo hufunikwa na maji mara kwa mara wakati wa mafuriko. Msimu wa kiangazi katika eneo hili huanza mwezi Novemba hadi Aprili, huku ukiambatana na upepo mkavu na wa joto wa Harmattan unaovuma kutoka kaskazini, na kusababisha mtiririko wa maji ya mto kupungua sana. Pande zote mbili za Mto Pendjari na Mto Koumongou zina mabonde ya mafuriko yenye upana wa kilomita 10 na kilomita 4. Mabonde haya hujaa maji tele wakati wa msimu wa mvua, lakini wakati wa kiangazi yanageuka kuwa tambarare kavu zenye vumbi, huku yakibakiwa na madimbwi au maziwa madogo ya hapa na pale. Wakati huu wa kiangazi, wafugaji huyatumia mabonde haya kwa ajili ya kulishia ng'ombe, na pia shughuli ndogo za kilimo pamoja na uwindaji wa wanyamapori hufanyika hapo.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}</ref> == Mipaka ya kimataifa == Kama mto wa kimataifa, Pendjari una umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia kwani unaunda na kufuata sehemu ya mipaka ya kisiasa inayotenganisha nchi nne za Afrika Magharibi ambazo ni Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, na Benin.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Mto Oti unapita na kulisha mifumo ya [[ikolojia]] ya hifadhi kubwa za wanyamapori. Nchini Benin, mto huu unapita katikati ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari]] ambapo unajulikana kama mshipa mkuu wa uhai kwa wanyama wa huko.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |title=Parc National de la Pendjari |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nchini Togo, mto huu unapita pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Oti-Kéran.<ref name=Hughes/> Kutokana na umuhimu wake kiikolojia, eneo la mto huu lililopo Benin limetengwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar site) ili kulinda [[viumbe hai]] na vyanzo vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zone Humide de la Rivière Pendjari|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1669|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Togo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rt0bneuz9lc7hu6kl52pbhuj1b2bf4h 1571077 1570971 2026-06-12T10:00:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1571077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pendjari fluss.JPG|thumb|Mto Pendjari ukiwa ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari wakati wa [[kiangazi]]; upande wa kushoto ni [[ardhi]] ya Benin na kulia ni Burkina Faso]] '''Mto Pendjari''' (pia '''Mto Oti'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Pendjari'') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unaanzia nchini [[Benin]], ukitengeneza sehemu ya mpaka kati ya Benin na [[Burkina Faso]], kisha unatiririka kupitia nchini [[Togo]] na kuingia nchini [[Ghana]] ambapo unaungana na mfumo wa [[Mto Volta]]. == Jiografia na ukubwa wa mto == Mto Pendjari una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 520 (sawa na [[maili]] 320). Vyanzo vyake vikuu vya maji vinapatikana katika nchi za Benin na Burkina Faso. Kutoka huko, mto huu unapita Togo na kuelekea Ghana. Matawi ya mto huu yanayounga mkono upande wa kushoto nchini Togo yanatokea kwenye [[Milima ya Togo]] iliyopo upande wa kusini. Moja ya tawari zake za upande wa mashariki ni Mto Kara, ambapo makutano yake yapo kwenye mpaka kati ya Ghana na Togo, mahali ambapo tawi jingine linaloitwa Mto Koumongou linaungana nao likitokea upande wa kusini. Zamani, mdomo wa Mto Pendjari ulikuwa unaishia moja kwa moja kwenye Mto Volta, lakini kwa sasa unamwaga maji yake ndani ya bwawa kubwa la [[Ziwa Volta]] nchini Ghana.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101 }}</ref> Mto huu unakata sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya Togo katika bonde lenye uoto wa [[savana]] ambalo lina upana wa kilomita 40 hadi 50. Kando ya kingo za mto huu kuna misitu ya dharura (gallery forest) ambayo hufunikwa na maji mara kwa mara wakati wa mafuriko. Msimu wa kiangazi katika eneo hili huanza mwezi Novemba hadi Aprili, huku ukiambatana na upepo mkavu na wa joto wa Harmattan unaovuma kutoka kaskazini, na kusababisha mtiririko wa maji ya mto kupungua sana. Pande zote mbili za Mto Pendjari na Mto Koumongou zina mabonde ya mafuriko yenye upana wa kilomita 10 na kilomita 4. Mabonde haya hujaa maji tele wakati wa msimu wa mvua, lakini wakati wa kiangazi yanageuka kuwa tambarare kavu zenye vumbi, huku yakibakiwa na madimbwi au maziwa madogo ya hapa na pale. Wakati huu wa kiangazi, wafugaji huyatumia mabonde haya kwa ajili ya kulishia ng'ombe, na pia shughuli ndogo za kilimo pamoja na uwindaji wa wanyamapori hufanyika hapo.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}</ref> == Mipaka ya kimataifa == Kama mto wa kimataifa, Pendjari una umuhimu mkubwa wa kijiografia kwani unaunda na kufuata sehemu ya mipaka ya kisiasa inayotenganisha nchi nne za Afrika Magharibi ambazo ni Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, na Benin.<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm|title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes|website=www.countrystudies.us|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Mto Oti unapita na kulisha mifumo ya [[ikolojia]] ya hifadhi kubwa za wanyamapori. Nchini Benin, mto huu unapita katikati ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Pendjari]] ambapo unajulikana kama mshipa mkuu wa uhai kwa wanyama wa huko.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |title=Parc National de la Pendjari |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Nchini Togo, mto huu unapita pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Oti-Kéran.<ref name=Hughes/> Kutokana na umuhimu wake kiikolojia, eneo la mto huu lililopo Benin limetengwa rasmi kama ardhi oevu yenye umuhimu wa kimataifa chini ya Mkataba wa Ramsar (Ramsar site) ili kulinda [[viumbe hai]] na vyanzo vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Zone Humide de la Rivière Pendjari|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1669|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Benin]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Togo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 192iu9f5akhdlgsbs9zte1fcdyi7hjp 0 240791 1570972 2026-06-12T06:20:54Z Laylah26 89982 Kuan 1570972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Aina''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Aïna'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa kati wa [[Afrika]] ambao ni tawari ya [[Mto Ivindo]]. Mto huu unaanza nchini [[Kamerun]] na unapoendelea na ukubwa wake unaunda mpaka wa asili wa kimataifa kati ya Kamerun na [[Gabon]], na kisha unaendelea mbele kutengeneza mpaka kati ya Gabon na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. == Uhifadhi na utamaduni == Mazingira ya misitu yanayozunguka Mto Aina yanajulikana kwa kuwa makazi ya muda mrefu ya wenyeji asili wa jamii ya [[Wabilikimo]] (kwa Kiingereza: ''pygmies''). Katika kumbukumbu za kianthropolojia na kikemia, jamii hizi za Wabilikimo wanaoishi kando ya mto huu walibainika kuwa miongoni mwa watu wachache wanaotumia mmea wa adimu wa asili unaoitwa ''Strophanthus tholonii'' kama kiungo kimojawapo cha kutengeneza sumu ya kupaka kwenye mishale yao ya kuwindia, tofauti na maeneo mengine ambapo spishi nyingine za mmea huo hutumiwa zaidi.<ref>Hans Dieter Neuwinger (1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_j8ueEmakD0C&dq=A%C3%AFna+River&pg=PA172 African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology], uk. 172</ref> Utunzaji wa uoto wa asili kando ya mto huu ni nguzo muhimu katika kulinda bioanuwai na tamaduni za kipekee za kijamii barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] m017ijk7fpogkgz4yti6l7x8b4llnhw 0 240792 1570974 2026-06-12T06:33:09Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Mfumo wa miundombinu ya maji wa [[Mto Bani]] unaoonyesha mtandao wa Mto Bagoe na matawi yake]] '''Mto Bagoe''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bagoé'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya [[Kodivaa]] na sehemu ya kusini ya nchi ya [[Mali]]. Mto huu ni tawari ya [[Mto Bani]], na kijiografia unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizi mbili za Kodivaa na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 371–74}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na uhifadhi == Mto Bagoe unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini ukisafirisha maji yake kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu ya Kodivaa hadi kuingia Mali ambapo unaungana na mito mingine kuunda Mto Bani, ambao nao ni tawari kuu la [[Mto Niger]]. Moja ya matawi makuu ya mto huu yanayochangia kuongeza ujazo wake wa maji ni Mto Banifin. Katika mtandao wake wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]], mto huu una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na kijamii kwa jamii za wakulima na wafugaji wanaoishi kando yake, hususan katika uzalishaji wa mazao kupitia mifumo ya kilimo cha msimu. Kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, utunzaji na uhifadhi wa vyanzo na kingo za Mto Bagoe umekuwa kipaumbele kikubwa kwa mamlaka za mazingira za nchi zote mbili ili kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo na kukauka kwa mto wakati wa kiangazi, hatua inayosaidia kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya ndani na samaki wa maji baridi. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3dib5h07vfyo07g9xrkgq4qa2pt9zuo 1570975 1570974 2026-06-12T06:34:11Z Laylah26 89982 1570975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Mfumo wa miundombinu ya maji wa [[Mto Bani]] unaoonyesha mtandao wa Mto Bagoe na matawi yake]] '''Mto Bagoe''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bagoé'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya [[Kodivaa]] na sehemu ya kusini ya nchi ya [[Mali]]. Mto huu ni tawari ya [[Mto Bani]], na kijiografia unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizi mbili za Kodivaa na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 371–74}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na uhifadhi == Mto Bagoe unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini ukisafirisha maji yake kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu ya Kodivaa hadi kuingia Mali ambapo unaungana na mito mingine kuunda Mto Bani, ambao nao ni tawari kuu la [[Mto Niger]]. Moja ya matawi makuu ya mto huu yanayochangia kuongeza ujazo wake wa maji ni Mto Banifin. Katika mtandao wake wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]], mto huu una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na kijamii kwa jamii za wakulima na wafugaji wanaoishi kando yake, hususan katika uzalishaji wa mazao kupitia mifumo ya kilimo cha msimu. Kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, utunzaji na uhifadhi wa vyanzo na kingo za Mto Bagoe umekuwa kipaumbele kikubwa kwa mamlaka za mazingira za nchi zote mbili ili kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo na kukauka kwa mto wakati wa kiangazi, hatua inayosaidia kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya ndani na samaki wa maji baridi. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ahr0up712u1rngvaztsiynz41ptx7o1 1571030 1570975 2026-06-12T09:34:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Mfumo wa miundombinu ya maji wa [[Mto Bani]] unaoonyesha mtandao wa Mto Bagoe na matawi yake]] '''Mto Bagoe''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bagoé'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unatiririka kupitia sehemu ya kaskazini ya nchi ya [[Kodivaa]] na sehemu ya kusini ya nchi ya [[Mali]]. Mto huu ni tawari ya [[Mto Bani]], na kijiografia unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizi mbili za Kodivaa na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Rejea kitabu|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 371–74}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na uhifadhi == Mto Bagoe unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini ukisafirisha maji yake kutoka maeneo ya nyanda za juu ya Kodivaa hadi kuingia Mali ambapo unaungana na mito mingine kuunda Mto Bani, ambao nao ni tawari kuu la [[Mto Niger]]. Moja ya matawi makuu ya mto huu yanayochangia kuongeza ujazo wake wa maji ni Mto Banifin. Katika mtandao wake wa kiikolojia barani [[Afrika]], mto huu una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiuchumi na kijamii kwa jamii za wakulima na wafugaji wanaoishi kando yake, hususan katika uzalishaji wa mazao kupitia mifumo ya kilimo cha msimu. Kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, utunzaji na uhifadhi wa vyanzo na kingo za Mto Bagoe umekuwa kipaumbele kikubwa kwa mamlaka za mazingira za nchi zote mbili ili kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo na kukauka kwa mto wakati wa kiangazi, hatua inayosaidia kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya ndani na samaki wa maji baridi. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rg1no3adyo3fq0u4kls150xlx1y64eu 0 240793 1570976 2026-06-12T06:39:17Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bahr Aouk''' (pia '''Mto Aoukalé''') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa kati wa bara la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unaanza katika maeneo ya mashariki mwa nchi ya [[Chad]] karibu na mpaka wa [[Sudan]], kisha unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini-magharibi ambapo unajumuisha sehemu kubwa ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Chad na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Mto Bahr Aouk unaishia kwa kumwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Chari]], ambao unaendelea na ukubwa wake kuelekea kaskazini hadi kuingia kwenye [[Ziwa Chad]]. == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto huu una mchango mkubwa sana katika utunzaji wa mazingira na mifumo ya ikolojia ya eneo la Afrika ya Kati. Sehemu kubwa ya mto huu na maeneo ya tambarare yanayofurika maji (Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat) yalitangazwa rasmi kuwa eneo la Ramsar mnamo tarehe 1 Mei 2006, chini ya namba ya usajili 1621.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1621|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> Hatua hii inasaidia kulinda bioanuwai, vyanzo vya maji, na maisha ya viumbe wanaoishi kwenye oasisi na maeneo oevu ya ukanda huo dhidi ya athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi na shughuli zisizo endelevu za kibinadamu. == Vipimo vya mtiririko wa maji == Utafiti na utunzaji wa kumbukumbu za mtiririko wa maji (hydrometry) wa Mto Bahr Aouk ulifanyika kwa muda wa miaka 22 mfululizo kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1974 katika kituo cha Golongoso, mji uliopo karibu kabisa na makutano ambapo mto huu unaingia kwenye Mto Chari.<ref name="GRDC">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1737700.html GRDC - The Bahr Aouk at Golongoso]</ref> Katika kipindi hicho, kiwango cha wastani cha mtiririko wa maji kwa mwaka kilikuwa mita za ujazo 74 kwa sekunde, kikisafisha eneo la bonde la mto lenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 96,000, ambalo ni sawa na sehemu kubwa ya bonde zima la mto huo lenye jumla ya kilomita za mraba 103,577. Mtiririko wa maji wa mto huu unabadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na majira ya mvua na kiangazi. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha mtiririko kinashuhudiwa mwezi Mei ambapo wastani unashuka hadi mita za ujazo 9.9 kwa sekunde, wakati kiwango cha juu zaidi kinafikiwa wakati wa msimu wa mvua kubwa mwezi Novemba ambapo mtiririko unafikia wastani wa mita za ujazo 201 kwa sekunde.<ref name="GRDC"/> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Chad]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 4cicgzy88z4weu0ugppkaowfvqn1a5w 1571031 1570976 2026-06-12T09:34:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bahr Aouk''' (pia '''Mto Aoukalé''') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa kati wa bara la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unaanza katika maeneo ya mashariki mwa nchi ya [[Chad]] karibu na mpaka wa [[Sudan]], kisha unatiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini-magharibi ambapo unajumuisha sehemu kubwa ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Chad na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Mto Bahr Aouk unaishia kwa kumwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Chari]], ambao unaendelea na ukubwa wake kuelekea kaskazini hadi kuingia kwenye [[Ziwa Chad]]. == Uhifadhi na ikolojia == Mto huu una mchango mkubwa sana katika utunzaji wa mazingira na mifumo ya ikolojia ya eneo la Afrika ya Kati. Sehemu kubwa ya mto huu na maeneo ya tambarare yanayofurika maji (Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat) yalitangazwa rasmi kuwa eneo la Ramsar mnamo tarehe 1 Mei 2006, chini ya namba ya usajili 1621.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Plaines d'inondation des Bahr Aouk et Salamat|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1621|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> Hatua hii inasaidia kulinda bioanuwai, vyanzo vya maji, na maisha ya viumbe wanaoishi kwenye oasisi na maeneo oevu ya ukanda huo dhidi ya athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi na shughuli zisizo endelevu za kibinadamu. == Vipimo vya mtiririko wa maji == Utafiti na utunzaji wa kumbukumbu za mtiririko wa maji (hydrometry) wa Mto Bahr Aouk ulifanyika kwa muda wa miaka 22 mfululizo kuanzia mwaka 1952 hadi 1974 katika kituo cha Golongoso, mji uliopo karibu kabisa na makutano ambapo mto huu unaingia kwenye Mto Chari.<ref name="GRDC">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1737700.html GRDC - The Bahr Aouk at Golongoso]</ref> Katika kipindi hicho, kiwango cha wastani cha mtiririko wa maji kwa mwaka kilikuwa mita za ujazo 74 kwa sekunde, kikisafisha eneo la bonde la mto lenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 96,000, ambalo ni sawa na sehemu kubwa ya bonde zima la mto huo lenye jumla ya kilomita za mraba 103,577. Mtiririko wa maji wa mto huu unabadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa kulingana na majira ya mvua na kiangazi. Kiwango cha chini zaidi cha mtiririko kinashuhudiwa mwezi Mei ambapo wastani unashuka hadi mita za ujazo 9.9 kwa sekunde, wakati kiwango cha juu zaidi kinafikiwa wakati wa msimu wa mvua kubwa mwezi Novemba ambapo mtiririko unafikia wastani wa mita za ujazo 201 kwa sekunde.<ref name="GRDC"/> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Chad]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2nv23uv88w6gqy7le67ed330lq8zv4m 0 240794 1570977 2026-06-12T06:48:37Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Senegalrivermap.png|thumb|Ramani ya mfumo na bonde la mifereji ya [[Mto Senegal]] ikionyesha mtandao wa Mto Bakoy na [[Mto Bafing]]]] '''Mto Bakoy''' (pia '''Mto Bakoye'''; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Bakoy'') ni mto uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Guinea]] na [[Mali]]. Mto huu unakutana na [[Mto Bafing]] katika eneo la Bafoulabé uliopo mkoani Kayes nchini Mali, na muungano huo ndio unaounda rasmi [[Mto Senegal]]. Katika [[Lugha za Kimande|Lugha za Kimande]], jina Bakoye linamaanisha "Mto Mweupe", huku Bafing likimaanisha "Mto Mweusi" na Baloué likimaanisha "Mto Mwekundu".<ref name=omvs>{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144235/http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | archive-date=2013-07-16 | url-status=dead }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Chanzo cha Mto Bakoy kipo katika miamba ya Milima ya Ménien, kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa Siguiri nchini Guinea, kwenye kimo cha mita 760 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Mto huu unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini na kuunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya Guinea na Mali. Baada ya hapo, unapita kwa kupinda-pinda kwenye Nyanda za Juu za Manding na kukutana na tawari lake kuu la Mto Baloué, ambalo linaanzia upande wa magharibi mwa mji wa [[Bamako]].<ref name=whycos>{{citation|title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacities nationales et regionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) |publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) |url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |year=2007 |language=French |page=4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-28 }}.</ref> Mto Bakoy una urefu wa jumla ya kilomita 560 na unamwaga maji katika bonde lenye ukubwa wa takribani kilomita za mraba 85,600.<ref>{{citation | last= Shahin | first= Mamdouh |year=2002 | title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa | publisher=Kluwer| place=New York | isbn= 9781402008665 | page=379 }}.</ref> == Uhifadhi na mtiririko wa maji == Kiwango cha maji katika Mto Bakoy kinabadilika sana kulingana na msimu, ambapo kiwango cha juu cha maji hufikiwa mwezi Septemba baada ya kuanza kwa upepo wa msimu wa monsuni wa Afrika Magharibi. Kinyume chake, mto huu unakuwa na mtiririko mdogo sana au unakauka kabisa kati ya miezi ya Januari na Juni.<ref name=unesco>{{citation |publisher=Unesco International Hydrological Programme |title=Hydrographic data for Oualia, Mali 1951-1978 |url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Mali/1mi%60ba~2.htm |accessdate=2 Jun 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203130342/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part%274/AFRICA/Mali/1mi%60ba~2.htm |archivedate=2009-12-03 }.</ref> Mabadiliko makubwa ya mvua za monsuni mwaka hadi mwaka yanasababisha athari kubwa katika ujazo wa mto huu. Kwa mfano, katika mwaka wa ukame wa kipekee wa 1972, wastani wa mtiririko wa maji katika kituo cha upimaji cha Oualia (kilichopo kilomita 54 juu ya mji wa Bafoulabé) ulikuwa mita za ujazo 30 tu kwa sekunde, wakati mwaka 1958 kiwango hicho kilifikia mita za ujazo 260 kwa sekunde. Katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1951 hadi 1978, wastani wa mtiririko wa mto ulikuwa mita za ujazo 156 kwa sekunde, sawa na jumla ya mita za ujazo bilioni 4.9 kwa mwaka.<ref name=unesco/> Katika eneo la muungano la Bafoulabé, ujazo wa maji wa Bakoy unakadiriwa kuwa kati ya theluthi moja hadi nusu ya ule wa Mto Bafing.<ref>{{citation | title=Étude des impacts environnementaux du projet d’aménagement de Félou | year=2006 | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/1527_eia_fr.pdf | language=French | pages=59–61 }}.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] hn27s6btpr7t8fs7bh3ezrtx7e9btek 0 240795 1570979 2026-06-12T06:58:56Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Ramani inayouonyesha mfumo mzima wa [[Mto Bani]] pamoja na matawi yake]] '''Mto Banifing''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Banifing River'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa bara la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unatiririka katika nchi ya [[Mali]] na sehemu ndogo ya nchi ya [[Burkina Faso]], ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizo mbili zilizopo kaskazini mwa ukanda wa tropiki. Kihidolojia, Banifing ni tawi muhimu linalochangia mtiririko wa maji katika [[Mto Bani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=M. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Hydrology_and_Water_Resources_of_Africa/MmjjBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Banifing%20River&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2006-04-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-48065-2 |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa mifumo mingi ya mito katika ukanda wa Sahel barani Afrika, Mto Banifing una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia na kijamii kwa jamii za wakulima na wafugaji wanaoishi kando yake. Mto huu unasaidia kurudisha unyevu kwenye ardhi na kutoa rasilimali ya maji kwa ajili ya kilimo cha msimu. Uhifadhi wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kubadilika kwa viwango vya mvua vinavyoweza kuathiri kiwango cha maji yanayotiririka kwenda Mto Bani na hatimaye kuelekea [[Mto Niger]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] k4gb99ro2ihvt9f2z3mx7wtcycwl4f0 1571032 1570979 2026-06-12T09:34:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Ramani inayouonyesha mfumo mzima wa [[Mto Bani]] pamoja na matawi yake]] '''Mto Banifing''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Banifing River'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa bara la [[Afrika]]. Mto huu unatiririka katika nchi ya [[Mali]] na sehemu ndogo ya nchi ya [[Burkina Faso]], ambapo unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa unaotenganisha nchi hizo mbili zilizopo kaskazini mwa ukanda wa tropiki. Kihidolojia, Banifing ni tawi muhimu linalochangia mtiririko wa maji katika [[Mto Bani]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Shahin |first=M. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Hydrology_and_Water_Resources_of_Africa/MmjjBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Banifing%20River&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2006-04-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-48065-2 |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa mifumo mingi ya mito katika ukanda wa Sahel barani Afrika, Mto Banifing una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia na kijamii kwa jamii za wakulima na wafugaji wanaoishi kando yake. Mto huu unasaidia kurudisha unyevu kwenye ardhi na kutoa rasilimali ya maji kwa ajili ya kilimo cha msimu. Uhifadhi wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kubadilika kwa viwango vya mvua vinavyoweza kuathiri kiwango cha maji yanayotiririka kwenda Mto Bani na hatimaye kuelekea [[Mto Niger]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] mrxs1eu85b2xrsldiad9lvhw5wlku1c 0 240796 1570980 2026-06-12T07:08:51Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bibini''' ni [[mto]] mdogo uliopo ndani ya eneo la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah]] katika jiji la [[Kumasi]], lililopo kwenye [[mkoa]] wa Ashanti nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST student sits in Bibini River for about 6 hours for a school project |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-student-sits-in-Bibini-River-for-about-6-hours-for-a-school-project-1526975 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102053/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-student-sits-in-Bibini-River-for-about-6-hours-for-a-school-project-1526975 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quist |first=Ebenezer |date=2022-04-30 |title=Strange girl seen sitting quietly in river on KNUST campus for 6 hours |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/206543-strange-girl-seen-sitting-in-river-on-knust-campus-for-6-hours-authorities-explain-what-happened/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> Mto huu ni moja kati ya [[Tawimto|matawimto]] yanayomwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Wiwi]] (unaojulikana pia kama Mto Wewe) unaopita katika mazingira hayo ya chuo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MyNewsGH |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST: ‘Strange’pretty lady found sitting in the middle of Wewe River not ‘Maame Water’ |url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/knust-strangepretty-lady-found-sitting-in-the-middle-of-wewe-river-not-a-goddess/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=MyNewsGh |language=en-US}}</ref> Mto huu umekuwa ukitumika na jamii inayouzunguka kama chanzo cha maji ya umwagiliaji kwa ajili ya kilimo cha mboga za majani, hususan zao la saladi (lettuce), linalolimwa kando ya kingo zake ili kusambazwa katika masoko ya jirani. Mnamo mwaka 2022, mto huu uligonga habari nchini Ghana baada ya mwanafunzi mmoja wa chuo hicho kukaa katikati ya maji kwa masaa sita kama sehemu ya maonyesho ya mradi wake wa kishule, jambo lililozua taharuki na dhana za kiimani kabla ya uongozi wa chuo kutoa ufafanuzi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abedu-Kennedy |first=Dorcas |date=2022-04-30 |title=KNUST student causes stir after sitting in Bibini River for about 6 hours for a school project |url=https://www.adomonline.com/knust-student-causes-stir-after-sitting-in-bibini-river-for-about-6-hours/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST student causes 'ritual' scare by sitting in river, authorities react |url=https://www.ghpage.com/knust-student-causes-ritual-scare-by-sitting-in-river-authorities-react/228706/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=GhPage |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Kuhusiana na suala la utunzaji wa mazingira na usalama wa mifumo ya maji barani [[Afrika]], Mto Bibini umekabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za uchafuzi wa mazingira unaotokana na shughuli za kibinadamu na ukuaji wa miundo mbinu ya mijini. Wanasayansi na watafiti kutoka KNUST walitoa onyo kali kwa jamii wakieleza kuwa mboga za majani zinazolimwa kwa kutumia maji ya mto huo sio salama kwa afya ya walaji kutokana na kiwango kikubwa cha uchafuzi uliopo kwenye maji hayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Vegetables grown along Bibini River in Kumasi unsafe for consumption - KNUST scientists warn - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/vegetables-grown-along-bibini-river-in-kumasi-unsafe-for-consumption-knust-scientists-warn/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Jambo hili linaashiria umuhimu wa kuwepo kwa mikakati madhubuti ya kiikolojia ya kulinda na kusafisha vyanzo vya maji vya ndani ya miji ili kulinda afya za walaji na kuhifadhi viumbe hai. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 8l9t0l40mnb0wjpxn4ng1nrot41h75o 1571034 1570980 2026-06-12T09:34:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1571034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Bibini''' ni [[mto]] mdogo uliopo ndani ya eneo la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah]] katika jiji la [[Kumasi]], lililopo kwenye [[mkoa]] wa Ashanti nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST student sits in Bibini River for about 6 hours for a school project |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-student-sits-in-Bibini-River-for-about-6-hours-for-a-school-project-1526975 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102053/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/KNUST-student-sits-in-Bibini-River-for-about-6-hours-for-a-school-project-1526975 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Quist |first=Ebenezer |date=2022-04-30 |title=Strange girl seen sitting quietly in river on KNUST campus for 6 hours |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/206543-strange-girl-seen-sitting-in-river-on-knust-campus-for-6-hours-authorities-explain-what-happened/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> Mto huu ni moja kati ya [[Tawimto|matawimto]] yanayomwaga maji yake kwenye [[Mto Wiwi]] (unaojulikana pia kama Mto Wewe) unaopita katika mazingira hayo ya chuo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=MyNewsGH |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST: ‘Strange’pretty lady found sitting in the middle of Wewe River not ‘Maame Water’ |url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/knust-strangepretty-lady-found-sitting-in-the-middle-of-wewe-river-not-a-goddess/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=MyNewsGh |language=en-US}}</ref> Mto huu umekuwa ukitumika na jamii inayouzunguka kama chanzo cha maji ya umwagiliaji kwa ajili ya kilimo cha mboga za majani, hususan zao la saladi (lettuce), linalolimwa kando ya kingo zake ili kusambazwa katika masoko ya jirani. Mnamo mwaka 2022, mto huu uligonga habari nchini Ghana baada ya mwanafunzi mmoja wa chuo hicho kukaa katikati ya maji kwa masaa sita kama sehemu ya maonyesho ya mradi wake wa kishule, jambo lililozua taharuki na dhana za kiimani kabla ya uongozi wa chuo kutoa ufafanuzi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Abedu-Kennedy |first=Dorcas |date=2022-04-30 |title=KNUST student causes stir after sitting in Bibini River for about 6 hours for a school project |url=https://www.adomonline.com/knust-student-causes-stir-after-sitting-in-bibini-river-for-about-6-hours/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Adomonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-04-29 |title=KNUST student causes 'ritual' scare by sitting in river, authorities react |url=https://www.ghpage.com/knust-student-causes-ritual-scare-by-sitting-in-river-authorities-react/228706/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=GhPage |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Kuhusiana na suala la utunzaji wa mazingira na usalama wa mifumo ya maji barani [[Afrika]], Mto Bibini umekabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za uchafuzi wa mazingira unaotokana na shughuli za kibinadamu na ukuaji wa miundo mbinu ya mijini. Wanasayansi na watafiti kutoka KNUST walitoa onyo kali kwa jamii wakieleza kuwa mboga za majani zinazolimwa kwa kutumia maji ya mto huo sio salama kwa afya ya walaji kutokana na kiwango kikubwa cha uchafuzi uliopo kwenye maji hayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-03-03 |title=Vegetables grown along Bibini River in Kumasi unsafe for consumption - KNUST scientists warn - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/vegetables-grown-along-bibini-river-in-kumasi-unsafe-for-consumption-knust-scientists-warn/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Jambo hili linaashiria umuhimu wa kuwepo kwa mikakati madhubuti ya kiikolojia ya kulinda na kusafisha vyanzo vya maji vya ndani ya miji ili kulinda afya za walaji na kuhifadhi viumbe hai. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gr1u9p03c9hvwh3dkctgls30xvf2wiu 0 240797 1570981 2026-06-12T07:19:00Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570981 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Wiwi''' (Pia '''Mto Wewe''') ni [[mto]] wa mjini uliopo katika mji wa [[Kumasi]], katika [[mkoa]] wa Ashanti nchini [[Ghana]]. Mto huu ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa mifereji ya maji katika Eneo la Jiji la Kumasi na unahusishwa kwa karibu na mazingira ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah]] (KNUST). Mto Wiwi upo upande wa kusini-mashariki mwa Kumasi. Ripoti ya tathmini ya vihatarishi vya majanga iliyoandaliwa na Shirika la Maendeleo la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNDP Ghana) inaeleza kuwa mto huu unatiririka kuelekea kusini-magharibi kupitia ndani ya chuo cha KNUST kabla ya kuungana na [[Mto Sisan]] katika eneo la Ahensan.<ref name="Schuurmans2014">{{cite report |last=Schuurmans |first=Hanneke |title=Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts |publisher=UNDP Ghana |date=28 December 2014 |url=https://crewghana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/risks-profile-of-hotspot.pdf |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> Ripoti hiyo inautaja Mto Wiwi kama moja ya mabonde makuu manne ya mifereji ya maji ya Kumasi, pamoja na mabonde ya Subin, Aboabo, na Sisan.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Mto huu umepata maslahi makubwa ya kitaaluma kutokana na uhusiano wake na kasi ya ujenzi wa mji, uchafuzi wa mazingira, kilimo, matumizi ya ardhi oevu, na afya ya jamii. Tafiti mbalimbali zimechunguza ubora wa viumbe hai wadogo (microbiological water quality) katika maji yake, uhusiano wake na maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa [[Kichocho]] (schistosomiasis) miongoni mwa watoto wa shule, athari za majitaka, na jinsi viumbe wasio na uti wa mgongo wa majini wanavyoathiriwa na uharibifu wa mazingira.<ref name="Tay2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tay |first1=S. C. K. |last2=Kye-Duodu |first2=G. |last3=Gbedema |first3=S. Y. |title=River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting |journal=African Journal of Microbiology Research |volume=7 |issue=20 |pages=2213–2220 |year=2013 |doi=10.5897/AJMR12.489|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Amisah2014">{{cite journal |last1=Amisah |first1=S. |last2=Nuamah |first2=P. A. |title=Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana |journal=Water Quality, Exposure and Health |volume=6 |pages=217–224 |year=2014 |doi=10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4}}</ref><ref name="Awuah2014">{{cite journal |last1=Awuah |first1=E. |last2=Amankwaah-Kuffour |first2=R. |last3=Gyasi |first3=S. F. |last4=Lubberding |first4=H. J. |last5=Gijzen |first5=H. J. |title=Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana |journal=Research Journal of Environmental Sciences |volume=8 |pages=318–330 |year=2014 |doi=10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330}}</ref><ref name="Oppong2021">{{cite journal |last1=Oppong |first1=S. K. |last2=Nsor |first2=C. A. |last3=Buabeng |first3=G. K. |title=Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana |journal=Open Life Sciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=336–353 |year=2021 |doi=10.1515/biol-2021-0040|pmc=8042921 }}</ref> == Ukubwa na eneo la kijiografia == Mto Wiwi unamwaga maji yake katika sehemu ya kusini-mashariki mwa mji wa Kumasi na kupita katikati ya ardhi ya chuo kikuu cha KNUST. Mto huu unapita karibu au kupitia kwenye jamii na vitongoji vya Kotei, Ayeduase, Ayigya, na Ahensan. Ripoti ya mradi wa uhifadhi wa mto huo ilibainisha kuwa Mto Wiwi unatoa maji ya nyumbani na ya umwagiliaji kwa jamii za karibu, pamoja na kusaidia ukanda wa uoto wa kando ya mto (riparian zone) ndani ya mazingira ya chuo kikuu.<ref name="SaveTheFrogs2015">{{cite report |author=SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana |title=Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST |publisher=Rufford Foundation |year=2015 |url=https://media.rufford.org/media/project_reports/14967-1%20June%202015.pdf |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> Eneo la mto huu ndani ya chuo cha jiji linaufanya kuwa na sifa ya kipekee sana. Unafanya kazi kama mkondo wa asili wa maji na wakati huo huo kama sehemu ya mfumo wa maji wa mijini uliorekebishwa sana na maendeleo ya majengo ya chuo, makazi ya karibu, mashamba, na mitandao ya majitaka. == Mifumo ya maji na mazingira ya mjini == Mji wa Kumasi una mtandao mpana wa mito na vijito. Bonde la Wiwi linakabiliwa na shinikizo kubwa kutokana na kasi ya ujenzi wa majengo, shughuli za kilimo, utiririshaji wa majitaka, na uvamizi wa maeneo yenye ikolojia tete ikiwemo ardhi oevu ya mto huo. Utafiti juu ya matumizi ya ardhi karibu na vyanzo vya maji mjini Kumasi umebaini udhaifu katika usimamizi wa sheria za utunzaji wa kingo za mito, na kuongezeka kwa shinikizo la maendeleo ya makazi kando ya mito ya mijini, ikiwa ni pamoja na mito ya Wiwi na Subin.<ref name="Takyi2022">{{cite journal |last1=Takyi |first1=S. A. |last2=Amponsah |first2=O. |last3=Darko |first3=G. |last4=Peprah |first4=C. |last5=Chiga |first5=A. A. |title=Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis |journal=International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development |year=2022 |doi=10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121|doi-access=free }}</ref> Mazingira ya mjini yameathiri vibaya hali ya mazingira ya mto huu. Pale ambapo uoto wa asili unapoondolewa au mifereji inapoingiza maji machafu ya majumbani na takataka, mto unakuwa katika hatari kubwa ya kujaa mashapo, virutubisho vyenye sumu, wadudu wa magonjwa, na uchafuzi mwingine. Hali ya Mto Wiwi inaakisi changamoto pana ya usimamizi wa vyanzo vya maji katika miji ya Afrika inayokua kwa kasi ambapo upanuzi wa makazi, uhaba wa ardhi, na udhaifu wa sheria husababisha shinikizo kubwa kwenye maeneo ya hifadhi za mito. == Matumizi ya maji na umwagiliaji == Mto Wiwi unasaidia shughuli mbalimbali za kijamii na kiuchumi. Mto huu unajulikana kwa uhusiano wake na kilimo cha mboga za majani wakati wa kiangazi. Utafiti mmoja ulibaini kuwa Mto Wiwi unatumiwa kwa kina sana kwa ajili ya kilimo cha mboga mboga kama vile karoti, saladi (lettuce), kabichi, na vitunguu maji, hasa wakati wa misimu isiyo na mvua.<ref name="Awuah2014" /> Matumizi haya ni muhimu kwa ajili ya vipato vya wakazi wa mjini, lakini yanaleta wasiwasi mkubwa wa afya ya jamii pale ambapo maji ya umwagiliaji yanapochafuliwa na kinyesi au majitaka yasiyotibiwa.<ref name="Amisah2014" /> == Ubora wa maji na uchafuzi == Ubora wa bakteria na wadudu katika maji ya Mto Wiwi umechunguza kwa kina. Utafiti wa mwaka 2014 uliofanywa katika maeneo matano tofauti ya mto ulionyesha kuwa uchafuzi wa viumbe hai wadogo uliongezeka zaidi kadiri mto unavyoelekea chini (downstream).<ref name="Amisah2014" /> Watafiti walihitimisha kuwa idadi ya bakteria (coliforms) kwenye mto huo ilizidi viwango vilivyowekwa na Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO), na hivyo kuyafanya maji hayo kutofaa kwa matumizi ya nyumbani au kwa ajili ya kumwagilia mboga zinazolika mbichi bila kupikwa.<ref name="Amisah2014" /> Vyanzo vya uchafuzi katika bonde hili ni pamoja na majitaka ya majumbani, utupaji wa takataka, na utiririshaji wa maji kutoka kwenye maeneo yaliyojengwa. Aidha, iligundulika kuwa mfumo wa kusafisha majitaka wa chuo cha KNUST ulikuwa na matatizo ya kiufundi, na kufanya sehemu ya majitaka kuingia kwenye ardhi oevu ya jirani na hatimaye kutiririka kuelekea Mto Wiwi.<ref name="Awuah2014" /> == Afya ya jamii == Mto Wiwi umefanyiwa utafiti kama chanzo kinachoweza kueneza ugonjwa wa kichocho cha mkojo (''Schistosoma haematobium'') miongoni mwa watoto wa shule mjini Kumasi.<ref name="Tay2013" /> Utafiti huu ni muhimu kwa sababu ugonjwa wa kichocho mara nyingi unahusishwa na vyanzo vya maji vya vijijini, lakini mto huu unaonyesha kuwa hata mito ya mijini inaweza kutengeneza mazingira hatarishi ya maambukizi. Mazingira ya mto huu yanasaidia ustawi wa konokono wa majisafi ambao ni wenyeji wa kati wa vimelea vya kichocho, na kuweka watoto wanaofika mtoni kuoga au kucheza katika hatari kubwa ya kuugua.<ref name="Tay2013" /> == Ikolojia na bioanuwai == Mto Wiwi unasaidia uwepo wa maisha ya viumbe wa kando ya mto na majini ndani ya mfumo wa ikolojia wa KNUST. Ripoti ya mradi wa uhifadhi wa shirika la SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana ilieleza kuwa Mto Wiwi unatoa makazi muhimu kwa angalau aina 12 za [[Amfibia]] (vyura na viumbe jamii yao) ndani ya chuo cha KNUST.<ref name="SaveTheFrogs2015"/> Hata hivyo, idadi ya amfibia kando ya mto imepungua kwa sababu ya kilimo, ukataji wa miti kwa ajili ya kuni, na utupaji haramu wa majitaka.<ref name="SaveTheFrogs2015" /> Pia, utafiti wa mwaka 2021 ulitumia viumbe wadogo wasio na uti wa mgongo waishio chini ya maji (benthic macroinvertebrates) kama viashiria vya afya ya mfumo wa majisafi wa mto huu, na kuonyesha kuwa maeneo yaliyoharibiwa zaidi na shughuli za kibinadamu yalikuwa na mabadiliko makubwa hasi ya viumbe hai ikilinganishwa na maeneo yaliyotunzwa vizuri.<ref name="Oppong2021" /> == Uhifadhi == Uhifadhi wa Mto Wiwi unahitaji hatua za pamoja katika kuboresha miundombinu ya kusafishia majitaka, kuzuia utupaji wa takataka ngumu, na kurejesha uoto wa asili wa kando ya mto.<ref name="Awuah2014" /><ref name="Takyi2022" /> Miradi ya uhifadhi kama ile ya SAVE THE FROGS! imehusisha uondoaji wa magugu vamizi na upandaji wa miti ya asili kwenye maeneo oevu ya ukanda wa mto wa chuo cha KNUST ili kulinda viumbe hai na kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo.<ref name="SaveTheFrogs2015" /> Kulinda korido hii ya mto kunahitaji ushirikiano wa karibu kati ya mamlaka za chuo, asasi za kiraia, na jamii zinazozunguka mto huo barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 6eoisnxdwwcypa313d24iin52k4i62j 0 240798 1570982 2026-06-12T07:27:45Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Sisan''' (pia '''Mto Sisa''' au '''Mto Susan''') ni [[mto]] wa mijini unaopatikana katika jiji la [[Kumasi]], katika [[mkoa]] wa Ashanti nchini [[Ghana]]. Mto huu ni sehemu muhimu ya mtandao wa mifereji ya asili na mifumo ya maji katika Eneo la Jiji la Kumasi, ukipita katikati ya maeneo yenye makazi ya watu, maeneo ya biashara, na kanda za viwanda vilivyojengwa kwa msongamano mkubwa. Katika ripoti ya tathmini ya vihatarishi vya majanga iliyoandaliwa kwa ajili ya Shirika la Maendeleo la Umoja wa Mataifa ([[UNDP]]) nchini Ghana, mto huu unaelezwa kuanzia katika eneo la Kenyase lililopo wilaya ya Ejisu-Juaben kabla ya kuingia Kumasi kupitia Duase na Sepe Timpon, kisha unatiririka kuelekea kusini kupitia maeneo ya viwanda ya Asokwa, Ahensan, na Kaase.<ref name="Schuurmans2014">{{cite report |last=Schuurmans |first=Hanneke |title=Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts |publisher=UNDP Ghana |date=28 December 2014 |url=https://crewghana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/risks-profile-of-hotspot.pdf |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> Mto huu ni miongoni mwa mabonde manne makuu ya maji yanayounda mfumo wa mifereji ya jiji la Kumasi, ukiwemo mto Subin, Aboabo, na Mto Wiwi.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Mto Sisan una mchango mkubwa katika hidrolojia ya mji wa Kumasi kwa sababu unapokea maji kutoka kwa mito mingine midogo ya mijini na kusaidia mfumo mzima wa uondoaji wa maji ya mvua, ingawa umekuwa ukikabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za mafuriko, uchafuzi wa maji kutokana na shughuli za viwanda, kilimo cha mijini, na hatari za kiafya kwa umma.<ref name="Akoto2021">{{cite journal |last1=Akoto |first1=Osei |last2=Adopler |first2=Albert |last3=Tepkor |first3=Hanson Edward |last4=Opoku |first4=Francis |title=A comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality and potential health risk assessments of Sisa river, Kumasi |journal=Groundwater for Sustainable Development |volume=15 |article-number=100654 |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100654}}</ref><ref name="AsareDonkor2013">{{cite journal |last1=Asare-Donkor |first1=N. K. |last2=Wemegah |first2=D. D. |last3=Adimado |first3=A. A. |title=Chemical Analysis of Freshwater Bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis and Its Environs, Ghana |journal=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=37–46 |year=2013 |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/download/7325/7576 |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> == Ukubwa na mfumo wa mifereji == Mto Sisan unaanzia katika eneo la Kenyase lililopo katika Wilaya ya Manispaa ya Ejisu-Juaben ndani ya Mkoa wa Ashanti. Baada ya kuanzia huko, unaingia ndani ya jiji la Kumasi kupitia Duase na Sepe Timpon na kisha unafuata mkondo wa kuelekea upande wa kusini ukipita kwenye maeneo ya Asokwa, Ahensan, na Kaase.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Ripoti ya vihatarishi ya UNDP Ghana inaeleza kuwa mto huu unaishia kwa kumwaga maji yake katika Mto Ofin, eneo lililopo kusini kabisa mwa barabara ya Eastern By-Pass.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Mto huu unapokea maji kutoka kwa mito na vijito vingine kadhaa vya mijini ndani ya Kumasi. Mto Aboabo unaungana na Mto Sisan katika eneo la Asokwa, wakati Mto Wiwi unaungana nao katika eneo la Ahensan baada ya kupita katikati ya eneo la Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST).<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Muungano huu wa mito unaufanya Mto Sisan kuwa njia kuu ya kupokelea maji ya mvua na majitaka kwa upande wa kusini-mashariki na maeneo ya kati ya mtandao wa Kumasi. == Athari za ukuaji wa mji == Mto Sisan unapita katika maeneo mengi yenye mabadiliko makubwa ya kijiografia na miundombinu ya jiji la Kumasi, ikijumuisha vitongoji vya Duase, Sepe Timpon, Asokwa, Ahensan, Kaase, Amakom, na Atonsu. Kupita kwa mto huu katika maeneo ya viwanda na makazi yenye watu wengi kunaufanya ukabiliwe na ongezeko la maji ya mvua kutoka kwenye lami na mapaa, taka ngumu, majitaka ya majumbani, shinikizo la makazi yasiyo rasmi, na utiririshaji wa kemikali kutoka viwandani. Upanuzi wa haraka wa jiji la Kumasi umepunguza maeneo ya ardhi ya wazi yanayoweza kufyonza maji na hivyo kuongeza wingi wa maji ya juu ya ardhi yanayokimbilia mtoni wakati wa mvua. Ripoti ya UNDP ilibainisha kuwa ujenzi wa nyumba karibu sana na kingo za mito, kuziba kwa njia kuu za maji kwa sababu ya taka ngumu, mchanga, na magugu, ni miongoni mwa sababu kuu zinazosababisha hatari kubwa ya mafuriko katika wilaya hiyo.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> == Ubora wa maji na vyanzo vya uchafuzi == Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka 2021 ulifanya tathmini ya kina kuhusu ubora wa maji ya mto huu na kubaini uwepo mkubwa wa viashiria vya bakteria, metali nzito, na kiwango duni cha ubora wa maji ambacho ni hatari kwa afya ya binadamu, hasa kwa watoto na watu wazima wanaokutana na maji hayo.<ref name="Akoto2021" /> Sampuli zilizochukuliwa zilionyesha kuwa viwango vya uchafu (turbidity), alkalini, rangi, na uwepo wa bakteria wa ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E. coli) pamoja na coliforms za kinyesi vilizidi viwango vinavyoruhusiwa na Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO), jambo linalothibitisha uchafuzi mkubwa wa kibiolojia.<ref name="Akoto2021" /> Takribani asilimia 75 ya sampuli zilizofanyiwa uchunguzi ziliainishwa kama maji yenye ubora duni sana.<ref name="Akoto2021" /> Uchafuzi huu unahusishwa kwa karibu na utiririshaji wa majitaka kutoka kwenye mifereji ya mitaani, uoshaji wa magari kando ya mto, utupaji wa taka ngumu na kinyesi cha binadamu na wanyama, pamoja na shughuli ndogondogo za usindikaji wa chakula kando ya mto.<ref name="AsareDonkor2013" /> Metali zote zilizopimwa kando ya mto huu, isipokuwa madini ya zinki, zilionekana kuzidi viwango vya juu vinavyoruhusiwa kisheria na Mamlaka ya Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya Ghana (EPA).<ref name="AsareDonkor2013" /> == Changamoto ya mafuriko == Mto Sisan umekuwa chanzo cha mafuriko ya mara kwa mara jijini Kumasi. Ripoti ya UNDP ilitaja eneo la Amakom (linalojulikana pia na wenyeji kama Sisan Akyi) kama moja ya maeneo yanayoathirika zaidi, ambapo mto huo hufurika mara tatu hadi nne kwa mwaka na kuzingira nyumba za wakazi.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Mafuriko haya huchochewa na mrundikano wa taka na mchanga unaoziba mkondo wa mto upande wa chini, na kusababisha maji kujaa hadi kufikia urefu wa mita moja kwenda juu ndani ya nyumba za watu.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /> Vyombo vya habari nchini Ghana vimeripoti mara kadhaa kuhusu athari za mto huu; kwa mfano, mwezi Julai 2009, Shirika la Habari la Ghana (GNA) liliripoti kuwa takribani wakazi 200 wa Bomso walipoteza makazi yao baada ya mvua kubwa kusababisha Mto Susan kufurika kutokana na takataka zilizozuia maji kupita.<ref name="ModernGhana2009">{{cite news |title=Flood displaces 200 people at Bomso |agency=Ghana News Agency |work=ModernGhana |date=10 July 2009 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/226713/flood-displaces-200-people-at-bomso.html |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> Mwezi Mei 2019 na Oktoba 2021, matukio mengine makubwa ya mto huu kufurika yaliripotiwa katika maeneo ya Atonsu S-Line, Asabi Junction, na Sawaba New Site, ambapo wananchi waliiomba serikali kufanya ukarabati na uchoraji (dredging) wa kina wa mkondo wa mto huo ili kuzuia maafa.<ref name="Graphic2019">{{cite news |title=Kumasi residents grapple with losses due to heavy rains |work=Daily Graphic |date=28 May 2019 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kumasi-residents-grapple-with-losses-due-to-heavy-rains.html |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="Adom2021">{{cite news |title=Parts of Kumasi submerged after 3-hour downpour |work=Adom Online |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.adomonline.com/parts-of-kumasi-submerged-after-3-hour-downpour/ |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> == Uhifadhi na usimamizi == Usimamizi endelevu wa Mto Sisan unahitaji mikakati madhubuti inayojumuisha ukarabati wa mifumo ya usafishaji wa maji, kuzuia utupaji ovyo wa taka ngumu, na udhibiti wa ujenzi wa nyumba kwenye maeneo ya hifadhi ya mto (river reserves). Wataalamu wanashauri kuwepo kwa sera madhubuti za kuzuia viwanda kutupa kemikali zikiwa ghafi mtoni, kuboresha miundombinu ya vyoo na usafi wa mazingira mijini, pamoja na kusafisha mara kwa mara mchanga na mimea inayoota katikati ya mto ili kuongeza uwezo wa mkondo wake kubeba maji mengi ya mvua bila kusababisha maafa kwa jamii zinazoishi kando yake.<ref name="Schuurmans2014" /><ref name="Akoto2021" /> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 990nu8mrwpya3yhkhachumq7bt4bfoo 0 240799 1570994 2026-06-12T08:24:35Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1570994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Daga''' (pia '''Khor Daga''') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa mashariki mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Ethiopia]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 337 (sawa na [[maili]] 209) na una bonde la uandanisho linalokadiriwa kuwa na ukubwa wa [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 6,630, huku mto mzima ukimwaga wastani wa mita za ujazo 44.4 za maji kwa sekunde.<ref name="MüllerSchmied2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto huu unaanzia katika maeneo ya milimani ya Wilaya ya Mirab Welega (Welega Magharibi) nchini Ethiopia, karibu kabisa na eneo la mpaka kati ya Sudan Kusini na Ethiopia, ambapo katika eneo hilo la chanzo unajulikana kwa jina la asili la ''Deqe Sonka Shet''.<ref name="JongleiMap">[http://www.cde.unibe.ch/sudan/maps/south/statemaps/jonglei_highweb.JPG Topographical map of Jonglei] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929152905/http://www.cde.unibe.ch/sudan/maps/south/statemaps/jonglei_highweb.JPG |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> Kutoka kwenye vyanzo hivyo vya milimani, mto unatiririka kuelekea upande wa magharibi na kuvuka mpaka kuingia nchini Sudan Kusini. Unapita karibu na mji mdogo wa Daga Post na hatimaye unaishia kwa kumwaga maji yake kwenye Mbwawa ya Machar (Machar Marshes).<ref name="Sutcliffe1999">{{cite book|last=Sutcliffe|first=J. V.|last2=Parls|first2=Y. P.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|accessdate=2011-07-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132235/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05}} page 112</ref> Mfumo huu wa maji hatimaye unaunganishwa na Mto Adar, kisha [[Nile Nyeupe]], na kuwa sehemu muhimu ya Bonde la [[Mto Nile]]. == Uhifadhi == Kama sehemu ya mfumo wa ikolojia wa Mbwawa ya Machar na Bonde la Nile, mazingira ya Mto Daga ni muhimu sana kwa utunzaji wa viumbe hai na ustawi wa jamii za wafugaji na wakulima wanaotegemea mtiririko wake. Uhifadhi wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto za mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanayoathiri kiwango cha mafuriko ya msimu, na kuna uhitaji mkubwa wa usimamizi wa pamoja wa rasilimali za maji kati ya nchi za Sudan Kusini na Ethiopia ili kulinda vyanzo vyake vya milimani dhidi ya mmomonyoko wa udongo na ukataji miti. Juhudi hizi ni sehemu ya mikakati ya kikanda ya kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] s2k63qooxz19u9f3hho3u9jgb9rk5z2 1571039 1570994 2026-06-12T09:36:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Daga''' (pia '''Khor Daga''') ni [[mto]] wa kimataifa uliopo upande wa mashariki mwa [[Afrika]] ambao unapita katika nchi za [[Ethiopia]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 337 (sawa na [[maili]] 209) na una bonde la uandanisho linalokadiriwa kuwa na ukubwa wa [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 6,630, huku mto mzima ukimwaga wastani wa mita za ujazo 44.4 za maji kwa sekunde.<ref name="MüllerSchmied2021">{{Rejea jarida |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto huu unaanzia katika maeneo ya milimani ya Wilaya ya Mirab Welega (Welega Magharibi) nchini Ethiopia, karibu kabisa na eneo la mpaka kati ya Sudan Kusini na Ethiopia, ambapo katika eneo hilo la chanzo unajulikana kwa jina la asili la ''Deqe Sonka Shet''.<ref name="JongleiMap">[http://www.cde.unibe.ch/sudan/maps/south/statemaps/jonglei_highweb.JPG Topographical map of Jonglei] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929152905/http://www.cde.unibe.ch/sudan/maps/south/statemaps/jonglei_highweb.JPG |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> Kutoka kwenye vyanzo hivyo vya milimani, mto unatiririka kuelekea upande wa magharibi na kuvuka mpaka kuingia nchini Sudan Kusini. Unapita karibu na mji mdogo wa Daga Post na hatimaye unaishia kwa kumwaga maji yake kwenye Mbwawa ya Machar (Machar Marshes).<ref name="Sutcliffe1999">{{cite book|last=Sutcliffe|first=J. V.|last2=Parls|first2=Y. P.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|accessdate=2011-07-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132235/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05}} page 112</ref> Mfumo huu wa maji hatimaye unaunganishwa na Mto Adar, kisha [[Nile Nyeupe]], na kuwa sehemu muhimu ya Bonde la [[Mto Nile]]. == Uhifadhi == Kama sehemu ya mfumo wa ikolojia wa Mbwawa ya Machar na Bonde la Nile, mazingira ya Mto Daga ni muhimu sana kwa utunzaji wa viumbe hai na ustawi wa jamii za wafugaji na wakulima wanaotegemea mtiririko wake. Uhifadhi wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto za mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanayoathiri kiwango cha mafuriko ya msimu, na kuna uhitaji mkubwa wa usimamizi wa pamoja wa rasilimali za maji kati ya nchi za Sudan Kusini na Ethiopia ili kulinda vyanzo vyake vya milimani dhidi ya mmomonyoko wa udongo na ukataji miti. Juhudi hizi ni sehemu ya mikakati ya kikanda ya kulinda mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji barani [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rz9sdu71vlbtcswo9oph7z5clwza471 0 240800 1571019 2026-06-12T08:50:10Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1571019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FurtTodschie1893 001.jpg|thumb|Mto Todzie]] '''Mto Tordzie''' (pia '''Todzie''') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]] unaopita katika nchi za [[Ghana]] na [[Togo]]. Mto huu una urefu wa takribani [[kilomita]] 267 na bonde la mto huo lina ukubwa wa [[kilomita za mraba]] 2,200. Katika ukubwa wake, mto huu unaunda sehemu ya mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya kusini-magharibi mwa Togo na upande wa mashariki wa Ghana.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258556699_Hydrobiology_of_the_Songor_and_Keta_lagoons_implications_for_wetland_management_in_Ghana Hydrobiology of the Songor and Keta lagoons: implications for wetland management in Ghana]</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto na jiografia == Mto Tordzie unaanza katika maeneo ya vilima upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa nchi ya Togo na kutiririka kuelekea upande wa kusini ukielekea nchini Ghana. Unapofika nchini Ghana, mto huu unapita karibu na miji na makazi kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na Dabala, Agbogbla, Bludo, na Avuto kabla ya kuingia katika mfumo wa Mto Volta karibu na rasi ya Keta katika Mkoa wa Volta. Kiwango cha mwinuko wa ardhi ambapo mto huu unapita kinakadiriwa kuwa mita 5 tu juu ya usawa wa bahari, na mto una wastani wa mtiririko wa mita za ujazo 11 kwa sekunde. Kutokana na historia ya kikoloni na mwingiliano wa lugha za kienyeji katika maeneo hayo ya mpakani, mto huu una majina na tahajia tofauti kulingana na ramani na nyaraka mbalimbali. Miongoni mwa majina na tahajia mbadala zinazotumiwa ni pamoja na Todjé, Todje, Toje, Todji, Toji, Todjie, Todschië, au Todie. == Uhifadhi == Kama rasilimali muhimu ya maji barani [[Afrika]], Mto Tordzie una mchango mkubwa katika kiikolojia, hasa kutokana na kuingiza maji yake kwenye mifumo ya rasi (lagoons) za pwani ya Ghana kama vile rasi ya Songor na Keta. Uhifadhi wa mto huu unakabiliwa na changamoto za mabadiliko ya tabianchi na shughuli za kibinadamu kando ya mipaka, jambo linalofanya kuwepo kwa mahitaji makubwa ya usimamizi wa pamoja wa ikolojia ya ardhi-enye-unyevunyevu (wetlands) kati ya nchi za Ghana na Togo ili kulinda bioanuwai na vyanzo vya maji kwa ajili ya jamii za mipakani. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Togo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 1iqd9pzkg0kssfa77wcxus8p77kcqkh 0 240801 1571024 2026-06-12T09:04:11Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1571024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Tano River.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Tano nchini Ghana]] '''Mto Tano''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Tanoé'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]], ukipita katika nchi za [[Ghana]] na Kodivaa. Mto huu una urefu wa [[kilomita]] 400 (sawa na maili 250) ukianzia karibu na mji wa Traa, uliopo pembezoni mwa mji wa [[Techiman]] ambao ni makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki nchini Ghana. Kutoka hapo, unatiririka hadi kuingia kwenye rasi za Ehy, Tendo, na hatimaye rasi ya Aby nchini [[Kodivaa]] ambapo unaishia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Mto Tano unaunda kilomita chache za mwisho za mpaka wa kimataifa wa nchi kavu kati ya Ghana na Kodivaa.<ref name="KonaduCampbell2016">{{cite book |last1=Konadu |first1=Kwasi |last2=Campbell |first2=Clifford C. |title=The Ghana Reader |date=2016 |publisher=Duke University |location=Durham. North Carolina and London, England |isbn=978-0-8223-5992-0 |pages=39–40}}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano Tano Basin]. ''Water Resources Commission of Ghana''.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asare‑Donkor |first=Noah Kyame |last2=Adimado |first2=Anthony Apeke |date=2016 |title=Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |journal=Environmental Systems Research}}</ref> == Imani za kiasili == Kulingana na imani na utamaduni wa wenyeji wa kabila la Wabono, Mto Tano una umuhimu mkubwa sana wa kiroho. Jamii hiyo inaamini kwamba Taakora, ambaye ndiye mungu mkuu na wa juu zaidi wa Wabono hapa duniani, anaishi kwenye chanzo cha mto huu, jambo linalofanya eneo hilo kuchukuliwa kuwa takatifu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130216063641/http://patachu.com/tano-river/ Tano River]. ''patachu.com''.</ref> == Ikolojia na uhifadhi == Mazingira yanayozunguka Mto Tano yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia kwa utunzaji wa wanyama adimu barani [[Afrika]]. Misitu iliyopo kati ya mto huu na Rasi ya Ehy inasadikiwa kuwa makazi ya mwisho ya sokwe adimu wa aina ya "Miss Waldron's Red Colobus" (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), ambao ni miongoni mwa wanyama wanyonyeshaji walio hatarini zaidi kutoweka duniani.<ref>McGraw, W. Scott (2005): Update on the Search for Miss Waldron's Red Colobus Monkey. ''International Journal of Primatology'' '''26'''(3): 605–619.</ref> Katika miaka ya nyuma, eneo hili lilikabiliwa na tishio la uharibifu wa mazingira kufuatia mipango ya ukataji miti kwa ajili ya kuanzisha mashamba makubwa ya miche ya mierezi na michikichi ya mafuta.<ref>Wolzer, Chris (2008): Tanoé Swamps Forest destruction by Unilever. Version of 2008-MAY-28.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Changamoto za mazingira == Mnamo Januari 2020, mto huu ulikabiliwa na dharura kubwa ya mazingira baada ya gari kubwa lililokuwa limebeba shehena ya Asidi ya salfuriki kupata ajali na kupinduka ndani ya Mto Tano. Tukio hilo lilisababisha uchafuzi mkubwa wa maji, ambapo tarehe 13 Januari 2020 wananchi walionyeshwa na kushauriwa kutoacha kabisa kutumia au kunywa maji ya mto huo kwa usalama wa afya zao. Hata hivyo, mamlaka za maji zilikabiliana na changamoto hiyo na kufanikiwa kusafisha mto huo hadi kurudi katika hali yake ya asili ya kiikolojia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] lqyxou05rhderjkg5ix3necugyup0hx 1571079 1571024 2026-06-12T10:03:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1571079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Tano River.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Tano nchini Ghana]] '''Mto Tano''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Tanoé'') ni [[mto]] uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika]], ukipita katika nchi za [[Ghana]] na Kodivaa. Mto huu una urefu wa [[kilomita]] 400 (sawa na maili 250) ukianzia karibu na mji wa Traa, uliopo pembezoni mwa mji wa [[Techiman]] ambao ni makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki nchini Ghana. Kutoka hapo, unatiririka hadi kuingia kwenye rasi za Ehy, Tendo, na hatimaye rasi ya Aby nchini [[Kodivaa]] ambapo unaishia katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Mto Tano unaunda kilomita chache za mwisho za mpaka wa kimataifa wa nchi kavu kati ya Ghana na Kodivaa.<ref name="KonaduCampbell2016">{{cite book |last1=Konadu |first1=Kwasi |last2=Campbell |first2=Clifford C. |title=The Ghana Reader |date=2016 |publisher=Duke University |location=Durham. North Carolina and London, England |isbn=978-0-8223-5992-0 |pages=39–40}}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano Tano Basin]. ''Water Resources Commission of Ghana''.</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Asare‑Donkor |first=Noah Kyame |last2=Adimado |first2=Anthony Apeke |date=2016 |title=Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |journal=Environmental Systems Research}}</ref> == Imani za kiasili == Kulingana na imani na utamaduni wa wenyeji wa kabila la Wabono, Mto Tano una umuhimu mkubwa sana wa kiroho. Jamii hiyo inaamini kwamba Taakora, ambaye ndiye mungu mkuu na wa juu zaidi wa Wabono hapa duniani, anaishi kwenye chanzo cha mto huu, jambo linalofanya eneo hilo kuchukuliwa kuwa takatifu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130216063641/http://patachu.com/tano-river/ Tano River]. ''patachu.com''.</ref> == Ikolojia na uhifadhi == Mazingira yanayozunguka Mto Tano yana umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia kwa utunzaji wa wanyama adimu barani [[Afrika]]. Misitu iliyopo kati ya mto huu na Rasi ya Ehy inasadikiwa kuwa makazi ya mwisho ya sokwe adimu wa aina ya "Miss Waldron's Red Colobus" (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), ambao ni miongoni mwa wanyama wanyonyeshaji walio hatarini zaidi kutoweka duniani.<ref>McGraw, W. Scott (2005): Update on the Search for Miss Waldron's Red Colobus Monkey. ''International Journal of Primatology'' '''26'''(3): 605–619.</ref> Katika miaka ya nyuma, eneo hili lilikabiliwa na tishio la uharibifu wa mazingira kufuatia mipango ya ukataji miti kwa ajili ya kuanzisha mashamba makubwa ya miche ya mierezi na michikichi ya mafuta.<ref>Wolzer, Chris (2008): Tanoé Swamps Forest destruction by Unilever. Version of 2008-MAY-28.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Changamoto za mazingira == Mnamo Januari 2020, mto huu ulikabiliwa na dharura kubwa ya mazingira baada ya gari kubwa lililokuwa limebeba shehena ya Asidi ya salfuriki kupata ajali na kupinduka ndani ya Mto Tano. Tukio hilo lilisababisha uchafuzi mkubwa wa maji, ambapo tarehe 13 Januari 2020 wananchi walionyeshwa na kushauriwa kutoacha kabisa kutumia au kunywa maji ya mto huo kwa usalama wa afya zao. Hata hivyo, mamlaka za maji zilikabiliana na changamoto hiyo na kufanikiwa kusafisha mto huo hadi kurudi katika hali yake ya asili ya kiikolojia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rue3l3ky07fecpkxv7tyswvdyijdbz7 0 240802 1571026 2026-06-12T09:14:09Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1571026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:White Volta Tributaries OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha matawi makuu ya [[Mto Volta]], ambapo Mto Sisili unaonekana upande wa kushoto katikati]] '''Mto Sisili''' ni mmoja wa mito mikubwa inayopatikana upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Ghana]], ukiwemo kwenye mfumo mmoja na mito mingine mikubwa kama vile [[Mto Volta]] na [[Mto Kulpawn]]. == Historia na jiografia== Mto Sisili unajumuika kama tawi muhimu linalomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Kulpawn kabla ya kuelekea kwenye mfumo mkuu wa Mto Volta. Katika historia, eneo la Nakong lililopo upande wa mashariki wa Mto Sisili, lilikumbwa sana na uvamizi wa kihistoria wa biashara ya utumwa uliogharimu jamii za wenyeji. Uvamizi huo uliongozwa na wapiganaji wa kabila la [[Wazarma]] (Zabarima) chini ya viongozi wao Gazare na Babatu mnamo karne ya kumi na tisa.<ref name="AnquandahDoortmont2007">{{cite book|last1=Anquandah|first1=James|last2=Doortmont|first2=Michel|last3=Opoku-Agyemang|first3=Naana Jane|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade: Landmarks, Legacies, Expectations : Proceedings of the International Conference on Historic Slave Route Held at Accra, Ghana on 30 August-2 September 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHnaAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-73-5|page=194}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Kama ilivyo kwa mifumo mingi ya ikolojia ya maji barani [[Afrika]], mazingira ya Mto Sisili yanahitaji juhudi kubwa za uhifadhi ili kulinda uoto wa asili na kuzuia athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Udhibiti wa shughuli za kibinadamu kando ya kingo za mto huu ni jambo linalofanyiwa kazi ili kuhakikisha mtiririko wa maji unakuwa endelevu kwa ajili ya vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kzwsnkhkjb0o10a8y1e3khikwloljxe 0 240803 1571027 2026-06-12T09:23:17Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1571027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:White Volta Tributaries OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya matawi makuu ya [[Mto Volta]], ambapo Mto Kulpawn unaonekana upande wa chini kushoto]] '''Mto Kulpawn''' ni mmoja wa mito mikubwa inayopatikana upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Ghana]], ukijumuika na mito mingine mikubwa kama vile [[Volta Nyeusi]] na [[Mto Sisili]]. Mto huu unatiririka kupitia Wilaya ya Manispaa ya Wa na una umuhimu mkubwa wa kiikolojia na kijamii katika ukanda huo wa Afrika Magharibi.<ref name="Wilks2002">{{cite book|last=Wilks|first=Ivor|title=Wa and the Wala: Islam and Polity in Northwestern Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6Yyzg-R8ikC&pg=PA10|date=4 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89434-0|page=10}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Kulpawn unajulikana kama moja ya tawari kuu zinazomwaga maji yake kwenye Mto Volta. Katika urefu wake kijiografia, mto huu unakatiza na kupita katikati ya Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Gbele (Gbele Resource Centre) ukitokea upande wa magharibi kuelekea upande wa kusini-mashariki wa hifadhi hiyo, jambo linalofanya mto huu kuwa tegemeo kubwa kwa [[wanyamapori]] na mifumo ya [[ikolojia]] ya eneo hilo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gbele Resource Reserve (text)". |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/gbele-resource-reserve-iba-ghana/text |website=www.birdlife.org |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> == Uhifadhi == Mazingira ya misitu ya ukingoni (riparian woodland) kando ya kingo za Mto Kulpawn, hasa katika eneo la Wahabu, yana sifa ya kipekee na yanajulikana sana kimataifa na wataalamu wa viumbe hai na watafiti wa ndege (ornithologists). Umaarufu huu unatokana na uwepo wa aina mbalimbali na tajiri za ndege wanaovutiwa na uoto wa asili wa mto huu, hivyo kufanya utunzaji na uhifadhi wa vyanzo hivi vya maji kuwa nguzo muhimu katika kulinda bioanuwai na kukuza utalii endelevu barani [[Afrika]].<ref name="Briggs2014">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShVTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA474|date=4 January 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-478-5|page=474}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] qydt8wqvzdfg51ksudakpmmehkts4n0 0 240804 1571038 2026-06-12T09:35:21Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1571038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nyanga OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha Bonde la Mto Nyanga likiunganisha nchi za Gabon na Jamhuri ya Kongo]] '''Mto Nyanga''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Nyanga'') ni [[mto]] wenye urefu wa [[kilomita]] 600 uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika ya Kati]] ambao unapita katika maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Gabon]] na kaskazini mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Katika nchi ya Gabon, mto huu ni wa pili kwa umuhimu wa kijiografia baada ya [[Mto Ogooue]]. Mto Nyanga unajulikana sana kwa kuwa na [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyoenea katika maeneo yake mengi kijiografia.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Nyanga unaanzia karibu na mpaka wa nchi hizi mbili, karibu kabisa na makutano ya mikoa ya Ngounié na Ogooué-Lolo ya nchini Gabon. Kutoka hapo, unatiririka kuelekea kusini kando ya mpaka huo na kisha kuelekea kusini-magharibi kupitia Mkoa wa Niari nchini Jamhuri ya Kongo. Baada ya hapo, mto unaingia katika Mkoa wa Nyanga nchini Gabon na kujipinda kwa kasi kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi ambapo unapita katikati ya mji wa [[Tchibanga]], ambao ndio makao makuu ya mkoa huo na mji mkubwa zaidi uliopo kando ya mto huu. Mto unajipinda tena hatua kwa hatua kuelekea kusini-magharibi, ukipita kwenye mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji kabla ya kuingia kwenye uwanda wa pwani na kuishia ndani ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14–15. Paris, France: Edicef. [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 1141ay4c5v761oicgoajxyswwpbi18e 1571075 1571038 2026-06-12T09:58:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1571075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nyanga OSM.png|thumb|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha Bonde la Mto Nyanga likiunganisha nchi za Gabon na Jamhuri ya Kongo]] '''Mto Nyanga''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''Rivière Nyanga'') ni [[mto]] wenye urefu wa [[kilomita]] 600 uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa [[Afrika ya Kati]] ambao unapita katika maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Gabon]] na kaskazini mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Katika nchi ya Gabon, mto huu ni wa pili kwa umuhimu wa kijiografia baada ya [[Mto Ogooue]]. Mto Nyanga unajulikana sana kwa kuwa na [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyoenea katika maeneo yake mengi kijiografia.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Nyanga unaanzia karibu na mpaka wa nchi hizi mbili, karibu kabisa na makutano ya mikoa ya Ngounié na Ogooué-Lolo ya nchini Gabon. Kutoka hapo, unatiririka kuelekea kusini kando ya mpaka huo na kisha kuelekea kusini-magharibi kupitia Mkoa wa Niari nchini Jamhuri ya Kongo. Baada ya hapo, mto unaingia katika Mkoa wa Nyanga nchini Gabon na kujipinda kwa kasi kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi ambapo unapita katikati ya mji wa [[Tchibanga]], ambao ndio makao makuu ya mkoa huo na mji mkubwa zaidi uliopo kando ya mto huu. Mto unajipinda tena hatua kwa hatua kuelekea kusini-magharibi, ukipita kwenye mfululizo wa maporomoko ya maji kabla ya kuingia kwenye uwanda wa pwani na kuishia ndani ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14–15. Paris, France: Edicef. [[Jamii:Mito nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2abo2h85xkc302xf1x3bpazmwhd3c5w 0 240805 1571041 2026-06-12T09:37:47Z Said Mfaume 68307 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '#REDIRECT [[[Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini]]' 1571041 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[[Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini]] fw3u1uivyzjbr5cdn0ub1dpqszxowbf 1571042 1571041 2026-06-12T09:38:00Z Said Mfaume 68307 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini]] 1571042 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umoja wa Kizalendo kwa Ukombozi wa Vietnam Kusini]] 3hewo78l4qgpakow1e8ouhnkzkhgh2g 3 240806 1571046 2026-06-12T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571046 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 8panz88yer5cv4qsqoq5whu5ypcol6i 3 240807 1571047 2026-06-12T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571047 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 8panz88yer5cv4qsqoq5whu5ypcol6i 3 240808 1571048 2026-06-12T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571048 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 8panz88yer5cv4qsqoq5whu5ypcol6i 3 240809 1571049 2026-06-12T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571049 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 8panz88yer5cv4qsqoq5whu5ypcol6i 3 240810 1571050 2026-06-12T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571050 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 8panz88yer5cv4qsqoq5whu5ypcol6i 3 240811 1571051 2026-06-12T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571051 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240812 1571052 2026-06-12T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571052 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240813 1571053 2026-06-12T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571053 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240814 1571054 2026-06-12T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571054 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240815 1571055 2026-06-12T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571055 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240816 1571056 2026-06-12T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) lueb03q44c0pv9tt2bv5ccsqjgmevsr 3 240817 1571057 2026-06-12T09:50:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571057 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240818 1571058 2026-06-12T09:50:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571058 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240819 1571059 2026-06-12T09:50:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571059 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240820 1571061 2026-06-12T09:50:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571061 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240821 1571062 2026-06-12T09:50:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571062 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240822 1571063 2026-06-12T09:50:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571063 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) 201lj9yto5piy5is29tu50k55a4j7fp 3 240823 1571064 2026-06-12T09:51:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571064 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240824 1571065 2026-06-12T09:51:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571065 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240825 1571066 2026-06-12T09:51:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571066 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240826 1571067 2026-06-12T09:51:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571067 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240827 1571068 2026-06-12T09:51:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571068 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240828 1571069 2026-06-12T09:51:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571069 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) r0u7f3w6n7f423jnz47wsr8tvjkr03q 3 240829 1571070 2026-06-12T09:52:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571070 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) jxw3ksfy6e9wd0yw1qrnp0h3s2tyye5 3 240830 1571071 2026-06-12T09:52:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) jxw3ksfy6e9wd0yw1qrnp0h3s2tyye5 3 240831 1571072 2026-06-12T09:52:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571072 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) jxw3ksfy6e9wd0yw1qrnp0h3s2tyye5 3 240832 1571073 2026-06-12T09:52:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1571073 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) jxw3ksfy6e9wd0yw1qrnp0h3s2tyye5 0 240833 1571076 2026-06-12T09:58:54Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Timothy Ernest Victor Kwizera Agaba''' (amezaliwa tarehe 23 Julai 1989) ni mchezaji wa muungano wa raga aliyezaliwa [[Uganda]] na baadaye kuwa raia wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ameichezea Bulls katika mashindano ya Super Rugby, Blue Bulls katika Currie Cup na Blue Bulls XV katika Rugby Challenge.<ref name="SARU Player Profile Tim Agaba">{{SA Rugby Player Profile | id=43618 | name=Tim Agaba | date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Nafasi zake za kawaida ni flanka au namba na...' 1571076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Timothy Ernest Victor Kwizera Agaba''' (amezaliwa tarehe 23 Julai 1989) ni mchezaji wa muungano wa raga aliyezaliwa [[Uganda]] na baadaye kuwa raia wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ameichezea Bulls katika mashindano ya Super Rugby, Blue Bulls katika Currie Cup na Blue Bulls XV katika Rugby Challenge.<ref name="SARU Player Profile Tim Agaba">{{SA Rugby Player Profile | id=43618 | name=Tim Agaba | date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Nafasi zake za kawaida ni flanka au namba nane. Alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya raga ya saba ya Afrika Kusini iliyojishindia medali ya shaba katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 2016. == Maisha ya mchezo == === Ujana: Border na Sharks === Agaba alizaliwa mjini [[Kabale]] kusini mwa [[Uganda]], kabla ya kuhamia [[Transkei]] na baadaye East London, ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Stirling na kuanza kucheza raga.<ref name="Kampala se koorlid kook nou vir Kings">{{cite web | url=http://www.netwerk24.com/sport/rugby/2015-08-20-kampalase-koorlid-kook-nou-vir-kings | title=Kampala se koorlid kook nou vir Kings | work=Netwerk24 | date=20 August 2015 | access-date=8 September 2015 | language=af}}</ref> Mwaka 2007 alijumuishwa katika timu ya Border iliyoshiriki mashindano ya vijana chini ya miaka 18 ya Craven Week yaliyofanyika [[Stellenbosch]]. Baada ya kuhitimu shule ya sekondari, alihamia [[Durban]] kujiunga na Sharks (Currie Cup) lakini majeraha ya mara kwa mara yalifanya acheze mechi mbili pekee kwa timu ya Sharks U21 katika 2010 Under-21 Provincial Championship.<ref name="Kampala se koorlid kook nou vir Kings" /> === NMMU na Eastern Province Kings === Mwaka 2012 alirejea [[Eastern Cape]] na kujiunga na timu ya chuo kikuu ya NMMU Madibaz iliyoko [[Port Elizabeth]] kwa mashindano ya Varsity Cup ya mwaka 2012. Alicheza mechi tano na kufunga jaribio moja katika kipigo cha 26–42 dhidi ya Maties.<ref name="NMMU 26-42 Maties">{{SA Rugby Match Centre | id=101981 | homeid=10611 | awayid=10581 | leagueid=1071 | hometeam=NMMU | homescore=26 | awayscore=42 | awayteam=Maties | matchdate=5 March 2012 | date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Katika 2013 Varsity Cup, alijidhihirisha kama mchezaji chaguo la kwanza katika nafasi ya namba nane na kusaidia NMMU kufuzu kwa nusu fainali kwa mara ya kwanza. Baadaye alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Eastern Province Kings kwa mashindano ya 2013 Vodacom Cup na kucheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya daraja la juu katika ushindi wa 17–13 dhidi ya Free State XV mjini [[Bloemfontein]].<ref name="Eastern Province Kings team named against Free State">{{cite web | url=http://mype.co.za/new/2013/04/eastern-province-kings-team-named-against-free-state/ | title=Eastern Province Kings team named against Free State | publisher=MyPE.co.za | date=4 April 2013 | access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> Aliendelea kuwa mchezaji muhimu wa Eastern Province Kings katika mashindano ya Currie Cup ya mwaka 2013 na 2015, akifunga majaribio kadhaa na kusaidia timu kufika hatua za juu za mashindano. === Timu ya Taifa ya Raga ya Saba ya Afrika Kusini === Mwisho wa mwaka 2015, Agaba aliondoka Kings baada ya matatizo ya kutolipwa mishahara ya wachezaji na kusaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na Timu ya taifa ya raga ya saba ya Afrika Kusini.<ref name="New recruits Soyizwapi, Agaba in strong Academy line-up for Dubai">{{cite press release | url=http://www.sarugby.net/news/24442?view=news&leagueId=2744 | title=New recruits Soyizwapi, Agaba in strong Academy line-up for Dubai | publisher=South African Rugby Union | date=27 November 2015 | access-date=27 November 2015 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110813/http://www.sarugby.net/news/24442?view=news&leagueId=2744 | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 2016 === Agaba aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 12 cha Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya Olimpiki za Rio de Janeiro 2016.<ref name="Rugby Sevens squad for Olympics named">{{SA Rugby Article | id=3615014 | leagueid=3034 | title=Rugby Sevens squad for Olympics named | date=14 July 2016 | access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> Afrika Kusini ilianza mashindano kwa ushindi dhidi ya Hispania na Ufaransa kabla ya kupoteza dhidi ya Australia katika hatua ya makundi. Hata hivyo, ilimaliza kinara wa Kundi B na kuifunga Australia katika robo fainali. Katika nusu fainali, Afrika Kusini ilifungwa 5–7 na Timu ya taifa ya raga ya saba ya Uingereza, na hivyo kukosa nafasi ya kucheza fainali. Katika mechi ya kuwania medali ya shaba, Afrika Kusini iliifunga Timu ya taifa ya raga ya saba ya Japani kwa mabao 54–14 na kujinyakulia medali ya shaba, huku Agaba akiwa sehemu ya kikosi hicho.<ref name="Men Schedule & Results – Olympic Rugby Sevens (JPN–RSA)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/rugby-sevens-mens-bronze-medal-match-ru-2 |title=Men Schedule & Results – Olympic Rugby Sevens (JPN–RSA) |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji]] 9iducep5cj38ree6e3lcgh4uvxq023y 3 240834 1571080 2026-06-12T10:03:46Z Idd ninga 30188 /* Ukaribisho */ mjadala mpya 1571080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukaribisho == {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 10:03, 12 Juni 2026 (UTC) p54udssqzl27aece3u46a6xoyznq49n 0 240835 1571081 2026-06-12T10:09:41Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunisia''' imefikia viwango vya juu zaidi vya upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na [[usafi wa mazingira]] miongoni mwa Mashariki ya Kati na [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 2011, upatikanaji wa [[maji salama]] ya kunywa ulikuwa karibu na kufikia asilimia 100 kwa wote katika maeneo ya mijini na asilimia 90 katika maeneo ya vijijini. Tunisia hutoa maji ya kunywa yenye ubora mzuri mwaka mzima. <ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Ufikiaji == Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, 98% ya wakazi wa [[Tunisia]] walipata "maji yaliyoboreshwa", 100% ya wakazi wa mijini na 93% ya wakazi wa vijijini. Baadaye, kulikuwa na, mwaka wa 2015, watu 253,000 hawakupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa". Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, mnamo 2015, 92% ya wakazi walikuwa na huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa", 98% na 80%, wakazi wa mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Jumla ya watu ambao, mnamo 2015, hawakupata huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa" ilikuwa karibu watu 944,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|work=washwatch.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-22}}</ref> <ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo 2003, Wizara ya [[Kilimo]] ilichapisha Mpango Mkuu wa Maji kwa ajili ya sekta ya maji <ref name="PSP2">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> Chaguzi mbili kuu za kimkakati zilitambuliwa na kutekelezwa: mkakati wa miaka 10 wa uhamasishaji wa rasilimali za maji (2001–2011) ulioanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1990, na mkakati wa muda mrefu (2030). Mnamo 2023, huku nchi ikiwa katika mwaka wake wa nne wa ukame, Sonede, kampuni ya maji ya jimbo hilo, imeanza kutoa mgao wa maji, ikipunguza usambazaji mkuu wa maji kati ya saa tatu usiku na saa kumi asubuhi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Simon|author=Speakman Cordall|title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=5 April 2023|language=en-GB|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 04ai0oeclstxc2ly3bvk4frqo1j210v 0 240836 1571084 2026-06-12T10:19:00Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Barrage Bin el Ouidane 1.JPG|thumb|Sehemu ya mbele ya Bwawa]] '''Bwawa la Bin el Ouidane''' ni bwawa la upinde lililoko {{Convert|28|km}} kusini mwa [[Beni-Mellal|Beni Mellal]] kwenye Mto El-Abid katika Mkoa wa Azilal, [[Moroko]] . Iliyoundwa na Coyne et Bellier na kujengwa kati ya 1949 na 1953, madhumuni ya bwawa hilo ni uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji na umwagiliaji. {{Convert|135|MW|abbr=on}}kituo cha umeme hutoa wastani wa {{Convert|287|GWh}} kila mwaka na maji kutoka kwenye hifadhi husaidia kumwagilia {{Convert|69500|ha|acre}} katika tambarare za Beni Moussa na Tadla . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bin el Ouidane|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183139/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=211|archivedate=9 October 2011|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=23 August 2011|language=French}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rska7rm7quk7qaosmcicikbverj847y 0 240837 1571088 2026-06-12T10:33:05Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugavi wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Senegali''' una sifa ya kiwango cha juu cha upatikanaji ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengi ya Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara. Ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi (PPP) umekuwa ukifanya kazi nchini [[Senegal|Senegali]] tangu 1996, huku Senegalaise des Eaux (SDE, kampuni tanzu ya [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) ikiwa mshirika binafsi. SDE haimiliki mfumo wa maji, lakini inausimamia kwa mkataba wa miaka 10 kutoka kwa serikali ya Senegali. Kati ya 1996 na 2014, mauzo ya maji yaliongezeka maradufu hadi mita za ujazo milioni 131 kwa mwaka; idadi ya miunganisho ya kaya iliongezeka kwa asilimia 165, hadi zaidi ya mita 638,000. Kulingana na [[Kundi la Benki ya Dunia|Benki ya Dunia]], "Kesi ya Senegali inachukuliwa kama mfano wa ushirikiano wa umma na binafsi katika Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara". <ref name="IRIN">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=53542 IRIN, the humanitarian news and analysis service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Senegal - A model for water provision in urban Africa?]</ref> == Rasilimali za maji == [[Faili:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|Mto wa Gambia Senegal]] [[Faili:SaloumULM.JPG|thumb|Mto wa Saloum katikati ya Senegal]] Hali ya hewa ya Senegal ni ya kitropiki, ikiwa na misimu ya ukame na unyevunyevu iliyobainishwa vyema. Mvua ya kila mwaka ya Dakar ya takriban {{Convert|600|mm}} hunyesha kati ya Juni na Oktoba. Mvua ya wastani ya kila mwaka ni kati ya {{Convert|270|mm}} mwaka kaskazini hadi {{Convert|1793|mm}} kwa mwaka kusini. Halijoto ya ndani ni kubwa zaidi kuliko ilivyo kando ya pwani. Rasilimali kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini ni [[Senegal (mto)|Mto Senegal]] kaskazini, ambao unashirikiwa na [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]] na [[Gine|Guinea]] . Mtiririko wake wa wastani ni mita za ujazo bilioni 37 kwa mwaka. Lac de Guiers ni hifadhi muhimu ya maji katika delta ya juu ya Mto Senegal, ikiwa na kiasi cha kuhifadhi cha karibu mita za ujazo milioni 500 == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2gn5ja8zcl5kn6ygfce4da72qprcm8t 0 240838 1571090 2026-06-12T10:53:32Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Ghana.svg|thumb]] Sekta ya '''usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira''' nchini [[Ghana]] ni sekta inayohusika na usambazaji wa maji yenye afya na pia inaboresha [[Usafi wa mazingira|usafi]] wa miili ya maji nchini. Nchini Ghana, sekta za usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira zinakabiliwa na masuala kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na upatikanaji mdogo wa [[usafi wa mazingira]], usambazaji wa mara kwa mara, upotevu mkubwa wa maji, shinikizo duni la maji, na [[Uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa mazingira]] . Tangu 1994, sekta hiyo imebadilishwa hatua kwa hatua kupitia kuundwa kwa shirika huru la udhibiti, kuanzishwa kwa ushiriki wa sekta binafsi, ugatuzi wa usambazaji wa maji vijijini kwa wilaya 138 na kuongezeka kwa ushiriki wa jamii katika usimamizi wa mifumo ya maji vijijini. <ref name="WaterAid">{{Rejea tovuti|author=WaterAid|authorlink=WaterAid|title=National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana|url=http://www.wateraid.org/other/startdownload.asp?DocumentID=28&mode=plugin|format=[[PDF]]|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Scaling up Water and Sanitation in Ghana|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/11/18/scaling-up-water-and-sanitation-in-ghana|accessdate=13 September 2023|work=World Bank}}</ref> == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:A picture of a boy drinking polluted water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa maji nchini Ghana]] [[Miundombinu|Miundombinu ya]] usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira haitoshi, hasa katika [[Eneo la vijijini|maeneo ya vijijini]] . Kuna tofauti kubwa kati ya data ya upatikanaji kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali, kwa kiasi fulani kutokana na fasili tofauti zinazotumiwa na taasisi tofauti zinazotoa data ya ufikiaji. Kulingana na Mpango wa Pamoja wa Ufuatiliaji wa Ugavi wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira wa [[UNICEF]] na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|WHO]] . Kulingana na ripoti ya MDG [[Umoja wa Mataifa|ya Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya 2015, lengo la kupunguza nusu ya idadi ya watu wasio na upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa limefikiwa nchini Ghana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/library/poverty/2015-ghana-millennium-development-goals-report.html|title=2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report|work=UNDP in Ghana|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602042020/http://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/library/poverty/2015-ghana-millennium-development-goals-report.html}}</ref> Sehemu ya mifumo ya usambazaji isiyofanya kazi nchini Ghana inakadiriwa kuwa karibu theluthi moja, huku mingine mingi ikifanya kazi chini ya uwezo uliopangwa. Zaidi ya hayo, usambazaji wa maji majumbani unashindana na ongezeko la mahitaji ya maji katika sekta zinazopanuka za viwanda na kilimo. <ref name="Ghana Safe Water Network">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghana|url=http://www.safewaternetwork.org/countries-regions/ghana|work=Safe Water Network|accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gcb00ucry07p39rz4d899pzhsalbwq9 0 240839 1571093 2026-06-12T11:06:39Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:View from Cairo Tower 31march2007.jpg|thumb|Mto Nile ndio chanzo pekee cha maji kwa sehemu kubwa ya Misri, pamoja na mji mkuu wake Cairo ulioonyeshwa kwenye picha]] '''Ugavi wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Misri''' umeundwa na mafanikio makubwa na changamoto zinazoendelea. Nchi hiyo inategemea sana [[Mto Nile]], ambao hutoa 90% ya rasilimali zake zote za maji, kiasi cha mita za ujazo bilioni 55 kila mwaka, takwimu ambayo haijabadilika tangu 1954. Hata hivyo, mahitaji ya maji ya kitaifa yanazidi mita za ujazo bilioni 90, na kusababisha upungufu sugu wa maji. Matokeo yake, upatikanaji wa maji kwa kila mtu ulipungua hadi mita za ujazo 570 mwaka wa 2018, chini ya kiwango cha uhaba wa maji cha mita za ujazo 1,000. <ref name="sanitation">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from|title=Egypt|publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals|accessdate=3 March 2025}}</ref> Katika kukabiliana na hali hiyo, [[Misri]] imeweka kipaumbele katika uhifadhi wa maji na miundombinu ya matibabu ya maji machafu ili kuboresha rasilimali chache huku ikishughulikia ongezeko la matumizi kutokana na ukuaji wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa [[kilimo]]. == Maliasili ya maji Misri == Chanzo kikuu cha [[Maji matamu|maji safi]] ya Misri ni Mto Nile. Mto huo hutoa maji ^safi bilioni 55 kila mwaka, ambayo inawakilisha 97% ya rasilimali zote za maji yanayoweza kutumika tena nchini Misri. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124|accessdate=2023-12-10|work=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Kwa ujumla, Mto Nile unachangia takriban 90% ya maji ya Misri. Wastani wa [[mvua]] nchini Misri unakadiriwa kuwa 18&#x20;mm au bilioni 1.8 ^m3 kwa mwaka. Zaidi ya hayo, Misri ina vyanzo vinne tofauti vya maji ya chini ya ardhi : Chemichemi ya Nile, Chemichemi ya Nubian Sandstone, Chemichemi ya Moghra na Chemichemi ya Pwani. Tangu 2005, Misri imeainishwa kama nchi yenye [[uhaba wa maji]] kwani ina chini ya mita ³ 1000 za maji safi kwa mwaka kwa kila mtu. Zaidi ya hayo, inatabiriwa kwamba mnamo 2025 idadi ya watu itafikia milioni 95, ambayo itamaanisha sehemu ya kila mtu ya mita ³ 600 pekee kwa mwaka. <ref name="IDRC">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.</ref> Miji kwenye pwani ya [[Bahari Nyekundu]] kama vile [[Hurghada]] inasambazwa maji kutoka kwa Nile yanayosukumwa kupitia mabomba. Hata hivyo, mnamo 2015 mkataba wa kiwanda cha kuondoa chumvi cha maji ya bahari cha mita ^80,000 kwa siku umetolewa ili kusambaza maji jijini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change|publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] jc3qcfov6gy2lrqa9nt3sln0ap89v33 0 240840 1571095 2026-06-12T11:21:58Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 Nimeanzisha Makala 1571095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Tanzania''' una sifa ya kupungua kwa upatikanaji wa angalau vyanzo vya msingi vya maji katika miaka ya 2000 (hasa katika maeneo ya mijini), upatikanaji thabiti wa aina fulani ya usafi wa mazingira (karibu 93% tangu miaka ya 1990), usambazaji wa maji wa vipindi na kwa ujumla ubora duni wa huduma. <ref name="mowi">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& Water Sector Status Report 2009] {{Webarchive}} retrieved Feb 2010</ref> Huduma nyingi za maji hazina uwezo wa kufidia gharama zao za uendeshaji na matengenezo kupitia mapato kutokana na ushuru mdogo na ufanisi duni. Kuna tofauti kubwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|za kikanda]] na huduma zinazofanya kazi vizuri zaidi ni [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] na [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] . <ref name="pubexp">Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector] {{Webarchive}}, September 2009</ref> == Ushiriki na usimamizi wa jamii (1991–wakati wa sasa) == [[Faili:Urban blight at the Michenzani housing project, Zanzibar town, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Jengo la ghorofa la Michenzani karibu na Mji Mkongwe kwenye kisiwa cha [[Zanzibar]], ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa fahari ya ushirikiano wa maendeleo wa Ujerumani Mashariki, linaonyesha changamoto za kudumisha miundombinu ipasavyo na kutumia miundombinu ya sasa ili kufungua njia kwa miradi mipya na ya kijani kibichi (tazama mashimo wazi mbele)]] Sera ya ujamaa ya [[Ujamaa]] iliondolewa hatua kwa hatua Nyerere alipomkabidhi madaraka [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]], kwanza kama rais mwaka wa 1985 na kisha kama mkuu wa chama tawala mwaka wa 1990. Serikali ilianzisha mageuzi ya kisiasa na kiutawala, ambayo sehemu yake Sera ya kwanza ya Kitaifa ya Maji iliidhinishwa mwaka wa 1991. Kiini cha mageuzi hayo kilikuwa Programu ya Mageuzi ya Serikali za Mitaa iliyolenga kugawa madaraka kwa kugawa rasilimali na wajibu wa utoaji wa huduma kwa halmashauri za wilaya na manispaa, ikiwa ni pamoja na uhamisho wa ruzuku za vitalu zenye masharti na zisizo na masharti kwa halmashauri. <ref name="gov">[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/waterf.html Government of Tanzania, ''Water in Tanzania''], retrieved February 2010</ref> Sera ya Kitaifa ya Maji ilisisitiza ushiriki wa jamii katika uteuzi wa miradi na katika kuiendesha na kuitunza kupitia kamati za maji zilizotoza maji. Wanakijiji pia walilazimika kutoa michango ya pesa taslimu kwa gharama za mtaji na kuchangia muda na nguvu kazi, vifaa vya ndani na ukarimu kwa wafanyakazi wa serikali waliotembelea. Pia walifanya elimu ya usafi na kuhudumu katika kamati za afya. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gavset7x2psqf7fnoq0j283wh93d2hw