Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2106 1575676 1574252 2026-06-21T04:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Isaac Newton mwaka [[1689]].]] [[Picha:Newton-Principia-Mathematica 1-500x700.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kitabu chake ''Principia Mathematica'', [[1686]].]] '''Isaac Newton''' ([[25 Desemba]] [[1642]] – [[20 Machi]] [[1727]]) alikuwa [[mwanahisabati]], [[mwanafizikia]] na [[mwanateolojia]] kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Anakumbukwa [[duniani]] kote kutokana na michango yake mbalimbali katika [[sayansi]]. Ndiye aliyegundua [[tawi]] la [[kalkulasi]] (sambamba na [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]), [[kanuni za mwendo]] na ya [[uvutano]]. Mchango mwingine wa Isaac Newton upo katika [[nadharia ya nuru]], akitumia [[mche]] kuonyesha jinsi [[rangi]] zinazounda [[nuru]] (kama zinavyoonekana kwenye [[upinde wa mvua]]) zinavyotokea. Alichangia pia [[elimuanga]] kwa kuboresha [[darubiniakisi]] iliyoleta matokeo mazuri. Alitambua ya kwamba kanuni za uvutano zinatawala pia mwendo wa [[sayari]]. Alitunga [[ramani ya nyota]] kufuatana na tafiti za [[Flamsteed]]. ==Elimu na imani== Newton alipata [[shahada]] yake ya kwanza mwaka [[1665]] na ile ya [[uzamili]] mwaka [[1668]]. Kwa kuwa alizaliwa katika [[familia]] ya [[Anglikana|Kianglikana]], alitumia [[muda]] mwingi kufanya [[utafiti]] wa [[Biblia]] na [[theolojia]] pia. Alilenga kupatanisha [[elimu]] ya [[sayansi]] na [[imani]] yake. Aliandika "Uvutano unaeleza miendo ya sayari lakini haiwezi kueleza ni nani aliyeanzisha miendo yake. [[Mungu]] anatawala mambo yote na yaliyopo na yanayoweza kuwepo". [[Tarehe]] [[10 Desemba]] [[1682]] alimuandikia [[Richard Bentley]]: "Siamini [[ulimwengu]] unaweza kuelezwa na sababu za [[maumbile]] tu, bali nalazimika kuuona kama [[tunda]] la [[hekima]] na [[ubunifu]] vya mmoja mwenye [[akili]]". Hata hivyo, yeye binafsi hakukubali mafundisho juu ya [[Utatu]] wa [[Mungu]]. ==Maandishi yake== * [http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=43 Newton's works&nbsp;– full texts, at the Newton Project] * [http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/collections/Humanities/Pages/newton.aspx The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel&nbsp;– the collection of all his religious writings] * {{Gutenberg author |id=Newton,+Isaac,+Sir | name=Isaac Newton}} * [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ ''Descartes, Space, and Body'' and ''A New Theory of Light and Colour''], modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett * [https://archive.org/stream/opticksoratreat00newtgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light''], full text on [[archive.org]] * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton "Newton Papers"]&nbsp;– Cambridge Digital Library * (1686) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/15635 "A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton... containing his new theory about light and colors"] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/15635 |date=20201009103331 }}, ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp.&nbsp;3057–3087.&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1704) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/3080 ''Opticks''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/3080 |date=20201016062120 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1719) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/33634 ''Optice''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/33634 |date=20200908133047 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1729) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35921 ''Lectiones opticae''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35921 |date=20201027014312 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] * (1749) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35293 ''Optices libri tres''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/35293 |date=20200916232516 }}&nbsp;– digital facsimile at the [[Linda Hall Library]] ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Ball|first=W.W. Rouse|title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BUL-080|location=New York|publisher=Dover|date=1908|isbn=978-0-486-20630-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale|title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|date=1984|isbn=978-0-02-905190-0}} This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of [[Patristics]] * {{cite journal|last=Craig|first=John|title=Isaac Newton&nbsp;– Crime Investigator|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1958-07-19_182_4629/page/148|journal=Nature|date=1958|volume=182|issue=4629|pages=149–52|doi=10.1038/182149a0|bibcode=1958Natur.182..149C}} * {{cite journal|last=Craig|first=John|title=Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=18|issue=2|date=1963|pages=136–45|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017}} * {{cite book|last=Levenson|first=Thomas|title= Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/newtoncounterfei0000leve_g7m7|publisher=Mariner Books|date=2010|isbn=978-0-547-33604-6}} * {{cite book|last=Manuel|first=Frank E|title=A Portrait of Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofisaacn00manu|date=1968|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus: Concepts and Contexts|publisher=Cengage Learning|date=2009|isbn=978-0-495-55742-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Richard S. Westfall|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=Never at Rest|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1980|isbn=978-0-521-27435-7|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28westfall%29%20newton}} * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton0000west|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-19-921355-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=Richard S.|title=The Life of Isaac Newton|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1994|isbn=978-0-521-47737-6|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28westfall%29%20newton}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Michael White (author)|title=Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer|first=Michael|last=White|publisher=Fourth Estate Limited|date=1997|isbn=978-1-85702-416-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Andrade|first=E.N.De C.|title=Isaac Newton|publisher=Chanticleer Press|location=New York|date=1950|isbn=978-0-8414-3014-3}} * Bardi, Jason Socrates. ''The Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1560259922 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|last=Bechler|first=Zev|title=Newton's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution|date=1991|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-1054-9}} * {{cite book|last=Bechler|first=Zev|title=Contemporary Newtonian Research (Studies in the History of Modern Science)(Volume 9)|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9400977174}} * Berlinski, David. ''Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.'' (2000); isbn|0-684-84392-7 * Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard (eds.) ''Isaac Newton's Natural Philosophy'', [[MIT Press]] (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0262524252 excerpt and text search] * {{cite journal|last=Casini|first= P|title=Newton's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|date=1988|volume=42|issue=1|pages=35–52|issn=0035-9149|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1988.0006|jstor=531368}} * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale E.|title=Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonscie00chri|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=1996|isbn=978-0-19-530070-3}} See [https://www.amazon.com/dp/019530070X this site] for excerpt and text search. * {{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Gale|title=In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times|url=https://archive.org/details/inpresenceofcr00chri|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|date=1984|isbn=978-0-02-905190-0}} * Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Newton.'' (2002). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521656966 excerpt and text search]; [https://www.questia.com/read/105054986 complete edition online] {{Wayback|url=https://www.questia.com/read/105054986 |date=20120526062059 }} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=I.B.|title=The Newtonian Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonianrevolut0000cohe_t6j4|date=1980|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22964-7}} * {{cite book|last=Craig|first=John|title=Newton at the Mint|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonatmint0000crai|date=1946|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England}} * {{cite book|last=Dampier|first=William C.|last2=Dampier|first2=M.|title=Readings in the Literature of Science|url=https://archive.org/details/readingsinlitera0000damp|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|date=1959|isbn=978-0-486-42805-5}} * {{cite book|authorlink=Richard de Villamil|last=de Villamil|first= Richard|title=Newton, the Man|publisher=G.D. Knox|location=London, UK|date=1931}}&nbsp;– Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972) * {{cite book|last=Dobbs|first=B.J.T.|title=The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene Lyon"|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofnew0000dobb_t3t1|date=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge}} * [[Eamon Duffy]], "Far from the Tree" (review of Rob Iliffe, ''Priest of Nature: the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN|9780199995356), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXV, no. 4 (8 March 2018), pp. 28–29. * {{cite book|last=Gjertsen|first=Derek|title=The Newton Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/newtonhandbook0000gjer|publisher=Routledge|location=London, UK|date=1986|isbn=978-0-7102-0279-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Gleick|first= James|title=Isaac Newton|url=https://archive.org/details/isaacnewton00glei|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2003|isbn=978-0-375-42233-1}} * {{cite journal|last=Halley|first=E.|title=Review of Newton's Principia|date=1687|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=186|pages=291–97}} * [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking, Stephen]], ed. ''On the Shoulders of Giants''. {{isbn|0-7624-1348-4}} Places selections from Newton's ''Principia'' in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein * {{cite book|last=Herivel|first= J. W.|title=The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664–84|url=https://archive.org/details/backgroundtonewt0000heri|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|date=1965 }} * {{cite book|last=Iliffe |first=Rob |title=Priest of Nature: the religious worlds of Isaac Newton |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199995356 |year=2017 }} * {{cite book|author-link=John Maynard Keynes|last=Keynes|first= John Maynard |title=Essays in Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinbiograph0000keyn|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co |date=1963 |isbn=978-0-393-00189-1}} Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers. * {{cite book|last=Koyré|first= A |title=Newtonian Studies|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1965}} * Newton, Isaac. ''Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy'', edited by [[I. Bernard Cohen]]. [[Harvard University Press]], 1958, 1978; {{isbn|0-674-46853-8}}. * Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). ''The Principia'': a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen; {{isbn|0-520-08817-4}}, University of California (1999) * {{Rejea jarida|last=Pemberton|first=H.|title=A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy|journal=The Physics Teacher|volume=4|issue=1|pages=8–9|date=1728|bibcode=1966PhTea...4....8M|doi=10.1119/1.2350900}} * {{cite book|last=Shamos|first= Morris H. |title=Great Experiments in Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/greatexperiments0000unse_r9f6|location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc. |date=1959 |isbn=978-0-486-25346-6 }} * Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. ''A Treasury of Science''; "Newtonia" pp.&nbsp;147–9; "Discoveries" pp.&nbsp;150–4. Harper & Bros., New York, (1946). * {{cite book|last=Simmons|first=J|title=The Giant Book of Scientists&nbsp;– The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time|location=Sydney|publisher=The Book Company|date=1996}} * {{cite book|last=Stukeley|first=W.|title=Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London, UK|date=1936}} (edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752) * Trabue, J. “Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton,” ''[[The American Genealogist]]'' 79 (2004): 13–27. * {{cite book|last=Westfall|first=R.S.|title=Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/forceinnewtonsph0000west|location=London, UK|publisher=Macdonald|date=1971|isbn=978-0-444-19611-8}} {{refend}} '''Dini''' {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.'' (1991), links the alchemy to Arianism * Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. ''Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.'' (1999), pp. xvii, 325; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts * {{cite journal|last1=Pfizenmaier|first1=Thomas C.|date=January 1997|title = Was Isaac Newton an Arian?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_1997-01_58_1/page/57|jstor=3653988|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas | volume = 58|issue=1|pages=57–80|doi=10.1353/jhi.1997.0001|bibcode=1961JHI....22..215C}} * Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 34: 417–38. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372 in JSTOR], argues that his calculus had a theological basis * Snobelen, Stephen "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia", ''Osiris'' 2nd series, Vol. 16, (2001), pp.&nbsp;169–208 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/301985 in JSTOR] * {{cite journal|last1=Snobelen|first1=Stephen D.|title=Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite|jstor=4027945|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|volume=32|pages=381–419|doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751|date=1999|issue=4}} * Wiles, Maurice. ''Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries.'' (1996) 214 pages, with chapter 4 on eighteenth century England; pp.&nbsp;77–93 on Newton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DGksMzk37hMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Arianism+through+the+Centuries%22 excerpt and text search]. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Isaac Newton}} {{Sister project links|s=Author:Isaac Newton|wikt=no|n=no|b=Introduction to Astrophysics/Historical Context/Isaac Newton}} * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html ScienceWorld biography] by [[Eric Weisstein]] * [http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.50.a.php Dictionary of Scientific Biography] * [http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=1 "The Newton Project"] * [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01801333 Science in the Making] Isaac Newton's papers in the Royal Society's archives * [http://www.isaacnewton.ca/ "The Newton Project&nbsp;– Canada"] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/ "Newton's Dark Secrets"]&nbsp;– [[Nova (TV series)|NOVA]] TV programme * from ''The [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]:'' ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/ "Isaac Newton"], by George Smith ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-principia/ "Newton's ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica''"], by George Smith ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-philosophy/ "Newton's Philosophy"], by Andrew Janiak ** [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/ "Newton's views on space, time, and motion"], by Robert Rynasiewicz * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207225233/http://tqnyc.org/NYC051308/index.htm "Newton's Castle"]&nbsp;– educational material * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/newton "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton"], research on his alchemical writings * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030513080422/http://hss.fullerton.edu/philosophy/GeneralScholium.htm The "General Scholium" to Newton's ''Principia''] * Kandaswamy, Anand M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007101707/http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/newton.html "''The Newton/Leibniz Conflict in Context''"] * [http://www.phaser.com/modules/historic/newton/index.html Newton's First ODE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.phaser.com/modules/historic/newton/index.html |date=20070705191603 }}&nbsp;– A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first-order ODE using infinite series * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061213222519/http://www.ltrc.mcmaster.ca/newton/ "The Mind of Isaac Newton"]&nbsp;– images, audio, animations and interactive segments * [http://www.enlighteningscience.sussex.ac.uk/home Enlightening Science] Videos on Newton's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion * [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Newton.html Newton biography (University of St Andrews)] * The [[Linda Hall Library]] has digitized [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/searchterm/Canon%20Chronicus%20Aegyptiacus/field/title/mode/exact/conn/and/order/nosort Two copies of John Marsham's (1676) ''Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus''] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/search/searchterm/Canon%20Chronicus%20Aegyptiacus/field/title/mode/exact/conn/and/order/nosort |date=20200920090207 }}, one of which was [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/philsci/id/139 owned by Isaac Newton] {{Wayback|url=http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/philsci/id/139 |date=20201013060423 }}, who marked salient passages by dog-earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side-by-side to show what interested Newton. {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, Isaac}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1642]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1727]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Uingereza]] 4ibm2eez9vfts4gitltaorq482doaz7 0 2173 1575694 1570863 2026-06-21T06:09:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|JKK|nchi jirani|Jamhuri ya Kongo}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo | jina_asili = République démocratique du Congo (Kifaransa) | bendera = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | kauli_mbiu = "Justice – Paix – Travail" (Haki – Amani – Kazi) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Debout Congolais" (Simameni Wakongo) </br>[[File:Debout Congolais.ogg]] | ramani = COD orthographic.svg | ramani2 =Location Democratic Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la JKK katika dunia | maelezo_ramani2 = JKK katika [[Afrika]] | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Kinshasa]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kifaransa]] <ref>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | lugha2 = [[Kiswahili]], [[Lingala]], [[Tshiluba]], [[Kikongo]] <ref name="UNDRC">{{cite web |title=Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CD/languages |website=Ethnologue |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> | mwaka_dini = 2024 | dini = {{Plainlist| *95.4% [[Ukristo]] *2.6% [[Dini za jadi]] *1.5% [[Uislamu]] *0.5% others / none }} | uraia = ''Mkongo'' </br> ''Wakongo'' | serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-urais | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Judith Suminwa]] | bunge = Bunge la Kitaifa (Seneti na Bunge la Taifa) | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka [[Ubelgiji]]''' | tukio1 = [[Dola Huru la Kongo]] | tukio1_tarehe = 1895 - 1908 | tukio2 = Uhuru | tukio2_tarehe = 30 Juni 1960 | eneo_jumla = 2,345,409 | maji = 3.32% | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 124,388,160 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-population/|title=DR Congo Population (2025)|website=Worldometer|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175204/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-congo-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 48 | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $200.76 bilioni <ref name="uchumi"/> | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,881 <ref name="uchumi"/> | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt = {{increase}} $79.120 bilioni <ref name="uchumi"/> | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $742 <ref name="uchumi"/> | hdi = {{Ongezeko}} 0.522 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Index in Democratic Republic of theCongo|url=https://data.undp.org/countries-and-territories/COD|publisher=UNDP|website=www.data.undp.org|access-date=2026-05-30|archive-date=2025-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211101109/https://data.undp.org/countries-and-territories/COD|url-status=dead}}</ref> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 171 | gini = 44.7 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gini Index, Congo Dem. Republic|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CD|publisher=World Bank|website=www.data.worldbank.org|access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> | mwaka_gini = 2020 | fedha = [[Faranga ya Kongo]] (CDF) | majira_saa = +1 hadi UTC+2 (WAT na CAT) | tld = .cd | msimbo_simu = 243 }} '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' ([[kifupi]]: JKK; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: ''République démocratique du Congo''; pia '''Kongo-Kinshasa''') ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Kati]], inayopakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] magharibi, [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] kaskazini, [[Sudan Kusini]] kaskazini-mashariki, [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]] mashariki, [[Tanzania]] kusini-mashariki, [[Zambia]] kusini, na [[Angola]] kusini-magharibi. Mnamo 2024, Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 110, na kuwa nchi ya 15 kwa ukubwa wa idadi ya watu [[Dunia|duniani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Idadi ya Watu nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Benki Kuu ya Dunia|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CD |website=www.data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2025-08-28|lang=en}}</ref> [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi ni [[Kinshasa]], ambalo pia ni [[mji mkuu]]. JKK imegawanyika katika [[Jimbo|majimbo]] 26 na [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kifaransa]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni nchi ya pili kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]] kwa eneo na ina [[utajiri]] mkubwa wa [[rasilmali]] za [[asili]], hasa [[madini]] kama vile [[kobalti]], [[shaba]], [[almasi]], [[dhahabu]], na [[koltani]]. Licha ya utajiri huo, JKK kwa muda mrefu imekumbwa na hali ya [[siasa|kisiasa]] isiyo thabiti, migogoro, na maendeleo duni. Sehemu kubwa ya matatizo hayO yanatokana na [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Ubelgiji]], uliomalizika [[mwaka]] [[1960]], na kufuatiwa na [[Mwongo|miongo]] kadhaa ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Udikteta|kiimla]], hasa chini ya [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Tangu mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1990]], nchi imepitia mfululizo wa migogoro, ikiwemo [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Kongo|Vita vya Kwanza]] (1996-1997) na [[vita vya Pili vya Kongo|vya Pili vya Kongo]] (1998-2003), ambavyo vilihusisha nchi jirani kadhaa na kusababisha janga lililoathiri mamilioni ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=History of Democratic Republic of Congo|url=https://www.warchild.org.uk/history-democratic-republic-congo-drc|publisher=Warchild|website=6 www.warchild.org.uk|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Democratic Republic of Congo: Colonialism , Civil War and Conflict|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/History|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> [[Mto Kongo]], ambao ni [[mto]] wa pili kwa [[urefu]] barani [[Afrika]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Congo River|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref>, unapita katikati ya nchi na ni njia muhimu ya usafirishaji, inayosaidia [[biashara]] na jamii za wenyeji. JKK ina [[Msitu|misitu]] mikubwa ya [[mvua]], ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya [[Bonde]] la Kongo, ambalo ni msitu wa pili kwa ukubwa wa mvua wa [[Tropiki|kitropiki]] duniani baada ya [[msitu wa Amazon]]. Mifumo hiyo ya [[ekolojia]] ni muhimu sana duniani kwa utofauti wa viumbe na udhibiti wa [[hali ya hewa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Introduction to the General Geography of the DRC|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-41065-9_1|website=www.springer.com|access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> Aina mbalimbali za [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nchini zinaonekana kupitia zaidi ya [[Kabila|makabila]] 200 na [[lugha]] nyingi, huku [[Kifaransa]] kikiwa [[lugha rasmi]]. Licha ya changamoto hizo, JKK inaendelea na juhudi za kuleta utulivu wa kisiasa, maendeleo ya kiuchumi, na uhifadhi wa mazingira. Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendeshwa kama [[Serikali ya Kirais|jamhuri ya nusu-urais]] yenye mfumo wa kisiasa unaotegemea Katiba iliyopitishwa mwaka 2006 baada ya kipindi cha mpito kilichofuata [[Vita vya Pili vya Kongo]]. <ref name="Britannica_DRC">{{cite web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government and Society |website=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Government-and-society|date=May 12, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na kamanda mkuu wa majeshi ya ulinzi, huku [[Waziri Mkuu]] akiwa mkuu wa serikali. Mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yapo chini ya Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="WFB_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#government |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi hiyo ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC), na [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Nchi za Afrika ya Kati]] (ECCAS). <ref name="AU_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/democratic_republic_congo |title=Member State Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kiuchumi, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inategemea sana uchimbaji [[madini]], huku nchi hiyo ikiwa na baadhi ya akiba kubwa zaidi duniani ya kobalti pamoja na hifadhi kubwa za [[shaba]], [[almasi]], lithiamu, na madini mengine ya kimkakati muhimu kwa sekta za teknolojia na nishati duniani. <ref name="WorldBank_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview |title=The World Bank in DRC: Overview |website=worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kilimo]] pia kinaajiri sehemu kubwa ya wananchi, huku mazao kama muhogo, mahindi, ndizi za kupika, kahawa, na mafuta ya mawese yakizalishwa katika maeneo mbalimbali. Changamoto za [[miundombinu]], ukosefu wa usalama katika majimbo ya mashariki, na maendeleo madogo ya viwanda zinaendelea kuathiri ukuaji wa uchumi, ingawa nchi hiyo bado ina umuhimu mkubwa wa kimkakati kutokana na maliasili zake, uwezo wa kuzalisha umeme wa maji, na nafasi yake ya kati ndani ya Afrika. <ref name="WFB_DRC_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#economy |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Jina == Jina ''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo'' linaakisi mfumo wa kisiasa wa nchi hiyo pamoja na utambulisho wake wa kijiografia katika eneo la Kongo la [[Afrika ya Kati]]. <ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> Neno ''Kongo'' linatokana na [[Ufalme wa Kongo]], dola yenye nguvu ya kabla ya ukoloni iliyokuwepo kando ya [[Mto Kongo]] wa chini na iliyochangia sana historia ya awali ya eneo hilo. <ref name="UNESCO_Kongo">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/102/ |title=Mbanza Kongo, Mabaki ya Mji Mkuu wa Ufalme wa zamani wa Kongo |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hii mara nyingi hufupishwa kama ''DRC'' na pia hujulikana kama ''Kongo-Kinshasa'' ili kuitofautisha na nchi jirani ya magharibi, [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] (Kongo-Brazzaville). <ref name="BBC_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |title=Wasifu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Jina la sasa lilipitishwa rasmi mwaka 1997 baada ya kuanguka kwa utawala wa Mobutu, likichukua nafasi ya jina la awali ''Zaire'', lililotumika kuanzia 1971 hadi 1997. <ref name="WFB_DRC"/> == Jiografia == Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni nchi ya pili kwa ukubwa wa eneo barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa na takribani kilomita za mraba 2,345,409.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#geography |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iko katika [[Afrika ya Kati]] na inapakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], na [[Angola]]. Nchi pia ina ukanda mwembamba wa pwani kwenye [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], unaoiwezesha kupata njia ya moja kwa moja ya usafiri wa baharini.<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> === Topografia na Mandhari === [[File:Congo Kinshasa Topography.png|thumb|200px|Topografia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Mandhari ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni ya aina mbalimbali na hutofautiana kutoka misitu minene ya mvua hadi milima mirefu ya mashariki. * '''Bonde la Mto Kongo''' – Sehemu kubwa ya nchi inafunikwa na [[Bonde la Kongo]], ambalo limezungukwa na [[msitu wa mvua wa kitropiki]]. Eneo hili lina [[Mto Kongo]], mto wa pili kwa urefu barani Afrika baada ya [[Mto Nile]]. Msitu wa Bonde la Kongo ni wa pili kwa ukubwa duniani baada ya [[Msitu wa Amazon]].<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> * '''Uwanda wa Juu''' – Kuizunguka sehemu ya kati ya nchi kuna nyanda za juu zenye mwinuko wa wastani wa mita 500 hadi 1,000 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maeneo haya yana mchanganyiko wa misitu, nyasi, na savana. * '''Milima ya Mashariki''' – Mashariki mwa nchi kuna safu za milima zinazounda sehemu ya [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Humo hupatikana [[Milima ya Rwenzori]] na [[Mlima Stanley]], ambao ndio mlima mrefu zaidi nchini ukiwa na urefu wa mita 5,109.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Relief">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-congo/Relief |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Relief |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> * '''Eneo la Maziwa Makuu''' – Mashariki mwa nchi kuna baadhi ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]], yakiwemo [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Ziwa Kivu]], [[Ziwa Edward]], na [[Ziwa Albert]]. Maziwa haya yana umuhimu mkubwa kwa uvuvi, usafiri, na uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo"/> === Maji na Mifumo ya Mito === [[File:Tshuapa River DRC.svg|thumb|200px|Baadhi ya mito nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Mto Kongo]] ndio mto muhimu zaidi nchini na mojawapo ya mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa kiwango cha maji. Mto huo hupitia katikati ya nchi na kutumika kama njia muhimu ya usafiri na biashara. Mito mikubwa inayoulisha ni pamoja na [[Mto Ubangi]], [[Mto Kasai]], [[Mto Lualaba]], [[Mto Aruwimi]], na [[Mto Lomami]]. Mfumo huu mkubwa wa mito una uwezo mkubwa wa kuzalisha umeme wa maji na ni muhimu kwa maisha ya mamilioni ya watu.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Drainage">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Drainage |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Drainage |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Mbali na mito, nchi ina vinamasi, mabwawa, na maeneo mengi ya maji ya ndani yanayofanya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kuwa mojawapo ya nchi zenye rasilimali nyingi za maji barani Afrika. === Hali ya Hewa === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina hali ya hewa ya [[kitropiki]], lakini hali hiyo hutofautiana kulingana na eneo na mwinuko. * '''Hali ya hewa ya ikweta''' – Sehemu ya kati ya nchi huwa na joto la juu, unyevunyevu mwingi, na mvua nyingi karibu mwaka mzima.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Climate">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Climate |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Climate |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> * '''Hali ya hewa ya savana''' – Kaskazini na kusini mwa nchi hupata misimu tofauti ya mvua na kiangazi. * '''Hali ya hewa ya milimani''' – Maeneo ya mashariki yenye mwinuko mkubwa huwa na halijoto ya chini zaidi na mvua nyingi kuliko maeneo ya tambarare.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Climate"/> Katika baadhi ya maeneo ya msitu wa mvua, wastani wa mvua kwa mwaka huzidi milimita 2,000. === Rasilimali Asilia na Bioanuwai === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni mojawapo ya nchi tajiri zaidi duniani kwa [[rasilimali]] za [[madini]]. Miongoni mwa madini muhimu yanayopatikana nchini ni [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[almasi]], [[dhahabu]], [[koltani]], [[bati]], na [[zinki]].<ref name="WFB_DRC_Econ"/> Nchi pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[bioanuwai]]. Misitu yake ni makazi ya wanyama adimu kama [[bonobo]], [[okapi]], [[sokwe]], [[tembo wa msituni]], [[nyati]], na aina nyingi za ndege na mimea. Hifadhi kadhaa za taifa zimeorodheshwa kuwa maeneo ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] wa [[UNESCO]], zikiwemo [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Virunga]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Salonga]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Kahuzi-Biega]], na [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Garamba]].<ref name="UNESCO_DRC">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/cd |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Changamoto za Mazingira === Licha ya kuwa na utajiri mkubwa wa mazingira na viumbehai, nchi inakabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali za kimazingira: * Ukataji miti ovyo na uharibifu wa misitu ya mvua * Uchimbaji haramu wa madini * Uwindaji haramu wa wanyamapori * Uharibifu wa makazi ya viumbehai * Uchafuzi wa mito na ardhi kutokana na shughuli za uchimbaji * Athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] * Kuongezeka kwa shinikizo la matumizi ya ardhi kutokana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu Changamoto hizi zinaendelea kutishia baadhi ya mifumo muhimu ya ikolojia na viumbe adimu wanaopatikana nchini.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Geo"/> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} === Historia ya kale === [[Picha:KingdomKongo1711.png|thumb|Ufalme wa Kongo mnamo mwaka 1700]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo la Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo wanaaminika kuwa [[wawindaji]] na wakusanyaji wa jamii za [[Wasani]] na [[Wabilikimo]].<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/>Kuanzia karne za kwanza BK, wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] waliingia katika eneo hilo wakileta [[kilimo]], [[uhunzi]], na mbinu mpya za kupanga jamii. Uhamiaji huo ulisababisha kuundwa kwa falme na jamii nyingi zilizostawi katika Bonde la Kongo. Katika [[karne ya 15]], [[Wareno]] walipofika kwenye mwambao wa Atlantiki walikuta [[Ufalme wa Kongo]], ambao ulikuwa moja ya falme kubwa zaidi za Afrika ya Kati. Ufalme huo ulienea kutoka pwani ya Atlantiki hadi maeneo ya ndani karibu na [[mto Kwango]], na kutoka maeneo ya leo ya [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] hadi kaskazini mwa [[Angola]]. Mtawala wake alijulikana kwa cheo cha [[Manikongo]], na ufalme huo ulikuwa na mfumo wa majimbo yaliyotawaliwa kwa utaratibu maalumu.<ref name="Kongo_Kingdom">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kongo-historical-kingdom-Africa |title=Kongo: Historical Kingdom, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya kuwasili kwa Wareno, sehemu ya tabaka la watawala wa Kongo ilikubali [[Ukristo]]. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya watumwa]], migogoro ya ndani, na kuingilia kwa mataifa ya Ulaya katika siasa za ufalme kulisababisha kudhoofika kwa Ufalme wa Kongo. Ingawa mamlaka yake yalipungua hatua kwa hatua, nasaba za kifalme ziliendelea kuwepo katika mji wa M'banza-Kongo hadi mwaka [[1914]], wakati Wareno walipofuta mabaki ya uhuru wa kisiasa wa ufalme huo.<ref name="Mbanza_Kongo">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1511 |title=Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2017 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Mbali na Ufalme wa Kongo, maeneo mengine ya nchi yalikuwa na falme zenye nguvu. Mashariki mwa nchi kulikuwa na falme za [[Washi]], ambazo zilistawi kati ya [[karne ya 17]] na [[karne ya 19]] chini ya watawala waliobeba cheo cha Mwami. Kusini mwa nchi kulikuwa na [[Dola la Kazembe]], lililoibuka kuanzia karne ya 17 na kuwa kitovu muhimu cha biashara katika Afrika ya Kati. === Koloni binafsi la mfalme na Kongo ya Kibelgiji === [[Picha:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Picha za watoto waliokatwa mikono kama adhabu wakati wa utawala wa Leopold II.]] Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], eneo la Kongo lilitangazwa kuwa [[Dola Huru la Kongo]], likiwa mali binafsi ya [[mfalme]] [[Leopold II wa Ubelgiji]]. Ingawa kwa jina lilidaiwa kuwa eneo la ustaarabu na maendeleo, utawala huo ulijulikana kwa ukatili mkubwa dhidi ya wakazi wa eneo hilo, hasa katika ukusanyaji wa mpira na maliasili nyingine.<ref name="BBC_DRC_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |title=Democratic Republic of Congo country profile |website=BBC News |date=Mei 21, 2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ripoti za mauaji, mateso, kazi za kulazimishwa, na ukatwaji wa viungo vya mwili zilisababisha upinzani mkubwa wa kimataifa dhidi ya utawala wa Leopold II. Kutokana na shinikizo hilo, mwaka [[1908]] mfalme alilazimika kuikabidhi Kongo kwa [[serikali]] ya Ubelgiji. Eneo hilo likawa [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] na lilibaki koloni la Ubelgiji hadi mwaka [[1960]].<ref name="Congo_Free_State">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State |title=Congo Free State: Historical State, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> === Siasa za kikoloni === Utawala wa Ubelgiji ulijaribu kuboresha baadhi ya huduma za kijamii kama [[elimu]], [[matibabu]], na [[miundombinu]]. Shule nyingi ziliendeshwa na [[wamisionari]], na lugha za kienyeji zilitumiwa katika hatua za awali za elimu. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kikoloni uliendelea kuwa wa kibaguzi, huku Waafrika wengi wakinyimwa nafasi za juu katika utawala na elimu ya juu.<ref name="Belgian_Congo">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgian-Congo |title=Belgian Congo: Historical Colony, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Katika kipindi hicho, uchimbaji wa [[madini]] ulikuwa msingi muhimu wa uchumi wa koloni. Kampuni kubwa kama Union Minière du Haut-Katanga zilichimba [[shaba]], [[kobalti]], [[dhahabu]], na [[uranium]]. Uranium iliyochimbwa Katanga ilitumika katika utengenezaji wa mabomu ya kwanza ya kinyuklia yaliyotumiwa na [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1945]].<ref name="Belgian_Congo"/> === Harakati za kupigania uhuru === Baada ya miongo ya utawala wa kikoloni, harakati za kisiasa na kidini zilianza kuongezeka. Miongoni mwa harakati za awali muhimu ilikuwa ile ya [[Simon Kimbangu]], ambaye mafundisho yake yaliwahamasisha Wakongo wengi na kusababisha kuundwa kwa dini ya [[Kimbanguism]]. Harakati hiyo ilipigwa marufuku na mamlaka za kikoloni lakini iliendelea kuwa chanzo muhimu cha utambulisho wa Waafrika wa Kongo.<ref name="Kimbanguism">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kimbanguism |title=Kimbanguism |website=Britannica |date=2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kuanzia miaka ya 1950, vyama vya kisiasa vilianza kudai uhuru. Miongoni mwa vyama vilivyojitokeza ni [[Alliance des Bakongo]] (ABAKO) chini ya [[Joseph Kasavubu]] na [[Mouvement National Congolais]] (MNC) chini ya [[Patrice Lumumba]]. Kufikia mwaka [[1959]], viongozi wengi wa kisiasa walikuwa wakidai uhuru wa haraka wa nchi.<ref name="Britannica_DRC"/> === Uhuru na maendeleo ya kisasa === Serikali ya Ubelgiji ilipotambua kuwa haiwezi tena kuzuia harakati za uhuru, ilitangaza mwaka [[1960]] kuwa uchaguzi ungefanyika na mamlaka yangekabidhiwa kwa viongozi wa Kongo. Chama cha [[Patrice Lumumba]] kilipata mafanikio makubwa katika uchaguzi, na Lumumba akawa [[waziri mkuu]] wa kwanza wa taifa huru.<ref name="BBC_DRC_Profile"/> Tarehe [[30 Juni]] [[1960]], [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] ilipata [[uhuru]] na kuwa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Miaka ya mwanzo baada ya uhuru ilikumbwa na migogoro ya kisiasa, maasi ya kijeshi, na kuingiliwa na mataifa ya kigeni. Mwaka [[1965]], [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] alichukua madaraka kupitia mapinduzi ya kijeshi na kuanzisha utawala wa muda mrefu wa chama kimoja. Mwaka [[1971]], Mobutu alibadilisha jina la nchi kuwa [[Zaire]] kama sehemu ya sera yake ya "uafrikaishaji". Utawala wake uliendelea hadi mwaka [[1997]], wakati waasi wakiongozwa na [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] walipoingia madarakani na kurejesha jina la [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Tangu wakati huo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo imeendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto za kisiasa, migogoro ya silaha katika baadhi ya maeneo ya mashariki, na juhudi za kuimarisha demokrasia na maendeleo ya kiuchumi. Licha ya changamoto hizo, nchi ina utajiri mkubwa wa maliasili na ina nafasi muhimu katika siasa na uchumi wa Afrika ya Kati. == Mikoa == {{Main|Mikoa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Image:Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo - 2005.svg|thumb|left|350px|Mikoa 25 na [[mji mkuu]] [[Kinshasa]].]] <br clear="left"/> Nchi imegawiwa katika mikoa 26 kadiri ya [[Katiba]] mpya ([[2006]]) na utekelezaji wake wa mwaka [[2015]]. {| style="background:transparent;" | <!----First column----> {| class="wikitable" ! !! [[Mkoa]] !!style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | 1. || [[Mkoa wa Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kinshasa]] |- | 2. || [[Mkoa wa Kongo Kati|Kongo Kati]]{{nbsp|2}} ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Matadi]] |- | 3. || [[Mkoa wa Kwango|Kwango]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kenge (Kwango)|Kenge]] |- | 4. || [[Mkoa wa Kwilu|Kwilu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kikwit]] |- | 5. || [[Mkoa wa Mai-Ndombe|Mai-Ndombe]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Inongo]] |- | 6. || [[Mkoa wa Kasaï|Kasaï]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Luebo]] |- | 7. || [[Mkoa wa Lulua|Lulua]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kananga]] |- | 8. || [[Mkoa wa Kasaï Mashariki|Kasaï Mashariki]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mbuji-Mayi]] |- | 9. || [[Mkoa wa Lomami|Lomami]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kabinda (Lomami)|Kabinda]] |- | 10. || [[Mkoa wa Sankuru|Sankuru]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lodja]] |- | 11. || [[Mkoa wa Maniema|Maniema]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kindu]] |- | 12. || [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Bukavu]] |- | 13. || [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Goma]] |} | <!----Second column----> {| class="wikitable" ! !! [[Mkoa]] !!style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | 14. || [[Mkoa wa Ituri|Ituri]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Bunia]] |- | 15. || [[Mkoa wa Uele Juu|Uele Juu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Isiro]] |- | 16. || [[Mkoa wa Tshopo|Tshopo]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kisangani]] |- | 17. || [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini|Uele Chini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Buta]] |- | 18. || [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kaskazini|Ubangi Kaskazini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Gbadolite]] |- | 19. || [[Mkoa wa Mongala|Mongala]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lisala]] |- | 20. || [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kusini|Ubangi Kusini]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Gemena]] |- | 21. || [[Mkoa wa Équateur|Équateur]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Mbandaka]] |- | 22. || [[Mkoa wa Tshuapa|Tshuapa]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Boende]] |- | 23. || [[Mkoa wa Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kalemie]] |- | 24. || [[Mkoa wa Lomami Juu|Lomami Juu]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kamina]] |- | 25. || [[Mkoa wa Lualaba|Lualaba]] ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Kolwezi]] |- | 26. || [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu|Katanga Juu]] {{nbsp|2}} ||style="font-size:90%;"| [[Lubumbashi]] |} |} ==Demografia== [[File:Population pyramid of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.jpg|thumb|Piramidi ya Idadi ya watu ya DRC (JKK)]] '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (DRC), ni taifa la nne kwa ukubwa wa idadi ya watu barani [[Afrika]], likikadiria kuwa na watu takriban milioni 109.3 mwaka 2023<ref name="demografia">{{Rejea habari|title=Demografia za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Data Commons|url=https://datacommons.org/place/country/COD?utm_medium=explore&mprop=count&popt=Person&hl=en|access-date=2025-09-01|website=en}}</ref>Ina muundo wa kundi la vijana, ambapo takriban 46% ya watu wake wako chini ya umri wa miaka 15 na umri wa wastani ni miaka 16.5. Nchi hii ina kiwango kikubwa cha uzazi, ambapo kila mwanamke anazaa watoto wastani 6.05, na kiwango cha kuzaliwa ni 40.08 kwa watu 1,000<ref name="demografia"/>. Miaka ya kuishi unakadiriwa kuwa miaka 61.83, ambapo wanawake wanaishi zaidi (miaka 63.69) kuliko wanaume (miaka 60.03). Idadi ya watu wa DRC ni mchanganyiko wa makabila, ikiwa na zaidi ya makabila 250, ikiwemo [[Waluba]], [[Wamongo]], na [[Wakongo]]. Mji mkubwa na mkuu ni [[Kinshasa]] ===Kabila=== Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni miongoni mwa nchi zenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[kabila|makabila]] barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa na zaidi ya makabila 250 yaliyosambaa kote katika eneo lake kubwa. Makabila makuu ni pamoja na [[Waluba]], wanaoishi hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Kasai|Kasai]] na [[Mkoa wa Katanga|Katanga]]; [[Wakongo]], wanaopatikana kandokando ya mto Kongo wa chini; na [[Wamongo]], wanaoishi katika bonde la katikati. Kwa pamoja, makabila hayo matatu yanachangia takribani asilimia 45 ya idadi ya watu nchini. [[File:Danses et chants folkloriques des Peuples Autochtones Pygmées de la RDC.jpg|thumb|Ngoma za kiasili na nyimbo za Wabilikimo nchini.]] Makundi mengine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Mangbetu]] na [[Wazande]] kaskazini mashariki, pamoja na jamii za [[Watutsi]] na [[Wahutu]] mashariki mwa nchi, ambazo zina uhusiano wa mpakani na [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Wakongo wengi ni sehemu ya familia pana ya lugha za Bantu, ingawa kuna pia wachache wanaozungumza lugha za Kiniloti, pamoja na vikundi vidogo vya Wabilikimo wanaoishi katika misitu. Mchanganyiko huo mkubwa wa kikabila umeunda utajiri wa maisha ya kitamaduni nchini, lakini pia umekuwa chanzo cha mvutano wa kisiasa, hususan katika mikoa ya [[mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]] na [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]]. === Lugha === [[Picha:Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg|thumb|300px|Maeneo ya lugha za taifa za Kongo.]] [[Kifaransa]] ni [[lugha rasmi]] ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ilikuwa lugha ya utawala ya koloni ikaendelea kutumiwa kama lugha isiyoelekea upande wowote kati ya ma[[kabila]], [[lugha]] na [[utamaduni|tamaduni]] za nchi hii.Lugha ya [[Kiholanzi]] iliyotumiwa na Wabelgiji pamoja na Kifaransa katika utawala haitumiki tena. Kwa jumla kuna takriban lugha 242, hasa [[lugha za Kibantu]], zinazozungumzwa nchini (angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|orodha ya lugha]]). Kati yake, lugha 4 zinatambuliwa kama [[lugha za kitaifa]], nazo ni: [[Kikongo]] ([[Kituba]]), [[Kingala (Kongo)]], [[Kiluba]] (''Tshiluba'') na [[Kiswahili]]. Wakati wa ukoloni lugha hizo nne za kitaifa ziliwahi kutumiwa kieneo katika [[shule za msingi]].[[Kingala]] kilikuwa lugha rasmi ya [[jeshi]] la kikoloni lililoitwa "[[Force Publique]]" chini ya utawala wa Ubelgiji likaendelea kuwa lugha ya jeshi la jamhuri baada ya [[uhuru]]. Tangu [[mapinduzi]] ya [[1997]] sehemu za jeshi, hasa [[mashariki]], hutumia pia Kiswahili.Takriban 47% wanatumia Kifaransa kama [[lugha ya kwanza]] au [[lugha ya pili]]. === Dini === [[File:Kisantu kathedraal 2.JPG|thumb|Our Lady of Seven Sorrows Cathedral, Kisantu]] {{Chati ya duara | caption= | label1 = [[Ukristo]] | value1 = 95.4 | color1= green | label2 = [[Dini za jadi]] | value2 = 2.6 | color2= red | label3 = [[Uislamu]] | value3 = 1.5 | color3= pink | label4 = Dini nyingine | value4 = 0.5 | color4= yellow }} Asilimia 95 ya watu katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni [[Wakristo]], huku [[Kanisa Katoliki]] likiwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kihistoria na kijamii nchini. Asilimia 55 ya wakazi ni [[Wakatoliki]], na 48.1% ni [[Waprotestanti]], wakiwemo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kama vile [[Wapentekoste]], [[Baptisti|Wabaptisti]] na [[Waanglikana]]. [[Uislamu]] unafuata kwa karibu 2% ya watu, na wafuasi wake wengi wanapatikana katika [[mkoa wa Maniema]] na maeneo ya mijini. Aidha, kuna idadi ndogo ya watu wanaofuata [[dini za jadi]] [[dini asilia za Kiafrika|za Kiafrika]] pamoja na [[Wayahudi]] wachache na [[Uhindu|Wahindu]]<ref name="dini">{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/|website=www.state.gov|accessdate=2025-08-26|lang=sw|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref>. ===Miji Mikubwa=== {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo | stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://populationstat.com/africa/ |title=Africa Population (2022) |website=populationstat.com |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719032905/https://populationstat.com/africa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | div_name = Mkoa | city_1 = Kinshasa | div_1 = Kinshasa | pop_1 = 15,628,000 | city_2 = Mbuji-Mayi | div_2 = Kasai Mashariki | pop_2 = 2,765,000 | city_3 = Lubumbashi | div_3 = Haut-Katanga{{!}}Haut-Katanga | pop_3 = 2,695,000 | city_4 = Kisangani | div_4 = Tshopo | pop_4 = 1,640,000 | city_5 = Kananga | div_5 = Kasai ya Kati | pop_5 = 1,593,000 | city_6 = Mbandaka | div_6 = Équateur{{!}}Équateur | pop_6 = 1,188,000 | city_7 = Bukavu | div_7 = Kivu Kusini | pop_7 = 1,190,000 | city_8 = Tshikapa | div_8 = Kasai{{!}}Kasaï | pop_8 = 1,024,000 | city_9 = Bunia | div_9 = Ituri{{!}}Ituri | pop_9 = 768,000 | city_10 = Goma | div_10 = Kivu Kaskazini | pop_10 = 707,000 }} === Afya=== [[File:SECRETARY-GENERAL’S VISIT TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (48710365336).jpg|thumb|200px|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Antonio Guterres akitembelea kituo cha matibabu cha Ebola cha Mangina]] [[Afya]] nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC) inakabiliwa na udhaifu mkubwa wa mfumo wa huduma za [[afya]], hali inayozuia wananchi kufikia kiwango cha [[huduma]] bora. Ingawa baadhi ya maendeleo yameonekana, kama kupungua kwa kiwango cha vifo vya mama wa kujifungua kutoka vifo 934 kwa kila vizazi 100,000 mwaka 2000 hadi 427 mwaka 2023, changamoto kubwa bado zipo. Vifo vya watoto chini ya miaka mitano viko juu, vikiwa watoto 73 kwa kila vizazi 1000 hai mwaka 2022, na kiwango cha vifo vya watoto wachanga kilikuwa 45 kwa kila vizazi 1,000. Lishe duni inakabili takriban asilimia 69 ya watoto, huku asilimia 43 ya watoto wakiwa na udumavu<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Is stunting in children under five associated with the state of vegetation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo?|publisher=National Institute of Health|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9937978/|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|lang=en}}</ref>. Malaria huchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa vifo vya watoto, na JKK (DRC) ikiwa nafasi ya pili duniani kwa idadi ya visa vilivyoripotiwa. Migogoro ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], upungufu wa [[miundombinu]] ya [[afya]], na ufadhili mdogo vinaendelea kuathiri vibaya hali ya afya ya wananchi. == Uchumi == [[Uchumi]] wa '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''' (JKK) unaonyesha mchanganyiko wa ukuaji wa haraka na changamoto kubwa za [[jamii|kijamii]]. Mwaka 2023, [[uchumi]] wa taifa hili ulikua kwa asilimia 8.6, ukiendeshwa hasa na sekta ya [[madini]] ila ulikuwa kwa asilimia 6.7 2024<ref name="uchumi">{{Rejea habari|title=Takwimu za Uchumi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|publisher=Data Commons|url=https://datacommons.org/place/country/COD?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource,GrossDomesticProduction&hl=en|access-date=2025-09-01|website=datacommons.org|lang=en}}</ref>. [[Pato la Taifa]] kwa kila raia lilifikia takriban dola bilioni 70.75<ref name="uchumi"/>, huku takriban asilimia 73.5 ya wananchi wakiishi kwa chini ya dola 2.15 kwa siku<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Economic Overview of DRC|publisher=World Bank|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.worldbank.org|lang=en}}</ref>. Sekta ya madini inachangia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya [[maduhuli|mauzo ya nje]], na bidhaa kuu ni [[shaba]] na [[kobalti]], huku kilimo kikiingiza takriban asilimia 17.4 ya [[Pato la Taifa]] na kuajiri asilimia 55.1 ya nguvu kazi. ===Sekta ya Madini=== '''Sekta ya madini''' ndiyo nguzo kuu ya uchumi wa JKK (DRC), ikichangia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya mapato ya kigeni. Taifa hili ndilo mzalishaji mkubwa wa [[kobalti]] duniani, likichangia zaidi ya asilimia 70 ya uzalishaji wa kimataifa<ref>{{Rejea habari|title=Rampant cobalt smuggling and corruption deny billions to DRC|publisher=issafrica|url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/rampant-cobalt-smuggling-and-corruption-deny-billions-to-drc|access-date=2025-09-01|website=www.issafrica.org|lang=en}}</ref>. Vilevile, DRC ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakubwa wa [[shaba]], [[dhahabu]], [[almasi]], ''tin'', ''tungsten'', na ''tantalum''. Uchimbaji unafanyika kwa njia za viwandani, kati, na za kijadi, ingawa hizi za kijadi zinakabiliwa na changamoto za usalama, utawala duni, na utumiaji wa watoto katika kazi za madini. ===Kilimo na Miundombinu=== [[Kilimo]] ni sekta muhimu katika uchumi wa DRC, ingawa kinakabiliwa na changamoto za miundombinu duni na usalama. Uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] unategemea zaidi [[kilimo]] cha kujikimu, na upatikanaji wa [[chakula]] bora ni mdogo, hasa katika maeneo yaliyoathiriwa na migogoro. Kwa jumla, ingawa JKK (DRC) ina rasilimali nyingi, changamoto za [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[usalama|kiusalama]], na ukosefu wa [[miundombinu]] vinapunguza uwezo wa wananchi kufaidika kikamilifu na ukuaji wa uchumi. == Serikali na Utawala == [[File:Tshisekedi (46615782065) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[rais]] inayotawaliwa kwa mujibu wa [[Katiba]] ya mwaka 2006. [[Rais]] ndiye mkuu wa nchi, amiri jeshi mkuu wa [[jeshi]], na mhusika mkuu katika utekelezaji wa mamlaka ya dola.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Government-and-society |author=Dennis D. Cordell |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government and Society |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Rais huchaguliwa kwa kura ya moja kwa moja ya wananchi kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano na anaweza kuchaguliwa tena kwa muhula mmoja wa ziada. Rais humteua [[Waziri Mkuu]], ambaye huongoza shughuli za kila siku za [[serikali]] na kuwajibika mbele ya [[Bunge]]. Kwa mujibu wa katiba, Waziri Mkuu kwa kawaida hutoka katika chama au muungano wenye wingi wa wabunge katika Bunge la Taifa.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/#government |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Bunge === Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina [[bunge]] la mabunge mawili: * [[Bunge la Taifa]] lenye viti 500, ambalo wanachama wake huchaguliwa moja kwa moja na wananchi. * [[Seneti]] yenye viti 108, ambayo wajumbe wake huchaguliwa na mabunge ya mikoa.<ref name="WFB_DRC_Gov"/> Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria, kuidhinisha bajeti ya taifa, na kuisimamia serikali kupitia mijadala, kamati, na taratibu nyingine za uwajibikaji. === Serikali za Mikoa === Kwa mujibu wa katiba ya mwaka 2006, nchi imegawanywa katika [[mikoa]] 26, ikiwemo [[Kinshasa]] ambayo ina hadhi ya jiji na mkoa kwa wakati mmoja. Kila mkoa una gavana na bunge la mkoa linalosimamia masuala ya utawala wa eneo husika. Mfumo huu ulianzishwa kwa lengo la kuimarisha ugatuzi wa madaraka na kusogeza huduma karibu zaidi na wananchi.<ref name="Britannica_DRC_Gov"/> === Siasa za Kisasa === Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwezi Desemba 2023, [[Félix Tshisekedi]] alichaguliwa tena kuwa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo baada ya kupata asilimia 73.47 ya kura zilizohesabiwa. Mpinzani wake mkuu, [[Moïse Katumbi]], alipata asilimia 18.32 ya kura.<ref name="CFR_DRC_Elections">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/disputed-election-democratic-republic-congo |author=Michelle Gavin |title=A Disputed Election in the Democratic Republic of Congo |website=cfr.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=Januari 5, 2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Chama tawala cha [[Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social]] (UDPS) pamoja na washirika wake katika muungano wa ''Umoja Takatifu wa Taifa'' (USN) kilipata wingi mkubwa wa viti katika mabunge yote mawili. Ushindi huo uliimarisha nafasi ya Rais Tshisekedi katika siasa za kitaifa, ingawa vyama vya upinzani vilipinga baadhi ya matokeo ya uchaguzi na kueleza wasiwasi kuhusu mwenendo wa mchakato wa uchaguzi.<ref name="CFR_DRC_Elections"/> === Changamoto za Utawala === Licha ya maendeleo ya kidemokrasia yaliyopatikana tangu mwisho wa utawala wa [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendelea kukabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali za kisiasa na kiusalama. Mashariki mwa nchi kumekuwa na migogoro ya muda mrefu inayohusisha makundi mengi ya waasi, yakiwemo [[M23]] na makundi mengine yenye silaha. Migogoro hiyo imesababisha vifo vya maelfu ya watu na kuwafanya mamilioni ya wananchi kuyahama makazi yao.<ref name="HRW_DRC_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/democratic-republic-of-congo |title=Democratic Republic of Congo: Events of 2025 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=Januari 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ingawa kumekuwa na juhudi mbalimbali za upatanishi wa kikanda na kimataifa, utekelezaji wa makubaliano ya amani mara nyingi umekabiliwa na changamoto kutokana na uwepo wa makundi mengi yenye silaha na ushindani wa udhibiti wa maeneo yenye utajiri wa madini. Aidha, [[rushwa]] na udhaifu wa taasisi za umma vinaendelea kuwa miongoni mwa changamoto kubwa za utawala. Mashirika mbalimbali ya kimataifa yameendelea kuonyesha kuwa rushwa, matumizi mabaya ya madaraka, na ukosefu wa uwajibikaji huathiri utoaji wa huduma za umma na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini.<ref name="TI_CPI_2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025 |website=transparency.org |publisher=Transparency International |date=Januari 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Pamoja na changamoto hizo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo inaendelea kufanya uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, kuimarisha taasisi za kikatiba, na kushirikiana na mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa katika juhudi za kuimarisha amani, usalama, na maendeleo ya taifa. == Elimu == [[File:DRC classroom.jpg|thumb|Darasa nchini Kongo,JKK]] [[Elimu]] katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo imepitia mabadiliko kutoka kwa mila za kabla ya ukoloni, utawala wa kikoloni, hadi mageuzi ya baada ya uhuru, ikionyesha [[historia]] na maendeleo ya [[jamii|kijamii]] ya nchi hiyo. Kabla ya [[ukoloni]], [[elimu]] ilikuwa ya jadi na isiyo rasmi, ikitegemea mila za mdomo, mafunzo ya [[jamii|kijamii]], na ujuzi wa vitendo kama [[kilimo]], ufundi, na majukumu ya kijamii. Wakati wa utawala wa [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] wa [[Ubelgiji]] (mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] hadi 1960), elimu rasmi ilianzishwa hasa kupitia shule za [[wamisionari]] wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], zikilenga kusoma na kuandika, mafundisho ya dini, na mafunzo ya ufundi. Upatikanaji wa [[elimu]] ya juu kwa Wakongo ulikuwa mdogo sana, na mfumo huo uliundwa zaidi kuhudumia mahitaji ya utawala wa kikoloni kuliko kukuza maendeleo mapana ya kielimu. Baada ya kupata uhuru mwaka 1960, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo#Serikali na Utawala|Serikali ya Kongo]] ilijitahidi kupanua na kufanya [[elimu]] iwe ya kitaifa, ili iweze kufikiwa na watu wengi na kuendana na utambulisho wa taifa pamoja na malengo ya maendeleo. Mageuzi yalileta ngazi zilizopangwa za elimu ya msingi, [[sekondari]], na ya [[chuo kikuu|juu]], huku [[Kifaransa]] kikiwa lugha kuu ya kufunzia. Hata hivyo, ukosefu wa utulivu wa [[siasa|kisiasa]], changamoto za [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na vipindi vya migogoro vilizuia maendeleo endelevu. Juhudi zilifanywa kuendeleza lugha za kitaifa katika elimu ya awali na kuanzisha vyuo vikuu na taasisi za kiufundi, ingawa tofauti kati ya maeneo na makundi ya [[jamii|kijamii]] ziliendelea kuwepo. Katika kipindi cha sasa, mfumo wa [[elimu]] unajumuisha miaka sita ya elimu ya msingi, ikifuatiwa na elimu ya sekondari na ya juu, ikiwemo [[Chuo kikuu|vyuo vikuu]] na taasisi maalumu. [[Serikali]] imeanzisha sera kama elimu ya msingi bila malipo ili kuongeza idadi ya wanafunzi wanaojiunga na shule, lakini changamoto bado zipo, zikiwemo madarasa yenye msongamano mkubwa, uhaba wa [[miundombinu]], ukosefu wa [[mwalimu|walimu]] wenye mafunzo ya kutosha, na athari za migogoro inayoendelea katika baadhi ya maeneo. Licha ya changamoto hizi, elimu bado inaonekana kuwa nguzo muhimu ya maendeleo ya taifa, huku mageuzi yanayoendelea na msaada wa kimataifa yakilenga kuboresha upatikanaji, ubora, na usawa katika nchi nzima. == Watu Mashuhuri== * 1. [[Patrice Lumumba]] – Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza wa DRC na shujaa wa ukombozi wa taifa, aliuawa mwaka 1961. *2. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] – Rais wa DRC kutoka 1965 hadi 1997, aliyeongoza kwa mtindo wa kiimla na kubadili jina la nchi kuwa Zaire. *3. [[Koffi Olomide]] – Mwanamuziki maarufu wa rumba na soukous, alizaliwa mwaka 1956. * 4. [[Fally Ipupa]] – Mwanamuziki wa kisasa maarufu wa rumba na soukous, alizaliwa mwaka 1977. * 5. [[Joseph Kabila]] – Rais wa nne wa DRC (2001–2019), alichukua madaraka baada ya kuuawa kwa baba yake Laurent-Désiré Kabila. * 6. [[Franco Luambo]] – Mwanamuziki maarufu na kiongozi wa bendi ya TPOK Jazz, aliyeathiri muziki wa DRC na Afrika kwa ujumla. * 7. [[Dikembe Mutombo]] – Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu aliyejulikana kimataifa, alizaliwa mwaka 1966. * 8. [[Serge Ibaka]] – Mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu wa DRC anayejulikana duniani, alizaliwa mwaka 1989. * 9. [[Julienne Lusenge]] – Mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Haki za Binadamu 2023. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo == {{marejeo}} ==Bibliografia== {{refbegin|30em}} * Clark, John F., ''The African Stakes of the Congo War'', 2004. * {{cite book| last=Devlin| first=Larry| authorlink=Larry Devlin| title=Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67| url=https://archive.org/details/chiefofstationco0000devl| publisher=PublicAffairs| location=New York| year=2007| isbn=978-1-58648-405-7}}. * Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, ''The Wild Highway'', 2005. * Edgerton, Robert, ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.'' St. Martin's Press, December 2002. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf ''The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo''], Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf ''Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo] {{Wayback|url=http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf |date=20110901165807 }}, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. * Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. * Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, ''The Rebels' Hour'', Atlantic, 2008. * Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008. (In German) ISBN 978-3-17-020781-3. * [[Barbara Kingsolver|Kingsolver, Barbara]]. ''[[The Poisonwood Bible]]'' HarperCollins, 1998. * Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. ''Borders, nationalism and the African state''. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. * Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.'' Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. * Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. ISBN 1-59691-345-2. * [[Linda Melvern|Melvern, Linda]], ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community''. Verso, 2004. * Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp.&nbsp;147 – 205, ISBN 978-0-9802534-1-2; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9802534-2-9. * Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ''The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History'', 2002. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''Congo Journey'', 1996. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo'', 1998. * Prunier, Gérard, ''Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe'', 2011 (also published as ''From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa''). * Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'', 2007. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4. * Reyntjens, Filip, ''The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 '', 2009. * Rorison, Sean, ''Bradt Travel Guide: Congo&nbsp; — Democratic Republic/Republic'', 2008. * Schulz, Manfred. ''Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur'', Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) ISBN 978-3-8258-0425-1. * Stearns, Jason: ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'', Public Affairs, 2011. * Tayler, Jeffrey, ''Facing the Congo'', 2001. * Turner, Thomas, ''The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality'', 2007. * [[David Van Reybrouck|Van Reybrouck]], David, ''Congo: The Epic History of a People'', 2014 * Wrong, Michela, ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. {{refend}} * Osman, Mohamed Omer Guudle(November,2011) Africa: A rich Continent where poorest people live, The Case of DR Congo and the exploitation of the World Market == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|République Démocratique du Congo}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506023504/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-democratic-republic-of-the.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * [http://m.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 Country Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://m.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |date=20150402133833 }} from the [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|cg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm Democratic Republic of the Congo] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm |date=20080727023932 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the}} * {{Wikiatlas|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues] * {{cite web |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |work=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources |publisher=Stanford University |location=USA |editor=Karen Fung |accessdate=2015-09-12 |archivedate=2014-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004102743/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html }} {{Hoja Kuhusu Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika|K]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] d5uuvx7amd0299wnxryuwetr158d6q6 0 5286 1575695 1515129 2026-06-21T06:10:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|China|Taiwan|Jamhuri ya China}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Watu wa China | jina_asili = Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó ([[Kimandarini]]) | bendera = Flag of China.svg | nembo = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = "March of the Volunteers" </br>[[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg]] | ramani = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg |matini_ramani = {{legend|#008000|Eneo la Uchina}} </br> {{legend|#90EE90|Madai ya eneo yake lakini hayadhibitiwi}} | mji_mkubwa = [[Shanghai]] | mji_mkuu = [[Beijing]] | majiranukta1 = | majiranukta2 = | lugha_rasmi = [[Kimandarini]] cha Kawaida | lugha_taifa = [[Kimandarini]] | serikali = Jamhuri ya kijamaa ya chama kimoja cha Kimarxisti-Leninisti |dini = {{plainlist| *33.4 % [[Ubudha]] *25.0% Wasio na Dini *19.6% [[Utao]] *2.5% [[Ukristo]] *1.6% [[Uislamu]] *3% Zinginezo }} |kabila = 91.1% [[Wahan]] </br> 8.9% Wengine | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Nasaba ya kwanza kabla ya ufalme | tukio2 = Nasaba ya kwanza ya kifalme | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio4 = Tangazo la Jamhuri ya Watu | tukio1_tarehe = 2070 BCE | tukio2_tarehe = 221 BCE | tukio3_tarehe = 1 Januari 1948 | tukio4_tarehe = 1 Oktoba 1949 | kiongozi1 = [[Xi Jinping]] | kiongozi2 = [[Li Qiang]] | cheo_kiongozi1 = Katibu Mkuu wa CCP na Rais | cheo_kiongozi2 = Waziri Mkuu | eneo_jumla = 9,596,961 km² | cheo_eneo = 4 | maji = 2.8% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = {{decrease}} 1,408,280,000 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | pato = {{increase}} $18.273 Trilioni <ref name='auto1'>{{Cite Web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN|title=China PRC GDP profile|accessdate=2025-01-30}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2024 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $12,969 <ref name='auto1'/> | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $37.072 Trilioni <ref name='auto1'/> | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $26,310 <ref name='auto1'/> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.788 </br> {{juu sana}} | fedha = Renmimbi ¥ (CNY) | majira_saa = +8 (CST) | udereva = Kulia </br> Kushoto (Hong kong) | msimbo_simu = 86 (bara) </br> +852 ([[Hong Kong]]) +853 ([[Macau]]) | tovuti = | gini = 35.7 | mwaka_gini = 2021 | msongamano = 147 | tld = .cn (bara) </br> .hk (Hong Kong) </br> .mo ([[Macau]]) }} '''Uchina''', rasmi inajulikana kama '''Jamhuri ya Watu wa China''' (PRC), ni nchi kubwa iliyoko [[Asia]] ya Mashariki. Ni taifa lenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu duniani, zaidi ya bilioni 1.4, ikishika nafasi ya pili kwa idadi ya watu. China inapakana na nchi 14: kaskazini na [[Mongolia]] na [[Urusi]], magharibi na [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]], na [[Pakistani]], kusini na [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Laos]], na [[Vietnam]] na mashariki na Korea Kaskazini. Mji wake mkuu ni [[Beijing]] na [[Shanghai]] ikiwa kitovu cha uchumi. Ikiwa na eneo la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.6, China ni nchi ya nne kwa ukubwa duniani, ikiwa na mandhari mbalimbali kama milima, nyanda za juu, na pwani. China inatawaliwa na [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China]] (CCP), ambacho kimeendeleza mfumo wa chama kimoja cha kisiasa tangu kuanzishwa kwa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China mwaka 1949. Chini ya mfumo huu, nchi imepitia mabadiliko makubwa, hasa kupitia mageuzi ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]] yaliyoanzishwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20. Mageuzi haya yalibadilisha [[uchumi]] kutoka mfumo wa mipango ya kati kwenda kwenye mfumo unaoongozwa na [[soko]], na kusababisha ukuaji wa haraka wa [[viwanda]], [[mijini]], na ongezeko kubwa la ushawishi wa kiuchumi duniani. Leo, China ni ya pili kwa ukubwa wa uchumi duniani kwa kipimo cha PLT([[Pato la taifa]]) ya kawaida, na ya kwanza kwa kipimo cha [[Usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi]] (PPP). Mbali na kupanda kwake kiuchumi, China ina nafasi ya kipekee katika masuala ya kimataifa. Ni mwanachama wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa na inashiriki kikamilifu katika mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Shirika la Biashara Duniani]] (WTO), kundi la [[BRICS]], na Shirika la Ushirikiano la Shanghai (SCO). Mpango wa Ukanda na Njia (Belt and Road Initiative) ulioanzishwa mwaka 2013 unalenga kuboresha muunganiko wa kanda na ushirikiano wa kiuchumi barani [[Asia]], [[Afrika]], na [[Ulaya]]. Licha ya ushawishi wake unaokua, China inakabiliana na changamoto ngumu, ikiwa ni pamoja na uharibifu wa mazingira, mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu, na mvutano wa kikanda, hasa kuhusu [[Taiwan]], Bahari ya China Kusini, na uhusiano wake na mataifa makuu duniani. == Jiografia == China ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] [[milioni]] 9.6 hivyo ni nchi ya tatu au ya nne<ref>Baada ya Urusi na Kanada ambazo ni nchi mbili kubwa zaidi, China na [[Marekani]] ni karibu sawa; kama maeneo yanayodaiwa na China bila kukubaliwa na majirani yanahesabiwa upande wake basi China ni kubwa kidogo kuliko Marekani</ref> kwa ukubwa duniani. Sura ya nchi inaonyesha [[tabia]] tofautitofauti. Upande wa [[kaskazini]], mpakani mwa [[Siberia]] na Mongolia, kuna maeneo [[yabisi]] pamoja na [[jangwa la Gobi]]. Kinyume chake upande wa [[kusini]], mpakani mwa [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] na [[Burma]], [[hali ya hewa]] ni [[nusutropiki]] yenye [[mvua]] nyingi inayolisha [[misitu]] minene. Sehemu za [[magharibi]] zina [[milima]] mingi ambayo ni kati ya milima mirefu duniani kama [[Himalaya]] na [[Tian Shan]]. [[Mashariki]] ya nchi huwa na [[tambarare]] zenye [[rutuba]] na hapa ndipo kanda lenye wakazi wengi. [[Upana]] wa China kati ya kaskazini na kusini ni [[kilomita]] 4,200 na kati ya mashariki na magharibi ni kilomita 4,200. Pwani ina [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 14,400. Kuna [[mito]] mikubwa; mrefu zaidi ni [[Yangtse]] ([[km]] 6,300), [[Hwangho]] au [[Mto Njano]], [[Xi Jiang]] au mto wa Magharibi, [[Mekong]], [[Mto wa Lulu]], [[Brahmaputra]] na [[Amur]]. Mito hiyo yote ina [[Chanzo (mto)|vyanzo]] vyake katika milima mikubwa yenye [[usimbishaji]] mwingi, ikibeba [[maji]] kwenda tambarare pasipo mvua nyingi. [[Jiografia]] hiyo ilikuwa chanzo cha [[kilimo cha umwagiliaji]] na kukua kwa ma[[dola]] ya kwanza. Kutokana na [[Dawa|madawa]] ya [[kilimo]] na [[maji machafu]] ya [[viwanda]], mito na [[Ziwa|maziwa]] ya China hupambana na machafuko makali; mwaka [[2007]] [[ziwa Tai]] lilisafishwa kwa [[gharama]] kubwa mno kwa sababu maji hayakufaa tena kwa mahitaji ya [[binadamu]] (maji ya [[bomba]]). === Hali ya hewa === [[Picha:China precipitation.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|Kanda za usimbishaji za China]] Kuna kanda 18 za [[hali ya hewa]] zinazoonyesha tofauti kubwa kati yake. Upande wa magharibi, kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki huwa na [[majira]] yenye [[joto kali]] na [[baridi kali]]. Upande wa kusini ina tabia ya [[tropiki]] au nusutropiki. [[Tibet]] huwa na hali ya hewa kulingana na [[kimo]] chake juu ya mita 4,000. [[Ramani]] ya usimbishaji inaonyesha ya kwamba [[kilimo]] kinawezekana katika [[nusu]] ya kusini na kusini-mashariki ya nchi tu. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi mvua ni chache mno. Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka na juu yake usimbishaji ni chini ya [[milimita]] 390 kwa [[mwaka]]. == Historia == [[File:Territories of Dynasties in China.gif|thumb|210px||Maeneo yaliyotawaliwa na nasaba mbalimbali katika urefu wote wa [[historia ya China]].]] '''Historia ya China''' ni ya maelfu ya miaka na inachukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya [[ustaarabu]] wa kale zaidi unaoendelea [[dunia|duniani]]. Ushahidi wa kiakiolojia wa shughuli za mwanadamu wa mwanzo katika eneo hilo unarudi zaidi ya miaka milioni moja, huku makazi ya zama za mawe mapya (Neolithic) kama yale ya [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] za Yangshao na Longshan yakitokea katika mabonde ya Mto Yellow kufikia mwaka 5000 KK. [[Dola la Xia]] lenye hadithi za kale, lilifuatiwa na [[Dola za Shang]] na Zhou, na lilianzisha [[historia]] ya [[China]] iliyorekodiwa, ambapo [[Dola la Zhou]] liliingiza mfumo wa [[ufalme|kifalme]] na dhana yenye ushawishi mkubwa ya "''Mamlaka ya Mbinguni''" (Mandate of Heaven). Muungano wa China chini ya [[Dola la Qin]] mwaka 221 KK uliweka msingi wa utawala wa [[ufalme|kifalme]]. Mfalme [[Qin Shi Huang]] alikusanya mamlaka, kuweka viwango vya mizani, vipimo, na maandishi, na kuanzisha miradi mikubwa ya miundombinu kama Ukuta Mkubwa. [[Dola la Han]] (206 KK – 220 BK) lilimrithi Qin na kupanua wigo wa [[himaya]] huku likiimarisha [[en:Confucianism|''Confucianism'']]kama falsafa rasmi ya [[serikali]]. Baada ya karne za kugawanyika na kuibuka na kuanguka kwa falme mbalimbali, Dola za Tang na Song ziliileta China kipindi cha ustawi, uvumbuzi, na maendeleo ya tamaduni. [[Dola la Yuan]] (1271–1368), lililoanzishwa na Wamonogoli chini ya Kublai Khan, lilifuatiwa na [[Dola la Ming]] (1368–1644) na [[Dola la Qing]] (1644–1912). [[Dola la Qing]] lilikuwa dola ya mwisho ya [[ufalme|kifalme]] ya China, ambalo baadaye lililazimika kuanguka kutokana na mapinduzi ya ndani, uvamizi wa mataifa ya kigeni, na makubaliano yaliyolazimishwa na nguvu za Magharibi. Kuanguka kwa Qing mwaka 1912 kulizusha kuanzishwa kwa [[Uchina|Jamhuri ya China]]. Hata hivyo, miongo kadhaa ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na uvamizi wa kigeni, ikiwa ni pamoja na uvamizi wa [[Japani|Kijapani]] wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]], vilileta ukosefu wa utulivu katika taifa hilo. Mnamo mwaka 1949, baada ya ushindi wa [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China]] katika Vita vya Kiraia vya China, [[Uchina|Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] ilitangazwa chini ya Mao Zedong, wakati serikali ya kitaifa ikihamia [[Taiwan]]. Katika utawala wa Kikomunisti, China ilipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[jamii|kijamii]], na [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Mpango wa Kukimbilia Mbele na Mapinduzi ya Kitamaduni. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970, chini ya [[Deng Xiaoping]] na viongozi waliomfuata, China ilikubali mageuzi ya soko huru, na kuibuka kuwa mojawapo ya uchumi mkubwa duniani huku ikidumisha utawala wa chama kimoja. == Siasa == [[File:Parade through Macao, Latin City 2019 16.jpg|thumb|right|Gwalide kupitia Macao, jiji la Kilatini]] [[Serikali]] ya China inatawala kwa [[mfumo]] wa [[udikteta]] chini ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Chama cha Kikomunisti ya China]]. Kuna vyama vidogo pia, lakini hivi havina umuhimu wowoteː vinasimamiwa na Wakomunisti, hivyo hali halisi ni mfumo wa [[chama kimoja]]. [[Katiba|Kikatiba]] chombo kikuu ni [[Bunge]] la umma la China linalomchagua [[rais]], serikali, [[mahakama kuu]], kamati kuu ya kijeshi na [[mwanasheria mkuu]]. Lakini hali halisi maazimio yote ya bunge ni utekelezaji tu wa maazimio ya uongozi wa chama cha Kikomunisti. Uongozi huo ni kundi dogo la wakubwa wa chama na [[jeshi]]. [[Mwanasiasa]] muhimu ni [[Xi Jinping]]. Kwa sasa yeye anaunganisha [[Cheo|vyeo]] vya [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na [[mwenyekiti]] wa Kamati Kuu ya Kijeshi. Kwa jumla katika [[mapokeo]] ya Kikomunisti vyeo vya chama ni muhimu kuliko vyeo vya serikali ingawa katiba na [[sheria]] inasema tofauti. Kuna pia "maeneo yenye utawala wa pekee" ambayo ni [[Hongkong]] na [[Macau]]. Katika miji hiyo miwili, iliyokuwa makoloni ya Uingereza na Ureno, kuna [[uhuru wa kisiasa]] na wa [[uandishi]], [[uchaguzi huru]] na [[upinzani]] kwa kiasi fulani, lakini maeneo yana tu [[madaraka]] kadhaa ya kujitawala kwa mambo ya ndani. == Demografia == [[File:My grandparents.jpg|thumb|right|Wazee wa jamhuri ya watu wa China]] China ikiwa na wakazi milioni 1,400 (Januari 2020) ni nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. [[Historia]] yake yote iliona tena na tena vipindi vya [[njaa]] kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu wake. [[Msongamano]] wa watu kwa [[wastani]] ni wakazi 145 kwa [[kilomita ya mraba]]. Lakini tofauti ziko kubwa kati ya miji mikubwa ambako milioni 115 wanakaa kwenye eneo la [[km²]] 50,000 na Tibet yenye watu 2 tu kwa kilomita ya mraba. Zaidi ya [[asilimia]] 90 za wakazi wote wanakaa katika [[theluthi]] ya kusini-mashariki ya nchi yenye mvua ya kutosha. Ndani ya [[theluthi]] hiyo ni nusu ya Wachina wote wanaosongamana kwenye asilimia 10 za China yote, maana yake katika 10% hizi kuna msongamano wa watu 740 kwa km². Wakazi walio wengi ni [[Wahan]] au Wachina wenyewe. Wanatumia hasa [[lahaja]] mbalimbali za [[lugha]] ya [[Kichina]]. Pamoja na Wahan kuna ma[[kabila]] 55 yaliyotambuliwa na [[serikali]]. Kwa jumla [[lugha hai]] ni 292 ambazo zinahusika na makundi mbalimbali ya lugha (angalia [[orodha ya lugha za China]]). === Dini === Serikali inafuata rasmi [[ukanamungu]], lakini inaruhusu [[dini]] kwa kiasi fulani. Pamoja na hayo, [[dhuluma]] zinaendelea dhidi ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. [[Takwimu]] hazieleweki, pia kwa sababu kabla ya Ukomunisti kupinga dini, hasa wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya utamaduni]], watu waliweza kuchanganya mafundisho na [[desturi]] za [[Ukonfusio]], [[Utao]] na [[Ubuddha]]. Leo wanaoendelea kufanya hivyo wanakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 30-80 za wakazi. [[Wabuddha]] ni 6-16%, [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Waprotestanti]], halafu [[Wakatoliki]] na kidogo [[Waorthodoksi]]) ni 2-4%, [[Waislamu]] ni 1-2%. == Tazama pia == * [[Majimbo ya China]] * [[Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Meng |first=Fanhua |title=Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century |year=2011 |publisher=Silkroad Press |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4332-35-4}} * Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". ''Legal Issues of Economic Integration''. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp.&nbsp;263–304. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916768 Abstract]. * Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). ''[http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm China Bibliography – Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm |date=20151105234238 }}.'' China-Profile.com. * [[Martin Jacques|Jacques, Martin]] (2009).''[[When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order]]''. Penguin Books. Revised edition (28 August 2012). ISBN 978-1-59420-185-1. * {{Rejea kitabu|author=Sang Ye |title=China Candid: The People on the People's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/chinacandidpeopl0000yesa |year=2006 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-24514-8}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Selden |first=Mark |title=The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change |url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesrepublico00sour |year=1979 |publisher=Monthly Review Press|location=New York |isbn=0-85345-532-5}} {{refend}} ===Vyanzo kuhusu dini=== * Adler, Joseph A. ''[http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Still%20Hazy%20-%20Minzu.pdf Confucianism as a Religious Tradition: Linguistic and Methodological Problems]''. Kenyon College, 2014. * {{cite conference | first = Joseph A. |last = Adler |pages = |title = The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China |editor-first = |editor-last = |conference = (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought | location = San Diego, CA |date = 2011 |url = http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf |ref = harv}} * Billioud, Sébastien. ''[http://www.oriens-extremus.de/inhalt/pdf/49/OE49-09.pdf Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China]''. On: ''OE'' 49 (2010) * {{cite book |last = Billioud |first = Sébastien; Joel Thoraval |year = 2015 |title = The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China |publisher = Oxford University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jZLxCQAAQBAJ |isbn = 0190258144|ref = harv}} * Chan, Kim-Kwong. ''Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios''. On: ''Religion, State & Society'', Vol. 33, No. 2. Routledge, June 2005. * Chen, Yong. ''Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences''. Brill, 2012. ISBN 9004243739 * Clart, Philip. ''[http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China]''. In: Wang Chien-chuan, Li Shiwei, Hong Yingfa; ''Yanjiu xin shijie: “Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang” guoji yantaohui lunwenji''. Taipei: Boyang, 2014. pp.&nbsp;391–412 * Clart, Philip. ''[http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?]''. On: ''T'uong Pao LXXXIX''. Brill, Leiden, 2003. * Didier, John C. ''In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200'': ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol2.pdf Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol3.pdf Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China]''. On: ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', n. 192, 2009. Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania. * {{citation | last = Craig | first = Edward | title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7 | year = 1998 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 9780415073103}} * Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. ''Revival of Confucianism and Reconstruction of Chinese Identity''. Paper presented at: ''The Presence and Future of Humanity in the Cosmos'', ICU, Tokyo, 18–23 March 2015. '''(a)''' * Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. ''[http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China]''. Published on ''[http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/china%20watch/index.html China Watch]'', Fudan-UC Center for China Studies, [[Fudan University]], 2013. * Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. ''The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today''. On: ''Cultural Diversity in China'' 1: 27-43. De Gruyter Open, 2015. ISSN 2353-7795, DOI: 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005 * {{cite book | last = Fingarette | first = Herbert | year = 1972 | title = Confucius: The Secular as Sacred | publisher = Harper| location = New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lawUAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = | ref = harv}} * Fowler, Jeaneane D. ''An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality''. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. ISBN 1845190866 * Goossaert, Vincent, David Palmer. ''The Religious Question in Modern China''. University of Chicago Press, 2011. ISBN 0226304167 * Jing, Jun. ''The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village''. Stanford University Press, 1996. ASIN: B004FPIAVW * {{cite book | last = Kuhn | first = Robert Lawrence | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5UoOoQZCIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | year = 2011 | title = How China's Leaders Think: The inside Story of China's Reform and What This Means for the Future | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Singapore | isbn = 9780470824450 | ref = harv}} * Lagerway, John. ''China: A Religious State''. Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong Press, 2010. ISBN 9888028049 * {{cite journal | last = Laliberté |first = André | title = Religion and the State in China: The Limits of Institutionalization | journal = Journal of Current Chinese Affairs | volume = 40 |issue = 2 | pages = 3–15 |publisher = | location = | date =2011 | language = | url = http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jcca/article/view/415/413 | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref = harv}} * [[Ulrich Libbrecht|Libbrecht, Ulrich]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9042918128&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yQd5VPDJE4OngwTk44GQCQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy]''. Peeters Publishers, 2007. ISBN 9042918128 * Littlejohn, Ronnie. ''Confucianism: An Introduction''. I. B. Tauris, 2010. ISBN 184885174X * Lü Daji, Gong Xuezeng. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6r0FAwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Marxism and Religion]''. Brill, 2014. ISBN 9047428021 * Miller, James. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S4vg8BQrqA4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies]''. ABC-CLIO, 2006. ISBN 1851096264 * {{cite book |first = Randal L. | last = Nadeau |title = The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | date = 2012 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yQnFKpTepo8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden; Boston | url = http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | isbn = 9789047429364 | ref = harv | accessdate = 2015-10-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616021930/http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | archivedate = 2015-06-16 }} * Overmyer, Daniel. ''Religion in China Today''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521538238 * Palmer, David A., Glenn Landes Shive, Glenn Shive, Philip L. Wickeri. ''Chinese Religious Life''. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 0199731381 * Palmer, D. A. ''[http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?]''. On: ''Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore'', V. 172, 2011, p.&nbsp;21-72 * Pas, Julian F. ''Historical Dictionary of Taoism''. Part of: ''Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series''. Scarecrow Press, 2014. ASIN: B00IZ9E7EI * Ruokanen, Miikka, Paulos Zhanzhu Huang. ''Christianity and Chinese Culture''. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. ISBN 0802865569 * [[Barry Sautman|Sautman, Barry]]. ''Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China''. In: Frank Dikötter. ''The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives''. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 1997, pp.&nbsp;75–95. ISBN 9622094430 * Shahar, Meir, Robert Paul Weller. ''Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China''. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. ISBN 0824817249 * Shen, Qingsong, Kwong-loi Shun. ''Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect''. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy, 2007. ISBN 1565182456 * Shi, Yilong. ''The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism'' (中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教). On: ''Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)'' (中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版), Vol. 28, No. 3, 2008. * Teiser, Stephen F.''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]'', extracts from: Stephen F. Teiser. ''The Spirits of Chinese Religion''. In: ''Religions of China in Practice''. Princeton University Press, 1996. * Thien Do. ''Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region''. Series: ''Anthropology of Asia''. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0415307996 * Wang, Robin R. ''Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization''. State University of New York Press, 2004. ISBN 0791460061 * Yang, Fenggang, Graeme Lang. ''Social Scientific Studies of Religion in China''. Brill, 2012. ISBN 9004182462 * {{cite book | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | year = 2007 | authorlink = | title = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | url = http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf | ref = harv | accessdate = 2015-10-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235730/http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-03 }} Chapter of: David Held, Henrietta Moore. ''Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation'', Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1851685502 * Yao, Xinzhong. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach]''. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. ISBN 1847064760 * Payette, Alex. ''[http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral Governance] {{Wayback|url=http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf |date=20171023011728 }}''. Part of: ''Role of Religion in Political Life'', Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014. * Pregadio, Fabrizio. ''The Encyclopedia of Taoism'', 2 vol. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9780700712007 * Tay, Wei Leong. ''[http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation]''. In: Haneda Masashi, ''Secularization, Religion and the State'', University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy, 2010. * Xie, Zhibin. ''Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China''. Ashgate Publishing, 2006. ISBN 9780754656487 * Zhou, Jixu. ''[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf Old Chinese “*tees” and Proto-Indo-European “*deus”: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics]''. On: ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', n. 167, 2005. Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania. ===Marejeo mengine=== * Bays, Daniel H. ''Christianity in China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). ISBN 0804726094. * Ch'en, Kenneth K. S. ''Buddhism in China, a Historical Survey.'' (Princeton, N.J.,: Princeton University Press, The Virginia and Richard Stewart Memorial Lectures, 1961, 1964). *[http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/degroot.html De Groot, J.J.M. (Jan Jakob Maria)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/degroot.html |date=20121122141455 }}, [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html ''The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith''] {{Wayback|url=http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html |date=20241007100252 }}, Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1892–1910. 6 volumes. * Overmyer, Daniel L. ''Religions of China: The World as a Living System.'' (New York: Harper & Row, Religious Traditions of the World, 1986). * {{Rejea kitabu | first=Jordan D.| last=Paper | year=1995 | title=The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | url=https://archive.org/details/spiritsaredrunkc0000pape| publisher=State University of New York Press | location=Albany, New York | isbn=0791423158}} * [[Arthur F. Wright|Wright, Arthur F.]]. ''Buddhism in Chinese History.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959; various reprints and translations). * Yang, CK., ''Religion in Chinese Society'' (California U. Press, 1970) * [[Xinzhong Yao]] and Yanxia Zhao, ''Chinese Religion'' (Continuum, 2010) ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|China}} * [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html China at a Glance] from ''[[People's Daily]]'' * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 BBC News – China Profile] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ch|China}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm China, People's Republic of] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/China}} * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China China]'s ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry * [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm "Rethinking 'Capitalist Restoration' in China"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm |date=20110317035534 }} by Yiching Wu * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CN Key Development Forecasts for China] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002102/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ "China on the Rise"]. PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005. * [http://www.chinatoday.com/ ChinaToday.com] * [https://karolinapatryk.com/china-interesting-facts/ Interesting China facts] ;Serikali * [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China] * [http://www.china.org.cn/ China Internet Information Center] —Authorized government portal site to China ;Masomo * [http://www.ifri.org/en/publications/enotes/proliferation-papers/assertive-pragmatism-chinas-economic-rise-and-its-impact "Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifri.org/en/publications/enotes/proliferation-papers/assertive-pragmatism-chinas-economic-rise-and-its-impact |date=20150909143228 }}. Minxin Pei (2006). IFRI Proliferation Papers. No. 15. ;Utalii * [http://www.cnto.org/ China National Tourist Office] (CNTO) ;Ramani * [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&ll=30.600094,103.710938&spn=64.10009,177.1875&om=1 Google Maps—China] * {{Wikiatlas|the People's Republic of China}} ;Dini * [http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/ Buddhist Association of China] *[http://www.rujiazg.com/ China Confucian Philosophy] *[http://www.rjzg.net/ China Confucian Religion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rjzg.net/ |date=20150814223204 }} * [http://www.chinakongmiao.org/ China Confucian Temples] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chinakongmiao.org/ |date=20140517062808 }} * [http://www.taoist.org.cn/ Chinese Taoist Association] * [http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ China Ancestral Temples Network]{{Wayback|url=http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ |date=20160113165135 }} * [http://www.simiao.net/ China Temples and Monasteries Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simiao.net/ |date=20160303223842 }} * ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/intro.htm Living in the Chinese Cosmos]'', Asia for Educators, Columbia University. ;Media * Euraxess Science Slam: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9wmseHCqv8 Meihuaquan and Community Life in North China] * eRenlai Ricci: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGN7-IvjeAg The boundary between religion and the state in China by Prof. Lagerwey] * GBTimes: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEWVG3X0XV4 THE DEBATE: Insight into religion in modern China (part 1)]—[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN4dnEDwLGU Part 2] * Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM3icit9t5w Ritual Economy and Religious Revivial in Rural Southeast China] * Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyJSGDWHkUY Secularization Theory and the Study of Chinese Religions] * Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5Tik67VjPc Understanding Contemporary Religious Pluralism in China] {{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Asia}} [[Jamii:Uchina| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Asia ya Mashariki]] a005zs9mir0c9pnata6pu45lzxkmmmw 0 8034 1575643 1513166 2026-06-21T00:08:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Grinilandi | jina_asili = Kalaallit Nunaat | kauli_mbiu = | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit" | bendera = Flag of Greenland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Greenland.svg | ramani = Greenland on the globe (North America centered).svg | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Grinilandi | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Nuuk]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Kigrinilandi]] | lugha2 = [[Kideni]] | utaifa = Mgrinilandi | aina_ya_serikali = Eneo lenye mamlaka ya ndani chini ya Ufalme wa Udeni | kiongozi_kichwa1 = [[Malkia]] | kiongozi_jina1 = Margrethe II | kiongozi_kichwa2 = Kamishna Mkuu | kiongozi_jina2 = Mikaela Engell | kiongozi_kichwa3 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi_jina3 = Múte Bourup Egede | bunge = Inatsisartut | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Ukoloni wa Udeni | tukio1_tarehe = 1721 | tukio2 = Sheria ya Kujitawala | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Mei 1979 | tukio3 = Mamlaka Kamili ya Ndani | tukio3_tarehe = 21 Juni 2009 | eneo_jumla = 2,166,086 km² | asilimia_maji = 81% | watu_kadirio = 56,583 | mwaka_kadirio = 2022 | msongamano = 0.028 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $3.85 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2021 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $68,100 | plt = {{increase}} $3.24 bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $57,116 | hdi ={{increase}} 0.786</br>{{juu}} (ya 61) | mwaka_maendeleo = 2010 | gini = {{Steady}} 33.9 | mwaka_gini = 2015 | sarafu = Krona ya Denmark (DKK) | majira_saa = UTC-3 hadi UTC+0 | msimbo_simu = +299 | mtandao = .gl | upande_wa_kuendeshea = Kulia }} '''Grinilandi''', kiing. '''Greenland''' (kwa Kikalaallisut: ''Kalaallit Nunaat'') ni [[kisiwa]] kikubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]] na eneo lenye [[mamlaka]] ya kujiongoza ndani ya [[Ufalme wa Udeni]]. Kikiwa kati ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] ya Kaskazini na [[Bahari ya Aktiki]], [[jiografia|kijiografia]] ni sehemu ya [[bara]] la [[Amerika Kaskazini]], lakini [[historia|kihistoria]] na [[siasa|kisiasa]] kina uhusiano wa karibu sana na [[Ulaya]]. Kisiwa hiki kina ukubwa wa takriban [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] [[milioni]] 2.17, ambapo karibu [[asilimia]] 80 ya eneo hilo limefunikwa na [[barafuto]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi wake ni takriban watu 56,000 (kufikia 2024), wengi wao wakiwa ni [[Wainuit]]. [[Mji mkuu]] na mkubwa zaidi ni [[Nuuk]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kigrinilandi]] na [[Kideni]]. Grinilandi ilipewa mamlaka ya kujitawala kutoka [[Udeni]] mwaka [[1979]], na baadaye ikapata hadhi ya kujitawala zaidi mwaka [[2009]], ikichukua usimamizi wa masuala mengi ya ndani, huku [[Udeni]] ikibaki na udhibiti wa sera za kigeni, ulinzi, na masuala ya fedha. Grinilandi ina [[bunge]] lake linaloitwa ''Inatsisartut'', na [[uongozi]] wake uko mikononi mwa [[Waziri Mkuu]]. Ingawa si mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], Grinilandi ina mikataba kadhaa ya ushirikiano na umoja huo, hasa katika [[biashara]] na [[uvuvi]]. [[Uchumi]] wa Grinilandi unategemea sana uvuvi, ambao ndio chanzo kikuu cha [[Mahuruji|mauzo ya nje]], pamoja na [[uwindaji]], [[utalii]], na [[uchimbaji]] mdogo wa [[madini]]. Kisiwa hiki pia kinavutia kwa [[utajiri]] wake wa [[rasilimali]], zikiwemo [[ardhi adimu]], ingawa uchunguzi wa rasilimali hizo mara nyingi huibua mijadala kutokana na hofu ya athari kwa [[mazingira]]. Mandhari yake makubwa na ya pori, pamoja na [[hali ya hewa]] ya [[Aktiki]], huifanya Grinilandi kuwa eneo la pekee, na muhimu sana kwa tafiti za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. ==Jina== [[Jina]] la [[Kiswahili]] limetokana na lile la [[Kiingereza]] "Greenland", ambalo ni [[tafsiri]] ya jina la [[Kidenmark]] "Grønland", linalomaanisha "nchi yenye [[rangi]] ya ma[[jani]] mabichi". Jina hilo Grinilandi lilitungwa miaka 1000 iliyopita, kwa sababu wakati ule hali ya hewa duniani ilikuwa na [[joto]] zaidi, na hapakuwa na [[barafu]] nyingi kama leo. ==Jiografia== Ki[[jiografia]] Grinilandi, [[kisiwa]] kikubwa kuliko vyote [[duniani]], ni sehemu ya [[bamba la Amerika ya Kaskazini]] lakini ki[[historia]] na ki[[siasa]] kwa [[karne]] kadhaa imekuwa na [[uhusiano]] wa karibu na [[Skandinavia]] ([[Ulaya ya Kaskazini]]). [[Mlima]] wa juu wa Grinilandi ni [[Mlima Gunnbjørn]] ([[mita]] 3,694 juu ya [[UB]]) katika [[Watkins Range]]. [[Picha:Sermeqkujadtlek.jpg|250px|thumbnail|left|[[Barafuto]] ya [[Sermeq Kujatdlek]] upande wa [[magharibi]] wa Grinilandi.]] [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Godthaab]] inayoitwa [[Nuuk]] (17,000). ==Demografia== Wananchi wengi (89.5%) ni wakazi asilia wenye asili ya [[Asia]], ingawa wengi wao wana pia [[damu]] ya [[mzungu|Kizungu]] kwa asilimia 25. [[Lugha]] yao ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]] pekee tangu mwaka [[2009]]. 8.6% ni [[Wazungu]] wenye asili ya Skandinavia na wanaongea [[Kidenmark]] ambacho kinaendelea kutumiwa na wote katika nafasi kadhaa. Wakazi wengi wanaweza kuongea lugha zote mbili. Upande wa [[dini]], walio wengi ni [[Wakristo]] (96.1%), hasa [[Walutheri]] (85%). Grinilandi inaongoza duniani kwa [[asilimia]] ya watu [[kujiua|wanaojiua]], pamoja na kuwa na idadi kubwa ya [[ulevi|walevi]]. == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Hessel |first1=Ingo |title=Arctic Spirit |location=Vancouver, BC |publisher=Douglas and McIntyre |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55365-189-5}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Stern |first1=Pamela |title=Historical Dictionary of the Inuit |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ster |year=2004 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc. |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8108-5058-3 |oclc=54768167}} ==Marejeo mengine== [[Picha:Groenland carte.png|thumbnail|left|250px|Grønland]] * Bardarson, I. (ed. Jónsson, F.) "Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson (Ivar Bårdssön)", (Copenhagen, 1930). * [[CIA World Factbook]], 2000. * [[Philip Wheeler Conkling|Conkling, P. W.]] ''et al.'' 2011. The Fate of Greenland: Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change, co-authored with Richard Alley, Wallace Broecker and George Denton, with photographs by Gary Comer, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. * Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 1. Taxonomical Part. ''Meddr Gronland.'' 156(1), pp.&nbsp;1–245. * Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 11. Geographic Distribution. ''Meddr Gronland.'' 156, pp.&nbsp;1–70. * [[Konrad Steffen|Steffen, Konrad]], N. Cullen, and R. Huff (2005). "Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland Ice Sheet during 1991–2004," ''Proceedings of the 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting'' (San Diego). * Sowa, F. 2013. ''Indigenous Peoples and the Institutionalization of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Greenland.'' In: ''Arctic Anthropology.'' 50(1), pp.&nbsp;72-88. * Sowa, F. 2013. ''Relations of Power & Domination in a World Polity: The Politics of Indigeneity & National Identity in Greenland.'' In: Heininen, L. ''Arctic Yearbook 2013. The Arctic of regions vs. the globalized Arctic.'' Akureyri: Northern Research Forum, pp.&nbsp;184-198.[http://www.arcticyearbook.com/ay2013 www.arcticyearbook.com/ay2013] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arcticyearbook.com/ay2013 |date=20150219043852 }} * Sowa, F. 2014. ''Greenland.'' in: Hund, A. ''Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth’s Polar Regions.'' Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp.&nbsp;312-316. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Greenland}} * [http://www.nanoq.gl/english.aspx Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nanoq.gl/english.aspx |date=20060907055752 }} ; Taarifa za jumla * [http://denmark.dk/en/society/greenland-the-faroes-and-the-german-minority/ Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://denmark.dk/en/society/greenland-the-faroes-and-the-german-minority/ |date=20160514115426 }} entry at ''Denmark.dk''. * {{CIA World Factbook link|gl|Greenland}} * [http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245261/Greenland Greenland] entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. * [http://www.culture.gl/uk/guide.htm A guide to Greenlandic Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://www.culture.gl/uk/guide.htm |date=20150302201627 }} at ''culture.gl''. * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/greenland.htm Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/greenland.htm |date=20080828171612 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Greenland}} * [http://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/modis.uk.php Daily updated satellite images from Greenland] * [http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18249474 Greenland profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DK Key Development Forecasts for the Kingdom of Denmark] from [[International Futures]] * [http://www.stat.gl/dialog/topmain.asp?lang=en&subject=Population&sc=BE Population in Greenland] * [http://www.stat.gl Official statistical information about Greenland] from ''stat.gl''. ; Serikali *[http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments Government Offices of Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments |date=20150310214549 }} * [http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en Greenlandic Government Information Center] {{Wayback|url=http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en |date=20150301215328 }}, the official English-language website (administered by the Greenland [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Greenland)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]]) *[http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments/Udenrigsdirektoratet Departement of Foreign Affairs of Greenland]{{Wayback|url=http://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments/Udenrigsdirektoratet |date=20141218102320 }} *[http://um.dk/en/about-us/organisation/find-us-abroad/ Greenland represented with the Kingdom of Denmark Embassies] *[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&version=201303&sc=SA&subthemecode=o5&colcode=o Summary vital statistics about Greenland] from ''Naatsorsueqqissaartarfik''. ; Ramani * {{wikiatlas|Greenland}} *[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Wegener/wegener_3.php Satellite image of Greenland] at the [[NASA Earth Observatory]]. ; Vyombo vya habari *[http://arcticjournal.com/oil-minerals Oil and Minerals Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://arcticjournal.com/oil-minerals |date=20150206183153 }} at [[Arctic Journal]] *[http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&ie=UTF-8&q=greenland%2F&btnG=Search Google news Greenland] *[http://arktiskinstitut.dk/en/collections/document-archive/ History of Greenland: Primary Documents] {{Wayback|url=http://arktiskinstitut.dk/en/collections/document-archive/ |date=20150210133552 }} *[http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/raw-materials-greenl-map/greenland/gr-map/kostart-uk.htm Geological maps of Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/raw-materials-greenl-map/greenland/gr-map/kostart-uk.htm |date=20150124033711 }} ; Biashara * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GRL/Year/2013/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Greenland] ; Safari *[http://www.greenland.com/ Visit Greenland]&nbsp;– the official [[Tourism in Greenland|Greenlandic Tourist Board]] ; Mengineyo *[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/norse.html The Norse in the North Atlantic: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage] [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]. *[http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/150213-ngm-greenland-timelapse A Photographer’s View of Greenland] {{Wayback|url=http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/150213-ngm-greenland-timelapse |date=20160331023937 }} Documentary produced by Murray Fredericks *[http://www.vifanord.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&rd=243343734 Vifanord.de] – library of scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries. {{Geographic Location | Centre = {{flag|Greenland}} | North = ''[[Arctic Ocean]]'' | Northeast = {{flag|Norway}}{{·}}''[[Wandel Sea]]''{{·}}''[[Fram Strait]]''{{·}}''[[Greenland Sea]]'' | East = {{flag|Iceland}}{{·}}''[[Denmark Strait]]''{{·}}''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'' | Southeast = | South = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | Southwest = | West = {{flag|Canada}}{{·}}''[[Lincoln Sea]]''{{·}}''[[Nares Strait]]''{{·}}''[[Baffin Bay]]''{{·}}''[[Davis Strait]]''{{·}}''[[Labrador Sea]]''{{·}}''[[Atlantic Ocean]]'' | Northwest = }} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki|*]] [[Jamii:Denmark]] [[Jamii:Amerika ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Aktiki]] pr6q6om32b49hl4ui1d01erhqgvvfau 0 10037 1575770 1344987 2026-06-21T10:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emblem of the ICRC.svg|thumb|]] [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|Henri Dunant (1828-1919)]] '''Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu''' ni [[shirika la kimataifa]] ambalo [[ofisi]] yake kuu iko [[Geneva]], [[Uswisi]]. Kifupisho chake ni kwa [[Kiingereza]] ni '''ICRC'''. Kamati ilianzishwa na [[Henri Dunant]] kwa jina ''Kamati ya Watano'' tarehe [[9 Februari]] [[1863]]. Shabaha zake hasa ni kuwasaidia na kuwalinda watu wakati wa [[vita]]. Kamati imezawadiwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] mara tatu: miaka ya [[1917]], [[1944]], na [[1963]]. Siku hizi, kamati ni mwanachama wa [[Shirika za msalaba mwekundu na hilali nyekundu]]. ==Marejeo== ===Vitabu=== * David P. Forsythe: ''Humanitarian Politics: The International Committee of the Red Cross.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1978, ISBN 0-8018-1983-0 * Henry Dunant: ''A Memory of Solferino.'' ICRC, Geneva 1986, ISBN 2-88145-006-7 * Hans Haug: ''Humanity for all: the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.'' Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers, Bern 1993, ISBN 3-258-04719-7 * Georges Willemin, Roger Heacock: ''International Organization and the Evolution of World Society. Volume 2: The International Committee of the Red Cross.'' Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston 1984, ISBN 90-247-3064-3 * Pierre Boissier: ''History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima.'' Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva 1985, ISBN 2-88044-012-2 * André Durand: ''History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima.'' Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva 1984, ISBN 2-88044-009-2 * International Committee of the Red Cross: ''Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.'' 13th edition, ICRC, Geneva 1994, ISBN 2-88145-074-1 * John F. Hutchinson: ''Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross.'' Westview Press, Boulder 1997, ISBN 0-8133-3367-9 * Caroline Moorehead: ''Dunant's dream: War, Switzerland and the history of the Red Cross.'' HarperCollins, London 1998, ISBN 0-00-255141-1 (Hardcover edition); HarperCollins, London 1999, ISBN 0-00-638883-3 (Paperback edition) * François Bugnion: ''The International Committee of the Red Cross and the protection of war victims.'' ICRC & Macmillan (ref. 0503), Geneva 2003, ISBN 0-333-74771-2 * Angela Bennett: ''The Geneva Convention: The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross.'' Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire 2005, ISBN 0-7509-4147-2 * David P. Forsythe: ''The Humanitarians. The International Committee of the Red Cross.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 0-521-61281-0 *{{cite book |author=Favez, Jean-Claude |title=The Red Cross and the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/redcrossholocaus0000fave |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-41587-X |oclc= }} *Dominique-D. Junod : "''The Imperiled Red Cross and the Palestine Eretz Yisrael Conflict: The Influence of Institutional Concerns on A Humanitarian Operation.''" 344 pages. Kegan Paul International."@ The Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva. ISBN 0-7103-0519-2, 1995. ===Makala=== * François Bugnion: ''The emblem of the Red Cross: a brief history.'' ICRC (ref. 0316), Geneva 1977 * Jean-Philippe Lavoyer, Louis Maresca: ''The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law.'' In: ''International Negotiation.'' 4(3)/1999. Brill Academic Publishers, p.&nbsp;503–527, ISSN 1382-340X * Neville Wylie: ''The Sound of Silence: The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present.'' In: ''Diplomacy and Statecraft.'' 13(4)/2002. Routledge/ Taylor & Francis, p.&nbsp;186–204, ISSN 0959-2296 * David P. Forsythe: "The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law." In: ''Humanitäres Völkerrecht – Informationsschriften. The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict.'' 2/2003, German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, p.&nbsp;64–77, ISSN 0937-5414 * François Bugnion: ''Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem.'' Revised third edition. ICRC (ref. 0778), Geneva 2005 * [http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/p0790 International Committee of the Red Cross: "Discover the ICRC", ICRC, Geneva, 2007, 2nd edition, 53 pp.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/p0790 |date=20100429045403 }} * [http://www.journals.cambridge.org/irc International Review of the Red Cross] {{Wayback|url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/irc |date=20240623064109 }} An unrivalled source of international research, analysis and debate on all aspects of humanitarian law, in armed conflict and other situations of collective violence. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|International Committee of the Red Cross}} * [http://www.icrc.org International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)] * [http://www.legacymemorybank.org Legacy]{{Wayback|url=http://www.legacymemorybank.org/ |date=20121217034129 }} Dr. [[Cornelio Sommaruga]], President of the ICRC from 1987–1999, donated four hours of high-definition audiovisual life story interviews to Legacy. The ICRC audiovisual library houses copies of these interviews. * [http://www.ehl.icrc.org Exploring Humanitarian Law Virtual Campus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ehl.icrc.org/ |date=20140518000707 }} – ICRC web-based resource center for teachers {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] pkvsvuch2dftypubosf2w0scfm1b5m8 0 13418 1575662 1394264 2026-06-21T03:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ibrahim Lipumba.jpg|thumb|Lipumba]] '''Ibrahim Haruna Lipumba''' (amezaliwa tar. [[6 Juni]] [[1952]], [[Ilolangulu]], [[Tabora]], [[Tanzania]]) ni mwanasiasa nchini [[Tanzania]] na pia mwenyekiti wa chama cha upinzani cha Civic United Front (CUF - Chama Cha Wananchi) ==Maisha ya Mwanzo na Elimu== Mh. Lipumba alizaliwa tar. [[6 Juni]] [[Mwaka]] [[1952]], katika kiji cha [[Ilolangulu]] [[Wilaya]] ya [[Tabora]] Mkoani [[Tabora]] [[Tanzania]]. Ameanza [[elimu]] ya msingi [[1959]] - [[1962]] katika [[shule]] ya [[msingi]] ya [[Swedish]] Free [[Mission]] [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] [[1962]] - [[1966]] : L.A Upper [[Primary School]], [[Sikonge]] baadae kuendelea masomo na [[Elimu]] ya Sekondari [[1967]] hadi[[1970]] [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School [[1971]] hadi [[1972]] Pugu Secondary School Kisha [[Elimu]] ya Chuo Kikuu [[1973]] hadi [[1977]] [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1978]] hadi [[1983]] [[Stanford University]]. Akapata Shahada BA (Hon.Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1976]] MA (Economics) [[University of Dar es Salaam]] [[1977]] MA (Economics) Stanford University 1979 Phd (Economics) [[Stanford University]][[1983]] == Uzoefu wa Uongozi == Aliwahi kuwa mweka hazina wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Tabora]] Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]] pia akawahi kuwa Katibu mkuwa wa Kikundi cha Majadiliano cha Tabora Boys Secondary School toka [[mwaka]] [[1969]] hadi [[1970]], baadae akaja kuwa Mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Vijana katika shule ya pugu Secondary School hiyo ilikuwa mwaka [[1970]] hadi [[1971]], baadae akaja kuwa tena Mwenyekiti wa Umoja wa Vijana [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] toka [[mwaka]] [[1975]] hadi [[1976]]. na pia ndiye Mwanzilishi na Rais wa Kwanza wa Stanford African Students Association (SASA), Stanford University; Stanford, California USA hiyo ilikuwa mwaka 1978. == Kazi == * [[1976]] hadi [[1977]] Mkufunzi Msaidizi (T.A) * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Mhadhiri Msaidizi * [[1983]] hadi [[1986]] Mhadhiri * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Mhadhiri Mwandamizi * [[1989]] hadi [[1993]] Profesa Mshiriki * [[1991]] hadi [[1993]] Msaidizi wa Rais Mambo ya Uchumi * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professor, Williams College, Massachussets, United States of America * [[1996]] hadi [[1998]] Senior Research Fellow, United Nations University, World Institute of Economic Research, Helsinki Finland. == Heshima za Kitaaluma == * [[1993]] hadi [[1995]] Fulbright Visiting Professorship * [[1986]] hadi [[1989]] Kellogg International Fellow in Food Systems * [[1977]] hadi [[1983]] Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship * [[1976]] Zawadi ya Mwanafunzi Bora, Best Student Award, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,University of Dar es Salaam. == Mshauri wa Uchumi == * [[The World Bank]] * [[UNDP]] * [[Global Coalition for Africa]] * Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa ( [[COMESA]] ) * Swedish International Development Agency ( [[SIDA]] ) * [[NORAD]] * [[DANIDA]] * Ministry of Foreign Affairs [[Finland]] * [[Bank of Tanzania]] * Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa ([[MEFMI]]) * African Capacity Building Foundation. == Shughuli za Kimataifa == Utafiti kuhusu kushiriki kwa nchi za kusini katika mfumo wa biashara wa kimataifa, Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations kuanzia mwaka 1986 ha 1990. Utafiti kuhusu sera za kilimo za nchi zinazoendelea. Kuwasilisha maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu matatizo ya madeni ya Afrika kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani - House Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Februari 1994. Kuwasilisha, maelezo (Testmony) kuhusu shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) na uhusiano wake na nchi masikini kwenye kamati ya Bunge la Marekani House - Sub Committee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy - Aprili 1994 Kutayarisha “Report of Group of Independent Advisers on Development Cooperation issues between Tanzania and Aid Donors”. Juni 1995 Kuteuliwa kuwa mjumbe wa kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya sera ya maendeleo (member of the United Nations Committee for Development Policy (1995 hadi 1999.) Kutayarisha vigezo vya kuainisha nchi masikini sana duniani. (The list of Least Developed Countries (1997 na 2000) Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutayarisha na kuratibu utafiti na kupendekeza sera za viwango vya kubadilishana sarafu (exchange rate policy) na sera za kulegeza masharti ya mfumo wa fedha (financial liberalization) Kampala, Uganda (1997). Kutoa taarifa katika Kamati ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya mambo ya uchumi na maendeleo (ECOSOC) kuhusu mgogoro wa kimataifa wa fedha katika nchi za Asia, NewYork (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Windhoek, Namibia (1998). Kutoa ushauri wa namna ya kuimarisha muundo na sera za fedha, Wizara ya Fedha, Mbabane, Swaziland (1998). Kutathmini maendeleo ya ‘The Macroeconomic And Financial Management Institute Of Eastern And Southern Africa’, (MEFMI) ili kuwasaidia wahisani kufanya maamuzi juu ya kuendelea kuisaidia taasisi hiyo,1998. == Shughuli za Kitaifa == * Mjumbe - Kamati ya kurekebisha mashirika ya umma, 1992 - 1993 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya kuchunguza matatizo ya chama cha ushirika cha mkoa wa Shinyanga (SHIRECU), 1992 * Mwenyekiti - Tume ya Waziri wa Fedha ya kuchunguza matatizo ya Shirika la Bima (NIC) 1993 == Baadhi ya Tafiti za Uchumi na Maandishi Muhimu == * Stabilization Policies in Tanzania, University of Dar es Salaam, 1984 * African Unity, Some Practical Guidelines, MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 2, Mei 1983. Published by Stanford African Students Association. * Problems and Prospects of African Economic Integration , MAWAZO Vol. 1. No. 1, Aprili 1982. == Ona Pia == * [[Chama cha Wananchi]] * [[Seif Shariff Hamad]] == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 Liberal Members] {{Wayback|url=http://liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=781 |date=20070926234713 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112074528/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/cufpp.htm Usajili na Tarehe] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lipumba, Ibrahim}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Hisabati]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Tanzania]] qvygey73y6o26b0rdgajprb0h6g6fea 0 14548 1575601 1570694 2026-06-20T21:37:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tafsiri}} {{Infobox software license | name = GNU Free Documentation License | image = [[File:GFDL Logo.svg|160px]] | caption = The GFDL logo | author = [[Free Software Foundation]] | version = 1.3 | publisher = Free Software Foundation, Inc. | date = November 3, 2008 (current version) | spdx = {{Unbulleted list|GFDL-1.3-or-later |GFDL-1.3-only |GFDL-1.2-or-later |GFDL-1.2-only |GFDL-1.1-or-later |GFDL-1.1-only }} ([https://spdx.org/licenses/ see list for more]) | Debian approved = Yes, with no invariant sections (see below) | GPL compatible = No | copyleft = Yes }} '''GNU Free Documentation License''' ('''GNU FDL''' au '''GFDL''') ni [[leseni]] huru kwa ajili ya nyaraka huria iliyobuniwa na [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) kwa ajili ya [[GNU Project]]. Leseni hii inafanana na [[GNU General Public License]], kwa kuwa inawapa wasomaji haki ya kunakili, kusambaza, na kurekebisha kazi (isipokuwa kwa "sehemu zisizobadilika"), na inahitaji kwamba nakala zote na kazi zinazotokana nazo ziwe chini ya leseni hiyo hiyo. Nakala za kazi pia zinaweza kuuzwa kibiashara, lakini iwapo zitazalishwa kwa wingi (zaidi ya nakala 100), hati asilia au msimbo wa chanzo lazima utolewe kwa mpokeaji wa kazi hiyo. GFDL iliundwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya miongozo ya watumiaji, vitabu vya kiada, vifaa vingine vya rejea na mafunzo, na nyaraka zinazotolewa pamoja na programu za GNU. Hata hivyo, inaweza kutumika kwa kazi yoyote inayotegemea maandishi, bila kujali mada yake. Kwa mfano, kamusi elezo huru ya mtandaoni [[Wikipedia]] inatumia GFDL (pamoja na [[Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License]]) kwa sehemu kubwa ya maandishi yake, isipokuwa maandishi yaliyoingizwa kutoka vyanzo vingine baada ya mabadiliko ya leseni ya mwaka 2009, ambayo yanapatikana tu chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=29 June 2023 |title=WIKIPEDIA MOVES TO CC 4.0 LICENSES |url=https://creativecommons.org/2023/06/29/wikipedia-moves-to-cc-4-0-licenses/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Creative Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=FSF Releases New Version of GNU Free Documentation License — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software |url=https://www.fsf.org/news/fdl-1.3-pr.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.fsf.org}}</ref> == Historia == Leseni ya GFDL ilitolewa kwa rasimu ili kupata maoni mnamo Septemba 1999.<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=New Documentation License—Comments Requested |author=Richard Stallman |date=September 12, 1999 |newsgroup=gnu.misc.discuss |message-id=gnusenet199909120759.DAA04152@psilocin.gnu.org |url=http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1999/0912.html |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226013937/https://www.tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1999/0912.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baada ya marekebisho, toleo la 1.1 lilitolewa mnamo Machi 2000, toleo la 1.2 mnamo Novemba 2002, na toleo la 1.3 mnamo Novemba 2008. Hali ya sasa ya leseni ni toleo la 1.3.<ref name="onepoint3faq">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.html |title=GFDL v1.3 FAQ |publisher=GNU |access-date=November 7, 2011 |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501220257/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 1, 2007, mwanzilishi wa Wikipedia [[Jimmy Wales]] alitangaza kwamba kipindi kirefu cha majadiliano na mazungumzo kati ya Free Software Foundation, Creative Commons, [[Wikimedia Foundation]] na wengine kilizaa pendekezo lililoungwa mkono na FSF na Creative Commons kubadilisha Leseni ya Nyaraka Huru ili kutoa uwezekano kwa Wikimedia Foundation kuhamisha miradi yake kwa leseni inayofanana ya [[Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike]] (CC BY-SA).<ref>{{cite web |last=Lessig |first=Lawrence |url=http://lessig.org/blog/2007/12/some_important_news_from_wikip.html |title=Some important news from Wikipedia to understand clearly |publisher=Lessig Blog |date=December 1, 2007 |access-date=November 7, 2011 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026061623/http://lessig.org/blog/2007/12/some_important_news_from_wikip.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |title=Resolution:License update |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref> Mabadiliko haya yalitekelezwa kwenye toleo la 1.3 la leseni, ambalo linajumuisha kifungu kipya kinachoruhusu baadhi ya vifaa vilivyotolewa chini ya leseni ya (GFDL) kutumika pia chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike.<ref name="onepoint3faq"/> == Masharti == Vifaa vilivyotolewa chini ya toleo la sasa la leseni vinaweza kutumika kwa madhumuni yoyote, alimradi tu matumizi hayo yatekeleze masharti fulani. * Waandishi wote wa awali wa kazi lazima watambuliwe kama ilivyoainishwa. * Mabadiliko yoyote kwenye kazi lazima yarekodiwe. * Kazi zote za asili lazima ziwe chini ya leseni hiyo hiyo. * Nakala kamili ya leseni, sehemu zisizobadilika kama ilivyoainishwa na mwandishi kama zipo, na yoyote nyingine ya onyo la dhamana (kama onyo la jumla linaloonya wasomi kuwa hati hiyo inaweza kuwa si sahihi kwa mfano) pamoja na matangazo ya hakimiliki kutoka toleo za awali lazima zishikewe. * Hatua za kiufundi kama vile usimamizi wa hak za kidijitali (DRM) haziruhusiwi kutumika kudhibiti au kuzuia usambazaji au uhariri wa hati. === Secondary sections === The license explicitly separates any kind of "Document" from "Secondary Sections", which may not be integrated with the Document, but exist as front-matter materials or appendices. Secondary sections can contain information regarding the author's or publisher's relationship to the subject matter, but not any subject matter itself. While the Document itself is wholly editable and is essentially covered by a license equivalent to (but mutually incompatible with) the [[GNU General Public License]], some of the secondary sections have various restrictions designed primarily to deal with proper attribution to previous authors. Specifically, the authors of prior versions have to be acknowledged and certain "invariant sections" specified by the original author and dealing with his or her relationship to the subject matter may not be changed. If the material is modified, its title has to be changed (unless the prior authors permit to retain the title). The license also has provisions for the handling of front-cover and back-cover texts of books, as well as for "History", "Acknowledgements", "Dedications" and "Endorsements" sections. These features were added in part to make the license more financially attractive to commercial publishers of software documentation, some of whom were consulted during the drafting of the GFDL.<ref name=why>{{cite web |first1=Richard |last1=Stallman |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-gfdl.html |title=Why publishers should use the GNU FDL |access-date=July 17, 2009 |website=GNU |archive-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701092440/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-gfdl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gnufaq">GNU Project: "[https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WhyNotGPLForManuals Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses: Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WhyNotGPLForManuals |date=20180212181300 }}"</ref> "Endorsements" sections are intended to be used in official standard documents, where the distribution of modified versions should only be permitted if they are not labeled as that standard anymore.<ref name="gnufaq"/> === Commercial redistribution === The GFDL requires the ability to "copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially" and therefore is incompatible with material that excludes commercial re-use. As mentioned above, the GFDL was designed with commercial publishers in mind, as Stallman explained:{{quote|The GFDL is meant as a way to enlist commercial publishers in funding free documentation without surrendering any vital liberty. The 'cover text' feature, and certain other aspects of the license that deal with covers, title page, history, and endorsements, are included to make the license appealing to commercial publishers for books whose authors are paid.<ref name=why/>}} Material that restricts commercial re-use is incompatible with the license and cannot be incorporated into the work. However, incorporating such restricted material may be [[fair use]] under United States copyright law (or [[fair dealing]] in some other countries) and does not need to be licensed to fall within the GFDL if such fair use is covered by all potential subsequent uses. One example of such liberal and commercial fair use is [[parody]]. ===Compatibility with Creative Commons licensing terms=== Although the two licenses work on similar copyleft principles, the GFDL is not compatible with the [[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license]]. However, at the request of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]],<ref name="onepoint3faq"/> version 1.3 added a time-limited section allowing specific types of websites using the GFDL to additionally offer their work under the CC BY-SA license. These exemptions allow a GFDL-based collaborative project with multiple authors to transition to the CC BY-SA 3.0 license, without first obtaining the permission of every author, if the work satisfies several conditions:<ref name="onepoint3faq"/> * The work must have been produced on a "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (MMC), such as a public [[wiki]] for example. * If external content originally published on a MMC is present on the site, the work must have been licensed under Version 1.3 of the GNU FDL, or an earlier version but with the "or any later version" declaration, with no cover texts or invariant sections. If it was not originally published on an MMC, it can only be [[Software relicensing|relicensed]] if it were added to an MMC before November 1, 2008. To prevent the clause from being used as a general compatibility measure, the license itself only allowed the change to occur before August 1, 2009. At the release of version 1.3, the FSF stated that all content added before November 1, 2008, to Wikipedia as an example satisfied the conditions. The Wikimedia Foundation itself after a public referendum, invoked this process to [[dual-license]] content released under the GFDL under the [[CC BY-SA]] license in June 2009, and adopted a foundation-wide attribution policy for the use of content from Wikimedia Foundation projects. ==Enforcement== There have currently been no cases involving the GFDL in a court of law, although its sister license for software, the [[GNU General Public License]], has been successfully enforced in such a setting.<ref>{{cite web |title=BusyBox and the GPL Prevail Again – Updated 4Xs |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100803132055210 |first=Pamela |last=Jones |work=[[Groklaw]] |date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804000246/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20100803132055210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although the content of [[Wikipedia]] has been plagiarized and used in violation of the GFDL by other sites, such as [[Baidu Baike]], no contributors have ever tried to bring an organization to court due to violation of the GFDL. In the case of Baidu, Wikipedia representatives asked the site and its contributors to respect the terms of the licenses and to make proper attributions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html |title=Baidu May Be Worst Wikipedia Copyright Violator |publisher=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] |date=August 6, 2007 |access-date=September 10, 2007 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421051401/http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-02-17 |archivedate=2016-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421051401/http://www.pcworld.com/article/135550/article.html }}</ref> ==Criticism== Some critics consider the GFDL a non-free license. Some reasons for this are that the GFDL allows "invariant" text which cannot be modified or removed, and that its prohibition against [[digital rights management]] (DRM) systems applies to valid usages, like for "private copies made and not distributed".<ref name="nerode2007">{{cite web|url=http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175219/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-date=December 10, 2007 |title=Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL |date=December 10, 2007 |access-date=November 7, 2011|first=Nathanael|last=Nerode}}</ref> Notably, the [[Debian]] project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml |title=Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)|year=2006|access-date=September 25, 2007 |first=Manoj |last=Srivastava |quote=''It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever. This is not a mere license incompatibility. It's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license: it's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free software license whatsoever. So if you write a new program, and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use, saving only that it be a free license, you cannot include GFDL'd text. The GNU FDL, as it stands today, does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There are significant problems with the license, as detailed above; and, as such, we cannot accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution.''}}</ref> [[Thomas Bushnell]],<ref name="lwn">{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/59147/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713142623/http://lwn.net/Articles/59147/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |title=Thomas Bushnell dismissed from Hurd project for criticizing GFDL |publisher=archive.is |access-date=April 16, 2017 |date=November 19, 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nathanael Nerode,<ref name="nerode2003">{{cite web|url=http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009105046/http://home.twcny.rr.com/nerode/neroden/fdl.html |archive-date=October 9, 2003 |title=Why You Shouldn't Use the GNU FDL |access-date=November 7, 2011 |first=Nathanael |last=Nerode |date=September 24, 2003}}</ref> and [[Bruce Perens]]<ref name="Bruceperens2003">{{cite web|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00091.html |publisher=lists.debian.org/debian-legal |title=stepping in between Debian and FSF |author=Bruce Perens |author-link=Bruce Perens |date=September 2, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |quote=FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the Free Software ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. FSF is not Creative Commons:the documentation that FSF handles is an essential component of FSF's Free Software, and should be treated as such. In that light, the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years.}}</ref> have raised objections. Bruce Perens saw the GFDL even outside the "Free Software ethos":<ref name="Bruceperens2003"/> {{quote|"FSF, a Free Software organization, isn't being entirely true to the [[Free Software]] ethos while it is promoting a license that allows invariant sections to be applied to anything but the license text and attribution. [...] the GFDL isn't consistent with the ethos that FSF has promoted for 19 years."}} In 2006, Debian developers voted to consider works licensed under the GFDL to comply with their [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]] provided that the invariant section clauses are not used.<ref name=debianresolution>Debian: "[http://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001.en.html#amendmenttexta General Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian main – Amendment Text A]". 2006. (Accessed June 20, 2009)</ref> However, their resolution stated that even without invariant sections, GFDL-licensed software documentation is considered to be "still not free of trouble" by the project, namely because of its incompatibility with the major free software licenses.<ref name=debianresolution/> Those opposed to the GFDL have recommended the use of alternative licenses such as the [[BSD License]] or the GNU GPL.<ref name=debianresolution/> The [[FLOSS Manuals]] foundation, an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software, decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007, citing the incompatibility between the two, difficulties in implementing the GFDL, and the fact that the GFDL "does not allow for easy duplication and modification", especially for digital documentation.<ref>{{cite web |title=License Change|url=http://en.flossmanuals.net/bin/view/Blog/LicenseChange/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080228211105/http://en.flossmanuals.net/bin/view/Blog/LicenseChange/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2008|website=[[FLOSS Manuals]] Blog |access-date=June 20, 2009 | date=June 6, 2007}}</ref> ===DRM clause=== The GNU FDL contains the statement: {{quotation|You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.}} A criticism of this language is that it is too broad, because it applies to private copies made but not distributed. This means that a licensee is not allowed to save document copies "made" in a proprietary file format or using encryption. In 2003, [[Richard Stallman]] said about the above sentence on the debian-legal mailing list:<ref>{{cite web |first1=Richard |last1=Stallman |date=September 6, 2003 |url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00212.html |title=Re: A possible GFDL compromise| access-date=September 25, 2007 |website=Debian Mailing Lists – debian-legal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023074846/https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/09/msg00212.html |archive-date= October 23, 2023 }}</ref> {{quotation|This means that you cannot publish them under DRM systems to restrict the possessors of the copies. It isn't supposed to refer to use of encryption or file access control on your own copy. I will talk with our lawyer and see if that sentence needs to be clarified.}} ===Invariant sections=== A GNU FDL work can quickly be encumbered because a new, different title must be given and a list of previous titles must be kept. This could lead to the situation where there are a whole series of title pages, and dedications, in each and every copy of the book if it has a long lineage. These pages cannot be removed until the work enters the [[public domain]] after [[copyright]] expires. [[Richard Stallman]] said about invariant sections on the ''debian-legal'' mailing list:<ref>{{cite web |first1=Richard |last1=Stallman |date=August 23, 2003 |url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/08/msg00807.html |title=Re: A possible GFDL compromise| access-date=September 25, 2007|website=Debian Mailing Lists – debian-legal |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231023074535/https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/08/msg00807.html |archive-date= October 23, 2023 }}</ref> {{quotation|The goal of invariant sections, ever since the 80s when we first made the GNU Manifesto an invariant section in the Emacs Manual, was to make sure they could not be removed. Specifically, to make sure that distributors of Emacs that also distribute non-free software could not remove the statements of our philosophy, which they might think of doing because those statements criticize their actions.}} ===GPL incompatible in both directions=== The GNU FDL is [[License compatibility|incompatible]] in both directions with the GPL—material under the GNU FDL cannot be put into GPL code and GPL code cannot be put into a GNU FDL manual.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Braakman |first=Richard |date=April 20, 2003 |title=Re: Proposed statement wrt GNU FDL |url=http://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/04/msg00258.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208072807/https://lists.debian.org/debian-legal/2003/04/msg00258.html |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |website=Debian Mailing Lists – debian-legal}}</ref> At the June 22–23, 2006 international GPLv3 conference in Barcelona, [[Eben Moglen]] hinted that a future version of the GPL could be made suitable for documentation:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fsfe.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl |title=Transcript of Eben Moglen at the 3rd international GPLv3 conference: LGPL, like merging electronic weak |access-date=June 20, 2009 |date=June 22, 2006 |website=Free Software Foundation Europe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080218/http://fsfe.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-moglen-transcript#lgpl |archive-date= August 7, 2011 }}</ref> {{quotation|By expressing LGPL as just an additional permission on top of GPL we simplify our licensing landscape drastically. It's like for physics getting rid of a force, right? We just unified electro-weak, ok? The grand unified field theory still escapes us until the document licences too are just additional permissions on top of GPL. I don't know how we'll ever get there, that's gravity, it's really hard.}} ===Burdens when printing=== The GNU FDL requires that licensees, when printing a document covered by the license, must also include "this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document". This means that if a licensee prints out a copy of an article whose text is covered under the GNU FDL, they must also include a copyright notice and a physical printout of the GNU FDL, which is a significantly large document in itself. Worse, the same is required for the standalone use of just one (for example, Wikipedia) image.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://notablog.notafish.com/post/2005/04/21/26-why-the-wikimedia-projects-should-not-use-gfdl-as-a-stand-alone-license-for-images |title=Why the Wikimedia projects should not use GFDL as a stand alone license for images |publisher=Notablog.notafish.com |date=April 21, 2005 |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref> Several Wikimedia projects have over the years abandoned the use of GFDL, among them the English Wikipedia, which has relicensed the files.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/305892/ |first=Jonathan |last=Corbet |title=GFDL 1.3: Wikipedia's exit permit |date=November 5, 2008 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |newspaper=LWN.net}}</ref> [[Wikivoyage]], a web site dedicated to [[free content]] travel guides, chose not to use the GFDL from the beginning because it considers it unsuitable for short printed texts.<ref>[[Wikivoyage:Project:Why Wikivoyage isn't GFDL]]</ref> == Other licenses for free works == * [[Creative Commons license]] * [[Design Science License]] * [[Free Art License]] * [[FreeBSD Documentation License]] * [[Open Content License]] * [[Open Game License]] * [[Open Publication License]] * [[WTFPL]] == List of projects that use the GFDL == {{dynamic list}} * Most projects of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], including [[Wikipedia]] (excluding [[Wikivoyage]] and [[Wikinews]]) – On June 15, 2009, the Section 11 clauses were used to dual-license the content of these wikis under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license and GFDL. * An Anarchist FAQ * [[Citizendium]] – the project uses GFDL for articles originally from Wikipedia. * [[Free On-line Dictionary of Computing]] * [[Last.fm]] – artist descriptions are under GFDL * [[Marxists Internet Archive]] * [[PlanetMath]] (now uses CC BY-SA license) * [[Rosetta Code]] * [[SourceWatch]] * The specification documents that define [[TRAK]], an [[enterprise architecture framework]], are released under the GFDL. * ''Abstract Algebra'' by Thomas W. Judson.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Judson | first1=Thomas W. | title=Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications | year=2015 | url=http://abstract.ups.edu/ | accessdate=2023-02-17 | archive-date=2013-07-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701030707/http://abstract.ups.edu/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * the [[Baseball-Reference]]'s BR Bullpen, a free user-contributed baseball wiki == See also == {{Portal|Free and open-source software}} <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] --> {{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}} * [[BSD licenses]] * [[Copyleft]] * [[Copyright]] * [[Free-software license]] * [[GNU]] * [[Non-commercial educational station]] * [[Free content]] * [[Share-alike]] * [[Software license]] {{div col end}} <!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> == References == {{Reflist|35em}} ==External links== * [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html GNU Free Documentation License v1.3] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html |date=20200801133613 }} * [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html GNU Free Documentation License v1.2] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html |date=20241231122703 }}—This version is [[deprecated]] by the FSF. * [https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.1.html GNU Free Documentation License v1.1] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.1.html |date=20241229144354 }}—This version is [[deprecated]] by the FSF. {{listen|filename=GFDL (English).ogg|title=Listen to the GFDL (0:23:28) version 1.2, November 2002, (recorded 2005-05-28)|description=Audio recording of the full text of the GNU Free Documentation License.|format=[[Ogg]]}} * [http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html FSF guide to the new drafts of documentation licenses] {{Wayback|url=http://gplv3.fsf.org/doclic-dd1-guide.html |date=20120205175357 }} * [https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html Free Software and Free Manuals] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html |date=20210815064923 }}, essay by Richard Stallman * [https://opensource.apple.com/cdl/ Apple's Common Documentation License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331154525/http://www.opensource.apple.com/cdl/ |date=March 31, 2009 }}, an alternative license {{GNU}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gnu Free Documentation License}} k15ggm1c4jizl39zousnp8jd3x5od97 0 15007 1575763 1337267 2026-06-21T10:02:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Juliette Lewis | picha = Juliette Lewis by David Shankbone cropped.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Lewis mnamo 2010 | jina la kuzaliwa = Juliette L. Lewis | alizaliwa = [[21 Juni]] [[1973]]<br>[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwanamuziki<br>Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = Stephen Berra (1999-2005) | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Juliette L. Lewis''' (amezaliwa tar. [[21 Juni]] [[1973]]) ni mshindi wa [[Academy Awards|tuzo ya Academy]] kama mwigizaji-mwanamuziki bora kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. ==Wasifu== ===Maisha ya awali=== Lewis alizaliwa mjini [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. Baba yake ni mwigizaji wa filamu Geoffrey Lewis na mama yake, Glenis Batley, ni graphic designer. Wazazi wake na Lewis walitarikiana akiwa na umri wa miaka miwili. Ana ndugu wawili wa kiume na wawili wa kike, Lightfield na Peter, Dierdre na Brandy. Mjombawake na Lewis ni mtunzi wa nyimbo, hayati Peter Tod Lewis. Lewis alikuwa na shauku ya kutaka kuwa mwigizaji, tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka sita, na akabahatika kuwa mwigizaji wa tamthilia za katika TV akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili. ==Filamu alizoigiza== * 1987 - ''I Married Dora'' (Mfululizo wa katika TV) * 1987 - ''Home Fires'' (TV) * 1988 - ''My Stepmother Is an Alien'' * 1989 - ''National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation'' * 1989 - ''Meet the Hollowheads'' * 1989 - ''The Runnin' Kind'' * 1990 - ''A Family for Joe'' (Mfululizo wa katika TV) * 1990 - ''Too Young to Die?'' (1990) * 1991 - ''Cape Fear'' * 1991 - ''Crooked Hearts'' * 1992 - ''That Night'' * 1992 - ''Husbands and Wives'' * 1993 - ''What's Eating Gilbert Grape'' * 1993 - ''Romeo Is Bleeding'' * 1993 - ''Kalifornia'' * 1994 - ''Mixed Nuts'' * 1994 - ''Natural Born Killers'' * 1995 - ''Strange Days'' * 1995 - ''The Basketball Diaries'' * 1996 - ''The Evening Star'' * 1996 - ''From Dusk Till Dawn'' * 1996 - ''The Audition'' * 1998 - ''Some Girl'' * 1999 - ''The Other Sister'' - Carla Tate * 1999 - ''The 4th floor * 2000 - ''Room to Rent'' * 2000 - ''The Way of the Gun'' * 2001 - ''Picture Claire'' * 2001 - ''My Louisiana Sky'' (TV) * 2001 - ''Gaudi Afternoon'' * 2002 - ''Enough'' * 2002 - ''Armitage: Dual Matrix'' (V) * 2002 - ''Hysterical Blindness'' (TV) * 2003 - ''Cold Creek Manor'' * 2003 - ''Free for All'' (Mfululizo wa katika TV) * 2003 - ''Old School'' * 2004 - ''Blueberry'' * 2004 - ''Renegade * 2004 - ''Starsky & Hutch'' * 2004 - ''Chasing Freedom'' (TV) * 2005 - ''Daltry Calhoun'' * 2005 - ''The Darwin Awards'' * 2005 - ''Lightfield's Home Videos'' * 2005 - ''Aurora Borealis'' * 2005 - ''Grilled'' * 2006 - ''My Name Is Earl'' "The Bounty Hunter" sinema * 2007 - ''Catch and Release'' ==Marejeo== # http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2295&src=blender_ed {{Wayback|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2295&src=blender_ed |date=20070210001725 }} Blender. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Juliette Lewis}} *{{imdb name|id=0000496|name=Juliette Lewis}} *[http://www.julietteandthelicks.com Juliette Lewis band (music)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.julietteandthelicks.com/ |date=20070410114512 }} *{{MusicBrainz artist|id=607dec4a-3efc-44ae-ba52-6d5cabcdd1cc|name=Juliette Lewis}} *[http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/id/1600 Juliette Interview with LeftLion Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/id/1600 |date=20080109050100 }} *[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Juliette-Lewis-a-Scientology-Defender-5357.shtml ''Juliette Lewis, a Scientology Defender'' Softpedia, July 25, 2005]{{Wayback|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Juliette-Lewis-a-Scientology-Defender-5357.shtml |date=20071227050059 }} *[http://www.theatre.com/story/id/3002562 2006 Interview with Juliette Lewis on Theatre.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theatre.com/story/id/3002562 |date=20060901234436 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Juliette}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Los Angeles, California]] cqt4i3gdpfqthkx2u84wjlzqicpwbgf 0 16028 1575629 1305336 2026-06-20T22:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Georges bizet.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Georges Bizet.]] '''Georges Bizet''' ( [[25 Oktoba]] [[1838]] – [[3 Juni]] [[1875]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[Opera]] na mpiga kinanda mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa tungo yake ya opera Carmen. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Georges Bizet|Georges Bizet}} * [http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/bizet.html Georges Bizet]{{Wayback|url=http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/bizet.html |date=20100110132945 }} * [http://www.mfiles.co.uk/Composers/Georges-Bizet.htm Georges Bizet (1838-1875)] * [http://www.pianoparadise.com/bizet.html Bizet Biography] * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=96 Georges Bizet's Gravesite] * [http://www.nypl.org/research/manuscripts/music/muscurtiss.xml Mina Curtiss collection] (research materials used by one of Bizet's biographers) in the [http://www.nypl.org/musicdiv Music Division] of [http://www.nypl.org/research/lpa/lpa.html The New York Public Library for the Peforming Arts]. * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a25599 Lettres à un ami, 1865-1872 (French) at Gutenberg.org] === Nakala huru za muziki wa Georges Bizet === * {{IMSLP|id=Bizet%2C_Georges|cname=Bizet}} * {{ChoralWiki}} * {{IckingArchive|idx=Bizet|name=Georges Bizet}} * [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/3141 Carmen Fantasie, for violin and piano](From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection) * [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/2132 L’Arlésienne : incidental music to the melodrama by Alphonse Daudet, for piano 4 hands] (From the Sibley Music Library Digital Score Collection) {{Uromantik}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bizet, Georges}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Romantik]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1838]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1875]] kxml0jzj4rdx41dldcv0ibncwm0xd03 0 16242 1575721 1333967 2026-06-21T07:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 |Jina = Jimi Hendrix |Img = Jimi Hendrix 1967.png |Img_capt = |Img_size = |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = James Marshall Hendrix |Ndoa = |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1942|11|27|df=yes}}<br />[[Seattle]], [[Marekani]] |Kazi yake = [[Rapa]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] |Ala = Sauti |Miaka ya kazi = 1963-1970 |Aina = [[Muziki wa hip hop|Hip hop]] |Ameshirikiana na = |Studio = | Ndoa = |Tovuti = {{url|jimihendrix.com}} }} '''Jimi Hendrix''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''James Marshall Hendrix'''; [[27 Novemba]] [[1942]] - [[18 Septemba]] [[1970]]) alikuwa mpiga [[gitaa]] maarufu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Hendrix hufikiriwa kama [[mwanamuziki]] wa kuigwa katika historia ya muziki wa [[rock and roll]]. Baada ya mafanikio yake nchini [[Uingereza]], akaja kuwa almaarufu dunia nzima baada ya kutumbuiza katika sikukuu za muziki wa pop za Monterey kunako mwaka wa 1967. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.jimihendrixfoundation.com The Jimi Hendrix Foundation - Started by Al and Leon Hendrix]{{Wayback|url=http://www.jimihendrixfoundation.com/ |date=20130117220722 }} * [http://www.jimihendrix.com/ Official Jimi Hendrix website] * [http://www.photofeatures.com/jimihendrix/index.html Photos of Jimi Hendrix] {{Wayback|url=http://www.photofeatures.com/jimihendrix/index.html |date=20160303200102 }} * [http://video.aol.com/video-category/jimi-hendrix/2623 Videos of Jimi Hendrix Live] * [http://www.genesis-publications.com/books/hendrix/index.html ''Classic Hendrix: The Ultimate Hendrix Experience''] The [[Biography|memoirs]] of Jimi Hendrix {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-USA}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] 5vrqjvv7yt5vitj4qbnmsi8llwkdp2o 0 17255 1575539 1540154 2026-06-20T15:02:22Z CommonsDelinker 234 Replacing Master_of_the_bardi_saint_francis_._St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life_13_cent_Santa_croce.jpg with [[File:Master_of_San_Francesco_Bardi,_St._Francis_and_scenes_from_his_life.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c: 1575539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Master of San Francesco Bardi, St. Francis and scenes from his life.jpg|thumb|Mt. Fransisko na matukio ya maisha yake, mchoro wa [[karne ya 13]].]] '''Ndugu Wadogo''' ni jina la [[Wafransisko]] wa Utawa wa Kwanza. Hapa inaelezwa historia yao na jinsi walivyogawanyika katika mashirika mbalimbali. ==Ndugu Wadogo kupambana hadi kutenganishwa (1226-1517)== [[Image:Cappella Sassetti Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule 2.jpg|thumb|right|"Uthibitisho wa Kanuni ya Kifransisko" kadiri ya [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] ([[1449]]-[[1494]]), Cappella Sassetti, [[Florence]], [[Italia]].]] ===Mwanzo wa mapambano (1226-1316)=== [[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Masalia]] ya Fransiko wa Asizi juu ya [[altare]] ya kanisa la chini ndani ya [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]], [[Assisi]].]] Kifo cha [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kiliwatia Ndugu Wadogo uchungu uliogeuka mapema kuwa mshangao wenye furaha nd. [[Elia Bombarone]] alipowaandikia juu ya ajabu la [[madonda matakatifu]] mwilini mwake lililobaki siri kwa wote, isipokuwa wachache. Ajabu hilo lisingestahili kusisitizwa zaidi kama lisingekuwa na maana na matokeo makubwa kwa historia iliyofuata, hasa kwa sababu lilikuwa jipya: hivyo wengi waliona linamtambulisha [[mwanzilishi]] wao kama [[mtakatifu]] wa pekee aliyerudisha maisha ya Ki[[injili]] ya [[Yesu]] ndani ya [[Kanisa]]; ilikuwa sawa na kusema hata shirika lake ni la pekee. Kwanza alitafsiriwa kuwa [[Yesu Kristo|Kristo]] wa pili, aliyelingana naye katika mengi, hivi kwamba hana mfano kati ya watakatifu na waanzilishi waliomtangulia. Halafu alitafsiriwa kuwa [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya [[Mungu]] aliye hai ([[Ufu]] 7:2), yaani mtu aliyetabiriwa katika [[Biblia]] kuwa ataingiza [[historia ya wokovu]] katika hatua mpya. Tafsiri zote mbili zilitegemea madonda hayo kama alama ya pekee iliyomtambulisha pamoja na shirika lake. Tukimchunguza kwa upana katika [[mazingira]] yake – ambayo upande mmoja alitokana nayo, na upande mwingine aliyaelekeza kwa nguvu njia mpya – tunaweza kuelewa sababu za msingi za [[mwangwi]] mkubwa aliousababisha kwa upya wa mtindo wa maisha yake, na kwa msimamo ambao aliutekeleza mpaka mwisho, akijua thamani na mvuto wa mfano alioutoa, lakini pia akitambua haja ya kundi lake dogo kugeuka shirika halisi la [[utawa|kitawa]], lenye [[kanuni]] maalumu na miundo ya kufaa. Ushahidi mkuu wa [[karama]] ya pekee ya Fransisko ni jinsi shirika lake lilivyoweza kustawi ajabu bila ya kutegemezwa na uongozi wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Lakini uenezi huo wa kasi kwa wingi wa watu na kwa upana wa maeneo ulisababisha masuala mengi mazito kutokana na tofauti za hali na mazingira. Alipokuwa bado hai, walio wengi kati ya wafuasi wake walimuona mara moja tu au hawakumfahamu kabisa. Hivyo hawakuweza kuelewa zaidi karama yake aliyoifuata kwa ari ambayo tangu aongoke ilikuwa imezidi tu. Basi, kundi la Watumishi na wasomi wa utawa wake, likisaidiwa na viongozi wa juu wa Kanisa, lilimsonga ili alegeze masharti ya ufukara na kulinganisha zaidi shirika lake na yale ya zamani. Kwa karama yake ya pekee aliweza kukabili upinzani huo wote. Juhudi yake ya mwisho ya kuzuia shirika lisipotoke ni [[wasia]] aliouandika ili kusisitiza msimamo wake, kudai kanuni yake isifafanuliwe, pamoja na kukataza wanashirika wasimuombe [[Papa]] hati yoyote. Maelekezo aliyoyatoa humo ili kufafanua na kusisitiza utekelezaji bora wa kanuni yanaonyesha wazi alivyohisi hatari kubwa ya kuacha au walau kulegeza [[kipeo]] cha [[wongofu]] wake. Lakini [[dalili]] mbalimbali zinaonyesha pia kwamba hakujidanganya kuhusu kesho. Kwa hisi yake ya hali halisi na ya mabadiliko yanayofuatana, pamoja na mang’amuzi ya maisha yake, alitaka hasa mfano wake na wa wenzake wa kwanza ubaki msingi imara wa kudumu, kama tukio la kukataa moja kwa moja mambo kadhaa ya zamani na la kuumua maisha ya kesho. Kwa maana hiyo amebaki mhusika mkuu wa [[historia]] yote ya shirika: wingi wa vitabu vilivyoandikwa juu yake unatokana na haja ya ndugu zake wote kudumisha uhusiano naye ili kuathiriwa naye kwa namna moja au nyingine, kama ilivyojitokeza katika matawi mbalimbali. Basi, ndani yake mwenyewe tunaona asili ya mvutano wa kudumu katika historia ya wafuasi wake na ya matawi yote yaliyojitokeza: kuwa na kielelezo kamili cha kufuatwa, lakini pia kukitekeleza kwa kuzingatia madai ya maisha, yaani kujitahidi mfululizo kulinganisha kipeo na hali halisi. Ndipo inapotokea katika historia yote ya Wafransisko ile hali ya kukosa [[utulivu]], ile kani isiyo na mfano katika mashirika mengine yoyote, ambayo ni dalili ya [[uhai]] usiozimika. Kwa sababu hizo ina umuhimu wa pekee [[karne]] ya kwanza ya Ndugu Wadogo, ambapo mfano wa mwanzilishi ulikuwa bado wa jirani na mchakato wa kuingia kikamilifu katika maisha ya Kanisa ulikuwa mgumu zaidi, kwa sababu muundo wake wenye miaka elfu na zaidi ulikabiliwa na magumu mengi ya ndani na ya nje. Miaka michache baada ya kifo cha Fransisko, utawa wake ulijitokeza [[chachu]] bora ukapata sura maalumu katika mvutano wa kusisimua kati ya [[mapokeo]], yaliyomzingatia zaidi mwanzilishi, na hali halisi za maisha zilizokuwa zinadai mabadiliko. Miaka hiyo ilizidi kutokeza tofauti kati ya wale wachache walioshi karibu naye tangu mwanzo na kuambukizwa umotomoto wake, na wale wengi waliojiunga na shirika lililokwishafanikiwa. Ilikuwa wazi kwamba, kwenye [[umati]] wa watawa, ni lazima kuzingatia [[sheria]] zaidi na zaidi; lakini wafanye nini ili wasiachane hivyo na nia ya mwanzilishi? Ndilo suala lililowachoma na kuwagombanisha. Wanahistoria wa leo wanaweza kutambua kwa urahisi kuliko wao kwamba [[chemchemi]] ileile moja ilikuwa inabubujikia pande mbili ambazo kwa namna tofauti zikaja kuathiri kwa nguvu kubwa [[Kanisa la magharibi]]. Thamani yake inathibitishwa na wale wote waliochota kwa Fransisko na kwa wafuasi wake jambo hili au hili. Miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, pamoja na kuzidi kuheshimiwa, alizidi pia kuonekana anazuia shirika lisifuate mkondo wa historia ndani ya Kanisa. Pamoja na kukiri [[utakatifu]] wake na wa karama yake asili, wengi waliona haja ya kuondoa kizuio hicho: ndiyo kazi aliyoikabili ndugu wa kwanza kuchaguliwa mwandamizi wa mwanzilishi baada ya kifo chake: nd. [[Yohane Parenti]] ([[1227]]-[[1232]]). Uchaguzi wake unaonekana kuwa tokeo la [[tathmini]] makini juu ya mahitaji ya shirika: alikuwa mtu mkomavu (aliingia utawani pamoja na mwanae) ambaye alishiriki kwa jirani maisha asili ya Fransisko, lakini pia alipata mang’amuzi mengine kama Mtumishi wa [[Hispania]]. Hivyo aliweza kulinganisha mitazamo tofauti na kuchukua maamuzi ya kufaa akitegemea pia ujuzi wake wa sheria. Tarehe [[16 Julai]] [[1228]] alifurahia [[ibada]] ya fahari ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu, akimuachia nd. Elia kazi ngumu ya kumjengea [[kanisa]] ambalo lionyeshe alivyoheshimiwa na waamini wote. Lakini ilimbidi pia kukabili masuala yote yaliyojitokeza shirikani kutoka nchi mbalimbali sana. Hasa lile la msingi lililozidi kusumbua ndugu wengi, kadiri walivyozidi kung’amua ugumu wa kutekeleza kanuni jinsi ilivyo bila ya kuifafanua kama ulivyodai wasia wa mwanzilishi. [[Image:Anthony pereda.jpg|thumb|right|[[Antoni wa Padua]] ([[1195]] hivi - [[1231]]) akimpakata [[Mtoto Yesu]], [[mchoro]] wa [[Antonio de Pereda]] ([[1611]] hivi - [[1678]])]] Basi, yalizuka mabishano makali kati ya walioshikilia wasia huo na wale waliotaka shirika liweze kushindana na mashirika mengine. Yeye na Watumishi wengine kutoka kanda mbalimbali (mmojawao [[Antoni wa Padua]]) wakadhani utatuzi unaweza kutokea kwa Papa tu. Akipokea ombi lao, [[Papa Gregori IX]] ([[1227]]-[[1241]]) alitoa tamko rasmi la kwanza juu ya kanuni (1230), akitumia [[mamlaka]] yake ya Kipapa na hasa ujuzi wake wa nia ya Fransisko (ndiye aliyemsaidia kutunga kanuni alipokuwa bado [[Kardinali]], jina lake Ugolino). Kuhusu wasia alitamka kuwa si sheria inayowabana Wafransisko wasiweze kufafanua kanuni yao wala kufafanuliwa na Kanisa, wala kuomba wala kupewa hati na fadhili za Papa. Sababu ya msingi ni kuwa Kanisa liko juu kuliko kanuni. Kwa kukabili suala hilo kwa mtazamo wa sheria, alikata hamu ya mwanzilishi ya kuiona kanuni kama kituo cha kuanzia safari tu, si kituo cha mwisho. Kwa namna hiyo aliwaingiza zaidi Ndugu Wadogo ndani ya kawaida ya Kanisa. Upande wa [[ufukara]] kwa jumla alitetea msimamo wa mwanzilishi (kwa jinsi alivyomheshimu hata akamtangaza mtakatifu karibu bila ya [[kesi]]), ila aliulegeza kiasi, kwa lengo la kufanikisha zaidi [[utume]] wa Ndugu Wadogo na hivyo kurekebisha Kanisa lililokuwa na hali mbaya kiroho. Kwa ajili hiyo aliwapa pia hati na ruhusa nyingi za pekee dhidi ya mamlaka ya Ma[[askofu]] na ma[[paroko]]. Hivyo njia ikawa wazi kuligeuza shirika la wadogo wanaohubiri [[toba]] kwa [[unyenyekevu]] chini ya [[padri]] yeyote, liwe shirika imara lililo chini ya Maaskofu kwa machache tu. Mageuzi hayo, yaliyosababisha kwa muda mrefu upinzani mwingi wa Maaskofu na mapadri [[wanajimbo]], yalichangiwa pia na ustawishaji wa [[elimu]] ndani ya shirika uliozidi kuwalinganisha Ndugu Wadogo na watawa wengine na kuongeza idadi ya mapadri kati yao. Baada ya nd. Yohane Parenti alichaguliwa nd. Elia, ambaye awali aliteuliwa na Fransisko kuwa Mkuu wa utawa. Kwa wakati huo, jamaa ya kwanza ilipogeuka shirika halisi, alihitajika kiongozi mwenye msimamo na pengine ukali pia. Mt. Fransisko alijieleza kwamba hapendi kutesa, ingawa anaweza. Basi, akamuachia nd. Elia ambaye, mwanzilishi akiwa bado hai, alifuata maelekezo yake, ingawa alimueleza maoni yake pia kuhusu utungaji wa kanuni, hasa kwa lengo la kufanya iwezekane kwa kiongozi kudai utekelezaji wake. Katikati ya vipindi viwili vya uongozi wake ([[1221]]-[[1227]], halafu [[1232]]-[[1239]]) alimjengea Mt. Fransisko kanisa zuri sana, halafu jirani nalo [[konventi]] kubwa mno, ili kushindana na [[abasia]] za [[Wabenedikto]]. Pia alionyesha ushindani fulani na nd. Yohane Parenti, hata akahamisha [[masalia]] yake bila ya kibali chake, akasababisha vurugu kutoka kwa Waasizi. Ulijitokeza hivyo mvutano kati ya asili ya utawa huko [[Asizi]] na hali yake mpya ya kimataifa. Kwa kumchagua tena [[bradha]] huyo, shirika lililenga kuleta usuluhisho kati ya pande hizo mbili: si kurudia maisha ya awali, bali kuokoa usawa kati ya [[makleri]] na mabradha. Nd. Elia alimgeuza mwanzilishi kuwa fahari ya shirika kuliko kielelezo cha kufuatwa. Mwenye vipawa na elimu, aliathiri sana viongozi wa [[dini]] (Gregori IX) na wa siasa ([[kaisari]] [[Federiko II]]), alistawisha [[misheni]] huko Mashariki na kukuza nyumba za masomo, lakini pia alidhulumu vikali watetezi wa kanuni, kama [[Kaisari wa Speyer]]. Bila ya kuweza kutembelea kanda za shirika, alishika uongozi wote mikononi mwake, akichagua Watumishi na walinzi, akihamisha ndugu, akituma wawakilishi wake huko na huko wasimamie (pengine bila ya [[busara]]) kazi ya Watumishi, na akikataa kuwasikiliza na kuitisha mkutano mkuu. Pamoja na hayo, fahari zake binafsi, [[ushuru]] aliowatoza mfululizo Watumishi (kwa ajili ya [[ujenzi]] n.k.), msisitizo wa kwamba kila ndugu ajishughulikie badala ya kusaidiwa na mabradha, vilisababisha hatimaye [[njama]] dhidi yake, hadi Gregori IX akaitisha na kuendesha mkutano mkuu ambao ulimuondoa madarakani na kutunga sheria za kupunguza mamlaka ya Mtumishi mkuu. Badala yake alichaguliwa nd. [[Alberto wa Pisa]] ([[1239]]-[[1240]]), Mtumishi wa [[Uingereza]], kanda ambayo kuliko zote ilikua mbali na Mt. Fransisko na kujali elimu. Ingawa alikufa baada ya miezi michache tu, uchaguzi wake ulionyesha kwamba maendeleo ya shirika, yaliyotakiwa na viongozi wa Kanisa na ndugu walio wengi, yataanza tena kusonga mbele moja kwa moja. Kwamba maendeleo hayo yalikuwa kinyume cha nia asili ya mwanzilishi (walivyosisitiza wenzake na wengineo waliomfahamu vizuri) haikuwa kizuio kwa umati walioridhika kutekeleza amri za kanuni, kuwa mafukara kuliko watawa wengine na kuheshimiwa na waamini pia kwa niaba ya mzee wao aliyezidi kutazamwa mkuu ajabu. Baada yake akachaguliwa nd. [[Aimoni wa Faversham]] (1240-1244), Mwingereza [[mwanateolojia]] aliyeongoza upinzani dhidi ya nd. Elia. Ndiye aliyelipatia shirika sura ya kudumu kufuatana na mfano wa [[Wadominiko]] upande wa muundo, utume, masomo na [[liturujia]]. Taratibu za maisha zikazidi kufuata mitindo ya [[umonaki|kimonaki]], pamoja na watawa kujitafutia visingizio vya kisheria wasibanwe nazo. Makao ya kifukara ya upwekeni yalizidi kuachwa ili wanashirika wahamie nyumba kubwa za mijini, zenye makanisa makubwa ambamo wafanye utume, wakiwanyang’anya maparoko waamini na [[sadaka]] zao. Alikubaliwa na Gregori IX kwamba Watumishi wa kanda pia waweze kuruhusu ndugu wakahubiri. Kama alivyofanya mwenyewe huko [[Paris]], Ndugu Wadogo wakazidi kushika nafasi kwenye [[vyuo vikuu]] na vinginevyo, na kuwa na uzito mkubwa ndani ya Kanisa, jambo lililowasogeza mbali na [[udogo]] uliowapasa. Badala ya ndugu wote kuwa sawa, mabradha wakanyimwa kabisa nafasi za uongozi na kukubaliwa tu kutoa huduma ndogondogo za nyumbani ([[bustani]] n.k.), wakiwaachia raia huduma duni zaidi. Kazi za mikono nje ya konventi zilikatazwa; badala yake ile ya kuombaomba ikaja kusifiwa na kushika nafasi ya kwanza upande wa [[uchumi]]. Zilipangwa pia njia za hakika za kupata mahitaji, hasa kwa nyumba za masomo. Alipokufa, mvutano ndani ya shirika ulijitokeza kwa nguvu. Mtumishi mkuu aliyechaguliwa, nd. [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]] ([[1244]]-[[1247]]) akiona kwamba Fransisko alitazamwa bado na wote kuwa kielelezo cha wadogo, aliagiza mapema zikusanywe habari zote juu yake, halafu akamuagiza nd. [[Thoma wa Celano]] aandike upya maisha ya mwanzilishi. Waliolilia hali ya awali (wenzi wa Mt. Fransisko na ndugu “wenye ari”) walipoona Mtumishi mkuu hakubaliani nao, walichagua wajumbe 72 wakajieleze kwa [[Papa Inosenti IV]] ([[1243]]-[[1254]]) ili aingilie kati. Lakini Kreshensi aliwasema kwa Papa na kumuomba awaadhibu; mwenyewe aliwatawanya wengine ili awavunje nguvu. Papa, akiwa [[mwanasheria]] mwenye hakika kuhusu ukuu wa mamlaka yake, aliona kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama kanuni nyingine zote, ni sheria tu ambayo Papa anaweza kuifanyia lolote; vilevile aliona shirika lao kuwa kama mengine yote akalisukuma lizidi kutia maanani elimu. Hivyo alitoa ([[1245]]) tamko la pili juu ya kanuni ili kuilegeza: hasa alitamka kuwa vitu vyote ambavyo shirika linavyo, kama si vya wafadhili tena, basi ni vya Papa. Hivyo kwa kutofautisha kutumia vitu na kuvimiliki kisheria, Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kujidai mafukara ingawa wanatumia vingi, eti si vya kwao! Lakini wengi hawakuridhika na ujanja huo, usiolingana na roho ya Kiinjili ya Fransisko, wala na dhuluma za nd. Kreshensi dhidi ya ndugu wenye [[ari]]. Basi, katika mkutano mkuu ulioagizwa na Papa walimuondoa madarakani wakamchagua [[Yohane wa Parma]] ([[1247]]-[[1257]]), mtu wa kufaa sana kwa elimu na utakatifu, aliyeongoza hasa kwa mfano wa maisha yake bora. Kitu cha kwanza alifuta lawama na adhabu zote dhidi ya ndugu wenye ari. Halafu akatembelea kwa miguu kanda zote akiwa na [[kanzu]] moja tu tena kikuukuu na kuamsha nia ya kushika kanuni na wasia. Ingawa aliwahi kufundisha katika vyuo vikuu vitatu, alikusudia hasa kurudisha shirika katika hali ya mwanzoni, kwa kukataa [[fadhili]] za Papa na kwa kuheshimu Maaskofu na mapadri. Hivyo mkutano mkuu (1254) ulisimamisha utumiaji wa fadhili kadhaa. Lakini, alivyosema [[Egidi wa Asizi]] (+[[1262]]), juhudi hizo nzuri zilikuwa zimechelewa zisiweze kurekebisha shirika lote. Wapinzani walimshtaki Yohane kwa Papa, akalazimika kujiuzulu. Mkutano mkuu ulitaka aendelee, lakini mwenyewe hakurudi nyuma. Hatimaye aliombwa amchague mwandamizi wake, naye akamtaja [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] akaenda kuishi upwekeni kwa miaka 30, akikataa mara mbili ukardinali. [[Image:François, Claude (dit Frère Luc) - Saint Bonaventure.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] ([[1221]] - [[1274]]), mchoro wa [[Claude François]], [[1650]]-[[1660]] hivi.]] Bonaventura aliweza kuongoza muda mrefu ([[1257]]-[[1274]]) kuliko waliomtangulia. Kufuatana na [[tabia]] na [[malezi]] yake (alijiunga na shirika huko Paris), yeye alikubali hali ilivyo na kujitahidi kuepusha shirika na hatari za nje na za ndani alizoziona mapema. Upande wa ndani, kielelezo cha Fransisko kilitakiwa kuzingatiwa na wote kwa [[umoja]], bila ya kupishana kuhusu namna ya kukitazama. Kwa ajili hiyo Mt. Bonaventura alitunga [[kitabu]] rasmi cha maisha yake kilichopitishwa na mkutano mkuu hata ukaagiza maandishi yote yaliyotangulia yateketezwe. Ndivyo shirika lilivyopotewa kwa muda mrefu na habari nyingi muhimu juu ya mwanzilishi. Kitabu alichokiandika, bila ya kusema [[uongo]], kinasisitiza mang’amuzi yake bora ya kiroho kwa kuficha mambo fulanifulani kuhusu kipeo cha udogo. Kinaleta baadhi tu ya matendo na mafundisho ya Fransisko yaliyochaguliwa kwa makini ili kumchora kama mfano kamili wa Kristo msulubiwa, na hasa kama yule malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama (madonda matakatifu) ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na Ufu 7:2 kuwa ataleta Injili ya milele, yaani kanuni yake! Ndugu Wadogo walimuona hivyo mwanzilishi wao wakajiona ndio shirika jipya ambalo lilete Kanisa la Kiroho lenye kufuata ufukara kadiri ya [[unabii]] na mafundisho yaliyolaaniwa ya [[abati]] [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]] (+[[1202]]). Mt. Bonaventura aliheshimu ufukara kama sifa kuu na utukufu wa shirika, ingawa alifurahia baadhi ya mabadiliko yaliyotokea. Kwake elimu pamoja na utume ni sehemu ya lazima ya utendaji wa Kifransisko ndani ya Kanisa. Kwa ajili hiyo alikubali bila ya wasiwasi matamko ya Mapapa juu ya kanuni kama ufafanuzi rasmi wa wachungaji wakuu wa Kanisa na wa shirika pia, pamoja na ruhusa walilolipatia shirika, ingawa kwa udogo alipenda kupatana na Maaskofu na maparoko. Alijipangia kulinganisha uaminifu kwa kanuni na mabadiliko ya shirika, akionyesha hayo hayaendi kinyume cha nia ya mwanzilishi. Ili athibitishe hayo ilimpasa kuziondolea lawama msingi wowote kwa kuadhibu vikali waliovunja kanuni. Basi, chini ya uongozi wake shirika likatulia, kwa jinsi alivyoweza kulinganisha [[upendo]] kwa Fransisko na [[furaha]] kwa mabadiliko, hamu ya kuishi upwekeni na utetezi wa konventi za mijini. Kwa nje shirika likazidi kuheshimiwa na kushika nafasi katika maisha ya Kanisa (utume mbalimbali, uchaguzi wa Papa, [[Mtaguso mkuu]]). Lakini mafanikio hayo yalizidisha [[kiburi]] cha wanashirika na upinzani wa Maaskofu na maparoko dhidi yao. Alipokuwa bado Paris huo ulikuwa umeungwa mkono na [[chuo kikuu]]: hapo hazikupingwa tu ruhusa kadhaa walizopewa Ndugu Wadogo na Wadominiko, bali msingi wenyewe wa mtindo wa maisha yao. Baada ya yeye na [[Thoma wa Akwino]] kuutetea, Papa alilaani upinzani na kusifu sana mtindo huo wa Kiinjili. Mwalimu huyo kuchaguliwa kuwa Mtumishi mkuu kukawa ushindi mwingine mkubwa chuoni. Katika miaka yake ya mwisho ilimbidi tena kutetea shirika lake kwa maandishi pia. Bonaventura akafa akiwa Kardinali askofu, wakati wa [[Mtaguso II wa Lyon]], ambao ulihatarisha [[mashirika ya Ombaomba]], lakini hatimaye ulipitisha tu hati ya kuyafuta yote isipokuwa Wadominiko na Wafransisko, pamoja na [[Waaugustino]] na [[Wakarmeli]]. Hata hivyo iliwabidi hao wapatane na wanajimbo kwa kujinyima baadhi ya ruhusa walizopewa. Mapapa waliofuata wakaendelea kuwarudishia au kuwanyang’anya tena, mpaka [[Mtaguso wa Vienne]] ([[1311]]-[[1312]]) ulipofaulu kuwatungia sheria ya kudumu: kwamba kuhusu maisha yao ya ndani na uongozi wawe chini ya Papa moja kwa moja, ila kuhusu utume nje ya makanisa yao wawe chini ya Maaskofu na maparoko. Watumishi wakuu waliofuata hawakujaribu kuacha nyayo za Bonaventura; hata ushindani ulipozuka tena ndani ya shirika, hakuna aliyethubutu kukanusha ubora wa kazi yake. Hata hivyo mambo yakawa magumu kiasi kwamba suala la ndugu “wa Kiroho” (yaani wenye nia ya kushika kanuni kadiri ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]]) likawa zito kwa Kanisa lote. Wakati wa Mtaguso II wa Lyon, baadhi ya ndugu walijiandaa kukataa maagizo waliyoambiwa watapewa kinyume cha [[haki]]. Upinzani wao ukalipuka hasa baada ya [[Papa Nikola III]] ([[1277]]-[[1280]]) kutoa hati nyingine juu ya kanuni ([[1279]]) ili kuwaondolea Ndugu Wadogo wasiwasi wowote kuhusu namna ya kuitekeleza, pamoja na kuwatetea dhidi ya maadui wa nje. Hati hiyo inafuata kabisa msimamo wa Bonaventura kuhusu matumizi ya kifukara kweli: Ndugu Wadogo hawana haki ya kutumia vitu, ila wanaruhusiwa kuvitumia kadiri ya ufukara na uduni. Ingawa hati hiyo ilitungwa kwa busara sana, baada ya kamati kabambe kuiandaa kwa miezi miwili, utekelezaji wake ukaja kusababisha mabishano makubwa kwa miaka mingi, kuanzia [[Ufaransa]] Kusini na [[Italia]] ya Kati. Mwakilishi bora wa msimamo mkali ni nd. [[Petro wa Yohane Olivi]] (+[[1298]]), aliyeunganisha pande hizo mbili tofauti: wa kwanza ulitegemea ujuzi mkubwa ukaathiri zaidi Kanisa kwa ufundishaji, uchungaji na uanzishaji wa jumuia za waamini zilizowaunga mkono; wa pili ulitegemea zaidi kumbukumbu chungu za wenzi wa Mt. Fransisko na matabiri juu ya [[dhuluma]] utawani ukaishia kuathiri shirika (hata kwa utunzi wa vitabu muhimu, hasa cha [[Ubertino wa Casale]] +[[1329]]), lakini pia kufanya [[umisionari]] mkubwa hadi [[India]] na kuuchochea kama sehemu ya uaminifu wao kwa kanuni. Mabishano yalichangiwa na Mtumishi mkuu kukosekana muda mrefu au kulemewa na majukumu mengine kutoka kwa Papa. Viongozi waliofuatana katika ngazi mbalimbali, mara walijaribu kukomesha vikali msimamo mkali, mara waliuunga mkono. Mapapa kadhaa walitumia nguvu, isipokuwa [[Papa Selestini V]] ([[1294]]), aliyetazamwa kuwa “Papa wa kimalaika” atakayeanzisha Kanisa la Kiroho. Yeye aliwaruhusu waliotaka wajitenge na “jumuia” (walivyojiita umati wa ndugu waliopenda maendeleo) wakaishi upwekeni wakifuata kanuni na wasia bila ya kujali matamko ya Kanisa. Ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa shirika kugawanyika. Alipojiuzulu, mwandamizi wake [[Papa Bonifasi VIII]] ([[1295]]-[[1303]]) alifuta mara maamuzi yake yote, na katika miezi michache iliyofuata aliwaagiza hao [[Waselestini]] warudi shirikani, akamuondoa madarakani Mtumishi mkuu aliyewatetea, akamweka mwingine kinyume chao, akawakatalia wasikate rufaa kwake dhidi ya dhuluma. Viongozi wao, nd. [[Liberato wa Macerata]] (+[[1307]]) na nd. [[Anjelo Klareno]] (+[[1337]]), walikimbilia [[Ugiriki]] wasije wakafungwa tena (waliwahi kukaa gerezani zaidi ya miaka 10). Jina la ndugu “wa Kiroho” likawa na maana mpya baadhi yao walipopinga uongozi wa Kanisa, wakitangaza ubatili wa kujiuzulu kwa Selestini V na wa kuchaguliwa Bonifasi VIII; halafu wakadai Mapapa waliotoa matamko juu ya kanuni kuwa wazushi. Kinyume na mtangulizi wake, [[Papa Klemensi V]] ([[1305]]-[[1314]]) alipenda kusikiliza wote, halafu akatoa ([[1312]]) tamko jipya juu ya kanuni ili kuondoa wasiwasi hasa kwa kubainisha amri za kanuni na kiasi ambacho zinawabana Ndugu Wadogo. Ingawa hakukubali msimamo wa ndugu “wa Kiroho” kuhusu mamlaka ya Kanisa juu ya kanuni, aliwaweka chini ya ulinzi wake; viongozi waliowadhulumu waliondolewa, na makosa dhidi ya ufukara yalirekebishwa ili kukwepa [[farakano]]. Lakini ikawa bure. ===Marekebisho na utengano (1316-1517)=== Kiburi kilichowapata Ndugu Wadogo katika karne yao ya kwanza, kutokana na mafanikio yao na mashindano na Maaskofu, kikafikia upeo walipopingana na Papa pia, ambaye mamlaka yake ilikuwa imeanza kupunguza. Ndipo shirika lilipopitia hatari kubwa kuliko zote za historia yake. Mara baada ya kuchaguliwa, [[Papa Yohane XXII]] ([[1316]]-[[1334]]), akisukumwa na Mtumishi mkuu nd. [[Mikaeli wa Cesena]] ([[1316]]-[[1328]]), alifululiza kutoa amri zilizolenga kukomesha ndugu “wa Kiroho”, mpaka 4 kati yao walichomwa moto sokoni. Hapo uasi wa wengi ukawa wazi usijali kutengwa na Kanisa wala kuhukumiwa adhabu ya kifo. Hasa [[Waklareno]] wakaendelea hivyo zaidi ya miaka mia mpaka [[Yohane wa Capestrano]] na [[Yakobo wa Marka]] walipowapatanisha na Kanisa ([[1430]] hivi), hata wakarudi chini ya Mtumishi wa shirika lote (1473) wakiwa na Makamu maalumu wa kwao. Mwaka [[1323]] Papa, akiendelea na [[vita]] vyake, alitoa hati ya kulaani dhana ya Ndugu Wadogo wote (iliyokubaliwa na mkutano mkuu [[1322]]) kuwa Kristo na [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] hawakumiliki chochote wala binafsi wala kwa pamoja. Badala ya kukubali tamko hilo, Mtumishi mkuu na wanashirika karibu wote walilikataa hata kumtangaza Yohane XXII kuwa [[mzushi]]. Mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]], ili apate nguvu dhidi ya Papa, akawapokea Ndugu Wadogo chini ya ulinzi wake akafanya mmojawao atangazwe kinyume cha sheria kuwa ni Papa badala ya Yohane XXII (bado hai). Baadaye kidogo uasi huo ukaisha, lakini matokeo ya kwazo kubwa hivi yalichangia sana kudidimia kwa shirika. Matukio mengine ya nje yaliyochangia ni: [[vita vya miaka mia]] (1339-1453) katika sehemu kubwa ya [[Ulaya]]; [[tauni]] (1348-1350) iliyoua thuluthi mbili za wanashirika (matokeo yake waliobaki walikusanyika katika konventi kubwa zenye hali nzuri zaidi kiuchumi, walipunguza utume na kupokea miito bila ya kuichuja); [[farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi]] (1378-1418) lililoleta fujo na utovu wa nidhamu; hatimaye kufifia kwa tunu bora za [[karne za kati]]. Upande wa ufukara uamuzi wa Yohane XXII wa kulinganisha Ndugu Wadogo na mashirika mengine ulisababisha hao wasimamie mali na kutumia pesa (hata za binafsi) kinyume cha kanuni. Kilele cha fujo kikawa miaka ya farakano la Magharibi, ambapo kwa wakati mmoja kulikuwa na Watumishi wakuu wawili au watatu, kila mmojawao akimfuata Papa wa [[Roma]], au yule wa [[Avinyoni]] au hatimaye yule wa [[Pisa]]. Hata hivyo baadhi yao waliongoza vizuri na kuchangia amani ya Kanisa hadi ulipopatikana [[umoja]] wake na wa shirika mwaka 1418. Pamoja na matatizo hayo yote, kuanzia mwaka 1334 baadhi ya wanashirika [[Italia]], halafu [[Hispania]] na Ufaransa, walijiombea ruhusa ya Mtumishi mkuu au ya Papa waweze kuishi kijumuia kadiri ya kanuni, bila ya kutumia fadhili za kuilegeza. Wakati huo marekebisho ya namna hiyo yalitokea hata katika mashirika mengine, ingawa kwa kiasi kidogo zaidi. Ni kwamba kati ya Wafransisko kuna utata wa kudumu kuhusu namna ya kulinganisha kipeo asili na maisha halisi, au sehemu mbalimbali za karama ileile: katika karne XIV-XV utata huo ulisababisha mapambano ya kishujaa. Walioanzisha [[urekebisho]] walikuwa watawa (wengi wao mabradha wasio na elimu) wasioridhika na hali ya shirika. Wakililia hali ya mwanzoni, walilaumu maisha ya wenzao na uongozi wa Watumishi. Hao waliitikia kwa ukali wakijisingizia wanapaswa kudumisha nidhamu na kutetea haki ya walio wengi ya kutumia ruhusa za Kanisa. Kwa kawaida waanzilishi wa marekebisho hawakuwa watakatifu, bali nia yao ilichanganyikana na upungufu wa unyenyekevu na [[utiifu]]. Wakidai haki ya kufuata kanuni “Kiroho” kadiri ya sura ya 10, walikimbilia ngazi za juu kwa msaada wa wanasiasa ambao – sawa na watu wa kawaida – kila mara walipendelea urekebisho. Kisha kukubaliwa, marekebisho yakavuta miito bora: k.mf. kati ya mwaka 1402 na 1416 walijiunga na [[Waoservanti]] [[Bernardino wa Siena]], Yohane wa Capestrano, [[Alberto wa Sarteano]] na Yakobo wa Marka ambao wanaitwa “nguzo nne za Oservansya (= kushikakanuni)”. Marekebisho yote, pamoja na kusisitiza ufukara, yalijali sana [[kimya]] na [[sala ya moyo]] upwekeni. Kama tunda la maisha ya namna hiyo yalifanya pia kazi kubwa tena bora ya kuhubiri, na hivyo kurudisha ule uwiano aliokuwa nao mwanzilishi. Mwishowe haki ya kushika kanuni kiaminifu ikatambulikana na Kanisa. [[Image:Saint Bernardino of Siena.PNG|thumb|[[Bernardino wa Siena]] ([[1380]]-[[1440]]), mchoro wa [[Jacopo Bellini]] ([[1400]] hivi - [[1470]] hivi).]] Mahali pa kwanza walipokusanyika ni makao ya upwekeni ya [[Brogliano]] karibu na [[Asizi]]. Aliyestawisha zaidi kwanzia mwaka 1368 ni [[Paolucho Trinci]] (+1390), bradha aliyefanywa mkurugenzi wa jumuia zilizofuata urekebisho Italia, akiwa na haki ya kupokea wanovisi na kuanzisha nyumba nyingine. Dhidi ya upinzani wa Watumishi, [[Mtaguso wa Konstans]] (1415) uliwaruhusu Waoservanti kuenea katika kanda zote za shirika, kupokea wanashirika wote watakaopenda kujiunga nao, tena kuwa na kiongozi maalumu, yaani Watunzaji wao wawe chini ya mmojawao kama makamu wa Mtumishi mkuu badala ya kubaki chini ya Watumishi wa kanda. Hata hivyo marekebisho mengine yaliyokwishaanza ([[Wavilyakresi]], [[Wakoleta]], [[Waamadei]] na Waklareno) hayakupenda kujiunga na Waoservanti. [[Wakonventuali]] walipinga vikali uamuzi wa [[Mtaguso]], na juhudi za Mapapa hazikuweza kurudisha amani, kwa kuwa hao hawakukubali kurekebishwa, wala Waoservanti kukaa chini yao. Wakati majaribio mbalimbali yalipoendelea kushindikana, Oservansya ikaenea na kustawi, hadi [[Papa Eugenio IV]] (1431-1447) alipoiruhusu kujifanyia mikutano mikuu na ya kanda ili kujichagulia viongozi (1446). Ushindi mwingine ukawa tangazo la kuwa Bernardino wa Siena, Mkuu wake wa kwanza, ni mtakatifu (1450). [[Papa Leo X]] (1513-1521) alifanya jaribio la mwisho alipoitisha mkutano mkuu wa wote pamoja (1517), wakiwa na viongozi wa marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wakakataa tena shirika lote lisifuate urekebisho wala kuongozwa na Mwoservanti. Basi, Papa akaamua kuwatenganisha moja kwa moja, na kupindua uhusiano kati yao: Waoservanti wawe na hadhi ya kuwa ndio shirika halisi (OFM), wakati waliotetea maisha yaliyofuatwa katika konventi kubwa wakakubaliwa kuendelea nayo kwa kutumia fadhili halali walizopewa, lakini kama tawi tu (OFMConv). Alimlazimisha Mtumishi mkuu wa Wakonventuali kujiuzulu na kukabidhi mhuri wa shirika kwa Waoservanti, ambao Mtumishi wao aitwe Mtumishi mkuu wa shirika lote, likiwa ni pamoja na marekebisho mengine. Wakonventuali wasishiriki tena uchaguzi wa Mtumishi mkuu, wala kiongozi wao asiitwe Mtumishi bali Mwalimu mkuu tu! Hata hivyo wasisumbuliwe kwa kutumia fadhili walizopewa na Kanisa. Waoservanti wabaki na nyumba zao, na Wakonventuali na nyumba zao, bila ya kuvuka toka upande mmoja kwenda upande mwingine. Ingawa hakuna takwimu ya wanashirika kabla ya karne XVII, tunaweza kuwakadiria kutokana na idadi ya nyumba na ya wastani wa ndugu walioishi katika nyumba: *mwaka 1226: ndugu 5,000; *mwaka 1300: ndugu 40,000; *mwaka 1400: ndugu 25,000; *mwaka 1517: ndugu 50,000 na zaidi (elfu 20 au 25 Wakonventuali na 30 au 32 Waoservanti) ===Maisha ndani ya shirika (1226-1517)=== Kujua maisha ya ndani ya shirika lolote ni muhimu kuliko kujua matukio makuu ya miundo yake. Basi, tuone jamaa ya Ndugu Wadogo ilivyoendelea kwa ndani katika karne tatu za kwanza tulizokwishaziona. Baada ya kifo cha mwanzilishi wanashirika walizidi kumiminika mijini, katika konventi kubwa zaidi na zaidi, na zenye sura ya kimonaki zaidi na zaidi (kanisa kubwa, ukumbi wa mikutano, ua, bustani na kuta za kandokando…). Kanuni iliendelea kuzingatiwa, lakini kwa mtazamo wa kisheria, kufuatana na matamko ya Mapapa juu yake. Ufukara mkuu ukaja kuwa sifa maalumu za kujitangazia shirika bora kuliko mengine, pamoja na kujipongeza kwa kuwa na mwanzilishi aliye Kristo wa pili, mtakatifu kuliko wengine (tazama ngao ya shirika ya karne XV yenye msalaba iliposulibiwa pamoja mikono ya Kristo na Fransisko). Lakini utekelezaji ukawa wa kinafiki sana, k.mf. tendo la ndugu kusafiri na boi ambaye amchukulie pesa asije akazigusa mwenyewe lilihukumiwa tayari na katiba ya [[Narbona]] (1260) iliyotungwa kama kinga ya kanuni, halafu ikarekebishwa mara nyingi ili kudhibiti makosa yaliyojitokeza pamoja na kudumisha [[usawa]] katika sura ya nje ya watawa na katika matumizi ya kila siku. Kimya kilichosisitizwa na Fransisko kama sharti la [[sala]], kikaja kuratibiwa kwa mfano wa [[monasteri]]: kwamba kimya kikuu kiwe cha kudumu katika kanisa, [[maktaba]], vyumba vya kulala, ua na mezani wakati wa kula. Zaidi ya hicho, kitunzwe daima na popote kimya cha Kiinjili, yaani kukwepa maneno yoyote yasiyofaa (Mathayo 12:36). Katiba haikuzungumzia maburudisho, lakini sikukuu zilikuwa na nafasi za kufurahia udugu (vyakula na [[divai]], nyimbo, maigizo na michezo), ingawa ilikatazwa mara nyingi ndugu wasipite [[kiasi]]. Hatujui vitendo vya [[toba]] vya kijumuia vilipoanza; lakini mwanzoni mwa karne XIV Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa wakijipiga mijeledi kila siku ya [[Kwaresima]], halafu mara tatu kwa juma nyakati nyingine. Adhabu alizozitoa mwanzilishi zikaja kuongezwa chini ya Elia hata kuratibiwa na sheria. Mapema ulifuatwa mfano wa Wadominiko wa konventi zote kuwa na ma[[gereza]], ila yajali utu. Wasiojirekebisha wafukuzwe shirikani. Mpaka mwaka 1239 ndugu wakleri na mabradha waliishi kwa usawa alivyotaka Fransisko. Baadaye shirika likabadilika na kuwa la kikleri. Sababu ni mbalimbali: heshima kubwa ya mwanzilishi kwa mapadri, ongezeko la mapadri kwa idadi na ubora, chuki ya wengi kwa sera ya Elia aliyependelea mabradha wenzake katika uongozi. Miaka miwili tu baada ya kumuondosha, mabradha wakajikuta hawaruhusiwi tena kuwa na cheo chochote, halafu ikakatazwa wasipokewe tena shirikani, isipokuwa kwa sababu ya pekee. Pia mabradha walifungiwa kabisa mlango wa ukleri kwa kufafanua visivyo maneno ya kanuni yasemayo, “wasio na elimu wasijisumbue kusudi waipate”. Basi, baada ya katazo la kufanya kazi za mikono nje ya konventi kama zamani, sura ya bradha Mfransisko ikawa kwa karne nyingi ile ya mtu ambaye hana sauti wala [[kura]], amekusudiwa kutoa huduma za konventini na kuombaomba, ambaye heshima yake kubwa ni kuwatumikia wanashirika mapadri. Hivyo miito ya namna hiyo haikutoka tena kwa watu wenye elimu wenye kulenga utakatifu wa Kifransisko, bali kwa watu wadogo, wasiojua kusoma, wasio na mbele wala nyuma, ambao wengi wao waliingia utawani kujitafutia tu maisha ya hakika. Hapo ilibidi wachujwe sana. Kwa njia hiyo sura ya ndani ya jamaa ilibadilika sana, kwa kuwa na ma[[tabaka]] yenye [[kazi]] tofauti, [[haki]] tofauti na [[malezi]] tofauti. Ila marekebisho yakajaribu kurudia hali ya mwanzoni. Baadaye ikatokea migawanyiko mingine kati ya waliopewa na wasiopewa fadhili, yaani ruhusa za pekee. Kwanza zilitolewa kwa walimu na wanafunzi ili kustawisha masomo katika ngazi za juu, halafu katika ngazi ya kati na ya chini. Wakaja kuongezwa waliowahi kuwa na vyeo, wazee na hatimaye wahubiri. Malalamiko yakawa mengi, hasa walionyimwa walipokosa hata mahitaji yao, ingawa wagonjwa waliendelea kushughuliwa vizuri, na haki zao zilitetewa na sheria. Utaratibu wa kimonaki wa kuwapanga watawa kufuatana na muda wa kukaa utawani, uliokataliwa mwanzoni ukajipenyeza shirikani; hata katika hilo, na katika kuwapa viongozi heshima kubwa za nje, marekebisho yakarudia usahili wa mwanzoni. Fransisko aliwazoesha wafuasi wake kuwa wazi kati yao, kuelezana habari za safari, kujishtaki kwa unyenyekevu na kuomba msamaha. Ndiyo asili ya “[[mkutano wa makosa]]” ambao uliagizwa na [[katiba]] (1260) mara moja kwa wiki, ukifuatwa na mkutano wa jumuia uliojadili masuala ya pamoja. Mpango wa mwanzilishi wa kuwatuma wafuasi wake ulimwenguni wawiliwawili uliendelea, ila kwa shabaha ya kulindana bila ya kuaminiana, badala ya kushuhudia umoja wa kidugu na kusaidiana. Malezi kwa jumla yalilenga zaidi maisha ya ndani kuliko kwenda ulimwenguni, jambo lililotarajiwa kuwa la nadra tu. Mipango ya kwanza kwa malezi iliratibiwa na katiba (1260). Walezi walisaidiwa na vitabu kadhaa, hasa “Kielelezo cha Nidhamu” cha [[Bernardo wa Besse]] (+1300 hivi) ambacho kinalenga nidhamu, adabu njema, usafi na taratibu za kimonaki kuliko mitindo ya Kifransisko. Baada ya kumaliza [[unovisi]], watawa wapya waliendelea kulelewa walau miaka mitatu, ingawa kazi hiyo ilionekana mapema kuwa ngumu sana. Sehemu mbalimbali (hasa Wakonventuali) walianza kupokea watoto wadogo kama walivyofanya wamonaki. Toka mwanzo kazi za Ndugu Wadogo zilikuwa tatu: sala, kazi za mikono na mahubiri; [[uvivu]] ulikuwa tishio kwa mwanzilishi na viongozi wengine. Bonaventura alipochaguliwa aliwaandikia mara wanashirika wote ili kuwaonyesha hatari hiyo kubwa, lakini alipinga kabisa watawa kufanya kazi za mikono zenye malipo. Badala yake walitafutiwa kazi nyingine mbalimbali: kusoma, kuimba [[Zaburi]], kutoa huduma za nyumbani, kuombaomba n.k. Mchango muhimu mmojawapo wa mashirika ya Ombaomba ni kujenga daraja kati ya liturujia ya monasteri na ya makanisa makuu na mahitaji ya kidini ya jamii yenye kubadilika. Ndugu Wadogo, wakitumia haki ya wakati huo ya kila shirika kujitengenezea liturujia yake, walistawisha [[kalenda]] na taratibu zao, pamoja na kufuata kimsingi zile za Roma. Walizifupisha kwa faida ya sala ya moyo, na kuzisogeza jirani na haja za mtu binafsi. Ingawa wapinzani walisema kufanya hivyo ni kuvuruga liturujia, Mapapa wakaja kueneza [[breviari]] ya Kifransisko katika Kanisa lote la [[Kilatini]]. Hata [[misale]] ya Kiroma iliyotumiwa na kurekebishwa na Ndugu Wadogo ikaja kuenea: taratibu nyingi za [[ibada]], nyimbo na [[sikukuu]] mpya ziliingizwa nao kabla hazijakubaliwa kwa Kanisa lote. Kwa juhudi na mafanikio ya pekee zilistawishwa ibada kwa [[Ekaristi]], jina la Yesu, kuzaliwa kwake na kuteseka ([[Njia ya Msalaba]]), [[Bikira Maria]] ([[Kukingiwa Dhambi ya Asili]]). Kwa ajili hiyo, nje ya ibada walitumia pia maigizo, wakisaidiwa na [[Utawa III]]. Baada ya jumuia zote kupata kanisa la kitawa ambapo iliwabidi waadhimishe [[Sala ya Kanisa]], ibada zilizidi kuwa za fahari, hasa kwa lengo la kuwapa kazi ya kufanya ndugu wasiosoma wala kuhubiri. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo, juu ya Sala ya Kanisa vikaongezwa vipindi vingine kwa ajili ya wafu, kwa heshima ya Bikira Maria n.k. Hoja ya msingi ilikuwa kwamba walio wengi wasingefanya bidii katika sala ya binafsi. Kama kawaida, marekebisho yalirudia kusisitiza sala ya moyo na kusoma tu Zaburi, pamoja na kuadhimisha [[Misa]] pasipo fahari katika makanisa madogomadogo. Wasio mapadre walihudhuria Misa, ila ilikuwa kawaida kupokea Ekaristi kila baada ya wiki mbili. Kumbe maungamo yalikuwa mara mbili kwa juma. Kati ya walimu wa kiroho Bonaventura alishika nafasi ya kwanza. Maandishi yake yote yalilenga [[maisha ya kiroho]], na kuathiri sana shirika na Kanisa lote hadi leo; ndiyo sababu akatangazwa [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] kwa jina la “mwalimu wa kiserafi”. Tukiacha waandishi wengine bora na kuzingatia waliofaulu kuyatekeleza kikamilifu maisha ya kiroho, tunakuta katika karne tatu za kwanza walifariki watakatifu 25 na wenye heri 61: ndio ushahidi bora wa jinsi kipeo cha Kifransisko kinavyofaa. Wa kwanza ni wafiadini wa [[Moroko]] (5 wa mwaka 1220, na 7 wa mwaka 1227). Kufuatana na mfano wao alijiunga na shirika [[Antoni wa Padua]] (+1231), “mwalimu wa Kiinjili” mwenye utakatifu usiosemeka kulingana na moyo wa mwanzilishi. Baada ya Bonaventura kuna askofu mwingine, [[Ludoviko wa Tolosa]] (+1297), aliyekufa kijana kama alivyotamani. Karne XIV, iliyojaa wamisionari na wafiadini, ina ndugu wanne kutoka nchi mbalimbali waliotangazwa watakatifu: [[Nikola Tavelic]] na wenzake waliouawa [[Yerusalemu]] (1391). Watakatifu sita wa karne XV ni Waoservanti ambao walipigania kanuni na kufanya utume mkubwa: Bernardino wa Siena (+1444), Yohane wa Capestrano (+1456) na Yakobo wa Marka (+1476) toka Italia, [[Didakus wa Alkala]] (+1463) toka [[Hispania]], halafu [[Yohane wa Dukla]] (+1484) toka [[Polandi]], isipokuwa [[Petro Regalado]] (+1456) aliyeishi katika urekebisho wa Wavilyakresi wa Hispania. ===Utume (1226-1517)=== Tangu mashirika ya Wafransisko na Wadominiko yaanzishwe, Mapapa walitambua yanavyohitajika na kufaa kutegemezea Kanisa la Roma ambalo, baada ya kufikia kilele cha fahari na mamlaka wakati wa [[Papa Inosenti III]] (1198-1216), lilianza kukabiliana na upinzani mpya wa viongozi wa siasa. Ili waweze kuwatumia watawa hao bila ya pingamizi, Mapapa walijiwekea kuwasimamia wasikae chini ya Maaskofu, wakawapendelea katika tume nyingi. Hivyo toka mwanzo Ndugu Wadogo walifanya kazi katika ofisi za Papa na kupewa vyeo mbalimbali, kinyume cha matakwa ya Fransisko aliyetaka wabaki “wadogo”. Hasa baada ya Gregori IX, Mapapa waliona ustawi wa Kanisa unastahili uzingatiwe kuliko udogo wa Kifransisko. Ingawa shirika lilijitahidi kuzuia ongezeko la vyeo, katika karne XIII waliishi Maaskofu Wafransisko 250, katika karne XIV 746, katika karne XV 791, na miaka 17 ya kwanza ya karne XVI 70. Mabalozi wa Papa jumla walikuwa zaidi ya 300, Makardinali 29, na wawili wakawa [[Papa Nikolasi IV]] (1288-1292) na [[Papa Sixtus IV]] (1471-1484). Ndugu Wadogo walichangia sana Mitaguso mikuu yote ya karne hizo tatu: [[Mtaguso wa Lyons I|Lyons I]] (1245), Lyons II (1274), Vienne (1311-1312), Konstans (1414-1418), [[Mtaguso wa Firenze|Firenze]] (1431-1445) na [[Mtaguso wa Laterano V|Laterano V]] (1512-1517). Vilevile ndugu wengine walitetea haki za Papa dhidi ya upinzani, na zaidi ya 200 walipokea hata kazi ya kuwahukumu wazushi, ingawa hiyo haikuwapendeza sana. Kazi ya kawaida zaidi ilikuwa ile ya kuhubiri. Waliokubaliwa na Watumishi wakaja kuunda tabaka la juu kuliko mapadri wa kawaida (waliosoma Misa tu) na ya mabradha. Ilipobaki kazi ya wasomi tu, ikarudia mitindo ya vyuoni na kuachana na [[usahili]] wa mwanzo alioutumia na kuutaka mwanzilishi. Mhubiri mkuu wa kwanza ulikuwa Antoni ambaye kwa miaka 10 alichangamsha Italia na Ufaransa Kusini akishinda uzushi. Pamoja na kuhubiri, wengine wametuachia kwa maandishi hotuba zao, mifano mingi na maelekezo juu ya namna ya kuhubiri. Karne XV ndiyo bora kwa mahubiri ya Kifransisko, ambapo “nguzo za Oservansya” walitoka upwekeni wakawashirikisha wote utajiri waliojipatia katika sala. Makanisa hayakutosha kukusanya wasikilizaji; wote waliguswa na wengi wakaongoka. Kutoka Italia wakahubiri nchi mbalimbali hadi [[Norwe]]. Tunda mojawapo la utume wa Yohane wa Capestrano ni ushindi wa Wakristo juu ya Waturuki waliotishia kuvamia Ulaya yote (1456). Huko Italia mahubiri hayo yalipinga mwelekeo mpya wa kuweka pembeni Ukristo katika maisha ya kila siku na kujali ustawi wa kidunia tu. [[Kitubio]] kilifuatana na mahubiri; hasa baada ya Mapapa kuruhusu watawa kutoa huduma hiyo, ikaja kuwa mojawapo ya kazi zao kuu. Shirika likiwa na uhusiano wa pekee na watu wadogo toka mwanzo, daima ni jepesi kutambua hali na haja zao upande wa roho na wa mwili, na kuziitikia vizuri, hata kupitia Utawa III. Kipindi hicho watu walielekea sana kujiundia makundi kadiri ya fani zao n.k. Ndugu Wadogo waliwaelekeza kufanya hivyo bila ya kusahau dini, katika jina na taratibu walivyoyapatia. Walipatanisha mara nyigi wanasiasa wa miji au vyama tofauti, walisaidia maskini na wagonjwa (hata wenye [[ukoma]] na tauni), walianzisha [[hospitali]], walilaumu hadharani [[dhuluma]] n.k. Kwa ajili hiyo, bila ya kujali upinzani wowote, walianzisha pia [[benki]] ambazo zikopeshe pesa kwa [[riba]] ndogo sana ili kukomesha waliodai riba pasipo kiasi (hasa [[Wayahudi]]). Kabla hatujaeleza umisionari wa Ndugu Wadogo, tuangalie juhudi zao kwa ajili ya umoja kati ya [[Waortodoksi]] na Kanisa la Roma. Kabla [[Konstantinopoli]] haujatekwa na Waturuki (1453), udhaifu wa [[Wagiriki]] upande wa siasa na jeshi uliwaelekeza kutafuta msaada wa [[Wakristo wa Magharibi]]. Hivyo zilipatikana fursa nyingi za kukaribiana na kujaribu kuungana, ambazo Mapapa kila mara waliwatumia Wafransisko na Wadominiko. Kwa namna ya pekee Mtaguso II wa Lyons, kwa juhudi hasa za Bonaventura, ulifanikiwa kutangaza umoja, ingawa baadaye ukashindikana kwa sababu mbalimbali. Juhudi nyingine kulingana na mitazamo ya nyakati hizo zilifanywa na Ndugu Wadogo waliosambaa kotekote Mashariki na kutoa mifano bora ya maisha yao, pamoja na kutangaza kwa sauti na kwa maandishi ukweli wa Kanisa Katoliki ili kuwavuta Waortodoksi mmojammoja au makundimakundi kuingia katika ushirika kamili nalo. Sehemu fulanifulani matunda yaliridhisha, lakini wengine waliuawa, hasa baada ya Waturuki kuteka Ulaya Mashariki Kusini. Nje ya eneo hilo, utume huo ulifanyika pia [[Urusi]], [[Georgia]], [[Armenia]], [[Irani]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Misri]] hata [[Ethiopia]]. Kazi ngumu zaidi ilifanyika kwa wasio Wakristo. Karne XIII ilikuwa mwanzo wa [[umisionari]] wa aina mpya, ambao unaongozwa na Mapapa kwa kutumia mashirika ya Ombaomba (yaliyofaa sana kwa utayari wa kutumwa na kwa umoja wa miundo yake), unapata wamisionari mchanganyiko kutoka nchi yoyote, unaenea katika bara lote la [[Asia]] (ambalo linakuja kujulikana na Wazungu wakati huo) na hauna faida ya uchumi. Fransisko alichochea hayo kwa mifano na mafundisho yake ambayo alisisitiza kuwa wito huo ni wa Kimungu, kwa hiyo hautakiwi kuzuiwa. Kwa mang’amuzi yake alielekeza kutoa kwanza ushuhuda wa maisha ya Kikristo, halafu tu, kadiri ya mapenzi ya Mungu, kuhubiri wazi [[imani]]. Wafuasi wake hawakufuata daima maelekezo hayo, kwa maana wengi waliwachokoza [[Waislamu]] ili kuuawa. Katika historia ya [[misheni]] za Kifransisko, tunaona kwanza uenezi mkubwa upande wa Mashariki, halafu karne nyingine ya kufifia, halafu katika karne XV msukumo mpya toka kwa Waoservanti, lakini kuelekea maeneo mapana ambayo yalivumbuliwa na Wazungu miaka ya mwisho ya karne hiyo na kuhitaji Injili. Kuanzia mwaka 1217 Wafransisko wametunza mahali patakatifu pa nchi ya Yesu, ingawa iliwabidi kuvumilia magumu mengi, dhuluma na vifodini; wengi walikufa pia kwa kuwashughulikia wenye tauni. Kuanzia mwaka 1219 wengine walitumwa [[Afrika]] Kaskazini, ambapo baadhi walifia dini. Shirika lilianza kupata Maaskofu kwa ajili ya Moroko, ingawa hawakuweza kukaa huko. Kumbe [[Tunisia]] na [[Libya]] waliruhusiwa kuwaongoa Waislamu wakachuma matunda kwa muda fulani, ingawa vipindi vingine waliweza tu kuwahudumia Wakristo wageni. [[Image:Central Asian trade routes.jpg|thumb|right|380px|[[Ramani]] inayoonyesha kwa [[rangi]] ya [[buluu]] iliyokolea [[safari]] ya Yohane wa Pian del Carpine hadi [[Asia mashariki]].]] Mwaka 1241 Wamongolia, baada ya kujitwalia Asia karibu nzima, walivamia Ulaya na kufadhaisha Wakristo wote, kwa sababu hakuna aliyeamini uwezekano wa kuwashinda. Mapapa walijaribu kuwasimamisha kwa kutuma Wafransisko na Wadominiko (wa kwanza ni [[Yohane wa Pian del Carpine]]) waombe masharti ya amani. Ujumbe huo uliposhindikana, walianza kupenya kama wamisionari upande wa Ulaya Mashariki, wakasambaa kwa ruhusa ya watu hao wakatili sana katika utawala wao wote. Nikola IV alimtuma (1291) [[Yohane wa Montecorvino]], mwanzilishi wa misheni za [[China]] na Askofu wa kwanza wa [[Beijing]], mwenye majimbo sita chini yake katika ufalme mzima (hadi Urusi). Nyumba za kitawa katika eneo hilo lote likafikia kuzidi 50, baadhi zikiwa na ndugu wasiopungua 20. [[Papa Inosenti VI]] (1352-1362) aliomba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1353 uongeze wamisionari alivyotaka mfalme wa Mongolia, lakini itikio likawa hafifu, kwa kuwa tauni iliyoua wamisionari wengi, iliua pia watawa wengi Ulaya. Hivyo misheni zikaendelea kwa shida tu mpaka ikaja kufa China ilipojikomboa. Pia, Ndugu Wadogo waliongoa Walitwania, taifa la mwisho la Ulaya kuingia Ukristo (karne XIII na XIV). Karne XV ilielekeza umisionari upande mwingine, na Waoservanti waliuchangamkia kuanzia visiwa vya [[Kanaria]] vilivyopokea Ukristo haraka kwa juhudi za ndugu waliofikia kuwa 200, mmojawao Didakus wa Alkala. Kutoka huko umisionari ulienea pwani za Afrika Magharibi. Mzunguko wa Afrika hadi [[Rasi ya Tumaini Jema]] ([[Bartolomeo Dias]], 1488) na [[India]] ([[Vasko Da Gama]], 1497-1498), na hasa uvumbuzi wa [[Amerika]] ([[Kristoforo Columbus]], 1492) ulisisimua sana umisionari kwa maeneo, miundo na mbinu mpya. Wakati ambapo uenezi wa Waturuki Waislamu ulikuja kuzuia njia za Asia, na misheni zilizokuwa chini ya utawala wao zilidumaa, Ndugu Wadogo walistawisha upeo umisionari wao Amerika na Asia Mashariki kupitia baharini (wakati huo Asia Mashariki ilikuwa chini ya Askofu wa [[Funchal]], katika kisiwa cha Afrika Magharibi!). Upande wa miundo wafalme wa [[Ureno]] na wa Hispania walipogawana ulimwengu kwa baraka ya [[Papa Alexander VI]] (1492-1503) walipewa pia usimamizi wa kazi zote za misheni, pamoja na haki ya kuchagua na kutuma wamisionari katika maeneo yao. Hivyo karne XVI idadi ya wamisionari OFM ilifikia 6,000, wengi wao wakitokea nchi hizo mbili, kwa sababu mataifa mengine waliweza wakabaguliwa na hata kurudishwa nyumbani. Ndugu Wadogo 6 wa kwanza walifika Amerika (kisiwa cha [[Hispaniola]], leo [[Jamhuri ya Dominika|Dominikana]]/[[Haiti]]) mwaka 1493 na kuanza kuwahubiria wazalendo. Wengine wakafuata mapema na kuenea kadiri vilivyovumbuliwa visiwa vingine. Kufikia mwaka 1500 walikuwa wameshabatizwa wazalendo 3,000 Hispaniola na wengi zaidi [[Kuba]]. Mwaka 1504 yaliundwa majimbo matatu na mwaka 1505 kanda ya shirika. Mwaka 1511 alitawazwa Askofu wa kwanza wa Amerika visiwani (Dominikana) na mwaka 1513 wa bara ([[Panama]]), wote wawili wakiwa Wafransisko. Ila barani hatari zikawa nyingi. Waliohamia [[Brazili]] (1503) waliuawa baada ya miaka miwili, na wengi wa waliowafuata wakauawa pia. Hata hivyo Wafransisko wakaendelea na umisionari huko, wakiwa peke yao hadi 1549. Vilevile Ndugu Wadogo ndio wamisionari wa kwanza kufika India kwa meli (1500, baada ya kupitia Brazili); wengine wakafuata. [[Mabanyani]] waliwaua 3, lakini wengine waliongoka jumla wakabatizwa pasipo mafundisho kutokana na uhaba wa wamisionari. Safarini, wengine walihubiri kisiwani [[Sokotra]] (karibu na [[Somalia]]) na kuongoa karibu wote, hata wakageuza msikiti kuwa kanisa la Bikira Maria; lakini [[Waarabu]] wakakiteka (1510) wakaharibu kila kitu. Uenezaji wa [[Injili]] unatimia unapopenya [[utamaduni]] wa watu. Tuone basi Ufransisko ulivyoathiri Kanisa na jamii, kuanzia elimu, [[fasihi]] na [[sanaa]]. Fransisko hakuwa msomi, tena alihisi uchu wa elimu unavyoweza kuzuia udogo na usawa wa wafuasi wake. Lakini, akitambua njia hiyo haiepukiki, alielekeza namna ya kuifuata bila ya kudhurika. Kwake Antoni wa Padua ndiye kielelezo, kwa jinsi alivyokuwa tayari kuweka pembeni usomi. Ndiyo sababu alimruhusu kuwafundisha ndugu [[teolojia]] huko [[Bologna]] mradi isizimishwe roho ya sala na ibada. Mwaka 1231 shirika lilikuwa na nyumba za masomo hata Paris na [[Oxford]] karibu na vyuo vikuu ili kuwaandaa walimu ambao wafundishe katika konventi muhimu zaidi za kila kanda. Ndipo walipojipatia sifa ya elimu na nafasi mpya za utume, ingawa Egidi na wengineo walizidi kulaumu Paris kwamba imeharibu shirika. Tangu karne XIV katika konventi karibu zote kulikuwa na vipindi vya lazima kwa wasio mabradha. Pia yalianzishwa masomo kwa waliotarajia kupata [[daraja takatifu]]. Mitindo ya kufundisha ilikuwa sawa na ile ya mashirika mengine na ya vyuo vikuu: vipindi asubuhi na jioni, mijadala, mahubiri ya walimu na ya wanafunzi vilevile. Shirika halikuwa na mwalimu maalumu na mafundisho ya lazima, ila tabia na mazingira yake yote vilielekeza Ndugu Wadogo kuwaza namna fulani, yaani kusisitiza upendo kuliko ujuzi, na [[utashi]] kuliko [[akili]]; pia kumuona Mungu kama Wema kuliko kama Ukweli. [[Falsafa]] ya Wafransisko ilifuata ile ya [[Plato]] kumpitia [[Augustino]] (Antoni alitoka shirika lake). Kati ya walimu wa vyuo vikuu aliyeelekeza njia ni [[Aleksanda wa Hales]] (+1245), aliyemfundisha Bonaventura huko Paris. Kwa mtakatifu huyo, mwalimu ni Kristo tu, na elimu ni moja tu, ile inayotuunganisha naye, hasa Maandiko Matakatifu, ambayo peke yake yanawafaa Ndugu Wadogo. Baada yake teolojia ikabili [[mababu wa Kanisa]] na maandishi ya walimu wa teolojia. Wanafalsafa na waandishi wengine wasomwe tu kwa mpito kadiri wanavyosaidia kuelewa [[Biblia]]. Ndiyo njia ya kufikia elimu, lakini mtu akitaka [[hekima]] anapaswa kuwa na maisha matakatifu. Oxford iliwatoa hasa: [[Roger Bacon]] (+1292), mtaalamu wa mambo mengi na mwanzilishi wa mtindo wa [[upimaji]] kama msingi wa [[sayansi]]; [[Yohane Duns Scoto]] (+1308), mwalimu mwenye uchambuzi mkali, anayesifiwa kwa kuonyesha Kristo kuwa kiini cha [[uumbaji]], na kwa kutetea sifa ya Maria kukingiwa dhambi ya asili (Wafransisko wakaendelea kuitetea hadi ikatangazwa na [[Papa Pius IX]], wa Utawa III, mwaka 1854, kuwa [[dogma]]); na [[Wiliamu wa Ockham]] (+1347) aliyepotosha falsafa akadai eti, akili haiwezi kujua yanayopita malimwengu: msimamo wake ukaenea sana, ukampa [[Martin Luther]] silaha dhidi ya imani katoliki, ukaathiri utamaduni wa Magharibi hadi leo. Ufransisko uliathiri vilevile mwelekeo wote wa sanaa ya Magharibi. Ukiitikia vizuri matarajio yote ya kidini na ya kijamii ya kipindi cha mageuzi, ulieneza mtazamo mpya wa maisha unaojali mtu na viumbe vyote. Hivyo ulichangia sana upatikanaji wa mitindo mipya na njia mpya za kufurahia uzuri, ingawa bila ya kupotewa na imani. Fasihi ya Kifransisko inapenda kusimulia, tunavyoona katika maisha ya mwanzilishi yaliyoandikwa na wafuasi wake; [[uchoraji]] unaonyesha sura halisi ya kwake na ya wengineo; hata [[ujenzi]] unafuata njia mpya, hasa kufuatana na kielelezo cha kanisa la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]]. Hata katika ujenzi wa nyumba zao Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kuzingatia ufukara bila ya kupuuzia [[uzuri]], kiasi kwamba upendevu wake unavutia wengi hadi leo. ==Marekebisho kuendelea (1517-1762)== ===Matawi mapya kuchipuka=== Utengano wa Waoservanti na Wakonventuali ulitatua tatizo moja, lakini haukufaulu kuunganisha makundi yaliyorekebishwa, ingawa Papa alikuwa ameagiza itungwe mara katiba moja kwa yote. Baadhi yalidumu kuwa na kanda zao, Waoservanti wa Italia wakaikataa katiba hiyo wakaendelea kuirekebisha mfululizo ile maalumu ya kwao, na kanda nyingine zilijitungia vilevile na kuzidisha tofauti shirikani. Kilichohatarisha zaidi umoja ni [[utaifa]] uliochochewa na [[serikali]] mbalimbali kwa faida ya siasa ya nchi zao dhidi ya nyingine. Wafalme waliingilia kwa njama na vitisho masuala ya mikutano mikuu, sawa na walivyoingilia uchaguzi wa Papa, lakini kila mara idadi iliwapa ushindi Wahispania, hata washindani wao (Wafaransa) wakagoma kuhudhuria mara kadhaa. Matatizo mengine yalihusu maisha yenyewe, hasa ufukara. Waliolazimika kujiunga na Waoservanti, na wale wasioacha kutumia fadhili walizokuwanazo wakiwa Wakonventuali, walikataa kurekebishwa. Kinyume chake, wengine hawakuridhika tena na namna OFM ilivyoshika kanuni, wakadai ruhusa ya kuishika kabisa. Ndivyo walivyofanya watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali, kwa kuwa haja ya urekebisho ilitambulikana na wote katika Kanisa la karne XV-XVI. Kwa namna ya pekee Ndugu Wadogo walichochewa kufanya hivyo na sura X ya kanuni pamoja na wasia. Ndiyo sababu Bonaventura aliona haja ya kuwepo makao ya upwekeni katika kila kanda ili kuwaachia uhuru wa kuishi hivyo wale wapendao. Kumbe Waoservanti wengi na baadhi ya viongozi wao hawakukubali kuwaachia wenye bidii uhuru huo, kwa sababu ingekuwa sawa na kukiri kwamba wamelegea. Hivyo wakawatenda ndugu hao kama Wakonventuali wa zamani walivyowatenda Waoservanti wa kwanza. Walioamini urekebisho unaweza kutoka kwa viongozi wakaja kujionea haiwezekani. Miundo iliyoanza kama urekebisho ikajikuta inajaribu kuzuia juhudi za waliopenda urekebisho, na viongozi wa shirika lililoanza kwa kushindana na viongozi wakawalaumu waliotaka kufanya vile wakisema eti, ni wakaidi tu! Kwa kukosa busara na wema walisababisha waliotaka urekebisho wakafuate njia zao ili kupata ruhusa walizozihitaji, kwa kumkimbilia Papa au viongozi wa serikali. Mara nyingine Wakonventuali walipokea makundi hayo chini ya ulinzi wao ili kuwakomoa Waoservanti waliokuwa wanawadharau wakijidai ndio wafuasi halisi wa Fransisko. Ndiyo asili ya matawi mapya, hasa lile la kujitegemea la [[Wakapuchini]]. Mwaka 1525 [[Mateo wa Bascio]] alimkimbilia [[Papa Klementi VII]] (1523-1534) ili kuruhusiwa ashike kanuni, avae kanzu asili na kuhubiri huko na huko alivyotaka. Alipokubaliwa, walijiunga naye ndugu wawili, [[Ludoviko wa Fossombrone]] na [[Rafaeli wa Fossombrone]]. Mtumishi wa kanda aliwatafuta sana, lakini walilindwa vizuri na [[Katerina Cibo]], ndugu wa Papa. Ili kukwepa dhuluma, wakajiunga na Wakonventuali, halafu wakapewa na Klementi VII haki ya kuwa na Mtumishi wao chini ya Mkuu wa Wakonventuali na ya kupokea wanovisi (1528). Mapema walianza kuitwa Wakapuchini kutokana na kofia yao kubwa. Upinzani wa Mkuu wa OFM dhidi yao haukufaulu; kinyume chake, kwa kuwa alitaka kuzuia hata makao ya upwekeni ndani ya shirika, ndugu wengi wenye bidii wakakata tamaa wakajiunga na Wakapuchini. Njama nyingine za kuwakomesha zikashindikana, hivi kwamba mwaka 1535 walikuwa tayari 700. Ndipo aliposhika uongozi wao [[Bernardino wa Asti]] aliyelipa shirika jipya sura ya kiroho ya kudumu, hasa kwa njia ya katiba iliyotungwa mwaka huo na kupitishwa mwaka uliofuata. [[File:Guercino Blessed Felix of Cantalice.jpg|thumb|left|Feliche wa Cantalice akimfufua mtotoː [[mchoro]] wa [[Guercino]].]] Hatari nyingine zilitokea ndani ya shirika, kwa ukaidi wa Ludoviko, halafu kwa uzushi wa mwandamizi wa Bernardino. Hatimaye mambo yakatulia na tawi jipya likazidi kustawi kiroho na kitume, ingawa [[Papa Julius III]] (1550-1555) alikataza Waoservanti wasihamie tena kwa Wakapuchini. Hivyo hawa wakazidi kujisikia tofauti na Wafransisko wenzao. Mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1552 ulionyesha kuwa juhudi kali za awali zimeanza kutulia na kujilinganisha na maisha: shirika lilipanga masomo na kuwa na watu maarufu upande wa elimu, utume na uongozi. Jambo muhimu zaidi, lilimzaa mtakatifu wa kwanza, bradha [[Felix wa Cantalice]] (+1587), kielelezo cha [[unyofu]]. [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] (1545-1563) ulisifu tawi hilo kama urekebisho wa kufaa na wenye uaminifu kwa wito wake hata kustahili kutazamwa na Kanisa kwa namna ya pekee. Shirika likazidi kukaza nidhamu ili kuzuia ulegevu, likaanza kuenea ng’ambo ya milima ya Italia Kaskazini (1573). Ulipozuka upinzani wa Wakonventuali, Kanisa lilikuwa limeshang’amua ubora wa Wakapuchini; basi, [[Papa Paulo V]] (1605-1621) alitamka kuwa ni Ndugu Wadogo halisi na wana wa Fransisko sawa na matawi mengine (1608), halafu akawaondoa chini ya Mkuu wa Wakonventuali na kuwapa Mtumishi wa kwao mwenye haki ya kuhesabiwa mwandamizi halali wa mwanzilishi (1619). Kwa wakati huo shirika limeshazaa tena [[Serafino wa Montegranaro]] (+1604), bradha asiye na vipawa vingi kiutu bali mwenye karama za ajabu, [[Yosefu wa Leonesa]] (+1612), padri Mkapuchini wa kwanza kutumwa kwa Waturuki Waislamu halafu mhubiri bora Italia, na [[Laurenti wa Brindisi]] (+1619), “mwalimu wa Kitume”, mtimilifu kuliko Wakapuchini wote kwa utakatifu, elimu na utume. Wakafuata [[Fidelis wa Sigmaringen]] (+1622), wa kwanza kutoka nje ya Italia, na wa kwanza kufia dini kati ya waliotumwa na Idara ya Papa kwa Uenezaji wa Imani, halafu [[Bernardo wa Corleone]] (+1667), mwongofu mwenye toba kali. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 6. Kipindi hicho ndicho cha ukomavu wa shirika, mitazamo ya Kiitalia ilipopanuka kwa kuenea nje ya nchi na wanashirika waliposhika nafasi muhimu katika Kanisa. Baadaye hakuna matukio ya maana zaidi, isipokuwa mengine ya kufaa na mengine yasiyofaa ambayo yaliathiri shirika: idadi ya watawa na ya shughuli iliongezeka pamoja na sifa kutoka kwa viongozi wa Kanisa na serikali, lakini zilizuka vurugu pia kama ile ya utaifa (1636-1678). [[Papa Benedikto XIV]] (1740-1758) aliamua mhubiri wa Papa awe daima Mkapuchini, akasema, “Shirika la Wakapuchini linastahili yoyote yale, kwa kuwa ndilo kielelezo pekee cha ukamilifu wa Kiinjili kilichobaki hadi nyakati zetu”. Kweli urekebisho huo uliendelea kushika kikamilifu kanuni kwa muda mrefu kuliko mengine yote. Nyumba ziliendelea kujengwa ilivyoagizwa toka mwanzo, ndogo sana, nje ya miji na vijiji, zikielekeza ndugu kufuata ufukara na unyofu hata ulimwengu ulipokazania fahari. Watakatifu wa kipindi hicho ni bradha [[Krispino wa Viterbo]] (+1750), kielelezo cha furaha ya kiroho, [[Ignas wa Santhià]] (+1770), padri mwenye bidii kwa wagonjwa na wakosefu, [[Ignas wa Lakoni]] (+1781), bradha ombaomba aliyesaidia sana fukara, na [[Felix wa Nicosia]] (+1787), bradha mtiifu ajabu, mbali ya mwenye heri 1. [[File:Capela do Divino Espírito Santo em Porto Alegre 011-aa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kioo cha kanisa la [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], kinachomuonyesha Benedikto akimpakata [[Mtoto Yesu]] katika [[njozi]].]] Vilevile Italia, ndugu waliojikusanya katika makao ya upwekeni kuanzia mwaka 1535 (mkutano mkuu ulipowaruhusu ili kuzuia wengine wengi wasiwakimbilie Wakapuchini), kisha kuongezeka waliwekwa moja kwa moja chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu (1579), wakapewa katiba maalumu (1595), ruhusa za pekee sana (1596), hatimaye Kiongozi mkuu na mkutano mkuu wa kwao. Hivyo mamlaka ya Mtumishi wa OFM kwao ikawa jina tu. Kati ya hao [[Wariformati]] katika kipindi hicho tunawakuta watakatifu mabradha watatu: [[Benedikto Mwafrika]] (+1589), mtoto wa watumwa huko Italia, Mnegro wa kwanza kutangazwa mtakatifu, [[Umile wa Bisignano]] (+1637), mnyenyekevu ajabu, na [[Karolo wa Sezze]] (+1670), aliyeandika vizuri sana kuhusu maisha ya kiroho; halafu mapadri [[Pasifiko wa San Severino]] (+1721), aliyezingatia sana maisha ya sala, na [[Leonardo wa Portomaurizio]] (+1751), tunda bora la [[Kirekebisho]] kilichoanzia mjini Roma karne XVII. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 4. Huko Hispania, baadhi ya wafuasi wa urekebisho wa [[Pekupeku]], baada ya kuunganishwa na Waoservanti (1517) walimkimbilia Mkuu wa Wakonventuali ili kukwepa vizuio vya OFM, na mmojawao, [[Petro wa Alcantara]] (+1562) akafanywa Mkurugenzi wao (1557). Alipokufa, [[Papa Pius IV]] (1560-1565) akawahamisha Waalkantara chini ya Waoservanti lakini bila ya kufuta kanda zao, katiba yao na mavazi yao maalumu. [[Papa Gregori XIII]] (1572-1585) akamkataza Mkuu wa OFM asiingilie masuala yao ya ndani (1578), na [[Papa Urban VIII]] (1623-1644) akawaruhusu wasifuate tena katiba ya shirika lote (1642). Jinsi sisitizo la sala na toba linavyozaa matunda imethibitishwa na umisionari wao (Amerika na Asia Mashariki) na hasa na watakatifu 9 wa urekebisho huo, wakiwa ni pamoja na [[Paskali Baylon]] (+1592), mwenye ibada ya pekee kwa Ekaristi, [[Petro Batista]], [[Martino wa Kupaa]] na [[Fransisko Blanco]], mapadri, halafu [[Fransisko wa mt. Mikaeli]], [[Gonzalo Garcia]] na [[Filipo wa Yesu]], mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini [[Japani]] (+1597), hatimaye [[Yohane Yosefu wa Msalaba]] (+1734), mpenda ufukara mkuu. Pia walipatikana wenye heri 22. Huko Ufaransa makao ya upwekeni hayakustawi sana hadi mwisho wa karne XVI. Mwaka 1601 walioishi huko wakapewa na Kanisa Mkurugenzi mwenye mamlaka pana sana; hapo wakaenea haraka kwa msaada wa mfalme, hata kanda zote za Ujerumani na [[Uholanzi]] zikajirekebisha na kujiunga nao, wakaitwa [[Warekoleti]]. Mmojawao ni [[John Wall]] (+1679), aliyefia dini huko Uingereza. Katika karne XVI-XVII karibu kila mkutano mkuu wa OFM ulizungumzia katiba na kupigania umoja, ambao haukuwa rahisi kutokana na mchanganyiko wa ndugu waliopenda fadhili za Wakonventuali na wengine waliotaka urekebisho. Katika hali hiyo Watumishi wakuu walijitahidi kuhuisha shirika lote, lakini wengi wao walitumwa na Mapapa kama mabalozi kwa wafalme na Maaskofu wa Ulaya, au walipewa uaskofu wa miji muhimu. Shirika halikupendezwa kwa sababu lilikuja kukosa uongozi imara: ndiyo maana mara kadhaa liliwadai kiapo cha kutokubali kazi hizo au walau cha kujiuzulu Utumishi. Watakatifu waliopatikana kipindi hicho ni: [[Salvatore wa Horta]] (+1567), bradha aliyefanya miujiza mingi ajabu (labda milioni moja), [[Nikolaus Pieck]], [[Jeromu wa Weert]], [[Teodoriko van der Eem]], [[Nikasi wa Heeze]], [[Wilehadi wa Denmaki]], [[Godefrid wa Melveren]], [[Antoni wa Weert]], [[Antoni wa Hoornaert]], [[Fransisko wa Roye]], mapadri, halafu [[Petro wa Assche]] na [[Korneli wa Wijk-bij-Durstede]] (+1572), mabradha, ambao wote walifia dini Uholanzi, [[John Jones]] (+1588), aliyefia dini Uingereza, hatimaye [[Fransisko Solano]] (+1610), mmisionari bora Amerika Kusini aliyezunguka kotekote kwa miaka 14, akihubiri na kuimba. Wenye heri wa kipindi hicho ni 17. Karne XVII ikawa ya utulivu na utendaji, lakini ongezeko kubwa mno la watawa lilisababisha matatizo makubwa na ulegevu hata katika marekebisho. Pamoja na utaifa kuzidi, matawi ya Italia yalishindana kwa maandishi makali ya kukwaza. Makwazo mengine yalitokana na desturi ya Watumishi kadhaa kutuma watawa wasiofaa kwenye kanda nyingine au kuwaacha nyumbani mwa marafiki au ndugu. Badala ya juhudi za watawa kwa ajili ya kanuni kama katika karne zilizopita, sanasana tunakuta viongozi wakijitahidi kuwalazimisha washike kanuni, lakini bidii za namna hiyo hazikuweza kufanikiwa kwa kuwa hazikutoka moyoni mwa watawa. Hatimaye mwaka 1676 mkutano mkuu ulikubali na kuagiza kila kanda ianzishe makao 3-4 ya upwekeni ambapo yafanyike malezi ya watakaji na wanovisi wote: baadaye katika mazingira hayo walistawi [[Thomas wa Cori]] (+1729), mhubiri maarufu na [[Teofilo wa Corte]] (+1740), mwanafunzi wake. Mtakatifu mwingine ni [[Junipero Serra]] (̟+1784), padri Mhispania aliyeinjilisha kwa mara ya kwanza [[Kalifornia]] (leo Marekani Magharibi). Lakini katika karne XVIII ilionekana wazi jinsi matazamio ya wengi yalivyolenga kupata kwa visingizio vyovyote fadhili na nafasi za kwanzakwanza. Kupitia mikutano mikuu upuuzi wa namna hiyo uliathiri sheria za shirika. Pia mabadiliko mengi mno ya katiba, badala ya kusaidia nidhamu, yalizidi kuipunguza kwa kusababisha ndugu wasiijali katiba isiyodumu. Upande wa Wakonventuali, utengano na Waoservanti haukuwaondolea baadhi yao wasiwasi kuhusu utekelezaji wa kanuni, ingawa Mtaguso wa Trento ulitamka (1563) kwamba OFM na Wakapuchini tu hawaruhusiwi kuwa na mali hata kishirika, tofauti na Wakonventuali na mashirika mengine yote. Uhusiano na matawi yaliyokimbilia chini ya Mkuu wao ili kufuata urekebisho ulichochea hamu ya kuwaiga. Ndivyo walivyoanza [[Wakonventuali wa Urekebisho]] Hispania: uenezi wao ulichangia uamuzi wa [[Papa Pius V]] (1566-1572) wa kuunganisha na OFM Wakonventuali wote wa Hispania na Ureno (1566-1567). Juhudi za mikutano, za Watumishi wakuu na za watawa wenyewe zilileta nidhamu na ustawi, hasa mmojawao alipochaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Sixtus V]] (1585-1590) akaanza kuwasaidia kwa kila njia, kama vile kuunganisha chini ya Wakonventuali marekebisho madogo yaliyokuwa yameanza Italia (1562). Ila mwaka 1669 yakaja kutawanywa, baada ya kusumbuliwa sana na Wakonventuali wa kawaida na Wakapuchini (kuhusu sare zao zilizofanana). Kabla ya hapo mkutano mkuu ulitunga katiba mpya kabisa (1625) ili kuondoa misimamo tofauti kuhusu kanuni: katiba hiyo haikufuata matamko ya zamani ya Mapapa juu ya kanuni, bali ilipitisha moja kwa moja desturi za shirika zilivyokuwa. Baada ya kuthibitishwa na Urbani VIII, Wakonventuali wakaanza kuweka nadhiri zao kwa kutamka wazi kuwa watashika kanuni “kadiri ya katiba ya Urbani” tu. Baada ya kujipatia hivyo msimamo wa kudumu, Wakonventuali wakazaa mwenye heri 1 na watakatifu 2 waliong’aa mmoja hasa upande wa sala, mwingine upande wa utume: [[Yosefu wa Copertino]] (+1663) na [[Fransisko Antonio Fasani]] (+1742), wote mapadri. Pia shirika liliendelea kusifiwa upande wa elimudini likaona mtawa wake mwingine kuwa [[Papa Klementi XIV]] (1769-1774) ambaye naye alilipendelea sana, k.mf. kwa kuwahamisha Waoservanti wote wa Ufaransa chini ya Wakonventuali. Kwa mara nyingine upendeleo huo ukazaa chuki ya wengine ilivyojitokeza kisha kufa kwake. Takwimu ya jumla ya Utawa I ni kama ifuatavyo: Mwaka 1575 hivi: (Waoservanti) 32,750; (Pekupeku) 1,700; (Wariformati) 500; (Warekoleti) 50 = OFM jumla 35,000; Wakonventuali 12,000; Wakapuchini 3,600 = Jumla kuu 50,600 Mwaka 1700 hivi: (Waoservanti) 36,400; (Pekupeku) 6,600; (Wariformati) 13,900; (Warekoleti) 9,200 = OFM jumla 66,100; Wakonventuali 15,200; Wakapuchini 27,300 = Jumla kuu 108,600 Mwaka 1762 hivi: (Waoservanti) 39,900; (Pekupeku) 7,000; (Wariformati) 19,000; (Warekoleti)11,000 = OFM jumla 76,900; Wakonventuali 21,000; Wakapuchini 34,000 = Jumla kuu 131,900. Bila ya kujali tofauti kati ya tawi na tawi, karibu 60% walikuwa mapadri, ambao nusu ya idadi yao walikuwa wahubiri, nusu “mapadri wa Misa na sufuria” tu. Ongezeko lilipungua kwanza kutokana na [[Uprotestanti]] kuenea na kufuta kanda kadhaa Ulaya Kaskazini, na utawala wa Kiislamu kuenea Ulaya Mashariki Kusini, ingawa pande nyingine zilifidia. Karne yenye ongezeko la kasi zaidi ni ile ya XVII: ndio mwanzo wa wasiwasi na hofu kwa viongozi wa Kanisa na serikali, kwa kuwa mashirika mengine pia yalikua. Kuanzia mwaka 1634 Mapapa walichukua hatua kuzuia upokeaji wa wanovisi na kupunguza konventi (Italia zilifungwa 24.2%), hata kufikiria uwezekano wa kuwapeleka watawa vijana kupigana na Waturuki ili kuwapunguza! Lakini hatua hizo hazikufanikiwa. Kuhusu uenezi, wakati wa kufikia kilele cha idadi ya wanashirika mgawanyo ulikuwa ifuatavyo: Italia na visiwa 52,400; Hispania na makoloni 26,100; Ufaransa 21,000; Ujerumani n.k. 20,300; Ureno na makoloni 4,000; Dola la Waturuki 2,800; Polandi na Urusi 3,000; Uingereza na Irelandi 1,750. ===Maisha ndani ya shirika=== Kadiri ya hati ya utengano (1517) Mkuu wa Waoservanti tu alikubaliwa kuitwa Mtumishi mkuu, wakati yule wa Wakonventuali alipewa jina la Mwalimu Mkuu; vilevile viongozi wa kanda. Lakini jina hilo jipya halikuja kutumika. Mkuu wa Wakapuchini aliitwa Makamu (wa Mkuu wa Wakonventuali aliyetakiwa kumthibitisha baada ya kuchaguliwa). Jina la “Mtumishi mkuu wa Shirika lote” lililotumiwa na Mkuu wa OFM lilichukiwa na kulalamikiwa na Wakonventuali na Wakapuchini, hadi Paulo V alipotamka kuwa hao wote ni wana halisi wa Fransisko, na Wakuu wao ni waandamizi wake halali (1619). Hata hivyo mabishano ya wazi yakaendelea kuhusu mlolongo wa uandamizi huo, mtindo asili wa kanzu na hasa kofia yake, mpaka [[Papa Alexander VIII]] (1689-1691) alipokataza maandishi yote juu ya hayo. Kwanza [[Kardinali mlinzi]] alikuwa mmoja kwa wote, halafu Wakapuchini wakakubaliwa kuwa na mmoja wa kwao (1564), na vilevile Wakonventuali (1580). Mara kadhaa waliingilia mno masuala ya shirika hadi kulivuruga na kusababisha Mapapa walazimike kuwazuia. Mamlaka yao ilipungua ilipoanzishwa Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa (1586). Tofauti kati ya matawi kuhusu miundo ya ndani ziliendelea, hasa upande wa mikutano, lakini hazikupata kamwe kuwa kubwa mno, kwa sababu ya kanuni na mapokeo yao kuwa mamoja. Haikuwa rahisi kwa viongozi kuhuisha kiroho umati mkubwa vile wa watawa, hasa tukizingatia jinsi Wafransisko wasivyopangika. Ili kuleta nidhamu zilitumika mbinu za kisheria: ziara za Mkuu zilizofanyika kwa ukali na adhabu hata ya kufungwa na kufukuzwa. Mbinu mpya (hasa kuanzia katikati ya karne XVII) ni mazoezi ya kiroho; pengine zilisambazwa pia barua za Mkuu. Maisha ya kiroho yalistawi hasa Hispania katika karne XVI, Ufaransa katika karne XVII, na Italia katika karne XVI-XVIII. Katika hiyo karne ya dhahabu ya Hispania, Ndugu Wadogo walichanga na wananchi wenzao walioandika juu ya maisha ya kiroho: ufafanuzi kamili wa mang’amuzi ya ndani na teolojia ya kiroho pamoja na ugumu wa maisha, ingawa walifuata mapokeo ya shirika kwa kusisitiza zaidi uhuru wa roho, ubora wa upendo na usahili katika kumuelekea Mungu. Ndugu wa Italia walielekea zaidi utendaji hasa katika huruma, hivyo hawakulenga mirukoruko katika ibada. Hasa Wakapuchini walijitahidi toka mwanzo kuandika vitabu vyenye lengo la kujenga kiroho wasomaji na kuwaelekeza wote katika sala kama njia bora ya kurekebisha maisha. Ndugu wa Ufaransa walizingatia hasa matakwa ya Mungu kama muhtasari wa hatua tatu za maisha ya kiroho. Katika karne hizo mtindo wa [[Baroko]] ulitawala sanaa na maisha ya jamii pia, ukijali sura kuliko undani, vitendo kuliko moyo: hivyo mapambo na madoido yakazidishwa sana. Hiyo ni sababu mojawapo ya marekebisho kusifiwa kadiri yalivyojitokeza katika miguu mitupu, nguo duni, majengo fukara na mwenendo adili. Mambo hayo yalipotokana na msimamo wa moyo yalijenga kweli, tofauti na yalipofanyika kwa nje tu. Maisha katika marekebisho yalikuwa magumu, si ya kuvutia, ingawa riziki hazikukosekana kwa ukarimu wa walei. Kila mmojawapo mwanzoni ulilenga kuwa na ndugu wachache katika nyumba ili kurahisisha usahili, ufukara na udugu, lakini polepole idadi ikaongezeka kwa faida ya taratibu za kitawa na hasa fahari ya ibada. Mwaka 1680 kwa wastani kulikuwa na ndugu 17 kwa nyumba; mwaka 1762 walifikia 20. Pamoja na mapadri, mafrateri (kwa maana ya wenye kusomea upadri au walau walionyolewa tonsura) na mabradha kulikuwa na [[Watersyari wa kudumu]] katika jumuia. Mwanzoni mwa kila urekebisho mabradha walikuwa wengi, halafu wakazidi kupungua kutokana na kuchujwa sana; lakini pia kwa sababu wakazidi kukosa nafasi, wakipangwa hata baada ya wanovisi watakaosomea upadri! Mtaguso wa Trento uliwanyima haki ya kupiga na kupigwa kura, ila Pius V aliwarudishia Wakapuchini. Hivyo mabradha wengi walijitafutia ruhusa ya kuhamia kati ya mafrateri, kinyume cha sheria. Wasio mapadri walizidi kupokea Komunyo kuliko zamani. Shida kubwa ilikuwa bado namna ya kuwapa kazi mapadri wasio wahubiri, kwa kuwa hawakufanya utume wala kazi za mikono. Shughuli kuu ilikuwa Misa na Sala ya Kanisa iliyoadhimishwa usiku (lakini kwa Wakonventuali si mahali pote) na mchana kwa nyimbo (isipokuwa Wakapuchini na Wariformati walipendelea kuacha nafasi zaidi kwa sala ya moyo). Haja ya kutafuta miito haikuwepo; kazi ilikuwa kuichuja tu kwa majaribu mengi. Hata desturi ya Wakonventuali ya kupokea watoto ikaja kwisha karne XVI. Ili mtu apokewe kama frateri alipaswa kuwa na elimu ya msingi na kujua Kilatini. Hayakufikiriwa makao ya malezi kwa watakaji. Kwa wanovisi [[Papa Klementi VIII]] (1592-1605) aliagiza (1596) zichaguliwe tu nyumba ambapo maisha ya kitawa yanashikwa kikamilifu; tena watengewe sehemu maalumu na kuwasiliana na mlezi wao na msaidizi wake tu, pamoja na kushiriki ratiba ya jumuia (sala, milo n.k.). Katika karne XVIII zikaanza kutokea nyumba za unovisi kwa mabradha tu, zilizozidisha utengano wa kitabaka ndani ya shirika. Kazi ya mwaka wa jaribio ilikuwa hasa kueleza kanuni na amri zake kadiri ya matamko ya Mapapa; mapokeo ya shirika; nidhamu; juhudi za kiroho; taratibu za ibada (pamoja na kuimba, kwa Wakonventuali na Waoservanti); Sala ya Kanisa; hasa utekelezaji wa sala na maadili. Walezi bora waliandika vizuri juu ya mang’amuzi yao. Baada ya [[nadhiri]] (ambazo zilikuwa za daima tu) watawa chipukizi walitakiwa kuendelea na malezi miaka mitatu katika nyumba ya kuaminika. Kulikuwa na maagizo kuhusu malezi ya kudumu pia (vipindi vya mara kwa mara kwa wote). ===Utume=== Mikutano mikuu ilishughulikia utume wa kuhubiri ikisisitiza ndugu waandaliwe na kuchujwa kwa makini, halafu wasiofaa wanyang’anywe ruhusa. Pia zilipangwa ngazi mbalimbali: kuanzia wahubiri wa konventi na wa kanisa lake hadi wahubiri wakuu wa mahali muhimu zaidi alipojiwekea Mtumishi mkuu (Italia palikuwa 30). Lakini mvuto wa elimu ulisababisha huduma za kiroho zisizingatiwe sana na ndugu wenye vipawa vingi zaidi. Basi, ili kuwavuta wakahubiri na kuungamisha Mkuu wa OFM alipewa haki ya kuwapa fadhili na vyeo, kama kawaida ya wakati huo. Urekebisho wa Wakapuchini ulipinga mitindo ya kuhubiri kwa kurudia unyofu wa Injili, kuhimiza ushuhuda wa maisha na kulenga wongofu wa wasikilizaji. Kwa karne moja na zaidi hao waliendelea kuwa wahubiri bora, kwa jinsi wanavyoelewa watu na kugusa sio akili tu, bali mioyo pia, ya wadogo na hata ya wasomi. Hayo yalikuwa matokeo ya maisha bora ya kiroho, lakini pia ya maandalizi ya mpango chini ya walimu wa hakika. Walipoanza (1650 hivi) kufuata mitindo ya Baroko, matunda yakapungua. Wahubiri waliongoza pia roho binafsi. Wafransiskani waliungamisha sana, kumbe Wakapuchini walisita kupokea kazi hiyo, isije ikavuruga maisha yao ya sala hasa. Walianza kuifanya nje ya Italia (katika mkoa wa [[Alsasya]] kati ya mwaka 1740 na 1747 waliungamisha mara 24 milioni!), lakini walitakiwa kuwa na sifa maalumu. Kati ya mahubiri zilishika nafasi ya pekee wiki za uamsho, hasa kuanzia mwaka 1650 hivi. Waliokusudiwa kuziendesha walidaiwa maandalizi kamili. Baadhi zilifanywa na ndugu 30 hadi 60 kwa pamoja. Kulikuwa na mafundisho maalumu kwa makundi (watoto, vijana, akina baba, akina mama) na pengine mfungo wa siku nne kwa makundi ya pekee. Mbinu zilikuwa mbalimbali, lakini licha ya kufundisha imani na maadili Wakapuchini hawakukosa kuelekeza watu wote namna ya kufanya sala ya moyo. Wahispania walitumia sana maandamano ya toba, rozari za hadhara n.k. Waitalia walikuwa wakipanda msalaba karibu na mji au kijiji uwe kumbukumbu. Maarufu kuliko wote waliofanya kazi hiyo ni Leonardo wa Portomaurizio, aliyeendesha wiki hizo mara 343, akiongozana kwa kawaida na mapadri 4 na bradha 1. Baada ya wiki mbili za mahubiri kulikuwa na wiki moja ya maungamo. Katika miaka 44 aliokoa watu wengi ajabu, na kuinua hali ya roho ya mapadri wanajimbo na watawa katika Italia karibu nzima. Ndiye mwenezaji mkuu wa Njia ya Msalaba, ibada iliyoanza kustawi katika karne XV ikiwa na vituo 7 hadi 37, mpaka ile ya 14 ilipopewa rehema ya pekee (1686) na hivyo kuenea popote. Kumbe kiini cha wiki za uamsho za Wakapuchini kilikuwa ni kuabudu ekaristi kwa saa 40 mfululizo, ibada iliyoanza mwaka 1535 na kutoa nafasi ya kuhubiri kwa nguvu zaidi. [[Image:Murillo immaculate conception.jpg|thumb|250px|''Mkingiwa Dhambi ya Asili'' alivyochorwa na [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]], [[1678]], [[Museo del Prado]], [[Hispania]].]] Ndugu Wadogo walieneza ibada nyingine pia, hata kabla Kanisa halijazikubali rasmi, kama vile kwa Moyo wa Yesu, kwa Maria Mkingiwa Dhambi ya Asili (aliyetangazwa na mkutano mkuu wa mwaka 1645 kuwa msimamizi wa shirika) na ile ya kujifanya watumwa wake. Kuanzia karne XV Wakonventuali walieneza rozari ya furaha saba za Bikira Maria, na chama cha kamba ya Kifransisko (ambayo hata watakatifu 4 wasio wanashirika walipenda kuivaa kiunoni). Ndugu Wadogo waliendelea kushika nafasi muhimu katika Kanisa: 739 walikuwa Maaskofu (kati ya mwaka 1503 na 1710), 16 Makardinali (karne XVI-XVIII), na 2 wakafikia Upapa. Wengine pia waliathiri sana siasa, k.mf. katika vita vya madhehebu, katika kutetea haki za Kanisa dhidi ya serikali, na hasa kama mabalozi wa Mapapa na wa wafalme Wakatoliki. Hasa Wakapuchini walijihusisha na aina mbalimbali za utume wa kijamii, wakidaiwa na katiba kujitosa hadi ushujaa. Kwa namna ya pekee walifanya hivyo yalipoenea maradhi ya kuambukiza, hasa tauni. Katika karne XVI-XVII kila mara walijihatarisha na kufa ili wahudumie kiroho na kimwili walioambukizwa. Ilivutia sana kuona wanajumuia wote kujitolea. Tunafahamu zaidi ya ndugu 2,000 waliokufa hivyo, lakini walikuwa walau mara mbili zaidi, bila ya kuhesabu ndugu wengi wa matawi mengine. Katika miji mingi walikabidhiwa uongozi wa hospitali nzima, hata nje ya nyakati za tauni. Zaidi ya hayo Wakapuchini hasa walihudumia kiroho wagonjwa na walio mahututi, walianzisha vyama vya kutolea huduma hizo, walichapisha vitabu juu yake, walipenya magereza ili kuhudumia wafungwa na waliohukumiwa kufa. Ufaransa walikuwa wazimamoto pia. Hata vita viliwapa nafasi za kujitoa kwa upendo kama mapadri wa wanajeshi, hasa katika kuzuia Waturuki Waislamu wasiteke Ulaya nzima kati ya mwaka 1571 na 1686. Wafalme pia waliwatafuta sana Wakapuchini kama wahudumu wa roho na wa mwili wa askari wao. Ndugu Wadogo walipambana na mifumo mbalimbali iliyofuatana kuzuka karne hizo na kupotosha imani na maadili, hasa Uprotestanti. Dhidi ya [[Rinascimento]] iliyotaka kurudisha Ulaya kwenye mitazamo ya kipagani, marekebisho ya karne XVI yalihubiri toba na kushuhudia dharau ya anasa. Dhidi ya [[Ujanseni]] shirika lilitetea kwa mahubiri na maandishi kipeo cha Kiinjili na mapokeo ya ibada. Dhidi ya waasi wa dini walioshambulia misingi ya Ukristo, huko Ufaransa walianzisha hata [[gazeti]] la kutetea dini. Ingawa uenezi wa Uprotestanti ulifunga konventi nyingi, hakuna hata moja iliyoasi jumla. Idadi ya Wafransisko waliouingia ni ndogo kulingana na ile ya walioupinga tangu ulipoanza, kabla wengi hawajatambua hatari. Kardinali wa [[Brandenburg]] aliwakataza (1519) wasiendelee kuhubiri dhidi ya [[Martin Luther]], kumbe Mtumishi mkuu alipofika Ujerumani aliagiza maandishi yake yachomwe, wahubiri waandaliwe kumshambulia tena na wanashirika wote wasali na kujiandaa kufia imani (kama walivyofanya walau 500 katika miaka 1520-1620). [[Walutheri]] walitokeza chuki yao kwa kueneza kitabu cha dhihaka “Kurani ya Pekupeku”. Baadaye Ndugu Wadogo wakawa kati ya mashirika muhimu zaidi katika kurudisha Ukatoliki kwenye miji na vijiji. Wakapuchini walianza kupambana na Uprotestanti kwa mahubiri na [[katekesi]] huko Italia usije ukaipenya, wakawa wa kwanza kujitolea kutumwa na Idara ya Papa kwa Uenezaji wa Imani mara ilipoanzishwa (1622). Chini yake juhudi ziliongezeka na kupangwa vizuri zaidi. Chuo chake mjini Roma kilianzishwa (1627) hasa kwa juhudi na ukarimu wa Kardinali Mkapuchini. Idara ilikuwa ikituma wale wote waliopendekezwa na wakubwa wao wakiwa na sifa upande wa maadili na elimu. Katika karne XVII idadi kubwa ya waliotumwa ni Wakapuchini. Agizo la shirika lilikuwa kuwasiliana na Waprotestanti kwa kufuata mbinu za [[Fransisko wa Sales]] (+1622), yaani kwa [[upole]], usikivu na ushuhuda wa maisha safi yenye kujitosa. Pia Wakapuchini walishirikisha waamini katika kazi hiyo ngumu, na kuandika vitabu vya mabishano. Huko Uingereza na [[Irelandi]] baada ya kufukuzwa wote, kwa karne tatu Wafransiskani wakaendelea kuingia ili kufanya utume kwa siri kutoka Ulaya Bara walipopokea na kulea miito ya visiwa hivyo. Wakonventuali walifanya kazi hasa kati ya Waortodoksi, wakivuta baadhi yao upande wa Roma na kutunza makundi madogomadogo ya Wakatoliki waliosambaa Mashariki. Pia walizuia Uprotestanti usienee kati ya Waortodoksi, hasa kwa kufaulu kumuondosha [[Patriarki]] wa Kostantinopoli aliyetaka kuhalalisha ungamo la imani la [[Wakalvini]]. Idara ya Papa ilistawisha pia misheni za Waoservanti chini ya utawala wa Waturuki, ambapo wengi walifia dini. Vilevile Wakapuchini walienea sehemu hizo na Urusi. Katika karne XVI Wafransiskani walichuma tunda bora India Kusini walipoungana na Roma Askofu Msiro-Malabari na familia 30,000. Wariformati walifanya kazi miaka 160 Ethiopia wakamwaga damu yao kwa wingi wasikate tamaa. Kuhusu uenezaji Injili kwa wasio Wakristo, karne XVI-XVII zilikuwa na miito mingi ya kimisionari, hata likatokea swali, “Je, Watumishi wanaweza kuzuia watawa wasiende kwenye nchi za misheni?”. Kumbe karne XVIII wito huo haukuvutia tena umati wa ndugu wasio na kazi, hata swali likawa tofauti kabisa, “Je, Watumishi wanaweza kuagiza watawa wao waende Amerika?”. Mkuu wa OFM alifikia hatua ya kutangaza atawatenga na Kanisa watakaozuia watawa wasifuate wito huo. Kwa kuwachagua na kuandaa vilikuwa muhimu vyuo vya kimisionari, hasa miito hiyo ilipopungua: pamoja na kuwakusanya, kazi yake ilikuwa kuwafundisha lugha na kuwalea kiroho na kichungaji. Mara kwa mara Wakapuchini walisita kukubali misheni za mbali kwa kuhofia mazingira yatafanya watawa washindwe kufuata maisha ya shirika yaliyopangwa mtindo mmoja; pia umbali utamzuia Mkuu asiwatembelee kama desturi: ndiyo sababu hawakuanzisha miundo ya kudumu huko. Upande wa Asia, Waturuki Waosmani walipoteka [[Yerusalemu]] (1517) walifunga wamisionari wote kwa miaka mingi, wakaendeleza dhuluma za kila aina pamoja na kuchochea ushindani na Waortodoksi kuhusu kumiliki mahali patakatifu hata kusababisha wauane nao. Utaifa uliwavuruga vilevile. Wafransiskani walianzisha kanda huko India (1583) wakazidi kuenea Mashariki hadi [[Indonesia]] walipoanzisha kanda nyingine (1622). Misheni za Filipino ni sifa kubwa ya Pekupeku walioanzisha kanda huko (1586) na kulipatia Kanisa (kwa msaada hasa wa [[Wajesuiti]]) nchi kubwa pekee ya Kikatoliki katika Asia nzima. Toka huko wakaenea katika nchi zote za kandokando kuanzia China, walipoongoa mtu aliyekuja kuwa Askofu Mchina wa kwanza. Ila mabishano yao na Wajesuiti kuhusu mbinu za umisionari yalikwaza sana hata kudai Papa aingilie kati. Dhuluma zilipoanza (1723), thuluthi moja ya Wakatoliki 300,000 wa China walikuwa chini ya Ndugu Wadogo, ambao wakafichama na kuendelea na kazi yao, bila ya kujali jela na kifo, kama walivyofanya pia [[Vietinamu]] na [[Kampuchia]]. Hata Japani ulizuka ushindani na Wajesuiti, halafu dhuluma kali za serikali, lakini umisionari ukaendelea na kuongoa wengi zaidi. Baada ya Wafransisko 354 wa Utawa I na III kufia dini, waamini wakaendelea kwa siri bila ya mapadri: wamisionari wapya walipofika (1865) wakakuta Wakristo wenye majina ya Kifransisko! Upande wa Wakapuchini walianzisha misheni India (1632) ambapo walishindana na Wajesuiti kuhusu madhehebu ya Kimalabari hadi mwaka 1744. Sifa kubwa zaidi ilipata misheni ya [[Tibet]] (1707-1745) iliyoeneza Injili hadi [[Nepali]], [[Butani]] na [[Bengala]]. Tofauti na India, Afrika na Brazili (zilizokabidhiwa na Papa kwa Wareno), sehemu nyingi za Amerika zilikabidhiwa kwa Wahispania. Kanda OFM ya visiwani ilizidi kustawi hata watawa wake kufanya kazi ngumu [[Venezuela]] na [[Guyana]] (1540); baada ya majaribio kadhaa wakafaulu kupenya kati ya wazalendo wa Panama halafu kuenea [[Kolombia]], ambapo hadi mwisho wa karne XVI walibatiza [[Wahindi Wekundu]] 200,000. Wakati huo barani kulikuwa na kanda yenye ndugu 145; miaka 100 baadaye walikuwa 338. Wafransiskani 2 walifika [[Mexico]] pamoja na wavamizi (1519), lakini kazi rasmi ilianza miaka 5 baadaye, walipotumwa [[Waguadalupe]] 12 walioandaliwa vizuri; hao wakatunga [[sarufi]], [[kamusi]] na [[katekisimu]] kwa lugha ya [[Kiazteka]] na kuanzisha [[shule]]. Watu waliongoka kwa wingi mkubwa ajabu: 200,000 hadi mwaka 1529, 1,000,000 hadi 1531, 5,000,000 hadi 1536, 9,000,000 hadi 1540 ([[Wamersedari]], halafu Wadominiko na Waagustino walisaidia pia). Ndugu Wadogo walienea Kusini (1525) hadi [[Gwatemala]], [[Honduras]] na [[Nikaragua]], na Kaskazini (1527) katika maeneo ambayo sasa ni [[Marekani]] Kusini. Kanda ya Mexico iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1535 ikazaa nyingine 7 hadi Marekani Kusini (1612). Pekupeku pia walianzisha kanda (1599). Mwisho wa karne XVII kulikuwa na Wafransiskani 2,400, wengi wao wakiwa wananchi. Wavamizi wa [[Peruu]] pia waliongozana na Wafransisko katika safari ya kwanza (1527), halafu wakaletwa “mitume 12” waliofanya kazi bora Meksiko (1531), wakifuatwa na wengine wengi kutoka Hispania hata ikaundwa kanda (1553) ambayo nyumba yake mojawapo ilifikia kuhudumia parokia 29 kati ya Wahindi Wekundu: Wafransisko 129 waliuawa nao. Mjini [[Lima]] ilianzishwa konventi kubwa ya malezi kwa wamisionari wa Amerika Kusini karibu nzima. Mapema waliingia [[Ekwador]] (1533) wakaunda kanda (1565), sawasawa na walivyofanya [[Chile]], ingawa huko hawakuongezeka sana kwa sababu wengi waliuawa katika mapigano ya muda mrefu ya wenyeji dhidi ya wakoloni. Toka Peruu Ndugu Wadogo walifanya umisionari kati ya Wahindi Wekundu wa [[Bolivia]] pia hadi mwaka 1793. Walikuwa pia wa kwanza kufika Amerika Kusini Mashariki ([[Paragwai]], [[Ajentina]] na [[Urugwai]]) ilipoanzishwa kanda (1612). Huko Brazili, kwa miaka 100 Pekupeku walianzisha kanda mbili (1657, 1675). Katika karne XVII waliingia pia Wakapuchini na Waoservanti kufanya kazi hasa kwa Wahindi Wekundu, halafu kwa [[Wanegro]] na [[Wazungu]]. Wafransiskani wengine walifanya kazi katika makoloni ya Waingereza Marekani Magharibi, ingawa mmojammoja tu, halafu Wakapuchini waliingia katika makoloni ya Wafaransa visiwani, Guyana na Marekani ya Kati (1722), wakafanya kazi miaka mingi Panama, Haiti, [[Trinidad]] n.k. Hata [[Kanada]] wamisionari wa kwanza walikuwa Ndugu Wadogo (Warekoleti kuanzia mwaka 1615, halafu Wakapuchini): misheni zao zilifungwa kila mara maeneo ya Wafaransa yalipotekwa na Waingereza. Upande wa Afrika, misheni ya Moroko iliendelea hadi alipouawa Mfransiskani wa Italia (1532) ikafunguliwa tena na Wakapuchini (1624-1700), wakifuatwa na Pekupeku (kuanzia 1630). Huko Tunisia Wakapuchini walipojaribu mara ya pili walifaulu kufungua nyumba (1674). Huko Libya Wariformati (1630), halafu Wakapuchini waliendelea muda mrefu kwa matunda mengi. Huko Misri Wafransiskani waliendelea hadi karne XIX. Afrika Magharibi ([[Gine]], [[Kepuvede]], [[Siera Leoni]]) walifanya kazi zaidi Wakapuchini (kuanzia 1634), ingawa walifukuzwa mara kadhaa. Wafransiskani walianzisha misheni ya kudumu Kepuvede (1656), iliyoeneza kazi yake hadi Siera Leoni. Misheni bora ni ile ya Wakapuchini [[Kongo]]-[[Angola]] (1645-1835), ingawa kulikuwa na matatizo mengi (kwa miaka 100 walifia huko wamisionari 144). Aliyeianzisha alikubaliwa kufungua nyingine [[Nijeria]] (1651-1693). Wakapuchini walianzisha misheni nyingine ya kudumu katika kisiwa cha [[Saotome]] (1686) wakihudumia hata Wakristo wa pwani. Mtaguso wa Trento ulikuwa fursa kwa kila shirika kutambulisha wasomi wake. Ndugu Wadogo waliuchangia sana kupitia Maaskofu na wanateolojia waliohudhuria: Wakonventuali 67, Waoservanti 57 na Wakapuchini 8. Idadi inaonyesha kuwa upande wa masomo, waliofanya juhudi zaidi ni Wakonventuali, kwa kuwa hawakupatwa kamwe na wasiwasi wa marekebisho yote kuhusu hatari zake. Labda ndiyo kazi kubwa zaidi waliyolifanyia Kanisa, hasa kama washauri wa Idara za Mapapa na kama waandishi wa vitabu. Hata Waoservanti, walipoondoa wasiwasi huo, wakaona masomo kuwa kazi ya lazima kwa shirika, wakaendelea sana katika elimu (karne XVI-XVII). Kati ya Wakapuchini elimu ilishirikishwa kibinafsi tu, wasianzishe nyumba za masomo mpaka Mtaguso huo ulipolazimisha kuyapanga. Hapo wakasisitiza ndugu wasisome kwa ajili ya elimu, bali kwa kujirekebisha na kurekebisha wengine. Kwa jumla Ndugu Wadogo, hasa Italia, walikwepa vyuo vikuu na [[digrii]] mpaka Sisto V, katika jitihada zake kwa ajili ya Wakonventuali wenzake, alipoanzisha (1587) Chuo cha mt. Bonaventura kama kiini cha shirika lao upande wa elimu. Mwalimu huyo na Yohane Duns Scoto ndio waliofuatwa zaidi na Ndugu Wadogo wa karne hizo, ingawa hakuna aliyetangazwa rasmi kuwa afuatwe na shirika katika falsafa na teolojia. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XVII walimtetea sana Scoto dhidi ya mashambulizi ya Wadominiko (washabiki wa Thoma wa Akwino), hata baadhi wakajaribu kumfanya atangazwe hivyo ili shirika lijitukuze kwa wataalamu wake kama mengine yalivyofanya. Mabishano hayakusaidia kujua ukweli, bali yalijenga ukuta kati ya mashirika hayo mawili yenye udugu wa asili. Hatimaye mkutano mkuu ukahimiza (1651) uhusiano mzuri na Wadominiko katika elimudini, [[shetani]] asiachiwe nafasi ya kufitini. Wakonventuali na Waoservanti waliujali sana muziki pia, kinyume cha Wakapuchini na Wariformati. ==Ndugu Wadogo katika ulimwengu wa kisasa (1762–2005)== ===Matatizo ya ndani na ya nje (1762–1869)=== Ongezeko la watawa lilifikia kilele chake kati ya mwaka 1760 na 1770, likishinda vizuio vilivyowekwa na viongozi wa Kanisa. Kama kawaida, shaka zilizosababishwa na mageuzi ya harakaharaka katika jamii na uchumi zilichangia pia ongezeko la miito ya wasiwasi yenye kutafuta usalama konventini. Kadiri hiyohiyo ilionekana wazi kuwa wingi si hoja na kuwa umati wa watawa haukuhuishwa na vipeo halisi. Uvivu haukuepukika ukazaa ulegevu na maovu mengi. Ingawa watu wadogo waliendelea kuwaheshimu watawa, wasomi walizidi kuwaona vielelezo wa tunu zisizo na maana tena. Jamii ilipokuwa inaelekea kasi matazamio mapya hata upande wa dini, watawa walizidi kujitenga konventini wakijali desturi zao na elimu yao ya kidini bila ya mawasiliano na elimudunia. Kati yao wachache tu walijitahidi kulinganisha imani na sayansi. Kwa muda mfupi mashirika, hasa ya Ombaomba, yalikuja kudharauliwa na wengi. Kufuatana na mawazo mapya kuhusu uchumi, serikali zilizidi kuyatazama kama mzigo au donda kwa jamii. Bahati mbaya, hali ya mashirika ilistahili lawama nyingi zilizotolewa. Sababu nyingine zilizoleta dhoruba juu ya watawa ni kwamba serikali zilitamani mali za mashirika yao, na maadui wa Kanisa waliwafanya shabaha ya kwanza, kwa kuwa kila mara ndio wanaohakikisha zaidi uimara wa ukatoliki chini ya Papa na dhidi ya utaifa (ambao wakati huo ulichochewa na serikali na kupendeza Maaskofu wengi). Ukweli wa dhati ni kwamba Mungu alitaka kutakasa watu aliowakusudia wawe moyo wa Kanisa. Katika barua rasmi za miaka hiyo, Watumishi wakuu waliweka wazi matatizo yaliyokuwepo (utaifa, ugomvi, uchu wa vyeo, [[wivu]], malezi ya kulipua, kujiingiza katika masuala ya siasa, utovu wa unyofu na unyenyekevu, utovu wa usafi na nidhamu) pamoja na utabiri wa dhoruba ijayo. Ugumu wa hali unaonekana pia katika miundo mikuu ya utawa kwenda kinyume cha kawaida: OFM toka 1791 karibu mfululizo iliongozwa na Watumishi wakuu Pekupeku na Mriformati badala ya Waoservanti (waliokuwa na msimamo laini); vilevile Wakapuchini toka 1754 hadi 1789 waliongozwa karibu mfululizo na wasio Waitalia (tofauti na wanashirika wenzao, watawa wa nchi hiyo walikuwa wakiridhika zaidi na hali ya shirika na kupinga urekebisho). Pia mikutano mikuu haikufanyika muda mrefu: katika OFM tangu 1768 hadi 1856; kwa Wakonventuali tangu 1789 hadi 1847. Iliwabidi Mapapa wateue Watumishi wakuu. Utatuzi ulijaribu kuelekea pande mbili: urekebisho wa hiari (kwa watawa wenyewe kujituma, hasa kwa kuanzisha makao ya upwekeni) na wa lazima (kwa viongozi kuimarisha nidhamu). Upande wa urekebisho wa hiari, kwa Waoservanti makao ya upwekeni yalikuwepo rasmi na kuhitaji kuhuishwa tu; kumbe matawi mengine hayakuwanayo. Watumishi wakuu wa Wakapuchini walijitahidi kuyaanzisha Italia na Hispania (huko kwa jina la “vyuo vya kimisionari”, yaani vituo vya sala na malezi ambapo watawa wajiandae kuhubiri) lakini walipingwa sana hata na washauri wao waliodai eti, shirika linafuata kwa umoja katiba yake, hivyo kukubali urekebisho ni kukiri limelegea; tena eti, anayetaka ukamilifu anaweza kuupata popote pale shirikani, hakuna haja ya kujitafutia mazingira ya pekee. Zilipokosekana juhudi za kutoka rohoni ililibidi shirika, hasa katika ngazi ya kanda, lidai vitendo vya nje vilivyopangwa kikamilifu katika vitabu vya taratibu na desturi vilivyoandikwa hasa wakati huo. Hivyo uaminifu ulidhaniwa kuishia katika utekelezaji wa vipengele vingi hivyo, ambavyo tena viliachwa iwezekanavyo vishikwe na vijana na mabradha, huku wengine wakijitafutia fadhili ili kuviepa. Serikali zilianza kuchukua hatua kali, zikidai haki ya kujihusisha na maisha yote ya Kanisa. Kisha kuwafukuza Wajesuiti kutoka nchi mbalimbali (1759-1768) zilimlazimisha [[Papa Klementi XIV]] (1769-1774) kulifuta kabisa shirika lao (1773) lililokuwa kizuio kikubwa kwa serikali kutawala [[Kanisa mahalia]] (Maaskofu walikuwa wakiridhika au kunyamaza badala ya kutetea mamlaka ya Papa juu ya majimbo yote duniani). Kuhusu mashirika mengine serikali (kuanzia Ufaransa, 1765) zilitumia mbinu ya kuanzisha “kamati ya urekebisho” chini ya Maaskofu, zikificha hivyo malengo halisi. Hizo kamati zilitunga sheria za kunyongea mashirika: kupunguza au kufunga konventi zote za sehemu fulani au za aina fulani, kukataza kuombaomba, kupandisha umri wa kuingia unovisi, kupanga idadi yao, na hasa kuzuia mahudhurio katika mikutano mikuu kwa kudai mikutano ya kitaifa tu, vilevile katiba ya kitaifa badala ya ile ya shirika lote, uongozi wa kitaifa usio chini ya ule wa shirika lote, kukataza kukata rufaa kwa Papa n.k. Tukiondoa [[Dola la Kipapa]], nchi zote za Ulaya zilipanga kunyonga mashirika. Kwa miaka 13 Ndugu Wadogo wa Ufaransa walipungua 3,756; kwa miaka 9 Hispania walipungua 5,582; kwa miaka 28 Polandi watawa walipungua asilimia 67! Chini ya siasa hiyo mashirika yalielekea kwisha bila ya sifa. Kumbe [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] yalipoanza kutumia nguvu zaidi na kuamua kufuta mashirika yote (1790) watawa wengi walipata taji la [[kifodini]]. Kisha kutupwa nje ya konventi, walipaswa kuchagua kati ya kula kiapo haramu cha kutii serikali badala ya Papa, au kuhama nchi au kukatwa kichwa. Wengi walikubali kwa furaha mwaliko wa kuacha utawa na kupewa pensheni; lakini wengiwengi pia walikwenda kuishi kitawa hasa Amerika, au walitoa uhai wao ili kutetea haki za Kanisa: kati ya wafiadini hao Wafransisko ni zaidi ya 250. Jeshi la Ufaransa llilipovamia karibu Ulaya nzima, sheria za namna hiyo zilienezwa [[Ubelgiji]] (1796), Italia Kaskazini-Magharibi (1802), Ujerumani Magharibi (1803), Italia Kusini (1809), Hispania (1810). Hata nchi nyingine za Ulaya ya kati zilifuta mashirika au kuyabana zaidi. Katika kipindi hicho waliishi watakatifu [[Egidi Maria wa mt. Yosefu]] (+1812), Pekupeku ombaomba, na [[Yohane wa Triora]], Mwoservanti aliyefia dini China (+1816), na Waoservanti 8 waliofia dini huko [[Syria]] (+1860): mapadri [[Manuel Ruiz]], [[Karmelo Bolta]], [[Engelbati Kolland]], [[Nikanori Ascanio]], [[Petro Nolasko Soler]], [[Nikola Maria Alberca]] na mabradha [[Fransisko Pinazo]] na [[Yohane Yakobo Fernandez]]. Akaja kufuata Mkapuchini [[Fransisko Maria wa Camporosso]] (+1866), bradha ombaomba mwenye upendo mkuu. Pia kuna wenye heri 17. Wafaransa waliposhindwa, mkutano wa amani wa [[Vienna]] (1815) uliamua kurudisha iwezekanavyo hali iliyokuwepo Ulaya kabla ya mapinduzi. Hata mashirika wakajaribu kufanya hivyo, lakini haikuwa rahisi. Mawazo ya mapinduzi yalikuwa yameenea, yakidai uhuru na maendeleo. Watawa waliozoea kwa miaka kadhaa kuishi mmojammoja ulimwenguni, walipolazimishwa na Kanisa kurudi konventini hawakukubali tena nidhamu ya nadhiri. Pia ilikuwa vigumu kwao kuishi pamoja kutokana na misimamo yao tofauti kuhusu mapinduzi. Wasiwasi kuhusu kesho ukaendelea pia kwa sababu serikali mpya zilikuwa na siasa ileile ya kabla ya mapinduzi, hivyo mashirika yakaanza tena kufutwa: Urusi, ukiwa na Polandi chini yake (1831 hadi 1864), Ureno (1832-1890), Hispania (1836-1880), Italia Kaskazini Magharibi (kuanzia 1855), Italia nzima (kuanzia 1866), Ujerumani (1871-1875), Ufaransa (1880 kwa muda mfupi, tena kuanzia 1903). Wakati huo makoloni ya [[Amerika ya Kilatini]] yalijipatia uhuru (1820-1824): watawa wananchi walisimama wote upande wa mapinduzi, kumbe wamisionari (hasa Wahispania) waliyapinga wakateswa hadi kuuawa. Baada ya ushindi jamhuri mpya pia zilianza kudhulumu mashirika hata karibu kuyakomesha (k.mf. Brazili konventi zote ziliagizwa kufungwa mwaka 1822, Mexico mashirika yote yalifutwa mwaka 1855). Hivyo kila yalipotaka kuinuka, mashirika yalikumbwa na matatizo mapya. Hatimaye yalijikuta mali zake zimepungua sana, na wanashirika vilevile, lakini waliobaki wametakaswa kiasi kikubwa. Kwa jumla, si wengi sana waliofurahia hatua za serikali kuwaondoa utawani, ingawa katika nchi nyingi walipewa pensheni. Kati yao mapadri walifanya kazi ya kichungaji jimboni, na baadhi wakawa Maaskofu; mabradha walitoa huduma katika sakristia au hospitali, ila wengine walirudi kwa ndugu zao. Idara ya Papa kwa Watawa ilitoa miongozo kuhusu hali yao na uhusiano na shirika, ikiwahimiza daima waishi kijumuia kadiri iwezekanavyo. Ndizo juhudi za Watumishi wakuu pia, ingawa waliona ugumu wa kuzitekeleza. Mang’amuzi ya maisha ya nje, yasiyo na hakika kiuchumi, yaliwasaidia watawa kuelewa watu wa kawaida, ambao si wakulima hasa kama zamani, bali umati wa wafanyakazi wenye kudhulumiwa na [[ubepari]] katika nchi za viwanda. Wakiishi ulimwenguni hasa Ndugu Wadogo waliacha usomi wao na tabia nyingine za tabaka la juu walizokuwanazo, wakajenga uhusiano mpya na watu na kuwajibika kuwasaidia hata kijamii. Miaka ya kukaa nje ya konventi ndiyo miaka ambapo mashirika mengi ya huduma yalianzishwa na watawa hao. ===Ukarabati (1869-1962)=== Maisha ya kitawa yalipoanza kuruhusiwa tena, waliojitahidi kufufua mashirika yao hawakufikiria kutekeleza karama asili katika mazingira mapya, bali kukarabati tu kilichobaki cha karne iliyopita. Waliridhika kujiona wanashangiliwa bado na watu wema wengi, bila ya kujali jamii inavyozidi kusogea mbali na tunu zao. Hivyo katika malezi wakasisitiza mambo yaleyale ya zamani hasa katika nchi (k.mf. Italia) ambapo miaka ya utawa kuzuiwa haikuwa mingi. Ndugu Wadogo waliweza kupata kwa urahisi miito ya kibradha, ila si ya kipadri, kwa kuwa wengi hawakuwa na elimu au ilikuwa tofauti na ile iliyodaiwa na Kanisa. Tena, waliokuwa wamesoma waliona wazi mbele yao njia za kufanikiwa ulimwenguni, na hawakuweza kufuata mitindo ya malezi ya kitawa iliyokuwa ileile ya zamani, yenye kusawazisha mno watu wenye vipawa tofauti. Basi, miito ikatafutwa kati ya watoto wa familia bora za wakulima wasioweza kuwasomesha: kwao ilikuwa heshima kuwa na mtoto padri mtawa. Ndivyo zilivyoanza (1869) [[seminari]] za kiserafi ambazo, baada ya kupingwa na watawa wazee, zikaja kuenea haraka na kuhimizwa rasmi katika matawi yote. Hapo muundo mzima wa malezi ukaja kubadilika, kwa kupatikana madarasa ya vijana wa kuongozana kuanzia umri wa miaka 11-12 hadi upadri, wakipata malezi yote utawani na hivyo kufyonza desturi, misimamo, mitazamo na matarajio ya shirika. Hawakukosekana watawa maarufu waliopinga malezi ambayo pengine haikuwa na maana tena wala ukweli na unyofu wa Kifransisko, ikitaka kusawazisha wote katika mitindo ya nje, na kugeuza vijana kuwa wanasesere wanaotenda lolote kwa kuongozwa. Hata hivyo seminari hizo ndogo zikawa mbinu kuu kwa karibu miaka mia. [[Jubilei]] ya miaka 700 tangu azaliwe Fransisko (1882) iliadhimishwa kwa unyonge, lakini [[Papa Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) alitoa hati iliyohimiza kufufua miundo ya Kifransisko, hasa Utawa III, dhidi ya [[ubinafsi]] unaotawala dunia. Miaka miwili baadaye Wakapuchini wakaadhimisha mkutano mkuu muhimu sana, uliochukua hatua mbalimbali na kumchagua Mtumishi mkuu bora aliyeongoza miaka 24 kwa mafanikio makubwa katika yote, k.mf. wanashirika wakiongezeka kutoka 7,896 hadi 10,083. Mwaka 1889 Wafransiskani pia, baada ya kuongozwa miaka 20 na Mriformati bora, wakafaulu kufanya mkutano mkuu uliotunga katiba kwa shirika lote, jambo lililokusudiwa bure tangu mwaka 1517; hata hivyo Wariformati walidai ruhusa ya kufuata pia sheria zao maalumu. Mwaka 1895 Leo XIII aliupendekezea mkutano mkuu muungano wa matawi OFM uwe agenda kuu, na Kardinali akaeleza namna ya kuyaunganisha. Waoservanti wote wakakubali, Warekoleti vilevile kwa sharti la kutunza ufukara kwa uangalifu, kumbe Wariformati na Pekupeku walio wengi wakakataa; jumla ya kura ikawa 77 ndiyo na 31 hapana. Basi kamati ikaandaa katiba mpya iliyothibitishwa mwaka 1897, halafu Leo XIII akatangaza rasmi muungano kamili wa matawi yote chini ya Mtumishi mkuu tu, ambao uonekane wazi hata kwa nje (kanzu ya mtindo mmoja badala ya ainaaina na rangi ya kahawia badala ya zile tofauti za awali: nyeusi, ya kijivu, ya zambarau na ya baharia). Akaagiza kanda zisizokubali wasiweze kupokea wanovisi tena, na watawa binafsi wasiokubali wapangiwe nyumba maalumu ambapo wakae wao tu, bila ya kuchanganyikana na walioungana. Hata hivyo muungano haukufanikiwa vizuri; Wahispania walikubali katiba lakini wakaendelea kujiongoza kitaifa hadi 1932; hasa majaribio ya kuunganisha katika kanda moja Wafransiskani wa matawi mbalimbali yalisababisha ushindani mwingi hadi juzijuzi. Hatimaye Wakonventuali pia walianza tena kufanya mikutano mikuu (1891); mwaka 1904 wakamchagua Mtumishi mkuu kutoka kanda ya Marekani, iliyoanzishwa 1872: hatua hiyo ilionyesha wazi mwelekeo mpya wa kimataifa. Jubilei ya miaka 700 tangu shirika lianze (1909), iliadhimishwa kwa fahari zaidi, kutokana na hali ya kutumainisha ya matawi yote. Ila lilizuka suala la uhalisi wa shina na uongozi kuhusiana na Fransisko. Hapo [[Papa Pius X]] (1903-1914) akatamka kwamba, “Watumishi wakuu wa familia tatu za Kifransisko wako sawa kwa heshima na mamlaka walizonazo, nao watazamwe sawia kama makamu na waandamizi halisi wa Fransisko, kila mmoja katika familia yake... Mashirika matatu ya familia ya Ndugu Wadogo ni kama matawi matatu ya mti uleule, ambao mzizi na shina lake ni Fransisko, na viungo vyake ni Ndugu Wadogo kwa haki kamili na sawia”. [[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]] (1914-1918) na [[Mkusanyo wa Sheria za Kanisa]] (1917) havikuleta mabadiliko makubwa utawani. Jubilei ya kifo cha mwanzilishi (1926) ilichochea Wafransisko wote; hali ilikuwa tofauti na karne iliyopita, kwa sababu ya kujitolea sana hata kijamii, jambo lililowafanya waheshimiwe upya na Waprotestanti na waasi wa dini pia. Hata hivyo katika nchi chache dhuluma zikawajia tena: kwanza Mexico (1926-1932), halafu Hispania (1936-1939), walipouawa Ndugu Wadogo 320 na Wafransisko wengine 88. Baadaye vikazuka [[vita vikuu vya pili]] (1939-1945) vilivyoharibu sana hasa Ulaya ya Kati na kanda zake. Lakini mabaya zaidi yakafuata Ulaya Mashariki ukiwa chini ya [[Ukomunisti]] ambao, pamoja na kueneza mafundisho ya wakanadini na kupotosha maadili, pengine ulifuta mashirika yote, pengine uliyawekea vizuio vingi. Kumbe Magharibi tunu nyingi zikaja kufifia kadiri uchumi ulivyostawi na kuleta anasa. Watawa wote na Kanisa zima wakajiuliza upya kuhusu maana ya uwepo wao katika ulimwengu wa kisasa. Majibu yakawa tofauti, na vizazi vikabishana: katika hali hiyo [[Papa Yohane XXIII]] (1958-1963) aliitisha [[Mtaguso II wa Vatikani]] (1962-1965). [[File:Padre-Pio-young.jpg|thumb|right|Padri kijana Pio wa Pietrelcina alipolazimishwa kupigwa picha ikionyesha [[madonda matakatifu]] ya Yesu mikononi.]] Ingawa kesi za kutangazia watakatifu zinachukua kwa kawaida miaka mingi, baadhi ya ndugu wa kipindi hicho wameshafikia hatua hiyo. Kuna Wafransiskani wanane waliofia dini China (1900): Maaskofu [[Gregori Grassi]], [[Francesco Fogolla]] na [[Antonino Fantosati]], halafu mapadri [[Elia Facchini]], [[Teodoriko Balat]], [[Giuseppe Maria Gambero]] na [[Cesidio Giacomantonio]], hatimaye bradha [[Andrea Bauer]]. Wakapuchini wako watatu: bradha [[Konrado wa Parzham]] (+1894), bawabu; halafu mapadri [[Leopoldo Mandich]] (+1942) na [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]] (+1968), mashujaa wa kitubio. Mkonventuali ni mmoja, [[Maksimiliani Maria Kolbe]] (+1941), shahidi wa upendo katika [[makambi ya maangamizi]] ya [[Wanazi]]. Wenye heri wako 50, wengi wao wakiwa wafiadini. ===Changamoto ya Mtaguso II wa Vatikani (1962-2005)=== Mtaguso huo ulisisitiza kweli za kudumu na kuelekeza namna ya kukabili kichungaji ulimwengu wa kisasa. Kwa ajili hiyo watawa pia walidaiwa kujirekebisha upya, hasa kiroho. Ndugu Wadogo, sawa na watawa wote, walipaswa kurekebisha katiba zao pia kwa kutoa wote maoni yao, kufanya mikutano mikuu na majaribio mbalimbali. Kazi hiyo ilichukua miaka mingi kuliko ilivyotarajiwa, kwa kufikiria upya vipengele vyote vya maisha ya Kifransisko. Kwa mara ya kwanza mabadiliko ya katiba yaliwekwa mikononi mwa wanashirika, kwa kujali wingi si ubora wao, basi, iliwezekana kufuta harakaharaka mambo yaliyowashinda wengi, bila ya kujali kama yanafaa bado au la. Halafu wasiwasi uliokuwepo kabla ya Mtaguso ulilipuka na kusababisha wengi wapotewe na dira hata katika imani na maadili. Matokeo yake wengi waliacha utawa na upadri. Wengine walibaki pasipo msimamo, kwa kuona mengi ya zamani yamebadilishwa na mapya ni ya muda (yamekubaliwa kwa majaribio). Ratiba ya sala ilipunguzwa sana, kama si kuachwa kabisa. Utafiti uliofanywa na uongozi wa Wakapuchini ulionyesha kwamba wanashirika walio wengi wasingeshauri kijana kujiunga nao. Ndiyo sababu, pamoja na miito kujitokeza kwa nadra Ulaya, idadi ya Ndugu Wadogo ikapungua haraka tangu mwaka 1963 (OFM) na 1964 (OFMCap); kumbe Wakonventuali walipungua haraka kati ya 1968 na 1975, halafu wakaanza kuongezeka polepole sana. Wengine wasioridhika na mabadiliko hayo, baada ya kunyimwa na Watumishi wao uhuru waliotaka kwa kufuata maisha ya kijumuia ya Kifransisko zaidi, wakaamua kuanzisha matawi mapya. Wakapuchini kadhaa (wakifuatwa na Wafransiskani pia) wakaanzisha [[Ndugu Wadogo Wapya]] huko Italia (1972) na [[Ndugu Wadogo Wamisionari]] huko Brazili (1973). Akielewa nia yao njema katika hali ya fujo iliyotanda, [[Papa Paulo VI]] (1963-1978) aliwakubalia wabaki na nadhiri zao kuu baada ya kuacha shirika walipoziweka. Wakapuchini wengine wa Italia walianzisha [[Ndugu wa Mt. Fransisko]] (1983), na wa Marekani [[Wafransisko wa Upyaisho]] (1987). Hatimaye Wakonventuali kadhaa wa Italia na Filipino wakaanzisha [[Wafransisko wa Imakulata]] (1990) kwa ruhusa ya pekee ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] (1978-2005) aliyewafanya mapema kuwa [[shirika la Kipapa]]. Huko na huko kuna makundi mengine madogo, na akina dada wanaoyafuata kwa kushika vilevile kanuni ya Utawa I. Juhudi za kuyaunganisha zimeshindikana kwa kuwa yana sura tofauti. Kwa jumla mashirika hayo hayakuongezeka sana. Hata hivyo uwepo wake umekuwa changamoto kwa matawi makubwa ambayo yakaanza kujirudi kidogo, baada ya kupungukiwa na wengi wasiokuwa na msimamo pamoja na kutambua matokeo ya majaribio yaliyofanywa; shida ni kwamba kujirekebisha baada ya kulegea sana si rahisi, hasa kama kazi hiyo inahusu idadi kubwa ya watu. Polepole karama ya mwanzilishi na ya kila tawi ikaja kuzingatiwa tena kwa furaha, badala ya kujali masuala ya miundo tu. Mambo mengi yaliyosahauliwa kwa karne kadhaa yakaja kuonekana muhimu hasa leo, kama vile roho ya kanuni (udugu na udogo) kuliko mtazamo wa kisheria uliotawala matamko ya Mapapa wa zamani; au usawa wa watawa wote bila ya tabaka; au uwajibikaji wa kila mmoja katika uendeshaji wa jumuia, kanda na shirika; au umuhimu wa mikutano, kuanzia ngazi ya nyumba (ambapo ulikuwa umebaki kwa Wakonventuali tu). Wakati huohuo mabishano kati ya matawi yakapungua sana kwa njia ya ushirikiano wa kidugu mkubwa zaidi na zaidi katika ngazi zote. Hatimaye katiba zikaja kuthibitishwa na Kanisa kulingana na toleo la pili la Mkusanyo wa Sheria zake kwa Walatini (1983). Utulivu upande huo umeleta msimamo mkubwa zaidi kwa viongozi na kwa wanashirika jumla: kinadharia njia imeeleweka; sasa kazi ni kuifuata hadi mwisho. Baada ya Ukomunisti kuanguka (1989) matawi yote yamejitahidi kujiimarisha Ulaya Mashariki walipopata tena nafasi ya kuhubiri na kupokea miito, ambayo huko ni mingi. Mungu anazidi kuongoza historia. ===Utume (1762-2005)=== Kati ya 1762 na 1889 dhuluma zilifyeka idadi ya Wafransisko kwa asilimia 82.1 na kufuta kabisa kanda nyingi (Ufaransa zote 32!) na kuziacha nyingine hoi. Hata hivyo, kanda chache zilistawi, kwa kuwa mawazo ya uhuru kwa wananchi yalikomesha dhuluma za kidini pale zilipokuwepo toka muda mrefu sana, hasa Irelandi na Uingereza. Kwa namna ya pekee mashirika yakaja kustawi Amerika Kaskazini walipohamia watawa wengi. Baada ya dhuluma hizo kwisha, kadiri Ndugu Wadogo walivyorudi kupenya maisha halisi ya Kanisa na ya jamii, walielewa ni tofauti sana na yalivyokuwa kabla ya dhoruba. Iliwabidi kutumia ubunifu wa Kifransisko kuitikia mahitaji mapya ya watu kwa utendaji usiozimika, ingawa ukatokea mgongano kati ya taratibu za maisha ya kijumuia na madai ya utume huo. Mahubiri yaliendelea kuwa njia kuu ya utume, sio tu katika [[wiki za uamsho]], maandalizi ya sherehe na [[mafungo]], bali pia kwa njia ya vyombo vya [[upashanaji habari]]: baada ya magazeti (la kwanza lilianzishwa na Wakapuchini wa Ufaransa mwaka 1861; kufikia mwaka 1919 yalikuwa 164 tayari, halafu yakazidi tena), Ndugu Wadogo walifanya kazi katika [[redio]] na [[televisheni]] au kuzimiliki wenyewe. Katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne XX utume wa maungamo ulishika nafasi kubwa hata kwa Wakapuchini, ambao toka mwanzo hadi mwaka 1847 walikuwa wakizuiwa na katiba wasifanye kazi hiyo. Nusu ya pili ya karne XIX na nusu ya kwanza ya karne XX juhudi za Ndugu Wadogo zilizaa vyama vingi vya kitume. Kati ya vile vilivyoenea zaidi tukumbuke kile cha [[Mashujaa wa Imakulata]] (1917) cha Maximiliani Maria Kolbe, na kile cha [[Makundi ya Sala]] cha Pio wa Pietrelcina. Baadaye Ndugu Wadogo wengi wakaja kupendelea matapo mapya ya kiroho, yaliyoanzishwa na walei, wakajihusisha nayo kuliko walivyojihusisha na shirika lao, hata kusababisha swali: je, kwao ni muhimu zaidi kuwa wanashirika au kufuata tapo fulani? Utume wa kijamii ulipata sura nyingi kulingana na mahitaji ya watu wadogo: huduma za huruma, mshikamano wa kutumia kiasi (katika kunywa), upatikanaji wa kazi na vitendeakazi, vyuo kwa mabubu-viziwi, benki, utume kwa wazururaji, kwa watu wa kuhamahama, na kwa wahamiaji wa nchi zilizoendelea, huduma hospitalini n.k. Baada ya vita vikuu vya pili, na hasa mara baada ya Mtaguso, karama maalumu iliposahauliwa ili kujali zaidi upadri wa mtawa, mashirika yalikimbilia utume wa mapadri wanajimbo kwa kupokea parokia nyingi. Kumbe yalipokumbuka tena karama ya kitawa yakaona ugumu wa kupunguza utume wa aina hiyo (kurudisha parokia kwa jimbo lililopungukiwa mapadri). Hivyo, pamoja na uhaba wa miito yakajikuta yanalemewa yasiweze kutua mzigo waliojitwisha. Upande wa umisionari, katika karne XIX [[ukoloni]] wa Wazungu, waliokuja kutawala maeneo makubwa duniani kote, ulifungua njia na milango kwa uenezaji wa imani. Kanisa lilichangamkia tena kazi hiyo kuanzia Ufaransa, na kufanya mipango mingi ya ushirikiano na wamisionari, hata kuanzisha miundo ya kimataifa ambayo yakaja kuwekwa moja kwa moja chini ya Papa, na vilevile mashirika mbalimbali ya kimisionari tu. Ndugu Wadogo walipoanza kuinuka baada ya dhoruba wakakuta juhudi hizo zimeshaenea hata zikaja kufikia kilele chake kati ya vita vikuu. Basi matawi yote matatu yakajitosa katika kazi hiyo, tena kwa upana na mpango kuliko zamani. Kufikia mwaka 1934 Wafransiskani walishika nafasi ya kwanza kati ya mashirika yote kwa wingi wa wamisionari (3,600). Pigo kubwa lililowapata ni kufukuzwa wageni wote 550 waliokuwepo China katika majimbo 29 ya kwao (1949). Wakapuchini wamisionari waliokuwa 377 mwaka 1890, wakaongezeka hadi kuwa 1,562 mwaka 1975, wengi wao Afrika, India na Indonesia. Hivyo kanda za Amerika ya Kilatini zikastawi (ndugu 1,600 wa mwaka 1905 wakawa 4,700 mwaka 1975); zikaanzishwa nyinginyingi Asia, na chache Afrika na Australia. Basi, kama inavyotokea kwa Kanisa lote, asilimia ya Wazungu shirikani inazidi kupungua, kumbe ndugu wa kontinenti nyingine wanaongezeka. Kwa mfano, kati ya Wakapuchini mwaka 1997 asilimia 15 walikuwa Amerika ya Kilatini, 14 Asia-[[Australia]] na 10 Afrika. Takwimu ni kama ifuatavyo: Mwaka 1762 hivi: (Waoservanti) 39,900; (Pekupeku) 7,000; (Wariformati) 19,000; (Warekoleti) 11,000 = OFM jumla 76,900; Wakonventuali 21,000; Wakapuchini 34,000 = Jumla kuu 131,900. Mwaka 1889 hivi: (Waoservanti) 6,200; (Pekupeku) 900; (Wariformati) 5,700; (Warekoleti) 1,600 = OFM jumla 14,400; Wakonventuali 1,500; Wakapuchini 7,600 = Jumla kuu 23,500. Mwaka 1964 hivi: OFM 27,100; Wakonventuali 4,800; Wakapuchini 11,229 = Jumla kuu 43,129. Mwaka 2005: OFM 15,794; Wakonventuali 4,595; Wakapuchini 11,229; Wafransisko wa Imakulata 282 = Jumla kuu 31,900. Upande wa elimu, kulingana na sheria za Kanisa, mipango ya masomo imebadilika, miaka ya falsafa na teolojia kwa ajili ya upadri imeongezeka, mbali ya seminari ndogo kuna vituo vingi wanaposoma pamoja watawa wa mashirika mbalimbali na pengine waseminari wa majimbo, kila tawi limeunda kituo kikuu cha malezi ya juu huko Roma, ambapo kuna vyuo vikuu vya Wakonventuali (Seraphicum) na OFM (Antonianum), na digrii kati ya wanashirika zimeenea. ==Tanbihi== <!--<nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the<ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below </nowiki>--> {{Reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== === Vitabu === * ''The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310'' by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles *''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by [[John Moorman|John Richard Humpidge Moorman]], [[St. Bonaventure University|Franciscan Institute]] Publications, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3 *''Origins of the Franciscan Order'' by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970. ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9 *''The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor'' by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3 *''Friars Minor in China: 1294 – 1944'', by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996. ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7 *''In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century'', by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009. ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0 *''The History of Franciscan Theology'', by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4 *''Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400'', by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6 *''The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform'', by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986. ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7 *''Medieval Franciscan Houses'', by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983. ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9 *''A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty'', by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0 *''The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages'', by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8131-1315-6 *''Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present'', by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3 *''The Birth of a Movement'', by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3 *''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988) ISBN 0-8199-0921-1 *''Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century'' by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.: ISBN 0-576-99216-X) *''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)'' by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4 *''The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis'' by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4 *''Francis and Clare: The Complete Works'' By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7 *''The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics'' By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6 *''Francis of Assisi: Early Documents'' 3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY. ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7. * "The Franciscan Story" by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008). ISBN 1-84748-141-8 ; ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2 * "Santo António de Lisboa - Da Ciência da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza", Maria Cândida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997), ISBN 972-27-0855-4 * "O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo António de Lisboa", José Acácio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Católica Portugesa- Fundação Engº António de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6 ===Makala=== * Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam" (pp.&nbsp;219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). ''La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario.'' (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City. * [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2012.653139 , Masha Halevi, Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places, Middle Eastern Studies Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012pages 249-267] ==Tazama pia== [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Franciscans}} ===Tovuti rasmi=== ====Utawa wa Kwanza==== * [http://www.ofm.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum] * [http://www.ofmcap.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ofmcap.org/ |date=20190816054340 }} * [http://www.ofmconv.net/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium] ====Utawa wa Tatu==== * [http://www.franciscan.org/ Tertius Ordo Regularis] * [http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en |date=20140830143534 }} * [http://www.franciscancommunityofmercy.org/ Franciscan Community of Mercy]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, independent Franciscan website. * [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net/ Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi] * [http://www.unwa.tk/ Little Brothers and Sisters of Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unwa.tk/ |date=20210921191554 }} ===Wafransisko wa Kilutheri=== * [http://lutheranfranciscans.org/ Order of Lutheran Franciscans] *{{de icon}} [http://www.hochkirchliche-vereinigung.de/evt.html Evangelische Franziskaner-Tertiaren] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hochkirchliche-vereinigung.de/evt.html |date=20070625145621 }} in Germany. *{{sv icon}} [http://www.fto.st/ Franciskus Tredje Orden] in Sweden. * [http://www.marysisters.org.au/international/kanaan/kanaan-brothers.htm The Kanaan Franciscan Brothers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marysisters.org.au/international/kanaan/kanaan-brothers.htm |date=20110706125151 }} *{{sv icon}} [http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/Francisk.htm Helige Franciskus Systraskap] {{Wayback|url=http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/Francisk.htm |date=20071214030418 }} *{{sv icon}} [http://www.franciskus.fi/ Franciskus-Sällskapet i Finland] ===Wafransisko wa Anglikana=== *[http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ Anglican Franciscans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ |date=20110717021315 }} *[http://www.osffranciscans.com Order of Saint Francis (OSF)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osffranciscans.com/ |date=20210609173449 }} *[http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ The Little Sisters of St. Clare] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ |date=20100902173451 }} *[http://www.holycrossfranciscans.com/ Franciscan Servants of the Holy Cross – Original Province (FSHC)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.holycrossfranciscans.com/ |date=20141220013315 }} *[http://companyofjesus.org/ The Company of Jesus (CJ)] *[http://www.fodc.net// The Franciscan Order of the Divine Compassion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fodc.net// |date=20141217105120 }} *[http://cfw.dionc.org// The Community of the Franciscan Way] {{Wayback|url=http://cfw.dionc.org// |date=20140915034157 }} ===Wafransisko wasio na madhehebu=== *[http://scjesus.co.uk/ Companions of Jesus] {{Wayback|url=http://scjesus.co.uk/ |date=20140516194105 }}, a non-denominational order. *[http://www.franciscans.com/ Order of Ecumenical Franciscans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.franciscans.com/ |date=20230208111212 }}, a non-denominational group. === Marejeo ya kitaalamu zaidi === * [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5199r1g0/ Online guide to the Academy of American Franciscan History Microfilm Collection, 1526–1972], [[The Bancroft Library]] * [http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ Franciscan authors, 13th – 18th century] {{Wayback|url=http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/ |date=20140902235259 }} * [http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ Digital Franciscans - Extensive list of Franciscan internet resources] {{Wayback|url=http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/ |date=20140810042301 }} [[Category:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] a1f5ouu1s6xgk2xlap70mrir8fxn76x 0 17303 1575508 1574212 2026-06-20T13:55:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1575508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Songe Nabuchodonosor statue.jpg|thumb|Ndoto ya Nebukadneza II: sanamu ya kutisha (mchoro wa Ufaransa, karne ya 15).]] '''Kitabu cha Danieli''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] vya [[Tanakh]] yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambamo kimo katika [[kundi]] la tatu na la mwisho, Ketuvim). Awali kiliandikwa katika [[lugha]] [[mbili]]: [[Kiebrania]] na [[Kiaramu]]. Kimepokea jina lake kutokana na [[mhusika]] wake ambaye ni [[nabii Danieli|Danieli]], ilhali kinasimulia habari zake katika milango 6 ya kwanza halafu maono yake Danieli katika milango 7-12. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengi wanafuata [[tafsiri]] ya [[Septuaginta]] yenye nyongeza mbalimbali kwa lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] na kukipanga kati ya vitabu vya [[manabii]] baada ya [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Maana ya jina == Tafsiri ya kawaida ya [[jina]] la [[mhusika]] mkuu, Danieli mwenye [[hekima]], ni ''Mungu ni hakimu wangu''. == Habari za Danieli == Kadiri ya kitabu, Danieli alipokuwa [[kijana]] alipelekwa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli|uhamishoni]] [[Babuloni]], ambako hekima yake ya pekee ilimvutia [[mfalme]] [[Nebukadneza II]] na kumpatia [[cheo]] katika [[ikulu]]. Sifa yake ilimwezesha kuendelea na cheo chake hata baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[Wamedi]] na [[Waajemi]] ([[539 KK]]), ambapo alipendwa hasa na [[mfalme Dario]]<ref>Dario Mmedi anayetajwa hapa hajulikani kihistoria; ni mtawala tofauti na [[Dario I]] aliyetawala baada ya Koreishi Mkuu.</ref> ingawa alikataa [[amri]] zilizokwenda kinyume cha [[imani]] na [[maadili]] ya [[Torati]] ya [[taifa]] lake, [[Israeli]]. Mtu mwenye hekima aitwaye Danieli alitajwa mapema hata nje ya Biblia katika eneo la [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. [[Wataalamu]] wengi wa Biblia siku hizi hawakubali habari hizi kuwa za ki[[historia]] kutokana na makosa mengi kuhusu [[watu]] na matukio. Vilevile hawakubali matabiri yake kuwa za ki[[nabii]], kwa maana kitabu kinaonekana kimeandikwa na watu mbalimbali na nyakati mbalimbali hadi kikakamilika katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] [[K.K.]] kilipokusudiwa kutegemeza [[Wayahudi]] washike kama yeye msimamo katika [[dhuluma]] za mfalme [[Antioko Epifane]] zilizowakabili kama vinavyoeleza [[vitabu vya Wamakabayo]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtindo wake ni wa kiapokaliptiko, kama vitabu vingi vya wakati huo, kuanzia sehemu za [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] hadi [[kitabu cha Ufunuo]] == Mgawanyo wa kitabu == Sura sita za kwanza zinasimulia [[hadithi]] za [[maisha]] ya Danieli. Sura sita zinazofuata zinaleta [[njozi]] nyingi za [[usiku]]. Sura za 13 na 14 ni sehemu za nyongeza kati ya [[Deuterokanoni]]. == Ujumbe == Kwa Wakristo ni muhimu hasa maneno ya kitabu juu ya ''[[Mwana wa Adamu]]'', jina la mtu wa [[Mbingu|kimbingu]] lililotumiwa sana na [[Yesu]] kujitambulisha. Vilevile ni muhimu fundisho lake la wazi kuhusu [[ufufuko]] wa watu wote na hali [[mbili]] tofauti za [[milele]] zitakazokana na [[hukumu]] juu yao. Ni hatua ya maana katika [[maendeleo]] ya [[ufunuo]] kuhusu [[vikomo vya binadamu]]. ==Sala katika sehemu za Kigiriki== ===Sala ya Azaria (Dan 3:37-40)=== "Sisi, Ee Bwana, tumekuwa duni kuliko maìtaifa mengine yote, na kudhulumiwa leo katika ulimwengu wote kwa sababu ya dhambi zetu. Sasa hakuna mfalme wala nabii wala kiongozi; hakuna dhabihu wala kafara wala sadaka wala uvumba, wala mahali pa kukutolea dhabihu na kuona rehema. Lakini kwa moyo uliovunjika na kwa roho nyenyekevu tukubaliwe nawe, na sadaka yetu iwe machoni pako leo kama dhabihu za kondoo waume na ng’ombe, na kama kondoo wanono elfu kumi. Nasi tukufuate kwa unyofu, maana wanaokutumaini Wewe hawataaibika". ===Sala za vijana watatu (Dan 3:52-56)=== "Umehimidiwa, Ee Bwana, Mungu wa baba zetu, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Limehimidiwa jina lako takatifu, tukufu. lastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika hekalu la fahari yako takatifu, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele. Umehimidiwa juu ya kiti cha ufalme wako. wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa utazamaye vilindi, uketiye juu ya makerubi, wastahili kusifiwa na kuadhimishwa milele. Umehimidiwa katika anga la mbinguni, wastahili kusifiwa na kutukuzwa milele". == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bandstra | first = Barry L. | title = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible | year = 2008 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC | isbn = 978-0-495-39105-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Bar | first = Shaul | title = A Letter That Has Not Been Read: Dreams in the Hebrew Bible | year = 2001 | publisher = Hebrew Union College Press | location = Cincinnati | isbn = 978-0-87820-424-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zs3gup4iFu4C }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Boyer | first = Paul S. | title = When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C | year = 1992 | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-95129-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Brettler | first = Mark Zvi | title = How To Read the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC | isbn = 978-0-8276-1001-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Carroll | first = John T. | chapter = Eschatology | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Cohen | first = Shaye J.D. | title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | year = 2002 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C | isbn = 978-0-664-22743-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1984 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC | isbn = 978-0-8028-0020-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Daniel | year = 1993 | publisher = Fortress | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9XYAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8006-6040-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature | year = 1998 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PxjNsMrzI-kC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4371-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | title = Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M8s3cp97b-AC | isbn = 978-0-391-04110-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End | editor1-last = McGinn | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last = Collins | editor2-first = John J. | editor3-last = Stein | editor3-first = Stephen J. | title = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism | year = 2003 | publisher = Continuum | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UlbWioOV7sC&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1520-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Collins | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Collins | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Lieb | editor1-first = Michael | editor2-last = Mason | editor2-first = Emma | editor3-last = Roberts | editor3-first = Jonathan | title = The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible | year = 2013 | publisher = Oxford UNiversity Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jgPn26iYzagC&pg=PP140 | isbn = 978-0-19-164918-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Crawford | first = Sidnie White | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA73 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Cross | first1 = Frank Leslie | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = Elizabeth A. | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 | isbn = 978-0-19-280290-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Davies | first = Philip | chapter = Apocalyptic | editor1-last = Rogerson | editor1-first = J. W. | editor2-last = Lieu | editor2-first = Judith M. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford Handbooks Online | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC | isbn = 978-0-19-925425-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = DeChant | first = Dell | chapter = Apocalyptic Communities | editor1-last = Neusner | editor1-first = Jacob | title = World Religions in America: An Introduction | year = 2009 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-1-61164-047-2 }} * {{cite book|last=Dines|first=Jennifer M.|editor-last=Knibb|editor-first=Michael A.|editor-link=Michael A. Knibb|title=The Septuagint|url=https://archive.org/details/septuagint0000dine|series=Understanding the Bible and Its World|edition=1st|publisher=T&T Clark|location=London|year=2004|isbn=0-567-08464-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Doukhan | first = Jacques | title = Secrets of Daniel: wisdom and dreams of a Jewish prince in exile | publisher = Review and Herald Pub Assoc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hXSW1QBB2KIC | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8280-1424-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Dunn | first = James D.G. | chapter = The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&pg=PA545 | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Dunn | first=James Douglas Grant | title=Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA730 | page=730}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Godden | first = Malcolm | chapter = Biblical Literature" The Old Testament | editor1-last = Godden and | editor1-first = Malcolm | editor2-last = Lapidge | editor2-first = Michael | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2013 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7QH3AQAAQBAJ&q=%22highest+reach+of+man%22 | isbn = 978-1-107-46921-1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | author-link = Lester L. Grabbe | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum | volume = 1 | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | chapter = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important? | publisher = Koninklijke Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands | year = 2001 | isbn = 90-04-11675-3 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh | year = 2002 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282 | isbn = 978-0-203-46101-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Grabbe | first = Lester L. | title = An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus | year = 2010 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC | isbn = 978-0-567-55248-8 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hammer | first = Raymond | title = The Book of Daniel | year = 1976 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w0VmxeM472EC | isbn = 978-0-521-09765-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Harrington | first = Daniel J. | title = Invitation to the Apocrypha | year = 1999 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L6zJG-9BZMQC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4633-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Andrew E. | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Garland | editor1-first = David E. | editor2-last = Longman | editor2-first = Tremper | title = Daniel—Malachi | year = 2009 | publisher = Zondervan | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&pg=PT247 | isbn = 978-0-310-59054-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Hill | first = Charles E. | chapter = Antichrist | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | year = 2000 | publisher = Eerdmans | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA67 | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Horsley | first = Richard A. | title = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea | year = 2007 | publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC | isbn = 978-0-664-22991-7 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Kent |first=Charles Foster |title=The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1906 |location=New York |page=214 |language=English}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Knibb | first = Michael | chapter = The Book of Daniel in its Context | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2 | isbn = 978-90-04-11675-7 }} * {{cite web | last=Lerner | first=Robert E. | title=Description, End Times, Eschatology, Prophecy, & Examples | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/apocalyptic-literature | access-date=22 June 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Lester | first=G. Brooke | title=Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-567-65856-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 | page=23}} * {{cite book | last = Levine | first = Amy-Jill | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Coogan | editor1-first = Michael D. | editor2-last = Brettler | editor2-first = Marc Z. | editor3-last = Newsom | editor3-first = Carol A. | title = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books: New Revised Standard Version | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1235 | isbn = 978-0-19-937050-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Lucas | first = Ernest C. | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Vanhoozer | editor1-first = Kevin J. | editor2-last = Bartholomew | editor2-first = Craig G. | editor3-last = Treier | editor3-first = Daniel J. | title = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible | year = 2005 | publisher = Baker Academic | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC | isbn = 978-0-8010-2694-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Matthews | first1 = Victor H. | last2 = Moyer | first2 = James C. | title = The Old Testament: Text and Context | year = 2012 | publisher = Baker Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC | isbn = 978-0-8010-4835-7 }} * {{cite book | last1 = McDonald | first1 = Lee Martin | title = Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon | date = 2012 | publisher = Hendrickson Publishers | location = Peabody, MA | isbn = 978-1-59856-838-7 | page = 57 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SuRX3APsukC&pg=PP1 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Miller | first1 = Steven R. | title = Daniel | year = 1994 | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r3D6niEj9_sC&q=steven+r.+miller+daniel | isbn = 978-0-8054-0118-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Niskanen | first1 = Paul | title = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC | isbn = 978-0-567-08213-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Sharp | editor-first=Carolyn | last=Portier-Young | first=Anathea E. | title=The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Handbooks | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-985956-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 | page=229}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Provan | first = Iain | chapter = Daniel | editor1-last = Dunn | editor1-first = James D.G. | editor2-last = Rogerson | editor2-first = John William | title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2003 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA665 | isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Redditt | first = Paul L. | title = Introduction to the Prophets | year = 2008 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&pg=PA188 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2896-5 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Reid | first = Stephen Breck | chapter = Daniel, Book of | editor1-last = Freedman | editor1-first = David Noel | editor2-last = Myers | editor2-first = Allen C. | title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC | isbn = 978-90-5356-503-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Rowland | first = Christopher | chapter = Apocalyptic Literature | editor1-last = Hass | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Jasper | editor2-first = David | editor3-last = Jay | editor3-first = Elisabeth | title = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&pg=PA344 | isbn = 978-0-19-927197-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Wilhoit | first2 = Jim | last3 = Longman | first3 = Tremper | title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery | year = 1998 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC | isbn = 978-0-8308-6733-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = Ryken | first1 = Leland | last2 = Longman | first2 = Tremper | title = The Complete Literary Guide to the Bible | year = 2010 | publisher = Zondervan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2GCDsFC3XMC | isbn = 978-0-310-87742-4 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Sacchi | first = Paolo | title = The History of the Second Temple Period | year = 2004 | publisher = Continuum | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C | isbn = 978-0-567-04450-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Schwartz | first = Daniel R. | title = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | year = 1992 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110 | isbn = 978-3-16-145798-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Seow | first = C.L. |author-link = Choon-Leong Seow | title = Daniel | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C | isbn = 978-0-664-25675-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Schiffman | first = Lawrence H. | title = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism | year = 1991 | publisher = KTAV Publishing House | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C | isbn = 978-0-88125-372-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Spencer | first = Richard A. | chapter = Additions to Daniel | editor1-last = Mills | editor1-first = Watson E. | editor2-last = Wilson | editor2-first = Richard F. | title = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha | year = 2002 | publisher = Mercer University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89 | isbn = 978-0-86554-510-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Theophilos | first=Michael P. | title=The Abomination of Desolation in Matthew 24.15 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=T & T Clark library of biblical studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-567-55468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my3zsgYkaisC&pg=PA163 | page=163}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Towner | first = W. Sibley | title = Daniel | year = 1984 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC | isbn = 978-0-664-23756-1 }} *{{cite book | editor-last=McConville | editor-first=Gordon J. | editor-last2=Boda | editor-first2=Mark J. | last=Tucker Jr. | first=W. D. | title=Dictionary of the Old Testament: Prophets: A Compendium Of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-78974-038-7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT211 | orig-date=2012 | page=unpaginated | chapter=Daniel: History of Interpretation}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = VanderKam | first = James C. | title = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today | year = 2010 | publisher = Eerdmans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC | isbn = 978-0-8028-6435-2 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1 = VanderKam | first1 = James C. | last2 = Flint | first2 = Peter | title = The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity | year = 2013 | publisher = HarperCollins | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 | isbn = 978-0-06-224330-0 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Waters | first = Matt | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Weber | first = Timothy P. | chapter = Millennialism | editor1-last = Walls | editor1-first = Jerry L. | title = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC | isbn = 978-0-19-974248-6 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Wesselius | first = Jan-Wim | chapter = The Writing of Daniel | editor1-last = Collins | editor1-first = John J. | editor2-last = Flint | editor2-first = Peter W. | editor3-last = VanEpps | editor3-first = Cameron | title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception | year = 2002 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC | isbn = 978-0-391-04128-8 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Book of Daniel}} {{Wikisource|Daniel (Bible)|Daniel}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411205600/https://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15773 Daniel (Judaica Press) *] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org * [[King James Version|Bible, King James Version]] ({{Rejea tovuti|title = Bible, King James Version|url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3297390|website = quod.lib.umich.edu|access-date = 2016-01-17}}) Book of Daniel * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206114043/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/27_daniel.htm ''Daniel'' at The Great Books *] (New Revised Standard Version) {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danieli}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] c91u6iyfbcha04rh12oeourdhibq481 0 17365 1575610 1412724 2026-06-20T21:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | Jina = [[Picha:Game (rapper) Logo.png|100px]] | Img = The Game by Mikko Koponen.jpg | Img_capt = Game akiwa katika utayarishaji wa video yake. | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Jayceon Terrell Taylor<ref name="About"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Game pleads not guilty in LA|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2007-09-25-4146972801_x.htm|work=USA Today|publisher=Associated Press|date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2008-08-06}}</ref> | Pia anajulikana kama = Chuck Taylor<br />Hurricane Game<br />Murda Game<br />Starface | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1979|11|29|df=yes}}<br />[[Los Angeles, California]]<ref name="About">{{cite web|last=Adaso|first=Henry|title=Game|url=http://rap.about.com/od/artists/p/TheGame.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2008-08-06|archivedate=2015-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107053101/http://rap.about.com/od/artists/p/TheGame.htm}}</ref> | Amekufa = | Asili yake = [[California|Compton, California]] | Ala = | Aina ya sauti = | Aina = [[West Coast hip hop]] | Kazi yake = [[Rapa]]<br />[[Mwanamuziki]]<br />[[Mwigizaji]] | Mika ya kazi = 2002 – hadi leo | Studio = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]<br /> [[Interscope]]<br /> [[The Black Wall Street Records|The Black Wall Street]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[The Black Wall Street Records|The Black Wall Street]]<br />[[Snoop Dogg]]<br />[[Busta Rhymes]]<br />[[Dr. Dre]]<br />[[Nas]]<br />[[Keyshia Cole]]<br />[[Westside Connection]]<br /> [[Lil Wayne]]<br />[[Kanye West]] | Tovuti = [http://www.ThisIzGame.com www.ThisIzGame.com] }} '''Jayceon Terrell Taylor''' (amezaliwa tar. [[29 Novemba]] [[1979]]) ni rapa na mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Game'''. Game alianza kujipatia umaarufu wake kunako mwaka wa 2005, pale alipotoa albamu yake ya kwanza " the documentary" iliyompatia mafanikio makubwa kabisa.the game pia yupo kwenye kikundi cha west coast ambacho pia wapo wakina snoop dogg na muazilishi wake tupac na imrani mashanga <ref>{{cite web |url= http://allhiphop.com/blogs/news/archive/2005/02/18/18129758.aspx |title= XXL Spotlights West Coast Hip-Hop In March Issue |accessmonthday= [[20 Julai]] |accessyear= 2007 |author= Clover Hope |date= [[18 Februari]] [[2007]] |work= Allhiphop |accessdate= 2008-08-25 |archivedate= 2007-11-06 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071106065519/http://allhiphop.com/blogs/news/archive/2005/02/18/18129758.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubcnn.com/features/editorials/2005wrapup/ |title= The West Coast Rap Up: 2005 |accessmonthday= [[27 Januari]] |accessyear= 2007 |author= Conan Milne |date= 2005 |work= Dubcnn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bet.com/Music/GAME+Playtime+Is+Over.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished |title= XXL Game: Playtime Is Over |accessmonthday= [[8 Oktoba]] |accessyear= 2007 |author= Kim Osorio |date= [[21 Machi]] [[2006]] |work= BET |accessdate= 2008-08-25 |archivedate= 2006-03-24 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060324060932/http://www.bet.com/Music/GAME+Playtime+Is+Over.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished }}</ref> Albamu ilikwenda kwa jina la [[The Documentary]],na ikaweza kujishindia Tuzo mbili za Grammy ikiwa kama albamu bora ya rap na hip hop kwa mwaka wa 2005. Tangu hapo, akawa anafikiriwa kuwa anarudisha kwa nguvu ule muziki wa hip hop wa West Coast kwa mashindano na majigambo na baadhi ya rapa wengine wa East Coast. Mbali na kutoa albamu ya kwanza na ya pili na pia kuweza kushika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za Billboard 200 bora, Game amepata kuhusishwa na masuala ya ugomvi na baadhi ya marapa wenzake. Muziki anaofanya ni ule muziki wa kihuni sana ambao mara nyingi unafanywa na kujulikana zao katika mji wa kwao wa huko [[California|Compton, California]]. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === game amezaliwa kwa jina la Jayceon Terrell Taylor huko los angeles, california na kukulia compton,california.Alitumia maisha yake mengi kukaa kwenye crip gang eneo ambalo linaitwa Santana Blocc.Ingawa alikulia kwenye jamiii ya '''''bloods'''''.Baada ya kumaliza shule ya secoundary compton mwaka 1999 the game alijiunga na chuo cha washington state kutokana na basketball lakini alifukuzwa shule wakati wa mwaka wa kwanza kutokana na madawa ya kulevyia hapa ndipo akaaanza maisha ya mtaani kwa kuuuza madawa ya kulevyia na pastola.Wakati akiwa na miaka kumi na nane the game alianza kufuata nyayo za kaka yake wa kambo '''big face 100'''ambaye alikuwa ni mkumbwa wa kundi lake linaloitwa Cedar Block Pirus. == Maisha binafsi == ==Muziki== === Albamu zake === {{kuu|Albamu za The Game}} * 2005: ''[[The Documentary]]'' * 2006: ''[[Doctor's Advocate]]'' * 2008: ''[[L.A.X.]]'' == Filamu == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="left" ! Mwaka !! Jina la filamu !! Jina alilotumia !! Maelezo |- |rowspan="2"| 2004 || [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] || B Dup || [[Video game]], sauti tu |- | ''Life in a Day: The DVD'' || The Game || kipande kidogo |- |rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[The Documentary]]'' DVD || The Game || |- | ''[[Beef 3]]'' || The Game || kipande kidogo |- |rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Stop Snitchin, Stop Lyin']]'' DVD || The Game || |- | ''[[Waist Deep]]'' || Big Meat || |- | ''[[Doctor's Advocate]]'' DVD || The Game || |- |rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Def Jam: Icon]]'' || The Game || Video game, sauti tu |- | ''Tournament of Dreams'' || — || |- | ''Beef 4'' || The Game|| kipande kidogo |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Street Kings]]'' || Grill || |- |''[[Belly 2: Millionaire Boyz Club]]'' || G || |} == Tuzo == * BET Awards 2005, Mwanamiziki bora mpya [alichaguliwa] 2005, mshirikishaji bora wa nyimbo("Hate It or Love It") kwa kumshirikisha 50 cent [alichaguliwa] * Grammy Awards 2006, nyimbo bora ya rap ("Hate It or Love It") kwa kumshirikisha 50 Cent [alichaguliwa] 2006, uigizaji bora wa rap kwenye kundi ("Hate It or Love It") kwa kumshirikisha 50 Cent [alichaguliwa] * MTV Video Music Awards 2005,video bora ya rap ("Hate It or Love It") kwa kumshirikisha 50 Cent [alichaguliwa] * Ozone Awards 2008, Mwanamuziki bora wa west Coast rap [alishinda] 2007,Albumi bora ya West Coast rap("Doctor's Advocate") [alishinda] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.comptongame.com Official website run by Geffen Records] * [http://www.thegame360.com Official website run by Game] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thegame360.com/ |date=20090105230943 }} * {{Ning|thisizgame|Game}} * [http://www.theblackwallstreet.com Black Wall Street Records website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theblackwallstreet.com/ |date=20181208071010 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090424102104/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=635871 Game] at ''Billboard'' * [http://www.inkedmag.com/inked_people/50/ Game discusses his tattoos with Inked Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inkedmag.com/inked_people/50/ |date=20080614002318 }} * {{myspace|thegame|Game}} * {{imdb name |1667139|Game}} {{The Game}} {{commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Game, The}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Geffen Records]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa West Coast]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Aftermath Entertainment]] iena9cnndk39iqo6hv9arel9zrurz1j 0 18072 1575509 1337523 2026-06-20T13:56:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kitabu cha Zekaria''' ni kimojawapo kati ya [[vitabu]] 12 vya [[Manabii wadogo]] ambavyo, pamoja na vingine vingi, vinaunda [[Tanakh]], yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]. Hivyo ni pia sehemu ya [[Agano la Kale]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. == Mwandishi na muda == [[Kazi]] ya [[nabii]] huyo kati ya [[mwaka]] [[520 KK|520]] na [[518 KK]], wakati uleule alipotabiri nabii [[Hagai]], ni mwanzo wa kipindi cha mwisho cha [[unabii]] katika [[Israeli]] kabla ya ujio wa [[Yohane Mbatizaji]] na [[Yesu Kristo]]. == Mazingira == Kabla ya [[uhamisho wa Babeli]], [[ujumbe]] wa manabii ulitishia mara nyingi [[adhabu]] ya [[Mungu]] kwa [[uasi]] wa [[taifa]] lake. Wakati wa uhamisho ujumbe ulikuwa wa [[faraja]] zaidi. Ule wa Hagai na Zekaria ulilenga [[ustawi]] wa [[Wayahudi]] ambao walikuwa wamerudi [[Yerusalemu]] mwaka [[538 KK]] ili kujenga upya [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu|hekalu]], lakini walichelewa kutekeleza azma yao, kutokana na upinzani na mahangaiko ya kujipatia [[riziki]] katika mazingira magumu. Mbaya zaidi, walikaribia kukata tamaa. Kwa changamoto ya manabii wao, [[gavana]] [[Zerubabeli]] na [[kuhani mkuu Yoshua]] waliongoza wananchi kukazania [[ujenzi]] huo na kuukamilisha mwaka [[515 KK]]. == Muhtasari == Kitabu kina sehemu [[mbili]] tofauti sana, yaani [[sura]] 1-8 halafu 9-14. Sura [[nane]] za kwanza zinaleta [[njozi]] kadhaa kuhusu mwanzo mpya wa Wayahudi [[Mji|mjini]] Yerusalemu. Tofauti na Hagai, [[mwandishi]] wa kitabu hiki hakuishia upande wa ujenzi, bali alisisitiza pia [[utakaso]] wa waamini na [[ibada]] zao. Sura nyingine [[sita]] zinatokana na mazingira tofauti (ya [[karne ya 4 KK]]) na kuleta njozi juu ya ujio wa [[Masiya]] na siku za mwisho. Sura hizo zina [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] na [[wataalamu]] wengi wanasema ni kazi ya nabii mwingine wanayemuita [[Zekaria wa pili]]. ==Marejeo== * ''The Student Bible,'' NIV. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992. * D. Guthrie, (ed.) ''New Bible Commentary.'' New York: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1970. * [[Stephen G. Dempster]], ''Dominion And Dynasty: A Theology Of The Hebrew Bible.'' Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8308-2615-5 * Carroll Stuhlmueller, ''Haggai and Zechariah: Rebuilding With Hope.'' Edinburgh: The Handsel Press Ltd., 1988. ISBN 978-0-905312-75-0. {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zekaria}} [[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 3q0sxot5vbbsxz27fwokomdc220tbdt 0 23300 1575648 1495291 2026-06-21T01:07:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kwa|ukiukaji wa Hakimiliki (piracy)|Ukiukaji wa Hakimiliki}} [[Picha:Pirate Flag of Rack Rackham.svg|thumb|250px|Bendera ya kihistoria ya maharamia Wazungu kwenye [[Atlantiki]] ]] '''Haramia''' ni [[jambazi]] anayefanya mambo yake kwenye [[gimba]] la [[maji]], hasa [[bahari]]ni. Kufuatana na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya sheria za bahari]] uharamia ni matendo yoyote ya [[jinai]] yanayotekelezwa baharini na [[baharia|mabaharia]] au [[abiria|maabiria]] wa [[meli]] binafsi dhidi ya meli nyingine au dhidi ya [[Mtu|watu]] na [[mali]] ndani yake. Kisheria matendo ya aina hii dhidi ya [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]], mizigo au maabiria wake huitwa pia uharamia. ==Historia== Katika historia maharamia wamejulikana tangu habari za kwanza juu ya [[usafiri]] kwenye bahari. Kati ya habari za kwanza ni zile kuhusu maharamia kwenye [[Mediteranea]] mnamo [[karne ya 13 KK]]. [[Julius Caesar]] alipokuwa [[kijana]] alikamatwa na maharamia akaachiwa nao baada ya malipo ya [[fidia]] kubwa, lakini baadaye akarudi akalipiza [[kisasi]] na kuwaua maharamia. Siku hizi eneo lenye uharamia mbaya ni [[Indonesia]], lakini ni hasa maharamia wa [[Somalia]] walioonekana sana katika habari tangu mwaka [[2008]]. Wakati mwingine maharamia walitawala pia maeneo ya [[bandari]] walipokuwa na kimbilio chao kama [[dola-mji]]. Mfano mashuhuri wa madola hayo madogo ilikuwa [[jamhuri ya Bou Regreg]] katika [[Moroko]] ya leo wakati wa [[Karne ya 17|karne za 17]]-[[Karne ya 19|19]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.piracy-studies.org/ Tafiti za kitaaluma juu ya uharamia wa kisasa na usalama wa baharini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.piracy-studies.org/ |date=20200814161251 }} * [http://www.eunavfor.eu/ European Union Naval Force Somalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eunavfor.eu/ |date=20100506034147 }} * [https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-piracy-marine/top-5-must-watch-somali-pirates-movies/ Filamu 5 nzuri kuhusu uharamia huko Somalia] {{mbegu-sheria}} [[Jamii:Uharamia]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] 523vtnmb3dwhueobc3uyud3qeqhrqar 0 25649 1575649 1386871 2026-06-21T01:16:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania_photomontage.JPG|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya mji wa Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Harrisburg |picha_ya_satelite = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Capital Building.jpg |picha_ya_bendera = |ukubwa_wa_picha = 100px |picha_ya_seal = Harrisburg PA city seal.gif |seal_size = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Marekani |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Harrisburg katika Marekani |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Marekani]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]] |subdivision_type2 = [[:en:List of counties in Pennsylvania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[:en:Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 47,196 |latd=40 |latm=16 |lats=11 |latNS=N |longd=76 |longm=52 |longs=32 |longEW=W |website = [http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/ www.harrisburgpa.gov] }} '''Harrisburg''' ndiyo [[mji mkuu]] katika [[jimbo]] la [[Pennsylvania]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2007, mji una wakazi wapatao 530,000 wanaoishi katika mji huu. Mji upo m 98 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Harrisburg}} * [http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/ City of Harrisburg] (official website) * [http://www.harrisburghello.com/ Harrisburg Downtown Improvement District Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://www.harrisburghello.com/ |date=20050808074730 }} * [http://www.visithhc.com/ Harrisburg-Hershey Capital Region Visitors Bureau] * [http://www.harrisburgregionalchamber.org/ Harrisburg Regional Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.harrisburgarchives.org/ Harrisburg City Archives] {{Wayback|url=http://www.harrisburgarchives.org/ |date=20081123035929 }} {{Mapit-US-cityscale|40.269789|-76.875613}} * [http://www.dcmemorials.com/harrisburg.htm Memorials, monuments, statues & other outdoor art in & around Harrisburg]{{Wayback|url=http://www.dcmemorials.com/harrisburg.htm |date=20090924193937 }} (with pictures) {{Miji Mikuu ya Majimbo ya Marekani}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Pennsylvania]] [[Jamii:Miji mikuu ya majimbo ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Mto Susquehanna]] 32hehldwbuhnpqodqnu1ursvqnimgfc 0 30991 1575658 1300872 2026-06-21T02:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Papyrus Ani curs hiero.jpg|thumb|right|[[Papiri]] iliyoandikwa kwa hiroglifi]] [[Picha:Egyptian funerary stela.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Hiroglifi kama maandishi juu ya jiwe la kaburi]] [[Picha:rosetta stone.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Jiwe la Rosetta]] linalotunzwa katika [[makumbusho ya Britania]]]] [[Picha:Egypt Hieroglyphe4.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Hiroglifi zilizochongwa kwenye jiwe]] [[Picha:Hiroglifi mkono.png|thumb|200px|left|Hiroglifi zilivyobadilishwa kwa kuandika haraka kwa mkono]] '''Hiroglifi''' ([[Kigiriki]]: ''ἱερογλύφος'' ''iero-glifos'' alama takatifu) ni mwandiko unaotumia picha kwa maneno na silabi, hasa wa [[Misri ya Kale]]. Jina "alama takatifu" lilitokana na imani ya kwamba mungu aliwapa watu alama hizi kwa sili yao ilikuwa takatifu. == Aina za hiroglifi == Mwandiko wa hiroglifi ilitumia picha zilizosanifishwa kama alama za maandishi. Wamisri walitumia alama hizi kwa njia tatu: a) Hiroglifi kadhaa zilimaanisha kitu kilekile kilichoonyeshwa kwa alama au picha yake zikasomwa kwa kama neno la kutaja kile kilichoonyeshwa b) Hiroglifi mara nyingi zilisomwa kama alama ya sauti. Sauti hii ilitokana na neno la kitu kilichoonyeshwa kwa alama. Kwa mfano neno kwa "mdomo" lilikuwa "re"; alama ya mdomo lilitumiwa kama "r". c) wakati mwingine alama hazikusomwa bali zikatumiwa kama maelezo ya alama iliyotangulia. Alama kwa "mwanaume" au "mwanamke" ziliongezwa mara nyingi kuonyesha kama mnyama ilikuwa dume au kike. Walikuwa na njia nyingi kuunganisha alama hizi kwa kutaja maana za undani zaidi. Hiroglifi zenyewe mara nyingi zilichongwa kwenye jiwe kwa sanamu au ukutani. Zilichorwa pia ukutani na hadi leo mifano mingi imehifadhiwa kwenye kuta za makaburi ambako maandishi ya kale na picha zilihifadhiwa dhidi ya hali ya hewa, upepo, mvua na mishale ya jua. == Historia ya hiroglifi za Misri == Hiroglifi zilianza kutumiwa nchini Misri wakati wa milenia ya 4 KK. Mifano ya kale imepatikana katika kaburi lililojengwa mnamo mwaka 3,500 KK. Waandishi waliheshimiwa katika jamii maana walikuwa na kipindi kirefu cha masomo na Wamisri wengi hawakujua kuandika wala kusoma. Mwanzoni maandishi yalikuwa na alama 700 tu lakini katika karne nyingi za maisha ya mwandiko huo idadi ya alama iliongezeka hadi kufikia 7000. Kwa kusudi la kuandika haraka kwenye [[karatasi]] aina za [[papiri]] Wamisri walianzisha staili nyingine iliyofupisha na kurahisisha alama hizi zaidi. Mtindo huu baadaye ulikuwa chanzo cha [[alfabeti ya Kifinisia]] na ya [[Kiebrania]]. Tangu kuvamiwa kwa Misri na Waroma hiroglifi zilisahauliwa polepole na kutumiwa na watu wachache tu. Mfano wa mwisho ambako maandishi yaliandikwa kwa kutumia hiroglifi ilikuwa karne ya 4 BK. Baadaye maana ya alama hizi yalisahauliwa kabisa. Ni katika karne ya 19 ya kwamba mtaalamu Mfaransa [[Jean-François Champollion]] na wengine waliweza kugundua upya maana ya mwandio huo baada ya kupatikana kwa jiwe la Rosetta ambako tangazo la [[farao]] [[Ptolemaio V]] liliandikwa kwa Kigiriki, hiroglifi na Kimisri kwa mwandiko wa mkononi. Kupitia Kigiriki kilichosomeka wataalamu walifaulu kugundua kwanza majina ya wafalme halafu maana ya alma mbalimbali. == Hiroglifi nje ya Misri == Neno "hiroglifi" lataja pia mwandiko unaotumia picha zilizosanifishwa kama alama za maandishi kwa jumla. Mtindo huo ulitumiwa katika tamaduni mbaimbali. Mfano unaojulikana zaidi nje ya Misri ni mwandiko wa [[Wamaya]] waliokuwa wenyeji wa [[Meksiko]] kusini. == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commonscat|Egyptian hieroglyphs}} * [http://www.aldokkan.com/art/hieroglyphics.htm Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics - Aldokkan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/19991127182735/http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/glyphs.html Glyphs and Grammars] ''Resources for those interested in learning hieroglyphs, compiled by Aayko Eyma.'' * [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/hieroglyphs/ Hieroglyphics!]{{Wayback|url=http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/hieroglyphs/ |date=20121125205341 }} ''Annotated directory of popular and scholarly resources.'' * [http://www.jimloy.com/hiero/e-dict.htm ''Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jimloy.com/hiero/e-dict.htm |date=20111101123126 }} by [[Jim Loy]] * [http://www.p22.com/products/hieroglyphic.html Hieroglyphic fonts''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.p22.com/products/hieroglyphic.html |date=20100803045539 }} by [[P22 type foundry]] * [http://www.greatscott.com/hiero/ GreatScott.com's Hieroglyphs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greatscott.com/hiero/ |date=20070125010222 }} ''Commercial (free intro)'' * [[mw:Extension:WikiHiero/Syntax|Wikimedia's hieroglyph writing codes]] * [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk Ancient Egypt Online: Sign list, tutorials and quizzes] ''A complete sign list, plus tutorials and quizzes'' * [http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/ Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts] {{Wayback|url=http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/ |date=20110721083505 }} Ancient scripts free software fonts {{mbegu-lugha}} Egyptian hieroglyphs]] [[Jamii:Misri ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Mwandiko]] 9dgvl1qldg9wr2vjnn4zy1zhbgfu5gk 0 31009 1575637 1303687 2026-06-20T23:35:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Goris new mix.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Goris]] '''Goris''' ([[Kiarmenia]]: ''Գորիս''; mpaka 1924, '''Geryusy''', '''Geryusi''' au '''Gerusi'''; zamani, '''Goraik''', '''Gores''', '''Hin Kores''', '''Kores''', '''Korus''', '''Koru''', '''Kuris''', '''Zangizour''', '''Zankazour''', na '''Kyuryus''') ni mji uliopo kwenye mkoa wa [[Syunik]] huko nchini [[Armenia]]. Takriban kilomita 240 kutoka mji mkuu wa nchi [[Yerevan]] na km 70 kutoka Syunik Marz katikati mwa [[Kapan]]. Mji una wakazi wapatao 21,935 (Sensa ya 2008). ==Marejeo== *{{GEOnet2|32FA881E6FDA3774E0440003BA962ED3}} *{{ArmenianCensus|210}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.goris.am Official Website]{{Wayback|url=http://www.goris.am/ |date=20121031014531 }} *[http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?id=7&sid=178&lang=eng Travel Guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?id=7&sid=178&lang=eng |date=20080229131329 }} *[http://www.syunik.am/ Region (marz) of Syunik] {{Wayback|url=http://www.syunik.am/ |date=20180803212528 }} {{mbegu-jio-Armenia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Armenia]] lf3h1uotqfjbg2c0xz5pxj8vhhrxsnp 0 31055 1575644 1301154 2026-06-21T00:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Goguryeo monarchs}} '''Mfalme Gwanggaeto Mkuu wa Goguryeo''' (374-413, r. 391-413) alikuwa mtawala wa kumi na tisa wa taifa la [[Goguryeo]], huko mbali kabisa kuelekea maeneo ya kaskazini mwa [[Falme Tatu za Korea]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * {{ko icon}} [http://www.megapass.co.kr/~hsg1000/b60.htm Campaigns of Gwanggaeto The Great]{{Wayback|url=http://www.megapass.co.kr/~hsg1000/b60.htm |date=20090321091451 }} * [http://www.kjclub.com/UploadFile/exc_board_11/2005/08/11/200508112033.jpg Picture of Gwanggaeto The Great] * {{ko icon}} [http://www.history21.org/journal/2003/pychoi.html An Attempt to Reconstruct the King's Southerly Conquest] * {{ko icon}} [http://www.itf-information.com/patterns11.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itf-information.com/patterns11.htm |date=20120426165331 }} == Tazama pia == * [[Historia ya Korea]] * [[Falme Tatu za Korea]] * [[Orodha ya ufalme wa Korea]] {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watawala wa Goguryeo]] t7s2lu1ank2xpvqd9dop91mj9sytyqo 0 31396 1575631 1421660 2026-06-20T22:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Ghostface Killah |Img = Theghostface.jpeg |Background = solo_singer |Jina la kuzaliwa = Dennis Coles |Pia anajulikana kama = Tony Starks, Ironman, General Tony Starks, Pretty Toney, The Wallabee Kingpin, GFK, Ghost Deini, Starky Love, P Tone, Sun God, Wally Champ |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1970|5|9|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Staten Island]], [[New York]], [[Marekani]] |Aina = [[Hip hop]] |Miaka ya kazi = 1991–mpaka sasa |Tovuti = [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=485 Ghostface's official site] |Studio = Razor Sharp, [[Epic Records|Epic]], Starks Enterprises, [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] |Ameshirikiana na = [[Wu-Tang Clan]], [[Theodore Unit]], [[MF DOOM]], [[Rakim]], [[Adult Swim]] }} '''Dennis Coles''' (amezaliwa tar. [[9 Mei]] [[1970]])<ref>{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|title=Ghostface Killah - Biography|work=[[Allmusic]]|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ghostface-killah-p194811|accessdate=2009-01-03}}</ref> ni msanii wa [[muziki wa hip hop]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Ghostface Killah'''. Huyu ni mmoja kati ya wanaounda kundi zima la [[Wu-Tang Clan]]. Baada ya kundi kuambulia mafanikio yake makubwa kwa kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)]]'' , huyu bwana naye akaamua kujiendeleza mwenyewe akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea na kuweza kupata mafanikio kibao. Ghostface Killah akatoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyokwenda kwa jina la ''[[Ironman]]'', ambayo ilipokewa vyema sana na watathmini wa masuala ya muziki. Akaendeleza kazi yake, na kutengeneza albamu zake zilizojishindia tuzo kemekem. Albamu hizo ni pamoja na ''[[Supreme Clientele]]'', ''[[Fishscale]]'', na ''[[The Big Doe Rehab]]''. Ghostface Killah ni maarufu mno<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-big-doe-rehab-r1264351|title=The Big Doe Rehab: Review|author=Brown, Marisa|date=2007|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/ghostface-killah/more-fish.htm|title=More Fish|publisher=''[[Stylus Magazine]]''|date=2006-12-14|author=O'Donnell, Mallory|accessdate=2009-08-06|archivedate=2013-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621035236/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/ghostface-killah/more-fish.htm}}</ref> kwa staili yake ya sauti kubwa, kuchana kwa haraka-haraka, na staili yake ya kuimba kama hataki huku akiwa anatia mbwembwe za maneno ya kitaa-kistori fulani ya kujitambua''.<ref name=newyorker>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/03/20/060320crmu_music|title=Ghost's World|publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''|author=Frere-Jones, Sasha|authorlink=Sasha Frere-Jones|date=2006-03-20|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1178775,00.html|title=Ghost' Writer|publisher=[[EW.com]]|author=Dombal, Ryan|date=2006-03-31|accessdate=2009-08-06|archivedate=2014-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012001542/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1178775,00.html}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Ghostface Killah amezaliwa na kukulia mjini [[Staten Island|Stapleton]] kwenye nyumba za miradi huko [[New York]]. Kwenye wimbo wake wa kujielezea mwenyewe wa "[[All That I Got Is You]]", Ghost anaelezea maisha yake ya utoto. Ana rap akielezea jinsi alivyokua kwenye mjengo wa vyumba vitatu vya kulalia bila baba yake, ambaye alimwacha tangu akiwa na umri wa miaka sita. ==Diskografia== {{Main|Diskografia ya Ghostface Killah}} ===Albamu zake=== * ''[[Ironman]]'' (1996) * ''[[Supreme Clientele]]'' (2000) * ''[[Bulletproof Wallets]]'' (2001) * ''[[The Pretty Toney Album]]'' (2004) * ''[[718 (albamu)|718]]'' <small>(akiwa na [[Theodore Unit]])</small> (2004) * ''[[Put It On The Line]]'' <small>(akiwa na [[Trife Da God]])</small> (2005) * ''[[Fishscale]]'' (2006) * ''[[More Fish]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Big Doe Rehab]]'' (2007) * ''[[Ghostdini: The Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City]]'' (2009) * ''[[The Wu-Massacre]]'' <small>(akiwa na [[Method Man]] and [[Raekwon]])</small> (2009) * ''Customer Love'' (2010) * ''Agitate, Educate, Organize'' (2011) ===Kompilesheni=== * ''[[Shaolin's Finest]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Wallabee Champ]]'' (2008) * ''[[GhostDeini The Great]]'' (2008) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www6.defjam.com/site/artist.php?artist_id=485 Official Def Jam site] {{Wayback|url=http://www6.defjam.com/site/artist.php?artist_id=485 |date=20070404102936 }} * [http://hhcdigital.net/blog1/2009/05/14/hhc-digital-002/ HHC Digital interview with Ghostface]{{Wayback|url=http://hhcdigital.net/blog1/2009/05/14/hhc-digital-002/ |date=20091117204214 }} * {{MySpace|ghostface}} {{Ghostface Killah}} {{Wu-Tang Clan}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Killah, Ghostface}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanachama wa Wu-Tang Clan]] 4c06dwtp3ee2harf4aj47au2rmdhe49 0 31514 1575728 1321749 2026-06-21T08:42:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = John Wayne | picha = John Wayne - still portrait.jpg | ukubwa wa picha = 181px | maelezo ya picha = Wayne, mnamo 1965 | jina la kuzaliwa = Marion Robert Morrison | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1907|5|26}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Winterset, Iowa]], [[United States|U.S.]] | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1979|6|11|1907|5|26}} | mahala alipofia = [[Los Angeles, California]], [[United States|U.S.]] | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, Mwongozaji filamu, Mtayarishaji wa filamu | miaka ya kazi = 1926–1976 | ndoa = [[Josephine Alicia Saenz]] (1933–1945)<br />[[Esperanza Baur]]<br />(1946–1954)<br />[[Pilar Pallete]] (1954–1979) | tovuti = http://www.johnwayne.com }} '''Marion Mitchell Morrison''' ([[26 Mei]] [[1907]] – [[11 Juni]] [[1979]]) amezaliwa na jina la '''Marion Robert Morrison''', lakini anajulikana sana kwa [[jina la kisanii]] kama '''John Wayne''', alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]], mwongozaji, na mtayarishaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika sana kwa sauti yake chini-chini, utembeaji na urefu. Pia alifahamika kwa michango yake ya kimawazo juu ya siasa na kuunga mkono kwake sera za kupinga-ukomunisti. Toleo la [[Harris Interactive|Harris Poll]] la mwezi wa Januari 2009 limemweka Wayne sehemu ya tatu akiwa kama moja kati ya manyota wa filamu wenye wapenzi huko nchini Marekani,<ref>[http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=720 The Harris Poll: Denzel Washington: America’s Favorite Movie Star] {{Wayback|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=720 |date=20080303082800 }} - Harris Interactive.</ref> nyota pekee aliyekufa na kuonekana kwenye orodha yao kila mwaka tangu kuanza kutolewa kwake mnamo mwaka wa 1994. Mnamo mwaka wa 1999,Taasisi ya Filamu ya Marekani imempa Wayne nafasi ya 13 kwenye orodha yao ya Waigizaji Wakali wa Kiume wa Muda Wote. == Maisha ya awali == Wayne alizaliwa na jina la Marion Robert Morrison mjini [[Winterset, Iowa]].<ref>Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate.</ref> Jina lake la kati lilibadilishwa mapema kutoka Robert na kuwa Mitchell pale wazazi wake walipoamua kumwita mtoto wao aliyefuatia jina la Robert. Familia yake walikuwa Wapresbyteri. Baba yake, Clyde Leonard Morrison, (1884–1937), alikuwa na asili ya Kiere, Mskoti-Mweire na Mwingereza, na ni mtoto wa mkongwe aliyepigana [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] Bw. Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). Mama yake, zamani Mary Alberta Brown (1885–1970), alikuwa anatokea [[Lancaster County, Nebraska]]. Familia ya Wayne ilihamia mjini [[Palmdale, California]], na mnamo 1911 wakaelekea zao mjini [[Glendale, California]], ambapo baba yake alifanya kazi kama mfamasia. Mzima moto mmoja kwenye kituo hicho wakati John yuko katika safari zake za kila siku za kuelekea shule huko Glendale akaanza kumwita "Little Duke", kwa sababu alikuwa haendi popote bila ya jibwa lake kubwa la [[Airedale Terrier]], Duke.<ref>Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson (1995). - ''John Wayne: American''. New York: Free Press. p.37. - ISBN 0029238370.</ref><ref name="Munn">Munn, Michael (2003). - ''John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth''. London: Robson Books. p.7. - ISBN 0-451-21244-4.</ref> Yeye akapendekeza "Duke" kuwa badala ya "Marion," na jina hilo likamkaa kwa maisha yake yote. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Soma zaidi == * Baur, Andreas, and Bitterli, Konrad. "Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag". Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg. Nuremberg 2007 ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2. * Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson. ''John Wayne: American''. New York: Free Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0-02-923837-0. * Campbell, James T. "Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". ''Reviews in American History'', Volume 28, Number 3, Septemba 2000, pp.&nbsp;465–477. * Shepherd, Donald, and Robert Slatzer, with Dave Grayson. ''Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne''. New York: Doubleday, 1985 ISBN 0-385-17893-X. * [[Harry Carey, Jr.|Carey, Harry Jr.]] ''A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1994 ISBN 0-8108-2865-0. * Clark, Donald & Christopher Anderson. ''John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film''. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0-8065-1625-9. (pbk.) * Eyman, Scott. ''Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999 ISBN 0-684-81161-8. * McCarthy, Todd. ''Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood''. New York: Grove Press, 1997 ISBN 0-8021-1598-5. * [[Maurice Zolotow]]., ''Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974 ISBN 0-671-82969-6. * [[Jim Beaver]], "John Wayne". ''Films in Review'', Volume 28, Number 5, Mei 1977, pp.&nbsp;265–284. * McGivern, Carolyn. ''John Wayne: A Giant Shadow''. Bracknell, England: Sammon, 2000 ISBN 0-9540031-0-1. * Munn, Michael. ''John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth''. London: Robson Books, 2003 ISBN 0-451-21244-4. * Davis, Ronald L. ''Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne''. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8061-3329-5. * Raab, Markus, Beautiful Hearts, Laughers at the World, Bowlers. Worldviews of the Late Western; in: Baur/Bitterli: Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Myhos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag, Nuremberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2. == Viungo vy Nje == * [http://www.johnwayne.com/ Official John Wayne website] * {{findagrave|1079}} * [http://www.jwcf.org/ John Wayne Cancer Foundation] <!-- Note: how can there be two official John Wayne Cancer groups? --> * [http://www.jwci.org/ John Wayne Cancer Institute] <!-- Note: how can there be two official John Wayne Cancer groups? --> * [http://www.johnwaynebirthplace.org/ Birthplace of John Wayne official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnwaynebirthplace.org/ |date=20080410172156 }} * {{imdb|0000078}} * {{tcmdb name|id=202933|name=John Wayne}} * {{amg name|116130}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701054854/http://www.cinema-scope.com/cs31/images/wayne-300.jpg John Wayne walks into Stardom] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013514/http://www.northerntool.com/images/product/images/700602_lg.jpg The Duke] * [http://www.sheilaomalley.com/archives/martin11.jpg Wayne & Martin, The Sons of Katie Elder photo: "Too many cooks"] {{commons|John Wayne}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wayne, John}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1979]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] ocmuj25nemqmv3lalsi58i15ontveen 0 31805 1575717 1515473 2026-06-21T07:35:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Zanzibar, 12 Jan. 2004, celebration of 40 years' Revolution.JPG|thumb|350px|Maandamano ya JWTZ wakati wa sikukuu ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar, 2000.]] [[Picha:KAR Kenya.jpg|350px|thumbnail|Askari wa King's African Rifles mnamo 1944.]] '''''Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania (JWTZ)''''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Tanzania People's Defense Force TPDF''') ni [[jeshi]] lililoanzishwa mnamo [[Mwezi (wakati)|mwezi]] [[Septemba]] katika [[mwaka]] wa [[1964]]. Ilichukua nafasi ya jeshi la [[Tanganyika Rifles]] lililorithiwa na [[ukoloni]] wa [[Waingereza]]. ==Historia ya awali<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://tpdf.mil.tz/index.php?id=4 |title=Linganisha "Historia ya JWTZ" kwenye tovuti rasmi (yenye makosa madogo, kama kuchanganya Vita Kuu ya kwanza na ya pili) |accessdate=2015-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626072742/http://tpdf.mil.tz/index.php?id=4 |archivedate=2015-06-26 }}</ref>== ===Kabla ya ukoloni=== [[Picha:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1984-067-35, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Hilfstruppen.jpg|thumb|Kikosi cha Warugaruga waliosaidia Schutztruppe ya Kijerumani wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza]] Kabla ya ukoloni jumuiya za watu katika eneo la Tanzania walikuwa na jeshi lililojumuisha wanaume wote hasa vijana. Lakini baada ya vita kila mtu alirudi kwa kazi yake ya kawaida hapakuwa na askari wa kudumu. Katika karne ya 19 mfumo mpya wa vita ulienea baada ya kufika kwa [[Wangoni]] waliopanga askari kufuatana na umri kwa vikosi ("[[impi]]") na vikosi hivi vilikutana kwa mazoezi hata nje ya vita yenyewe. Tangu kuenea kwa silaha za moto viongozi kadhaa kama [[Mirambo]] waliunda vikosi vya [[rugaruga]] waliokusanya vijana kutoka [[Kabila|makabila]] mbalimbali kwa ajili ya vita. [[Sultani wa Zanzibar]] alikuwa na wanajeshi wa kudumu. Mwanzoni alitumia [[mamluki]] walioajiriwa kutoka [[Uarabuni]] na [[Uajemi]], hasa [[Baluchistan]], pamoja na [[watumwa]]<ref>Richard F. Burton: Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast, vol I, London 1872, uk. 266., [https://burtoniana.org/books/1872-Zanzibar/zanzibarcityisla01burt.pdf online hapa] </ref>. Kuanzia mwaka 1877 alianzisha kikosi kipya cha askari mia kadhaa chini ya afisa Mwingereza [[Lloyd Mathews]] waliofundishwa kufuatana na utaratibu wa Kizungu; askari hao waliteuliwa chini ya Waafrika wa Unguja.<ref>Robert Nunez Lyne, Zanzibar in Contemporary Times, 1905 Hurst And Blackett, London, uk. 100, [https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.53767/2015.53767.Zanzibar-In-Contemporary-Times-Short-History-Of-The-Southern-East-In-The-Ninetenth-Century_text.pdf online hapa] </ref> [[Picha:Askari DOA cropped.png|thumb|Askari wa Schutzruppe akishika Bendera ya Ujerumani]] ===Schutztruppe ya Kijerumani=== {{main|Schutztruppe}} Koloni la [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] ilianzishwa kwa njia ya vita kadhaa ambako jeshi la Kijerumani lilishinda upinzani wa wenyeji. Wajerumani walitumia askari kutoka kwao pamoja na askari waliokodiwa kutoka [[Sudani]] na [[Wazulu]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Waliendelea kuajiri Waafrika wazalendo na kujenga jeshi la [[Schutztruppe]] (tamka ''shuts-tru-pe'') lililokuwa hasa na askari Waafrika waliohudumia chini ya maafisa Wajerumani. Jeshi hilo liliimarisha utawala wa kikoloni. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], liliweza kuzuia mashambulizi ya Waingereza hadi mwaka 1916 likaendelea kujitetea hadi mwisho wa vita 1918. Jeshi hili lilivunjwa baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. ===King's African Rifles ya Kiingereza=== {{main|King's African Rifles}} Mwaka 1919 Uingereza ilikabidhiwa utawala juu ya [[Tanganyika]] na [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. Waingereza waliwahi kuanzisha mfumo wa [[King's African Rifles]] kabla ya vita katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza|koloni yao ya Kenya]]. Askari wa kawaida walikuwa Waafrika waliosimamiwa na maafisa Waingereza. Baada ya kutwaa utawala juu ya Tanganyika walieneza mfumo huo pia huko. Jeshi la Kings African Rifles lilikuwa na vikosi (battalions) 6 ambazo viwili vilikuwepo Kenya, vitatu Tanganyika na kimoja huko Uganda. Katika kikosi cha sita cha King's African Rifles kilichoanzishwa mwaka 1917 kwa kuajiri askari kutoka Tanganyika walikuwepo pia askari wa awali wa jeshi la Kijerumani la [[Schutztruppe]] waliowahi kukamatwa kama wafungwa na kukubali kuendelea upande wa Waingereza. ===Tanganyika Rifles baada ya uhuru=== {{main|Tangayika Rifles}} Baada ya uhuru mwaka 1961 vikosi vya Kings African Rifles katika Tanganyika vilibadilishwa jina na kuwa [[Tangayika Rifles]] (TR). Pamoja na kubadilika jina Tanganyika Rifles ilikuwa na muundo sawa na Kings African Rifles (KAR). Maafisa wenye mamlaka bado walikuwa Waingereza, pamoja na Waafrika watano waliopandishwa cheo wakati wa uhuru na kupokea mafunzo katika vyuo vya kijeshi vya Kiingereza. Jeshi jipya lilipangwa katika vikosi viwili vyenye makao makuu huko [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Tabora]]. Afisa mkuu alikuwa Brigedia Jenerali Patrick Sholto Douglas. ==Mgomo na uasi wa Tanganyika Rifles== Kwa jumla kulikuwa na hali ya kutoridhika kati ya askari wa TR. Sababu yake ilikuwa matumaini ya kwamba uhuru ungeleta mabadiliko makubwa zaidi na nafasi za kupanda cheo baada ya kuondoka kwa maafisa wazungu. Lakini maafisa Waingereza waliendelea kuajiriwa na serikali ya Nyerere na tofauti kubwa katika mapato na hali ya makazi ya Wazungu na Waafrika ziliendelea. Hata kinyume askari waliowahi kuwa na mshahara wa juu kulingana na watumishi Waafrika wengine ya serikali waliona ya kwamba mapato yao hayakupanda ilhali mishahara kwa jumla iliongezeka zaidi. Zaidi ya hapo, serikali ya [[TANU]] ilituma vijana kutoka Umoja wa Vijana wa TANU kwa mafunzo ya kijeshi huko [[Israeli]] na baada ya kurudi walipewa ajira jeshini na wengine wao kupandishwa vyeo kupitia askari waliowahi kuhudumia miaka mingi. Katika Januari 1964 matokeo mawili yalijadiliwa sana kati ya askari moja ilikuwa tangazo la Nyerere alikotamka mwisho wa siasa ya "Africanization" katika utumishi wa serikali<ref>Nyerere alitangaza ya kwamba wananchi wote wangetumiwa kulingana na elimu na uwezo wao kama ni Waafrika wazalendo au Wazungu au Wahindi waliochagua uraia wa Tanganyika, bila kujali rangi ya ngozi. Linganisha [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZo2AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=Tanganyika+rifles+mutiny&hl=de&sa=X&ei=87GBVdD8BqTXyQPhgYOAAQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Tanganyika%20rifles%20mutiny&f=false Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania, by Ronald Aminzade, uk. 86 (google books, tazamiwa Juni 2015]</ref>. Tangazo hili lilisababisha viongozi wa umoja wa wafanyakazi kulalamika. Tukio lingine likawa habari za [[mapinduzi ya Zanzibar]] yaliyoanza tarehe 12 Januari 1964. Tarehe 20 Januari 1964, bado wakati wa usiku, kikosi cha kwanza cha TR kwenye kambi la Colito Barracks<ref>Jina la "Colito" lilitunza kumbukumbu ya ushindi wa kikosi kutoka Tanganyika juu ya [[Italia|Waitalia]] katika mapigano ya [[Alaba Kulito]] pale Ethiopia tarehe 19 Mei 1941. (tazama pia [http://ww2today.com/19th-may-1941-sergeant-leakey-wins-the-victoria-cross Taarifa juu ya mapigano ya Kulito/Colito] {{Wayback|url=http://ww2today.com/19th-may-1941-sergeant-leakey-wins-the-victoria-cross |date=20180706143111 }})</ref> mjini Dar es Salaam kiliasi na kujipatia silaha kutoka ghala. Maafisa Waingereza walikamatwa na kufungwa lakini mkuu Douglas aliweza kujificha. Waasi walivamia kituo cha redio, uwanja wa ndege, ikulu na ofisi ya posta na simu. Maafisa Waingereza na Waafrika wasioshiriki na waasi walisafirishwa Kenya. [[Rais]] Nyerere alipelekwa na walinzi wake kwa siri Kigamboni katika jitihada ya siri iliyojulikana baadaye kwa jina la [[operesheni Magogoni]]. Alifichwa mwanzoni katika nyumba ya raia binafsi, baadaye katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Akamwachia waziri [[Oskar Kambona]]<ref>Kambona alishika ofisi mbili za mambo ya nje na ulinzi wa taifa</ref> kazi ya kuwasiliana na wanajeshi. Madai ya wanajeshi yalikuwa kuachishwa kwa maafisa Waingereza na kupandishwa kwa mishahara. Siku za kwanza ya mgomo wa jeshi ilifuatwa na vipindi vya fujo mjini vilivyobadilika na vipindi vya kimya, mashambulizi dhidi ya maduka ya Wahindi na kukamatwa kwa Wazungu wachache. Hata balozi wa Uingereza alikamatwa kwa kipindi kifupi. Waziri Kambona alianza kujadiliana na wanajeshi na kuwaahidi ongezeko la mapato na kutoa vyeo vya juu kwa Waafrika kadhaa. Nyerere alirekodi hotuba iliyotangazwa redioni alipokosoa wanajeshi na kudai utulivu. Askari walirudi kwenye kambi lakini wakarudi mjini siku iliyofuata. Pia huko Nairobi na Kampala ulitokea uasi wa wanajeshi - wote askari wa KAR wa awali. Marais Milton Obote na Jomo Kenyatta hawakusita kuomba vikosi vya jeshi la Uingereza vilivyokuwa bado na vituo kwa kuzima ghasia. Hatimaye Nyerere alianza mawasiliano na Uingereza iliyotuma manowari na wanajeshi kutoka Aden kuelekea Dar es Salaam.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19640121&id=bw5ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jGwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2626560&hl=de Tanganyika Mutini stirs British action; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - 21. Jan. 1964]</ref> Polisi ya siri ya Tanzania ilianza kupata habari ya kwamba pia kati ya askari ya Field Force unit majadiliano yalikuwa yameanza kuunga mkono na juhudi za wanajeshi, pia harakati kati ya wafanyakazi bandarini na hofu ilikuwa ya kwamba sehemu ya viongozi wa umoja wa wafanyakazi walikuwa na mipango ya kujiunga nao. Tarehe 24 Januari serikali ya Tanzania iliomba rasmi Uingereza kuingia kati na kuzimisha uasi. Asubuhi ya 25 Januari kikosi kidogo cha wanajeshi wa Kiingereza waliondoka kwa njia ya helikopta kwenye meli iliyokaa baharini karibu na Dar es Salaam wakavamia kambi la Colito Barracks. Jenerali Douglas alihutubia askari kwa kipazia sauti akadai wanajeshi wajisalimishe. Mwanzoni walikataa lakini baada ya mashambulio mafupi ya Wingereza walio wengi walijisalimisha wengine wakakimbia na viongozi walikamatwa. Vilevile askari wa Dodoma na Nachingwea waliowahi kujiunga na uasi walijisalimisha bila upinzani baada ya kufika kwa askari Waingereza wachache. Wakazi wengine wa Dar es Salaam walikuwa na hofu ya kwamba Uingereza ulikuwa umerudi ili kurudisha ukoloni lakini baada ya kusita masaa machache Nyerere alieleza kwa njia ya redio ya kwamba kuingilia kwa Uingereza ulifuata ombi la serikali yake. Watu wengi walikamatwa baada ya matukio haya na kufanyiwa utafiti kama walikuwa na uhusiano na uasi.<ref>[ https://books.google.com/books?id=b-wWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=tanganyika+mutiny&source=bl&ots=Z1izRjQYtE&sig=TdFOGyNb_gPUg4nfNQgBDxmEFqg&hl=de&sa=X&ei=f62BVYuNCcWesgG_obqYBg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=tanganyika%20mutiny&f=false The Military Intervenes: Case Studies in Political Development ed. Henry Bienen, uk. 68, footnote 43 (google book search, ilitazamiwa Juni 2015)]</ref> Askari Waingereza waliondoka kwenye Aprili 1964 na nafasi yao ilichukuliwa na kikosi kutoka [[Nigeria]] iliyofika kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]] kufuatana na ombi la serikali ya Tanganyika. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WNMWIHUgfhwC&pg=PA82&dq=Tanganyika+rifles+mutiny&hl=de&sa=X&ei=87GBVdD8BqTXyQPhgYOAAQ&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Tanganyika%20rifles%20mutiny&f=false Life in Tanganyika in the Fifties , by Godfrey Mwakikagile; uk. 83 (google books, ilitazamiwa Juni 2015)]</ref> ==Kuanzisha jeshi jipya la wananchi== Baada ya uasi, jeshi la TR lilivunjwa. Askari wote waliachishwa kazi. Sehemu ya askari wa Dodoma waliajiriwa tena katika jeshi jipya lakini hao wa Dar es Salaam hawakurudishwa. Maafisa Waafrika ambao kwa jumla walisimama upande wa serikali na kutoshiriki katika uasi waliajiriwa tena. ===Jeshi la kisiasa chini ya TANU/CCM=== Jeshi jipya lilijengwa kwa kuajiri hasa wanachama wa umoja wa vijana wa [[TANU]] likapewa jina la Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania ("Tanzania People’s Defence Force" - TPDF).<ref>Nestor Luanda, A changing conception of defence:A historical perspective of the military in Tanzania; mlango wa 11 katika Martin Rupiya, Evolutions and revolutions: a contemporary history of militaries in Southern Africa Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria 2005, [https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/EVOLUTCHAP11.PDF online hapa]</ref> Jeshi hili jipya liliwekwa chini ya usimamizi ya chama cha TANU (baadaye CCM) kwa kufuata mtindo wa nchi kama Urusi na China. Kamanda wa kwanza alikuwa [[Mrisho Sarakikya]] aliyewahi kusimama upande wa serikali wakati wa uasi akapandishwa cheo kutoka luteni hadi kanali, baadaye kuwa jenerali. Nyerere alitaka jeshi lenye tabia ya kisiasa. Kila askari alitazamiwa kuwa kada wa TANU, na TPDF ilihesabiwa ndani ya "Mkoa wa Majeshi" wa TANU pamoja na polisi na magereza. Mkoa wa Majeshi ulihesabiwa sawa na mikoa mingine ya kijiografia na kiutawala wa nchi. [[Picha:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|300px|thumbnail|Askari wa JWTZ wakivaa kofia za UM]] ===JWTZ katika mfumo wa vyama vingi === Mwaka 1991 Tume ya Nyalali ilipendekeza kubadilisha utaratibu wa kisiasa wa Tanzania na kuhamia [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]; mwaka 1992 pendekezo hilo lilipokewa, hivyo katiba ya nchi ilibadilishwa ipasavyo. Ibara 147 ya katiba inakataza wanajeshi wote kuwa mwanachama wa chama cha kisiasa. <ref>Article 147 (3): "It is hereby prohibited for any member of the defence and security forces to join any political party, save only that he shall have the right to vote which right is specified under Article 5 of this Constitution", Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, as amended to 2005, iliangaliwa Mei 2020</ref> ===Kupanuliwa kwa JWTZ=== Mwanzoni JWTZ ilikuwa jeshi dogo lenye askari wachache kuliko TR lakini hadi 1967 lilipanuliwa kuwa na vikosi 4. Mnamo 1972 JWTZ lilikadiriwa kuwa na askari 10,000 katika vikosi vinne pamoja na vifaa vya [[Kifaru (jeshi)|vifaru]] 20 aina ya Kifaru T-59, 14 Kifaru T-62, [[mizinga]] ya Kirusi na Kichina. Vipuli vilikuwa haba na sehemu ya vifaa haikuweza kutengenezwa. <ref>International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1972-73, p. 40</ref> ==Vita za JWTZ== Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi Tanzania lilipiga vita mara mbili. ===Uganda=== Vita kubwa inayojulikana zaidi ilikuwa [[Vita ya Uganda na Tanzania]] kwenye miaka ya 1978–1979. Ilianza wakati wa utawala wa dikteta [[Idi Amin]] na uvamizi wa jeshi la Uganda katika Mkoa wa Kagera wa Tanzania tarehe 25 Oktoba 1978. Katika muda wa wiki chache Tanzania ilipanua idadi ya jeshi hadi kufikia 100,000 kwa kuingiza askari polisi, wa huduma ya magereza, kutoka [[Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa]] na wanamgambo, likisaidiwa na vikundi vya wapinzani wa Idi Amin. Katika Novemba jeshi la Tanzania lilianza kushambulia Wauganda. Hadi mwanzo wa Disemba 1978 Mkoa wa Kagera ulikuwa tena mkononi mwa Tanzania. Tarehe 21 Januari 1979 askari wa Tanzania walivuka mpaka wa Uganda, na tarehe 11 Aprili 1979 walivamia [[Kampala]]. Idi Amin alikimbia Libya na JWTZ ilibaki Uganda kwa muda hadi serikali mpya ya Uganda iliimarika. ===Msumbiji=== Vita isiyojulikana sana wakati wake ilikuwa kuingilia kwa JWTZ katika nchi jirani ya [[Msumbiji]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia serikali ya chama cha [[Frelimo]]. Kulikuwa na vipindi viwili vya usaidizi huu. Kipindi cha kwanza kilikuwa 1977-78 wakati jeshi la [[Rhodesia]] iliingia ndani ya Msumbiji. Rhodesia (leo:[[Zimbabwe]]) ilitawaliwa wakati ule na serikali ya walowezi Wazungu chini ya [[Ian Smith]]. Warhodesia walijaribu kuangamiza vikundi vya wapinzani kutoka kwao waliotafuta kupindua serikali ya walowezi wakijificha katika Msumbiji na kushambulia kutoka huku. Hapo vikosi vya Rhodesia viliingia mara kadhaa ndani ya Msumbiji halafu Rhodesia ilianzisha harakati ya [[Renamo]] kwa kukusanya wapinzani dhidi ya Frelimo na kuwapa silaha. Baada ya kuenea kwa vita ndani ya Rhodesia jeshi lake lilishambulia kambi kubwa ya wapinzani chini ya [[Robert Mugabe]] katika [[Mkoa wa Manica]] wa Msumbiji. Hapo Tanzania ilituma wanajeshi wake kwa shabaha ya kuimarisha utawala wa Frelimo wakarudi kwao mwaka ufuatao 1978.<ref>[http://www.panapress.com/Mozambique-to-return-bodies-of-Tanzanian-soldiers--13-553185-18-lang1-index.html Mozambique to return bodies of Tanzanian soldiers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.panapress.com/Mozambique-to-return-bodies-of-Tanzanian-soldiers--13-553185-18-lang1-index.html |date=20190722080240 }}, tovuti ya UPI News 22 Februari 1987, iliangaliwa Januari 2017</ref> Baada ya [[Mapatano ya Lancaster House]] ya mwaka 1979 vita ya Rhodesia - Zimbabwe ilikwisha. Sasa ilikuwa serikali ya [[apartheid]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]] iliyochukua nafasi ya mdhamini wa Renamo. Miaka iliyofuata iliona vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Msumbiji kati ya Frelimo iliyosaidiwa na [[Urusi]] ikifaulu kutetea miji na Renamo iliyosaidiwa na Afrika Kusini ikifaulu kutawala sehemu kubwa ya mashambani na vijiji vingi. Mwaka 1982 maraisi Machel wa Msumbiji na Nyerere walipatana kutumwa kwa kikosi kidogo cha askari 200 wa JWTZ kwa kazi ya washauri kwenda Msumbiji.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/23/world/tanzanian-military-advisers-will-be-sent-to-mozambique.html TANZANIAN MILITARY ADVISERS WILL BE SENT TO MOZAMBIQUE] By ALAN COWELL, New York Times, 23 Februari 1982</ref> Mwaka 1987 Tanzania iliamua tena kutuma askari wengi wa JWTZ hasa kwa kusudi la kutetea [[Mkoa wa Zambezia]] dhidi ya Renamo. Waliondoka tena mwaka 1988.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/22/Tanzanian-troops-aiding-Mozambican-army/9721540968400/ Tanzanian troops aiding Mozambican army], Pana Press 14 Agosti 2004, iliangaliwa Januari 2017</ref> ==Mpangilio wa JWTZ wa kisasa== Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania limegagiwa kwa matawi matatu: *Kamandi ya Nchi Kavu *Kamandi ya Jeshi la Majini *Kamandi ya Jeshi la Anga. ===Nchi Kavu=== Mnamo mwaka 2012 Jeshi la Nchi Kavu la JWTZ lina vikosi vifuatavyo: * 5 × brigedi za askari wa miguu * 1 × brigedi ya vifaru * 3 × batalioni ya mizinga * 2 × batalioni za mizinga ya ulinzi wa hewani * 1 × batalioni ya mizinga ya mortar * 2 × batalioni za kupambana na vifaru * 1x rejimenti ya uhandisi * 1 × kundi la logistic na akiba ==Vyeo katika JWTZ== [[Amiri jeshi mkuu]] wa JWTZ ni [[rais wa Tanzania]]. ===Maafisa=== (Cheo cha Kitanzania - ''(Cheo cha Kiingereza)'' {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; width: 100%" ====Vyeo vya chini==== |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=6| [[File:06-Tanzania Army-WO1.svg|70px]] | colspan=2| [[File:05-Tanzania Army-WO2.svg|70px]] | colspan=2| [[File:04-Tanzania Army-SSG.svg|70px]] | colspan=6| [[File:03-Tanzania Army-SGT.svg|70px]] | colspan=4| [[File:02-Tanzania Army-CPL.svg|70px]] | colspan=2| [[File:01-Tanzania Army-LCPL.svg|70px]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=6| [[Afisa Mteule Daraja la Kwanza]]<br>''(Warrant Officer Class 1)'' | colspan=2| [[Afisa Mteule Daraja la Pili]]<br>''(Warrant Officer Class 2)'' | colspan=2| [[Sajinitaji]]<br>''(Staff Sergeant)'' | colspan=6| [[Sajini]]<br> ''Sergeant)'' | colspan=4| [[Koplo]]<br>''(Corporal)'' | colspan=2| [[Koplo Usu]]<br> ''(Lance Corporal)'' |} ====Maofisa wenye kamisheni ==== (Cheo cha Kitanzania - ''(Cheo cha Kiingereza)'' {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=2| [[File:17-Tanzania Army-GEN.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:16-Tanzania Army-LG.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:15-Tanzania Army-MG.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:14-Tanzania Army-BG.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:13-Tanzania Army-COL.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:12-Tanzania Army-LTC.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:11-Tanzania Army-MAJ.svg|50px]] | colspan=2| [[File:10-Tanzania Army-CPT.svg|50px]] | colspan=3| [[File:09-Tanzania Army-1LT.svg|50px]] | colspan=3| [[File:08-Tanzania Army-2LT.svg|50px]] | colspan=12| [[File:07-Tanzania Army-OC.svg|50px]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=2| <br>[[Jenerali]]<br>''(General)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Luteni Jenerali]]<br>''(Lieutenant General)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Meja Jenerali]]<br>''(Major General)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Brigedia Jenerali]]<br>''(Brigadier General)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Kanali]]<br>''(Colonel)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Luteni Kanali]]<br>''(Lieutenant Colonel)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Meja]]<br>''(Major)'' | colspan=2| <br>[[Kapteni]]<br>''(Captain)'' | colspan=3| <br>[[Luteni]]<br>''(Lieutenant)'' | colspan=3| <br>[[Luteni usu]]<br>''(Second lieutenant)'' | colspan=12| [[Ofisa Mteule]]<br> ''Officer candidate)'' |} ==Wajibu wa JWTZ== Wajibu wa JWTZ ni rasmi<ref>[http://tpdf.mil.tz/ Tovuti la Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania]</ref>: * Kulinda Katiba na Uhuru wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. * Ulinzi wa mipaka ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. * Kufanya mafunzo na mazoezi ili kujiweka tayari kivita wakati wote. * Kufundisha umma shughuli za ulinzi wa Taifa. * Kushirikiana na mamlaka za kiraia katika kutoa misaada ya kibinadamu na uokoaji wakati wa maafa * Kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kijamii. * Kukuza elimu ya kujitegemea na uzalishaji mali kupitia Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa. * Kushiriki ulinzi wa amani kimataifa. ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== * [http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/SADR3/Baynham.html Civil-Military Relations in Post-Independent Africa]{{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/SADR3/Baynham.html |date=20120716222410 }} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/tno9.html Tanzania Refutes Cross Border Shelling] * {{cite book |editor=Murdo Morrison) |title=Flight International |edition=Number 5063|year=2006|publisher=Flight Global|location=London |isbn=9-770015-371174-47 |chapter=World Air Forces |page=82}} * {{cite book |author=Brian S. MacDonald |title=Military spending in developing countries |edition=Number 5063|year=1990|location=London |isbn=9-780886-2931-47 |chapter=Africa armed forces}} ====Historia ya JUWTz==== *[https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/EVOLUTCHAP11.PDF Nestor Luanda: A changing conception of defence: A historical perspective of the military in Tanzania], in: Evolutions & revolutions: a contemporary history of militaries in Southern Africa, ed. Martin R. Rupiya, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria 2005 ====Vyanzo kuhusu uasi wa 1964==== *[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1964/3/10/tanganyika-embarrassed-by-need-for-british/?page=single Tanganyika Embarrassed By Need for British Assistance; Calls For Pan-African Force To Aid In Future Crises, by John D. Gerhart; The Harvard Crimson, March 10, 1964 ] *[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/01/26/page/4/article/british-troops-quell-mutiny-in-tanganyika British Troops quell Mutiny in Tanganyika; The Chicago Tribune 26 Januari 1964] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/01/26/page/4/article/british-troops-quell-mutiny-in-tanganyika |date=20170429030503 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=KoLbjlIYLzwC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=tanganyika+mutiny&source=bl&ots=kr5ze1pwJH&sig=lJI-i3Jetf3tSZ9fS77iMo8q3Mo&hl=de&sa=X&ei=G6mBVbLJF4qmsgHdmaPYAQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=tanganyika%20mutiny&f=false Timothy Parsons, The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, iliangaliwa Juni 2015] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mODYnBnf0NIC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&dq=tanganyika+mutiny&source=bl&ots=NUDHvwiIYW&sig=-pAkhLTmIyS0i3i_bXXrrpVv4RI&hl=de&sa=X&ei=G6mBVbLJF4qmsgHdmaPYAQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=tanganyika%20mutiny&f=false Tony Laurence, The Dar Mutiny of 1964, AuthorHouse, 2010, iliangaliwa Juni 2015] ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://tpdf.mil.tz/ Tovuti ya Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananachi wa Tanzania] *[http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html Tanzania Civil-military Relations and Political Stability] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/10No1/Lupogo.html |date=20060709035408 }} *[https://www.africanaerospace.aero/the-rise-and-rise-of-tanzania-s-air-force.html Makala kuhusu historia ya Jeshi la Anga Tanzania] [[Jamii:Jeshi la Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] 2piyow2spfzoz58o9ssrpm7jcgjxd8s 0 32674 1575765 1546411 2026-06-21T10:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kwa|nchi iliyopendekezwa|Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki}} {{Jedwali la Shirika | jina_asili = ''East African Community '' ([[en]])</br>''Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est''([[fr]]) | jina_rasmi = Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki | common_name = Afrika Mashariki | bendera =Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png | nembo = | ramani = East African Community (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = <i>Eneo la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki</i> | kauli_mbiu = "One People, One Destiny" (Watu Mmoja, Hatima Moja) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "[[Wimbo wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]" | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_taifa = [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiswahili]] | mji_mkuu = [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha, Tanzania]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Kongo JK]] | serikali = Jumuiya ya Kikanda | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mwenyekiti wa Kikao cha Wakuu wa Nchi | cheo_kiongozi2 = Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Mawaziri | cheo_kiongozi3 = Rais wa Mahakama ya EAC | cheo_kiongozi4 = Spika wa Bunge la Afrika Mashariki | cheo_kiongozi5 = Katibu Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[William Ruto]] | kiongozi2 = [[Deng Dau Deng]] | kiongozi3 = [[Nestor Kayobera]] | kiongozi4 = [[Joseph Ntakarutimana]] | kiongozi5 = [[Veronica Nduva]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Ilianzishwa | tukio2 = Ilisambaratika | tukio3 = Ilifufuliwa | tukio1_tarehe = 1967 | tukio2_tarehe = 1977 | tukio3_tarehe = 7 Julai 2000 | eneo_jumla = 5,449,717 km² | maji = 3.83% | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 343,328,958 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 63 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.334 Trilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $3,892 | plt = {{increase}} $484.65 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,438 | maendeleo = 0.515 </br>{{chini}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | fedha = Sarafu mbalimbali ([[Shilingi ya Kenya]], [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]], [[Shilingi ya Uganda]], [[Faranga ya Rwanda]], [[Faranga ya Burundi]], [[Pauni ya Sudan Kusini]], [[Faranga ya Kongo]]) | majira_saa = +3 EAT | upande_gari = Kushoto/Kulia (Inategemea Nchi) | tovuti = www.eac.int |tanbihi = }} '''Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' (kifupi cha Kiingereza: EAC) ni [[shirika]] la [[siasa|kisiasa]] kati ya nchi nane za kanda ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]]: [[Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]]. Lengo kuu la EAC ni kukuza ushirikiano wa kikanda katika nyanja mbalimbali ikiwemo [[biashara]], forodha, na ushirikiano wa [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Jumuiya hii ilianzishwa awali mwaka 1967, lakini ilisambaratika mwaka 1977 kutokana na tofauti za [[siasa|kisiasa]], kabla ya kufufuliwa rasmi mwaka 2000 kwa kutiwa saini kwa mkataba mpya. Kwa sasa eneo la Mtangamano ni [[Kilomita ya mraba|km2]] 4,810,363, likiwa na wakazi 312,362,653 (kadirio la mwaka [[2022]]), hivi kwamba ingekuwa nchi moja tu ingekuwa ya [[nne]] [[duniani]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2024, [[William Ruto]], [[Rais wa Kenya]], ndiye mwenyekiti wake. Tangu kufufuliwa kwake, Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki imeanzisha hatua mbalimbali muhimu za ujumuishaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha mwaka 2005, Soko la Pamoja mwaka 2010, na juhudi zinazoendelea kuelekea Muungano wa Fedha na hatimaye Shirikisho la Kisiasa. EAC pia imekuwa ikifanya kazi ya kuoanisha sera katika sekta kama usafiri, afya, elimu, na nishati. Ikiwa na jumla ya watu wanaozidi milioni 300 na msisitizo wa pamoja juu ya maendeleo ya kikanda, EAC ina nafasi inayoongezeka katika masuala ya bara na inachukuliwa kama mfano wa ushirikiano wa kikanda barani Afrika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |title=– Born in anonymity |publisher=Ms.dk |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415082915/http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |archivedate=2012-04-15 }}</ref><ref name="csmonitor_1">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0309/p04s01-woaf.html?s=hns East African trade zone off to creaky start], ''Christian Science Monitor'', 9 Machi 2006</ref><ref name="Kenya_Celebrated_Collapse">[http://allafrica.com/stories/200705170023.html We Celebrated at EAC Collapse, Says Njonjo].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eac.int/about-eac/quick-facts.html |title=East African Community – Quick Facts |publisher=Eac.int |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319013530/http://www.eac.int/about-eac/quick-facts.html |archivedate=2009-03-19}}</ref> Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki inaendesha shughuli zake kupitia [[taasisi]] kuu kadhaa zilizoanzishwa na mkataba wake wa kuanzishwa, zikiwemo Mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi au Serikali, Baraza la Mawaziri, Bunge la Afrika Mashariki, na Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki, huku makao makuu yake yakipatikana [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]; jumuiya hii hufanya kazi kwa kuzingatia itifaki na sheria zilizokubaliwa ambazo ni lazima kufuatwa na nchi wanachama, hasa katika maeneo kama udhibiti wa [[forodha]], sera za biashara, na uhuru wa watu kusafiri, na [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]] zinazotumika, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] kimepitishwa mahsusi ili kuimarisha mawasiliano ya kikanda na ushirikiano. == Demografia== === Idadi ya Watu === Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 333.93 ambapo aslimia 31 wanaishi katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] , [[Sudan Kusini]] ndiyo iliyo na watu wachache sana ikiwa na watu takriban milioni 11.48 .Asilimia ya wakazi wanaoishi mijini ni 20 tu, lakini wanaongekeza kwa 4.71% kila mwaka {{Chati ya duara | caption= Nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kulingana na Idadi ya watu | label1 = Kongo JK | value1 = 105.83 | color1=#36A | label2 = Tanzania | value2 = 66.62 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Kenya | value3 = 55.53 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Uganda | value4 = 48.86 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Somalia | value5 = 18.36 | color5=#928 | label6 = Rwanda | value6 = 13.95 | color6=#E33 | label8 = Burundi | value7 = 13.69 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Sudan Kusini | value8 = 11.48 | color8=#E79 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Idadi ya Watu katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Idadi ya Watu (milioni) !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 105.83 || 31.69 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 66.62 || 19.95 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 55.34 || 16.57 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 48.66 || 14.57 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 18.36 || 5.50 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 13.95 || 4.18 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.69 || 4.10 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 11.48 || 3.44 |} === Dini === [[Ukristo]] ndiyo dini kubwa katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ikiwa na wafuasi milioni 261.86 na asilimia 79% ya watu wa EAC, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo,JK]] ndio iliyo na wafuasi wengi takriban milioni 100 au asilimia 95.4 . [[Uislamu]] ina wafuasi takriban milioni 56.69 ambayo ni asilimia 16.98 ya watu wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ikiongozwa na [[Somalia]] ambapo 99 ni waislamu. [[Dini za jadi]] ni asilimia 2.4% haswaa [[Sudan Kusini]] ambapo asilimia 35 ni wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]], [[Wasio na dini]] ni asilimia 1.75% {{Chati ya duara | caption=Mgawanyo wa Dini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki | label1 = Ukristo | value1 = 261.86 | color1=#36A | label2 = Uislamu | value2 = 56.69 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Dini za Jadi | value3 = 8.00 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Wasio na Dini | value4 = 5.83 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Zingine | value5 = 1.53 | color5=#E33 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Dini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Ukristo (%) !! Uislamu (%) !! Dini za Jadi (%) !! Wasio na Dini (%) |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 85.9 || 4.3 || 2.1 || 6.2 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 85.5 || 10.9 || 0.7 || 1.5 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 95.4 || 1.5 || 2.6 || 2.5 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 93.8 || 2.2 || – || 3.0 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || – || 99.8 || – || – |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 60.5 || 6.2 || 32.9 || – |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 63.1 || 34.1 || 1.2 || 1.5 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 81.7 || 13.2 || – || 0.2 |} === Lugha === [[Kiswahili]], [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]] ndizo Lugha rasmi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama Lingua Franca katika nchi hizi huku [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]] zikitumika kama lugha za kufundishia shuleni. Lugha za Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki zimegawanyika katika kundi tatu ambazo ni Lugha za [[Kibantu]] ambayo ndiyo kundi kubwa ya Lugha katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, Lugha za Kinilotiki na Lugha za Kikushi. === Mijini na Vijijini=== Asilimia ya watu walioishi mijini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni 35% na walioishi Vijijini asilimia 64%. [[Somalia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ndizo nchi zilizokuwa na asilimia kubwa ya wakazi wa mijini zikiwa na asilimia 46% na 45% mtawaliwa. [[Burundi]] na [[Sudan Kusini]] ndizo nchi zilizokuwa na wakazi wa mjini wachache sana zikiwa na asilimia 13% na 17% ya wakazi wanaoishi mijini huku asilimia 86% na 82% mtawaliwa wakiishi vijijini. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rank !! Nchi !! Mijini (%) !! Vijijini (%) !! Wakazi (Mijini) (milioni) |- | – || '''Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' || 35.13 || 64.87 || 117.30 |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 46.73 || 53.27 || 8.58 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 45.64 || 54.36 || 48.30 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 37.41 || 62.59 || 24.92 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 28.49 || 71.51 || 15.77 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 26.77 || 73.23 || 13.03 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 20.85 || 79.15 || 2.39 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.72 || 82.28 || 2.47 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.40 || 86.60 || 1.83 |} == Muhtasari== Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC), yenye makao yake makuu Arusha, Tanzania,kazi yake kuu ni kuendeleza muungano wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], [[siasa|kisiasa]], na [[jamii|kijamii]] katika ukanda huu. Mwenyekiti wa sasa wa EAC ni [[William Ruto]], [[Rais wa Kenya]], anayeongoza Mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi, ambao ndio chombo cha juu zaidi cha maamuzi katika jumuiya hii. Kwa miaka iliyopita, EAC imepiga hatua muhimu ikiwemo kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha, Soko la Pamoja, na mikataba ya kuunda Umoja wa Fedha. Pia imeongeza uanachama wake, ikiwemo kuipokea [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ,[[Somalia]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Miradi mikubwa ya miundombinu ya kikanda, programu za kurahisisha biashara, na ushirikiano katika sekta za afya na usalama ni miongoni mwa mafanikio yanayoonyesha ushawishi unaokua wa jumuiya hii katika kuendesha mipango ya maendeleo ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. == Historia == === Jumuiya ya kwanza === Nchi tatu za Afrika ya Mashariki zilizokuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Uingereza]] zilianza [[uhuru]] wao kwa kuendeleza [[ushirikiano]] wa karibu uliorithiwa kutokana na [[utawala]] wa pamoja wakati wa [[ukoloni]]. Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1961]] nchi hizo ziliunda [[Mamlaka ya Huduma za Pamoja za Afrika ya Mashariki]] (kwa Kiingereza East African Common Services Organisation – kifupi EACSO). Ushirikiano ulihusu [[fedha]] (East African Shilling), [[forodha]] (Customs Union), huduma za [[reli]] (East African Railway), [[ndege]] (East African Airways), ma[[bandari]], [[posta]] na [[simu]] na [[elimu ya juu]] ([[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki]] chenye [[kampasi]] [[Makerere]], [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Nairobi]]). [[Mkataba]] ulilenga pia [[mahakama kuu]] ya pamoja na [[sera]] ya ki[[uchumi]] ya [[soko la pamoja]]. Haya yote yalitakiwa kuwa chini ya [[Bunge la Afrika Mashariki]]. Tangu [[1965]] umoja huo ulianza kurudi nyuma kila nchi ilipoanzisha [[pesa]] yake. Mwaka [[1967]] nchi tatu zilijaribu upya kuimarisha umoja wao kwa [[Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki]] wakiita umoja wao "Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki" ikiwa na [[makao makuu]] [[Arusha]], Tanzania. Lakini mielekeo ya nchi zote tatu zilitofautiana mno: Kenya iliendelea kwa njia ya [[upebari]] lakini Tanzania ilijaribu kujenga [[Ujamaa]] ([[usoshalisti]]) kuanzia mwaka 1967. Uganda uliingia katika kipindi cha [[udikteta]] kali ya [[Idi Amini]] aliyeharibu [[uhusiano]] na ma[[jirani]] alipoanza kudai sehemu za maeneo yao. Sababu nyingine ni ma[[dai]] ya Kenya ya kuwa na viti zaidi kuliko Uganda na Tanzania katika [[kamati]] za maamuzi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |title=ms.dk - Born in anonymity |accessdate=2009-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415082915/http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |archivedate=2012-04-15 }}</ref> huku kukiwa na kutokuelewana kulikosababishwa na udikteta wa [[Idi Amin]] nchini Uganda, Usoshalisti huko Tanzania, na [[soko huria]] nchini Kenya,<ref name="csmonitor_1"/> hivyo wanachama hawa watatu wakapoteza ushirikiano wa miaka zaidi ya sitini na [[manufaa]] ya [[ukubwa]] wa jumuiya hii kiuchumi. Kila mmoja wa wanachama hawa ilimbidi kuanza kutoa [[huduma]] na kujenga viwanda ambavyo hapo awali vilikuwa chini ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Hivyo mwaka [[1977]] Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ilikoma kufanya kazi yoyote na [[1983]] ilifutwa rasmi. [[Mali]] iliyobaki iligawanywa kati ya nchi zote tatu. === Kufufuka kwa Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki tangu 1993 === Tangu [[miaka ya 1990]] majaribio ya kujenga umoja mpya yalionekana tena. Marais [[Daniel arap Moi]] wa Kenya, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] wa Tanzania, na [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] wa Uganda walipatana katika [[Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki]] huko [[Arusha]], tarehe [[30 Novemba]] [[1993]], na kuanzisha Tume ya Ushirikiano ya nchi hizi tatu. Shughuli ya kuzileta pamoja nchi hizi kisiasa, kiuchumi, ki[[jamii]] na ki[[utamaduni]], [[utafiti]] na [[teknolojia]], [[ulinzi]], [[usalama]], ma[[suala]] ya ki[[sheria]] na ki[[mahakama]] ilianza. Mkataba wa kufufua jumuiya ulitiwa sahihi tarehe 30 Novemba 1999 ukaanza kuwa rasmi tarehe [[7 Julai]] 2000. Vyombo vya Jumuiya mpya ya Afrika ya Mashariki vilianza kufanya kazi mnamo Januari [[2001]] penye makao makuu ya jumuiya hii huko [[Arusha]]. Mkataba [[2004]] uliweka [[msingi]] wa [[Umoja wa Forodha]] ulioanzishwa [[2005]]. Kuna tena [[Bunge la Afrika ya Mashariki]] linalojumuisha wabunge waliochaguliwa na ma[[bunge]] ya nchi wanachama. Pia [[Mahakama Kuu ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] imeundwa upya. Mwaka [[2008]], baada ya majadiliano na [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] (Southern Africa Development Community, kifupi SADC) na [[Soko la Pamoja la Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika]] (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, kifupi COMESA), Mtangamano huo ulikubali nchi zote za miundo hiyo mitatu ziunde eneo pana la [[biashara huria]]. Kwa sasa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni mojawapo ya nguzo muhimu za hiyo [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Afrika]] (African Economic Community, kifupi AEC). Mwaka [[2010]], Mtangamano ulitangaza [[soko la pamoja]] kwa [[bidhaa]], [[kazi]] na mitaji kati ya nchi hizo tano, kwa lengo la kuanzisha [[pesa ya pamoja]] na hatimaye [[Shirikisho]] kamili.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true|accessdate=1 July 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=1 July 2010|archivedate=2012-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true}}</ref> Kuna majadiliano ya kuanzisha [[shilingi]] mpya ya pamoja kwa nchi za Jumuia ya Afrika ya Mashariki. Kwanza ilitarajiwa kuanzishwa mwaka [[2012]], halafu mwaka [[2015]], sasa mwaka [[2024]]. Mwaka [[2013]] ulisainiwa [[mkataba]] wa kuamua kuanzisha hiyo [[pesa]] ndani ya miaka 10.<ref name=MU>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/30/us-africa-monetaryunion-idUSBRE9AT08O20131130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews | work=Reuters | title=East African trade bloc approves monetary union deal | date=30 November 2013 | accessdate=2015-01-23 | archivedate=2015-09-24 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191315/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/30/us-africa-monetaryunion-idUSBRE9AT08O20131130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews }}</ref> == Uchumi == [[Uchumi]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki unawakilisha mojawapo ya kanda zenye ukuaji wa haraka zaidi katika [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]], ukichochewa na uimarishaji wa ushirikiano wa kikanda, uongezeko wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki#Idadi ya watu|idadi ya watu]], na uwekezaji wa kimkakati katika [[miundombinu]]. Jumla ya [[Pato la taifa|Pato la Taifa]] la Jumuiya, ilifikia takriban dola za Marekani bilioni 441.43 kufikia mwaka 2022, huku [[Pato la taifa kwa usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi]] likifikia dola Trilioni 1.274. <ref name="IMF_EAC_Database">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/BDI/KEN/COD/RWA/SOM/SSD/UGA/TZA?year=2026 |title=GDP IN EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kanda ilirekodi wastani wa ukuaji wa asilimia 5.5 mwaka 2024 <ref name="ALM_Growth">{{cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/east-african-community-reports-impressive-5-4-economic-growth-in-2024/ |author=Ingrid Peters |title=East Africa Reports Impressive 5.4% economic growth in 2024 |website=African Leadership Magazine |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref>, ukipita wastani wa kimataifa wa asilimia 3.3 na wastani wa [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] wa asilimia 4.0, huku makadirio ya 2025 yakionyesha kuongeza kasi hadi asilimia 5.8. <ref name="AfDB_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/east-africa-economic-outlook |title=East Africa Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi zenye ukuaji wa juu zaidi ni pamoja na [[Rwanda]] ikiwa na asilimia 7.0, [[Tanzania]] asilimia 6.1, [[Burundi]] asilimia 6.0, na [[Uganda]] asilimia 5.9, huku [[Somalia]] ikitarajiwa kukua kwa wastani wa asilimia 3.5 hadi 4.0 kutokana na mageuzi ya kiuchumi yanayoendelea na usaidizi wa kimataifa. <ref name="IMF_Somalia">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM |title=Somalia and the IMF |website=IMF.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Ingawa kanda inakabiliwa na changamoto endelevu zikiwemo viwango tofauti vya [[mfumuko wa bei]] na udhaifu wa [[fedha|kifedha]], jumla ya biashara ya nje ilifikia dola za Marekani bilioni 130 mwaka 2024, huku sekta za [[huduma]] na [[teknolojia]] zikiendelea na mageuzi yake ya haraka. <ref name="EAC_Trade_2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/documents/category/trade-reports |title=EAC Trade Report |website=eac.int |publisher=East African Community |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> === Sekta === ====Kilimo==== [[File:Rwanda - dense agriculture.jpg|thumb|Kilimo nchini Rwanda]] [[Kilimo]] kinajumuisha sekta ya msingi ya [[uchumi]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, kikichangia takriban asilimia 30 ya [[Pato la taifa|Pato la Taifa]] la kanda na kuajiri inakadiriwa asilimia 60 ya wakazi. <ref name="Britannica_EAC">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-African-Community |title=East African Community (EAC) |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii ina sifa ya ukulima mdogo wa mazao muhimu ya [[Mahuruji|kuuza nje]], yakiwemo [[kahawa]], chai, maua bustani, mazao ya kilimo cha bustani, na viungo. Nchini [[Somalia]], [[Kilimo#Ufugaji|ufugaji]] wa mifugo unachangia takriban asilimia 40 ya Pato la Taifa na asilimia 50 ya mapato ya mauzo ya nje, huku wanyama hai wakisafirishwa hasa kuelekea masoko ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]]. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview |title=Somalia Economic Update |website=worldbank.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kanda kwa ujumla ina nafasi muhimu kimataifa katika uzalishaji na usafirishaji wa mazao haya ya biashara, ingawa ongezeko la thamani ndani ya Jumuiya bado ni finyu ikilinganishwa na uwezo uliopo. Licha ya umuhimu wake, sekta ya [[kilimo]] inaonyesha pengo endelevu la uwekezaji. Matumizi ya umma katika [[kilimo]] katika nchi kadhaa wanachama yanasalia chini ya lengo la asilimia 10 lililowekwa na ''Azimio la Malabo'' na ''Azimio la Kampala'' la Mpango Kamilifu wa Maendeleo ya [[Kilimo]] Afrika la mwaka 2025. <ref name="FAO_Malabo_Progress">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cc1053en/cc1053en.pdf |title=Tracking progress on the Malabo Declaration |website=fao.org |date=2023 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mgao wa sasa katika nchi kubwa kama vile [[Kenya]] unakadiriwa kuwa asilimia tatu ya bajeti ya taifa, kiwango kinachozuia uboreshaji wa tija na maendeleo ya [[miundombinu]] ya vijijini. <ref name="Kenya_Agri_Budget">{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/budget-statements/ |title=National Budget Statements |website=treasury.go.ke |publisher=The National Treasury of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kutimiza malengo yaliyowekwa ya uwekezaji kunaweza kuongeza tija ya kilimo kwa wastani wa asilimia 45 na kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa upotevu wa mazao baada ya kuvuna. Sekretarieti ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki imeweka kipaumbele katika uboreshaji wa kisasa wa [[kilimo]] kuelekea mifumo inayostahimili mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]] na inayoongozwa na thamani. Mipango inayoendelea inalenga kuboresha [[miundombinu]] ya vijijini, kupanua upatikanaji wa [[teknolojia]] na utafiti wa kilimo, kuimarisha ujumuishwaji wa kifedha kwa wakulima wadogo, na kukuza mbinu endelevu za usimamizi wa ardhi. <ref name="EAC_Agri_Strategy">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/agriculture |title=Agriculture and Food Security in the EAC |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii inakabiliwa na shinikizo linaloongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, yakiwemo ukame wa mara kwa mara na mafuriko, hali inayohitaji hatua za haraka za kukabiliana. Katika [[Pembe ya Afrika]], [[ukame]] wa mara kwa mara umeathiri vibaya ufugaji wa mifugo nchini [[Somalia]], na kusababisha juhudi za kikanda za kujenga uthabiti kupitia mipango ya bima ya mifugo na uboreshaji wa malisho. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ"/> ====Viwanda na Uzalishaji==== [[Sekta ya viwanda]] ndani ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki iko katika awamu ya maendeleo, huku uzalishaji ukichangia sehemu ndogo lakini inayoongezeka ya [[Pato la Taifa]] katika nchi nyingi wanachama. Shughuli za [[Kiwanda|kiviwanda]] zimejikita zaidi katika usindikaji wa mazao ya [[kilimo]], vifaa vya ujenzi, uzalishaji mdogo wa bidhaa, na uchimbaji wa rasilimali za [[madini]]. <ref name="EAC_Industrialization">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/industrialization |title=Industrialization Strategy |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mkakati wa maendeleo ya kitaifa wa [[Tanzania]] unatoa kipaumbele kwa uzalishaji kama kichocheo cha mageuzi ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], huku [[Uganda]] ikitarajia mabadiliko ya kimuundo kwa kuanza kwa uzalishaji wa mafuta ghafi katika mwaka wa fedha wa 2025/2026, maendeleo yanayotarajiwa kuinua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukuaji wa [[Pato la taifa]]. <ref name="Coface_Uganda">{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/uganda-country-report |title=Uganda Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bidhaa za [[madini]] zinajumuisha sehemu muhimu ya mfuko wa [[mauzo ya nje]] wa kanda. [[Mahuruji|Mauzo ya nje]] yamejikita katika [[shaba]], madini ya thamani na mawe, na mafuta ya madini. Sekta inayoibuka ya mafuta nchini [[Uganda]] inaungwa mkono na uwekezaji wa kipaumbele katika [[miundombinu]], ikiwemo ujenzi wa bomba la mafuta kwa ajili ya usafirishaji wa mafuta ghafi. <ref name="PAU_Oil">{{cite web |url=https://www.pau.go.ug/ |title=Petroleum Authority of Uganda |website=pau.go.ug |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kujiunga kwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kwenye Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kumepanua kwa kiasi kikubwa utajiri wa madini wa kanda hiyo, hasa katika madini ya [[kobalti]], [[shaba]], na koltan. <ref name="Britannica_DRC_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Economy |title=DRC Economy |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Nchini [[Somalia]], sekta ya viwanda bado ni changa, ikijikita katika usindikaji wa mazao ya wanyama kama vile ngozi na mifugo, pamoja na uzalishaji mdogo wa bidhaa za matumizi ya ndani na uvuvi wa kibiashara katika ukanda wake mrefu wa pwani. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ"/> ====Utalii==== [[File:Nungwi, Zanzibar (51554771606).jpg|thumb|Nungwi, Zanzibar]] [[Utalii]] unachangia chanzo muhimu cha fedha za kigeni na ajira kwa nchi several wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, hasa [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] ikijumuisha [[funguvisiwa la Zanzibar]] lenye kujitawala, [[Rwanda]], na [[Uganda]]. <ref name="UNWTO_Dashboard">{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=Global Tourism Data Dashboard |website=unwto.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii imeonyesha ahueni thabiti baada ya janga la ugonjwa, ikichochewa na rasilimali za kipekee za [[wanyamapori]] za kanda, vivutio vya pwani, na urithi wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. [[Somalia]] ina uwezo mkubwa wa kitalii ambao bado haujatumika kikamilifu, ikiwemo fuo zake refu zaidi barani Afrika, visiwa visivyo na watu, na maeneo ya kihistoria ya miji ya kale ya pwani, ingawa ukosefu wa usalama na miundombinu duni vimezuia maendeleo makubwa ya sekta hii. Zanzibar ni mfano wa mwelekeo wa ukuaji wa sekta hii. Mwaka 2025, watalii wa kimataifa waliowasili walikaribia milioni moja, wakionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 7.1 ikilinganishwa na mwaka uliopita, huku mapato ya [[utalii]] yakizidi dola za Marekani bilioni 1.1, zote zikiwa rekodi za juu. <ref name="DailyNews_ZNZ">{{cite web |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/zanzibar-tourism-hits-new-record/ |title=Zanzibar Tourism Hits New Record |website=Daily News Tanzania |date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mamlaka ya Kukuza Uwekezaji Zanzibar imesajili zaidi ya miradi 1,300 ya uwekezaji yenye thamani ya jumla ya dola za Marekani bilioni 14.3, huku utalii ukichangia zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya mfumo huu wa uwekezaji. <ref name="ZIPA_Investment">{{cite web |url=https://zipa.go.tz/ |title=Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority |website=zipa.go.tz |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Eneo hili linapitia mabadiliko ya kimkakati kutoka kwa mfumo wa jadi wa utalii wa pwani kuelekea mseto unaojumuisha Mikutano, Vivutio, Makongamano, na Maonyesho, usafiri wa ustawi, utalii wa upishi, na mipango ya wahamaji wa kidijitali. Utalii wa kikanda uko tayari kwa upanuzi zaidi kwa kuandaa mashindano yajayo ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika, ambapo Nchi Wanachama zinaandaa uboreshaji wa miundombinu ikijumuisha upanuzi vya vituo vya ndege na kuboresha mitandao ya barabara. <ref name="EAC_AFCON">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/eac-to-leverage-afcon-2027 |title=EAC to leverage AFCON 2027 |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bajeti za kitaifa katika Jumuiya nzima zinatilia mkazo kipaumbele utalii pamoja na sekta nyingine za ukuaji. ==== Biashara ya Kimataifa==== Mnamo 2023, jumla ya [[biashara]] ya kimataifa ya nchi wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) ilifikia dola bilioni 130.4. <ref name="EAC_Trade_Report_2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/documents/category/trade-reports |title=EAC Trade Report 2023 |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mchango mkubwa zaidi ulitoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (JKK), ambayo ilichangia asilimia 25.8 ya jumla hiyo, ikifuatiwa na [[Kenya]] (24.7%) na [[Tanzania]] (24.6%). Kwa upande mwingine, nchi zilizo na mchango mdogo zaidi zilikuwa [[Sudan Kusini]] (1.8%) na [[Burundi]] (0.7%). Kwa Mahuruji (mauzo ya nje) [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iliongoza zaidi ikichangia asilimia 40% ya mauzo ya nje ya Jumuiya hii, Huku [[Kenya]] ikiongoza kwa [[Maduhuli]] ikichangia asilimia 30% ya Maduhuli ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Kati ya nchi zote, Kongo,JK ilikuwa na mizani chanya ya biashara (balance of trade) ya dola bilioni 7.8, ikiwa ya juu zaidi katika kanda, huku [[Kenya]] (-16.24), [[Tanzania]] (-9.90), na Somalia (-4.22) zikiripoti nakisi kubwa zaidi ya [[biashara]], ishara ya uagizaji mkubwa wa bidhaa kuliko mauzo ya nje. <ref name="EAC_Trade_Report_2023"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rank !! Nchi !! Jumla !! [[Mahuruji]] !! [[Maduhuli]] !! Mizani ya Biashara |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Congo, JK]] || 33.60 || 20.70 || 12.90 || 7.80 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 32.16 || 7.96 || 24.20 || -16.24 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 32.10 || 11.10 || 21.00 || -9.90 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 19.69 || 8.39 || 11.30 || -2.91 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 6.11 || 0.95 || 5.16 || -4.22 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 3.55 || 1.35 || 2.20 || -0.85 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 2.32 || 0.70 || 1.62 || -0.92 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 0.87 || 0.20 || 0.68 || -0.48 |- ! colspan="2" | [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|25px]] EAC Jumla ! 130.40 !! 51.35 !! 79.06 !! -27.71 |} === Pato la taifa=== Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ina [[uchumi]] [[Nchi inayoendelea|unaoendelea]] ikiwa na [[Pato la taifa]] jumla dola bilioni 441.43 za [[Marekani]] kwa Kawaida na trilion 1.274 kwa [[Usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi]] (PPP) hata hivyo ni uchumi [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kwa Pato la Taifa|wa pili]] kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref name="IMF_April_2026_EAC">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kenya]] ndiyo iliyo na uchumi mkubwa zaidi katika jumuiya hii, ikichangia asilimia 31.91% ya jumla, [[Tanzania]], [[JKK|Kongo, JK]] zilichangia asilimia 21.6% na 19.9% mtawaliwa. <ref name="AfDB_East_Africa_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/east-africa-economic-outlook-2024 |title=East Africa Economic Outlook 2024 |website=afdb.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Sudan]] kusini na [[Burundi]] ndizo zilizokuwa na uchumi mdogo zaidi. Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni ya kipato cha chini ikiwa na pato la taifa kwa kila mtu dola 1,274 . [[Sudan Kusini]] ndiyo nchi maskini zaidi ikiwa na [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu]] dola 369 za [[Marekani]], [[Kenya]] ndiyo nchi iliyo na [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu]] dola kubwa zaidi ya dola 2,596 za Marekani. <ref name="IMF_April_2026_EAC"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Pato la taifa la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (2026) ! Orodha !! Nchi !! PLT (Kawaida) 'bilioni USD !! PLT (PPP) 'bilioni USD !! Kwa kila mtu (Kawaida) !! Kwa kila mtu (PPP) !! Asilimia ya EAC |- | – || [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|35px]] '''[[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]''' || '''484.65''' || '''1,334.52''' || '''$1,413''' || '''$3,892''' || 100.0% |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 147.26 || 435.23 || $2,713 || $8,020 || 30.38% |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 123.41 || 235.94 || $1,122 || $2,145 || 25.46% |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 94.89 || 320.88 || $1,362 || $4,607 || 19.58% |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 73.37 || 208.38 || $1,476 || $4,192 || 15.14% |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.34 || 65.46 || $1,198 || $4,524 || 3.58% |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 14.17 || 34.11 || $812 || $1,956 || 2.92% |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 8.14 || 15.36 || $546 || $1,031 || 1.68% |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 6.07 || 19.16 || $488 || $1,540 || 1.25% |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Pato la taifa la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (2026) ! Orodha !! Nchi !! PLT (Kawaida) 'bilioni USD !! PLT (PPP) 'bilioni USD !! Kwa kila mtu (Kawaida) !! Kwa kila mtu (PPP) !! Asilimia ya EAC |- | – || [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|35px]] '''[[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]''' || '''484.65''' || '''1,334.52''' || '''$1,413''' || '''$3,892''' || 100.0% |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 147.26 || 435.23 || $2,713 || $8,020 || 30.38% |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 123.41 || 235.94 || $1,122 || $2,145 || 25.46% |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 94.89 || 320.88 || $1,362 || $4,607 || 19.58% |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 73.37 || 208.38 || $1,476 || $4,192 || 15.14% |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.34 || 65.46 || $1,198 || $4,524 || 3.58% |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 14.17 || 34.11 || $812 || $1,956 || 2.92% |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 8.14 || 15.36 || $546 || $1,031 || 1.68% |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 6.07 || 19.16 || $488 || $1,540 || 1.25% |} == Nchi Wanachama == [[File:EAC presidents in November 2006.jpg|thumb|Kutoka [[kushoto]]: Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]] wa [[Uganda]], Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[Kenya]] na Rais [[Jakaya Kikwete]] wa [[Tanzania]] wakati wa mkutano wao [[Arusha]], mnamo Novemba [[2006]].]] [[File:Kagame at EAC summit.jpg|thumb|left|Rais wa Rwanda Paul Kagame katika mkutano wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki mwaka wa 2006. Rwanda ilijiunga na Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki tarehe 1 Julai 2007]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Nchi !! Mji mkuu !! Kujiunga !! Wakazi !! Eneo (km²) ! GDP<br />(US${{nbsp}}bn)&#8203;<ref name=imf_data>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=58&pr1.y=17&c=618,714,733,738,746,664&s=NGDP,NGDPD,NGDPDPC,LP&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> ! GDP<br />kwa mtu<br />(US$)<ref name=imf_data /> ! GDP PPP<br />(US${{nbsp}}bn)<ref name="IMF_PPP_data">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=11&c=618,714,733,738,746,664&s=PPPGDP,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> ! GDP PPP<br />kwa mtu<br />(US$)<ref name="IMF_PPP_data"/> |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Burundi}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Gitega]] | style="text-align:center"| 2007 | {{Nts|12722976}} || {{Nts|27834}} | 3.4 || {{Nts|272.4}} | 10.8 || {{Nts|855.6}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kinshasa]] | style="text-align:center"| 2022 | {{Nts|95944984}} || {{Nts|2344858}} | 51.2 || {{Nts|669.4}} | 127.4 || {{Nts|1315.9}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kenya}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Nairobi]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|56553921}} || {{Nts|580367}} | 114.7 || {{Nts|2252}} | 308.7 || {{Nts|6061.4}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kigali]] | style="text-align:center"| 2007 | {{Nts|13705697}} || {{Nts|26338}} | 12.1 || {{Nts|910}} | 37.2 || {{Nts|2807.6}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Somalia}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Mogadishu]] | style="text-align:center"| 2024 | {{Nts|16500000}} || {{Nts|637657}} | 12.49 || {{Nts|756.98}} | 34.02 || {{Nts|2060}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sudan Kusini}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Juba]] | style="text-align:center"| 2016 | {{Nts|11501583}} || {{Nts|644329}} | 5.7 || {{Nts|392.7}} | 13.5 || {{Nts|927.4}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Dodoma]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|63732235}} || {{Nts|945087}} | 77.5 || {{Nts|1260.1}} | 206.6 || {{Nts|3358.3}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Uganda}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kampala]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|49135753}} || {{Nts|241550}} | 46.4 || {{Nts|1060.4}} | 129.5 || {{Nts|2960.5}} |- ! colspan="3"| ! style="text-align:right"| {{Nts|303397152}} !! style="text-align:right"| {{Nts|4810363}} ! style="text-align:right"| 325 !! style="text-align:right"| 1106.3 ! style="text-align:right"| 834 !! style="text-align:right"| 2,841.4 |} Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda zina [[historia]] ya [[ushirikiano]] tangu mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati wa [[ukoloni]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Umoja wa Forodha baina ya Kenya na Uganda mwaka 1917, [[Tanganyika]] ilijiunga mnamo mwaka [[1927]], katika [[Ubalozi wa Afrika Mashariki]] ([[1948]]-[[1961]]), 'East African Common Services Organisation' (1961-1967) na Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (1967-1977).<ref name="EacSite">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eac.int/history.htm |title=From Co-operation to Community (eac.int) |accessdate=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2008-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510054423/http://www.eac.int/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jumuia ambayo ilianzishwa baada ya [[uhuru]] ilidumu miaka 10 tu, lakini ilifufuliwa kwa mkataba wa tarehe [[30 Novemba]] [[1999]], ulioanza kufanya kazi tarehe [[7 Julai]] [[2000]], miaka 23 baada ya [[kifo]] cha ile ya kwanza. [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]], ambazo ziliwahi kuwa [[koloni]] moja na [[Tanzania bara]] kabla ya [[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]], zilijiunga na Mtangamano tarehe [[6 Julai]] [[2009]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EAC Update E-newsletter |url=http://www.news.eac.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=48&Itemid=70 |work=www.eac.int |publisher=Directorate of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs |accessdate=10 December 2011 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042037/http://www.news.eac.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=48&Itemid=70 }}</ref> Mara baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[2011]], Sudan Kusini iliomba kujiunga na Jumuia, lakini haikukubalika hadi Machi 2016 kutokana na hali ya [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] nchini humo. Tarehe [[23 Novemba]] [[2021]] Baraza la Mawaziri la EAC limependekeza kwa Wakuu wa nchi wanachama wakubali ombi la kujiunga la [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] <ref>https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2288-eac-council-of-ministers-green-light-report-on-drc-verification-mission-for-consideration-by-eac-heads-of-state</ref>, nao wakakubali rasmi tarehe 29 Machi [[2022]]. Hatua kubwa ya awali katika kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]] ni [[muungano wa forodha]] katika [[mataifa husika]] uliotiwa [[saini]] mnamo Machi 2004 na ulioanza kutumika tarehe [[1 Januari]] mwaka [[2005]]. Chini ya ma[[sharti]] ya mkataba, Kenya, ambayo ndiyo nchi inayopata mauzo bora zaidi nje ya nchi katika kanda ya Afrika Mashariki, iliendelea kulipa [[ushuru]] kwa [[bidhaa]] zake zinazoingia nchi nyingine wanachama hadi mwaka [[2010]], kwa [[kiwango]] kilichopungua na wakati. [[Mfumo]] sawa wa [[ushuru]] utatumika kwa bidhaa kutoka nchi ambazo si wanachama. ==Changamoto== Kwa ujumla, mataifa wanachama kwa kiasi kikubwa wanaona neema ya [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]], lakini utafiti usio rasmi unaonyesha kwamba Watanzania wengi (asilimia themanini ya wakazi wake) wana [[mtazamo]] hasi.<ref> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704290112.html allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Fast-Tracking Political Federation]</ref> Tanzania imekuwa na historia ya [[amani]] tangu kunyakua uhuru, ikilinganishwa na [[fujo]] na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vilivyoshuhudiwa katika ma[[taifa]] ya [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], na [[Uganda]]. Wakati huu Afrika Mashariki inajaribu kudumisha [[utulivu]] na [[mafanikio]] katikati ya migogoro inayoendelea katika nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Pembe ya Afrika]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Pia ni kwamba Tanzania ina [[ardhi]] kubwa, na baadhi ya Watanzania wana [[hofu]] ya [[unyakuzi]] wa ardhi na wakazi wa sasa wa mataifa mengine wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="Daily_News_Tz_001">[http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/page.php?id=6650 EAC federation fears justified?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/page.php?id=6650 |date=20070927230624 }} Tanzania's Daily News On Saturday; 5 Mei 2007</ref> <ref Name="mt_elgon_clashes_002"> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200705081059.html Kenya: Tears for Mt Elgon as Schools Re-Open]</ref> <ref Name="Uganda_land_scarcity"> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200705140795.html Sabiny Demand Land as Karamajong Raid Reduce]</ref> Uhaba wa ardhi ni suala nyeti katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki, hasa nchini Kenya, ambako mapigano ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe upande wa [[Mlima Elgon]] mwaka [[2007]] yaliwaacha zaidi ya watu 150 wamefariki na kulazimisha takriban watu wengine 60,000 kugura makazi yao.<ref name="mt_elgon_clashes_001">[http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=at_a_glance AlertNet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=at_a_glance |date=20100620020229 }} Kenya land clashes kill 60, displace thousands</ref> == Serikali na Utawala == === Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki === [[Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki]] ndiyo [[mahakama]] inayosimamia [[kesi]] zote katika eneo hilo. Kwa sasa imo mjini Arusha, Tanzania. === Bunge la Afrika Mashariki === [[File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|Bunge la Jumuiya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Bunge la Afrika Mashariki]] ndicho [[kitengo]] cha kutengeneza sheria katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. Ina wajumbe 27 ambao wote wamechaguliwa na mabunge ya nchi wanachama. Linahusika na masuala yote ambayo yanahusu Jumuiya hii kama vile kujadili [[bajeti]] ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki na masuala yote ya Jumuiya na kutoa ma[[pendekezo]] kwa Baraza juu ya mambo wanayoyadhani muhimu kwa utekelezaji wa mkataba, kushirikiana pamoja na Bunge husika na kuanzisha [[kamati]] kwa ma[[kusudi]] kama vile wanavyodhani ni muhimu. Tangu [[uzinduzi]] wake mwaka 2001, [[bodi]] hii imekuwa na vikao kadhaa mjini Arusha, [[Kampala]] na Nairobi. ==Viungo== === Pasipoti ya Afrika Mashariki === Pasipoti ya Afrika Mashariki ilizinduliwa rasmi tarehe [[1 Aprili]] [[1999]] ili kurahisisha [[usafiri]] na kuvuka mipaka ya nchi husika.<ref name="EAC News...">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.eac.int/news_2004_11_EACDay.htm |title=EAC News ... |accessdate=2004-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221195607/http://www.eac.int/news_2004_11_EACDay.htm |archivedate=2004-12-21 }}</ref><ref name="Travelling in East Africa">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.eac.int/travelling.htm |title=Travelling in East Africa |accessdate=2004-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701070500/http://www.eac.int/travelling.htm |archivedate=2004-07-01 }}</ref> Ni [[halali]] kwa kusafiri ndani ya eneo la Afrika Mashariki (Kenya,Uganda na Tanzania) na kutoa [[haki]] ya kuingia na kukaa kwa miezi sita katika nchi yoyote na kisha unaweza ukaitumia tena.<ref name="EAC News..." /> Pasipoti hii inapatikana katika Makao Makuu ya [[Idara ya Uhamiaji]] katika miji ya Nairobi, Kampala na Dar es Salaam. Ni [[raia]] tu wa Afrika Mashariki wanaoweza kuomba pasipoti hii.<ref name="EAC News..." /><ref name="Travelling in East Africa" /> [[Gharama]] ya pasipoti hii ni dola 10 za [[Marekani]] au pesa sawa ukibadilisha kwa sarafu za nchi za Afrika mashariki.<ref name="Travelling in East Africa" /> Baada ya kujaza fomu za kupata pasipoti hii itachukua muda wa [[wiki]] mbili au tatu kuipata tayari kwa matumizi. Ingawa pasipoti hii ni halali tu ndani ya Afrika Mashariki, majadiliano yalifanywa ili kuwa na hati sawa za kusafiri kwa watu wote wa Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="EAC News..." /> ===Viza moja kwa watalii=== {{Politics of the African Union mini}} Lilikuwa [[tarajio]] la wengi kuwa kabla ya 2006 kungekuwa na viza moja kwa watalii wote wanaozuru Afrika Mashariki, iwapo mpango huo ungeidhinishwa na mamlaka ya [[sekta]] husika chini ya jumuiya hiyo. Iwapo ingekubalika basi viza hiy ingetumika kote katika ardhi ya wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Chini ya pendekezo hili viza yoyote mpya ya Afrika Mashariki ingeweza kupokewa kutoka [[ubalozi]] wowote katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. === Mtandao === Matumizi ya [[wavuti]] katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki bado yako chini mno yakilinganishwa na mataifa yaliyostawi kiuchumi. Eneo la Afrika Mashariki ni kituo kizuri kiuchumi huku likikadiriwa kuwa na wakazi zaidi ya milioni 150. Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 10 ya wakazi wa Afrika Mashariki - milioni 15 - huutumia [[Mtandao]]. [[Mkakati]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki unasisitiza ushirikiano wa kiuchumi na [[maendeleo]] kwa kuzingatia [[uwezo wa kijamii]]. Wengi wa wakazi wa Afrika Mashariki hutumia mtandao kuangalia [[habari]], kusoma [[barua pepe]] na kwenye [[mitandao ya kijamii|mitandao mingine ya kijamii]]. Hivi karibuni kumekuwa na ma[[jukwaa]] mengi yanayoibuka katika eneo hili kwa lengo la kuileta pamoja Afrika Mashariki. [[Kasi ya mawasiliano kupitia kwa mtandao]] pia iko chini mno katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki, ikilinganishwa na mataifa yaliyostawi. Hii labda ni mojawapo ya vikwazo vya maendeleo ya mawasiliano ya mtandao Afrika Mashariki. ==Jiografia== Mtangamano ungekuwa nchi moja tu, ungekuwa ya 7 [[duniani]] kwa eneo ([[Kilomita ya mraba|kilometa mraba]] 4,812,618). {{multiple image |align=left |image1=Lake victoria NASA.jpg |width1=180 |caption1=[[Ziwa Victoria]] kati ya nchi za Mtangamano. |alt1=Lake Victoria |image2=Kilimanjaro Tanzania 0046 Nevit.jpg|width2=177 |caption2=[[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], mrefu kuliko yote ya Afrika, uko Tanzania. |alt2=Mount Kilimanjaro|image3=Diani Beach Sunrise Kenya.jpg |width3=195 |caption3=[[Diani Beach]], [[Kilifi County]], [[Kenya]]. |alt3=Diani Beach}} Sudan Kusini, Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi hazina [[pwani]] [[bahari]]ni, lakini zina [[mvua]] za kutosha. Huku inapatikana minne kati ya milima mirefu zaidi [[bara]]ni [[Afrika]]: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] (Tanzania), [[Mlima Kenya]] (Kenya), milima ya [[Rwenzori]] (Uganda/[[DRC]]) na [[Mlima Meru]] (Tanzania). [[Ziwa Turkana]], Kenya, ndiyo ziwa la [[jangwani]] kubwa na lenye [[maji ya chumvi]] nyingi kuliko yote duniani. [[Ziwa Victoria]] linaunganisha nchi za Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania na ni la pili duniani kwa eneo. [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] kati ya Tanzania, Burundi na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni la pili duniani kwa kina. Kenya pekee ina [[jangwa]], [[jangwa la Chalbi]] katika [[Kaunti ya Marsabit]]. {{multiple image |align=right |image1=Wbeest Mara.jpg |width1=200 |caption1=[[Uhamaji]] wa [[wanyamapori]] ni [[ajabu]] la kimaumbile la 7 duniani |alt1=Wildebeest#Migration |image2=Flamingos in Lake Nakuru.jpg|width2=177 |caption2=[[Ziwa Nakuru]], maarufu kwa flamingo. |alt2=Mount Kilimanjaro|image3=Mount Kenya Rosette.jpg |width3=160 |caption3= Ua [[Rosette]] juu ya [[Mlima Kenya]] |alt3=Rosette (botany)}} {{Wide image|Dar es Salaam Panorama edit2.jpg|3000px|[[Dar es Salaam]], ukiwa na watu milioni 4 ndio [[mji]] mkubwa kuliko yote ya Mtangamano baada tu ya [[Kinshasa]].}} {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1200px|<center>Nairobi, [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] cha Mtangamano</center>}} ===Ugatuzi katika nchi za Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (E.A.C.)=== ====Burundi==== # [[Mkoa wa Bubanza|Bubanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Bujumbura Mjini|Bujumbura Mjini]] # [[Mkoa wa Bujumbura Vijijini|Bujumbura Vijijini]] # [[Mkoa wa Bururi|Bururi]] # [[Mkoa wa Cankuzo|Cankuzo]] # [[Mkoa wa Cibitoke|Cibitoke]] # [[Mkoa wa Gitega|Gitega]] # [[Mkoa wa Karuzi|Karuzi]] # [[Mkoa wa Kayanza|Kayanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Kirundo|Kirundo]] # [[Mkoa wa Makamba|Makamba]] # [[Mkoa wa Muramvya|Muramvya]] # [[Mkoa wa Muyinga|Muyinga]] # [[Mkoa wa Mwaro|Mwaro]] # [[Mkoa wa Ngozi|Ngozi]] # [[Mkoa wa Rutana|Rutana]] # [[Mkoa wa Ruyigi|Ruyigi]] ====Kenya==== # [[Kaunti ya Mombasa|Mombasa]] # [[Kaunti ya Kwale|Kwale]] # [[Kaunti ya Kilifi|Kilifi]] # [[Kaunti ya Tana River|Tana River]] # [[Kaunti ya Lamu|Lamu]] # [[Kaunti ya Taita–Taveta|Taita–Taveta]] # [[Kaunti ya Garissa|Garissa]] # [[Kaunti ya wajir|Wajir]] # [[Kaunti ya Mandera|Mandera]] # [[Kaunti ya Marsabit|Marsabit]] # [[Kaunti ya Isiolo|Isiolo]] # [[Kaunti ya Meru|Meru]] # [[Kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi|Tharaka-Nithi]] # [[Kaunti ya Embu|Embu]] # [[Kaunti ya Kitui|Kitui]] # [[Kaunti ya Machakos|Machakos]] # [[Kaunti ya Makueni|Makueni]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyandarua|Nyandarua]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyeri|Nyeri]] # [[Kaunti ya Kirinyaga|Kirinyaga]] # [[Kaunti ya Muranga|Murang'a]] # [[Kaunti ya Kiambu|Kiambu]] # [[Kaunti ya Turkana|Turkana]] # [[Kaunti ya West Pokot|West Pokot]] # [[Kaunti ya Samburu|Samburu]] # [[Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia|Trans-Nzoia]] # [[Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu|Uasin Gishu]] # [[Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet|Elgeyo-Marakwet]] # [[Kaunti ya Nandi|Nandi]] # [[Kaunti ya Baringo|Baringo]] # [[Kaunti ya Laikipia|Laikipia]] # [[Kaunti ya Nakuru|Nakuru]] # [[Kaunti ya Narok|Narok]] # [[Kaunti ya Kajiado|Kajiado]] # [[Kaunti ya Kericho|Kericho]] # [[Kaunti ya Bomet|Bomet]] # [[Kaunti ya Kakamega|Kakamega]] # [[Kaunti ya Vihiga|Vihiga]] # [[Kaunti ya Bungoma|Bungoma]] # [[Kaunti ya Busia|Busia]] # [[Kaunti ya Siaya|Siaya]] # [[Kaunti ya Kisumu|Kisumu]] # [[Kaunti ya Homa Bay|Homa Bay]] # [[Kaunti ya Migori|Migori]] # [[Kaunti ya Kisii|Kisii]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyamira|Nyamira]] # [[Kaunti ya Nairobi|Nairobi]] ====Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia==== # [[Mkoa wa Équateur]] # [[Mkoa wa Ituri]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai Mashariki]] # [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] # [[Mkoa wa Kinshasa]] # [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kongo Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Kwango]] # [[Mkoa wa Kwilu]] # [[Mkoa wa Lomami]] # [[Mkoa wa Lomami Juu]] # [[Mkoa wa Lualaba]] # [[Mkoa wa Mai-Ndombe]] # [[Mkoa wa Maniema]] # [[Mkoa wa Mongala]] # [[Mkoa wa Sankuru]] # [[Mkoa wa Tanganyika]] # [[Mkoa wa Tshopo]] # [[Mkoa wa Tshuapa]] # [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini]] # [[Mkoa wa Uele Juu]] ====Rwanda==== # [[Mkoa wa Kigali|Kigali]] # [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Rwanda)|Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kusini (Rwanda)|Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Rwanda)|Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Rwanda)|Mashariki]] ====Somalia==== # [[Awdal]] # [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] # [[Mkoa wa Nugal|Nugal]] # [[Mkoa wa Mudug|Mudug]] # [[Mkoa wa Galguduud|Galguduud]] # [[Mkoa wa Hiran|Hiran]] # [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Kati|Shebeli wa Kati]] # [[Banaadir]] # [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Chini|Shebeli wa Chini]] # [[Togdheer]] # [[Bakool]] # [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] # [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] # [[Gedo]] # [[Juba wa Kati]] # [[Juba ya chini|Juba wa Chini]] # [[Sanaag]] # [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] ====Sudan Kusini==== # [[Bahr el Ghazal Kaskazini]] # [[Bahr el Ghazal Magharibi]] # [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] # [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] # [[Western Equatoria]] # [[Central Equatoria]] # [[Eastern Equatoria]] # [[Jonglei]] # [[Greater Upper Nile]] # [[Unity (state)|Unity]] # [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] # [[Abyei|''Eneo la Abyei'']] # [[Greater Pibor|''Eneo la Pibor'']] # [[Ruweng Administrative Area|''Eneo la Ruweng'']] ====Tanzania==== # [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] # [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] # [[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] # [[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] # [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] # [[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] # [[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] # [[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] # [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] # [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] # [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] # [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] # [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njiombe]] # [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] # [[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] # [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] # [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] # [[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] # [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] # [[Mkoa wa Songwe|Songwe]] # [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] # [[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Unguja Kusini]] ====Uganda==== # [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Mashariki]] == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Pato la taifa]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Kiashiria cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu]] * [[Orodha ya Maeneo ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Kiashiria cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki kulingana na Umri wa Kuishi]] * [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Mkataba wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Uchumi wa Afrika]] * [[Mamlaka ya Maendeleo ya Kitaifa]] (IGAD) * [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC) * [[COMESA|Soko la Pamoja la Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika]] (COMESA) * [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya Kati]] (ECCAS) * [[Wizara ya Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki|Wizara ya Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki, Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.eac.int/ Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki] *[http://www.eacgermany.org/ German and East African Community Cooperation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eacgermany.org/ |date=20150916000603 }} *[http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Eastern-Africa ''Agritrade'' Agricultural trade in East Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Eastern-Africa |date=20140214131007 }} *[http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i16299.html Information from africadatabase.org] {{Wayback|url=http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i16299.html |date=20060629091743 }} *[http://www.eastafricans.eu/ Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki katika Ulaya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastafricans.eu/ |date=20120224104140 }} *[http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/eacfta.pdf EAC Free Trade Agreement] *[http://www.africa-business.com/features/eac.html Makala za Afrika] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4139635.stm Habari za BBC kuhusu kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512080830/http://www.eac.int/eala/ Bunge la pamoja la Afrika Mashariki] *[http://www.busiweek.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogsection&amp;id=24&amp;Itemid=66/ Habari za Biashara kuhusu Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/200610170203.html Rwanda na Burundi kujiunga na Afrika Mashariki] ''allAfrica.com,'' 17 Oktoba 2006 {{Pan-Africanism}} [[Category:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki| ]] [[Category:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Category:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Burundi]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Somalia]] [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] [[Category:Arusha]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] e6docwkesbkw1wj8ukk6db3ol51lbnz 1575780 1575765 2026-06-21T11:27:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kwa|nchi iliyopendekezwa|Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki}} {{Jedwali la Shirika | jina_asili = ''East African Community '' ([[en]])</br>''Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est''([[fr]]) | jina_rasmi = Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki | common_name = Afrika Mashariki | bendera =Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png | nembo = | ramani = East African Community (orthographic projection).svg | maelezo_ramani = <i>Eneo la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki</i> | kauli_mbiu = "One People, One Destiny" (Watu Mmoja, Hatima Moja) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "[[Wimbo wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]]" | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_taifa = [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiswahili]] | mji_mkuu = [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha, Tanzania]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Kongo JK]] | serikali = Jumuiya ya Kikanda | cheo_kiongozi1 = Mwenyekiti wa Kikao cha Wakuu wa Nchi | cheo_kiongozi2 = Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Mawaziri | cheo_kiongozi3 = Rais wa Mahakama ya EAC | cheo_kiongozi4 = Spika wa Bunge la Afrika Mashariki | cheo_kiongozi5 = Katibu Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[William Ruto]] | kiongozi2 = [[Deng Dau Deng]] | kiongozi3 = [[Nestor Kayobera]] | kiongozi4 = [[Joseph Ntakarutimana]] | kiongozi5 = [[Veronica Nduva]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Ilianzishwa | tukio2 = Ilisambaratika | tukio3 = Ilifufuliwa | tukio1_tarehe = 1967 | tukio2_tarehe = 1977 | tukio3_tarehe = 7 Julai 2000 | eneo_jumla = 5,449,717 km² | maji = 3.83% | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 343,328,958 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 63 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $1.334 Trilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $3,892 | plt = {{increase}} $484.65 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,438 | maendeleo = 0.515 </br>{{chini}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | fedha = Sarafu mbalimbali ([[Shilingi ya Kenya]], [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]], [[Shilingi ya Uganda]], [[Faranga ya Rwanda]], [[Faranga ya Burundi]], [[Pauni ya Sudan Kusini]], [[Faranga ya Kongo]]) | majira_saa = +3 EAT | upande_gari = Kushoto/Kulia (Inategemea Nchi) | tovuti = www.eac.int |tanbihi = }} '''Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' (kifupi cha Kiingereza: EAC) ni [[shirika]] la [[siasa|kisiasa]] kati ya nchi nane za kanda ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]]: [[Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]]. Lengo kuu la EAC ni kukuza ushirikiano wa kikanda katika nyanja mbalimbali ikiwemo [[biashara]], forodha, na ushirikiano wa [[siasa|kisiasa]]. Jumuiya hii ilianzishwa awali mwaka 1967, lakini ilisambaratika mwaka 1977 kutokana na tofauti za [[siasa|kisiasa]], kabla ya kufufuliwa rasmi mwaka 2000 kwa kutiwa saini kwa mkataba mpya. Kwa sasa eneo la Mtangamano ni [[Kilomita ya mraba|km2]] 4,810,363, likiwa na wakazi 312,362,653 (kadirio la mwaka [[2022]]), hivi kwamba ingekuwa nchi moja tu ingekuwa ya [[nne]] [[duniani]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2024, [[William Ruto]], [[Rais wa Kenya]], ndiye mwenyekiti wake. Tangu kufufuliwa kwake, Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki imeanzisha hatua mbalimbali muhimu za ujumuishaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha mwaka 2005, Soko la Pamoja mwaka 2010, na juhudi zinazoendelea kuelekea Muungano wa Fedha na hatimaye Shirikisho la Kisiasa. EAC pia imekuwa ikifanya kazi ya kuoanisha sera katika sekta kama usafiri, afya, elimu, na nishati. Ikiwa na jumla ya watu wanaozidi milioni 300 na msisitizo wa pamoja juu ya maendeleo ya kikanda, EAC ina nafasi inayoongezeka katika masuala ya bara na inachukuliwa kama mfano wa ushirikiano wa kikanda barani Afrika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |title=– Born in anonymity |publisher=Ms.dk |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415082915/http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |archivedate=2012-04-15 }}</ref><ref name="csmonitor_1">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0309/p04s01-woaf.html?s=hns East African trade zone off to creaky start], ''Christian Science Monitor'', 9 Machi 2006</ref><ref name="Kenya_Celebrated_Collapse">[http://allafrica.com/stories/200705170023.html We Celebrated at EAC Collapse, Says Njonjo].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eac.int/about-eac/quick-facts.html |title=East African Community – Quick Facts |publisher=Eac.int |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319013530/http://www.eac.int/about-eac/quick-facts.html |archivedate=2009-03-19}}</ref> Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki inaendesha shughuli zake kupitia [[taasisi]] kuu kadhaa zilizoanzishwa na mkataba wake wa kuanzishwa, zikiwemo Mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi au Serikali, Baraza la Mawaziri, Bunge la Afrika Mashariki, na Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki, huku makao makuu yake yakipatikana [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]; jumuiya hii hufanya kazi kwa kuzingatia itifaki na sheria zilizokubaliwa ambazo ni lazima kufuatwa na nchi wanachama, hasa katika maeneo kama udhibiti wa [[forodha]], sera za biashara, na uhuru wa watu kusafiri, na [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo [[lugha rasmi]] zinazotumika, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] kimepitishwa mahsusi ili kuimarisha mawasiliano ya kikanda na ushirikiano. == Demografia== === Idadi ya Watu === Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 333.93 ambapo aslimia 31 wanaishi katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] , [[Sudan Kusini]] ndiyo iliyo na watu wachache sana ikiwa na watu takriban milioni 11.48 .Asilimia ya wakazi wanaoishi mijini ni 20 tu, lakini wanaongekeza kwa 4.71% kila mwaka {{Chati ya duara | caption= Nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kulingana na Idadi ya watu | label1 = Kongo JK | value1 = 105.83 | color1=#36A | label2 = Tanzania | value2 = 66.62 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Kenya | value3 = 55.53 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Uganda | value4 = 48.86 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Somalia | value5 = 18.36 | color5=#928 | label6 = Rwanda | value6 = 13.95 | color6=#E33 | label8 = Burundi | value7 = 13.69 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Sudan Kusini | value8 = 11.48 | color8=#E79 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Idadi ya Watu katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Idadi ya Watu (milioni) !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 105.83 || 31.69 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 66.62 || 19.95 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 55.34 || 16.57 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 48.66 || 14.57 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 18.36 || 5.50 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 13.95 || 4.18 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.69 || 4.10 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 11.48 || 3.44 |} === Dini === [[Ukristo]] ndiyo dini kubwa katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ikiwa na wafuasi milioni 261.86 na asilimia 79% ya watu wa EAC, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo,JK]] ndio iliyo na wafuasi wengi takriban milioni 100 au asilimia 95.4 . [[Uislamu]] ina wafuasi takriban milioni 56.69 ambayo ni asilimia 16.98 ya watu wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ikiongozwa na [[Somalia]] ambapo 99 ni waislamu. [[Dini za jadi]] ni asilimia 2.4% haswaa [[Sudan Kusini]] ambapo asilimia 35 ni wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]], [[Wasio na dini]] ni asilimia 1.75% {{Chati ya duara | caption=Mgawanyo wa Dini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki | label1 = Ukristo | value1 = 261.86 | color1=#36A | label2 = Uislamu | value2 = 56.69 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Dini za Jadi | value3 = 8.00 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Wasio na Dini | value4 = 5.83 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Zingine | value5 = 1.53 | color5=#E33 }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Dini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' ! Pangilio !! Nchi !! Ukristo (%) !! Uislamu (%) !! Dini za Jadi (%) !! Wasio na Dini (%) |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 85.9 || 4.3 || 2.1 || 6.2 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 85.5 || 10.9 || 0.7 || 1.5 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 95.4 || 1.5 || 2.6 || 2.5 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 93.8 || 2.2 || – || 3.0 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || – || 99.8 || – || – |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 60.5 || 6.2 || 32.9 || – |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 63.1 || 34.1 || 1.2 || 1.5 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 81.7 || 13.2 || – || 0.2 |} === Lugha === [[Kiswahili]], [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]] ndizo Lugha rasmi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama Lingua Franca katika nchi hizi huku [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]] zikitumika kama lugha za kufundishia shuleni. Lugha za Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki zimegawanyika katika kundi tatu ambazo ni Lugha za [[Kibantu]] ambayo ndiyo kundi kubwa ya Lugha katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, Lugha za Kinilotiki na Lugha za Kikushi. === Mijini na Vijijini=== Asilimia ya watu walioishi mijini katika Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni 35% na walioishi Vijijini asilimia 64%. [[Somalia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ndizo nchi zilizokuwa na asilimia kubwa ya wakazi wa mijini zikiwa na asilimia 46% na 45% mtawaliwa. [[Burundi]] na [[Sudan Kusini]] ndizo nchi zilizokuwa na wakazi wa mjini wachache sana zikiwa na asilimia 13% na 17% ya wakazi wanaoishi mijini huku asilimia 86% na 82% mtawaliwa wakiishi vijijini. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rank !! Nchi !! Mijini (%) !! Vijijini (%) !! Wakazi (Mijini) (milioni) |- | – || '''Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki''' || 35.13 || 64.87 || 117.30 |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 46.73 || 53.27 || 8.58 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 45.64 || 54.36 || 48.30 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 37.41 || 62.59 || 24.92 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 28.49 || 71.51 || 15.77 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 26.77 || 73.23 || 13.03 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 20.85 || 79.15 || 2.39 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.72 || 82.28 || 2.47 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 13.40 || 86.60 || 1.83 |} == Muhtasari== Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC), yenye makao yake makuu Arusha, Tanzania,kazi yake kuu ni kuendeleza muungano wa [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], [[siasa|kisiasa]], na [[jamii|kijamii]] katika ukanda huu. Mwenyekiti wa sasa wa EAC ni [[William Ruto]], [[Rais wa Kenya]], anayeongoza Mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi, ambao ndio chombo cha juu zaidi cha maamuzi katika jumuiya hii. Kwa miaka iliyopita, EAC imepiga hatua muhimu ikiwemo kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha, Soko la Pamoja, na mikataba ya kuunda Umoja wa Fedha. Pia imeongeza uanachama wake, ikiwemo kuipokea [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ,[[Somalia]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Miradi mikubwa ya miundombinu ya kikanda, programu za kurahisisha biashara, na ushirikiano katika sekta za afya na usalama ni miongoni mwa mafanikio yanayoonyesha ushawishi unaokua wa jumuiya hii katika kuendesha mipango ya maendeleo ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. == Historia == === Jumuiya ya kwanza === Nchi tatu za Afrika ya Mashariki zilizokuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Uingereza]] zilianza [[uhuru]] wao kwa kuendeleza [[ushirikiano]] wa karibu uliorithiwa kutokana na [[utawala]] wa pamoja wakati wa [[ukoloni]]. Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1961]] nchi hizo ziliunda [[Mamlaka ya Huduma za Pamoja za Afrika ya Mashariki]] (kwa Kiingereza East African Common Services Organisation – kifupi EACSO). Ushirikiano ulihusu [[fedha]] (East African Shilling), [[forodha]] (Customs Union), huduma za [[reli]] (East African Railway), [[ndege]] (East African Airways), ma[[bandari]], [[posta]] na [[simu]] na [[elimu ya juu]] ([[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki]] chenye [[kampasi]] [[Makerere]], [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Nairobi]]). [[Mkataba]] ulilenga pia [[mahakama kuu]] ya pamoja na [[sera]] ya ki[[uchumi]] ya [[soko la pamoja]]. Haya yote yalitakiwa kuwa chini ya [[Bunge la Afrika Mashariki]]. Tangu [[1965]] umoja huo ulianza kurudi nyuma kila nchi ilipoanzisha [[pesa]] yake. Mwaka [[1967]] nchi tatu zilijaribu upya kuimarisha umoja wao kwa [[Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki]] wakiita umoja wao "Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki" ikiwa na [[makao makuu]] [[Arusha]], Tanzania. Lakini mielekeo ya nchi zote tatu zilitofautiana mno: Kenya iliendelea kwa njia ya [[upebari]] lakini Tanzania ilijaribu kujenga [[Ujamaa]] ([[usoshalisti]]) kuanzia mwaka 1967. Uganda uliingia katika kipindi cha [[udikteta]] kali ya [[Idi Amini]] aliyeharibu [[uhusiano]] na ma[[jirani]] alipoanza kudai sehemu za maeneo yao. Sababu nyingine ni ma[[dai]] ya Kenya ya kuwa na viti zaidi kuliko Uganda na Tanzania katika [[kamati]] za maamuzi,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |title=ms.dk - Born in anonymity |accessdate=2009-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415082915/http://www.ms.dk/sw22171.asp |archivedate=2012-04-15 }}</ref> huku kukiwa na kutokuelewana kulikosababishwa na udikteta wa [[Idi Amin]] nchini Uganda, Usoshalisti huko Tanzania, na [[soko huria]] nchini Kenya,<ref name="csmonitor_1"/> hivyo wanachama hawa watatu wakapoteza ushirikiano wa miaka zaidi ya sitini na [[manufaa]] ya [[ukubwa]] wa jumuiya hii kiuchumi. Kila mmoja wa wanachama hawa ilimbidi kuanza kutoa [[huduma]] na kujenga viwanda ambavyo hapo awali vilikuwa chini ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Hivyo mwaka [[1977]] Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ilikoma kufanya kazi yoyote na [[1983]] ilifutwa rasmi. [[Mali]] iliyobaki iligawanywa kati ya nchi zote tatu. === Kufufuka kwa Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki tangu 1993 === Tangu [[miaka ya 1990]] majaribio ya kujenga umoja mpya yalionekana tena. Marais [[Daniel arap Moi]] wa Kenya, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] wa Tanzania, na [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] wa Uganda walipatana katika [[Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki]] huko [[Arusha]], tarehe [[30 Novemba]] [[1993]], na kuanzisha Tume ya Ushirikiano ya nchi hizi tatu. Shughuli ya kuzileta pamoja nchi hizi kisiasa, kiuchumi, ki[[jamii]] na ki[[utamaduni]], [[utafiti]] na [[teknolojia]], [[ulinzi]], [[usalama]], ma[[suala]] ya ki[[sheria]] na ki[[mahakama]] ilianza. Mkataba wa kufufua jumuiya ulitiwa sahihi tarehe 30 Novemba 1999 ukaanza kuwa rasmi tarehe [[7 Julai]] 2000. Vyombo vya Jumuiya mpya ya Afrika ya Mashariki vilianza kufanya kazi mnamo Januari [[2001]] penye makao makuu ya jumuiya hii huko [[Arusha]]. Mkataba [[2004]] uliweka [[msingi]] wa [[Umoja wa Forodha]] ulioanzishwa [[2005]]. Kuna tena [[Bunge la Afrika ya Mashariki]] linalojumuisha wabunge waliochaguliwa na ma[[bunge]] ya nchi wanachama. Pia [[Mahakama Kuu ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] imeundwa upya. Mwaka [[2008]], baada ya majadiliano na [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] (Southern Africa Development Community, kifupi SADC) na [[Soko la Pamoja la Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika]] (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, kifupi COMESA), Mtangamano huo ulikubali nchi zote za miundo hiyo mitatu ziunde eneo pana la [[biashara huria]]. Kwa sasa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni mojawapo ya nguzo muhimu za hiyo [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Afrika]] (African Economic Community, kifupi AEC). Mwaka [[2010]], Mtangamano ulitangaza [[soko la pamoja]] kwa [[bidhaa]], [[kazi]] na mitaji kati ya nchi hizo tano, kwa lengo la kuanzisha [[pesa ya pamoja]] na hatimaye [[Shirikisho]] kamili.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=FACTBOX-East African common market begins|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true|accessdate=1 July 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=1 July 2010|archivedate=2012-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170653/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFLDE65T2AJ20100701?sp=true}}</ref> Kuna majadiliano ya kuanzisha [[shilingi]] mpya ya pamoja kwa nchi za Jumuia ya Afrika ya Mashariki. Kwanza ilitarajiwa kuanzishwa mwaka [[2012]], halafu mwaka [[2015]], sasa mwaka [[2024]]. Mwaka [[2013]] ulisainiwa [[mkataba]] wa kuamua kuanzisha hiyo [[pesa]] ndani ya miaka 10.<ref name=MU>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/30/us-africa-monetaryunion-idUSBRE9AT08O20131130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews | work=Reuters | title=East African trade bloc approves monetary union deal | date=30 November 2013 | accessdate=2015-01-23 | archivedate=2015-09-24 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191315/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/30/us-africa-monetaryunion-idUSBRE9AT08O20131130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews }}</ref> == Uchumi == [[Uchumi]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki unawakilisha mojawapo ya kanda zenye ukuaji wa haraka zaidi katika [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]], ukichochewa na uimarishaji wa ushirikiano wa kikanda, uongezeko wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki#Idadi ya watu|idadi ya watu]], na uwekezaji wa kimkakati katika [[miundombinu]]. Jumla ya [[Pato la taifa|Pato la Taifa]] la Jumuiya, ilifikia takriban dola za Marekani bilioni 441.43 kufikia mwaka 2022, huku [[Pato la taifa kwa usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi]] likifikia dola Trilioni 1.274. <ref name="IMF_EAC_Database">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/BDI/KEN/COD/RWA/SOM/SSD/UGA/TZA?year=2026 |title=GDP IN EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kanda ilirekodi wastani wa ukuaji wa asilimia 5.5 mwaka 2024 <ref name="ALM_Growth">{{cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/east-african-community-reports-impressive-5-4-economic-growth-in-2024/ |author=Ingrid Peters |title=East Africa Reports Impressive 5.4% economic growth in 2024 |website=African Leadership Magazine |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref>, ukipita wastani wa kimataifa wa asilimia 3.3 na wastani wa [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] wa asilimia 4.0, huku makadirio ya 2025 yakionyesha kuongeza kasi hadi asilimia 5.8. <ref name="AfDB_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/east-africa-economic-outlook |title=East Africa Economic Outlook |website=afdb.org |publisher=African Development Bank |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi zenye ukuaji wa juu zaidi ni pamoja na [[Rwanda]] ikiwa na asilimia 7.0, [[Tanzania]] asilimia 6.1, [[Burundi]] asilimia 6.0, na [[Uganda]] asilimia 5.9, huku [[Somalia]] ikitarajiwa kukua kwa wastani wa asilimia 3.5 hadi 4.0 kutokana na mageuzi ya kiuchumi yanayoendelea na usaidizi wa kimataifa. <ref name="IMF_Somalia">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM |title=Somalia and the IMF |website=IMF.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Ingawa kanda inakabiliwa na changamoto endelevu zikiwemo viwango tofauti vya [[mfumuko wa bei]] na udhaifu wa [[fedha|kifedha]], jumla ya biashara ya nje ilifikia dola za Marekani bilioni 130 mwaka 2024, huku sekta za [[huduma]] na [[teknolojia]] zikiendelea na mageuzi yake ya haraka. <ref name="EAC_Trade_2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/documents/category/trade-reports |title=EAC Trade Report |website=eac.int |publisher=East African Community |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> === Sekta === ====Kilimo==== [[File:Rwanda - dense agriculture.jpg|thumb|Kilimo nchini Rwanda]] [[Kilimo]] kinajumuisha sekta ya msingi ya [[uchumi]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, kikichangia takriban asilimia 30 ya [[Pato la taifa|Pato la Taifa]] la kanda na kuajiri inakadiriwa asilimia 60 ya wakazi. <ref name="Britannica_EAC">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-African-Community |title=East African Community (EAC) |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii ina sifa ya ukulima mdogo wa mazao muhimu ya [[Mahuruji|kuuza nje]], yakiwemo [[kahawa]], chai, maua bustani, mazao ya kilimo cha bustani, na viungo. Nchini [[Somalia]], [[Kilimo#Ufugaji|ufugaji]] wa mifugo unachangia takriban asilimia 40 ya Pato la Taifa na asilimia 50 ya mapato ya mauzo ya nje, huku wanyama hai wakisafirishwa hasa kuelekea masoko ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]]. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview |title=Somalia Economic Update |website=worldbank.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kanda kwa ujumla ina nafasi muhimu kimataifa katika uzalishaji na usafirishaji wa mazao haya ya biashara, ingawa ongezeko la thamani ndani ya Jumuiya bado ni finyu ikilinganishwa na uwezo uliopo. Licha ya umuhimu wake, sekta ya [[kilimo]] inaonyesha pengo endelevu la uwekezaji. Matumizi ya umma katika [[kilimo]] katika nchi kadhaa wanachama yanasalia chini ya lengo la asilimia 10 lililowekwa na ''Azimio la Malabo'' na ''Azimio la Kampala'' la Mpango Kamilifu wa Maendeleo ya [[Kilimo]] Afrika la mwaka 2025. <ref name="FAO_Malabo_Progress">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cc1053en/cc1053en.pdf |title=Tracking progress on the Malabo Declaration |website=fao.org |date=2023 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mgao wa sasa katika nchi kubwa kama vile [[Kenya]] unakadiriwa kuwa asilimia tatu ya bajeti ya taifa, kiwango kinachozuia uboreshaji wa tija na maendeleo ya [[miundombinu]] ya vijijini. <ref name="Kenya_Agri_Budget">{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.go.ke/budget-statements/ |title=National Budget Statements |website=treasury.go.ke |publisher=The National Treasury of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kutimiza malengo yaliyowekwa ya uwekezaji kunaweza kuongeza tija ya kilimo kwa wastani wa asilimia 45 na kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa upotevu wa mazao baada ya kuvuna. Sekretarieti ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki imeweka kipaumbele katika uboreshaji wa kisasa wa [[kilimo]] kuelekea mifumo inayostahimili mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]] na inayoongozwa na thamani. Mipango inayoendelea inalenga kuboresha [[miundombinu]] ya vijijini, kupanua upatikanaji wa [[teknolojia]] na utafiti wa kilimo, kuimarisha ujumuishwaji wa kifedha kwa wakulima wadogo, na kukuza mbinu endelevu za usimamizi wa ardhi. <ref name="EAC_Agri_Strategy">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/agriculture |title=Agriculture and Food Security in the EAC |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii inakabiliwa na shinikizo linaloongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, yakiwemo ukame wa mara kwa mara na mafuriko, hali inayohitaji hatua za haraka za kukabiliana. Katika [[Pembe ya Afrika]], [[ukame]] wa mara kwa mara umeathiri vibaya ufugaji wa mifugo nchini [[Somalia]], na kusababisha juhudi za kikanda za kujenga uthabiti kupitia mipango ya bima ya mifugo na uboreshaji wa malisho. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ"/> ====Viwanda na Uzalishaji==== [[Sekta ya viwanda]] ndani ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki iko katika awamu ya maendeleo, huku uzalishaji ukichangia sehemu ndogo lakini inayoongezeka ya [[Pato la Taifa]] katika nchi nyingi wanachama. Shughuli za [[Kiwanda|kiviwanda]] zimejikita zaidi katika usindikaji wa mazao ya [[kilimo]], vifaa vya ujenzi, uzalishaji mdogo wa bidhaa, na uchimbaji wa rasilimali za [[madini]]. <ref name="EAC_Industrialization">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/industrialization |title=Industrialization Strategy |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mkakati wa maendeleo ya kitaifa wa [[Tanzania]] unatoa kipaumbele kwa uzalishaji kama kichocheo cha mageuzi ya [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], huku [[Uganda]] ikitarajia mabadiliko ya kimuundo kwa kuanza kwa uzalishaji wa mafuta ghafi katika mwaka wa fedha wa 2025/2026, maendeleo yanayotarajiwa kuinua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukuaji wa [[Pato la taifa]]. <ref name="Coface_Uganda">{{cite web |url=https://www.coface.com/news-economy-and-insights/economic-publications/uganda-country-report |title=Uganda Economic Analysis |website=Coface |date=2025 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bidhaa za [[madini]] zinajumuisha sehemu muhimu ya mfuko wa [[mauzo ya nje]] wa kanda. [[Mahuruji|Mauzo ya nje]] yamejikita katika [[shaba]], madini ya thamani na mawe, na mafuta ya madini. Sekta inayoibuka ya mafuta nchini [[Uganda]] inaungwa mkono na uwekezaji wa kipaumbele katika [[miundombinu]], ikiwemo ujenzi wa bomba la mafuta kwa ajili ya usafirishaji wa mafuta ghafi. <ref name="PAU_Oil">{{cite web |url=https://www.pau.go.ug/ |title=Petroleum Authority of Uganda |website=pau.go.ug |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Kujiunga kwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kwenye Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kumepanua kwa kiasi kikubwa utajiri wa madini wa kanda hiyo, hasa katika madini ya [[kobalti]], [[shaba]], na koltan. <ref name="Britannica_DRC_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/Economy |title=DRC Economy |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Nchini [[Somalia]], sekta ya viwanda bado ni changa, ikijikita katika usindikaji wa mazao ya wanyama kama vile ngozi na mifugo, pamoja na uzalishaji mdogo wa bidhaa za matumizi ya ndani na uvuvi wa kibiashara katika ukanda wake mrefu wa pwani. <ref name="WB_Somalia_Econ"/> ====Utalii==== [[File:Nungwi, Zanzibar (51554771606).jpg|thumb|Nungwi, Zanzibar]] [[Utalii]] unachangia chanzo muhimu cha fedha za kigeni na ajira kwa nchi several wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, hasa [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] ikijumuisha [[funguvisiwa la Zanzibar]] lenye kujitawala, [[Rwanda]], na [[Uganda]]. <ref name="UNWTO_Dashboard">{{cite web |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard |title=Global Tourism Data Dashboard |website=unwto.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Sekta hii imeonyesha ahueni thabiti baada ya janga la ugonjwa, ikichochewa na rasilimali za kipekee za [[wanyamapori]] za kanda, vivutio vya pwani, na urithi wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]]. [[Somalia]] ina uwezo mkubwa wa kitalii ambao bado haujatumika kikamilifu, ikiwemo fuo zake refu zaidi barani Afrika, visiwa visivyo na watu, na maeneo ya kihistoria ya miji ya kale ya pwani, ingawa ukosefu wa usalama na miundombinu duni vimezuia maendeleo makubwa ya sekta hii. Zanzibar ni mfano wa mwelekeo wa ukuaji wa sekta hii. Mwaka 2025, watalii wa kimataifa waliowasili walikaribia milioni moja, wakionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 7.1 ikilinganishwa na mwaka uliopita, huku mapato ya [[utalii]] yakizidi dola za Marekani bilioni 1.1, zote zikiwa rekodi za juu. <ref name="DailyNews_ZNZ">{{cite web |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/zanzibar-tourism-hits-new-record/ |title=Zanzibar Tourism Hits New Record |website=Daily News Tanzania |date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mamlaka ya Kukuza Uwekezaji Zanzibar imesajili zaidi ya miradi 1,300 ya uwekezaji yenye thamani ya jumla ya dola za Marekani bilioni 14.3, huku utalii ukichangia zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya mfumo huu wa uwekezaji. <ref name="ZIPA_Investment">{{cite web |url=https://zipa.go.tz/ |title=Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority |website=zipa.go.tz |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Eneo hili linapitia mabadiliko ya kimkakati kutoka kwa mfumo wa jadi wa utalii wa pwani kuelekea mseto unaojumuisha Mikutano, Vivutio, Makongamano, na Maonyesho, usafiri wa ustawi, utalii wa upishi, na mipango ya wahamaji wa kidijitali. Utalii wa kikanda uko tayari kwa upanuzi zaidi kwa kuandaa mashindano yajayo ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika, ambapo Nchi Wanachama zinaandaa uboreshaji wa miundombinu ikijumuisha upanuzi vya vituo vya ndege na kuboresha mitandao ya barabara. <ref name="EAC_AFCON">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/press-releases/eac-to-leverage-afcon-2027 |title=EAC to leverage AFCON 2027 |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bajeti za kitaifa katika Jumuiya nzima zinatilia mkazo kipaumbele utalii pamoja na sekta nyingine za ukuaji. ==== Biashara ya Kimataifa==== Mnamo 2023, jumla ya [[biashara]] ya kimataifa ya nchi wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC) ilifikia dola bilioni 130.4. <ref name="EAC_Trade_Report_2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/documents/category/trade-reports |title=EAC Trade Report 2023 |website=eac.int |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mchango mkubwa zaidi ulitoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (JKK), ambayo ilichangia asilimia 25.8 ya jumla hiyo, ikifuatiwa na [[Kenya]] (24.7%) na [[Tanzania]] (24.6%). Kwa upande mwingine, nchi zilizo na mchango mdogo zaidi zilikuwa [[Sudan Kusini]] (1.8%) na [[Burundi]] (0.7%). Kwa Mahuruji (mauzo ya nje) [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iliongoza zaidi ikichangia asilimia 40% ya mauzo ya nje ya Jumuiya hii, Huku [[Kenya]] ikiongoza kwa [[Maduhuli]] ikichangia asilimia 30% ya Maduhuli ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Kati ya nchi zote, Kongo,JK ilikuwa na mizani chanya ya biashara (balance of trade) ya dola bilioni 7.8, ikiwa ya juu zaidi katika kanda, huku [[Kenya]] (-16.24), [[Tanzania]] (-9.90), na Somalia (-4.22) zikiripoti nakisi kubwa zaidi ya [[biashara]], ishara ya uagizaji mkubwa wa bidhaa kuliko mauzo ya nje. <ref name="EAC_Trade_Report_2023"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Rank !! Nchi !! Jumla !! [[Mahuruji]] !! [[Maduhuli]] !! Mizani ya Biashara |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Congo, JK]] || 33.60 || 20.70 || 12.90 || 7.80 |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 32.16 || 7.96 || 24.20 || -16.24 |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 32.10 || 11.10 || 21.00 || -9.90 |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 19.69 || 8.39 || 11.30 || -2.91 |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 6.11 || 0.95 || 5.16 || -4.22 |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 3.55 || 1.35 || 2.20 || -0.85 |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 2.32 || 0.70 || 1.62 || -0.92 |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 0.87 || 0.20 || 0.68 || -0.48 |- ! colspan="2" | [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|25px]] EAC Jumla ! 130.40 !! 51.35 !! 79.06 !! -27.71 |} === Pato la taifa=== Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ina [[uchumi]] [[Nchi inayoendelea|unaoendelea]] ikiwa na [[Pato la taifa]] jumla dola bilioni 441.43 za [[Marekani]] kwa Kawaida na trilion 1.274 kwa [[Usawa wa nguvu ya ununuzi]] (PPP) hata hivyo ni uchumi [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kwa Pato la Taifa|wa pili]] kwa ukubwa barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref name="IMF_April_2026_EAC">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2026/April/ |title=World Economic Outlook Database: April 2026 |website=IMF.org |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kenya]] ndiyo iliyo na uchumi mkubwa zaidi katika jumuiya hii, ikichangia asilimia 31.91% ya jumla, [[Tanzania]], [[JKK|Kongo, JK]] zilichangia asilimia 21.6% na 19.9% mtawaliwa. <ref name="AfDB_East_Africa_Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/east-africa-economic-outlook-2024 |title=East Africa Economic Outlook 2024 |website=afdb.org |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Sudan]] kusini na [[Burundi]] ndizo zilizokuwa na uchumi mdogo zaidi. Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki ni ya kipato cha chini ikiwa na pato la taifa kwa kila mtu dola 1,274 . [[Sudan Kusini]] ndiyo nchi maskini zaidi ikiwa na [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu]] dola 369 za [[Marekani]], [[Kenya]] ndiyo nchi iliyo na [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu]] dola kubwa zaidi ya dola 2,596 za Marekani. <ref name="IMF_April_2026_EAC"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Pato la taifa la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (2026) ! Orodha !! Nchi !! PLT (Kawaida) 'bilioni USD !! PLT (PPP) 'bilioni USD !! Kwa kila mtu (Kawaida) !! Kwa kila mtu (PPP) !! Asilimia ya EAC |- | – || [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|35px]] '''[[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]''' || '''484.65''' || '''1,334.52''' || '''$1,413''' || '''$3,892''' || 100.0% |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 147.26 || 435.23 || $2,713 || $8,020 || 30.38% |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 123.41 || 235.94 || $1,122 || $2,145 || 25.46% |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 94.89 || 320.88 || $1,362 || $4,607 || 19.58% |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 73.37 || 208.38 || $1,476 || $4,192 || 15.14% |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.34 || 65.46 || $1,198 || $4,524 || 3.58% |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 14.17 || 34.11 || $812 || $1,956 || 2.92% |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 8.14 || 15.36 || $546 || $1,031 || 1.68% |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 6.07 || 19.16 || $488 || $1,540 || 1.25% |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Pato la taifa la Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (2026) ! Orodha !! Nchi !! PLT (Kawaida) 'bilioni USD !! PLT (PPP) 'bilioni USD !! Kwa kila mtu (Kawaida) !! Kwa kila mtu (PPP) !! Asilimia ya EAC |- | – || [[File:Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki.png|35px]] '''[[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]]''' || '''484.65''' || '''1,334.52''' || '''$1,413''' || '''$3,892''' || 100.0% |- | 1 || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenya]] || 147.26 || 435.23 || $2,713 || $8,020 || 30.38% |- | 2 || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo, JK]] || 123.41 || 235.94 || $1,122 || $2,145 || 25.46% |- | 3 || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tanzania]] || 94.89 || 320.88 || $1,362 || $4,607 || 19.58% |- | 4 || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] || 73.37 || 208.38 || $1,476 || $4,192 || 15.14% |- | 5 || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] || 17.34 || 65.46 || $1,198 || $4,524 || 3.58% |- | 6 || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] || 14.17 || 34.11 || $812 || $1,956 || 2.92% |- | 7 || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] || 8.14 || 15.36 || $546 || $1,031 || 1.68% |- | 8 || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan Kusini]] || 6.07 || 19.16 || $488 || $1,540 || 1.25% |} == Nchi Wanachama == [[File:EAC presidents in November 2006.jpg|thumb|Kutoka [[kushoto]]: Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]] wa [[Uganda]], Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[Kenya]] na Rais [[Jakaya Kikwete]] wa [[Tanzania]] wakati wa mkutano wao [[Arusha]], mnamo Novemba [[2006]].]] [[File:Kagame at EAC summit.jpg|thumb|left|Rais wa Rwanda Paul Kagame katika mkutano wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki mwaka wa 2006. Rwanda ilijiunga na Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki tarehe 1 Julai 2007]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Nchi !! Mji mkuu !! Kujiunga !! Wakazi !! Eneo (km²) ! GDP<br />(US${{nbsp}}bn)&#8203;<ref name=imf_data>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=58&pr1.y=17&c=618,714,733,738,746,664&s=NGDP,NGDPD,NGDPDPC,LP&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> ! GDP<br />kwa mtu<br />(US$)<ref name=imf_data /> ! GDP PPP<br />(US${{nbsp}}bn)<ref name="IMF_PPP_data">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=11&c=618,714,733,738,746,664&s=PPPGDP,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> ! GDP PPP<br />kwa mtu<br />(US$)<ref name="IMF_PPP_data"/> |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Burundi}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Gitega]] | style="text-align:center"| 2007 | {{Nts|12722976}} || {{Nts|27834}} | 3.4 || {{Nts|272.4}} | 10.8 || {{Nts|855.6}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kinshasa]] | style="text-align:center"| 2022 | {{Nts|95944984}} || {{Nts|2344858}} | 51.2 || {{Nts|669.4}} | 127.4 || {{Nts|1315.9}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Kenya}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Nairobi]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|56553921}} || {{Nts|580367}} | 114.7 || {{Nts|2252}} | 308.7 || {{Nts|6061.4}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kigali]] | style="text-align:center"| 2007 | {{Nts|13705697}} || {{Nts|26338}} | 12.1 || {{Nts|910}} | 37.2 || {{Nts|2807.6}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Somalia}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Mogadishu]] | style="text-align:center"| 2024 | {{Nts|16500000}} || {{Nts|637657}} | 12.49 || {{Nts|756.98}} | 34.02 || {{Nts|2060}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Sudan Kusini}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Juba]] | style="text-align:center"| 2016 | {{Nts|11501583}} || {{Nts|644329}} | 5.7 || {{Nts|392.7}} | 13.5 || {{Nts|927.4}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Dodoma]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|63732235}} || {{Nts|945087}} | 77.5 || {{Nts|1260.1}} | 206.6 || {{Nts|3358.3}} |- | style="text-align:left"| {{Flag|Uganda}} | style="text-align:left"| [[Kampala]] | style="text-align:center"| 2000 | {{Nts|49135753}} || {{Nts|241550}} | 46.4 || {{Nts|1060.4}} | 129.5 || {{Nts|2960.5}} |- ! colspan="3"| ! style="text-align:right"| {{Nts|303397152}} !! style="text-align:right"| {{Nts|4810363}} ! style="text-align:right"| 325 !! style="text-align:right"| 1106.3 ! style="text-align:right"| 834 !! style="text-align:right"| 2,841.4 |} Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda zina [[historia]] ya [[ushirikiano]] tangu mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], wakati wa [[ukoloni]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Umoja wa Forodha baina ya Kenya na Uganda mwaka 1917, [[Tanganyika]] ilijiunga mnamo mwaka [[1927]], katika [[Ubalozi wa Afrika Mashariki]] ([[1948]]-[[1961]]), 'East African Common Services Organisation' (1961-1967) na Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki (1967-1977).<ref name="EacSite">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.eac.int/history.htm |title=From Co-operation to Community (eac.int) |accessdate=2012-05-30 |archive-date=2008-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510054423/http://www.eac.int/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jumuia ambayo ilianzishwa baada ya [[uhuru]] ilidumu miaka 10 tu, lakini ilifufuliwa kwa mkataba wa tarehe [[30 Novemba]] [[1999]], ulioanza kufanya kazi tarehe [[7 Julai]] [[2000]], miaka 23 baada ya [[kifo]] cha ile ya kwanza. [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]], ambazo ziliwahi kuwa [[koloni]] moja na [[Tanzania bara]] kabla ya [[Vita vikuu vya kwanza]], zilijiunga na Mtangamano tarehe [[6 Julai]] [[2009]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EAC Update E-newsletter |url=http://www.news.eac.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=48&Itemid=70 |work=www.eac.int |publisher=Directorate of Corporate Communications and Public Affairs |accessdate=10 December 2011 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042037/http://www.news.eac.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=48&Itemid=70 }}</ref> Mara baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[2011]], Sudan Kusini iliomba kujiunga na Jumuia, lakini haikukubalika hadi Machi 2016 kutokana na hali ya [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] nchini humo. Tarehe [[23 Novemba]] [[2021]] Baraza la Mawaziri la EAC limependekeza kwa Wakuu wa nchi wanachama wakubali ombi la kujiunga la [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] <ref>https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2288-eac-council-of-ministers-green-light-report-on-drc-verification-mission-for-consideration-by-eac-heads-of-state</ref>, nao wakakubali rasmi tarehe 29 Machi [[2022]]. Hatua kubwa ya awali katika kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]] ni [[muungano wa forodha]] katika [[mataifa husika]] uliotiwa [[saini]] mnamo Machi 2004 na ulioanza kutumika tarehe [[1 Januari]] mwaka [[2005]]. Chini ya ma[[sharti]] ya mkataba, Kenya, ambayo ndiyo nchi inayopata mauzo bora zaidi nje ya nchi katika kanda ya Afrika Mashariki, iliendelea kulipa [[ushuru]] kwa [[bidhaa]] zake zinazoingia nchi nyingine wanachama hadi mwaka [[2010]], kwa [[kiwango]] kilichopungua na wakati. [[Mfumo]] sawa wa [[ushuru]] utatumika kwa bidhaa kutoka nchi ambazo si wanachama. ==Changamoto== Kwa ujumla, mataifa wanachama kwa kiasi kikubwa wanaona neema ya [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]], lakini utafiti usio rasmi unaonyesha kwamba Watanzania wengi (asilimia themanini ya wakazi wake) wana [[mtazamo]] hasi.<ref> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704290112.html allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Fast-Tracking Political Federation]</ref> Tanzania imekuwa na historia ya [[amani]] tangu kunyakua uhuru, ikilinganishwa na [[fujo]] na [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] vilivyoshuhudiwa katika ma[[taifa]] ya [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], na [[Uganda]]. Wakati huu Afrika Mashariki inajaribu kudumisha [[utulivu]] na [[mafanikio]] katikati ya migogoro inayoendelea katika nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Pembe ya Afrika]] na [[Sudan Kusini]]. Pia ni kwamba Tanzania ina [[ardhi]] kubwa, na baadhi ya Watanzania wana [[hofu]] ya [[unyakuzi]] wa ardhi na wakazi wa sasa wa mataifa mengine wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="Daily_News_Tz_001">[http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/page.php?id=6650 EAC federation fears justified?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailynews-tsn.com/page.php?id=6650 |date=20070927230624 }} Tanzania's Daily News On Saturday; 5 Mei 2007</ref> <ref Name="mt_elgon_clashes_002"> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200705081059.html Kenya: Tears for Mt Elgon as Schools Re-Open]</ref> <ref Name="Uganda_land_scarcity"> [http://allafrica.com/stories/200705140795.html Sabiny Demand Land as Karamajong Raid Reduce]</ref> Uhaba wa ardhi ni suala nyeti katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki, hasa nchini Kenya, ambako mapigano ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe upande wa [[Mlima Elgon]] mwaka [[2007]] yaliwaacha zaidi ya watu 150 wamefariki na kulazimisha takriban watu wengine 60,000 kugura makazi yao.<ref name="mt_elgon_clashes_001">[http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=at_a_glance AlertNet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/KE_VIO.htm?v=at_a_glance |date=20100620020229 }} Kenya land clashes kill 60, displace thousands</ref> == Serikali na Utawala == === Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki === [[Mahakama ya Afrika Mashariki]] ndiyo [[mahakama]] inayosimamia [[kesi]] zote katika eneo hilo. Kwa sasa imo mjini Arusha, Tanzania. === Bunge la Afrika Mashariki === [[File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|Bunge la Jumuiya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Bunge la Afrika Mashariki]] ndicho [[kitengo]] cha kutengeneza sheria katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. Ina wajumbe 27 ambao wote wamechaguliwa na mabunge ya nchi wanachama. Linahusika na masuala yote ambayo yanahusu Jumuiya hii kama vile kujadili [[bajeti]] ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki na masuala yote ya Jumuiya na kutoa ma[[pendekezo]] kwa Baraza juu ya mambo wanayoyadhani muhimu kwa utekelezaji wa mkataba, kushirikiana pamoja na Bunge husika na kuanzisha [[kamati]] kwa ma[[kusudi]] kama vile wanavyodhani ni muhimu. Tangu [[uzinduzi]] wake mwaka 2001, [[bodi]] hii imekuwa na vikao kadhaa mjini Arusha, [[Kampala]] na Nairobi. ==Viungo== === Pasipoti ya Afrika Mashariki === Pasipoti ya Afrika Mashariki ilizinduliwa rasmi tarehe [[1 Aprili]] [[1999]] ili kurahisisha [[usafiri]] na kuvuka mipaka ya nchi husika.<ref name="EAC News...">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.eac.int/news_2004_11_EACDay.htm |title=EAC News ... |accessdate=2004-12-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221195607/http://www.eac.int/news_2004_11_EACDay.htm |archivedate=2004-12-21 }}</ref><ref name="Travelling in East Africa">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.eac.int/travelling.htm |title=Travelling in East Africa |accessdate=2004-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701070500/http://www.eac.int/travelling.htm |archivedate=2004-07-01 }}</ref> Ni [[halali]] kwa kusafiri ndani ya eneo la Afrika Mashariki (Kenya,Uganda na Tanzania) na kutoa [[haki]] ya kuingia na kukaa kwa miezi sita katika nchi yoyote na kisha unaweza ukaitumia tena.<ref name="EAC News..." /> Pasipoti hii inapatikana katika Makao Makuu ya [[Idara ya Uhamiaji]] katika miji ya Nairobi, Kampala na Dar es Salaam. Ni [[raia]] tu wa Afrika Mashariki wanaoweza kuomba pasipoti hii.<ref name="EAC News..." /><ref name="Travelling in East Africa" /> [[Gharama]] ya pasipoti hii ni dola 10 za [[Marekani]] au pesa sawa ukibadilisha kwa sarafu za nchi za Afrika mashariki.<ref name="Travelling in East Africa" /> Baada ya kujaza fomu za kupata pasipoti hii itachukua muda wa [[wiki]] mbili au tatu kuipata tayari kwa matumizi. Ingawa pasipoti hii ni halali tu ndani ya Afrika Mashariki, majadiliano yalifanywa ili kuwa na hati sawa za kusafiri kwa watu wote wa Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="EAC News..." /> ===Viza moja kwa watalii=== {{Politics of the African Union mini}} Lilikuwa [[tarajio]] la wengi kuwa kabla ya 2006 kungekuwa na viza moja kwa watalii wote wanaozuru Afrika Mashariki, iwapo mpango huo ungeidhinishwa na mamlaka ya [[sekta]] husika chini ya jumuiya hiyo. Iwapo ingekubalika basi viza hiy ingetumika kote katika ardhi ya wanachama wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki. Chini ya pendekezo hili viza yoyote mpya ya Afrika Mashariki ingeweza kupokewa kutoka [[ubalozi]] wowote katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki. === Mtandao === Matumizi ya [[wavuti]] katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki bado yako chini mno yakilinganishwa na mataifa yaliyostawi kiuchumi. Eneo la Afrika Mashariki ni kituo kizuri kiuchumi huku likikadiriwa kuwa na wakazi zaidi ya milioni 150. Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 10 ya wakazi wa Afrika Mashariki - milioni 15 - huutumia [[Mtandao]]. [[Mkakati]] wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki unasisitiza ushirikiano wa kiuchumi na [[maendeleo]] kwa kuzingatia [[uwezo wa kijamii]]. Wengi wa wakazi wa Afrika Mashariki hutumia mtandao kuangalia [[habari]], kusoma [[barua pepe]] na kwenye [[mitandao ya kijamii|mitandao mingine ya kijamii]]. Hivi karibuni kumekuwa na ma[[jukwaa]] mengi yanayoibuka katika eneo hili kwa lengo la kuileta pamoja Afrika Mashariki. [[Kasi ya mawasiliano kupitia kwa mtandao]] pia iko chini mno katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki, ikilinganishwa na mataifa yaliyostawi. Hii labda ni mojawapo ya vikwazo vya maendeleo ya mawasiliano ya mtandao Afrika Mashariki. ==Jiografia== Mtangamano ungekuwa nchi moja tu, ungekuwa ya 7 [[duniani]] kwa eneo ([[Kilomita ya mraba|kilometa mraba]] 4,812,618). {{multiple image |align=left |image1=Lake victoria NASA.jpg |width1=180 |caption1=[[Ziwa Victoria]] kati ya nchi za Mtangamano. |alt1=Lake Victoria |image2=Kilimanjaro Tanzania 0046 Nevit.jpg|width2=177 |caption2=[[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], mrefu kuliko yote ya Afrika, uko Tanzania. |alt2=Mount Kilimanjaro|image3=Diani Beach Sunrise Kenya.jpg |width3=195 |caption3=[[Diani Beach]], [[Kilifi County]], [[Kenya]]. |alt3=Diani Beach}} Sudan Kusini, Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi hazina [[pwani]] [[bahari]]ni, lakini zina [[mvua]] za kutosha. Huku inapatikana minne kati ya milima mirefu zaidi [[bara]]ni [[Afrika]]: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] (Tanzania), [[Mlima Kenya]] (Kenya), milima ya [[Rwenzori]] (Uganda/[[DRC]]) na [[Mlima Meru]] (Tanzania). [[Ziwa Turkana]], Kenya, ndiyo ziwa la [[jangwani]] kubwa na lenye [[maji ya chumvi]] nyingi kuliko yote duniani. [[Ziwa Victoria]] linaunganisha nchi za Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania na ni la pili duniani kwa eneo. [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] kati ya Tanzania, Burundi na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni la pili duniani kwa kina. Kenya pekee ina [[jangwa]], [[jangwa la Chalbi]] katika [[Kaunti ya Marsabit]]. {{multiple image |align=right |image1=Wbeest Mara.jpg |width1=200 |caption1=[[Uhamaji]] wa [[wanyamapori]] ni [[ajabu]] la kimaumbile la 7 duniani |alt1=Wildebeest#Migration |image2=Flamingos in Lake Nakuru.jpg|width2=177 |caption2=[[Ziwa Nakuru]], maarufu kwa flamingo. |alt2=Mount Kilimanjaro|image3=Mount Kenya Rosette.jpg |width3=160 |caption3= Ua [[Rosette]] juu ya [[Mlima Kenya]] |alt3=Rosette (botany)}} {{Wide image|Dar es Salaam Panorama edit2.jpg|3000px|[[Dar es Salaam]], ukiwa na watu milioni 4 ndio [[mji]] mkubwa kuliko yote ya Mtangamano baada tu ya [[Kinshasa]].}} {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1200px|<center>Nairobi, [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]] cha Mtangamano</center>}} ===Ugatuzi katika nchi za Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (E.A.C.)=== ====Burundi==== # [[Mkoa wa Bubanza|Bubanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Bujumbura Mjini|Bujumbura Mjini]] # [[Mkoa wa Bujumbura Vijijini|Bujumbura Vijijini]] # [[Mkoa wa Bururi|Bururi]] # [[Mkoa wa Cankuzo|Cankuzo]] # [[Mkoa wa Cibitoke|Cibitoke]] # [[Mkoa wa Gitega|Gitega]] # [[Mkoa wa Karuzi|Karuzi]] # [[Mkoa wa Kayanza|Kayanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Kirundo|Kirundo]] # [[Mkoa wa Makamba|Makamba]] # [[Mkoa wa Muramvya|Muramvya]] # [[Mkoa wa Muyinga|Muyinga]] # [[Mkoa wa Mwaro|Mwaro]] # [[Mkoa wa Ngozi|Ngozi]] # [[Mkoa wa Rutana|Rutana]] # [[Mkoa wa Ruyigi|Ruyigi]] ====Kenya==== # [[Kaunti ya Mombasa|Mombasa]] # [[Kaunti ya Kwale|Kwale]] # [[Kaunti ya Kilifi|Kilifi]] # [[Kaunti ya Tana River|Tana River]] # [[Kaunti ya Lamu|Lamu]] # [[Kaunti ya Taita–Taveta|Taita–Taveta]] # [[Kaunti ya Garissa|Garissa]] # [[Kaunti ya wajir|Wajir]] # [[Kaunti ya Mandera|Mandera]] # [[Kaunti ya Marsabit|Marsabit]] # [[Kaunti ya Isiolo|Isiolo]] # [[Kaunti ya Meru|Meru]] # [[Kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi|Tharaka-Nithi]] # [[Kaunti ya Embu|Embu]] # [[Kaunti ya Kitui|Kitui]] # [[Kaunti ya Machakos|Machakos]] # [[Kaunti ya Makueni|Makueni]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyandarua|Nyandarua]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyeri|Nyeri]] # [[Kaunti ya Kirinyaga|Kirinyaga]] # [[Kaunti ya Muranga|Murang'a]] # [[Kaunti ya Kiambu|Kiambu]] # [[Kaunti ya Turkana|Turkana]] # [[Kaunti ya West Pokot|West Pokot]] # [[Kaunti ya Samburu|Samburu]] # [[Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia|Trans-Nzoia]] # [[Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu|Uasin Gishu]] # [[Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet|Elgeyo-Marakwet]] # [[Kaunti ya Nandi|Nandi]] # [[Kaunti ya Baringo|Baringo]] # [[Kaunti ya Laikipia|Laikipia]] # [[Kaunti ya Nakuru|Nakuru]] # [[Kaunti ya Narok|Narok]] # [[Kaunti ya Kajiado|Kajiado]] # [[Kaunti ya Kericho|Kericho]] # [[Kaunti ya Bomet|Bomet]] # [[Kaunti ya Kakamega|Kakamega]] # [[Kaunti ya Vihiga|Vihiga]] # [[Kaunti ya Bungoma|Bungoma]] # [[Kaunti ya Busia|Busia]] # [[Kaunti ya Siaya|Siaya]] # [[Kaunti ya Kisumu|Kisumu]] # [[Kaunti ya Homa Bay|Homa Bay]] # [[Kaunti ya Migori|Migori]] # [[Kaunti ya Kisii|Kisii]] # [[Kaunti ya Nyamira|Nyamira]] # [[Kaunti ya Nairobi|Nairobi]] ====Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia==== # [[Mkoa wa Équateur]] # [[Mkoa wa Ituri]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Kasai Mashariki]] # [[Mkoa wa Katanga Juu]] # [[Mkoa wa Kinshasa]] # [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kongo Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Kwango]] # [[Mkoa wa Kwilu]] # [[Mkoa wa Lomami]] # [[Mkoa wa Lomami Juu]] # [[Mkoa wa Lualaba]] # [[Mkoa wa Mai-Ndombe]] # [[Mkoa wa Maniema]] # [[Mkoa wa Mongala]] # [[Mkoa wa Sankuru]] # [[Mkoa wa Tanganyika]] # [[Mkoa wa Tshopo]] # [[Mkoa wa Tshuapa]] # [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Ubangi Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini]] # [[Mkoa wa Uele Juu]] ====Rwanda==== # [[Mkoa wa Kigali|Kigali]] # [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Rwanda)|Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kusini (Rwanda)|Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Rwanda)|Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Rwanda)|Mashariki]] ====Somalia==== # [[Awdal]] # [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] # [[Mkoa wa Nugal|Nugal]] # [[Mkoa wa Mudug|Mudug]] # [[Mkoa wa Galguduud|Galguduud]] # [[Mkoa wa Hiran|Hiran]] # [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Kati|Shebeli wa Kati]] # [[Banaadir]] # [[Mkoa wa Shebelle wa Chini|Shebeli wa Chini]] # [[Togdheer]] # [[Bakool]] # [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] # [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] # [[Gedo]] # [[Juba wa Kati]] # [[Juba ya chini|Juba wa Chini]] # [[Sanaag]] # [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] ====Sudan Kusini==== # [[Bahr el Ghazal Kaskazini]] # [[Bahr el Ghazal Magharibi]] # [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] # [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] # [[Western Equatoria]] # [[Central Equatoria]] # [[Eastern Equatoria]] # [[Jonglei]] # [[Greater Upper Nile]] # [[Unity (state)|Unity]] # [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] # [[Abyei|''Eneo la Abyei'']] # [[Greater Pibor|''Eneo la Pibor'']] # [[Ruweng Administrative Area|''Eneo la Ruweng'']] ====Tanzania==== # [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] # [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] # [[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] # [[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] # [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] # [[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] # [[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] # [[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] # [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] # [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] # [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] # [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] # [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] # [[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] # [[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njiombe]] # [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] # [[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] # [[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] # [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] # [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] # [[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] # [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] # [[Mkoa wa Songwe|Songwe]] # [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] # [[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Unguja Kusini]] ====Uganda==== # [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Kaskazini]] # [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Kati]] # [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] # [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Mashariki]] == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Pato la taifa]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Kiashiria cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu]] * [[Orodha ya Maeneo ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kwa Kiashiria cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Jumuiya ya Afrika mashariki kulingana na Umri wa Kuishi]] * [[Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Mkataba wa Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] * [[Uchumi wa Afrika]] * [[Mamlaka ya Maendeleo ya Kitaifa]] (IGAD) * [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC) * [[COMESA|Soko la Pamoja la Mashariki na Kusini mwa Afrika]] (COMESA) * [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Mataifa ya Afrika ya Kati]] (ECCAS) * [[Wizara ya Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki|Wizara ya Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki, Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.eac.int/ Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki] *[http://www.eacgermany.org/ German and East African Community Cooperation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eacgermany.org/ |date=20150916000603 }} *[http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Eastern-Africa ''Agritrade'' Agricultural trade in East Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Eastern-Africa |date=20140214131007 }} *[http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i16299.html Information from africadatabase.org] {{Wayback|url=http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i16299.html |date=20060629091743 }} *[http://www.eastafricans.eu/ Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki katika Ulaya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastafricans.eu/ |date=20120224104140 }} *[http://www.worldtradelaw.net/fta/agreements/eacfta.pdf EAC Free Trade Agreement] *[http://www.africa-business.com/features/eac.html Makala za Afrika] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4139635.stm Habari za BBC kuhusu kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Forodha] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512080830/http://www.eac.int/eala/ Bunge la pamoja la Afrika Mashariki] *[http://www.busiweek.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogsection&amp;id=24&amp;Itemid=66/ Habari za Biashara kuhusu Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/200610170203.html Rwanda na Burundi kujiunga na Afrika Mashariki] ''allAfrica.com,'' 17 Oktoba 2006 {{Pan-Africanism}} [[Category:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki| ]] [[Category:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Category:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Burundi]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Somalia]] [[Jamii:Sudan Kusini]] [[Category:Arusha]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 535eh2rfia5pzwu00lfy6hs94gemsup 0 33454 1575633 1464629 2026-06-20T22:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gideon Moi''' (amezaliwa [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kenya]], ni [[mtoto]] wa kiume mdogo wa pili wa [[rais]] wa zamani wa Kenya, [[Daniel arap Moi]] na Lena Moi. Gideoni alisoma [[shule ya msingi]] katika shule ya awali ya [[Kenton College]] Sc. Yeye alikuwa mmoja wa [[wanafunzi]] 24 waliojiunga kuhudhuria shule [[Strathmore]] wakati ilipofungua milango yake kwa wanafunzi wa shule ya [[sekondari]] mwaka [[1977]]. Angeweza kubaki huko 1977-1980. Baada ya [[baba]] yake kuingia madarakani Agosti [[1978]], kufuatia [[kifo]] cha Rais [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Gideoni akawa mwanafunzi asiyeshiriki. Pamoja na matokeo ya shule yasiyoridhisha, baba yake (Rais Moi) alitumia ushawishi wake na Gideoni aliruhusiwa kuhudhuria [[shule ya St Mary, Nairobi]] miaka 1981-1982 sambamba na [[rafiki]] yake wa muda mrefu, [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]. Gideoni kisha alijiingiza katika kazi za [[biashara]] ambapo kwa msaada wa baba yake alikuwa na mafanikio. Kumekuwa na tuhuma zinazoendelea za [[rushwa]] kuhusu mikataba yake ya biashara lakini uchunguzi ulisimamishwa ghafla.<ref>Kundi la Mars la Kenya: 31 Agosti 2007: ''[http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php Waporaji wakubwa wa Kenya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php |date=20100317143437 }}'' ''[http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php Ripoti ya Kroll. ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php |date=20100317143437 }}'' ''[http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php Uchambuzi, Maelezo, Mapya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/looting_Kenya/index.php |date=20100317143437 }}''</ref><ref>Financial Times: 31 Agosti 2007: [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/312e9ae4-57eb-11dc-8c65-0000779fd2ac.html ''Kenya ufisadi katika blickpunkten'' ]</ref><ref>The Times: 3 Septemba 2007: ''[http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=554566 Mwana wa raisi wa zamani wa Kenya kulishtaki gazeti la Uingereza ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=554566 |date=20230515220537 }}''</ref><ref>The Standard: 20 Oktoba 2007: ''[http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143976291 Gideoni kuyashitaki magazeti juu Ripoti ya Kroll] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143976291 |date=20071107101114 }}''</ref> Baada ya baba yake kustaafu [[siasa]] mwaka [[2002]], yeye aligombea uongozi wa [[Baringo Central Constituency]] ambayo awali ilikuwa inamilikiwa na baba yake tangu mwaka [[1955]]. Aliwakilisha watu wa Baringo ya Kati kwa temu moja, 2002-2007. Yeye pia alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa zaidi na baba yake ambaye bado ana ushawishi mkubwa katika chama cha [[KANU]], chama tawala cha zamani nchini Kenya, ambayo Gideoni ni mwanachama.<ref>Nation Media Group: 8 Mei 2007: ''[http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?cat=Baringo%20Central&amp;cid=161 nafasi ya Gideon kusonga nje ya kivuli cha baba ] {{Wayback|url=http://politics.nationmedia.com/inner.asp?cat=Baringo%20Central&cid=161 |date=20071014153954 }}''</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2007, [[gazeti]] la ''[[Guardian]]'' liliripoti kwamba ripoti ya [[Kroll]], iliyokamilika mwaka 2004 na kisha Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] kufuatilia mali ya watu ambao walikuwa watuhumiwa wa uporaji [[serikali]], Gideon Moi alitajwa. Liliripoti kwamba Gideon alikuwa anamiliki utajiri wa thamani ya[[dola]] milioni 550.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/aug/31/kenya.topstories3| title=The looting of Kenya| date=2007-08-31| author=Xan Rice| publisher=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/29/kenya.international1| title=President heads for humiliating defeat as Kenyan voters throw out the old guard| date=2007-12-27| author=Xan Rice| publisher=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Amemuoa Zahra na ana [[watoto]] watatu Kimoi, Kigen na Lulu. Yeye ni [[Muislamu]] licha ya Gideoni kuwa [[Mkristo]] lakini wengi hudai kwamba aliacha [[utamaduni]] wake ili kuwa na nafasi katika [[familia]] ya rais ya Kenya. Gideon Moi amekuwa akicheza [[Gilgil]] kwa [[Polo]] yenye makao yake [[Manyatta]] klabu. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moi, Gideon}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]] 6ymy8wxpwnn9zjd75fkn9c6l3a4lnf7 0 33467 1575549 1489159 2026-06-20T16:41:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kenya class.jpg|thumb|Wanafunzi darasani; sehemu ya Mto Athi, Kenya]] '''Elimu nchini Kenya''' imekuwa ikizingatia mfumo wa 8-4-4 tangu mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1980]], ikiwa ni miaka minane ya [[elimu ya msingi]], ikifuatiwa na miaka minne ya [[shule ya upili]], kisha miaka minne ya [[chuo]] au [[chuo kikuu]]. Mbali na haya, kuna sekta kubwa ya [[shule za binafsi]] ambazo hushughulikia watu wa viwango vya maisha ya kadri na ya juu, ambao kwa ujumla hufuata mfumo wa elimu ya [[Uingereza]] wa elimu ya sekondari na msingi. Kati ya [[watoto]] wote nchini [[Kenya]], [[asilimia]] 85 huudhuria shule za msingi, asilimia 24 huudhuria shule za upili na asilimia 2 hujiunga na taasisi za elimu ya juu. == Elimu ya Msingi == [[File:EuropeanNairobiSchool2.jpg|thumb|300px|Nairobi Primary school ilianzishwa mwaka [[1902]].]] Kuna aina tatu ya shule za msingi: shule za kutwa ambazo zinajumuisha shule nyingi za msingi; shule za bweni ambazo zimegawanywa katika vitango vitatu: vya gharama ya chini, ya wastani na ya juu; na shule za maeneo kame. Elimu ya msingi katika shule za msingi za [[serikali]] ilifanywa kuwa ya bure na ya kila mmoja (bali si ya lazima) mwezi Januari mwaka wa 2003. Mfumo wa Harambee huchangia pakubwa katika utoaji wa elimu ya shule za msingi nchini Kenya. (Katika Kiswahili, neno Harambee humaanisha "kuungana pamoja".) Mfumo wa Harambee hugharamia takriban asilimia 75 ya shule za msingi nchini Kenya. Mtihani wa kitaifa wa shule za msingi nchini enya hufanywa mwishoni mwa masomo ya msingi. Kimani Maruge, ambaye ni Mkenya, ndiye aliyekuwa mtu mkongwe zaidi ulimwenguni kujiunga na shule ya msingi .Ni [[mkulima]] ambaye hakuwa amesoma, alijisajili akiwa na miaka 84 baada ya kufahamu kuwa masomo ya msingi yalikuwa ya bure. Alifariki mwaka wa 2009 akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 89.<ref>[http://eastandard.net/news/InsidePage.php?id=1144021620 The Standard - World's oldest pupil, Stephen Maruge, dies] {{Wayback|url=http://eastandard.net/news/InsidePage.php?id=1144021620 |date=20150113174135 }} 15 Agosti 2009</ref> == Elimu ya Shule za Upili == Wanafunzi nchini Kenya katika shule za sekondari huchukua miaka minne kujiandaa kwa masomo ya vyuo. Wanafunzi wengi huanza kuyajenga [[maisha]] yao ya usoni kwa kujiendeleza katika masomo yatakayowapa [[kazi]]. Mtihani wa kitaifa wa kidato cha nne hufanywa mwishoni mwa masomo ya shule ya upili. Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, serikali ilianzisha mpango wa kutoa elimu ya bure kwa shule za upili. Kuna vitengo vitatu vya shule za sekondari: shule za binafsi, shule zinazofadhiwa na serikali na shule za harambee. Shule zinazofadhiliwa na serikali zina ushindano mkali unaopelekea mmoja kati ya watoto wanne kukubaliwa kujiunga nazo. Kujiunga na shule ya upili hutegemea alama za mwanafunzi katika [[mtihani]] wake wa darasa la nane (K.C.P.E). Shule nyingi zinazofadhiliwa na serikali ni za bweni . Shule za harambee hazina ushindani mkali na zinajumuisha asilimia 75 ya shule zote za upili nchini. Wanafunzi wanaopata alama za chini katika mtihani wao wa darasa la nane hujiunga na shule za harambee, shule za biashara au kuacha shule. Vifaa katika shule hizi si vizuri kama vile vya shule zinazofadhiliwa na serikali, na mara nyingi hukosa [[vitabu]], [[walimu]] waliohitimu, [[Dawati|madawati]] n.k.. Shule nyingi za binafsi huwa na mfumo wa elimu ya Uingereza, ukifuatiwa na A-levels au Baccalaureate ya kimataifa, licha tu ya chache zinazofuata mfumo wa [[Marekani]]. Shule chache za binafsi hufuata mfumo wa KCSE kando ya mifumo ya kigeni wakiwapa wanafunzi kuchagua ni upi wa kufuatwa. Kwa mfano, Shule ya Saint Mary's, Nairobi. Mfumo wa kutuza Gredi za KCSE {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- | Grade | A | A - | B + | B | B - | C + | C | C - | D + | D | D - | E |- | Points | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |} Gredi ya wastani hutegemea jinsi mwanafunzi hupita masomo haya nane. Endapo mtahiniwa atafanya zaidi ya masomo manane, gredi ya wastani itategemea masomo manane ya kwanza anayopita vyema zaidi. Kujiunga na chuo kikuu hutegemea masomo manane yanayopitwa zaidi na jinsi masomo fulani yamepitwa kutegemea kozi ya shahada fulani. Kwa mfano: {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Somo ! Kundi ! Gredi ! Pointi |- | Kiingereza | 1 | B + | 10 |- | Kiswahili | 1 | A - | 11 |- | Hesabu | 1 | A | 12 |- | Historia na Serikali | 3 | B | 9 |- | Jiografia | 3 | A - | 11 |- | Fizikia | 2 | B + | 10 |- | Kemia | 2 | B - | 8 |- | Biolojia | 2 | A - | 11 |} Jumla ya pointi ni 81. Gredi ya wastani ni 81 na ukiigawa mara 8, ni sawa na 10.1 (hii ni karibu sawa na pointi10.0) ambayo ni B+ kwa mujibu wa mfumo wa gredi. Mwanafunzi apataye gredi kama hii hufaulu kujiunga na mojawapo ya vyuo vya umma kwa kupata gredi nzuri. Taasisi za mafunzo, vitivo na idara huamua mahitaji ya kimsingi ya kujiunga navyo. Wanafunzi wanaopata gredi ya C+ hufaulu kusomea kozi ya shahada fulani katika chuo kikuu. Kwa sababu ya ushindani mkubwa na nafasi chache katika vyuo vikuu, wale wanaopata gredi ya B na wakati mwingine B- na zaidi huchukuliwa kusomea shahada mbalimbali katika vyuo vya umma na hufaidi kwa kulipa karo iliyotolewa ruzuku na serikali. Wale wengine hujiunga na vyuo vikuu vya kibinafsi au na vyuo vya kati. Jambo la kushangaza ni kuwa wanafunzi wanaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma kupitia J.A.B. hutegemea jumla ya nafasi za kulala zinazopatikana katika vyuo vyote vya umma. Hata hivyo wanaokosa nafasi hizi, ingawa walipata gredi za chini zaidi za kujiunga na vyuo vikuu C+ au C, wakiwa na cheti cha diploma fulani husajiliwa kupitia mpango wa kujilipia karo katika vyuo vikuu (Module II) ikiwa wanaweza kujilipia karo yote ya kozi husika. Jambo hili limezua mjadala mkali huku watu wakiuliza sababu na uadilifu wa kuwafungia nje wanafunzi waliofaulu kujiunga na vyuo vya umma kisha kuwasajili wanaotoka kwa familia zenye uwezo wa kifedha. == Taasisi za Elimu == Hizi ni taasisi zinazotoa elimu ya juu kwa miaka miwili au mitatu katika viwango vya [[Cheti]], [[Diploma]] na [[Diploma ya juu]] ya kitaifa. Taasisi hizi hutoa mafunzo ya kiufundi kwa kutumia ujuzi wa mikono katika nyanja mbalimbali kama vile [[uhandisi]], [[sayansi ya madawa]], [[sayansi ya kompyuta]] n,k. Zinajumuisha vyuo vya mafunzo ya ualimu (TTCs), Taasisi za mafunzo ya [[udaktari]] nchini Kenya (KMTC), Kenya Polytechnic, Mombasa Polytechnic, Eldoret Polytechnic, Tasisi ya mafunzo ya utangazaji na nyingine nyingi. Taasisi hizi zote huanzishwa na miswada mbalimbali ya [[bunge]]. == Vyuo vya Umma == Chuo kikongwe zaidi nchini Kenya ni [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]]. Vingine ni pamoja na vyuo vikuu vya [[Kenyatta]], [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jomo Kenyatta cha Kilimo na Teknolojia]], [[Chuo Kikuu cha Egerton]], [[Moi]], [[Chuo Kikuu cha Maseno]] na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Masinde Muliro cha Sayansi na Teknolojia]] (zamani kilijulikana kama [[Chuo Kikuu cha Magharibi]]). == Habari zaidi == Mnamo mwaka wa 1963 serikali ya Kenya iliahidi elimu ya msingi ya bure kwa watu wake. [[Ahadi]] hii haikufanikishwa hadi mwaka 2003. Wananchi wanatarajiwa kuchangia mfuko wa elimu kwa kulipia [[ada]], [[kodi]], na huduma za ajira. Baada ya kuchangia, [[wazazi]] wengi hawakuwa na [[pesa]] za kulipia elimu ya watoto wao na hatimaye waliachwa nje ya mfumo wa shule. Walimu hushiriki [[mgomo]] mara nyingi kutokana na kutolipwa kwa [[mshahara|mishahara]] yao. Walimu walihusika na kukusanya ada ya malipo kutoka kwa mwanafunzi, huku mishahara yao kushikiliwa hadi ada zote zilipokusanywa. Watoto wengi walikuwa wanalazimika kuacha shule tu kwa sababu hawakuweza kumudu gharama hii. Walimu mara nyingi walikuwa wakiwatuma watoto nyumbani wakati wa mitihani ya mwisho ili iwe shinikizo kwa wazazi kulipa ada ya shule. Kwa sasa elimu ni bure, mahudhurio yameongezeka na kuna uhaba wa walimu na madarasa na watoto kutopata makini kutokana na ukosefu wa walimu wa kutosha inayotokana na msongamano wa wanafunzi madarasani. Hii ni matokeo ya watoto wote wanaohudhuria ambao hapo mwanzo hawakuweza kumudu ada ya shule, na watoto wanaotolewa shule za kibinafsi zenye hadhi ya chini ili kujinufaisha na ya elimu ya bure. Hii imejenga mahitaji kwa shule za kibinafsi zenya gharama ya chini ambazo wazazi wanaweweza kumudu kulipa ada kuwatutuma watoto wao ili kujifunza katika mazingira yaliyo bora. Baadhi ya watu wanaamini kwamba msongamano katika mashule ni changamoto kwmba pana haja ya kuandaa mafunzo ya kiufundi zaidi ili kujenga njia mbadala kwa ajira. [[Kenya]] ilianzisha mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 mnamo mwaka wa 1985. Hii ina maana kwamba darasa la kwanza hadi la nane ni katika shule ya msingi, darasa la hadi kumi na mbili katika sekondari(Kidato cha kwanza hadi nne), na kisha wahitimu kutumia miaka minne katika chuo kikuu. Mfumo wa 8-4-4 iliundwa kusaidia wale wanafunzi ambao hawana mpango wa kuendeleza elimu ya juu. Umesaidia kupunguza viwango vya wanafunzi wanaoacha shule na kuwasaidia wale wanaoachia shule za msingi kupata ajira. Ukuaji wa sekta ya elimu nchini Kenya umezidi matarajio. Baada ya [[chuo kikuu]] cha kwanza kuanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1970, vingine vitano vilitengenezwa. Mahitaji ya elimu ya juu imesababisha kuanzishwa kwa vyuo vikuu vya kibinafsi. Vifaa katika baadhi ya vyuo vikuu vya umma ni ya hali ya chini hivi kwamba wale wa miaka ya juu hutumwa nyumbani kwa muda ili kuwapa nafasi wanafunzi wageni wanapojiunga na chuo kikuu. Vyuo vikuu, kama shule za msingi, vina ukosefu wa [[fedha]] ambazo zinazohitajika. Kuna ukosefu wa tarakilishi ya mafunzo, na maaabara ni ndogo na hazina vifaa vya kutosha. Baadhi ya wanafunzi huamua kulipa gharama ya juu kidogo ili kujiunga na vyuo vikuu vya kibinafsi kwa sababu hawataki kujihusisha na ushindani wa kutafuta nafasi za kujiandikisha. Pia, vyuo vikuu vya kibinafsi huwa na vifaa bora na maabara ya tarakilishi ya hali ya juu. Serikali ya Uingereza inaipatia Kenya msaada wa shilingi bilioni saba (Dola milioni tisini na saba za Marekani) kusaidia kuboresha mfumo wa elimu ya bure. Fedha za ziada zitatumika kuboresha mipango ya afya katika shule zote. Pia, zitatumika katika ununuzi wa vitabu vya kusomea. Fedha hizi zitakwenda pia kupanua elimu ya shule ya upili na vyuo vikuu. Pia kutakuwa na ujenzi wa madarasa na uboreshaji wa vifaa vya ya maji pamoja na usafi wa mazingira. Ingawa Kenya ina vyuo vikuu yake, baadhi ya wazazi huchagua kupeleka watoto wao katika nchi mbalimbali za kigeni. Wengi wanaamini kwamba Uingereza ina vyuo vikuu bora, na kwamba itakuwa fursa kubwa kwa watoto wao kuhudhuria chuo kikuu huko. Vyuo vikuu vya Kenya pia ni vigumu zaidi kujiunga navyo kutokana na mahitaji makubwa sana ya elimu ya juu na kuwepo kwa nafasi chache kwa wanafunzi kujiunga navyo. Serikali ya Kenya ingawa kwa mwendo wa kobe, inajizatiti kufanya elimu nchini Kenya kuwa bora zadi. Miaka kumi na miwili ya kwanza ya shule sasa yanatolewa bure, japo hii ina imechangia suala la msongamano mashuleni; jambo linalohitaji kushughulikiwa kwa haraka. Ufadhili kutoka Uingereza utasaidia kujenga upya baadhi ya shule na hii itachangia kuboresha mazingira ya kujifunza. == Shule za binafsi == Shule za binafsi nchini Kenya kwa ujumla huhudumia watu wa tabaka ya kati na ya juu. Nyingi ni ya mashirika ya kidini tofauti tofauti kama vile [[Oshwal Academy]] ambayo inamilikiwa na kusimamiwa na OERB (jamii ya Oshwal - [[Wakenya wenye asili ya kihindi]] wanaofuata dini ya [[Jainism]]); Katoliki ([[Saint Mary's School Nairobi]]), Wamisionari ([[Rift Valley Academy]]) na za Kiislamu ([[Aga Khan Academy]]). Mashirika haya kwa ujumla hufadhili shule hizo, na kwa kawaida hakuna upendeleo wa kidini au wa njia yoyote ile katika kuwachukua wanafunzi na uendeshaji wa shule. Shule nyingi za binafsi nchini Kenya zinapatikana kakita jiji za [[Nairobi]] na [[Mombasa]], huku shule za bweni zikipatikana sehemu ya mashambani au viungani mwa miji. Hii ni sambamba na mila ya familia za Uingereza za tabaka ya juu na juu ya kati kuwatuma watoto wao shule za bweni za gharama kubwa ambazo zina nafasi ya kutosha na vifaa. Shule zenyewe zinafanana na shule za umma za Uingereza, huku shule nyingi za kibinafsi jijini Nairobi aidha kuzingatia mfumo wa shule za umma, k.m. Brookhouse School, au kuwa shule za umma chini ya utawala wa kikoloni, k.m. Saint Mary's School, Nairobi na Kenton College.|Uingereza, huku shule nyingi za kibinafsi jijini Nairobi aidha kuzingatia mfumo wa shule za umma, k.m. [[Brookhouse School]], au kuwa shule za umma chini ya utawala wa kikoloni, k.m. [[Saint Mary's School, Nairobi]] na [[Kenton College]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Elimu katika Afrika]] == Marejeo == <references></references> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.examscouncil.or.ke/ Baraza la Mitihani nchi Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.examscouncil.or.ke/ |date=20060302014030 }} * [http://www.kenyahighcommission.net/educationinfo2.html Ubalozi wa Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyahighcommission.net/educationinfo2.html |date=20081123044739 }} * [http://www.sacmeq.org/education-kenya.htm Education Statistics and Quality of Education in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-kenya.htm |date=20090322042358 }} Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) * [http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/PDFs/kenya.pdf UNESCO Nairobi Office - Fact Book on Education For All, Kenya 2006] {{Wayback|url=http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/PDFs/kenya.pdf |date=20110720013955 }} * [http://education.nairobi-unesco.org UNESCO Nairobi Office - Education Sector] {{Wayback|url=http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [http://www.eabox.net/education Education Links in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eabox.net/education |date=20100107065024 }} * [http://www.privateschools.co.ke Shule za kibinafsi Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.privateschools.co.ke/ |date=20190104215658 }} * https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |date=20200831033452 }} * [http://che.or.ke/ Tume ya Elimu ya juu, Kenya (CHE)]{{Wayback|url=http://che.or.ke/ |date=20091212144343 }} * [http://www.e-government.go.ke/universitiesandcolleges.php E-Government, Elimu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.e-government.go.ke/universitiesandcolleges.php |date=20070312204642 }} * [http://www.educate-kenya.com/ Tovuti za elimu ya Kenya ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.educate-kenya.com/ |date=20090628095446 }} * [http://www.edukenya.com Taassisi na vyuo vikuu nchini Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edukenya.com/ |date=20160111065346 }} * [http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=1210&amp;Itemid=0 Kenya National Adult Literacy Survey (Mei-Agosti 2006)] {{Wayback|url=http://education.nairobi-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1210&Itemid=0 |date=20080316013323 }} * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=36&amp;Itemid=56 Ripoti ya UNESCO inayotathmini elimu ya msingi ya bure ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=56 |date=20080316010407 }} * [http://www.privateschools.co.ke Orodha ya shule za kibinafsi nchini Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.privateschools.co.ke/ |date=20190104215658 }} * [http://www.schoolskenya.net/ Habari kuhusu Elimu na Shule nchini Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.schoolskenya.net/ |date=20090406091103 }} {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Education in Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Kenya|!]] a4awm3iwth13bs9u1x07dhstop013tv 0 33903 1575646 1300992 2026-06-21T00:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Uganda}} '''[[Uganda]]''' inaendelea kuwa na ugumu katika kuheshimu '''[[haki za binadamu]]''' katika masuala mbalimbali, lakini katika ripoti ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]] kuna nafuu fulani. ==Migogoro katika Kaskazini== Mgogoro wa kaskazini mwa nchi kati ya [[Uganda People's Defence Force]] (UPDF) na [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) imeharibu uchumi, kupunguza maendeleo ya maeneo yaliyoathirika na umeleta ukiukaji mwingi wa haki za binadamu. Tangu [[Yoweri Museveni]] awe [[rais]] (mwaka 1986), jumla ya Waganda [[milioni]] 2 wameyakimbia makazi yao <ref name="Amnesty International">[http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/uganda-strikes-deal-lra-trials-20080220 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/uganda-strikes-deal-lra-trials-20080220 |date=20100513084943 }} An Amnesty International article discusses a 2008 mkataba kati ya serikali na LRA kujaribu viongozi wa LRA kwa uhalifu wao.</ref> na makumi ya maelfu wameuawa. Wastani wa [[watoto]] 20,000 wametekwa nyara na LRA kwa matumizi yao kama [[askari watoto]] na [[watumwa]] tangu mwaka [[1987]]. Ila kuepuka kutekwa nyara, maelfu ya watoto huacha [[vijiji]] vyao kila [[usiku]] na kujificha katika [[misitu]], [[hospitali]], na [[Kanisa|makanisa]]. Katika tukio ovu zaidi katika [[historia]] ya [[vita]], zaidi ya [[raia]] 330 waliuawa na LRA katika [[kambi ya wasio na makazi]] [[Barlonyo]] mwezi Februari [[2004]]. ==Mateso ya mashoga== Mnamo Oktoba 2009, muswada ulifikishwa katika Bunge la Uganda unaoitwa [["Anti-Homosexuality Bill 2009"]] unaotoa wito kwa adhabu kali zaidi kwa [[mashoga]], hadi [[adhabu ya kifo]].<ref name="BBCWS">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/10/091016_uganda_aggravated_homosexuality_wt_sl.shtml "walawiti uso adhabu ya kifo",] 25 Oktoba 2009</ref> [[Sheria]] hii pia inadai kwamba raia yeyote ambaye anamshuku mtu mwingine kuwa shoga, anahitajika amripoti [[polisi]], la sivyo yeye pia anaweza kupokea [[faini]] au kufungwa [[gereza|gerezani]].<ref name="newvision">[http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/697859 "Uganda ANSER Mpya Anti-Gay Sheria",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/697859 |date=20100105230519 }} 25 Oktoba 2009</ref> Mapendekezo ya muswada huo hata huwakataza makabaila wasikodishe nyumba kwa mashoga wanaojulikana, na hupiga marufuku majadiliano ya umma kuhusu ushoga.<ref name="AFP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100413121252/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEEJXoeBrTi17hexzYZqvmPgpPxg "US slams Uganda's new anti-gay muswada",] 25 Oktoba 2009</ref>Muswada huo, kisha kurekebishwa, umepitishwa na rais tarehe [[24 Februari]] [[2014]]. Basi, nchi mbalimbali na [[Benki ya Dunia]] zimeamua kusitisha misaada na mikopo yao kwa Uganda. ==Dhuluma na vikosi vya walinda usalama nchini Uganda== Wakala wa usalama wa Uganda wamekuwa wakihusishwa na mateso ya haramu na ufungo haramu wa washukiwa, pamoja na waasi wa LRA na wateteaji wao. Mbinu za utesaji ni kama kuwafunga washukiwa kwa mbinu ya [['kandoya']] (mikono na miguu hufungwa nyume ya mheshimiwa) kutumia kamba kutoka dari, kali na kumpiga mateke, na kushikisha waya za stima katika sehemu zake nyeti. :''Tarehe 14 Juni [2003] maafisa wa [Violent Crime Unit crack Green] walimkamata Nsangi Murisidi, wenye umri wa miaka 29, juu ya mashtaka kwamba alikuwa amewezesha marafiki kutenda wizi na kwa madai ya umiliki wa bunduki. '' ''Jamaa walijaribu kumtembelea kizuizini bila mafanikio. '' ''Tarehe 18 Juni wakili aliyekuwa akiwakilisha familia alipokea uthibitisho wa kifo chake kizuizini akiwa katika makao makuu ya VCCU huko Kireka, kitongoji cha Kampala. '' ''Cheti cha kifo kilithabitisha sababu ya kifo kuwa upungufu wa maji na damu, kutoka damu katika ubongo na kuchomwa kwenye makalio. '' ''Mwili pia majeraha 14 makuu. '' ''Mnamo Oktoba Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani aliarifu kuwa uchaguzi ulikuwa umeamrishwa, lakini hatimaye hakuna maendeleo yaliyoripotiwa.'' <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040627143703/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng Source: Amnesty International, Taarifa ya Mwaka 2004]</small> Vyombo vya serikali vilivyoshtakiwa kwa mateso ni pamoja na UPDF's Chieftancy ya Military Intelligence (CMI), [[Internal Security Organisation]] (ISO), [[Violent Crime Crack Unit]] (VCCU) na mashirika ya dharula kama vile [[Joint Anti-Terrorist Task Force]] (JATF.) Mwezi Oktoba [[Uganda]] katika [[Tume ya Haki za Binadamu]] (UHRC), ambayo hupokea sehemu ndogo ya malalamiko ya ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu halisi, ilikuta kuwa mateso yaliendelea kuwa mazoezi yaliyoenea miongoni mwa mashirika ya usalama nchini Uganda. ==Uhuru wa kisiasa== Mwezi Aprili 2005, wabunge wawili wa upinzani walikamatwa kwa mashtaka ya kisiasa. [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HRW/4261707c6d43856f29fa691a32ab4652.htm ] [[Ronald Reagan Okumu]] na [[Michael Nyeko Ocula]] wametoka kutoka [[Forum for Democratic Change]] ,harakati iliyoaminika kuwa tisho kuu kwa uteuzi wa Rais [[Yoweri Museveni]] mwaka 2006. ==Uhuru wa vyombo vya habari== Kama vile katika nchi nyingi za Afrika, vyombo vya serikali vimeendelea kupinga [[uhuru wa vyombo vya habari]] nchini Uganda. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2002, gazeti la ''[[Monitor]]'' lilikuwa limefungwa kwa muda na jeshi la polisi. Waandishi wa habari kutoka jarida waliendelea kushambuliwa mwaka 2004, wawili ambao waliitwa hadharani kama "washirika wa ugomvi" na msemaji wa UPDF. Mwezi Februari 2004, Mahakama Kuu ilitawala kosa la "uchapishaji wa habari za uongo" kuwa utupu na dhidi ya katiba. [http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR590022004?open&amp;of=ENG-UGA ] {{Wayback|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR590022004?open&of=ENG-UGA |date=20061129091547 }} Habari ya Uganda imepimwa kama 'huru kiasi' na [[Freedom House]] ,shirika linalojitegemea kufuatilia ya uhuru wa habari duniani kote. Katika Press Freedom Survey 2005, Uganda lilipimwa kama nchi ya 13 yenye habari huru kati ya nchi 48 katika [[Afrika]] kusini mwa [[Sahara]] .[https://web.archive.org/web/20050430062615/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/pressurvey/regionaltables2005.pdf] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081101195954/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/uganda9862.htm Uganda Overview Haki za Binadamu,] [[Human Rights Watch|''Human Rights Watch'']] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040627143703/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng Uganda - Amnesty International, 2004 Taarifa ya Mwaka] *[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/44/ uhuru wa kujieleza nchini Uganda: [[IFEX]]] *[http://www.harpers.org/MidnightsChildren.html Watoto wa manane] ushuhuda wa kutekwa nyara watoto *[http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/northernuganda/default.asp Wakati Sun Sets Sisi Anza kwa Worry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/northernuganda/default.asp |date=20051024082223 }} UN-zilizokusanywa akaunti ya ukatili *[http://www.refugeelawproject.org Mradi wa Sheria ya wakimbizi] *[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-11/22/content_3817704.htm Ugandan wanasheria na mgomo juu uhaini watuhumiwa] 22 Novemba 2005 {{Africa topic|Haki za binadamu nchini}} {{Mada Kuhusu Uganda}} [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] rdrp8ftm2stbvmgn0m007xr87teyw70 0 35744 1575715 1515444 2026-06-21T07:27:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Jeremy Davies | picha = Jeremydavies.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Davies answers questions at the [[Toronto]] premiere of ''[[Rescue Dawn]]'', Septemba 2006 | jina la kuzaliwa = Jeremy Davies | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|10|8|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Traverse City, Michigan|Traverse City]], [[Michigan]], [[USA]] }} '''Jeremy Davies''' (amezaliwa tar. [[8 Oktoba]] [[1969]]) ni mwigizaji wa filamu na vipindi vya televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika sana kwa uhusika wake wa katika ''[[Lost]]'', ''[[The Million Dollar Hotel]]'' na ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''. == Maisha ya awali == Davies alizaliwa na jina la '''Jeremy Davies Boring''' mjini [[Traverse City, Michigan]]. Ni mtoto wa watoto wa mtunzi vitabu [[Mel Boring]]; Davies ni jina la utoto la mama'ke.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/85/Jeremy-Davies.html Jeremy Davies Biography (1969-)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ana ndugu watatu: Josh, Zachary, na Katy.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.authorsillustrators.com/boring/bio.htm |title=Mel Boring - Author - Biography<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424200558/http://www.authorsillustrators.com/boring/bio.htm |archivedate=2007-04-24 }}</ref> Wazazi wake walitengana akiwa bado mdogo kabisa, akamwacha Davies akihamia mjini [[Kansas]] akiwa na mama'ke mpaka katikati mwa miaka ya 1970, pale alipokuja kufa kwa ugonjwa wa ukoma, na Davies akaenda zake kuishi na baba'ke na mama'ke wa kambo huko mjini [[Santa Barbara, California]] kabla haja hamia Iowa mnamo 1986, pale alipomaliza elimu ya juu. == Filmografia == === Filamu === * ''Guncrazy'' (1992) * ''Spanking the Monkey'' (1994) * ''Nell'' (1994) * ''Twister'' (1996) * ''Going All the Way'' (1997) * ''The Locusts'' (1997) * ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' (1998) * ''Ravenous'' (1999) * ''The Florentine'' (1999) * ''The Million Dollar Hotel'' (2000) * ''Up at the Villa'' (2000) * ''Investigating Sex'' (2001) * ''CQ'' (2001) * ''Teknolust'' (2002) * ''The Laramie Project'' (2002) * ''Secretary'' (2002) * ''Searching for Paradise'' (2002) * ''29 Palms'' (2002) * ''Solaris'' (2002) * ''Dogville'' (2003) * ''Helter Skelter'' (2004) * ''Manderlay'' (2005) * ''Rescue Dawn'' (2007) * ''It's Kind of a Funny Story'' (2010) === Televisheni === * ''Shoot First: A Cop's Vengeance'' (1991) * ''1775'' (1992) * ''General Hospital'' (1992) * ''Rock the Boat'' (2000) * ''Helter Skelter'' (2004) * ''[[Lost]]'' (2008-2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,25840189-10229,00.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-09-10 |archive-date=2009-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730032753/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,25840189-10229,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Justified'' (2011-hadi leo) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category|Jeremy Davies}} * {{imdb name|id=0001111|name=Jeremy Davies}} * [http://www.jeremydavies.50webs.com Jeremy Davies Zone] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jeremydavies.50webs.com/ |date=20091101122441 }} * [http://community.livejournal.com/daviesdaily Jeremy Davies Daily] {{mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davies, Jeremy}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fbxph9ndw8o05e294vkrtfqlg6jb5fm 1575776 1575715 2026-06-21T11:15:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | jina = Jeremy Davies | picha = Jeremydavies.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Davies answers questions at the [[Toronto]] premiere of ''[[Rescue Dawn]]'', Septemba 2006 | jina la kuzaliwa = Jeremy Davies | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|10|8|df=yes}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Traverse City, Michigan|Traverse City]], [[Michigan]], [[USA]] }} '''Jeremy Davies''' (amezaliwa tar. [[8 Oktoba]] [[1969]]) ni mwigizaji wa filamu na vipindi vya televisheni kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika sana kwa uhusika wake wa katika ''[[Lost]]'', ''[[The Million Dollar Hotel]]'' na ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''. == Maisha ya awali == Davies alizaliwa na jina la '''Jeremy Davies Boring''' mjini [[Traverse City, Michigan]]. Ni mtoto wa watoto wa mtunzi vitabu [[Mel Boring]]; Davies ni jina la utoto la mama'ke.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/85/Jeremy-Davies.html Jeremy Davies Biography (1969-)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ana ndugu watatu: Josh, Zachary, na Katy.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.authorsillustrators.com/boring/bio.htm |title=Mel Boring - Author - Biography<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424200558/http://www.authorsillustrators.com/boring/bio.htm |archivedate=2007-04-24 }}</ref> Wazazi wake walitengana akiwa bado mdogo kabisa, akamwacha Davies akihamia mjini [[Kansas]] akiwa na mama'ke mpaka katikati mwa miaka ya 1970, pale alipokuja kufa kwa ugonjwa wa ukoma, na Davies akaenda zake kuishi na baba'ke na mama'ke wa kambo huko mjini [[Santa Barbara, California]] kabla haja hamia Iowa mnamo 1986, pale alipomaliza elimu ya juu. == Filmografia == === Filamu === * ''Guncrazy'' (1992) * ''Spanking the Monkey'' (1994) * ''Nell'' (1994) * ''Twister'' (1996) * ''Going All the Way'' (1997) * ''The Locusts'' (1997) * ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' (1998) * ''Ravenous'' (1999) * ''The Florentine'' (1999) * ''The Million Dollar Hotel'' (2000) * ''Up at the Villa'' (2000) * ''Investigating Sex'' (2001) * ''CQ'' (2001) * ''Teknolust'' (2002) * ''The Laramie Project'' (2002) * ''Secretary'' (2002) * ''Searching for Paradise'' (2002) * ''29 Palms'' (2002) * ''Solaris'' (2002) * ''Dogville'' (2003) * ''Helter Skelter'' (2004) * ''Manderlay'' (2005) * ''Rescue Dawn'' (2007) * ''It's Kind of a Funny Story'' (2010) === Televisheni === * ''Shoot First: A Cop's Vengeance'' (1991) * ''1775'' (1992) * ''General Hospital'' (1992) * ''Rock the Boat'' (2000) * ''Helter Skelter'' (2004) * ''[[Lost]]'' (2008-2010)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,25840189-10229,00.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-09-10 |archive-date=2009-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730032753/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,25840189-10229,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Justified'' (2011-hadi leo) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category|Jeremy Davies}} * {{imdb name|id=0001111|name=Jeremy Davies}} * [http://www.jeremydavies.50webs.com Jeremy Davies Zone] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jeremydavies.50webs.com/ |date=20091101122441 }} * [http://community.livejournal.com/daviesdaily Jeremy Davies Daily] {{mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davies, Jeremy}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] h8l7lualjq52bgx6uc7k4ob421xykgv 0 35841 1575771 1323872 2026-06-21T10:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kampu | jina = Kampuni ya Viatu ya Bacup | jina la kampuni = Kampuni ya Viatu ya Bacup | picha = | ilianzishwa = [[1928]] | mwanzilishi = Ernst Goodwin | huduma = Utengenezaji | makaomakuu = [[Lancashire]],[[Uingereza]] | bidhaa = Viatu | aina = | mmiliki = | nchi = [[Uingeeza]] | ilikwisha = | tovuti = [http://www.bacupshoe.com Tovuti rasmi ya Kampuni ya Bacup] }} '''Kampuni ya Viatu ya Bacup''' ni kampuni ya kutengeneza viatu iliyo na makao yake katika kijiji cha [[Stacksteads]],karibu na Bacup, [[Lancashire]],[[Uingereza]]. Kampuni hii ilianzishwa katika mwaka wa [[1928]] na Ernst Goodwin. Kampuni ya Bacup ni mojawapo ya kampuni bora, zinazojulikana kwa kuunda viatu, zilizofunga viwanda vyake katika mwisho wa miaka ya 1990 na kuanza kuagiza viatu kutoka Mashariki ya Mbali. Wanaowasilisha viatu hivyo wana makao yao nchini [[Uchina]] (nchi ambayo kampuni hii imeanzisha makao yake mpya),[[Vietnam]] na [[Uhispania]].<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacup_Shoe_Company#cite_note-0]</ref> ==Ukuaji wa Kampuni ya Viatu ya Bacup== Tangu mwaka wa 1928, kampuni hii imenawiri na ikawa wasambazaji wengi, wa viatu vyao, katika nchi ya Uingereza.Makao yao makuu yalipatikana [[Stacksteads]]. Sekta kuu za kampuni hii ni viatu vya Wanaume, Wanawake, Watoto na vya kutumika katika mazoezi ya michezo. Wameajiri wauzaji wa rejareja wanaojulikana sana kwa mfano Tesco,ASDA ,Woolworths na Littlewoods wakiwa wateja wao wakuu. Katika mwaka wa 2002,kampuni hii ilifungua sehemu mpya iliyoitwa Alpha Logistics & Warehousing ya kuhusisha matumizi kamili ya maghala yao yote na matumizi bora ya wafanyikazi wenye vipaji. Pamoja na upanuzi wa makao makuu ya kampuni hii,Bacup wameanzisha aina mpya ya viatu vya wasichana.Aina hii inaitwa ''Redfoot After Party Shoe'' na ni bidhaa za kampuni hii zilizosajiliwa katika sheria. ==Marejeo== # [http://www.natureform.co.uk/index.php?xmain=static&pagename=Company%20History Wide Fitting Famous Footwear and Famous Foot Care Products by] {{Wayback|url=http://www.natureform.co.uk/index.php?xmain=static&pagename=Company%20History |date=20090814110243 }} - Natureform.co.uk # [http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/office_of_the_chief_executive/lancashireprofile/sectors/leather.asp Lancashire County Council: Lancashire Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/office_of_the_chief_executive/lancashireprofile/sectors/leather.asp |date=20081201160235 }} # [http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/bpreta98.htm Retailing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/bpreta98.htm |date=20071009233122 }} - UK News 1998 # [http://www.shoeinfonet.com/wanted/employee.htm SHOEINFONET Wanted - Employee] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shoeinfonet.com/wanted/employee.htm |date=20070707001138 }} # [http://www.bacupshoe.co.uk/latest2.html Bacup Shoes]{{Wayback|url=http://www.bacupshoe.co.uk/latest2.html |date=20241212162022 }} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bacupshoe.com Tovuti rasmi ya Kampuni ya Bacup] * [http://www.redfootrevolution.com Viatu vya Redfoot After Party] {{Wayback|url=http://www.redfootrevolution.com/ |date=20121103184326 }} * [http://www.al-w.co.uk Alpha Logistics & Warehousing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.al-w.co.uk/ |date=20060204171905 }} * [http://fluoshoes.com/product/full-moon/ Full Moon kutoka Fluo Shoes] {{Wayback|url=http://fluoshoes.com/product/full-moon/ |date=20161112201430 }} [[Jamii:Kampuni za Ufalme wa Muungano]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za China]] 89txw9uihc2oz6mho55yawqvhc8kcsf 0 35860 1575698 1331301 2026-06-21T06:29:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji= Japhet N'Doram | picha = | jinakamili = Japhet N'Doram | tareheyakuzaliwa = [[27 Februari]] [[1966]] | mjialiozaliwa = [[Ndjamena]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Chad]] | timuyataifa = [[Chad]] | urefu = 1.82m | nafasi = [[Mshambulizi]] | klabuyasasa = Amestaafu | nambayaklabu = | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = Tourbillon FC N'Djamena | miaka = 1989-1990<br />1990-1997<br />1997-1998 | vilabu = [[Tonnerre Yaoundé]]<br />[[FC Nantes|Nantes]]<br />[[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]] | caps(goals) = {{0}}32 (18)<br /> 173 (76)<br />{{0}}{{0}}13 (1) | miakayataifa = 1989-1998 | nationalcaps(goals) = {{0}}36 (13) | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Japhet N'Doram''' (alizaliwa [[Ndjamena]], [[27 Februari]], [[1966]], ni [[mwanakandanda]] wa zamani aliyecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Alibandikwa jina la "''The Wizard"'' wakati wake wa kucheza kandanda. == Kazi == Hapo mwanzoni alicheza katika timu ya mtaa ya Tourbillon FC [[N'Djamena]]. Ujuzi wake ukamfanya ahamishwe hadi klabu ya Tonnerre [[Yaoundé]] ([[Kamerun]]), mojawapo ya klabu kubwa katika bara la [[Afrika]]. Ujuzi wake wa kufunga mabao mengi katika timu ya Tonnerre Yaoundé katika Ligi Kuu ya [[Kamerun]] ya Kandanda ulifanya watafutaji wa talanta kutoka klabu za [[Uropa]] waje kumwona. Muda mfupi baadaye akapata uhamisho kuenda mojawapo ya klabu za [[Ufaransa]]. Baadaye, alicheza katika klabu ya FC Nantes nchini Ufaransa. Akiwa huko alifunga mabao mengi sana na muhimu. Hii ilimfanya kupendwa sana Ufaransa na akawa shujaa wa mashabiki wa FC Nantes. Mabao yake muhimu ni kama bao la 2000 la klabu yake katika ligi kuu ya Ufaransa, [[Ligue 1]] na pia bao la ushindi katika mechi dhidi ya Juventus katika shindano la Ligi Kuu ya Mabingwa. Nantes ilishinda mechi hiyo 3-2. Yeye alishinda medali ya ubingwa ya Ufaransa akiwa katika klabu hiyo ya Nantes katika mwaka wa 1995. Aliendelea kucheza katika klabu ya AS Monaco lakini akastaafu kama mchezaji katika mwaka wa 1998 kufuatia jeraha lililomsumbua baada la kulipata katika mechi dhidi ya Nantes. == Wasifu wake wa Uchezaji == {| border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- bgcolor="cccccc" !Msimu !Klabu !Mechi !Mabao |- |1985-86 |Tourbillon FC N'Djamena |align="center" | |align="center" | |- |1989-90 |[[Tonnerre Yaoundé]] |align="center" | 32 |align="center" | 18 |- |1990-91 |[[FC Nantes Atlantique|Nantes]] |align="center" | 19 |align="center" | 5 |- |1991-92 |Nantes |align="center" | 25 |align="center" | 5 |- |1992-93 |Nantes |align="center" | 31 |align="center" | 10 |- |1993-94 |Nantes |align="center" | 26 |align="center" | 8 |- |1994-95 |Nantes |align="center" | 32 |align="center" | 12 |- |1995-96 |Nantes |align="center" | 24 |align="center" | 15 |- |1996-97 |Nantes |align="center" | 35 |align="center" | 21 |- |1997-98 |[[AS Monaco]] |align="center" | 13 |align="center" | 1 |} == Wasifu wa kimataifa == Alicheza katika mechi 36 katika [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Chad]] na akafunga mabao 13 katika timu hiyo. == Wasifu kama Kocha == Alijiunga na wafanyikazi wa timu ya [[Monaco]] kama skauti wa wachezaji wenye talanta. Alijiunga na timu ya FC Nantes tena mnamo 28 Juni,2005 akichukua nafasi ya [[Robert Budzynski]] kama mkurugenzi wa michezo. == Marejeo == # ([[Kiingereza]]) [http://www.playerhistory.com/player/14383/ Playerhistory.com Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.playerhistory.com/player/14383/ |date=20140913202916 }} # [http://www.channel4.com/sport/french_football/jun30e.html] # (Kifaransa) [http://footnostalgie.free.fr/ndoram.htm Detailed discussion of his career] # (Kifaransa) [http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-01-27/1996-01-27-744072 Interview with N'Doram] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ndoram, Japhet}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Chad]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa AS Monaco FC]] bqftlkk7r09frl8g8aogioy30mvwa50 0 36186 1575772 1301065 2026-06-21T10:54:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Metropolitan Cathedral Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|Kanisa kuu la Mt. Yosefu.]] [[Picha:Creating documentary 01.jpg|thumb|Kanisa kuu kati ya [[ghorofa|maghorofa]] ya kisasa ya [[Dar es Salaam]].]] '''Kanisa kuu la Mtakatifu Joseph''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''St Joseph Cathedral church'') ni [[kanisa]] lililopo katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]], [[Wilaya ya Ilala]], mkabala na Sokoine Drive, likiangalia Waterfront, karibu na [[geti]] la boti zinazoelekea [[Zanzibar]]. Kanisa hili lilijengwa kwa umahiri na [[wamisionari]] [[Wabenedikto]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1897]] hadi [[1902]]<ref>Michael Hodd, ''East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide'', p. 344</ref> [[kutabaruku|likatabarukiwa]] mwaka [[1905]].<ref>{{it}} [http://www.inkamana.org/ohio/pugu.htm St. Benedict Monastery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inkamana.org/ohio/pugu.htm |date=20210621162029 }}</ref>. Hadi sasa ni [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam]]. [[Mtindo]] uliofuatwa ni [[mtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo]]. Kati ya sifa zake, mojawapo ni [[kioo cha rangi|vioo vya rangi]] nyuma ya [[altare]]<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/dar-es-salaam/sights/440036 St. Joseph's Cathedral] at [[Lonely Planet]]</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{coord|6|49|10|S|39|17|17|E|region:TZ_source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Saint Joseph Cathedral (Dar es Salaam)}} {{mbegu-jio-dar}} [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Makanisa nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ilala]] 99h499e6qq17do4nuq35uwta6p4ybst 0 55125 1575613 1512654 2026-06-20T21:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Single infobox | | Jina = Gangsta's Paradise | Cover = Gangsta's_paradise.jpg | Msanii = [[Coolio]] akishirkiana na [[L.V.]] | Albamu = [[Gangsta's Paradise]], [[Dangerous Minds (kibwagizo)|Dangerous Minds OST]] ''na'' [[I Am L.V.]] | Imetolewa = 9 Agosti 1995 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[Cassette single|cassette]], 12-inch single | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[West Coast hip hop]], [[Gangsta rap]] | Urefu = 4:00 | Studio = [[Tommy Boy Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Coolio]]<br />[[Doug Rasheed]]<br />[[L.V.|Larry Sanders]]<br />[[Stevie Wonder]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Doug Rasheed]] | Certification = 3x Platinum <small>([[RIAA]])</small> | Mwenendo = [[Coolio]] single | Single iliyopita = "It Takes a Thief Bitch"<br/>(1994) | Single ya sasa = "'''Gangsta's Paradise'''"<br/>(1995) | Single ijayo = "Mama I'm in Love wit a Gangsta"<br/>(1995) | Misc = }} "'''Gangsta's Paradise'''" ni wimbo wa [[rap]] ulioimbwa na [[Coolio]] akimshirikisha [[L.V.]]. Wimbo umetengenezwa ukiwa kama kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Dangerous Minds]]'' ([[1995]]). Wimbo huu baadaye ukaja kutolewa kwenye mbili tofauti. Moja ''[[Gangsta's Paradise]]'' na [[Dangerous Minds (kibwagizo)|Kibwagizo cha ''Dangerous Minds'']] mnamo mwaka wa 1995. Coolio alitunzwa [[Grammy]] kwa ajili ya wimbo huu na albamu yake kwa ujumla. Wimbo ulipigiwa kura ukiwa kama single bora ya mwaka na tahakiki za ''[[The Village Voice]]'' [[Pazz & Jop]]. Wimbo umechukua sampuli ya kiitikio na mandhari ya wimbo mzima wa "[[Pastime Paradise]]" wa [[Stevie Wonder]] (1976). Wonder aliuimba wimbo huu akiwa na Coolio na L.V. kwenye Tuzo za Billboard mnamo 1995. Wimbo huu pia umeorodheshwa nafasi ya 69 kwenye orodha ya ''Nyimbo Kali za Muda Wote za Billboard''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-70.shtml |title=Billboard.com - Billboard's Greatest Songs of All Time |accessdate=2012-05-26 |archive-date=2012-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531071256/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-70.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> na single nambari moja iliyouza vizuri mwaka 1995 kwenye chati za ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222343/https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, umepewa nafasi ya 38 kwenye orodha ya Nyimbo Kali 100 za Hip Hop za VH1. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== ; CD single # "Gangsta's Paradise" — 4:00 # "Gangsta's Paradise" (instrumental) — 3:49 ; CD single bonus tracks # "Gangsta's Paradise" - 4:02 # "Fantastic Voyage (Original Version)" - 4:05 # "Mama I'm In Love Wit A Gangsta (Clean Radio Mix)" - 4:09 # "Gangsta's Paradise (Instrumental)" - 3:50 ; CD maxi # "Gangsta's Paradise" — 4:00 # "Gangsta's Paradise" (instrumental) — 3:49 # "Fantastic Voyage" (album version) <small>by Coolio</small> — 4:04 == Chat na mauzo== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Nafasi iliyoshika=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !Chati (1995/96) !Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts">"Gangsta's Paradise", in various singles charts [http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=3110&cat=s Lescharts.com] (Retrieved 21 Februari 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Ultratop 50|Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Ultratop 40|Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name="Dutch">{{cite web |url=http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |title=Single top 100 over 1995 |publisher=Top40 |language=Dutch |format=pdf |accessdate=19 Aprili 2010 |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Eurochart Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |Finnish Singles Chart<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[SNEP|French SNEP Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolio singles, German Singles Chart |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Coolio/single |publisher=musicline |language=German |accessdate=19 Aprili 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001201512/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Coolio/single |archivedate=2012-10-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>Irish Single Chart [http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irishcharts.ie] (Retrieved 21 Februari 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>"Gangsta's Paradise", UK Singles Chart [http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=23489 Chartstats.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="Billboard">Billboard [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coolio-p44721 Allmusic.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- ||U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Top 40]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|17 |- |} {{col-2}} ===Chazi-za-mwisho-wa-mwaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chati za mwisho wa mwaka (1995) !Nafasi |- |Australian Singles Chart<ref>1995 Australian Singles Chart [http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm aria.com] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart<ref>1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart<ref>1995 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |Dutch Top 40<ref name="Dutch"/> |align="center"|23 |- |French Singles Chart<ref>1995 French Singles Chart [http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 Disqueenfrance.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 |date=20120307201551 }} (Retrieved 30 Januari 2009)</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|title=Billboard Top 100 - 1995|accessdate=2010-08-27|archivedate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !End of year chart (1996) !Position |- |Austrian Singles Chart<ref>1996 Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp Austriancharts.at] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart<ref>1996 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart<ref>1996 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |Swiss Singles Chart<ref>1996 Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 Hitparade.ch] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |} {{col-end}} ===Thibitisho=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchi !Thibitisho !Tarehe !Thibitisho la mauzo |- |Austria<ref>Austrian certifications [http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin ifpi.at] (Retrieved 1 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|8 Januari 1996 |align="center"|30,000 |- |Germany<ref>German certifications [http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Gangsta%27s+Paradise musikindustrie.de] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|2 x Platinum |align="center"|1996 |align="center"|1,000,000 |- |Netherlands<ref>Dutch certifications [http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat nvpi.nl] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |date=20110514050947 }} (Retrieved 9 Desemba 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|1995 |align="center"|60,000 |- |Norway<ref>Norwegian certifications [http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm Ifpi.no] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm |date=20110510083043 }} (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 x Platinum |align="center"|1996 |align="center"|40,000 |- |UK<ref>UK certifications [http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx Bpi.co.uk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=20171006162141 }} (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|1 Novemba 1995 |align="center"|600,000 |- |U.S.<ref>U.S. certifications [http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH riaa.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|3 x Platinum |align="center"|23 Februari 1996 |align="center"|3,000,000 |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/coolio_main.htm Rock on the Net] {{Coolio}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Coolio]] t9ohyh8x1xi6yb3yuf1l0bpk6hwaaev 1575683 1575613 2026-06-21T05:34:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Single infobox | | Jina = Gangsta's Paradise | Cover = Gangsta's_paradise.jpg | Msanii = [[Coolio]] akishirkiana na [[L.V.]] | Albamu = [[Gangsta's Paradise]], [[Dangerous Minds (kibwagizo)|Dangerous Minds OST]] ''na'' [[I Am L.V.]] | Imetolewa = 9 Agosti 1995 | Muundo = [[CD single]], [[Cassette single|cassette]], 12-inch single | Imerekodiwa = 1995 | Aina = [[West Coast hip hop]], [[Gangsta rap]] | Urefu = 4:00 | Studio = [[Tommy Boy Records]] | Mtunzi = [[Coolio]]<br />[[Doug Rasheed]]<br />[[L.V.|Larry Sanders]]<br />[[Stevie Wonder]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Doug Rasheed]] | Certification = 3x Platinum <small>([[RIAA]])</small> | Mwenendo = [[Coolio]] single | Single iliyopita = "It Takes a Thief Bitch"<br/>(1994) | Single ya sasa = "'''Gangsta's Paradise'''"<br/>(1995) | Single ijayo = "Mama I'm in Love wit a Gangsta"<br/>(1995) | Misc = }} "'''Gangsta's Paradise'''" ni wimbo wa [[rap]] ulioimbwa na [[Coolio]] akimshirikisha [[L.V.]]. Wimbo umetengenezwa ukiwa kama kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Dangerous Minds]]'' ([[1995]]). Wimbo huu baadaye ukaja kutolewa kwenye mbili tofauti. Moja ''[[Gangsta's Paradise]]'' na [[Dangerous Minds (kibwagizo)|Kibwagizo cha ''Dangerous Minds'']] mnamo mwaka wa 1995. Coolio alitunzwa [[Grammy]] kwa ajili ya wimbo huu na albamu yake kwa ujumla. Wimbo ulipigiwa kura ukiwa kama single bora ya mwaka na tahakiki za ''[[The Village Voice]]'' [[Pazz & Jop]]. Wimbo umechukua sampuli ya kiitikio na mandhari ya wimbo mzima wa "[[Pastime Paradise]]" wa [[Stevie Wonder]] (1976). Wonder aliuimba wimbo huu akiwa na Coolio na L.V. kwenye Tuzo za Billboard mnamo 1995. Wimbo huu pia umeorodheshwa nafasi ya 69 kwenye orodha ya ''Nyimbo Kali za Muda Wote za Billboard''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-70.shtml |title=Billboard.com - Billboard's Greatest Songs of All Time |accessdate=2012-05-26 |archive-date=2012-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531071256/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-70.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> na single nambari moja iliyouza vizuri mwaka 1995 kwenye chati za ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-09-25 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222343/https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2008, umepewa nafasi ya 38 kwenye orodha ya Nyimbo Kali 100 za Hip Hop za VH1. ==Orodha ya nyimbo== ; CD single # "Gangsta's Paradise" — 4:00 # "Gangsta's Paradise" (instrumental) — 3:49 ; CD single bonus tracks # "Gangsta's Paradise" - 4:02 # "Fantastic Voyage (Original Version)" - 4:05 # "Mama I'm In Love Wit A Gangsta (Clean Radio Mix)" - 4:09 # "Gangsta's Paradise (Instrumental)" - 3:50 ; CD maxi # "Gangsta's Paradise" — 4:00 # "Gangsta's Paradise" (instrumental) — 3:49 # "Fantastic Voyage" (album version) <small>by Coolio</small> — 4:04 == Chat na mauzo== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Nafasi iliyoshika=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !Chati (1995/96) !Nafasi<br />iliyoshika |- |[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts">"Gangsta's Paradise", in various singles charts [http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=3110&cat=s Lescharts.com] (Retrieved 21 Februari 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Ultratop 50|Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Ultratop 40|Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name="Dutch">{{cite web |url=http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |title=Single top 100 over 1995 |publisher=Top40 |language=Dutch |format=pdf |accessdate=19 Aprili 2010 |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Eurochart Hot 100]] |align="center"|1 |- |Finnish Singles Chart<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[SNEP|French SNEP Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolio singles, German Singles Chart |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Coolio/single |publisher=musicline |language=German |accessdate=19 Aprili 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001201512/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Coolio/single |archivedate=2012-10-01 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>Irish Single Chart [http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irishcharts.ie] (Retrieved 21 Februari 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Italian Singles Chart]] |align="center"|1 |- |New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="Lescharts"/> |align="center"|1 |- |[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>"Gangsta's Paradise", UK Singles Chart [http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=23489 Chartstats.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="Billboard">Billboard [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/coolio-p44721 Allmusic.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- ||U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Top 40]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|2 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="Billboard"/> |align="center"|17 |- |} {{col-2}} ===Chazi-za-mwisho-wa-mwaka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chati za mwisho wa mwaka (1995) !Nafasi |- |Australian Singles Chart<ref>1995 Australian Singles Chart [http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm aria.com] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart<ref>1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart<ref>1995 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |Dutch Top 40<ref name="Dutch"/> |align="center"|23 |- |French Singles Chart<ref>1995 French Singles Chart [http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 Disqueenfrance.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 |date=20120307201551 }} (Retrieved 30 Januari 2009)</ref> |align="center"|7 |- |U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|title=Billboard Top 100 - 1995|accessdate=2010-08-27|archivedate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995|=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !End of year chart (1996) !Position |- |Austrian Singles Chart<ref>1996 Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp Austriancharts.at] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart<ref>1996 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|16 |- |Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart<ref>1996 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|8 |- |Swiss Singles Chart<ref>1996 Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 Hitparade.ch] (Retrieved 20 Aprili 2008)</ref> |align="center"|15 |- |} {{col-end}} ===Thibitisho=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchi !Thibitisho !Tarehe !Thibitisho la mauzo |- |Austria<ref>Austrian certifications [http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin ifpi.at] (Retrieved 1 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|8 Januari 1996 |align="center"|30,000 |- |Germany<ref>German certifications [http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Gangsta%27s+Paradise musikindustrie.de] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|2 x Platinum |align="center"|1996 |align="center"|1,000,000 |- |Netherlands<ref>Dutch certifications [http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat nvpi.nl] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat |date=20110514050947 }} (Retrieved 9 Desemba 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|1995 |align="center"|60,000 |- |Norway<ref>Norwegian certifications [http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm Ifpi.no] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm |date=20110510083043 }} (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 x Platinum |align="center"|1996 |align="center"|40,000 |- |UK<ref>UK certifications [http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx Bpi.co.uk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=20171006162141 }} (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|1 Novemba 1995 |align="center"|600,000 |- |U.S.<ref>U.S. certifications [http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH riaa.com] (Retrieved 4 Agosti 2008)</ref> |align="center"|3 x Platinum |align="center"|23 Februari 1996 |align="center"|3,000,000 |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/coolio_main.htm Rock on the Net] {{Coolio}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1995]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Coolio]] ghla3ljx2zeljexvot1osgnd1ezxi62 0 55350 1575451 1564487 2026-06-20T12:51:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Prozac.jpg|thumb|right|Fluoxetine (Prozac), ni SSRI]] [[Picha:Venlafaxine-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|Venlafaxine, ni SNRI]] '''Dawamfadhaiko''' (''[[ing.]] antidepressant'') ni [[dawa]] za [[ugonjwa wa akili]] zinazotumika kupunguza mivurugo ya halihisi ya moyo, kama vile mfadhaiko mkubwa na ukataji tamaa na hali ya wasiwasi kama vile woga wa kuingiliana na watu. Dawa kama vile vizuia oksidesi vya monoamini (MAOIs), dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki (TCAs), dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya tetrasaikliki (TeCAs), vizuizi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini kinachochagua (SSRIs), na vizuizi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini-norepinefrini(SNRIs) ndizo zinazohusishwa kwa kawaida na neno hilo. Dawa hizo ni kati ya zile ambazo kwa kawaida huagizwa na wataalamu wa magonjwa ya akili na madaktari wengine, na ufanifu pamoja na athari zake ni mada ya tafiti nyingi na madai mengi yanayoshindana. Dawa nyingi husababisha athari za dawamfadhaiko, lakini vikwazo kuhusu matumizi yake yameleta utata unaosababishwa na kuzitumia kutibu maradhi mengine mbali na yale yaliyokusudiwa, licha ya madai kuwa yana ufanisi wa kiwango cha juu. Ufanifu wa dawamfadhaiko ya kisasa aina ya thaimoleptiki haijawahi kudhihirishwa kikamilifu kuwa ni bora zaidi ya ule wa kipozaungo hai, kulingana na tafiti mbili za shirika la Cochrane Collaboraton.<ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60">{{cite journal |author=Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R |title=Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-01-17_358_3/page/n74 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=3 |pages=252–60 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18199864 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa065779 }}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> Moncrieff J, Wessely S, Hardy R. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&amp;DB=pubmed Vipozaungo hai dhidi ya dawamfadhaiko kwa mfadhaiko.] ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev'' (1): CD003012.</ref> Kwa maandishi yaliyochapishwa, tibamifadhaiko ilikuwa na mafanikio ya 94% katika kutibu mfadhaiko. <ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60"/><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> Kwa maandishi ambayo hayakuchapishwa, mafanikio yalikuwa ni chini ya 50%.<ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60"/> Kwa ujumla, tafiti zote zilionyesha ufanisi<ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60"/> wa 51% - pointi mbili tu zaidi kuliko ile ya kipozaungo. Hii iliongeza dhahiri ufanifi wa dawamfadhaiko tofauti kutoka 11% hadi 69% zaidi ya kipozaungo.<ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60"/> Dawa ambayo huenda ikawa ni tofauti na ile ya mirtazepine- pinzani ya norepinefrini na serotonini, yenye athari zilizo kinyume na zile za SSRI na SNRIS - na venlafaksini, SNRI iliyo na usawa katika mfumo wa kemikali kwa kiwango kikubwa na tramadoli ya afyuni iliyonyumbuliwa. Afyuni zilitumika kutibu mfadhaiko wa kiwango cha juuu hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950. Ampfetamini zilitumika hadi katikati ya miaka ya 1960. Kuagiza afyuni au amfetamini kwa kutibu mfadhaiko ni jambo linaloleta utata kisheria. Utafiti kuhusu uwezo wa afyuni ya kunyumbuliwa wa kutibu mfadhaiko umefanywa mara chache tu katika kipindi cha miaka sitini iliyopita, ili hali amfetamini zimepata soko linalostawi kwa hali mbalimbali kama vile maradhi ya upungufu wa makini, nakolepsi, na [[unene wa kupindukia]] na zinaendelea kuchunguzwa kwa matumizi mengi. Afyuni na amfetamini zote husababisha mwitiko wa haraka sana wa matibabu. Huonyesha matokeo kwa muda usiopita masaa ishirini na manne hadi arobaini na manane; uwiano wa matibabu kwa afyuni na amfetamini ni mkubwa kuliko ule wa dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki. Katika baadhi ya tafiti hizi zenye vikwazo vikuu, buprenofini ya afyuni imeonyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kutibu mfadhaiko mkali ulio sugu kwa matibabu wa dawa yoyote inayojulikana katika utafiti mdogo ambao kwa ujumla ilitambuliwa na kuchapishwa mwaka wa 1995, lakini haijawahi kufwatiliwa kutokana na unyanyapaa wa kijamii unaohusishwa na afyuni pamoja na ile inayohusishwa na ugonjwa wa akili nchini Marekani.<ref> Bodkin JA. et al. (1995): "Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression", Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 15:49-57. PMID 7714228</ref> Aina nyingi za dawamfadhaiko zinazofanana na asili huchelewa kuanza utekelezaji kwa (kati ya wiki 2-6) na kwa kawaida hutolewa kwa muda wa wakati wowote kati ya miezi hadi miaka. Licha ya jina hilo, dawamfadhaiko mara nyingi hutumika kwa njia ya ubishi, na katika muktadha wa upungufu wa ushahidi unaotegemea majaribio kusaidia dalili zao, matumizi ya dawa kutibu maradhi mengine bali na yale yaliyokusudiwa awali, kama vile hali ya wasiwasi, ugonjwa wa akili ambapo mtu huwa na kiwango cha juu cha tamaa au shauku, matatizo ya kula, maumivu sugu, na baadhi ya hali zinazotatiza urazini wa upatanisho wa homoni kama vile hedhi chungu. Zikiwa peke yao au pamoja na kinza msukosuko (kwa mfano Tegretoli au Depakote), dawa hizi zinaweza kutumika kutibu upungufu makini wa kupepesuka (ADHD) na matumizi mabaya ya dawa kwa kushughulikia mfadhaiko msingi. Pia, dawamfadhaiko zimetumika wakati mwingine kutibu kukoroma na vipandauso. Dawa zingine ambazo kwa kawaida haziitwi dawamfadhaiko, ikiwa ni pamoja na vizuia magonjwa ya akili vya vipimo vya chini <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/JCP.v64n0512 |author=Wheeler Vega JA, Mortimer AM, Tyson PJ |title=Conventional antipsychotic prescription in unipolar depression, I: an audit and recommendations for practice |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=568–74 |year=2003 |month=Mei |pmid=12755661 |url=http://www.psychiatrist.com/abstracts/abstracts.asp?abstract=200305/050311.htm |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000127/http://www.psychiatrist.com/abstracts/abstracts.asp?abstract=200305/050311.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> na benzodiazepini, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Petty F, Trivedi MH, Fulton M, Rush AJ |title=Benzodiazepines as antidepressants: does GABA play a role in depression? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_1995-11-01_38_9/page/n13 |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=578–91 |year=1995 |month=Novemba |pmid=8573660 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(95)00049-7}}</ref> zinaweza kutumika kwa kudhibiti mfadhaiko, ingawa benzodiazepini - pamoja na dawa zote zinazoitwa "dawamfadhaiko" - husababisha utegemezi wa mwili. Kuacha matibabu ya benzodiazepini (au SSRI) kwa ghafla kunaweza kusababisha dalili zisizopendeza za kuachishwa. Kizinduo cha mmea wa St John's Wort hutumika kwa kawaida kama dawamfadhaiko, ingawa imealamishwa kama kijalizo cha chakula katika nchi zingine. Neno ''dawamfadhaiko'' wakati mwingine hutumiwa kwa tiba (kwa mfano, matibabu ya kisaikolojia, tiba ya msukosuko ya umeme, tiba vitobo) au mchakato (kwa mfano kuvuruga usingizi, kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha mwanga, mazoezi ya mara kwa mara) yametambulika kama njia za kudhibiti mfadhaiko wa kimawazo. Vipozaungo tepetevu vinaweza kuleta athari kuu za dawamfadhaiko, kwa hivyo, ili kudhibitisha Dutu kama "dawamfadhaiko", katika utafiti wa kiafya wa kliniki ni muhimu kuonyesha ukuu wake ukilinganishwa na kipozaungo. <ref>" [http://healthlifeandstuff.com/2009/07/do-we-know-anything-about-antidepressants/ Je, dawamfadhaiko hufanya kazi kama ilivyoahidiwa?] {{Wayback|url=http://healthlifeandstuff.com/2009/07/do-we-know-anything-about-antidepressants/ |date=20100924095828 }}</ref> == Historia == [[Picha:Saint John's wort flowers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|St John's Wort]] Afyuni mbalimbali (kupitia kipokezi cha μ-cha afyuni na kipokezi cha k-cha afyuni) na ya amfetamini zilitumika mara nyingi kama dawamfadhaiko hadi miaka ya 1950, wakati zilipopoteza umaarufu wao kutokana na hali yao ya kulevya na madhara yake. <ref name="Weber 1988 255–66">{{cite journal|last=Weber|first=MM|year=1988|month=Julai|title=Current and Historical Concepts of Opiate Treatment in Psychiatric Disorders|journal=International Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=3|issue=3|pages=255–66|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |pmid=3153713 |url=http://journals.lww.com/intclinpsychopharm/Abstract/1988/07000/Current_and_Historical_Concepts_of_Opiate.7.aspx |doi=10.1097/00004850-198807000-00007 |accessdate=2009-05-28|last2=Emrich|first2=HM}}</ref> Dondoo kutoka kwenye mmea wa St John's Wort zimetumika kwa muda mrefu kama "dawa ya kuchangamsha neva" ili kupunguza mfadhaiko. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Czygan|first=FC|date=8 Mei 2003|title=Kulturgeschichte und Mystik des Johanniskrauts: Vom 2500 Jahre alten Apotropaikum zum aktuellen Antidepressivum|journal=Pharmazie in unserer Zeit|volume=32|issue=3|pages=184–190|publisher=WILEY-VCH Verlag|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/pauz.200390062|language=German|accessdate=2009-05-28|pmid=12784538}}</ref> === Isoniazidi na iproniazidi === Katika mwaka wa 1951, watu wawili kutoka Hospitali ya Sea View katika kisiwa cha Staten, Irving Selikoff na Edward Robitzek, walianza kufanya utafiti wa kiafya kwa vikolezo viwili vipya vya [[Kifua kikuu|kupambana na kifua kikuu]] kutoka Hoffman-LaRoche, isoniazidi na iproniazidi. Ni wagonjwa waliolemewa na ugonjwa pekee waliotibiwa hapo awali; hata hivyo, hali yao iliendelea kuwa bora kwa kasi kikubwa. Selikoff na Robitzek waligundua "mchangamsho mpole kwa ujumla...wagonjwa walionekana kuwa na nguvu mpya na kwa kweli, mara kwa mara jambo hili lilisababisha matatizo ya kinidhamu." Matumaini ya tiba ya kifua kikuu katika majaribio ya hospitali ya Sea View yalijadiliwa kwa msisimuko katika vyombo vikuu vya habari. Katika mwaka wa 1952, baada ya kujifunza kuhusu madhara ya uchochezi ya isoniazidi, mtaalamu wa saikolojia kutoka Cincinnati, Max Lurie, aliijaribu kuitumia kwa wagonjwa wake. Katika mwaka uliofuata, yeye na Harry Salzer waliripoti kuwa isoniazidi ilipunguza mfadhaiko katika theluthi mbili ya wagonjwa wao na wakaunda neno ''dawamfadhaiko'' kuelezea kitendo hiki. <ref name="isbn0-88048-397-0">{{cite book|last=Healy|first=D|editor=Weissman MM|title=The treatment of depression: bridging the 21st century|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LAmBVolIG5kC|accessdate=2009-05-28|year=2001|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-0-88048-397-1|pages=10–11|chapter=The Antidepressant Drama|chapterurl=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LAmBVolIG5kC&printsec=frontcover#PPA7,M1}}</ref> Tukio sawa na hili lilifanyika Paris, ambako Jean Delay, mkuu wa taaluma ya tiba ya magonjwa ya akili katika hospitali ya Sainte-Anne, aligundua madhara ya isoniazidi kutoka kwa wenzake wa taaluma ya magonjwa ya mpumuo katika hospitali ya Cochin. Katika mwaka wa 1952, kabla ya Lurie na Salzer, Delay, pamoja na mkaazi Jean-Francois Buisson, alitoa taarifa kuhusu athari chanya ya isoniazidi kwa wagonjwa waliofadhaika. <ref name="Healy96"> " {{cite book|last=Healy|first=David|title=The psychopharmacologists : interviews|accessdate=2009-05-28|year=c1996|publisher=Chapman and Hall|location=London|isbn=978-1-86036-008-4|page=8}}</ref> Kwa sababu zisizohusiana na ufanisi wake, matumizi ya isoniazidi kama dawamfadhaiko hatimaye yalitolewa maanani na kubadilishwa na dawa yenye sumu zaidi ya iproniazid, <ref name="isbn0-88048-397-0"/> ingawa bado ni msingi wa matibabu ya kifua kikuu. Njia ya utendakazi ya dawamfadhaiko ya isoniazidi bado haieleweki vyema. Inakisiwa kwamba athari zake zinatokana na kuzuiliwa kwa oksidesi diamini, pamoja na uzuiaji dhaifu wa oksidesi ya monoamini A. <ref name="isbn1-86036-010-6">{{cite book |author=Healy, David |title=The Psychopharmacologists: Volume 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000heal |publisher=A Hodder Arnold Publication |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000heal/page/132 132]–4 |isbn=978-1-86036-010-7 }}</ref> Dawa nyingine ya kifua kikuu iliyojaribiwa wakati huohuo na Selikoff na Robitzek, iproniazidi, ilionyesha athari kuu zaidi za "kichocheaakili", lakini ilikuwa na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha kusumisha. Baada ya chapisho kuhusu isoniazidi, majarida ya Jackson Smith, Gordon Kamman, George Crane, na Frank Ayd yalijitokeza, yakieleza namna mbalimbali ambavyo dawa ya iproniazid inaweza kutumika kutibu magonjwa ya akili. Zeller Ernst alitambua kuwa dawa ya iproniazidi ni kizuia oksidesi ya monoamini yenye nguvu. <ref name="pmid18004120">{{cite journal |author=López-Muñoz F, Alamo C, Juckel G, Assion HJ |title=Half a century of antidepressant drugs: on the clinical introduction of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and tetracyclics. Part I: monoamine oxidase inhibitors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychopharmacology_2007-12_27_6/page/555 |journal=J Clin Psychopharmacol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=555–9 |year=2007 |pmid=18004120 |doi=10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181bb617 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, dawa ya iproniazidi ilibaki pembeni kiasi hadi pale ambapo Nathan Kline, mkuu wa utafiti katika hospitali ya Rock state mwenye ushaufu na ushawishi mkuubwa, alianza kuieneza katika vyombo vya habari vya uuguzi na vile maarufu kama "changamsho la akili". <ref name="pmid18004120"/> <ref>{{cite news|title=Psychic Energizer|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862555,00.html|date=15 Aprili 1957|publisher=Time Magazine|accessdate=2009-05-28|archivedate=2013-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811223331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C862555%2C00.html}}</ref> Roche ilitia juhudi za uuzaji wa iproniazid, ikiwa ni pamoja na ukuzaji wa matumizi yake kutibu maradhi mengine bali na yale yaliyokusudiwa awali kwa kutibu mfadhaiko. <ref name="pmid18004120"/> Mauzo yake yalikuwa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika miaka iliyofuata, hadi pale ambapo zilibatilishwa kutoka sokoni mwaka wa 1961 kutokana na matukio kadhaa ya uharibifu wa ini unaobababisha mauti. <ref name="pmid18004120"/> === Dawa ya Imipramini === Ugunduzi kwamba mchanganyiko wa duara tatu ("wenye duara tatu") uliokuwa na athari kubwa kama dawamfadhaiko iliundwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1957 na Roland Kuhn katika hospitali ya magonjwa ya akili nchini Uswisi. Kufikia wakati huo, vinyumbuliwa vya kimaliza kemikali za mzio vilitumiwa zaidi kutibu mshtuko wa upasuaji na baadaye kama niuroleptiki ya magonjwa ya akili. Ingawa katika mwaka wa 1955 risapini ilionyeshwa kuwa bora zaidi kuliko kipozaungo kwa kupunguza niuroleptiki za mfadhaiko (kwa maana iliyo wazi, "kushika neva" au "kukamata neva") zilikuwa zinaundwa kama vitulizo na vizuia magonjwa ya akili. Akijaribu kuboresha ufanisi wa klorpromazini, Kuhn, akishirikiana na kampuni ya madawa ya Geigy, aligundua kwamba mchanganyiko "G 22355" (uliotengenezwa na kuwekwa chini ya amri ya serikali dhidi ya uigaji wake nchini Marekani katika mwaka wa 1951 na Häfliger na Schinder) ilikuwa na athari ya manufaa kwa wagonjwa wa mfadhaiko unaofuatana na kudumaa kwa mwendo. Kuhn kwanza aliripoti matokeo yake kuhusu kile alichokiita "thaimoleptiki" (kwa maana iliyo wazi, "kukamata hisia," kinyume na niuroleptiki, "kukamata neva") katika miaka ya 1955-56. Hatua kwa hatua, yaliimarishwa, na kusababisha uuzaji na ununuzi wa dawa ya kwanza dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki, imipramini, ambayo punde ilifuatwa na vibadala. === Historia ya baadaye === Tiba hizi mpya za dawa ziligeuka kuwa dawa zinazoagizwa na daktari katika miaka ya 1950. Ilikadiriwa kuwa watu chini ya 50-100 kwa kila watu milioni moja waliugua kutokana na aina ya mfadhaiko ambao dawa hizi mpya zingetibu, na makampuni ya dawa hayakuwa na hamu. Mauzo katika miaka ya 1960 yaliendelea kuwa ya kiwango cha chini yakilinganishwa na dawa muhimu za kutuliza maumivu (nyuroleptiki / vizuia magonjwa ya akili) na dawa hafifu za kutuliza maumivu (kama vile benzodiazepini), ambazo ziliuzwa kwa matumizi mbalimbali. <ref name="3faces">{{cite journal |author=Healy D |title=The three faces of the antidepressants: a critical commentary on the clinical-economic context of diagnosis |journal=J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. |volume=187 |issue=3 |pages=174–80 |year=1999 |month=Machi |pmid=10086474 |doi=10.1097/00005053-199903000-00007 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0022-3018&volume=187&issue=3&spage=174 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2012-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120405/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0022-3018&volume=187&issue=3&spage=174 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Imipramine ilibaki kwa matumizi ya kawaida na dawa zingine nyingi zilivumbuliwa. Uwanja wa vizuizi vya MAO ulikimya kwa miaka mingi hadi miundo "inayoweza kupinduliwa" na zinazoathiri tu aina ndogo ya MAO-A ziliingizwa, ili kuepuka baadhi ya athari mbaya. <ref name="3faces"/> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Pletscher A |title=The discovery of antidepressants: a winding path |journal=Experientia |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=4–8 |year=1991 |month=Januari |pmid=1999242 |doi= 10.1007/BF02041242|url=}}</ref> Kufikia miaka ya 1960, wataalamu wengi wa madawa walifikiri kuwa kazi muhimu ya matibabu ya trisaikliki ilikuwa ni kuzuia ufyonyaji mpya wa norepinefrini, lakini hatua kwa hatua ilidhihirika kwamba kitendo hiki kilihusishwa na athari za uchangamshaji na uchochezi wa misuli ya mwendo, ilhali baadhi ya michanganyiko ya dawamfadhaiko zilionekana kuwa na athari tofauti kupitia utendaji katika mifumo ya serotonini (hasa iliyopendekezwa katika mwaka wa 1969 na Carlsson na Lindqvist pamoja na Lapin na Oxenkrug). Watafiti walianza mchakato wa ubunifu wa madawa ya razini ili kutenga michanganyiko iliyozalishwa kutoka kwa kimaliza kemikali za mzio ambazo zingelenga mifumo hii kwa njia ya uteuzi. Mchanganyiko wa kwanza kama huu kulindwa na serikali dhidi ya uigaji ilikuwa zimelidini katika mwaka wa 1971, ili hali ya kwanza kuidhinishwa kwa matumizi ilikuwa indalpini. Fluoxetini iliidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya kibiashara na ya Shirika la Chakula na Dawa (Marekani) mwaka wa 1988, na ikawa SSRI ya kwanza kupata umaarufu. Fluoksetini ilitengenezwa na Eli Lilly katika miaka ya awali ya 1970 akiwa pamoja na Bryan Molloy, David Wong na wengine. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Domino EF |title=History of modern psychopharmacology: a personal view with an emphasis on antidepressants |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=591–8 |year=1999 |pmid=10511010 |doi= |url=http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10511010}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Horng JS, Molloy BB |title=A new selective inhibitor for uptake of serotonin into synaptosomes of rat brain: 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy). N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=804–11 |year=1975 |month=Juni |pmid=1151730 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1151730 |access-date=2010-10-18 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145719/https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/193/3/804.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ingawa ilipoteza umaarufu wake katika nchi nyingi kupitia karne za 19 na 20, mmea St John's Wort iliendelea kuwa maarufu nchini [[Ujerumani]], ambapo dondoo za Haiparikamu hatimaye ziliidhinishwa, zikafungwa katika vifurushi na uagizwa na madaktari. Majaribio ya ufanisi kwa kiwango kidogo yalifanywa katika miaka ya 1970 na 1980, na yalitiliwa maanani zaidi katika miaka ya 1990 kufuatia uchambuzi wa matokeo ya tafiti kadhaa kati ya majaribio haya. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow CD, Pauls A, Weidenhammer W, Melchart D |title=St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials |journal=BMJ |volume=313 |issue=7052 |pages=253–8 |year=1996 |month=Agosti |pmid=8704532 |pmc=2351679 |doi= |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8704532}}</ref> Ilibaki kuwa dawa inayoweza kuuzwa bila maelekezo ya daktari (OTC) au ya kuongezea katika nchi nyingi na utafiti uliendelea ili kuchunguza athari zake za nyurotransmita na vijenzi kazi, hasa hyperforini <ref>{{cite journal |author=Müller WE |title=Current St John's wort research from mode of action to clinical efficacy |journal=Pharmacol. Res. |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=101–9 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12543057 |doi= 10.1016/S1043-6618(02)00266-9|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1043661802002669}}</ref> SSRI zilikuja kuwa maarufu kama "dawamfadhaiko mpya" pamoja na dawa nyingine mpya zaidi kama vile SNRI na NRI zilizokwa na athari mbalimbali teuzi, kama vile venlafaksini, duloksetini, nefazodoni na mitazapini. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Freeman | first = H | year = 1996 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VM1-3WJNNMF-TX&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1996&_alid=513741720&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6137&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=72e4e5cb18384ee1f4f599ed1080eda7 | title = Tolerability and safety of novel antidepressants | journal = European Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = supplement 4 | pages = 206 | doi = 10.1016/0924-9338(96)88597-X | access-date = 2010-10-18 | archive-date = 2008-12-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206232457/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VM1-3WJNNMF-TX&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1996&_alid=513741720&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6137&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=72e4e5cb18384ee1f4f599ed1080eda7 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> == Aina za dawamfadhaiko == === Vizuizi chaguzi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini (SSRIs) === ''Vizuizi chaguzi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini'' (SSRIs) ni aina ya dawamfadhaiko zinazozingatiwa kama matibabu ya madawa ya kiwango cha kisasa. Yamkini chanzo kimoja cha mfadhaiko ni kiwango kisichotosha cha serotonini, kemikali inayotumika kwenye ubongo kuhamisha ishara kutoka niuroni moja hadi nyingine. Inaaminika kuwa SSRI hufanya kazi kwa kuzuia ufyonyaji upya wa serotonini (inayojulikana pia kama 5 haidroksitriptamini, au 5-HT) kupitia niuroni ya mwanya wa sinapati, na hivyo kudumisha viwango vya juu vya 5-HT katika sinepsi. Wataalamu wa kemia Klaus Schmiegel na Bryan Molloy wa Eli Lilly waligundua fluoksetini ya SSRI ya kwanza. Kategoria hii ya madawa ni pamoja na: *Sitalopramu (Celexa, Cipramili) *Eskitalopramu (Lexapro, Cipralex, Seroplex, Lexamili) *Fluoksetini (Prozak, Sarafemu, Symbyax) *Fluvoksamini (Luvox) *Paroksetini (Paxili, Aropax) *Satralini (Zoloft) Kwa kawaida, dawamfadhaiko hizi huwa na athari chache zaidi ikilinganishwa na zile za duara tatu au MAOI, ingawa athari kama kizunguzungu, kinywa kikavu, woga, wasiwasi, kukosa usingizi, kupungua kwa hamu ya chakula, kuongeza uzito kwa muda mrefu na kupunguka kwa uwezo kujamiiana huweza kutokea. Baadhi ya athari zinaweza kupungua kulingana na namna ambavyo mtu anazoea dawa, lakini huenda athari zingine zikaendelea. Ingawa ni salama kuliko kizazi cha kwanza cha dawamfadhaiko, SSRI huenda zisitibu wagonjwa wengi ikilinganishwa na kategoria za awali za dawamfadhaiko, {{Citation needed|date=Mei 2009}} na hivyo kupendekeza kuwa jukumu la norepinefrini katika matibabu ya mfadhaiko bado ni muhimu. Kazi ya watafiti wawili imeibua suala la uhusiano kati ya upungufu wa serotonini na dalili za mfadhaiko, ikibainisha kuwa utendakazi bora wa SSRI kama dawa ya matibabu pekee haithibitishi uhusiano huo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Lacasse J, Leo J |title=Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature |journal=PLoS Med |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e392 |year=2005 |pmid=16268734 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392 |pmc=1277931}} ''[http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392 Maelezo kamili] {{Wayback|url=http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020392 |date=20090122081424 }}''</ref> Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa dawa hizi zinaweza kuingiliana na vipengele vya unukuzi vinavyojulikana kama "jeni za saa" <ref>{{cite journal |author=Uz T, Ahmed R, Akhisaroglu M, Kurtuncu M, Imbesi M, Dirim Arslan A, Manev H |title=Effect of fluoxetine and cocaine on the expression of clock genes in the mouse hippocampus and striatum |journal=Neuroscience |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1309–16 |year=2005 |pmid=15994025 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.003}}</ref>, zinazoweza kuchangia pakubwa kwa tabia ya uzoefu wa madawa ya kulevya (matumizi mabaya ya madawa), na huenda pia ikasababisha unene wa kupindukia. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Yuferov V, Butelman E, Kreek M |title=Biological clock: biological clocks may modulate drug addiction |journal=Eur J Hum Genet |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=1101–3 |year=2005 |pmid=16094306 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201483}}</ref> <ref> {{cite journal |author=Manev H, Uz T |title=Clock genes as a link between addiction and obesity |journal=Eur J Hum Genet |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=5 |year=2006 |pmid=16288309 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201524}} ''[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n10/full/5201483a.html Maelezo kamili]'' </ref> Majaribio yaliyodhibitiwa na yasiyo na utaratibu maalumu yaliyochapishwa katika Hifadhi za nyaraka za taaluma ya jumla ya tiba ya magonjwa ya akili yalionyesha kuwa hadi moja kati ya tatu ya athari za matibabu ya SSRI yanaweza kuonekana katika wiki ya kwanza. Athari hizi za awali pia zimeonyesha kuongeza upungufu kamili wa alama za HRSD kwa 50%. === Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa serotonini-norepinefrini (SNRIs) === ''Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa serotonini-norepinefrini'' (SNRIs) ni aina mpya ya dawamfadhaiko zinazofanya kazi na norepinefrini na 5-HT zote. Kwa kawaida dawa hizi zina athari sawa na SSRIs, ingawa zinaweza kusababisha athari zinazotokana na kutoendelea kuzitumia na jambo hili linaweza kulazimisha kupunguzwa polepole kwa kipimo cha dawa. Hizi ni pamoja na: *Desvenlafaksini (Pristiq) *Duloksetini (Cymbalta) *Milnasipramu (Ixel) *Venlafaksini (Effexor) === Dawamfadhaiko za norepinefrini na zinazotoa serotonini (NaSSAs) === Dawamfadhaiko za norepinefrini na zinazotoa serotonini (NaSSAs) zinaunda kategoria mpya zaidi ya dawamfadhaiko ambayo inaaminika inatenda kazi kwa kuongeza norepinefrini (noradrenalini) na uhamishaji wa serotonini kati ya niuroni kwa kuzuia vipokezi vya adrenaji vya mwanya wa sinapati alfa 2 na kwa wakati huo huo kuzuia vipokezi fulani vya serotonini. <ref> http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Drug_nassa/default.aspx</ref> Athari ni pamoja kizunguzungu, kuongezeka kwa hamu ya chakula, na kuongezeka kwa uzito. <ref name="Stimmel">{{cite journal|last=Stimmel |first=GL|year=1997|month=Jan-Feb|title=Mirtazapine: an antidepressant with noradrenergic and specific serotonergic effects|journal=Pharmacotherapy|volume=17|issue=1|pages=10–21|publisher=American College of Clinical Pharmacy|issn=0277-0008|pmid=9017762|accessdate=2009-05-28|last2=Dopheide|first2=JA|last3=Stahl|first3=SM}}</ref> Mifano ni pamoja na: *Mianserini (Tolvon) *Mirtazapini (Remeron, Avanza, Zispin) === Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini (NRIs) === ''Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini'' (NRIs) hutenda kazi kupitia norepinefrini (inayojulikana pia kama ''noradrenalini).'' NRIs zinadhaniwa kuwa na athari chanya hasa kwa umakini na motisha. Hivi ni pamoja na: *Atomoksetini (Strattera) *Mazindoli (Mazanor, Sanorex) *Reboksetini (Edronax) *Viloksazini (Vivalan) === Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini na dopamini (NDRIs) === ''Vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini na dopamini'' huzuia na ufyonyaji upya wa dopamini na norepinefrini (noradrenalini). <ref>{{cite journal|last=Stahl|first=SM|year=2004|title=A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor|journal=Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry|volume=6|issue=4|pages=159–166|publisher=Physicians Postgraduate Press|pmc=514842|accessdate=2009-05-28|doi=10.4088/PCC.v06n0403|pmid=15361919|last2=Pradko|first2=JF|last3=Haight|first3=BR|last4=Modell|first4=JG|last5=Rockett|first5=CB|last6=Learned-Coughlin|first6=S}}</ref> Hivi ni pamoja na: *Bupropioni (Wellbutrini, Zybani) === Vizidishi chaguzi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Serotonini (SSREs) === *Tianeptini (Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol) === Viondoa vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini na dopamini (NDDIs) === Viondoa vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa Norepinefrini na dopamini (NDDIs) hutenda kazi kwa kupingana na kipokezi cha serotonini cha 5-HT2C ambacho kwa kawaida huzuia kuondolewa kwa norepinefrini na dopamini, na hivyo kuendeleza mbubujiko wa nyurotransmita hizi. *Agomelatini (Valdoxan, Melitor, Thymanax) === Dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya Trisaikliki (TCAs) === ''Dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya Trisaikliki'' ni kategoria nzee zaidi ya dawa za dawamfadhaiko. Dawa za Trisaikliki huziba ufyonyaji upya wa nyurotransmita fulani kama vile norepinefrini (noradrenalini) na serotonini. Hazitumiki sana kutokana na uvumbuzi wa madawa salama zaidi na yenye uwezo zaidi wa kuchagua. Madhara ni pamoja na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha upigaji [[Moyo|moyo]], kuzinzia, mdomo mkavu, uyabisi wa tumbo, uwekaji wa mkojo, kiwaa, kizunguzungu, kuchanganyikiwa, na utendakazi mbaya wa kingono. Kiwango cha sumu hutokea wakati takriban mara kumi ya kipimo cha kawaida cha dawa kinapofikiwa. Mara nyingi madawa haya husababisha mauti yakizidisha kiasi cha dawa kinachohitajika, na yanaweza kusababisha arithimia mbaya. Hata hivyo, dawa za dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki bado zinatumika kutokana na ufanisi wao, hasa katika matukio mabaya ya mfadhaiko mkuu. Hizi ni pamoja na: '''Dawamfadhaiko za kiwango cha juu aina ya trisaikliki amini''' *Amitriptailini (Elavil, Endep) *Klomipramini (Anafranili) *Doksepini (Adapini, Sinequani) *Imipramini (Tofranili) *Trimipramini (Surmontil) '''Dawamfadhaiko za kiwango cha kati aina ya trisaikliki amini''' *Desipramini (Norpramini) *Nortriptailini (Pamelor, Aventili, Noritreni) *Protriptailini (Vivactili) === Kizuizi cha oksidesi ya monoamini (MAOIs) === ''Vizuizi vya oksidesi ya monoamini'' (MAOIs) vinaweza kutumika ikiwa dawa zingine za dawamfadhaiko hazijafaulu kufanya kazi. MAOIs hufanya kazi za kuzuia kimeng'enya cha oksidesi ya monoamini inayovunja nyurotransmita dopamini, serotonini, na norepinefrini (noradrenalini). Kutokana na uwezekano wa mwingiliano unaoweza kusababisha kifo kati ya kategoria hii ya madawa na vyakula fulani (hasa vile vyenye tairamini), pamoja na baadhi ya madawa, MAOIs za zamani huagizwa mara chache zaidi siku hizi. Hata hivyo, Emsam,dawa yenye muundo wa kiraka wa selegilini inayopitia kwenye ngozi, ni tofauti. Kutokana na ukwepaji wake wa tumbo, ina uwezekano mdogo zaidi wa kusababisha matukio sawa na yale ya madawa mengine katika kikundi cha MAOIs. <ref name="Cascade01">{{cite journal |author=Cascade EF, Kalali AH |journal=Psychiatry 2007 |month=Juni |year=2007 |title=EMSAM: The First Year |url=http://www.psychiatrymmc.com/emsam-the-first-year/ |accessdate=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2010-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228220220/http://www.psychiatrymmc.com/emsam-the-first-year/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Madawa ya MAOIs yanaweza kuleta matokeo bora sawa na yale ya madawa dhidi ya dawamfadhaiko aina ya tricyclic, ingawa kwa ujumla hayatumiki sana kwa sababu yamerekodi matukio mengi zaidi ya athari hatari na kuathiriana. Kizazi kipya cha MAOIs kimeanzishwa; moklobemidi (Manerix), inayojulikana kama kizuizi kinachopindulika cha oksidesi ya monoamini A RIMA), na kinafanya kazi kwa kipindi kifupi zaidi na kwa njia ya kuchagua na haihitaji chakula maalum. Kikundi cha madawa ya MAOI ni pamoja na: *Aisokaboksazidi (Marplan) *Moklobemidi (Aurorix, Manerix) *Fenilzini (Nardili) *Selegilini (Eldepryl, Emsamu) *Tranilsaipromini (Parnati) === Dawa za Kukuza === Imetambulika kuwa baadhi ya dawa za mfadhaiko zinafanya kazi vizuri zaidi kwa wagonjwa wengine yakitumiwa pamoja na dawa zingine. Dawa kama hizo za "kukuza" ni pamoja na: *Buspironi (Buspar) *Gepironi (Ariza) *Nefazodoni (Serzoni) *Tandospironi (Sedieli) *Trazodoni (Desyreli) *Bupropioni (Wellbutrini / Zybani) ''Vitulizo na vipozo'', hasa vile vya benzodiazepini, huagizwa kwa kupunguza wasiwasi na kuleta usingizi. Kwa sababu ya hatari kubwa ya utegemezi, dawa hizi zinanuiwa kutumika kwa kipindi kifupi au mara chache pekee. Mara nyingi madawa huwa hayatumiki kwa utendakazi wao msingi, bali kwa ajili ya kutumia kile ambacho kwa kawaida ni athari yao. Fumarati ya Kwetiapini (Seroquel) imebuniwa kimsingi kwa kutibu skizofrenia na ugonjwa wa furaha-mfadhaiko, lakini mara kwa mara husababisha kusinzia kutokana na mshikamano wake na vipokezi vya histamini (H1 na H2); na hivyo inatumia madhara sawa na kidhibiti mzio wa hewa (Benadryl). ''Vizuia magonjwa ya akili'' kama vile risperidoni (Risperdal), olanzapini (Zyprexa), na kwetiapini (Seroqueli) yanaagizwa kama vidhibiti halihisi ya moyo na kwa kutibu wasiwasi. Matumizi yao kama vidhibiti halihisi ya moyo ni jambo la hivi karibuni, na limeibua utata kati ya wagonjwa wengine. Vizuia magonjwa ya akili, viwe ni vya kawaida au visokawaida vinaweza pia kuagizwa ili kukuza dawamfadhaiko, kuongeza ukolezi kwenye damu wa dawa nyingine, au kupunguza dalili za kichaa au za wazimu ambazo mara nyingi huandamana na mfadhaiko wa kimawazo. Hata hivyo, vinaweza kusababisha madhara makubwa, hasa vikichukuliwa kwa vipimo vya juu. Madhara ni pamoja na Kiwaa, mkazoghafla wa misuli, kutotulia, kutoweza kusongeza viungo kwenye dalili zinazoonekana polepole, na kuongezeka kwa uzito. Vichocheaakili wakati mwingine huongezwa kwenye utaratibu wa matibabu dhidi ya mfadhaiko ikiwa mgonjwa anaugua kutokana na anihedonia, na kulala kupindukia na/ au kula kupindukia pamoja na kiwango cha chini cha motisha. Dalili hizi ni za kawaida kwa mfadhaiko usio wa kawaida, na zinaweza kutatuliwa kwa kuongeza kipimo cha chini hadi wastani cha amfetamini (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin) au modafinili (Provigil, Alertec), kwa kuwa kemikali hizi zinaweza kuongeza motisha na kuboresha maingiliano ya kijamii, na kuzuia hamu ya chakula na usingizi. Modafinili ni ya kipekee kutokana na athari zake kwa usingizi: inaongeza umakini na kupunguza kizunguzungu wakati mgonjwa yuko macho, lakini haizuii kulala kwa kawaida. Dawa hizi pia zinaweza kurejesha msukumo wa ngono, ingawa hii ni athari hasi na sio sababu ya kuagizwa kwa vichocheaakili. Hata hivyo, tahadhari ni lazima ichukuliwe vikitumika kwa watu fulani. Vichangamsha vimetambuliwa kuchokonoa vipindi vya wazimu kwa watu wanaougua maradhi ya hisia mseto. Usimamizi wa karibu unasisitizwa kwa walio na matatizo ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa. Wagonjwa wenye mhemuko unaobadilika kwa urahisi wanapaswa kujiepusha na vichangamsha kwa kuwa vinatibua kubadilika kwa halihisi ya moyo. ''Lithiamu'' bado ndiyo tiba ya kiwango kilichokubalika kutibu maradhi ya hisia mseto, na mara nyingi hutumika pamoja na madawa mengine, ikitegemea ikiwa kinachotibiwa ni wazimu au mfadhaiko. Madhara ya Lithiamu ambayo huenda yakajitokeza ni pamoja na kiu, kutetemeka,udhaifu, kichefuchefu na kuendesha. Baadhi ya kinza-msukosuko, kama vile kabamazefini (Tegretol), valiproati ya sodiamu (Epilim), na lamotrijini (Lamictal), pia hutumika kama vidhibiti halihisi ya moyo, hasa kwa kutibu maradhi ya hisia mseto. Lithiamu na lamotrijini zote pia zimechunguzwa na kutumika kwa kukuza dawa dhidi ya dawamfadhaiko katika matibabu ya mfadhaiko sugu ya hisia aina moja. == Mikondo ya uagizaji dawa == Nchini Uingereza matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko yameongezeka kwa 234% katika kipindi cha miaka 10 kufikia mwaka wa 2002. <ref>[74] ^ (Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Ubora wa Matibabu, 2004)</ref> Nchini Marekani, ripoti huru iliyotolewa mwaka wa 2005 ilionyesha kuwa 11% ya wanawake na 5% ya wanaume wasioishi katika nyumba za utunzaji wa wenye mahitaji maalum (2002) hutumia dawamfadhaiko. <ref>[http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/Pub_ProdResults_Details.jsp?pt=Statistical%20Brief&amp;opt=2&amp;id=685 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/Pub_ProdResults_Details.jsp?pt=Statistical%20Brief&opt=2&id=685 |date=20250626193041 }} Stagnitti, M. (2005) Matumizi ya Dawamfadhaiko kati ya wananchi wa Marekani wasio katika vyumba vya ustawi wa jamii, 2002. Takwimu fupi # 77. Rockville, MD: Jopo la Matumizi ya pesa kwa Uuguzi, Shirika la Utafiti kuhusu Ubora wa Huduma za Afya.</ref> Uchunguzi uliofanywa mwaka wa 1998 uligundua kuwa 67% ya wagonjwa waliotambuliwa kuwa na mfadhaiko waliagiziwa dawamfadhaiko. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sleath B, Shih YC |title=Sociological influences on antidepressant prescribing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_2003-03_56_6/page/1335 |journal=Soc Sci Med |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1335–44 |year=2003 |month=Machi |pmid=12600369 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00132-6 }}</ref> Utafiti uliofanywa mwaka wa 2007 ulionyesha kuwa 25% ya Wamarekani walitambulishwa kuwa na ugonjwa wa mfadhaiko zaidi ya idadi kamili iliyougua ugonjwa huo, hata bila kuzingatia matibabu yoyote.<ref>{{cite news|title=Depression could be overdiagnosed|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20070403/NEWS02/704030755|agency=The Washington Post|publisher=HeraldNet|year=2007|month=Aprili|accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> Msingi wa matokeo haya yalikuwa ni utafiti wa kitaifa wa watu 8,098. Utafiti uliofanywa mwaka wa 2002 ulitambua kuwa karibu 3.5% ya watu wote nchini [[Ufaransa]] walikuwa wakiagiziwa dawamfadhaiko, ikilinganishwa na 1.7% mwaka wa 1992. Mara nyingi dawa hizi huagizwa bila kuzingatia amri wala miongozo <ref name="Ol">{{cite journal|last=Olié|first=JP|year=2002|month=Oktoba|title=Antidepressants consumption in the global population in France|journal=L'Encéphale|volume=28|issue=5 pt. 1|pages=411–7|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=12386542 |doi=ENC-10-2002-28-5-0013-7006-101019-ART4|accessdate=2009-05-29|language=French|doi_brokendate=2009-10-24|last2=Elomari|first2=F|last3=Spadone|first3=C|last4=Lépine|first4=JP}}</ref> Kati ya mwaka wa 1996 na 2004 katika [[British Kolumbia|British Columbia]], matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko yaliongezeka kutoka 3.4% hadi 7.2% ya wananchi. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Raymond|first=CB|year=2007|month=Januari|title=Antidepressant utilization in British Columbia from 1996 to 2004: increasing prevalence but not incidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-services_2007-01_58_1/page/79|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=58|issue=1|pages=79–84|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|pmid=17215416|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.58.1.79|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Morgan|first2=SG|last3=Caetano|first3=PA}}</ref> Takwimu ya mwaka wa 1992 hadi 2001 kutoka [[Uholanzi]] ulionyesha ongezeko la kiwango cha maagizo ya SSRIs, na kuongezeka kwa muda wa matibabu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Meijer W, Heerdink E, Leufkens H, Herings R, Egberts A, Nolen W |title=Incidence and determinants of long-term use of antidepressants |journal=Eur J Clin Pharmacol |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=57–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14985889 |doi=10.1007/s00228-004-0726-3}}</ref> Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko, hasa ya SSRIs, yameongezeka kwa haraka katika nchi nyingi zilizoendelea. Jambo hili linaendeshwa na kuongezeka kwa ufahamu kuhusu mfadhaiko pamoja na matangazo ya kibiashara kuhusu dawa mpya za dawamfadhaiko. <ref>{{cite journal |author=McManus P, Mant A, Mitchell PB, Montgomery WS, Marley J, Auland ME |title=Recent trends in the use of antidepressant drugs in Australia, 1990-1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-journal-of-australia_2000-11-06_173_9/page/n10 |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=173 |issue=9 |pages=458–61 |year=2000 |month=Novemba |pmid=11149300 }}</ref> Dawamfadhaiko pia zinazidi kutumiwa duniani kote kwa kutibu wagonjwa wasio na mfadhaiko na utafiti unaendelea kuonyesha uwezo wa sifa za dawamfadhaiko wa kubadili hali ya kinga mwilini, kutuliza maumivu, na kuzuia uvimbe. Uchaguzi wa aina fulai ya dawamfadhaiko unaripotiwa kufanyika kwa misingi isiyokuwa na ushahidi wa utafiti wa tofauti katika utendakazi, ili kuepuka athari fulani na kuzingatia magonjwa ambatani ya akili (yanayojitokeza kwa wakati mmoja), dalili maalumu ya ugonjwa na historia kabla ya matibabu. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Zimmerman|first=M|year=2004|month=Julai|title=Which factors influence psychiatrists' selection of antidepressants?|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=161|issue=7|pages=1285–9|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|pmid=15229063|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/161/7/1285|accessdate=2009-05-29|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1285|last2=Posternak|first2=M|last3=Friedman|first3=M|last4=Attiullah|first4=N|last5=Baymiller|first5=S|last6=Boland|first6=R|last7=Berlowitz|first7=S|last8=Rahman|first8=S|last9=Uy|first9=K|archive-date=2008-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926121035/http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/161/7/1285|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia imeripotiwa kwamba, licha ya ushahidi babaishi unaoonyesha tofauti kubwa ya utendakazi kati ya dawamfadhaiko za awali na zile za karibuni zaidi, matabibu wanaona kuwa madawa mapya zaidi, ikiwa ni pamoja na SSRIs na SNRIs, yana ufanisi zaidi kuliko dawa za awali (dawa dhidi ya dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki na MAOIs). <ref>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=T|year=2002|month=Januari|title=A survey of prescribing practices in the treatment of depression|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry|volume=26|issue=1|pages=177–87|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=11853110|doi=10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00250-0 |accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Dording|first2=C|last3=Neault|first3=NB|last4=Kornbluh|first4=R|last5=Alpert|first5=JE|last6=Nierenberg|first6=AA|last7=Rosenbaum|first7=JF|last8=Fava|first8=M}}</ref> Utafiti nchini Uingereza ulionyesha kwamba madaktari wa kiume walikuwa na uwezekano mkubwa zaidi wa kuagiza dawamfadhaiko kuliko madaktari wa kike. <ref>{{cite news|title=Male GPs depression pills 'bias' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4704053.stm|date=21 Julai 2005|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> Idadi ya dawamfadhaiko iliyoagizwa na NHS nchini Uingereza iliongezeka karibu mara dufu katika kipindi cha mwongo mmoja, kulingana na ripoti ya serikali katika mwaka wa 2010. Aidha idadi iliongezeka sana katika mwaka wa 2009 wakati maagizo milioni 39.1 yalitolewa ikilinganishwa na milioni 20.1 mwaka wa 1999. Pia, madaktari walitoa maagizo ya dawa milioni 3.18 zaidi mwaka wa 2009 kuliko mwaka wa 2008. Wizara za afya ziliamimi kuwa ongezeko hili kwa kiwango fulani lilitokana na kuzorota kwa uchumi. Hata hivyo, sababu nyingine ni pamoja na kuboreshwa kwa mchakato wa utambuzi wa magonjwa, na kupunguka kwa unyanyapaa kwa magonjwa ya akili, na dhiki zaidi iliyosababishwa na kuzorota kwa uchumi. Aidha, wasiwasi wa madaktari ni kuwa baadhi ya watu wanaoonyesha dalili kidogo zaidi za mfadhaiko wanaagiziwa dawa zisizohitajika kutokana na ukosefu wa chaguo zingine ikiwa ni pamoja na tiba kwa njia ya kuzungumza, kupata ushauri na tabia ya utambuzi wa tabia. Kipengele kimoja kingine ambacho huenda kinaongeza matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko ni kwamba dawa hizi sasa zinatumiwa kutibu magonjwa mengine ikiwa ni pamoja na wasiwasi wa kijamii na dhiki baada ya kiwewe. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/jun/11/antidepressant-prescriptions-rise-nhs-recession| title=Antidepressant Use Rises as Recession Feeds Wave of Worry|date=2010-06-11|accessdate= 2010-07-01 | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Rowenna | last=Davis}}</ref> Matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko nchini Marekani yameongezeka mara dufu katika mwongo mmoja, kutoka mwaka wa 1996 hadi 2005. Dawamfadhaiko ziliagizwa kwa watu milioni 13 katika mwaka wa 1996 na kwa watu milioni 27 kufikia mwaka wa 2005. Katika mwaka wa 2008, zaidi ya maagizo milioni 164 yaliandikwa. Katika kipindi hiki, kulikuwa na uwezekano wa chini zaidi kwa wagonjwa kupitia matibabu ya kisaikolojia. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5725E720090804| title=Antidepressant Use Doubles in U.S., Study Finds|date=2009-08-04|accessdate= 2010-07-01 | work=Reuters}}</ref> === Dawamfadhaiko zilizoagizwa zaidi === [[Picha:Escitalopram2DACS.svg|thumb|right|Fomula ya muundo wa eskitalopramu ya SSRI, katika hali yake ya msingi ya bure.]] Dawamfadhaiko zilizoagizwa zaidi katika soko la Marekani katika mwaka wa 2007 <ref>Idadi ya maagizo ilikadiriwa kama jumla ya maagizo kwa madawa yanayolingana ya mwigo na asilia kwa kutumia data kutoka kwa chati kwa majina ya madawa ya mwigo na asilidawa brand-generiska. {{cite web | title = Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2007. | work = Drug Topics, 18 Februari 2008 | url = http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Top200Drugs/ArticleStandard/article/detail/491194 | accessdate = 2008-10-23 | archivedate = 2009-07-18 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090718184023/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Top200Drugs/ArticleStandard/article/detail/491194 }} {{cite web | title = Top 200 brand drugs by units in 2007. | work = Drug Topics, 18 Februari 2008 | url = http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/PharmacyFactsAndFigures/ArticleStandard/article/detail/491210 | accessdate = 2008-10-23 }}</ref> zilikuwa: {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Dawa ! Chapa ya dawa ! Kategoria ! Maagizo ya mwaka wa 2007 (kwa milioni) |- | Satralini | Zoloft | SSRI | 29.652 |- | Eskitalopramu | Lexapro | SSRI | 27.023 |- | Fluksetini | Prozac | SSRI | 22.266 |- | Bupropioni | Wellbutrin | NDRI | 20.184 |- | Paroksetini | Paxili | SSRI | 18.141 |- | Venlafaksini | Effexor | SNRI | 17.200 |- | Sitalopramu | Celexa | SSRI | 16.246 |- | Trazodoni | Desyrel | SARI | 15.473 |- | Amitriptailini | Elavil | TCA | 13.462 |- | Duloksetini | Cymbalta | SNRI | 12.551 |- | Mitazapini | Remeron | TCA | 5.129 |- | Nortriptailini | Pamelor | TCA | 3.105 |- | Imipramini | Tofranil | TCA | 1.524 |} Dawamfadhaiko zilizoagizwa zaidi nchini Ujerumani zinaripotiwa kuwa ni (minyopoo kolezi ya) hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort). <ref>{{cite book|last=Tyler|first=VE|editor=Janick J|title=Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/|accessdate=2009-05-29|year=1999|publisher=ASHS Press|isbn=978-0-9615027-0-6|pages=528|chapter=Herbs Affecting the Central Nervous System|chapterurl=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-442.html}}</ref> Nchini Uholanzi, paroksetini, inayouzwa kama Seroxat kati ya dawa zisizo asilia, ndiyo dawamfadhaiko inayoagizwa zaidi, ikifuatiwa na dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki inayoitwa amitriptailini, Sitalopramu na venlafaksini. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gipdatabank.nl/index.asp?scherm=tabellenFrameSet&infoType=g&tabel=01-basis&item=N06AB |title=GIPdatabank |publisher=Gipdatabank.nl |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206123718/http://www.gipdatabank.nl/index.asp?scherm=tabellenFrameSet&infoType=g&tabel=01-basis&item=N06AB |archivedate=2008-12-06 |https://web.archive.org/web/20081206123718/http://www.gipdatabank.nl/index.asp?scherm=tabellenFrameSet&infoType=g&tabel=01-basis&item=N06AB |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206123718/http://www.gipdatabank.nl/index.asp?scherm=tabellenFrameSet&infoType=g&tabel=01-basis&item=N06AB }}</ref> === Utaratibu wa utendakazi === Athari za matibabu za dawamfadhaiko zinaaminika kuwa zinasababishwa na madhara kwa nyurotransmita na upitishaji wa msukumo. Nadharia tete ya Monoamini ni nadharia ya bayolojia inayosema kuwa mfadhaiko unasababishwa na kiwango cha chini cha utendaji wa monoamini katika ubongo, kama vile dopamini, serotonini, na norepinefrini. Katika miaka ya 1950, vizuizi vya oksidesi ya monoamini (MAOIs) na madawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya tricyclic ziligunduliwa kimakosa kuwa na ufanisi katika matibabu ya mfadhaiko. Matokeo haya na ushahidi mwingine egemezi yalimfanya Joseph Schildkraut achapishe makala yake yanayoitwa "The Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders" katika mwaka wa 1965. Schildkraut alihusisha viwango vya chini ya nyurotransmita na mfadhaiko. Utafiti kuhusu magonjwa mengine ya akili kama vile skizofrenia pia yalitambua kuwa kiwango cha chini cha shughuli za kifisiolojia za baadhi ya nyurotransmita zilihusishwa na matatizo hayo. Nadharia tete hii imelengwa sana katika utafiti wa ngazi za pathofisiolojia na kutibu magonjwa kwa utumia dawa kwa zaidi ya miaka 25. Vizuizi vya oksidesi ya monoamini (MAOIs) huzuia uvunjaji wa nyurotransmita za monoamini serotonini, norepinefrini, na dopamini kwa kuzuia [[kimeng'enya]] oksidesi ya monoamini, na hivyo kusababisha kuongezeka kwa ukolezi wa nyurotransmita hizi katika ubongo na kuongezeka kwa upitishaji wa msukumo. Dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki (TCAs) huzuia ufyonyaji upya wa nyurotransmita mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na serotonini norepinefrini, na kwa kiwango kidogo zaidi dopamini. Siku hizi dawamfadhaiko zinazotumiwa zaidi ni kizuizi cha uchukuzi wa serotonini kinachochagua (SSRIs), ambazo huzuia ufyonyaji upya wa serotonini (na hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha serotonini inayofanya kazi katika sinepsi ya ubongo). Dawamfadhaiko zingine zinaathiri ufyonyaji upya wa norepinefrini, au vipokezi vingine kwenye seli ya neva. Wakati MAOIs, TCAs na SSRIs zinaongeza viwango vya serotonini, zingine huzuia serotonini kushikana na vipokezi vya 5-HT _2A, na hivyo kupendekeza kuwa ni fikra sahili sana kusema kuwa serotonini ni homoni ya furaha. Kwa kweli, wakati dawamfadhaiko za awali hukusanyika kwenye mfumo wa damu na kiwango cha serotonini ikaongezeka, ni kawaida kwa mgonjwa kuhisi ni kama anazidiwa katika wiki za kwanza za matibabu. Mojawapo ya maelezo ya jambo hili ni kuwa vipokezi vya 5-HT_2A viligeuka kama ishara ya uloweshwaji (watu wanaotumia vipinzani vya 5-HT_2A mara nyingi huongeza uzito), na hivyo kumwambia mnyama aache kutafuta chakula, mwenzi, n.k., na aanze kutafuta wanyama wanaowawinda wanyama wengine. Katika hali ya hatari ni jambo la manufaa kwa mnyama kutohisi njaa hata kama anahitaji chakula. Mchangamsho wa vipokezi vya 5-HT_2A utawezesha jambo hili kufanyika. Lakini ikiwa ni tishio la kudumu, mnyama anahitaji kuanza kula na kujamiiana tena - na ukweli kuwa aliponea kifo inaonyesha kuwa tishio halikuwa la kiwango cha hatari kama mnyama huyo alihisi. Kwa hivyo idadi ya vipokezi vya 5-HT_2A hupungua kupitia mchakato unaojulikana kama urekebishaji kwa njia ya kupunguza na mnyama anarudia tabia yake ya kawaida. Hii inaashiria kwamba kuna njia mbili za kukabiliana na wasiwasi kwa binadamu na serotonergic: dawa za kuzuia kusisimua wa-HT _2A receptors 5 au kwa kuwasisimua kupita kiasi mpaka upungufu kupitia kuvumiliana. Kusisimua au kuzuia wa vipokezi tofauti juu ya kiini na huathiri maumbile usemi wake. Matokeo ya karibuni yameonyesha kuwa nyurojenesi, na hivyo, mabadiliko katika mofojenesi ya ubongo, hupatanisha athari za madawa ya dawamfadhaiko. <ref name="pmid16425236">{{cite journal |author=Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS |title=Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment |journal=Hippocampus |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=239–49 |year=2006 |pmid=16425236 |doi=10.1002/hipo.20156 |url=}}</ref> Nadharia tete nyingine ni kuwa huenda dawamfadhaiko zikawa na athari za muda mrefu kutokana na ukuzaji wa nyurojenesi katika hipokampasi, athari ambayo inapatikana kwa panya. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Malberg|first=JE|date=15 Desemba 200|title=Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=24|pages=9104–10|publisher=Society for Neuroscience|pmid=11124987|url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/20/24/9104|accessdate=2009-05-29|author2=E|author3=N|author4=D}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Manev|first=H|year=2001|month=Mei|title=Antidepressants alter cell proliferation in the adult brain in vivo and in neural cultures in vitro|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=411|issue=1-2|pages=67–70|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=11137860|doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00904-3|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Uz|first2=T|last3=Smalheiser|first3=NR|last4=Manev|first4=R}}</ref> Utafiti wa wanyama wengine unaonyesha kuwa dawamfadhaiko zinaweza kuathiri ukamuaji wa jeni katika seli za ubongo, kwa kuathiri "jeni inayofinyanza protini zinazodhibiti mzunguko wa utendakazi wa mambo mbalimbali mwilini".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Uz|first=T|year=2005|title=Effect of fluoxetine and cocaine on the expression of clock genes in the mouse hippocampus and striatum|journal=Neuroscience|volume=134|issue=4|pages=1309–16|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=15994025|doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.003|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Ahmed|first2=R|last3=Akhisaroglu|first3=M|last4=Kurtuncu|first4=M|last5=Imbesi|first5=M|last6=Dirim Arslan|first6=A|last7=Manev|first7=H}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine unaonyesha kuwa kucheleweshwa kwa mwanzo wa athari zinazotokana na dawamfadhaiko kunaonyesha kuwepo kwa uwezo wa kubadilika kwa athari za dawamfadhaiko. Utafiti wa wanyama wagugunaji kila mara umeonyesha kuongezeka kwa kasi ya mfumo ya 3, 5-adenosini ya fosfeti moja wenye mzunguko (cAMP), ikisababishwa na aina tofauti za matibabu sugu lakini yasiyo kali ya dawamfadhaiko, ikiwa ni pamoja na serotonini na vizuizi vya ufyonyaji wa norepinefrini,vizuia oksidesi vya monoamini, dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya tricyclic, lithiamu na matibabu ya mtukutiko meme. cAMP inasanisiwa kutoka kwa trifosfati 5-ya adenosini (ATP) na saiklesi ya adenilili na kufanyiwa umetaboli na mizunguko ya vivunja viungo vya fosfodi nyukleotidi (PDEs). <ref>{{cite journal|last=Zang|first=HT|date=12 Julai 2005|title=Interaction between the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and the cyclic AMP PDE inhibitor rolipram in rats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2005-10_182_1/page/104|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=182|issue=1|pages=104–115|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|doi=10.1007/s00213-005-0055-y|pmid=16010541|accessdate=2009-05-28|last2=Huang|first2=Y|last3=Mishler|first3=K|last4=Roerig|first4=SC|last5=O'Donnell|first5=JM}}</ref> Takwimu pia zinaonyesha kwamba dawamfadhaiko zinaweza kurekebisha kunyumbuka kwa mfumo wa neva yakitumiwa kwa muda mrefu. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Carboni|first=L|year=2006|month=Oktoba|title=Proteomic analysis of rat hippocampus and frontal cortex after chronic treatment with fluoxetine or putative novel antidepressants: CRF1 and NK1 receptor antagonists|journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=16|issue=7|pages=521–537|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.01.007|pmid=16517129|accessdate=2009-05-28|last2=Vighini|first2=M|last3=Piubelli|first3=C|last4=Castelletti|first4=L|last5=Milli|first5=A|last6=Domenici|first6=E}}</ref> Nadharia moja kuhusu chanzo cha mfadhaiko ni kwamba ina sifa ya utendaji wa kupita kiasi wa jira ya adrena ya hypothalamiki-tezi (jira ya HPA ) ambayo inafanana na mwitikio wa mfumo wa neva na mwili kwa dhiki. Hali hii ya jira za HPA zisizo za kawaida hushiriki katika kuendeleza ya dalili za mfadhaiko na dawamfadhaiko humtumika kudhibiti utendakazi wa jira ya HPA. <ref>Carmine M. Pariante kazi, Taasisi ya Taaluma ya tiba ya Psychiatry Mfalme wa Chuo cha London [http://www.neuroendo.org.uk/content/view/31/11/ unyogovu, stress och Adrenal axis ya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.neuroendo.org.uk/content/view/31/11/ |date=20080706035853 }} Jamii ya Uingereza ya Niuroendokrinolojia, 2003.</ref> === Ulinganishaji === Dawamfadhaiko kadhaa zimelinganishwa hapa chini: <ref name="pmid9537821">{{cite journal | author = Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E. | title = Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. | journal = Eur J Pharmacol. | volume = 340 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 249–258 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9537821 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01393-9 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid9400006">{{cite journal | author = Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ, Nemeroff CB. | title = Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. | journal = J Pharmacol Exp Ther. | volume = 283 | issue = 3 | pages = 1305–1322 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9400006 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid7855217">{{cite journal | author = Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E. | title = Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_1994-05_114_4/page/559 | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl). | volume = 114 | issue = 4 | pages = 559–565 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7855217 | doi = 10.1007/BF02244985 }}</ref> <ref name="bookEssentials of clinical psychopharmacology">{{cite book | author = Alan F. Schatzberg, Charles B. | title = Essentials of clinical psychopharmacology | publisher = American Psychiatric Pub | year = 2006 | page = 7 | isbn = 1585622435, 9781585622436 }}</ref> <!-- table seems broken {| kategoria="sortable wikitable" | ''' Mchanganyiko ''' || '''[[Kisafirisha-Serotonini|SERT]]''' || '''[[Kisafirisha-Norepinefrini|NET]]''' || '''[[Kisafirisha-Dopamini|DAT]]''' || '''[[Kipokezi cha Histamine H1|H₁]]''' || '''[[Kipokezi cha asetilikolini ya Muskarini|M_1-5]]''' || '''[[Kipokezi cha andrenaji Alfa-1|α₁]]''' || '''[[Kipokezi cha andrenaji Alpha-2|α₂]]''' || '''[[5-HT1A|5-HT_1A]]''' || '''[[5-HT2|5-HT₂]]''' || '''[[Kipokezi cha D2|D₂]]''' |- | [[Agomelatini]] || ? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | | 270 | |? | - | [[Amitriptailini]] | | 4.3 | | 35 | | 3250 | | 0.95 | | 9.6 | | 24 | | 690 | | 450 | | 18 | | 1460 | - | [[Amoksapini]] | | 58 | | 16 | | 4310 | | 25 | | 1000 | | 50 | | 2600 | |? | |? | |? | - | [[Atomoksetini]] | | 8.9 | | 2.03 | | 1080 | | 5500 | | 2060 | | 3800 | | 8800 | | 10900 | | 940 | | 35,000 + | - | [[Bupropioni]] | | 45026 | | 1389 | | 2784 | | 11800 | | 35,000 + | | 4200 | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | - | Buspironi | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | | 138 | |? | | 5.7 | | 174 | | 362 | - | Butriptailini | | 1360 | | 5100 | | 3940 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Sitalopramu | | 1.16 | | 4070 | | 28100 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Klomipramini | | 0.28 | | 38 | | 2190 | | 31 | | 37 | | 38 | | 3200 | |? | |? | |? | - | Desipramini | | 17.6 | | 0.83 | | 3190 | | 60 | | 66 | | 100 | | 5500 | | 6400 | | 350 | | 3500 | - | Dosulepini | | 8.6 | | 46 | | 5310 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Doksepini | | 68 | | 29.5 | | 12100 | | 0.17 | | 23 | | 23.5 | | 1270 | | 276 | | 27 | | 360 | - | Duloksetini | | 0.8 | | 7.5 | | 240 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Etoperidoni | | 890 | | 20000 | | 52000 | | 3100 | | 35,000 + | | 38 | | 570 | | 85 | | 36 | | 2300 | - | Femoksetini | | 11 | | | 760 | 2050 | | 4200 | | 184 | | 650 | | 1970 | | 2285 | | 130 | | 590 | - | Fluoksetini | | 0.81 | | 240 | | 3600 | | 5400 | | 590 | | 3800 | | 13900 | | 32400 | | 280 | | 12000 | - | Fluvoksamini | | 0.81 | | 240 | | 3600 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Imipramini | | 1.4 | | 37 | | 8500 | | 37 | | 46 | | 32 | | 3100 | | 5800 | | 150 | | 620 | - | Lofepramini | | 70 | | 5.4 | | 18000 | | 360 | | 67 | | 100 | | 2700 | | 4600 | | 200 | | 2000 | - | Maprotilini | | 5800 | | 11.1 | | 1000 | | 2 | | 570 | | 90 | | 9400 | |? | |? | |? | - | | Mazindoli | 100 | | 1.4 | | 11 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Mianserini | | 4000 | | 71 | | 9400 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Milnasiprani | | 123 | | 200 | | 10,000 + | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Mirtazapini | | 1500 + | | ~ 1250 | | 1500 + | | 1 ~ | | ~ 1000 | | 500 ~ | | 100 ~ | | 1500 + | | 10 ~ | | 1,500 + | - | Nefazodoni | | 200 | | 360 | | 360 | | 24000 | | 11000 | | 48 | | 640 | | 80 | | 26 | | 910 | - | Nisoksetini | | 383 | | 5.1 | | 477 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Nomifensini | | 1010 | | 15.6 | | 56 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Nortriptailini | | 18 | | 4.37 | | 1140 | | 6.3 | | 37 | | 55 | | 2030 | | 294 | | 41 | | 2570 | - | Oksaprotilini | | 3900 | | 4.9 | | 4340 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Paroksetini | | 0.13 | | 40 | | 490 | | 22000 | | 108 | | 4600 | | 17000 | | 35,000 + | | 19000 | | 32000 | - | Protriptailini | | 19.6 | | 1.41 | | 2100 | | 25 | | 25 | | 130 | | 6600 | |? | |? | |? | - | Reboksetini | | 720 | | 11 | | 10,000 + | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Satralini | | 0.29 | | 420 | | 25 | | 24000 | | 630 | | 380 | | 4100 | | 35,000 + | | 9900 | | 10700 | - | Trazodoni | | 160 | | 8500 | | 7400 | | 1100 | | 35,000 + | | 42 | | 320 | | 96 | | 25.0 | | 35,000 + | - | Trimipramini | | 149 | | 2450 | | 3780 | | 0.27 | | 58 | | 24 | | 680 | |? | |? | |? | - | Venlafaksini | | 82 | | 2480 | | 7647 | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | | 35,000 + | - | Viloksazini | | 17300 | | 155 | | 100,000 + | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | - | Zimelidini | | 152 | | 9400 | | 11700 | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? | |? |) --> Nambari zilizo hapo juu zimeandikwa kama nambari zisizobadilika za ulinganifu tenganishi. Unapaswa kukumbuka kuwa kidogo ni zaidi. SERT, NET, na DAT zinalingana na uwezo wa michanganyiko wa kuzuia ufyonyaji upya wa serotonini, norepinefrini, na dopamini, mtawalia. Hizo thamani zingine zinalingana na mvuto wao kwa vipokezi mbalimbali. === Kuzuia uvimbe na kuathiri kinga ya mwili === Utafiti wa karibuni unaonyesha kuwa michakato ya saikotini inayosababisha uvimbe hutendeka wakati wa mfadhaiko wa kimawazo, wazimu, na maradhi ya hisia mseto, na inawezekana kuwa dalili ya hali hizi hupunguzwa na athari za dawa ya dawamfadhaiko kwenye mfumo wa kinga. <ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=SM|year=2006|month=Februari|title=Cytokine profiles in bipolar affective disorder: focus on acutely ill patients|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=90|issue=2-3|pages=263–7|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=16410025|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.015|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Scully|first2=P|last3=Scott|first3=LV|last4=Dinan|first4=TG}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Obuchowicz|first=E|year=2005|month=Sep-OCt|title=Antidepressants and cytokines--clinical and experimental studies|journal=Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr Pol|volume=39|issue=5|pages=921–36|pmid=16358592|oclc=11190611|language=Polish|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Marcinowska|first2=A|last3=Herman|first3=ZS}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hong|first=C-J|year=2005|month=Novemba|title=Interleukin-6 Genetic Polymorphism and Chinese Major Depression|journal=Neuropsychobiology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=202–5|publisher=Karger AG|location=Basel|pmid=16244501|doi=10.1159/000089003|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Yu|first2=YW|last3=Chen|first3=TJ|last4=Tsai|first4=SJ}}</ref> <ref name="Elen">{{cite journal|last=Elenkov|first=IJ|year=2005|month=Septemba|title=Cytokine dysregulation, inflammation and well-being|journal=NeuroImmunoModulation|volume=12|issue=5|pages=225–69|publisher=Karger AG|location=Basel|pmid=16166805|doi=10.1159/000087104|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Iezzoni|first2=DG|last3=Daly|first3=A|last4=Harris|first4=AG|last5=Chrousos|first5=GP}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kubera|first=M|date=30 Aprili 2005|title=Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6|journal=Psychiatry Research|volume=134|issue=3|pages=251–8|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=15892984|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.014|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Maes|first2=M|last3=Kenis|first3=G|last4=Kim|first4=YK|last5=Lasoń|first5=W}}</ref> Tafiti pia zimeonyesha kuwa utoaji wa kuselelea wa homoni za dhiki kutokana na ugonjwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maambukizi ya viungo au dalili za kingamwilinafsi, unaweza kupunguza athari za nyurotransmita au vipokezi vingine katika ubongo kupitia njia zilizopatanishwa na seli zinazosababisha uvimbe, na hivyo kusababisha ya udibiti mbaya wa homoni za mfumo wa neva. <ref name="Elen" /> SSRIs, SNRIs na dawamfadhaiko{/3 aina ya {2}tricyclic zinazotenda kazi kwenye vipokezi vya serotonini, norepinefrini na dopamini vimetambuliwa kuwa dhahiri kuwa za kuathiri kinga ya mwili na kuzuia uvimbe dhidi ya michakato ya [[saitokini]], hasa kwa udhibiti wa [[Intaferoni ya gama]] (IFN-gamma) na [[Intaleukini-10]] (IL-10), pamoja na [[TNF-alfa]] na [[Intaleukini-6]] (IL-6). Imetambulika pia kuwa dawamfadhaiko huzuia kuongezeka kwa kasi ya mfumo wa TH1. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Diamond|first=M|year=2006|month=Oktoba|title=Antidepressants suppress production of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma, independent of monoamine transporter blockade|journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=16|issue=7|pages=481–90|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=16388933|doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.011|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Kelly|first2=JP|last3=Connor|first3=TJ}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kubera|first=M|year=2001|month=Aprili|title=Anti-Inflammatory effects of antidepressants through suppression of the interferon-gamma/interleukin-10 production ratio|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=199–206|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pmid=11270917|doi=10.1097/00004714-200104000-00012|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Lin|first2=AH|last3=Kenis|first3=G|last4=Bosmans|first4=E|last5=Van Bockstaele|first5=D|last6=Maes|first6=M}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Maes|first=M|year=2001|month=Januari|title=The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants|journal=Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental|volume=16|issue=1|pages=95–103|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|pmid=12404604|doi=10.1002/hup.191|accessdate=2009-05-29}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Maes|first=M|year=2005|month=Machi|title=The negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine in relation to the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=5|issue=3|pages=609–18|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=15683856|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.008|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Kenis|first2=G|last3=Kubera|first3=M|last4=De Baets|first4=M|last5=Steinbusch|first5=H|last6=Bosmans|first6=E}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Brustolim D|first=D|year=2006|month=Juni|title=A new chapter opens in anti-inflammatory treatments: the antidepressant bupropion lowers production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in mice|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=6|issue=6|pages=903–7|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=16644475|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2005.12.007|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos|first2=R|last3=Kast|first3=RE|last4=Altschuler|first4=EL|last5=Soares|first5=MB}}</ref> Dawamfadhaiko, hasa TCAs na SNRIs (mchanganyiko wa SSRIna NRI), pia zimeonyesha tabia za kutuliza maumivu. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Moulin|first=DE|year=2007|month=Spring|title=Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society|journal=Pain Research & Management|volume=12|issue=1|pages=13–21|publisher=Pulsus Group|pmid=17372630|pmc=2670721|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Clark|first2=AJ|last3=Gilron|first3=I|last4=Ware|first4=MA|last5=Watson|first5=CP|last6=Sessle|first6=BJ|last7=Coderre|first7=T|last8=Morley-Forster|first8=PK|last9=Stinson|first9=J}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=CK|year=2006|month=Desemba|title=Analgesic effects of serotonergic, noradrenergic or dual reuptake inhibitors in the carrageenan test in rats: Evidence for synergism between serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibition|journal=Neuropharmacology|volume=51|issue=7-8|pages=1172–1180|publisher=Elsevier|pmid=17045620|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.08.005|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Eastwood|first2=BJ|last3=Need|first3=AB|last4=Shannon|first4=HE}}</ref> Tafiti hizi zinatoa kibali cha kuchunguza dawamfadhaiko kwa matumizi kwa magonjwa ya akili na yale yasiyo ya akili na kuwa huenda mkabala wa mwingiliano kati ya michakato ya kisaikolojia na mifumo ya neva na kinga utahitajika ili kufikia upeo wa kutibu magonjwa kwa dawa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kulmatycki|first=KM|year=2006|month=Oktoba|title=Drug disease interactions: role of inflammatory mediators in depression and variability in antidepressant drug response|journal=Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=9|issue=3|pages=292–306|publisher=Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences|pmid=17207413|url=http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_3/Kulmatycki/Kul_Jam.htm|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Jamali|first2=F}}</ref> Huenda dawamfadhaiko za baadaye zitaundwa ili kulenga hasa mfumo wa kinga iwe kwa kuzuia utendaji wa saikotini zinazosababisha uvimbe au kwa kuongeza uzalishaji wa saikotini zinazozuia uvimbe. <ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=SM|year=2004|month=Agosti|title=Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment|journal=Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental|volume=19|issue=6|pages=397–403|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|pmid=15303243|doi=10.1002/hup.609|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Scott|first2=LV|last3=Dinan|first3=TG}}</ref> == Ufanifu wa matibabu == Utafiti mwingi umefanywa ili kutathmini uwezekano wa athari za matibabu za dawamfadhaiko, iwe ni kupitia uchunguzi wa utendakazi katika hali ya majaribio (ikiwa ni pamoja na utafiti wa kiafya bila utaratibu maalumu) au kupitia uchunguzi wa ufanisi katika "hali halisi." ''Mwitikio'' unaofaa kwa dawa mara nyingi hufafanuliwa kama kupunguzwa kwa angalau 50% ya dalili zilizoripotiwa na mgonjwa binafsi au zinazoonekana, huku ''sehemu ya majibu'' ikifafanuliwa kama kupunguza angalau 25% ya dalili hizo. Neno ''kupungua'' linarejelea uondoaji wa kweli lakini usio bayana wa dalili za dawamfadhaiko, lakini wenye hatari ya ''kurudi'' kwa dalili au ''kuugua tena'' na ugonjwa wa mfadhaiko. Kupunguka kabisa au ''kupona'' kunaashiria kurudi kabisa kwa hali ya "kawaida" ya saikolojia ikiandamana na utendakazi kamili. === Ukaguzi wa tafiti === Ukaguzi wa tafiti za kimatibabu za hivi karibuni ni pamoja na: * Kulinganisha uhusiano wa utendakazi wa kategoria mbalimbali za dawamfadhaiko<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anderson IM |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-affective-disorders_2000-04_58_1/page/19 |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=19–36 |year=2000 |month=Aprili |pmid=10760555 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00092-0 }}</ref> katika mazingira tofauti <ref>MacGillivray, S., Arroll, B., Hatcher, S., Ogston, S., Reid, I., Sullivan, F., Williams, B., Crombie, I. (2003) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=154760 Utendakazi na uvumilivu wa vizuizi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini vinavyochagua ikilinganishwa na dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya tricyclic kwa mfadhaiko uliotibiwa katika unyogovu kutibiwa katika huduma: ukaguzi wa hatua kwa hatua na uchambuzi wa matokeo ya tafiti kadhaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130801115652/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=154760 |date=2013-08-01 }} ''BMJ.'' 10 Mei 326 (7397): 1014.</ref> na kwa aina mbalimbali za mfadhaiko<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4088/JCP.v62n0209 |author=Parker G, Roy K, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P |title=Assessing the comparative effectiveness of antidepressant therapies: a prospective clinical practice study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_2001-02_62_2/page/117 |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=117–25 |year=2001 |month=Februari |pmid=11247097 |doi_brokendate=2010-08-28 }}</ref> * Utathmini wa dawamfadhaiko ikilinganishwa na "kipozaungo hai" <ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" /> * Utathmini wa aina mpya zaidi za ya kategoria ya MAOI <ref> Lotufo-Neto, F., Trivedi, M., &amp; Thase, M.E (1999) [http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v20/n3/full/1395258a.html Uchambuzi wa matokeo ya tafiti kadhaa kuhusu ddI yanaweza kupunguzwa Inhibitors Aina ya Oxidase Monoamine A Moclobemide na Brofaromine kwa ajili ya matibabu ya unyogovu] ''Neuropsychopharmacology'' 20 226-247.10.1038</ref> * Uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio kadhaa ya St John's Wort<ref>{{cite journal |author=Linde K, Mulrow CD, Berner M, Egger M |title=St John's wort for depression |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD000448 |year=2005 |pmid=15846605 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub2 }}</ref> yaliyochaguliwa bila utaratibu maalumu * Ukaguzi wa matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko kwa kutibu mfadhaiko kwa watoto<ref> Jureidini JN, CJ Doecke, Mansfield PR, Haby MM, Menkes DB, AL Tonkin. (2004) [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7444/879?ijkey=4f893b9f91cb92fde9abb867c1dd21fb35b7b9d3&amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Utendakazi na usalama wa dawamfadhaiko kwa watoto na vijana.] BMJ. 2004 10 Aprili, 328 (7444) :879-83.</ref> <ref> Lakhan SE, Hagger-Johnson G. [http://www.cpementalhealth.com/content/3/1/21 Matokeo ya maagizo ya vitatiza akili kwa vijana]. ''Mazoezi ya kimatibabu na Epidemolojia katika Uzima wa Akili'' 2007; 3 (21).</ref> *Ukaguzi wa majaribio yote kuhusu dawamfadhaiko yaliyowasilishwa kwa Usimamizi wa Vyakula na Dawa nchini Marekani (FDA) kutoka mwaka wa 1987 hadi 2004 umeonyesha kuwa karibu nusu ya majaribio hayo yalishindwa kuonyesha faida yoyote ikilinganishwa na kipozaungo. Matokeo yote ya majaribio yaliyofanikiwa ila moja yalichapishwa katika majarida ya kisayansi, huku karibu majaribio yote yaliyofeli ama hayakuchapishwa au yalitolewa kwa njia ya kuwapotosha watu kama matokeo chanya (ikilinganishwa na tathmini ya FDA ya data hiyo). Jambo hili lilitokea kwa kuwa ingawa uchunguzi unahitajika kabla ya kupata idhini ya kimatibabu, uchunguzi unaoonyesha matokeo mengi si lazima yachapishwe au (kama yakichapishwa) yapewe kipaumbele sawa. Kwa hivyo, ingawa vitabu vya utafiti vilionyesha kwamba asilimia 94 ya majaribio yalikuwa na matokeo mazuri, katika data halisi iliyowasilishwa kwa Usimamizi wa Vyakula na Dawa, ni asilimia 51 pekee iliyokuwa na matokeo mazuri. Upendeleo huu katika uchapishaji ulipandisha athari dhairi ya takwimu za kila dawamfadhaiko iliyochunguzwa kwa kati ya 11% na 69%. <ref name="Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R 2008 252–60" /> * Uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio kadhaa uliofanywa na watafiti kutoka Uingereza, Marekani na Kanada na kuchapishwa mwaka wa 2008 ulitafiti majaribio ya madawa yaliyodhaminiwa na kampuni za dawa ili kutambua dawamfadhaiko sita kuu za kizazi kipya zilizoagizwa zaidi na kuwasilishwa kwa idhini ya FDA kati ya mwaka wa 1987 na 1999. Matokeo, kulingana na uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio ya awali, yalionyesha kuwa tofauti katika utendakazi kati ya dawamfadhaiko na kipozaungo ulikuwa mdogo, lakini kuwa uliongezeka kutoka kiwango cha kutokuwa na tofauti hadi kiwango cha wastani cha mfadhaiko wa hadi tofauti ndogo kwa wagonjwa wenye mfadhaiko mkali. Tofauti hii ilifikia kigezo cha kawaida cha matibabu kwa wagonjwa waliokuwa upande wa juu wa kategoria ya walioathirika zaidi na mfadhaiko, kutokana na kupungua kwa utendakazi wa kipozaungo. <ref name="pmid18303940">{{cite journal |author=Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT |title=Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e45 |year=2008 |pmid=18303940 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 |pmc=2253608}}</ref> Utafiti ulienea katika vyombo vya habari katika baadhi ya nchi, lakini ulikosolewa na jamii ya wataalamu. <ref>[170] ^ K. Eisele, MD Je, dawamfadhaiko hufanya kazi? Ukaguzi wa mapitio. Tovuti ya Doctors Lounge. Inapatikana kwa: http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/articles/page/152 {{Wayback|url=http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/articles/page/152 |date=20100303180328 }}. Accessed 21 Septemba 2009.</ref> Eli Lilly na wenzake walijibu kwa kusisitiza kuwa utafiti haukuzingatia uchunguzi wa karibuni zaidi wa bidhaa yake, Prozac, na kuwa inajivunia tofauti iliyoletwa na Prozac kwa mamilioni ya watu. GlaxoSmithKline ilionya kuwa utafiti huu mmoja haupaswi kutumiwa kuwapa wasiwasi na kuwatisha wagonjwa. Wyeth alisema kuwa data hiyo ilitosha kwa FDA kuwapa idhini ya kutumia dawa hizo. <ref>Blue, L. (2008) [http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1717306,00.html Dawamfadhaiko hazisaidii pakubwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1717306,00.html |date=20110211013701 }} Time magazine, Jumanne 26 Februari</ref> Wataalamu wawili maarufu wa magonjwa ya akili/ wataalamu wa dawa, wenye uhusiano wa kifedha na kitaalamu na makampuni ya dawa, walisema kuwa majaribio ya muda mfupi hayafai katika kutathmini ufanisi, na kuwa yale ambayo hayajachapishwa ni duni zaidi. Pia walisema kuwa waandishi wa uchambuzi wa matokeo ya majaribio walitumia misingi ya kisaikolojia badala ya ile ya upimaji wa dawa, na kuwa vyombo vya habari na "vipengele vya jumuia ya kisayansi na tiba havijishughulishi na maswala kuhusu dawamfadhaiko" na kuwa vyombo vya habari havifahamu uzito wa ugonjwa wa mfadhaiko na badala yake vinawashutumu wanaougua kwa njia yenye misingi ya mitazamo ya kidini ya enzi za kati. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Nutt DJ, Malizia AL |title=Why does the world have such a 'down' on antidepressants? |journal=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=223–6 |year=2008 |month=Mei |pmid=18541622 |doi=10.1177/0269881108091877 }}</ref> *Makala katika The Washington Post ya tarehe 7 Mei 2002 yenye kichwa "Against Depression, a Sugar Pill Is Hard to Beat" yalisema kuwa "Uchambuzi mpya umetambua kuwa katika nyingi ya majaribio yaliofanywa na makampuni ya dawa katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, vidonge vya sukari vimeleta matokeo bora yaliyo sawa na -au wakati mwingine bora zaidi ya- dawamfadhaiko. Makampuni yamepaswa kufanya majaribio kadhaa ili yaweze kupata mbili ambazo zinaonyesha matokeo mazuri, jambo ambalo ni hitaji la msingi kwa kupata idhini ya Usimamizi wa Vyakula na Dawa. Isitoshe, vidonge vya sukari, vipozaungo, kusababisha mabadiliko makubwa katika maeneo yaleyale ya ubongo yaliyoathirika na dawa, kulingana na utafiti iliochapishwa wiki iliyopita ... ya watengenezaji wa Prozac walipaswa kufanya majaribio matano ili kupata mawili chanya, na watengenezaji wa Paxil na Zoloft walipaswa hata kufanya majaribio mengi zaidi ... Leuchter alipolinganisha mabadiliko kwenye bongo za wagonjwa waliopewa vipozaungo, alishangaa kutambua kuwa wengi wao walikuwa na mabadiliko katika sehemu sawa za ubongo zinazodhaniwa kuwa hudhibiti vijisehemu muhimu vya hisia ... Baada ya jaribio hilo kuisha na wagonjwa waliopewa vipozaungo kufahamishwa, hali yao ilizorota mara kwa haraka. Imani ya watu kwa nguvu za dawamfadhaiko inaweza kueleza sababu za wagonjwa kufanya vizuri wakipewa vipozaungo... " <ref>[http://www.chelationtherapyonline.com/technical/p58.htm Dhidi ya Mfadhaiko, ni vigumu kushindana na kidonge cha sukari] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chelationtherapyonline.com/technical/p58.htm |date=20100925021110 }} , The Washington Post, 7 Mei 2002</ref> === Miongozo ya matibabu === Mwongozo wa mwaka wa 2000 wa Ushirikiano wa Marekani wa kuchunguza magonjwa ya akili wa kutibu wagonjwa wenye mfadhaiko mkuu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2605&nbr=1831 |title=Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder |publisher=Guidelines.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028165751/http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2605&nbr=1831 |archivedate=2008-10-28 |https://web.archive.org/web/20081028165751/http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2605&nbr=1831 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028165751/http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2605&nbr=1831 }}</ref> unaonyesha kuwa ikipendelewa zaidi na mgonjwa, dawamfadhaiko inaweza kutolewa kama matibabu msingi ya awali kwa ugonjwa wa mfadhaiko mkuu wa kiwango cha chini; dawamfadhaiko inapaswa kutumika tu kwa viwango wastani hadi vikuu vya mfadhaiko isipokuwa kama matibabu ya mtukutiko meme yamepangwa; na mchanganyiko wa dawa za kuzuia magonjwa ya akili na dawamfadhaiko au ya ya mtukutiko meme zinafaa kutumika kwa kutibu mfadhaiko wa kichaa. Inasema kuwa utendakazi unaweza kulinganishwa kwa ujumla kati ya kategoria na ndani ya kategoria na kuwa uteuzi wa awali utategemea pakubwa msingi ya athari zinazotarajiwa kwa mgonjwa binafsi, mapendeleo ya mgonjwa, wingi na ubora wa data ya utafiti wa kiafya kuhusu dawa, na gharama yake. Miongozo ya mwaka wa 2004 wa Taasisi ya Taifa ya Ubora wa Matibabu nchini Uingereza (NICE) inaonyesha kuwa dawamfadhaiko hazipaswi kutumiwa kwa matibabu ya awali ya mfadhaiko wa kiwango cha chini, kwa kuwa uwiano kati ya hatari na manufaa ni wa chini; kwa ule wa mfadhaiko wa kiwango cha wastani hadi kali, dawa aina ya SSRI ina uwezekano mkuu zaidi wa kuvumiliwa kuliko ile ya tricyclic; na kuwa dawamfadhaiko za mfadhaiko mkuu zinafaa kujumuishwa na matibabu ya kisaikolojia kama vile Tiba ya Utambuzi wa Kitabia. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG23 |title=Depression |publisher=Nice.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> === Upungufu wa ufanifu na mikakati === Kati ya 30% na 50% ya watu waliotibiwa na dawamfadhaiko maalumu hawaonyeshi mwitikio kwa dawa. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Baghai TC, Möller HJ, Rupprecht R |title=Recent progress in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options of major depression |journal=Curr. Pharm. Des. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=503–15 |year=2006 |pmid=16472142 |doi=10.2174/138161206775474422 }}</ref> <ref name="SSRIswitch">{{cite journal |author=Ruhé HG, Huyser J, Swinkels JA, Schene AH |title=Switching antidepressants after a first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in major depressive disorder: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_2006-12_67_12/page/1836 |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=1836–55 |year=2006 |month=Desemba |pmid=17194261 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v67n1203 }}</ref> Hata pale ambapo kumekuwa na mwitikio mzuri, ni kawaida kupata kuwa mfadhaiko na utendakazi mbaya huendelea, na viwango vya kuugua tena ni vya juu kwa kati ya mara 3 hadi 6 zaidi katika matukio hayo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tranter R, O'Donovan C, Chandarana P, Kennedy S |title=Prevalence and outcome of partial remission in depression |journal=J Psychiatry Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=241–7 |year=2002 |month=Julai |pmid=12174733 |pmc=161658 }}</ref> Aidha, dawamfadhaiko huelekea kupoteza utendakazi katika kipindi cha matibabu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Byrne SE, Rothschild AJ |title=Loss of antidepressant efficacy during maintenance therapy: possible mechanisms and treatments |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_1998-06_59_6/page/279 |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=279–88 |year=1998 |month=Juni |pmid=9671339 }}</ref> Idadi kubwa ya mikakati hutumika katika matibabu ili kujaribu kushinda vikomo na tofauti hizi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Kizilbash L, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M |title=Strategies for managing depression refractory to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment: a survey of clinicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_2000-06_45_5/page/476 |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=476–81 |year=2000 |month=Juni |pmid=10900529 }}</ref> ==== Ubadilishaji wa kubahatisha ==== Mwongozo wa mwaka wa 2000 wa Ushirikiano wa Marekani wa kuchunguza magonjwa ya akili unashauri kuwa pale ambapo hakuna mwitikio baada ya kati ya wiki sita na nane ya matibabu kwa kutumia dawamfadhaiko maalumu, unafaa kubadili dawa na utumie dawamfadhaiko nyingine katika kategoria hiyo, kisha baadaye utumie dawamfadhaiko kutoka kategoria tofauti. Ukaguzi wa matokeo ya majaribio ya hivi karibuni ulitambua tofauti kubwa katika matokeo ya tafiti za awali; kwa wagonjwa waliokosa kutibiwa na dawamfadhaiko aina ya SSRI, kati ya 12% na 86% walionyesha mwitikio kwa dawa mpya, huku kati ya 5% na 39% wakisimamisha matibabu kutokana na athari mbaya. Mgonjwa ambaye tayari amejaribu aina kadhaa za dawamfadhaiko ana uwezekano mdogo zaidi wa kunufaika kutokana na jaribio jipya la dawamfadhaiko. <ref name="SSRIswitch"/> ==== Ukuzaji na uambatanishaji ==== Kuhusu mwitikio wa kiasi, miongozo ya Ushirikiano wa Marekani kuhusu magonjwa ya akili inashauri kuongeza aina mbalimbali za vikolezo vya dawa kwenye dawamfadhaiko. Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa wagonjwa wengi hushindwa kufikia kiwango cha kupunguza tibamfadhiko, na mikakati ya kuongeza inayotimika katika matibabu ni pamoja na matumizi ya [[Lithi|lithiamu]] na kuongezwa kwa homoni ya kikoromeo, lakini hakuna misingi bora ya ushahidi kwa mbinu hizi au kwa mikakati mipya zaidi kama vile kutumia antagonisti za dopamini, steroidi za ngono, NRI, vikolezo maalum vya glukokotikoidi, au vizuiakifafa <ref name="augment">{{cite journal |author=DeBattista C, Lembke A |title=Update on augmentation of antidepressant response in resistant depression |journal=Curr Psychiatry Rep |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=435–40 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16318821 |doi=10.1007/s11920-005-0064-x }}</ref> Mkakati wa kuchanganya unahusisha kuongeza dawamfadhaiko moja au zaidi ya ziada, kwa kawaida kutoka kategoria tofauti ili kuleta athari mbalimbali kwenye mfumo wa neva. Ingawa hili linaweza kutumika katika matibabu, kuna ushahidi mdogo kuhusu uhusiano wa utendakazi au athari mbaya za mkakati huu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Lam RW, Wan DD, Cohen NL, Kennedy SH |title=Combining antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression: a review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_2002-08_63_8/page/685 |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=685–93 |year=2002 |month=Agosti |pmid=12197448 }}</ref> ==== Matumizi ya muda mrefu ==== Athari za matibabu ya dawamfadhaiko kwa kawaida hayaendelei kufanya kazi mara tu madawa yanapokomeshwa, na hivyo kusababisha kiwango cha juu cha kuugua tena. Uchambuzi wa karibuni wa matokeo ya majaribio 31 ya dawamfadhaiko yaliyodhibitiwa na vipozaungo, hasa yanayohusu utafiti uliofanywa kwa kipindi cha mwaka mmoja, yalionyesha 18% ya wagonjwa walioitikia dawamfadhaiko waliugua tena wakiwa wangali wanyatumia, ikilinganishwa na 41% ambao tiba zao zilibadilishwa na kupewa vipozaungo. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C |title=Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-02-22_361_9358/page/652 |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9358 |pages=653–61 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12606176 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12599-8 }}</ref> Miongozo ya Ushirikiano wa Marekani kuhusu magonjwa ya akili inashauri kuendelezwa kwa matibabu ya dawamfadhaiko kwa kati ya miezi nne hadi sita kufuatia kumalizika kwa dalili. Kwa wagonjwa wenye historia ya matukio ya mfadhaiko, Miongozo ya Shirika la Uingereza la taaluma ya athari za dawa za magonjwa ya akili ya mwaka wa 2000 ya kutibu magonjwa ya mfadhaiko kwa kutumia dawamfadhaiko yanashauri mgonjwa aendelee kutumia dawamfadhaiko kwa angalau miezi sita na kwa muda wa hadi miaka mitano au milele. Iwapo mtu ataugua tena au la baada ya kuacha kutumia dawamfadhaiko haionekani kuhusiana na muda wa matibabu ya awali, hata hivyo, na kupotezwa polepole kwa faida za matibabu pia hutokea wakati huo huo. Mkakati unaohusisha kutibu magonjwa kwa dawa kwa kutibu magonjwa makali, ukifuatiwa na matibabu ya kisaikolojia katika awamu ya mabaki, yamependekezwa na tafiti fulani. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Fava GA, Park SK, Sonino N |title=Treatment of recurrent depression |journal=Expert Rev Neurother |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=1735–40 |year=2006 |month=Novemba |pmid=17144786 |doi=10.1586/14737175.6.11.1735 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Petersen TJ |title=Enhancing the efficacy of antidepressants with psychotherapy |journal=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=20 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=19–28 |year=2006 |month=Mei |pmid=16644768 |doi=10.1177/1359786806064314 }}</ref> === Kutofaulu kwa matibabu === Takriban 30% ya wagonjwa hupungukiwa na mfadhaiko baada ya kutumia dawa. <ref name="pmid16390886">{{cite journal |author=Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR |title=Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2006-01_163_1/page/28 |journal=The American journal of psychiatry |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=28–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16390886 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28}}</ref> Kwa wagonjwa wasio na mwitikio wa kutosha, ama kuendelea kuongeza bupropioni (awali {{nowrap|200 mg}} ichukuliwe {{nowrap|100 mg}} kila siku na baadaye kuongezwa hadi jumla ya {{nowrap|400 mg}} kwa siku) au buspironi (hadi {{nowrap|60 mg}} kwa siku) ya kuongezwa kama dawa ya pili inaweza kusababisha kupunguka kwa karibu 30% ya wagonjwa, <ref name="pmid16554526">{{cite journal |author=Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR |title=Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-03-23_354_12/page/n55 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=12 |pages=1243–52 |year=2006 |pmid=16554526 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052964}}</ref> huku kubadilisha madawa kunaweza kupunguza mfadhaiko kwa karibu 25% ya wagonjwa. <ref name="pmid16554525">{{cite journal |author=Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR |title=Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-03-23_354_12/page/n43 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=12 |pages=1231–42 |year=2006 |pmid=16554525 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052963}}</ref> ==== Kwa sababu ya mimba ==== Hakuna uhakika ikiwa mimba huchangia kutofaulu kwa dawa, kwa kuwa ripoti ya pekee hadi sasa imekumbwa na utata mwingi: Katika mwaka wa 2006, utafiti maarufu sana uliochapishwa katika jarida la ''Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)'' ulipinga dhana kuwa mabadiliko ya homoni wakati wa ujauzito huwalindwa mama wajawazito dhidi ya mfadhaiko, na kutambua kuwa kutoendelea na matibabu dhidi ya mfadhaiko wakati wa ujauzito husababisha zaidi kuugua tena. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Cohen, MD | first =Lee S. | title = Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume =295 | issue = 5 | pages = 499–507 | publisher = American Medical Association | date= 1 Februari 2006 | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/295/5/499 | accessdate = 2007-06-14 | doi = 10.1001/jama.295.5.499 | pmid = 16449615 | last2 = Altshuler | first2 = LL | last3 = Harlow | first3 = BL | last4 = Nonacs | first4 = R | last5 = Newport | first5 = DJ | last6 = Viguera | first6 = AC | last7 = Suri | first7 = R | last8 = Burt | first8 = VK | last9 = Hendrick | first9 = V}}</ref> Makala ya ''JAMA'' hayakufichua kuwa baadhi ya waandishi walikuwa na uhusiano wa kifedha na makampuni ya dawa yanayotengezeza dawamfadhaiko. ''JAMA'' baadaye ilichapisha makala rekebishi ili kubainisha uhusiano huo <ref>{{cite journal | title = Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment—Correction | journal = JAMA | volume = 296 | issue = 2 | page = 170 | date = 12 Julai 2006 | url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/jama;296/2/170 | accessdate = 2007-06-14 | doi = 10.1001/jama.296.2.170 | archive-date = 2007-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122051/http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/jama%3B296/2/170 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> na waandishi walisisitiza kuwa mahusiano hayo hayaathiri kwa vyovyote kazi yao ya utafiti. Daktari wa uzazi na afya ya mama na mtoto Adam Urato aliliambia jarida la ''Wall Street'' kuwa wagonjwa na wataalamu wa matibabu wanahitaji ushauri bila ushawishi wa viwanda. <ref>David Armstrong, "Mwingiliano wa Madawa: Mahusiano ya kifedha na Viwanda yanazingira utafiti mkuu kuhusu mfadhaiko kuhusu: Ikiwa ni salama kwa wanawake wajawazito kuendelea kutumia madawa - JAMA inawauliza Waandishi waeleze zaidi." Wall Street Journal. 11 Julai 2006 ( [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06192/705022-114.stm nakala] {{Wayback|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06192/705022-114.stm |date=20111125085721 }} iliyochapishwa kwenye post gazette.com-)</ref> == Dalili za kuacha matumizi == Dawa ya SSRI ikimomeshwa ghafla, inaweza kusababisha dalili za kuacha za kimwili na za kisaikolojia, jambo linalojulikana kama "Dalili za kuacha za SSRI" (Tamam & Ozpoyraz, 2002). Wakati uamuzi wa kuacha kutumia dawamfadhaiko unapofanywa, ni jambo la kawaida "kujiachisha" kwa kupunguza kipimo polepole kwa muda wa wiki kadhaa. Kesi nyingi za dalili za kuachishwa huendelea kwa kati ya wiki mmoja na nne. Uteuzi wa dawamfadhaiko na kipimo kinachofaa kwa tukio fulani na mtu fulani ni mchakato mrefu na wenye utata, unaohitaji maarifa ya mtaalamu. Baadhi ya dawamfadhaiko yanaweza kutibua mfadhaiko katika siku za awali, yanaweza kusababisha wasiwasi, au wanaweza kumfanya mgonjwa awe na fujo, dhiki au ahisi sana kujiua. Katika matukio chache, dawamfadhaiko inaweza kusababisha kubadilika kutoka mfadhaiko hadi wazimu au haipomania. == Athari == Dawamfadhaiko mara nyingi husababisha athari mbaya, na ugumu wa kuvumilia athari hizi ndiyo sababu kuu ya kutoendelea na dawa yenye ufanisi mkuu. Athari za SSRIs ni pamoja na: kichefuchefu, kuendesha, fadhaa, kuumwa na kichwa. Athari kwa ngono pia ni kawaida kwa SSRI, kama vile kupotea kwa hamu ya kufanya mapenzi, kushindwa kufikia mshindo na shida ya kusimika. Dalili za ugonjwa wa serotonini pia ni hali inayoleta wasiwasi inayohusishwa na matumizi ya SSRI. Usimamizi wa Vyakula na Dawa unahitaji SSRI zote ziweke onyo la Pakiti Nyeusi (Black Box), inayosema kuwa zinaongeza mara dufu kiwango cha kujiua (kutoka 2 kati ya 1000 hadi 4 kati ya 1000) kwa watoto na vijana. <ref>{{cite journal | last = Lenzer | first = Jeanne | title = Antidepressants double suicidality in children, says FDA | journal = BMJ | volume = 332 | page = 626 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7542/626-c | doi = 10.1136/bmj.332.7542.626-c | accessdate = 2008-04-14}}</ref> Hatari iliyoongezeka kwa kutaka kujiua na tabia ya kujiua kati ya watu wazima chini ya umri wa miaka 25 ambayo yanaonekana kwa kuonekana kwa watoto na vijana. <ref> BMJ: [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/339/aug11_2/b2880?maxtoshow=&amp;HITS=10&amp;hits=10&amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;fulltext=suicide&amp;searchid=1&amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;sortspec=date&amp;resourcetype=HWCIT Hatari ya kujiua katika majaribio ya kliniki ya dawamfadhaiko kwa watu wazima] . 11 Agosti 2009.</ref> Madhara ya TCAs (dawamfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki): Athari zinazojitokeza sana ni pamoja na kinywa kikavu, kiwaa, kusinzia, kizunguzungu, kutetemeka, matatizo ya ngono, ugonjwa wa ngozi, na kupata uzito au hasara. Madhara ya MAOI (vizuizi vya oksidesi ya monoamini): Athari zisizo za kawaida za MAOIs kama fenilzini (Nardil) na tranilsaipromini (Parnate) ni pamoja na homa ya manjano, mshtuko wa moyo, [[Kiharusi|kiharusi]], na kifafa. Ugonjwa wa serotonini ni athari ya MAOIs ukiwekwa pamoja na madawa fulani. === Kujiua === Wagonjwa wa mfadhaiko ndio wenye hatari kubwa zaidi ya [[Jiua|kujiua]] mara tu baada ya kuanza kwa matibabu, kwa kuwa dawamfadhaiko zinaweza kupunguza dalili za mfadhaiko kama vile kudumaa kwa mwendo kunakohusishwa na michakato ya akili au ukosefu wa motisha kabla ya halihisi ya moyo kuanza kuwa bora. Ingawa jambo hili linaonekana kuwa kweli kinzani, uchunguzi unaonyesha kuwa uundaji wa mawazo ya kujiua ni kawaida wakati wa kuanza matibabu kwa dawamfadhaiko, na huenda likawa jambo la kawaida kwa wagonjwa wenye umri mdogo zaidi kama vile watoto walio karibu kubalehe na vijana. Watengenezaji wa madawa na madaktari mara nyingi huwapendekeza familia na wapendwa kufuatilia tabia ya mgonjwa mdogo kwa ishara zozote za mawazo ya kujiua au tabia, hasa katika kipindi cha wiki nane za kwanza za matibabu. Kabla ya onyo za pakiti nyeusi kwa madawa haya kutolewa na FDA na mashirika yaliyo sawa katika mataifa mengine, athari na kuzionya familia kuhusu hatari zilipuuzwa na kuchukuliwa kwa urahisi sana na watengenezaji wa madawa na wauguzi. Huenda jambo hili lilisababisha vifo kadhaa kupitia kujiua ingawa ushahidi wa moja kwa moja unaohusiana na matukio hayo hauna misingi dhabiti ya kisheria. Kuongezeka kwa taarifa kuhusu mawazo ya kujiua katika tafiti kadhaa kumevuta nadhari na kuibua uangalifu zaidi kuhusu namna ambavyo dawa hizi zinavyotumika. Watu wenye umri ulio chini ya miaka 24 wanaougua kutokana na mfadhaiko wanatahadharishwa kuwa matumizi ya dawamfadhaiko huenda yakaongeza hatari ya fikira na tabia ya kujiua. Maafisa wa afya ya ushirikisho walifungua [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023930/http://www.ecanadanow.com/science/health/2006/12/13/fda-antidepressants-increase-suicidal-risk-for -young-adults/proposed changes] kwenye maandiko juu ya madawa ya dawamfadhaiko mnamo Desemba 2006 ili kuwaonya watu kuhusu hatari hii. FDA inasema kuwa Paxil inafaa kuepukwa kwa watoto na vijana na kuwa katika matukio ya matibabu ambapo watoto wanaugua kutokana na mfadhaiko, dawamfadhaiko inayopaswa kutumika ni Prozac. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://antidepressantseffects.com/depression/|title=Depression Antidepressants in Teenagers and Children|date=|accessdate=2010-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520234355/http://antidepressantseffects.com/depression/|archivedate=2013-05-20}}</ref> Tarehe 6 Septemba 2007, na Vituo vya Kdhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa viliripoti kuwa kiwango cha kujiua kati ya vijana nchini Marekani, (hasa wasichana, wenye umri wa kati ya miaka 10-24), kiliongezeka kwa 8% (mwaka wa 2003 hadi 2004), ongezeko kubwa zaidi katika muda wa miaka 15, <ref name="NYTimes"> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/health/07suicide.html Visa vya kujiua vinaongezeka kati ya Vijana; Mjadala kuhusu dawamfadhaiko unaendelea] , Carey Benedict, New York Times, 7 Septemba 2007</ref> hadi kesi 4599 za kuiua kwa Waamerika wenye umri wa miaka 10 hadi 24 mwaka wa 2004, kutoka 4,232 mwaka wa 2003, hivyo kuifanya kiwango cha kujiua kiwe 7.32 kwa kila watu 100,000 wenye umri huo. Awali kiwango hicho kilikuwa kimeshuka hadi 6.78 kwa kila watu 100,000 katika mwaka wa 2003 kutoka 9.48 kwa kila watu 100,000 katika mwaka wa 1990. Baadhi ya wataalamu wa magonjwa ya akili wametambua kuwa ongezeko hili linatokana na kushuka kwa idadi ya maagizo ya dawamfadhaiko kama vile Prozac kwa vijana tangu mwaka wa 2003, na visa vingi zaidi vya mfadhaiko vimebaki bila kutibiwa. Katika utafiti wa Desemba 2006, jarida la The American Journal of Psychiatry lilisema kuwa kupungua kwa maagizo ya dawamfadhaiko kwa watoto kwa pointi chache tu za asilimia kulilingana na ongezeko la asilimia 14 ya waliojiua nchini Marekani; nchini [[Uholanzi]], kiwango cha kujiua kilipanda kwa 50% baada ya kupunguzwa kwa maagizo ya dawamfadhaiko. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Simon GE, Savarino J, Operskalski B, Wang PS |title=Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2006-01_163_1/page/41 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=41–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16390887 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.41}}</ref> Wahakiki kadhaa wa utafiti huu wanasema kuwa takwimu za kujiua za mwaka wa 2004 nchini Marekani zililinganishwa kwa njia sahili sana na mwaka uliopita, badala ya kuchunguza mabadiliko katika mwenendo kwa miaka kadhaa". <ref name="pmid18056248">{{cite journal |author=Jureidini J |title=The black box warning: decreased prescriptions and increased youth suicide? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-12_164_12/page/1907 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=12 |page=1907 |year=2007 |pmid=18056248 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091463}}</ref> Shida ya jitihada kama hizo za kuamua mwelekeo kwa kutumia pointi mbili tu za data (miaka ya 2003 na 2004) zimedhihirishwa zaidi kutokana na ukweli kwamba, kwa mujibu wa data mpya ya uambukizaji na udhibiti wa magonjwa, kiwango cha kujiua katika mwaka wa 2005 kwa watoto na vijana kilipungua licha ya kuzidi kupungua kwa maagizo ya SSRI. "Ni hatari kufanya uamuzi kutokana na uchambuzi mdogo na finyu ya visa vichache vya mwaka hadi mwaka vya kupanda na kushuka kwa maagizo ya dawamfadhaiko na kujiua. Njia moja nzuri inayohusu uambukizaji na udhibiti wa magonjwa ni kuchunguza uhusiano kati ya mienendo katika matumizi ya dawa za akili na kujiua kwa muda katika maeneo mengi madogo ya kijiografia. Hadi pale ambapo matokeo ya kina ya uchambuzi yatakapofahamika, ni jambo la busara kuhairisha maoni kuhusu athari za onyo la FDA kwa afya ya umma". <ref name="pmid18056247">{{cite journal |author=Olfson M, Shaffer D |title=SSRI Prescriptions and the Rate of Suicide |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-12_164_12/page/1907 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=12 |pages=1907–1908 |year=2007 |pmid=18056247 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091467}}</ref> <ref name="titleN C H S - Health E Stats - Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htm |title=N C H S - Health E Stats - Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2005 |accessdate=2007-12-12 |author=Kung HC, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=National Center for Health Statistics |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> Chunguzi za kufuatilia zilizofanywa baadaye zimeunga mkono nadharia tete kuwa dawa za dawamfadhaiko hupunguza hatari ya kujiua. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB |title=Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2007-04-18_297_15/page/n68 |journal=JAMA |volume=297 |issue=15 |pages=1683–96 |year=2007 |pmid=17440145 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.15.1683}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Beasley CM, Ball SG, Nilsson ME |title=Fluoxetine and Adult Suicidality Revisited: An Updated Meta-Analysis Using Expanded Data Sources From Placebo-Controlled Trials |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychopharmacology_2007-12_27_6/page/682 |journal=J Clin Psychopharmacol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=682–686 |year=2007 |pmid=18004137 |doi=10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815abf21 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, uamuzi kuwa kushuka kwa kiwango cha kujiua katika jamii kunatokana na dawa kuagizwa kwa dawamfadhaiko ni antidepressant haiwezi kuaminika kutokana na wingi wa vigeugeu vinavyofadhaisha. === Ngono === Matatizo ya ngono ni athari ya kawaida sana, hasa kwa dawa za SSRI. Athari zinazohusiana na ngono ni pamoja na matatizo na hamu ya ngono, kutovutiwa na ngono, na anogasmia (shida kupata mshindo). <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/question/antidepressants-and-anorgasmia |title=UCSB's SexInfo |publisher=Soc.ucsb.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06 |archivedate=2009-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520055421/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/question/antidepressants-and-anorgasmia }}</ref> Ingawa zinaweza kupona, athari hizi za ngono zinaweza, katika visa vichache, kuendelea kwa miezi au miaka baada ya kuacha kabisa kutumia dawa. Hii inajulikana kama Utendakazi mbaya wa Kimapenzi baada ya matumizi ya SSRI. Utendakazi mbaya wa ngono uliosababishwa na SSRI huathiri 30% hadi 50% au zaidi ya watu wanaotumia dawa hizi kutibu mfadhaiko. Utaratibu wa kibiokemia unaosemekana kuwa wa kusababisha ni pamoja na kuongezeka kwa serotonini, hasa kunakoathiri vipokezi vya 5HT2 na 5HT3; kupungua kwa dopamini; kupungua kwa norepinefrini; uzuaji wa vipokezi vya kolinjeri na adrenaji alpha-1; kuzuiliwa kwa sinthetesi ya oksidi nitriki; na kupanda kwa viwango vya prolaktini. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Keltner NL, McAfee KM, Taylor CL |title=Mechanisms and treatments of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction |journal=Perspectives in Psychiatric Care |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=111–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12385082 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-6163.2002.tb00665.x}}</ref> Bupropioni, kizuizi cha mara mbili (NE na DA) cha ufyonyaji upya, mara nyingi husababisha ongezeko la wastani la hamu ya kufanya mapenzi kutokana na kuongezeka kwa utendakazi wa dopamini. Athari hii pia hudhihirika kwa vizuizi vya ufyonyaji upya wa dopamini, vichangamsha CNS na agonisti za dopamini, na hutokana na kuongezeka kwa uzalishaji wa testosteroni (kutokana na kuzuiliwa kwa prolaktini) na usanisi wa oksidi nitriki. Mirtazapini (Remeron) imeripotiwa kuwa na athari chache zaidi, pengine kwa sababu inakinza vipokezi vya 5-HT2 na 5-HT3. Mitazapini, katika matukio fulani, inaweza kuondoa utendakazi mbaya wa ngono unaosababishwa na SSRI, ambayo pia kuna uwezekano kuwa unatokana na ukinzani wake na vipokezi vya 5-HT2 na 5-HT3<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ozmenler NK, Karlidere T, Bozkurt A |title=Mirtazapine augmentation in depressed patients with sexual dysfunction due to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-psychopharmacology_2008-06_23_4/page/321 |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=321–6 |year=2008 |month=Juni |pmid=18278806 |doi=10.1002/hup.929}}</ref> Apomofini, nefazodoni na baruti kali zimeonyeshwa kuwa na uwezo wa kuondoa baadhi ya utendakazi mbaya wa ngono kupitia kuongezeka kwa utendakazi wa nitriki oksidi. MAOI zinaripotiwa kuwa na athari hasi chache zaidi kwa utendakazi wa ngono na hamu ya kufanya mapenzi, hasa moklobemidi kwa kiwango cha 1.9% ya matukio yote. Bethanekoli imeripotiwa kubadili utendakazi mbaya wa ngono unaosababishwa na MAOI kupitia sifa zake za agonisti za kolineji. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gross MD |title=Reversal by bethanechol of sexual dysfunction caused by anticholinergic antidepressants |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=139 |issue=9 |pages=1193–4 |year=1982 |month=Septemba |pmid=7114318 |doi= |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7114318}}</ref> === Mapenzi === Wanasaikolojia wengi wanaamini kuwamba dawamfadhaiko zinaathiri uwezo wa kupenda au kupokea upendo. Watumiaji wengi wa dawamfadhaiko pia wameripoti kuwa uwezo wao wa kupenda ulipunguzwa na dawamfadhaiko. Madawa ya dawamfadhaiko pia yanaweza kuzuia hisia za kimsingi za binadamu za upendo na mahaba. "Kuna sababu zinazofaa za kufikiri kuwa SSRI hupunguza uwezo wako wa kupenda na kubaki katika upendo," alisema Helen Fisher, mwana anthropolojia kutoka chuo kikuu cha Rutgers aliyeanzisha sayansi ya kisasa ya upendo. Dawamfadhaiko za SSRI hufanya kazi kwa kuongeza viwango vya mzunguko wa serotonini, nyurotransmita inayodhibiti halihisi ya moyo na pia inadhibiti tamaa. Madawa hayo pia hupunguza dopamini, nyurotransmita inayohusika katika michakato mbalimbali ya utambuzi na tabia, ikiwa ni pamoja na hamu na mwamsho. Utafiti mpya unaonyesha kuwa dopamini huenda pia ikawa na jukumu katika mahaba. Wakati wa kufanya mapenzi, mchanganyiko wa homoni hutolewa na unaonekana kuwa na majukumu muhimu katika kukuza uambatishaji wa kimapenzi ndani ya ubongo. Ukiondoa ngono, mapenzi ya kimahaba yanaweza kufifia. Lakini hii ni sehemu tu ya tatizo, anasema Fisher na mtaalamu wa saikolojia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia James Thomson. Wakati wapenzi wanapopendana kwa dhati, kuonana tu kunasababisha kupanda kwa shughuli za ubongo zinazohusiana na dopamini. Wakiweza kuendelea kupendana, na hisia za awali ziweze kukua hadi ziwe mapenzi ya muda mrefu, kwa mvuto wa awali kukua hadi mapenzi ya muda mrefu, ruwaza za ubongo hubaki hai. Kupungua kwa viwango vya dopamini, hata hivyo, ni athari isiyoweza kuepukika ya SSRI. Ukipunguza dopamini, wanasema Fisher na Thomson, uwezekano wa upendo wenyewe ni utapunguka. <ref> http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/02/antidepressants/</ref> Watu wapweke wanaotumia dawamfadhaiko huenda wakaona ugumu zaidi kukutana na watu, kwa kuwa mwitikio wao wa asili wa ngono umepunguka. Baadhi ya watafiti wanaamini kuwa hamu ilitengenezwa ili kuwasaidia watu kuchagua wenzi wanaowafaa kijenetiki. Cheche zinazowaka unapokutana na mtu kwa mara ya kwanza zinakuambia kitu: Huenda huyu ndiye mwenzi wako. Wakati ishara hizo hazijitokezi, uwezekano wako wa kupata mwenzi anayefaa hupungua. <ref> http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200704/sex-love-and-ssris</ref> Kuna tafiti kadhaa kuhusu athari za dawamfadhaiko kwa vipengele mbalimbali vya upendo zaidi ya ashiki na utendaji wa kingono. Lakini katika majaribio ya kuvutia, mwanasaikolojia mmoja wa Kanada, Maryanne Fisher (hana uhusiano na Helen), aliripoti ushahidi katika utafiti mdogo mwaka wa 2004 ya kile alichokiita "kukufisha ganzi uchumba" kwa wanawake wanaotumia dawamfadhaiko. Walipoulizwa wakague uvutivu wa nyuso za wanaume, wanawake wanaotumia madawa hayo walikagua wanaume hao vibaya zaidi, na walizipitia picha kwa haraka zaidi kuliko wanawake wasiotumia dawamfadhaiko. === Thaimoanesthesia === Wenye uhusiano wa karibu na madhara ya ngono ni dhana ya kukufisha hisia ganzi, au ganzi ya halihisi. Watumiaji wengi wa SSRI hulalamika kuhusu hali ya kutojali, ukosefu wa motisha, kuganda hisia, hisia ya kutengwa, na kutojihusisha na mazingira. Wanaweza kueleza jambo hili kama hisia ya "kutojali tena kuhusu kitu chochote." SSRI, SNRI, na TCA za kutoa serotonini zote zinaweza kusababisha tofauti hizi zinazobadilika, hasa vikiwa kwa viwango vya juu. <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9184611</ref> === Kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi === Madawa yote makuu ya dawamfadhaiko, isipokuwa trimipramini, mirtazapini na nefazodoni huzuia kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi, na imependekezwa kuwa utendakazi wa kiafya wa madawa haya unatokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na athari zao za kuzuia kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi. Kategoria tatu kuu za madawa ya dawamfadhaiko, vizuizi vya oksidesi ya monoamini (MAOIs), dawa dhidi ya mfadhaiko aina ya trisaikliki (TCAs) na vizuizi vya uchukuzi wa serotonini vinavyochagua (SSRIs), huzuia pakubwa kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi. <ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert P. |last=Vertes |year=2000 |title=The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2000-12_23_6/page/n82 |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=867–876 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00004003 |pmid=11515146 |last2=Eastman |first2=KE}}</ref> Mirtazapini ama haina athari kwa kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi au huiongeza kwa kiwango kidogo. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2030e2.htm |title=ISP: Mirtazapine Regulates Stress Hormones, Improves Sleep In Depressed Patients |accessdate=2010-10-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304235031/http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2030e2.htm |archivedate=2012-03-04 }}</ref> Dawa za aina ya MAOI huzuia kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi karibu kabisa, huku dawa aina za TCA na SSRI zimetambuliwa kuwa zinazalisha mara moja (40-85%) na kwa kuendelezwa (30-50%) upungukaji wa kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi. Athari hii mara nyingi huongeza uchovu kwa wagonjwa wanaotumia vipimo vikubwa vya dawamfadhaiko kwa muda mrefu. Uchovu kama huo mara kwa mara unaweza kukatiza shughuli za mgonjwa za kila siku. Ukomeshaji wa ghafla wa MAOI unaweza kusababisha tukio la muda linalojulikana kama "kurudi tena kwa kipindi cha usingizi ambapo macho huzunguka kwa kasi" ambapo mgonjwa huota ndoto dhairi sana na jinamizi. === Kuongeza Uzito === Dawamfadhaiko nyingi huhusishwa na kuongeza uzito kwa kawaida katika kiwango cha {{Convert|5|–|25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} lakini mara chache kwenda juu hadi {{Convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} . Chanzo maalum haijulikani, lakini dawamfadhaiko huhusishwa na kuongezeka kwa kutamani vitu, na kutokuwa na uwezo wa kuhisi kama umeshiba licha ya kuingiza kalori za kutosha, viwango vya chini vya nguvu na kuongezeka kwa usingizi wa mchana, ambao unaweza kusababisha kukula kupindukia na ukosefu wa hamu ya kufanya mazoezi, na kinywa kikavu, ambayo inaweza kusababisha unywaji wa vinywaji vyenye kalori nyingi. Sifa za kumaliza kemikali za mzio za dawamfadhaiko kadhaa za kategoria ya TCA na TeCA zimetambulika kuwa zinachangia na upande wa athari wa kuongezeka kwa hamu ya chakula na kuongeza uzito unaohusiana na kategoria hizi za madawa. Ulaji wa asusa za kabohaidreti zenye kiwango cha chini cha mafuta na protini na dhifa zenye kabohaidreti nyingi unaruhusu ubongo kuzalisha serotonini inayodhibiti hamu ya chakula na kusawazisha halihisi ya moyo. Kwa hivyo, kabohaidreti ikiliwa kama sehemu ya chakula bora, kwa mujibu wa athari zao kwa kiwango cha serotonini kwenye ubongo, zinaweza kusaidia kupoteza uzito katika muktadha wa kuongezeka uzito kutokana na dawamfadhaiko. <ref>{{cite book|last=Wurtman|first=JJ|coauthors=Marquis NF|title=The serotonin power diet : use your brain's natural chemistry to cut cravings, curb emotional overeating, and lose weight|accessdate=2009-05-29|year=c2006|publisher=Rodale|location=Emmaus, Penn|isbn=978-1-59486-346-2|pages=290}}</ref> == Ubishani == Tafiti kadhaa zimeibua shaka kuhusu ufanisi wa dawamfadhaiko. Utafiti uliofanywa mwaka wa 2002 ulionyesha kuwa tofauti kati ya dawamfadhaiko na vipozaungo ni mdogo sana. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirsch|first=I|year=2002|month=Julai|title=The emperor's new drugs: An analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration|journal=Prevention & Treatment|volume=5|issue=1|publisher=American Psychological Association|doi=10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.523a|accessdate=2009-05-29|last2=Moore|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Scoboria|first3=Alan|last4=Nicholls|first4=Sarah S.}}</ref> Kupitia ombi la Sheria ya uhuru wa kupata habari, wanasaikolojia wawili walipata tafiti 47 zilizotumiwa na FDA kuidhinisha dawamfadhaiko sita zilizoagizwa sana kati ya mwaka wa 1987 na mwaka wa 1999. Kwa ujumla, vidonge vya dawamfadhaiko vilitenda kazi vizuri zaidi kwa 18% kuliko vipozaungo, kitakwimu inayoleta tofauti kuu, lakini isiyo na maana kwa watu walio katika mazingira ya kliniki ", anasema Irving Kirsch, mwanasaikolojia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut. Yeye pamoja na mwandishi mwenzake Thomas Moore walitoa matokeo yao kuhusu "Kinga na Tiba", jarida la elektroniki la Shirika la Kisaikolojia la Marekani. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/drugs/2002-07-08-antidepressants.htm |title= Study: Antidepressant barely better than placebo |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=2002-07-07&nbsp;-&nbsp;Updated&nbsp;11:47 PM&nbsp;ET |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine uliofanywa na wanasaikolojia wa Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania, Chuo Kikuu cha Vanderbilt, Chuo Kikuu cha Colorado, na Chuo Kikuu cha New Mexico ulitambua kuwa ni vigumu kwa dawamfadhaiko kuwa na athari bora zaidi kuliko zile za vipozaungo katika visa vya mfadhaiko wa kiwango cha chini au wastani. Utafiti huo ulichapishwa katika jarida la Shirika la Marekani la Uuguzi. Utafiti huo ulilenga Paxili kutoka GlaxoSmithKline na imipramini. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/01/05/antidepressant-paxil-placebo-business-healthcare-depression.html|title=Study Undermines Case for Antidepressants|date=|accessdate=2010-07-01|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121208170044/http://www.forbes.com/2010/01/05/antidepressant-paxil-placebo-business-healthcare-depression.html|archivedate=2012-12-08}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2005, dawamfadhaiko ilikuwa ndio dawa iliyoagizwa zaidi nchini Marekani, na hivyo kusababisha mjadala zaidi kuhusu swala hilo. Baadhi ya madaktari wanaamini kuwa hii ni ishara nzuri kuwa watu hatimaye wanatafuta msaada kwa ajili ya matatizo yao. Wengine hawakubaliani, huku wakisema kuwa hii inaonyesha kwamba watu wanaendelea kutegemea dawamfadhaiko sana. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/07/09/antidepressants/index.html |title=CDC: Antidepressants most prescribed drugs in U.S. |date= 2007-07-09|accessdate=2008-11-06 | work=CNN}}</ref> == Dawa == Mara nyingi watengenezaji wa dawa za SSRI wameficha habari kutoka kwa FDA na umma ili wachukulie kwa urahisi hatari na athari mbaya zinazohusishwa na SSRI. Hii ilisababisha ubishi dhidi ya watengenezaji wengi wa madawa ya kupambana na mfadhaiko ya SSRI katika visa vinavyohusiana na kujiua, kuachishwa kwa SSRI na kasoro kuzaliwa kwa watoto wachanga kutoka kwa mama wanaonyonyesha wanaotumia SSRI. Kwa moja kati ya kesi tatu pekee zilizowahi kufikishwa mahakamani kuhusu uwezekano kuwa SSRI huchangia kujiua, Eli Lilly na wenzake walishikwa wakiingilia mchakato wa kimahakama kwa kusikilizana na wakili wa mdai kutupa kesi hiyo, kwa sehemu kwa kutotoa ushahidi utakaowaletea hasara mbele ya mahakama. Kesi hiyo, inayojulikana kama Kesi ya Fentress ilihusisha mwanaume mmoja kutoka Kentucky, Joseph Wesbecker, kuhusu Prozac, aliyeenda mahali pake pa kazi na kuanza mashambulio kwa bunduki na kuwaua watu 8 (ikiwa ni pamoja na Fentress), na kuwajeruhi wengine 12 kabla ya kujiua mwenyewe kwa bastola. Juri ilitoa uamuzi wa 9-kwa-3 uliompendelea Lilly. Hakimu, mwishowe aliihamisha kesi hiyo hadi Mahakama Makuu ya Kentucky, iliyoamua kuwa "kulikuwa na ukosefu mkubwa wa uwazi kwa upande wa mahakama na huenda kulikuwa na udanganyifu, mwenendo ulioongozwa na imani mbaya, matumizi mabaya ya mchakato wa kimahakama na, pengine hata udanganyifu. "Hakimu baadaye alibatilisha uamuzi huo na badala yake, akasema kesi hiyo imefungwa. Thamani ya makubaliano ya mpango huo wa siri haujawahi kufichuliwa, lakini iliripotiwa kuwa ni "kubwa". <ref>[http://www.judicialaccountability.org/articles/hideandseek.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.judicialaccountability.org/articles/hideandseek.htm |date=20100610031049 }} kutoka kwa Richard Zitrin &amp; Carol M. Langford. "Hide and Secrets in Louisville" kutoka "The Moral Compass of the American Lawyer". Vitabu vya Ballantine, 1999</ref> Tarehe 22 Desemba 2006, mahakama moja ya Marekani iliamua kuhusu Hoorman, na wenzake. dhidi ya SmithKline Beecham Corp. kuwa watu walionunua Paxil(R) au Paxil CR(TM) (paroksetini) kwa mtoto mdogo huenda wakastahiki kupata ruzuku chini ya maafikiano yaliyopendekezwa ya $ 63,800,000. Daawa lilishinda madai kuwa kampuni ya kutengeneza dawa za GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) ilikampenia uagizaji wa Paxil(R) au Paxil CR(TM) kwa watoto na vijana huku ikikatalia na kuficha habari muhimu kuhusu usalama na ufanisi wa dawa hizo kwa watoto. <ref>[http://www.ahrp.org/risks/SSRI0204/GSKpaxil/pg1.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ahrp.org/risks/SSRI0204/GSKpaxil/pg1.html |date=20110614100740 }} Oktoba 1998 Kumbukumbu ya GSK: Mikakati ya ufichuzi</ref> Daawa hilo lilitokana na maandamano ya kutetea watumiaji dhidi ya GSK, watengenezaji wa Paroxetine. Tangu FDA iidhinishe paroxetine mwaka wa 1992, takriban raia 5,000 wa Marekani - na maelfu ya watu wengine duniani - wameishtaki GSK. Wengi wa watu hawa wanaona kuwa hawakuonywa inavyopaswa mapema kuhusu madhara ya dawa hii na sifa zake za utegemezi. Kulingana na [http://www.paxilprotest.com/ tovuti ya upingaji wa Paxil] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paxilprotest.com/ |date=20180307152504 }}, mamia ya daawa zaidi ziliwasilishwa dhidi ya GSK. Tovuti ya upingaji wa Paxil ilizinduliwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2005 ili kutoa taarifa kuhusu upingaji na habari juu ya Paxil ambayo awali haikupatikana kwa umma. Wiki tatu tu baada ya uzinduzi wake, tovuti hiyo ilitembelewa na zaidi ya watu robo milioni. Tovuti asili ya upingaji wa Paxil haipatikani tena. Inaeleweka kuwa hatua ya kuondoa tovuti hiyo kutoka kwenye mtandao ilichukuliwa kama sehemu ya makubaliano kuhusu usiri au 'amri ya kunyamazisha' ambayo mmiliki tovuti aliingilia kama sehemu ya maafikiano kwa hatua yake dhidi ya GlaxoSmithKline. (Hata hivyo, mnamo Machi 2007, tovuti ya Seroxat Secrets <ref>{{cite web|url=http://seroxatsecrets.wordpress.com/2007/03/03/the-paxil-protest-time-machine/ |title=The Paxil Protest time machine « seroxat secrets… |publisher=Seroxatsecrets.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> iligundua kuwa nyaraka za tovuti ya upingaji wa Paxil<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paxilprotest.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519170044/http://paxilprotest.com/|archivedate=2006-05-19|title=The Paxil Protest I Welcome<!-- Bot generated title -->|publisher=Web.archive.org|date=|accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> bado inapatikana kwenye mtandao kupitia Archive.org). Amri zakunyamazisha ni kawaida kwa kesi kama hizo na zinaweza kuhusisha hata hati ambazo washtakiwa wangependelea yaendeleaa kufichwa kwa umma. Hata hivyo, katika hali fulani, hati hizo zinaweza kutolewa kwa umma baadaye, kama zile zilizotolewa kwa umma na Peter Breggin mnamo Februari 2006. Toleo la habari kutoka kwa Dkt Breggin linaweza kuonekana hapa: <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.breggin.com/courtfiling.pbreggin.2006.html |title=Suppressed Paxil Suicide Data Released |publisher=Breggin.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021042112/http://www.breggin.com/courtfiling.pbreggin.2006.html |archivedate=2008-10-21 }}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2007, kulingana na tovuti ya Seroxat Secrets, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://seroxatsecrets.wordpress.com |title=seroxat secrets… |publisher=Seroxatsecrets.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> daawa ya kikundi cha kitaifa dhidi ya GlaxoSmithKline plc [[Ufalme wa Muungano|nchini Uingereza]], kwa niaba ya watu mia kadhaa ambao wanadai wamepata athari za kuachishwa baada ya kutumia dawa ya Seroxat, walichukua hatua ya karibu zaidi hadi Mahakama Kuu ya [[London]], na thibitisho kuwa fedha za umma zilirejeshwa kufuatia uamuzi wa Jopo la Rufaa kuhusu Maslahi ya Umma. Swala kuu kuhusiana na kitendo hiki linadai kuwa Seroxat ni dawa yenye kasoro kwa kuwa ina mwelekeo wa kusababisha mjibizo wa kuachishwa. Mawakili wa Hugh James wanathibitisha habari hii katika tovuti yao <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.hughjames.com/lifestyle/groupactions/seroxt.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2007-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222131722/http://www.hughjames.com/lifestyle/groupactions/seroxt.html |archivedate=2007-02-22 }}</ref> Tarehe 29 Januari 2007, shirika la BBC nchini Uingereza ilirushwa hewani filamu ya nne ionyeshayo hali halisi katika mfululizo wake unaoitwa 'Panorama' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/5346938.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Programmes &#124; Panorama &#124; Seroxat update |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk |date=Last Updated: |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> kuhusu dawa ya kulevya Seroxat ya. Kipindi hiki, kinachoitwa Siri za Majaribio ya Dawa, kinahusu majaribio matatu ya kiafya yaliyofanywa na GSK kwa watoto na vijana wenye mfadhaiko. == Marejeo == {{Reflist|2}} == Kusoma zaidi == * {{cite book |author=Healy, David |title=The antidepressant era |url=https://archive.org/details/antidepressanter00heal |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1997 |isbn=0-674-03958-0 }} * {{cite book |author=Kramer, Peter D. |title=Listening to Prozac |url=https://archive.org/details/listeningtoproz000kram |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-14-026671-2 }} * {{cite book |author=Baumel, Syd |title=Natural Antidepressants |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-87983-900-7 }} * {{cite book |author=Stahl, Stephen M. |title=Psychopharmacology of Antidepressants |publisher=Informa Healthcare |year=1997 |isbn=1-85317-513-7 }} * {{cite journal |author=Pacher P, Kecskemeti V |title=Trends in the development of new antidepressants. Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? |journal=Curr. Med. Chem. |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=925–43 |year=2004 |month=Aprili |pmid=15078174 |pmc=2495050 |doi=10.2174/0929867043455594 }} * {{cite journal |author=Pacher P, Kohegyi E, Kecskemeti V, Furst S |title=Current trends in the development of new antidepressants |journal=Curr. Med. Chem. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=89–100 |year=2001 |month=Februari |pmid=11172668 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Antidepressants}} {{Wiktionary|antidepressant}} * [http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2003/nimh-07.htm Uumbaji wa Niuroni Mpya zilizo muhimu kwa Utendakazi wa Dawamfadhaiko kwenye Panya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2003/nimh-07.htm |date=20121010122000 }} * [http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/fluoxetine/fluoxetine_final.pdf Jopo la Wataalamu la NIH kuhusu elimu juu ya asili na athari za sumu katika Prozac (Fluoxetine) kwa uzazi na kukua] {{Wayback|url=http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/fluoxetine/fluoxetine_final.pdf |date=20090923193919 }} * [http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/fluoxetine/fluoxetine_monograph.pdf Monografu ya NIH juu ya athari za Prozac (Fluoxetine) zinazoweza kujitokeza kwa uzazi na ukuaji wa binadamu] {{Wayback|url=http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/chemicals/fluoxetine/fluoxetine_monograph.pdf |date=20100527103308 }} * [http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/MDD.watch.pdf Mwongozo wa Matibabu wa mwaka wa 1995 wa Ushirika wa Marekani wa Magonjwa ya Akili kwa ajili ya matibabu ya wagonjwa wenye ugonjwa wa Mfadhaiko mkuu] * [http://childadvocate.net/childpresentations/child_medication.htm Watoto na Madawa - wasilisho linalotumia mbinu nyingi] {{Wayback|url=http://childadvocate.net/childpresentations/child_medication.htm |date=20140810061955 }} * [http://www.bap.org.uk/consensus/antidepressant.pdf Shirika la Uingereza la Taaluma ya athari za dawa za magonjwa ya akili 2000 Miongozo inayozingatia ushahidi kwa kutibu magonjwa ya mfadhaiko kwa kutumia dawamfadhaiko] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bap.org.uk/consensus/antidepressant.pdf |date=20061012221324 }} * [http://biopsychiatry.com/index.html Mwongozo wa Madawa Mazuri: dawa mpya za kuboresha halihisi ya moyo na dawamfadhaiko] * [http://www.yoism.org/?q=node/234 Video ya Loren Mosher, MD] (Mkuu wa kwanza wa tafiti kuhusu Skizofrenia NIMH na mhariri mwanzilishi wa ''Bulletin dhiki)'' * [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7488/420 Joanna Moncrieff: Msingi wa ushahidi kuhusu dawamfadhaiko za awali ni dhaifu pia.] BMJ 2005;330:420 (19 Februari) * [http://www.healyprozac.com/Book/Introduction.pdf Utangulizi kwa ''Let Them Eat Prozac'' na David Healy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.healyprozac.com/Book/Introduction.pdf |date=20101226101007 }} * [http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinformation/mentalhealthproblems/depression/antidepressants.aspx Ukurasa wenye habari kutoka Chuo cha Royal College of Psychiatrists] * Barry Yeoman, [http://www.barryyeoman.com/articles/courtroom.html Putting Science in the Dock, ] , The Nation * [http://ahp.yorku.ca/?p=60 Bibliografia kuhusu dawamfadhaiko katika historia ya saikolojia] * [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/cb/Volume/2009/7/recognising_antidepressants.asp Ufahamu ya haraka] unaoonyesha jinsi mabadiliko madogo katika dawamfadhaiko yanaweza kubadilisha kwa kasi lengo lake katika ubongo. Kutoka kwa Royal Society of Chemistry * [http://www.ssristories.com/ Mkusanyiko wa habari 3100 na zaidi pamoja na makala kamili yanayopatikana, hasa kuhusu uhalifu, ambapo dawamfadhaiko zinatajwa.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ssristories.com/ |date=20131212204756 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8304782.stm Dawamfadhaiko hufanya kazi mara moja - Habari za BBC News] [[Jamii:madawa]] dcyvorg9ndlz7wz56msn0b39upwg8yr 0 55690 1575657 1558865 2026-06-21T02:50:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hip-hop ya 'Tanzania''', japo huwekwa katika kundi la [[Bongo Flava]]. Hii inatokana na mchanganyiko au elementi za pop na midundo ya Kitanzania. Kumekuwa na midahalo kadha wa kadha juu ya Bongo Flava, ambayo imejiibua ikiwa kama miondoko ya pop, ya kwamba inastahili kutumia istilahi ya "hip hop" na si jina la kipekee ambalo halihusiani kabisa na elementi za hip hop,<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas|first= A.|title= X Plastaz & Bongo Flava: Tanzanian hip hop released internationally|url=http://www.africanhiphop.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=printpage&pageid=223&scope=all|website= africanhiphop.com}}</ref> huku ikiwa inaendelea kujijenga katika misingi tofauti kabisa na hrdcore rap au, kwa mfano, kundi la [[Hip-hop]] la [[X Plastaz]], ambao wao wanatumia muziki wa kimila ya Kimasai kuundia muziki na staili yao kwa ujumla.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava:+Swahili+Rap+from+Tanzania |title=Martin, Lydia. "Bongo Flava: Swahili Rap from Tanzania." afropop.org |accessdate=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217023910/http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava%3A+Swahili+Rap+From+Tanzania |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hip hop ya Tanzania ilianza katika miaka ya 1980 wakati huo vijana wa Kitanzania walikuwa na mapenzi ya juu na muziki wa hip hop wa Marekani. Hapo awali, walichukua biti za rap na hip hop za Kimarekani na kuimbia juu yake. Wakati vijana wakirap, polepole ikaanza kujitengeneza katika maudhui ya muziki wa asili ya Kitanzania kwa kuunda muziki wa aina yake yenyewe. Matokeo yake, ikaanza kuonesha shauku kutoka kwa vijana wengine kutoka katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref>Mueller, Gavin. "Bongoflava: The Primer." Stylus Magazine, 12 May 2005</ref> ==Staili ya muziki wa Bongo Flava== Bongo Flava ni muziki wenye wendo kasi na huimbwa kwa Kiswahili. Jina la “Bongo Flava” linatoka na jina la utani la Dar es Salaam. Ina maana ya kwamba unahitaji akili ili uweze kuishi katika jiji hilo. Ina husisha elementi mbalimbali ili kujenga muziki huu, hasa rap ya Kimarekani, R&B, hip hop, ikiwa na twisti kali la Kiswahili ndani yake. Kama jinsi ilivyo tamaduni za muziki wa hip hop wa Kimarekani nazo zimo vilevile katika mashairi ya hip hop ya Tanzania yenye kuhusu, [[UKIMWI]], umaskini na rushwa, au kuhusu maisha, mahusiano, fedha, wivu na mapenzi.<ref name=autogenerated5>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Pres</ref> Bongo Flava ni mseto wa [[Afrobeat]] na melodi za Kiarabu, dancehall na midundo ya hip-hop, na mashairi ya Kiswahili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/pop_playground/bongoflava-the-primer.htm|title=Bongoflava: The Primer - Pop Playground - Stylus Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2011-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108044748/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/pop_playground/bongoflava-the-primer.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muziki huu ulianza kujengwa katika miaka ya 1980 wakati vijana wa Kitanzania walipoanza kuvutiwa kuimba muziki wa hip hop wa Marekani.Haraka wakaongeza ladha zao katika muziki huo na kutengeneza midundo yenye mahadhi ya kinyumbani, mizani, na hoja zake pia. Aina hii ya muziki imekuwa maarufu kwa haraka sana; umekuwa miongoni mwa muziki unaouza vizuri katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], na tayari ushapata mafaniko katika nchi za jirani kama vile [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]], na kusambaa maeneo mengine ya Afrika na duniani kwa ujumla. Mwaka wa 2004, studio ya Kijerumani [[Out Here Records]] ilitoa kompilesheni ya CD ya Bongo Flava iliyoitwa [[Swahili Rap from Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|title=Out - here records -|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2008-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102015009/http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|url-status=dead}}</ref> CD hiyo yenye dakika 70 ambayo ndani yake kuna wasanii kama [[X Plastaz]], [[Juma Nature]], na [[Gangwe Mobb]] wamefurahia usambazaji huo wa kimataifa. Wakati hip hop ya Marekani inaingia Tanzania kwa mara ya kwanza, marapa wa ndani walichukua sampuli ya midundo ya rap ya Kimarenai, na kutia maneno ya Kiswahili katika neno la Kiingereza. Bongo Flava hiyo changa na kuiingiza hip hop kutoka Marekani awali ilikumbatiwa sana na watoto wa kishua ambao waliona kama fasheni kuiga miyenendo ya Kimarekani.<ref name="tzaffairs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.tzaffairs.org/?p=195|title=Tanzanian Affairs » BONGO FLAVA|publisher=}}</ref> Hili lilitazamiwa kama kuiga tamaduni na mitindo ya Kimarekani kwa wakati ule. Hasa walionekana kama wapenda Umarekani. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, wakati mtindo huu unakua kwa kasi, karibia kila rapa na wafokaji walianza kuvutiwa kuimba rap hizi kwa Kiswahili. Maamuzi hayo yalipelekea muziki huo kuvutiwa na vijana wa ndani sasa hasa kwa kufuatia lugha ya Kiswahili ndiyo lugha ya taifa na ndiyo lugha ya mazungumzo kwa kila raia wa Tanzania.<ref name=autogenerated1>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 230-54. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.</ref> Kwa kuongezea, midundo ilihama kutoka ile midundo yenye mahadhi ya Kimarekani na kuanza kutengeza mizani, sauti na midundo ya kinyumbani zaidi. <ref name="tzaffairs.org"/> Wasanii wa Tanzania walihakikisha wanarap kwa Kiingereza, lakini watadumisha Uswahili wao katika mashairi. Kuimba kwa Kiswahili, waliweza kutunga hip hop yenye muundo wa Kiswahili huku wakidumisha hali halisi ya hip hop ya Marekani.<ref>The Language of the Young People: Rap, Urban Culture and Protest in Tanzania. Journal of Asian and African studies [0021-9096] Casco yr:2006 vol:41 iss:3 pg:229</ref> Rap hii ya Kiswahili iliendelea kutumia fasihi na mila za Kiswahili kwa kuchezea maneno na mizani ili kujieleza. Hapo awali wasaniii wengi sana walijibidisha kutumia mawazo au fikra na tamaduni za Kiswahili katika nyimbo zao kuliko kuandaa upya pop na tamaduni za Rap za Kigansta za Kimarekani.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Uamuzi wa matumizi ya lugha umechukua nafasi nzuri katika kukuza na kukubalika kwa muziki wa Bongo Flava nchini. Ingawa kurap kwa Kiswahili kwa wasanii wengi wapya waliweza kuswahilisha hip hop ya Marekani hasa katika nyanja za kisiasa na kuihusisha na tamaduni za ndani katika Tanzania. Rapa wa Kitanzaniar Dolasoul (Ahmed Dola), ambaye alisoma nchini [[Nigeria]] na [[Uingereza]], alieleza ya kwamba muziki wa rap, hasa kwa Kiswahili, umemletea maana ya kuwawakilisha watu wake na kuongelea mabadiliko ambayo yanaweza kufanywa kwa ajili ya kesho iliyo-bora’"<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_24/ai_82803971/pg_5 | title=Language choice and hip hop in Tanzania and Malawi &#124; Popular Music and Society}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Pia ameeleza ya kwamba albamu zilitotayarishwa kwa Kiswahili na matumizi machache ya Kiingereza, inasaidia kufanya lugha yake kukubalika zaidi kimataifa. Matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika bongo flava hufikisha ujumbe na azimio kwa wasikilizaji wake, inatia hamasa ya kujivunia utaifa na tamaduni kwa ujumla. Dolasoul anasema ya kwamba matumizi ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza kiasi katika nyimbo zake, anajaribu “kuwaamsha watu wake.” Wakati huohuo, muziki wa Rap wa Kiswahili unajaribu kuwakilisha maudhui yaleyale ya rap za nje lakini katika mtindo wa Kitanzania zaidi. Katika harakati za kuchukua mifano ya marapa maarufu wa Marekani ili kutengeneza muziki wa ndani, hili limepelekea kuonekana Tanzania kama vile inagezea muziki wa nje na sehemu kubwa walionwa kama wahuni tu. Kweli kabisa hao wanaogezea rap ya kihuni ya Kimagharibi walichukuliwa kama magangsta uchwara.<ref name=Lemelle>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 240. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Pres</ref> Hivyo basi matumizi ya Kiswahili katika Rap ya Tanzania imesaidia kuazimisha maudhui ya tamaduni ya Kiafrika zaidi. Hoja zilizokuwa zinaimbwa sana ilikuwa suala la kuweka usawa kwa wanawake, ambapo kwa kipindi hiko ilikuwa imeshika hatamu kuliko yale mashairi makali. Pamoja na yote, mitindo ya kushangaza ambayo inaonekana kushika hatamu au hupendwa na vijana wengi wa Tanzania, kwa mfano uimbaji wa kundi la LWP Majitu, kulingana na [[Out Here Records]], LWP ni "moja kati ya makundi maarufu kwa mtindo wa mashairi ya kutisha"<ref>{{cite web|title=Bongo Flava|work=Out Here Records|date=15 November 2004|accessdate=6 March 2008|url=http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|archive-date=2008-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102015009/http://www.outhere.de/index.php?goto=r3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aidha katika maeneo maskini ya Tanzania au yale yenye maisha mazuri, ni vigumu sana wasaniii wa rap kuweza kudumisha mila na asili, si tu nchini hata huko ulimwenguni. ==Kuibuka kwa hip-hop nchini Tanzania== [[Picha:Samia X Cool Moe Cee Ibony na Kim.jpg|thumb|Kutoka kushoto: Samia X, Cool Moe Cee, Ibony Moalim na marehemu Kim.]] [[Utamaduni wa hip hop]] nchini [[Tanzania]] ulianza mwanzoni na katikati mwa miaka ya 1980 hasa ikiwa kama harakati changa. Wakati huo mapromota na wasanii walilazimika kurekodi na kunakili muziki studio kwa zamu huku wakitumia vifaa hafifu kabisa. Rap ya awali. Haijaanza katika maeneo ya watu wenye hali ya chini ya kimaisha jijini [[Dar es Salaam]], bali katika maenoe ambayo tayari yana athira ya muziki huo hasa mijini, ambapo vijana wengi walikuwa na fursa a u uwezo wa kupata vitu na nyimbo za dunia ya Kimagharibi kupitia marafiki, familia, na nafasi za kusafiri. Cha kushangaza, muziki wa rap ulikuwa unabamba zaidi kwa watu wa hali ya wastani. Hawa walikuwa vijana wenye elimu ya kawaida, wanaojua Kiingereza na uhusiano na watu wa nchi za nje ambao wangeliweza kuwatumia kanda au CD muziki kutoka kwao. Muziki wa hip hop umetoa chanzo kizuri kwa vijana wa Kitanzania kuelezea yale ya moyoni yanayoikumba jamii yao.<ref name=autogenerated7>Lemelle, Sidney J. “‘Ni wapi Tunakwenda’: Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha.” From The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, 230-54. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press</ref> Wanafunzi hawa wa hip hop wamecheza nafasi kubwa katika uanzishwaji wa bongo flava, "hasa kwa kupitia ushiriki wa tamaduni mbalimbali za ndani ya nchi, malugha na bila kubaguana rangi na kuifanya hip hop ya nchini iwe ya kimataifa, hasa kwa kuunganisha lugha ya Wamarekani Weusi na kutia maneno ya Kiswahili na maneno ya mtaani ("Kihuni")".<ref>[http://www.today.ucla.edu/voices/h-samy-alim_hip-hop/ How hip-hop culture is changing the wor(l)d - UCLA Today Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Katika miaka ya 1990, hip hop ya Tanzania ilhama kutoka katika misingi ya kuimba kwa kujifurahisha na kwenda kuwa muziki unaokubalika kibiashara, hii ilipelekea upate kujulikana na vijana wengine wa hali ya chini. [[Picha:Conway-francis-and-his-girlfriend-johana-back-in-the-90s 36217637841 o.jpg|thumb|Conway Francis akiwa na mpenzi wake, Johanna huko Ilala katika miaka ya 1990. Conway alikuwa mwanachama wa kundi la "Three Power Crew" ambalo ndani yake alikuwa anakuja Fresh XE, Young Millionaire na Con mwenyewe. Con alikuwa machachari sana.]] Rap ya awali ya Tanzanian ilikuwa kwa Kiingereza tu, lakini wakati mtindo huu unakua baadhi ya marapa wakaanza kuandika mashairi yao kwa Kiswahilii. Shindano la kwanza la muziki wa rap nchini Tanzania lilianzishwa na marehemu Shaban Sato mnamo 1989/90 katika ukumbi wa Lang’ata. Kupitia mashindano haya, ndipo marehemu [[Kim and the Boyz]] (Abdulhakheem Magomero) na [[Ibony Moalim]] walipopata wazo la kuanzisha mashindano makubwa ya rap maarufu kama [[Yo Rap Bonanza]] katika ukumbi uleule wa Lang’ata Kinondoni..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanhiphop.com/index.php?module=subjects&func=viewpage&pageid=157|title=Africanhiphop.com - the foundation of African hip hop online|publisher=}}</ref> Emsii usiku huo alikuwa DJ Junior Challenger almaarufu Amani Misana (Mzee wa Pillow Talk). Usiku wa shindano uliambatana na kudansi (wakati huo waliita B Boying) akina Othman Digadiga, Sammy Cool na Bob Rich, Mzee Bachu, Ommy Sidney, Black Moses , Maganga, Hafidh, Ali Baucha wengine wengi walionesha uwezo mkali wa "Break Dancing". Kwa upande Ma-emsii walikuwa wengi sana ikiwa ni pamoja na Coneway Francis (wakati huo alionekana kuwa tishio katika rap na alivutia wengi kuingia katika shindano). Inasemekana Conway alikuwa na suati zito ambalo lililkuwa kivutio wakati huo na aliimba na dada mmoja aliyefahamika kama Janeth (Janet Jackson). Ma-emsii wengine ni pamoja na DJ Young Milionea, DJ.Danny Star, Mukama Muganda GTRM, KG 40 (Kelvin Ndunguru) na kundi lao la the Raports akiwa na wakina G Pupple(George Kusila) [[KBC]] (Kibacha) na Makili, Chief Rymson na kundi zima la Villian Gangster (baadaye ikaungana na kundi lingine la rap na kuunda [[Kwanza Unit]]), [[Eddy Cox]], [[Dika Sharp]], Fanani (Trigga F) na Ibony Moalim (ambaye wakati huu alikuwa ana floo na kurap), na wengine wengi. Katika usiku huu, Coneway Francis alitisha kupita maelezo. DJ Danny Star (aliiimba Summer Holiday Rap) KG 40 na [[Fresh XE]] ambaye kwa nyimbo hiyo hiyo ya “Piga Makofi Tafadhali ndiye aliyeibuka mshindi wa taji la Rap. Kwa bahati mbaya kukatokea vurugu, hasa kutoka kwa vijana wa Illaa na watu wengine wanaompenda Coneway Francis wakafanya fujo na kudai kuwa ushindi uende kwa Coneway hata hivyo matokeo hayakuweza kubadilishwa. Shindano la pili la Yo! Rap Bonanza, ambalo lilifanyika katika ghorofa ya saba katika hoteli ya New Africa. Safari hii, makundi ya rap yaliongezeka mno kupita wale wa kwanza. Hii sasa ilivutia hata watu kutoka nje ya Dar es Salaam, na ndiyo ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kwa Saleh Jabry kushiriki katika mashindano ya Yo Raps. Upande wa majaji alikuwepo Ibony Moalim - kama Chief Jaji, DJ Saydow, Mark (Mzungu wa Holiday Hotel),na Slim (Check Bob Maarifa). Upande wa wasanii walioshiriki ni pamoja na Kool Moe Cee, Kool X, MGM, Tough Jam, Big Money, DJ Edy Cox, Nigga One (Adili Kumbuka) na kundi zima la Raiders Posse, Chief Rymsom, Lady Tassy, Killa B, Easy B na kundi lao la the Bad Mother's, KG 40 (Kelvin Ndunguru), KBC (Kibacha), Saleh Jabry, [[P Funk]] na kundi lake la [[No Name]], Mukamuganda GTRM, Mahadia Kumbuka. Upande muongozaji wa tamasha alikuwa DJ. Rusual na lugha iliyotumika ilikuwa Kiingereza. Rusual (wa Jetset Discotheque - Msasani Beach) ndiye aliyendeshsha shindano, aliweza kurap kidogo kwa Kiswahili na hata alitia na [[Kidigo]] kuboresha na watu walipenda sana. Wakati shindano linaendelea, mmoja kati ya majaji usiku huu uzalendo ulimshinda na kuanza kuingia stejini na kuanza kuruka majoka wakati zamu ya Saleh Jabry (jaji mwenyewe alikuwa Slim - Check Bob Maarifa). Alifanya hivyo kila alipokuwa anaingia Saleh Jabry. Suala hili lilipelekea shindano hilo kusimama kwa muda hadi hapo walipopatana na majaji wenzie asifanye hivyo. Zogo lilikuwa kubwa, lakini hatimaye waliyamaliza kikubwa. Mtindo aliokuwa nao Saleh Jabry ni ule wa kuchanganya maneno ya msimu ya Kiingereza na Kiswahili kidogo. Inasemekana katika usiku huo, ni watu wawili tu ndio waliongea Kiswahili, DJ Rusual na Saleh Jabry tu, lakini wengine wote walikuwa wanamwaga Kiingereza tu (hii ikiwa kama mwigo wa mtindo halisi wa rap ya Kimarekani). Hata matusi aliyokuwa anatukanwa Slim yalikuwa kwa maneno ya msimu ya Kiingereza cha Kimarekani. Pamoja na kushiriki wasanii wengi na mazogo ya hapa na pale, mshindi wa usiku huo akawa Saleh Jabry. Tamasha/shindano hili la Yo Raps ! Bonanza ilifanyika Mara sita. Tamasha hili lilileta hamasa kwa watu wengi baadaye. Miongoni mwao akina Issa Michuzi waliokuwa tayari kutoa taarifia hizi katika magazeti nchini. Akina DJ Jummane (Mzungu Mholanzi maarufu DJ J4 au [[Jumanne Thomas]]). DJ huyu ambaye baadaye kaja kuwa kama mwanaharakati halisi wa muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania. Kaenda mbali zaidi kwa kuwa kama meneja wa kundi zima la [[Xplastaz]] na mwaka wa 1997 akaanzisha wavuti ya Rhumba Kali (baadaye na hadi sasa inaitwa “African Hip Hop.com). DJ J4 ana nafasi kubwa katika muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania, kwanza akiwa kama mshabiki nambari moja kutoka nchi za nje, na mtunza kumbukumbu mkuu wa muziki huu wa hip hop ya TZ.<ref>[http://forum.africanhiphop.com/profile/ibony :: Historia fupi kuhusu muziki wa kizazi kipya wa Tanzania - African Hip-Hop Forum]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hakuna siri ni kweli kwamba, muziki wa Wamarekani Weusi ndio hasa ulioleta athira ya kurap kwa vijana wa [[Tanzania]], hasa ule muziki wa soul na [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], lakini kutokana na muundo wa serikali ya kisoshalisti kwa kipindi hicho, muziki wa nje ulipigwa marufuku nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kwa mfano kundi la hip hop la wakati huo Tanzania liliitwa Berry White, liliiga vilevile muziki wa Marekani na kwenda miyenendo ya upigaji uleule wa kama [[Barry White]] mwenyewe wa mamtoni. Isitoshe, kabla ya serikali ya kisoshalisti kuzuia muziki wa nje usiingie nchini Tanzania, dhahiri hip hop ya Tanzania ilikuwa ishaathiriwa na muziki wa majuu, hasa ule wa Wamarekani Weusi.<ref>[http://www.swahiliremix.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=942&Itemid=39 SwahiliRemix.com :: Tanzania Urban Culture Online - Mp3 Player<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Hili nalo lilikianza fursa kwa vijana wa Tanzanian kujua hip-hop, na hata hao wasanii wa awali aidha walijifunza kwa kusikia kupitia nchi za nje au wapate mawasiliano kutoka ughaibuni.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullopagewanted=print | title=African Hip Hop in Tanzania- Highlights of a Conversation with Alex Perullo | accessdate=2008-03-05 | archive-date=2008-05-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511075452/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullopagewanted=print | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa baadhi ya waghani vijana kama Dolasoul, au Balozi, (Ahmed Dola), "walifanya rap kwa kujifurahisha tu, pesa haijahusika." Muziki wa rap ulikuwa sehemu ya burudani ya kupotezea muda uende kwa watoto wa kishua, hii ni tofauti kabisa kwa wasanii wa awali wa Marekani na Afrika Kusini. Elimu walitumia kama msingi wao wa kujipatia mafanikio katika jamii na hao waghani wa awali walighani (rap) kwa kutumia mashairi ya nyimbo za Wamarekani Weusi.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Kibao kilianza kubadilika mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 wakati wa kuvunja sera ya ujamaa, suala hili lilitoa fursa kwa ngoma za hip-hop kuweza kusikilizwa hata na wale watu wa hali ya chini na kuongeza mzunguko, na hapa ikakubalika na wasanii wa ndani na wapenzi wakapatikana na rekodi zikaanza kufanywa, unakili na usambazaji wa hip-hop.<ref>{{cite web| author=Alex Perullo| url=http://www.kwetuentertainment.com/state/state.htm| title=Bongo Flava| accessdate=2008-03-05| archive-date=2008-02-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064029/http://www.kwetuentertainment.com/state/state.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Afrika katika kuchukua aina hii ya muziki, katika historia ya muziki wa hip hop Tanzania, haijapato kutokea msanii wa kiume wa hip hop kupata kuchaguliwa katika tuzo za muziki za Kora Afrika hadi hadi mwaka 2005 msanii [[Ambwene Yesaya]] aka AY alipotajwa katika moja ya kategoria katika tuzo hizo ya Msanii Bora wa Afrika Mashariki na Kati kwa mwaka wa 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kongoi.com/artists/bongoflava-yesaya-ambwene-aka-ay.html|title=kongoi.com|publisher=}}</ref> Kwa tuzo hizi inaonesha kiasi gani muziki huu umesogoea ndani ya muda mfupi. Kwa sasa, hip-hop si muziki wa watu wenye uwezo tu, bali pia umekuwa kama chombo muhimu cha kupazia sauti hata za wale wanyonge. Kwa kutumia hip hop, wenye hali duni wanaweza kuelezea hisia zao kuhusu yale yanayoendelea nchini. Vilevile ilitumika kama njia ya kutia hamasa vijana waweze kujiongezea kipato. Katika hali yoyote ile, wale wenye hali duni hutumia hip hop kuelezea hisia zao na wakati huohuo wanaitumia kama chanzo cha kujikwamua kiuchumi. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahabari Henry Bukuru (a.k.a. Cxteno Allstar), [[mzuki wa rap]] ulikuwa hasa ndiyo uliyoleta athira ya utamaduni wa hip hop nchini Tanzania. Mponjika aliwahi kuelezea elementi nne za utamaduni wa nchini Tanzania: [[Mabreka|break dancing]] (b-boying), [[Machata|graffiti]], [[U-DJ|DJing]], na [[Kurap|rapping]]. Mashindano ya UDJ yameleta kuzaliwa kwa hip hop, hasa huko [[Zanzibar]], ambapo kulikuwa na televisheni inarusha mashindano haya yaliyokuwa yakifanyika katika viwanja visivyo rasmi kwa ajili ya mashindano hayo (mahafali ya shuleni, pikiniki, majumba ya sherehe).<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastafricantube.com/|title=EastAfricanTube - East African Social Networking & Major Gateway in Media Sharing|publisher=|accessdate=2026-05-20|archive-date=2008-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302104413/http://www.eastafricantube.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Miongoni mwa wasanii waliosukuma muziki wa hip hop nchini Tanzania ni Mr. II. Mr. II huweka katika kundi la wasanii wanojitegemea, lakini kuna wakati muziki ulikuwa unatamba kikanda na makundi mawili yalishika chati kupita maelezo. Makundi ni pamoja na "TMK" na "East Coast". Wasanii wanaotokea TMK ni pamoja na [[Juma Nature]] au [[Gangwe Mobb]].<ref>Bongo Flava (Still) Hidden „Underground”1 Rap from Morogoro Tanazania, Birgit Englert. URL:www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr5_Englert.pdf</ref> Kwa upande wa kina "East Coast" ni wale waghani ambao hujiweka katika daraja la juu na hutokea huko Upanga, wachanaji hawa hurap kuhusu maisha na starehe za maisha, hasa muziki wa kibiashara tu. Wakati wasanii kutoka TMK mfano akina Juma Nature wanarap kuhusu mambo ya nchi na mshikamano. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava:+Swahili+Rap+from+Tanzania |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-20 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217023910/http://www.afropop.org/explore/album_review/ID/2604/Bongo+Flava%3A+Swahili+Rap+From+Tanzania |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullo|title=Interview with Alex Perullo, by Banning Eyre and Sean Barlow - African Hip Hop in Tanzania – Highlights of a Conversation with Alex Perullo|year=2005|accessdate=March 5, 2008|archive-date=2008-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403001733/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/67/AFRICAN+HIP+HOP+IN+TANZANIA+-+Highlights+of+a+Conversation+with+Alex+Perullo|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasanii wa awali wa rap ya Tanzania == [[Picha:Adili Kumbuka (Nigga One).jpg|thumb|Adili Kumbuka, lakabu Nigga One. Alikuwa mchanaji maarufu sana kwa watoto Ilala. Katika shindao la Yo Rap Bonanza la mwaka 1992, Nigga One alichukua nafasi ya pili, na ya kwanza ikaenda kwa Saleh Jabri. Kundi lake lilikuwa Raiders Posse kabla kuundwa KU Crew. Alikuwemo KBC, D-Rob, Eddy Cox, James Paul Wamba na wengine wengi.]] Sehemu kubwa ya hip hop ya Tanzania ilianza na watu ambao siku hizi hawatajwi kabisa au mchango wao unaonekana hafifu. Baadhi ya wasanii walioanzisha hasa gurudumu la muziki wa hip ho ya Tanzania. {{quote|Kifupi, hip hop ya Tanzania, sehemu kubwa ya wasanii walianza kwenye miaka ya 1985 hadi 1987. Zama hizi kulikuwa na mashindano ya kurap katika maeneo mbalimbali hasa majumba ya starehe na masheleni. Ukikutana na mtu anayeweza kuchana kwa Kiingereza lazima ushindane nae mtu kwa mtu hadi kieleweke. Wakati Saleh Jabri alivyojitafsiria wimbo wa Ice Ice na kurekodi mwishoni mwa mwaka 1991, wimbo haukupendwa sana na marapa wa Tanzania bara kwa sababu wakati huo watu kitambo walishaanza kuchana katika kumbi mbalimbali jijini Dar kama vile Twiga, New Chox, Coco Beach na nyingine kibao tangu 1987. Pamoja na yote, bado hakukuwa na rekodi rasmi zilizotolewa. Kwa vile walifanya kwa kujifurahisha, watu walikuwa wanakutana chini ya uangalizi wa Bonny Luv, na makundi yakaanza kuundwa kwa kasi ya ajabu kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1993. Hata rekodi za awali ilianza tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, lakini sehemu kubwa ya nyimbo hizo ilikuwa kwa Kiingereza japokuwa kulikuwa na baadhi ya wasanii waliokuwa wanakinukisha kwa Kiswahili japo si sana. Kwa kipindi kile ilikuwa aidha uende kwa watayarishaji huko Masaki au studio za Clouds na rap ilikuwa inakua kwa kasi. Nilipewa upendeleo wa kipekee kwa kudondosha wimbo wa "Oya Msela"' na Clouds Ent 1991 lakini sikuwa wa kwanza kuimba kwa Kiswahili, kulikuwa na wajuvi zaidi yangu kabla ya mimi. Lakini umaarufu wa wimbo ulishika hatamu na kupigwa sana kwenye vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama vile ITV ulitazamiwa kama wimbo wa kwanza wa rap wa video kurushwa katika runinga hiyo. Kwa hakika ilimaliza nyimbo za rap ya Kiingereza kwa sababu tangu hapo wengi walitamani nao kuimba kwa Kiswahili. Baada ya kibao hiki, nilipata simu kutoka kwa Mr II lakabu Sugu akisema, ahsante kwa kufunifungua macho. Huko nyuma kulikuwa na mgomvi mengi yasomana lakini tuliyamaliza vyema kabisa. Sipendi kuyaelezea sana kwa sababu pale uvutio unapokutana na sanaa, ubunifu huwa kileleni. Salaam kwa wale wote walioshika maiki miaka ya nyuma hata kama ilikuwa japo kwa dakika tatu.|[[Sindila Assey]] mnamo 8 Mei, 2017}} * Fresh X E - jina halisi ni Edward Mtui na ndiye hasa mwanzilishi wa kurap kwa Kiswahili katika miaka ya 1980 na alikuwa akiimba wimbo wake kwa kiitikio cha "Piga Makofi" ambao aliubadilisha wa [[Run-D.M.C.]] Clap Your Hands, lakini hajaurekodi. Kwa kuenzi uwepo wa Fresh na mchango wake katika tasnia, [[Professor Jay]] akatengeneza wimbo wa [[Piga Makofi]] kwa kutumia kiitikio kilekile cha Fresh kisha kutaja hazina kubwa ya wasaniii walioanzisha hip hop ya Tanzania. * Young Millionaire * Conway Francis * [[Mawingu Band]] lakabu the Clouds - ilikuwa bendi iliyotamba na wimbo wa "Oya Msela" wimbo ambao unatoka katika albamu yao ya mwaka wa 1994, Msela. * [[Cool James]] lakabu Mtoto wa Dandu * Adili Kumbuka lakabu Nigga One - alikuwa mmoja kati ya wasanii mahairi sana katika rap ya Tanzania. Vilevile alishiriki vilivyo katika kuanzishwa kwa Kwanza Unit mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 bahati mbaya hakuona matunda yake kwani alikuja kufa katika ajali ya gari mnamo mwaka wa 1993. Kulingana na duru, Nigga One inasemakana alikuwa hatari sana kwa kufoka. Wasanii wengi walimhofia kupambana nae katika mashindano ya rap. Sindila anamwelezea Nigga One {{Quote|To be honest, a lot of icons where with Kwanza Unit, One, Ramzy, KBC, Easy B just to name a few. One aka Adili was the most stubborn influence behind every stage. He never shy away from an empty instrumental. He will annoy any DJ to get the piece of his lyrics out anytime anywhere. A very humble dude he was. He would always share a stage with his crew (KU) and anyone who's willing to try him. That's the interview you would have loved to have. I instantly became a friend when KBC introduced me to all (KU)one afternoon day at Twiga when DJ Bonny Luv asked of me. I was nervous, KBC was telling them I can do Treach all day... my gf was there too. In front of KU I did prove myself. Adili was jumping up n down. We then set for a New Chox cinema show. 'One' was unique on the microphone. He flowed like The late Guru and would get on any track.|Sindilla Assey}} * [[Kwanza Unit]] - miongoni mwa makundi ya kwanza kabisa katika hip hop ya Tanzania. Kiufupi, KU ndiyo kundi la kwanza kuundwa katika tasinia nzima ya muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania. Kuundwa kwa kundi ni juhudi kubwa na za dhati kutoka kwa [[Zavara Mponjika]] na hayati Nigga One. Kabla ya muungano, kulikuwa na mabifu kibao yasomana na ilibidi waungane li kuondoa mabifu na kukuza muziki kwenda kiwango kingine. Kuungana kwao, kulifanikisha mambo mengi kama wasanii waasisi wa rap ya Tanzania. * [[Hard Blasters]] - kundi ambalo hutazamiwa kuleta mabadiliko katika muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania * Da Young Mob - kundi ambalo [[II Proud]] alipanda nalo katika kinyang'anyiro cha Yo Rap Bonanza, 1993 * [[Deplowmatz]] - Wakati wanaanza harakati ilibidi kwanza wamuone Sindilla kwa ushauri zaidi. Muda mfupi baadaye wakarekodi nyimbo zao mbili za kwanza "Turuke kwa Furaha" na "Word is Born". * Wagumu Weusi Asilia lakabu W.W.A * Black Houndz * Bantu Pound * Niggaz with Power (NWP) * Full Soldiers  * Rough Niggaz  * Kibo Flava * The Mac Mooger * Mabaga Fresh * KNT Squad  * Ras Pompidue * [[Saleh Jabir]] - msanii wa kwanza wa hip hop ya Tanzania kurekodi na kusambaza kazi zake. Japo mwenyewe hakuonesha kutaka kusambaza kazi zile bali alikuta tayari mzigo uko sokoni na baadaye kukamia ili apate chochote kitu. Inaaminika ndiye hasa aliyeanzisha kurap kwa Kiswahili, hasa kwa kufuatia shindano la Yo Rap Bonanza la mwaka 1992 na kuibuka mshindi. Saleh Jabri hutazamika kama ndiye chachu aliyesabisha wasanii wengine wa muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania kuuanza kuimba kwa Kiswahili. Kabla ya Saleh J kushiriki kwenye tamasha la Yo Rap Bonanza, lugha kuu ilikuwa Kiingereza, lakini Saleh alitumia Kiswahili katika tungo zake. Hasa alifanya kunakili nyimbo za Kimarekani, kama vile Ice Ice Baby ya Vanilla Ice na kuimba kwa Kiswahili. * Sos B * Niggaz 2 Public * [[Xplastaz]]  * [[Underground Souls]] * [[Ugly Faces]] - Hawa walikuwa wasela waliotambushwa wa Sindila Assey wa Mawingu Band na walifanya balaa zito kaktika mazoezi yao. Ndani yake anakuna Mac D, DJ Rich Maka na Eazy Daz. Kwa pamoja wakafanya ngoma moja na Bonny Luv iliyokwenda kwa jina la "[[Wapambe Nuksi]]" mnamo mwaka 1997. * [[Big Dogg Pose]] * [[GWM]] * [[L.W.P]] * Afro Reign  * Pyscho Tak  * [[2Proud]]  * No name - kundi ambalo [[P Funk]] alikuwa mwanachama wao na Mchizi Karabani. * King Crazy GK * [[Gangwe Mobb]] * Hashim Dogo * Bugsy Malone * Kool X * Cool Moe Cee  * Big Money * 4 Krewz Flava - miaka ya 1990 walihesabiwa kama akina Boyz II Men ya Tanzania. Lilikuwa kundi la mwanzo kabisa nchini Tanzania kuimba muziki wa R&B. * Unique Sisters * E Attack <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Juma Nature]]  * Hardcore Unit * Imeditation Kingdom * Fun with Sense  * Solo thang  * Mack Malik aka Mac 2 B Wasanii hao walishiriki vilivyo katika kuunda muziki wa hip hop nchini Tanzania ==Marejeo== {{reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/2005/11/aidsmusic/recordings_aidsmusic2.shtml Extra Listening for Tanzanian Hip Hop and AIDS awareness.] * '''Three African musical responses to AIDS''', [http://www.uuworld.org/life/articles/4481.shtml Recordings from Africa show the range of musical responses to the pandemic.] {{Hiphop}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya Hip Hop ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] 786wceas8ftrs9ogn3pin851phvkg8p 0 57272 1575727 1536687 2026-06-21T08:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Bt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|John Henry Newman alivyochorwa na [[John Everett Millais]], [[1881]].]] [[Picha:j-h-newman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|J. H. Newman wakati alipohubiri mara ya kwanza akiwa na umri wa miaka 23.]] [[Picha:John Henry Newman - Project Gutenberg 13103.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|John Henry Newman.]] [[Picha:Newman desk.JPG|thumb|right170px|[[Dawati]] la Newman katika nyumba ya Oratori mjini Birmingham.]] [[Picha:Newman2.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Chumba]] cha Newman katika Oratori hiyo.]] [[Picha:Newman room1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Chapeli|Kikanisa]] chake ndani ya chumba hicho.]] '''John Henry Newman, [[C.O.]]''' ([[London]], [[Uingereza]], [[21 Februari]] [[1801]] - [[Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]], [[11 Agosti]] [[1890]]) alikuwa [[padri]] na [[kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] baada ya kuacha [[kasisi|ukasisi]] wa [[madhehebu]] ya [[Anglikana]] akiwa tayari maarufu nchini kote kutokana na mahubiri na [[maandishi]] yake<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92649</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[19 Septemba]] [[2010]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article7011733.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797084 |title=Pope to Meet Queen on Visit to Scotland |date=2 Februari 2010 |accessdate=2011-05-15 |archive-date=2011-05-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110510011638/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article7011733.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797084 |url-status=dead }}</ref> halafu [[Papa Fransisko]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[13 Oktoba]] [[2019]] na [[Papa Leo XIV]] akamfanya [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[1 Novemba]] [[2025]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2025-11-01 |title=Pope Leo XIV: Newman, Doctor of the Church - A light for the new generations|work=Vatican News|first=Alessandro|last=Di Bussolo |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-11/pope-leo-newman-doctor-church-light-new-generations.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |language=en}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[9 Oktoba]]<ref>https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2026/02/03/0095/00182.html</ref>. == Maisha == John Henry alikuwa wa kwanza kati ya watoto 6 wa mwenye [[benki]] John Newman na Jemina Foundrinier, mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alipata [[elimu]] bora karibu na London akaathiriwa na [[mchungaji]] wa [[Ukalvini|Kikalvini]] hata akashikilia msimamo wa [[Uprotestanti|Kiprotestanti]] kwa uamuzi ambao baadaye aliuita [[wongofu]] wake wa kwanza [[1816]]. Mwaka [[1817]] alijiunga na [[Trinity College]] huko [[Oxford]] akawa [[shemasi]] wa Kianglikana mwaka [[1824]]. Mwaka [[1828]] alifanywa [[paroko]] wa [[kanisa]] la [[chuo kikuu]] kwa jukumu la kuwachunga wanachuo; wakati huohuo alijitosa katika masomo ya [[falsafa]] na [[teolojia]]. Baada ya kuwa [[profesa]] wa Oxford na kasisi wa Anglikana (Church of England) mwenye mwelekeo wa Kiinjili, Newman alipata kuwa kiongozi wa [[Oxford Movement]]. Kundi hilo la Waanglikana lilikusudia kurudisha Kanisa la Uingereza kwenye [[imani]] na [[ibada]] za Kikatoliki. Miaka 2 baada ya kuacha ukasisi na hatimaye Anglikana yenyewe, alijiunga na Kanisa Katoliki moja kwa moja ([[9 Oktoba]] [[1845]]). Mwaka [[1847]] alipata [[upadirisho]] akaanzisha shirika la [[Waoratori]] mjini Birmingham. Alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa ([[1851]] - [[1858]]) uundaji wa [[Catholic University of Ireland]], ambayo leo inaitwa [[University College, Dublin]] na ni [[chuo kikuu]] kinachoshinda kwa ukubwa vingine vyote vya [[Ireland]]. Baada ya kufanya uchungaji tena, mwaka [[1879]] aliteuliwa na [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuwa [[kardinali]]. Kama mwandishi wa [[teolojia]] na [[fasihi]] ya [[Kiingereza]], Newman ni maarufu hasa kwa simulizi la maisha yake ''[[Apologia Pro Vita Sua]]'' ([[1865]]–[[1866]]), kwa ''[[Grammar of Assent]]'' ([[1870]]), kwa [[shairi]] ''[[The Dream of Gerontius]]'' (1865), ambalo lilitiwa [[muziki]] na [[Edward Elgar]] mwaka [[1900]] kama [[oratorio]]. Kati ya [[tenzi]] zake, maarufu zaidi ni ''[[Lead, Kindly Light]]'' na ''[[Praise to the Holiest in the Height]]'' (kutoka Gerontius). Juu ya [[kaburi]] lake yameandikwa maneno ya [[Kilatini]] aliyoyachagua mwenyewe kama muhtasari wa maisha yake aliyoyaona kama [[safari]] kuelekea [[ukweli]]: ''Ex umbris et imaginibus in veritatem'' (''Kutoka vivuli na mifano hadi ukweli''). ==Sala yake== Mungu wangu uliyetuumba, ulijua kwamba wewe tu unaweza kutushibisha; basi umeamua kujifanya chakula na kinywaji chetu. Fumbo abudiwa kuliko yote! Huruma ya ajabu kuliko zote! Wewe mwenye utukufu, uzuri, nguvu na utamu kuliko wote ulijua fika kwamba chochote kingine kisingeweza kutegemeza umbile letu lisilokoma, mioyo yetu dhaifu; kwa hiyo ulitwaa mwili na damu ya kibinadamu, hivi kwamba, vikiwa mwili na damu ya Mungu, viweze kuwa uhai wetu... Naja kwako, Bwana, sio tu kwa sababu pasipo wewe sina raha, si tu kwa sababu najitambua ninakuhitaji, bali kwa sababu neema yako inanivuta nikutafute kwa ajili yako mwenyewe, kwa jinsi ulivyo mtukufu na mzuri. Naja kwa uchaji mkubwa, lakini kwa upendo mkubwa zaidi. == Maandishi == ;Akiwa Mwanglikana * ''The Arians of the Fourth Century'' (1833) * ''Tracts for the Times'' (1833–1841) * ''British Critic'' (1836–1842) * ''On the Prophetical Office of the Church'' (1837) * ''Lectures on Justification'' (1838) * ''Parochial and Plain Sermons'' (1834–1843) * ''Select Treatises of St. Athanasius'' (1842, 1844) * ''Lives of the English Saints'' (1843–44) * ''Essays on Miracles'' (1826, 1843) * ''Oxford University Sermons'' (1843) * ''Sermons on Subjects of the Day'' (1843) ;Akiwa Mkatoliki * ''Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine'' (1845) * ''Retractation of Anti-Catholic Statements'' (1845) * ''Loss and Gain'' (novel&nbsp;– 1848) * ''Faith and Prejudice and Other Unpublished Sermons'' (1848–1873; collected 1956) * ''Discourses to Mixed Congregations'' (1849) * ''Difficulties of Anglicans'' (1850) * ''The Present Position of Catholics in England'' (1851) * ''The Idea of a University'' (1852 and 1858) * ''Cathedra Sempiterna'' (1852) * ''Callista'' (novel&nbsp;– 1855) * ''The Rambler (Catholic periodical)]]'' (editor) (1859–1860) * ''Apologia Pro Vita Sua'' (religious autobiography&nbsp;– 1864; revised edition, 1865) * ''Letter to Dr. Pusey'' (1865) * ''The Dream of Gerontius'' (poem) (1865) * ''An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent'' (1870) * ''Sermons Preached on Various Occasions'' (various/1874) * ''Letter to the Duke of Norfolk'' (1875) * ''Five Letters'' (1875) * ''Sermon Notes'' (1849–1878) * ''Select Treatises of St. Athanasius'' (1881) * ''On the Inspiration of Scripture'' (1884) * ''Development of Religious Error'' (1885) ;Mengineyo * ''Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius'' (1843) * ''Essays Critical and Historical'' (various/1871) * ''Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical'' (various/1871) * ''Discussions and Arguments'' (various/1872) * ''Historical Sketches'' (various/1872) * ''Addresses to Cardinal Newman and His Replies'', with ''Biglietto Speech'' (1879) ;Madondoo * ''Realizations: Newman's Own Selection of His Sermons'' (edited by Vincent Ferrer Blehl, S.J., 1964). Liturgical Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8146-3290-1 * ''Mary the Second Eve'' (compiled by Sister Eileen Breen, F.M.A., 1969). [[TAN Books]], 2009. ISBN 978-0-89555-181-8 ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 305-306 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * {{Rejea kitabu| title=John Henry Newman: Continuum Library of Educational Thought | url=https://archive.org/details/johnhenrynewman0000arth | author=Arthur, James & Nicholls, Guy | isbn=978-0-8264-8407-9 | location=London | publisher=Continuum| year=2007 }} * [[Edward Bellasis (officer of arms)|Bellasis, Edward]] (1892). * [[Owen Chadwick|Chadwick, Owen]] (1987). ''The Victorian Church: Part One 1829–1859'' * Connolly, John R. (2005). ''John Henry Newman: A View of Catholic Faith for the New Millennium''. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3222-9 * Faught, C. Brad (2003). ''The Oxford Movement: A Thematic History of the Tractarians and Their Times'', University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02249-9. * {{Rejea kitabu| title=Newman and His Age | author=Gilley, Sheridan. | isbn=978-0-232-52478-9 | location=London | publisher=Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd | year=2002 }} * Herring, George (2002). ''What Was the Oxford Movement?'' * Ker, Ian and Merrigan, Terrence (eds) (2009). ''[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521871860&ss=exc The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman]''. Cambridge University Press. * [[Graham Kings|Kings, Graham]] (2010). [http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/page.cfm?ID=558 "The Ambiguous Legacy of John Henry Newman: Reflections on the Papal Visit 2010"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/page.cfm?ID=558 |date=20101102153909 }} * {{Rejea kitabu| title=John Henry Newman | url=https://archive.org/details/johnhenrynewmanh0000mart_s0f4 | author=Martin, Brian | isbn=978-0-8264-4993-1 | location=London | publisher=Continuum | year=2000 }} * [[Lytton Strachey|Strachey, Lytton]] (1918). ''[[Eminent Victorians]]'' * [[Meriol Trevor|Trevor, Meriol]] (1962). ''Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud'' and ''Newman: Light in Winter'' (two-volume biography) * [[Frank M Turner|Turner, Frank M]] (2002). ''[http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300092516 John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion] {{Wayback|url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300092516 |date=20141205114008 }}''. Yale University Press. * [[Steven Aguzzi]] (2010). John Henry Newman's Anglican Views on Judaism. Newman Studies Journal 7:1[http://philpapers.org/rec/AGUJHN] * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Fifteen Sermons Preached Before the University of Oxford |author=John Henry Newman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |editor1=James David Earnest |editor2=Gerard Tracey}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category}} === Kesi ya kumtangaza mtakatifu === * [http://www.newmancause.co.uk The Cause for the Canonisation of John Henry Cardinal Newman] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newmancause.co.uk/ |date=20100330160944 }} * [http://catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Igpress/CWR/CWR1096/profil.html 1996 article on the canonisation process] * [http://www.newmanreader.org/canonization/promulgation.html Promulgation of Newman as venerable] (kwa [[Kilatini]]) * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100919_beatif-newman_en.html Hotuba ya Benedikto XVI katika kumtangaza mwenye heri 19.09.2010] === Vyama vya Newman === * [http://www.newmansociety.org.uk/ Oxford University Newman Society] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newmansociety.org.uk/ |date=20051013055432 }} * [http://www.ucd.ie/newmans/ University College Dublin Newman Society] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucd.ie/newmans/ |date=20110615181259 }} * [http://www.newman.ac.uk/ Newman University College, Birmingham, England] * [http://www.tcdsb.org/cardinalnewman/ Cardinal Newman Catholic Secondary School, Toronto, Canada] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tcdsb.org/cardinalnewman/ |date=20110718100821 }} === Maisha na maandishi === * [http://www.newmanreader.org Newman Reader – Works of John Henry Newman] * [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19900428_ratzinger-newman_en.html Presentation by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger] * [http://catholicity.elcore.net/JHNPortraits/JohnHenryNewmanPortraits.html John Henry Newman: Portraits] * [http://www.vatican2voice.org/3butlerwrites/newman.htm Newman & The Second Vatican Council, by [[Christopher Butler]]] * [http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/6796/ Christina Rossetti's ''Cardinal Newman''] * [http://www.newmanstudiesinstitute.org/ National Institute for Newman Studies, Pittsburgh, PA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newmanstudiesinstitute.org/ |date=20110716060215 }} * [http://digilander.libero.it/amschiar/unuomofinito/note_regia.html "Un uomo finito": website for the theater play about John Henry Newman and [[Giovanni Papini]] (kwa [[Kiitalia]])] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/amschiar/unuomofinito/note_regia.html |date=20090426124430 }} * [http://www.indcatholicnews.com/rmainnewm324.html/ Statement on the failure of exhumation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/rmainnewm324.html/ |date=20081208193305 }} * [http://ia360709.us.archive.org/9/items/JohnHenryNewmanBecomingRomesFirstEcumenicalSaint/Newman-Booklet.pdf John Henry Newman: Becoming Rome’s First Ecumenical Saint by Richard Bennett and Michael De Semlyen] {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newman, John Henry}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1801]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1890]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Kiingereza]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Waoratori]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka London]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:walimu wa Kanisa]] msq82msukrrrg7dyna5gyno6c8tp1s7 0 57567 1575595 1558819 2026-06-20T20:49:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Conversion of Paravas by Francis Xavier in 1542.jpg|thumb|right|Fransisko Saveri akimuongoa [[Paravas]] huko [[Goa]], [[India]], katika picha ya [[karne ya 19]].]] [[Image:Xavier f map of voyages asia.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Safari zake.]] [[Image:Castillo javier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ngome]] ya [[familia]] ya Xavier.]] [[Image:VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg|thumb|"[[Njozi]] ya Mt. Fransisko SaverI", ilivyochorwa na [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli]].]] [[File:Stain glass window of St Francis of Xavier in Béthanie.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Kioo]] katika [[kanisa]] la [[Hong Kong]] kikimchora [[ubatizo|akimbatiza]] Mchina.]] [[File:StPierreParis.jpg|thumb|Kanisa la [[Saint-Pierre de Montmartre]], [[Paris]], alipoweka nadhiri zake.]] [[Image:Casket of Saint Francis Xavier.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Kaburi]] lake katika [[Basilika]] la [[Yesu]] Mwema huko [[Goa]].]] '''Fransisko Saveri''' ([[jina]] asili: '''Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta'''; [[Javier]], [[Navarra]], leo nchini [[Hispania]], [[7 Aprili]] [[1506]] - [[kisiwa]] cha [[Shangchuan]], [[China]], [[3 Desemba]] [[1552]]) alikuwa [[padri]] wa [[Shirika la Yesu]], ambalo alichangia kulianzisha pamoja na [[Ignas wa Loyola]]. Baadaye, akisukumwa na [[hamu]] yenye [[ari]] ya kueneza [[Injili]], alimtangaza [[Kristo]] kwa [[bidii]] katika nchi nyingi za [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika]] na [[Asia]] hata akawa kati ya [[wamisionari]] maarufu zaidi ya [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Baada ya kuwahubiria [[Kabila|makabila]] mengi ya [[Uhindi|India]], [[visiwa vya Maluku]] na vinginevyo, huko [[Japani]] aliongoa watu wengi kwenye [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo]] akafa hatimaye karibu na China bara, ameishiwa [[nguvu]] na [[Ugonjwa|maradhi]] na [[kazi]] nyingi<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/25450</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Paulo V]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[25 Oktoba]] [[1619]], halafu [[Papa Gregori XV]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[12 Machi]] [[1622]]. Anaheshimiwa na [[Waanglikana]] na [[Walutheri]] pia. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> ==Sala yake== Ee Mungu wa mataifa yote ya dunia, uukumbuke umati wa Wapagani ambao, ingawa waliumbwa kwa sura yako, hawajakufahamu wewe wala kifo cha Mwanao Yesu Kristo, mwokozi wao. Fanya kwamba, kwa sala na kazi za Kanisa lako takatifu, wakombolewe kutoka ushirikina wote na utovu wa imani wakaletwe kwenye ibada zako. Kwa njia ya yule uliyemtuma awe ufufuo na uzima wa watu wote, huyo Mwanao Yesu Kristo, Bwana wetu. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 446-448 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 430-432 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 372-373 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 92 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * Attwater, Donald. (1965) ''A Dictionary of Saints''. Penguin Books, Middlesex, England. Reprint: 1981. * Jou, Albert. (1984) ''The Saint on a Mission''. Anand Press, Anand, India. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/12/031.html "St. Francis Xavier, Apostle of the Indies, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-xavier-saint-and-roman-catholic-missionary-of-the-jesuit-society-of-jesus.html The Life and Miracles of St. Francis Xavier, Apostle and Missionary of the Indies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-xavier-saint-and-roman-catholic-missionary-of-the-jesuit-society-of-jesus.html |date=20100504150549 }} *[http://www.bomjesus.in Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bomjesus.in/ |date=20090831074329 }} The Shrine of Saint Francis Xavier *[http://www.stfx.ca Saint Francis Xavier University] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stfx.ca/ |date=20040621132232 }} Antigonish, Nova Scotia * [http://strobertbellarmine.net/books/Torsellino--Xavier.pdf The Life of St. Francis Xavier] {{Wayback|url=http://strobertbellarmine.net/books/Torsellino--Xavier.pdf |date=20110724083947 }} *[http://www.archive.org/details/lifelettersofstf01coleuoft The life and letters of St. Francis Xavier] Francis Xavier, Saint, 1506-1552 Coleridge, Henry James, 1822-1893 London: Burns and Oates, (1872) *[http://www.pnte.cfnavarra.es/elmundodejavier/index_uk.htm ''Xavier's World''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pnte.cfnavarra.es/elmundodejavier/index_uk.htm |date=20090917023804 }} website of Navarre Department of Education celebrating 500th anniversary of their patron saint's birth *[http://www.hamsa.org/coelho.htm A critical view] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hamsa.org/coelho.htm |date=20110716101614 }} *[http://www.dommartin.cc/Basilica%20ptgs/Basilica%20ptgs%20index.htm St. Francis Xavier - Pictorial Biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dommartin.cc/Basilica%20ptgs/Basilica%20ptgs%20index.htm |date=20070705064030 }} *[http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/index.html ''Saint François Xavier''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/index.html |date=20021214062137 }} {{fr icon}} *[http://www.dommartin.cc/Basilica%20ptgs/SFX%20halo.htm St. Francis of the Millennium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dommartin.cc/Basilica%20ptgs/SFX%20halo.htm |date=20071223164408 }} *[http://www.goajesuits.in ''The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus'': The Jesuits in Goa] *[http://www.goacom.com/culture/religion/sfx/francis.html ''The Feast of St Francis Xavier in Goa''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/religion/sfx/francis.html |date=20041207014252 }} *[http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/images/sancian_maxi.jpg Picture of Shangchuan island. The chapel marks the location of his death] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jesuites.com/xavier/images/sancian_maxi.jpg |date=20031016220801 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120912184925/http://www.tsinfo.com.cn/UploadFiles/2005/02/22/022211304125023.jpg Another picture of the church on Shangchuan island] *[http://www.portsmouthbookshop.com/MapPage/MapPages542xx/54282maca.htm Old map of Shangchuan island] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portsmouthbookshop.com/MapPage/MapPages542xx/54282maca.htm |date=20040312120411 }} *[http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Miracles/Miracles_005.htm The Miracles of St Francis Xavier by [[John Hardon|John Hardon, SJ]]] *[http://web.archive.org/20070313182144/chronicleofameanderingtraveller.blogspot.com/2006/01/st-francis-xavier-history-of-his.html St Francis Xavier: History of His Incorrupt Body] {{Wayback|url=http://www.therealpresence.org/archives/Miracles/Miracles_005.htm |date=20110610221205 }} *[http://www.goacentral.com/Goahistory/StFrancisXavier.htm Brief History of St Francis Xavier] {{Wayback|url=http://www.goacentral.com/Goahistory/StFrancisXavier.htm |date=20181010192645 }} *[http://saints.sqpn.com/saintf08.htm Saint Francis Xavier] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintf08.htm |date=20081019190248 }} at Patron Saints Index *[http://www.stfrancisxvr.org St Francis Xavier Catholic Parish in Brunswick, GA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stfrancisxvr.org/ |date=20141218062900 }} *[http://www.stx-pburg.org St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church in Parkersburg, WV] *[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514045419/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080628TDY01306.htm St. Francis Xavier &ndash; 90% name recognition amongst primary school students in Japan], 2008. *[http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/kiyo/AA11747932/KJ00004184355.pdf Hidemi Mizuta, "Intercultural Contact in the Age of St. Francis Xavier" ''Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities'', Vol.1 page.15-24] {{Wayback|url=http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/kiyo/AA11747932/KJ00004184355.pdf |date=20110718172203 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1506]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1552]] [[Category:Wajesuiti]] [[Category:Mapadri]] [[Category:Wamisionari]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Hispania]] qyngbz4ugxd6l5wpvvedl4se1iewsjh 0 57663 1575592 1463332 2026-06-20T20:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Váldatgohppi_Kunsavárri.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mlima Kunsavárri]] [[Picha:Norway Counties Finnmark Position.svg|thumb|right|300px|Mahali pa {{PAGENAME}} nchini Norwei]] '''Finnmark''' au '''Finnmárku''' ([[Sami ya Kaskazini]]) ni moja kati ya [[Majimbo ya Norwei]] ambalo lipo mno upande wa kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi ya [[Norwei]]. Kiinchi imepakana na mipaka ya jimbo la [[Troms]] kwa upande wa magharibi, [[Finland]] ([[Lapland, Finland|Lapland]]) kwa upande wa kusini na [[Urusi]] ([[Murmansk Oblast]]) kwa upande wa mashariki, na kwa maji, ile [[Bahari ya Kinorwei]] ([[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]) ipo kwa upande wa kaskazini-magharibi, na [[Bahari ya Barents]] ([[Bahari ya Aktiki]]) ipo upande wa kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki. Awali jimbo lilikuwa likijulikana kama ''Finmarkens amt'' au ''Vardøhus amt'', na tangu 2002, limepata kuwa na majina rasmi mawili: Finnmark ([[Kinorwei]]) na Finnmárku ([[Kisami]]). Ni moja ya sehemu ya kanda ya [[Sápmi (eneo)|Sápmi]], ambayo ina eneo la majimbo manne, vilevile [[Kanda ya Barents]], na ni jimbo kubwa lenye wakazi wadogo humo nchini Norwei. Lipo mjini Kaskazinisana mwa bara la [[Ulaya]], ambapo Norwei inahemea upande wa mashariki, Finnmark daima imekuwa eneo ambapo mashariki yanakutana na magharibi, kiutamaduni na vilevile kiasili na kijiografia. [[Vardø]], manispaa iliyopo mjini mashariki mwa jimbo, lipo mashariki ya mbali zaidi kuliko [[St. Petersburg]] na [[Istanbul]]. == Manispaa za jimboni hapa == Kwa sasa, kuna takriban manispaa 19 katika Finnmark. {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2|Manispaa za Finnmark |- !Key |rowspan=2|[[Picha:Finnmark municipalities.png|600px]] |- | # [[Alta, Norwei|Alta]] # [[Berlevåg]] # [[Båtsfjord]] # [[Gamvik]] # [[Hammerfest]] # [[Hasvik]] # [[Kárášjohka]] (Karasjok) # [[Guovdageaidnu]] (Kautokeino) # [[Kvalsund]] # [[Lebesby]] # [[Loppa]] # [[Måsøy]] # [[Unjárga]] (Nesseby) # [[Nordkapp]] # [[Porsángu]] (Porsanger - Porsanki) # [[Sør-Varanger]] # [[Deatnu]] (Tana) # [[Vadsø]] # [[Vardø]] |} == Bibliografia == * {{cite book|first=Gustav|last=Bjørbæk|title=Norsk Vær i 110 År|year=2003|isbn=9788204086952|location=Oslo|publisher=Damm}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Haugan|editor-first=Trygve B|title=Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land|location=Trondheim|publisher=Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag|year=1940}} * {{cite book|first=Asbjørn|last=Moen|title=Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon|year=1998|isbn=9788290408263|publisher=Statens Kartverk|location=Hønefoss}} * [[Norwegian Meteorological Institute]] (24-hr averages, 1961-90 base period) * {{cite book|author=Tollefsrud, Jan Inge|author2=Tjørve, Even|author3=Hermansen, Pål|title=Perler i Norsk Natur - En Veiviser|publisher=Aschehoug|year=1991|isbn=9788203166631}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.uit.no/melkoya/perioder/older_stone.htm Stone age in Finnmark]{{Wayback|url=http://www.uit.no/melkoya/perioder/older_stone.htm |date=20091214085446 }} * [http://www.finnmark.no/index.jsp?lang=en Finnmark county administration] {{Wayback|url=http://www.finnmark.no/index.jsp?lang=en |date=20110724175353 }} * [http://www.visitnorthcape.com/ Visitnorthcape.com - official travel guide to Finnmark] {{Wayback|url=http://www.visitnorthcape.com/ |date=20080406063123 }} * [http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Stories/Norway/North/Finnmark/ Finnmark at the official travel guide to Norway] {{Majimbo ya Norwei}} {{Coord|70|N|25|E|source:itwiki_region:NO_type:adm1st|display=title}} {{mbegu-jio-Norwei}} [[Jamii:Finnmark| ]] [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Norwei]] i1o67zayadbfv7rehhv7wj1e9smnd94 0 66213 1575656 1534557 2026-06-21T02:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Engraving; German abbess and physician Hildegard von Bingen Wellcome L0005783.jpg|thumb|300px]] [[Image:Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hildegarda akipata [[njozi]] na kumsimulia [[karani]] wake.]] '''Hildegarda wa Bingen, [[O.S.B.]]''' (kwa [[Kijerumani]] Hildegard von Bingen; kwa [[Kilatini]] Hildegardis Bingensis; [[Bermersheim vor der Höhe]], [[Rhineland]], [[Dola Takatifu la Kiroma]], [[1098]] hivi <ref>Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 9.</ref> - [[Bingen am Rhein]], [[17 Septemba]] [[1179]]).<ref>Bennett, Judith M. and Hollister, Warren C. ''Medieval Europe: A Short History'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), 317.</ref> alikuwa [[bikira]] [[mmonaki]], [[mwanafalsafa]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya aina mbalimbali kutoka [[Ujerumani]] wa leo. [[Mtaalamu]] wa [[sayansi]], [[tiba]] na [[muziki]], aliandika hasa juu ya [[njozi]] alizojaliwa <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/70550</ref>. Toka zamani [[abesi]] huyo anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]], halafu na [[Waanglikana]] na [[Walutheri]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] alithibitisha [[utakatifu]] wake tarehe [[10 Mei]] [[2012]] na kumtangaza [[mwalimu wa Kanisa]] tarehe [[7 Oktoba]] 2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.uscatholic.org/news/2012/05/pope-recognizes-hildegard-saint-advances-causes-us-bishop-nun |title=Catholic News Service |accessdate=2012-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045630/http://www.uscatholic.org/news/2012/05/pope-recognizes-hildegard-saint-advances-causes-us-bishop-nun |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=14287 Vatican newspaper explains 'equivalent canonization' of St Hildegard of Bingen]</ref> [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[17 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Maisha== Hildegarda alizaliwa Bermersheim vor der Höhe, Rhineland, 1098 hivi, na Hildebert na Mekthilde katika [[familia]] tajiri ya kisharifu kama mtoto wa kumi, mgonjwa tangu mwanzo.<ref>Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 17.</ref> Katika kitabu chake ''Maisha'', Hildegarda anasimulia kwamba alianza kupata [[njozi]] akiwa na miaka 3 tu, na kwamba alipofikia miaka 5 alianza kutambua ni [[karama]] kutoka kwa [[Mungu]].<ref name="Ruether, Rosemary Radford 2002">Ruether, Rosemary Radford. ''Visionary Women'' (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fotress, 2002), 7.</ref><ref>Underhill, Evelyn. ''Mystics of the Church'' (Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925), 77.</ref> Labda kwa sababu hiyo wazazi wake walimtoa kwa [[Mungu]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 8, amtumikie utawani kulingana na [[Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]], wakamweka kwa [[malezi]] ya kiutu na ya Kikristo kwanza chini ya [[Uda wa Gölklheim]], [[mjane]] aliyewekwa [[wakfu]], halafu chini ya [[Jutta wa Sponheim]], aliyekwisha kuvikwa [[shela]] katika [[monasteri]] changa ya wanawake Wabenedikto.<ref>Newman, Barbara. ''Voice of the Living Light'' (California: University of California Press, 1998), 53.</ref><ref>Michael McGrade, "Hildegard von Bingen", in ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik,'' 2nd edition, T.2, Vol. 8, ed. Ludwig Fischer (Kassel and New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994).</ref> Hakuna kumbukumbu za miaka 24 aliyoishi na Jutta.<ref>Reed-Jones, Carol. ''Hildegard of Bingen: Women of Vision'' (Washington: Paper Crane Press, 2004), 8.</ref> Kwa vyovyote, walikuwa wamejifungia huko [[Disibodenberg]], katika [[msitu]] wa [[Rhine-Palatino|Palatino]]. Jutta pia alikuwa na njozi, jambo lililovutia wengi kumtembelea. Jutta alimfundisha kusoma na kuandika, lakini hakuweza kumsaidia katika ufafanuzi wa [[Biblia]].<ref>Ruether, Rosemary Radford. ''Visionary Women'' (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fotress, 2002), 6.</ref> Inawezekana kuwa wakati huo ndio alipojifunza [[muziki]] na kuanza [[utunzi]] wake.<ref>Reed-Jones, Carol. ''Hildegard of Bingen: Women of Vision'' (Washington: Paper Crane Press, 2004), 6.</ref>Hildegarda alivikwa kimonaki na [[askofu]] [[Oto wa Bamberg]] akaweka [[nadhiri]] mwaka [[1115]]. Baada ya Jutta kufariki mwaka [[1136]], Hildegarda alichaguliwa na wamonaki wenzake kwa [[kauli moja]] kushika nafasi yake kama "magistra" (yaani mwalimu na kiongozi) wa [[jumuia]] yao ya kike.<ref>Furlong, Monica. ''Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics'' (Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996), 84.</ref> Hapo alitimiza kazi yake kwa kutumia [[vipawa]] vyake kama mwanamke mwenye [[elimu]] na [[maisha ya Kiroho]] ya hali ya juu, akikabili vema ma[[jukumu]] ya [[uongozi]]. Alilenga hali bora [[jumuia]]ni kwa [[busara]] na [[kiasi]] inavyodaiwa na Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto. Baada ya miaka michache, kutokana pia na wingi wa miito iliyojitokeza kujiunga naye, alimuomba [[Abati Kuno wa Disibodenberg]] aweze kuhamia hali ya kifukara zaidi huko [[Rupertsberg]].<ref>Furlong, Monica. ''Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics'' (Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996), 85.</ref> Alipokataliwa, alimkimbilia [[Askofu mkuu]] Henry I wa [[Mainz]]: hatimaye akakubaliwa na abati<ref>McGrade, "Hildegard", ''MGG.''</ref> akahamia na wenzake 20 hivi katika [[monasteri]] ya Rupertsberg mwaka [[1150]], ambapo [[paroko]] mmonaki [[Volmar]] akawa [[muungamishi]] na pia [[karani]] wake pamoja na [[sista]] [[Richardis wa Strade]]. Mwaka [[1165]] Hildegarda alianzisha monasteri nyingine huko [[Eibingen]], upande wa pili wa [[mto Rhine]], akawa abesi wa zote mbili na kustawisha hasa maisha ya pamoja, elimu na [[liturujia]]. Alichochea watawa washindane katika kupeana [[heshima]], kutumikiana na kutenda mema. ==Njozi== Ingawa Hildegarda alisema haiwezekani kuyasimulia aliyojaliwa kujua kwa mwanga wa Mungu kupitia [[hisi]] zake<ref>Schipperges, Heinrich. ''Hildegard of Bingen: Healing and the Nature of the Cosmos'' (New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), 10.</ref> na alisita kuyashirikisha<ref>Maddocks, Fiona. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age'' (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 55.</ref> mwaka [[1141]], akiwa na miaka 42, alisadiki Mungu amemuagiza ayaandike yote.<ref>Ruether, Rosemary Radford. ''Visionary Women'' (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fotress, 2002), 8.</ref> Hata hivyo aliendelea kusita<ref>Hildegard von Bingen, ''Scivias,'' trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop with an Introduction by Barbara J. Newman, and Preface by Caroline Walker Bynum (New York: Paulist Press, 1990) 60–61.</ref>akitamani uthibitisho wa watu wenye [[hekima]] kwa kuogopa amedanganyika. Alipoomba [[shauri]] la Mt. [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]], alimuandikia: “[[Njozi]] inateka [[nafsi]] yangu yote: siioni kwa macho ya [[mwili]] bali inanitokea katika roho ya mafumbo… Natambua maana ya dhati ya maneno ya [[Zaburi]], ya [[Injili]] na ya vitabu vingine, kama nilivyoonyeshwa katika njozi. Hiyo inawasha kama [[mwali]] wa [[moto]] katika [[kifua]] changu na katika roho yangu na inanifundisha kuelewa [[matini]] kwa dhati”. Alijibiwa kwamba asijali sana njozi, ila aendelee kutenda mema kwa bidii. Kitabu cha ''[[Maisha]]'' yake kilianza kuandikwa na Godfrey wa Disibodenberg chini ya usimamizi wa Hildegarda. Kati ya Novemba [[1147]] na Februari [[1148]], wakati wa [[Sinodi]] ya [[Trier]], [[Papa Eugenio III]] alipata habari za maandishi hayo akayathibitisha kuwa mafunuo ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]], akimruhusu kuandika njozi zake na hata kuhubiri hadharani, tofauti na kawaida ya wanawake wa wakati ule. Tangu hapo alizidi kuheshimiwa akaitwa “[[nabii]] wa kike wa Kijerumani”. Kwa [[mamlaka]] ya kiroho aliyopewa tena na [[Papa Adrian IV]] na [[Papa Aleksanda III]], miaka yake ya mwisho alisafiri sana ili kusema na [[taifa la Mungu]], bila kujali [[uzee]] wake na ugumu wa safari. Katika nyanja za miji na katika makanisa makuu, kama vile ya [[Koln]], [[Trier]], [[Liège]], [[Mainz]], [[Metz]], [[Bamberg]] na [[Würzburg]], wote walimsikiliza kwa makini, hata alipozungumza kwa [[ukali]], kwa kuwa waliamini ni [[mjumbe]] wa [[Mungu]]. Watu wengi wa kila aina, wakiwemo maaskofu, ma[[abati]] na watawala, walimuomba shauri. Ndiyo sababu tuna [[barua]] zake nyingi, karibu 400. Humo tunashuhudia alivyozingatia matukio ya wakati ule, akiyafafanua kwa [[mwanga]] wa [[fumbo]] la Mungu. [[Kaisari Fredrick I]] aliposababisha [[farakano]] ndani ya Kanisa kwa kukubali Ma[[antipapa]] walau watatu dhidi ya Papa Aleksanda III, Hildegarda hakusita kumuandikia alichosikia katika njozi: “Utajutia mwenendo huo mwovu kama wa mtu asiye na Mungu na anayenidharau! Sikiliza, ee [[Mfalme]], ukitaka kuishi! La sivyo [[upanga]] wangu utakuchoma”. Zimetunzwa hotuba 58 alizozitoa kwa masista wenzake kama ufafanuzi wa Injili ambazo zilitumika katika [[sikukuu]] za [[mwaka wa liturujia]]. Nje ya monasteri alijitahidi kuimarisha imani na maisha ya Kikristo. Alihimiza hasa wamonaki na [[wakleri]] kuishi inavyodaiwa na [[wito]] wao, lakini alipinga sana [[Wakatari]] waliotaka [[urekebisho]] mkali wa Kanisa. Aliwalaumu kwa kujaribu kupindua [[umbile]] halisi la Kanisa akawakumbusha kwamba urekebisho halisi unategemea roho nyofu ya [[toba]] na mchakato mgumu wa [[wongofu]] kuliko mabadiliko ya miundo tu. Maandishi yake yalitokana hasa na [[mang’amuzi]] yake ya juu katika [[sala]], hivyo yanajitokeza kwa udhati, [[usahihi]] na upekee wa mitazamo. Kwa kutumia mawazo na maneno ya [[mazingira]] yake, na zaidi [[lugha]] ya kishairi na ya kifumbo, alifafanua Maandiko matakatifu kwa mwanga wa Mungu na kuhusiana na maisha yalivyo. Ndiyo sababu wale wote waliomsikiliza walijisikia haja ya kuishi Kikristo kweli. Njozi zake zina maana kubwa upande wa [[teolojia]], zikihusu matukio makuu ya [[historia ya wokovu]] na kufanana na zile za manabii wa [[Agano la Kale]]. Kwa mfano, kitabu chake maarufu zaidi, “Scivias” (yaani “Zijue Njia”), njozi 35 zinajumlisha habari za kuanzia [[uumbaji]] wa [[ulimwengu]] hadi [[mwisho wa nyakati]]. Kwa [[hisia]] yake ya kike Hildegarda katika kiini cha kitabu chake anafafanua [[ndoa]] ya fumbo kati ya Mungu na [[binadamu]] iliyofanyika katika [[umwilisho[[. Juu ya [[msalaba]] iliadhimishwa [[arusi]] ya [[Mwana wa Mungu]] na Kanisa lililojazwa [[neema]] ili liweze kuzaa watoto wa Mungu wengine katika upendo wa Roho Mtakatifu. Vitabu vingine viwili vinaripoti pia njozi zake: “Kitabu cha Stahili za Maisha” na “Kitabu cha Kazi za Mungu”, ambacho wengi wanakiona kuwa bora kuliko vyote. Akiwa [[msanii]], alitunga tenzi, [[antifona]] na nyimbo ambazo zilikusanywa kwa jina la “Muziki wa Ulinganifu wa Mafunuo ya Kimbingu” na kutumika kwa [[furaha]] monasterini, zikieneza hali ya [[utulivu]]. Maandishi yake mengine, yakizungumzia hata [[utabibu]], [[sayansi]] na [[isimu]], yanaonyesha wingi wa [[elimu]] uliokuwemo katika monasteri ya kike ya [[Karne za Kati]], nayo yaliathiri watu wengi, yakichangia [[upyaisho]] wa teolojia, liturujia, sayansi na [[muziki]]. Hakuna mwanamke wa Karne za Kati anayeweza kushindana naye kwa wingi na ubora wa maandishi wala kwa upana wa mada alizozijadili. Tena ndani mwake mafundisho na maisha yalilingana kabisa. Akilenga kutimiza [[matakwa ya Mungu]] nyuma ya [[Kristo]], alitekeleza [[maadili]] yote mfululizo na kwa [[bidii]], akitegemezwa na vitabu vya [[Biblia]], liturujia na Ma[[babu wa Kanisa]] awe [[mali]] ya Bwana tu kadiri ya Kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto. Masista wenzake waliomzunguka alipofariki Bingen am Rhein tarehe 17 Septemba 1179, walisema kuwa waliona miali miwili ya mwanga kutoka angani na kupitia [[chumba]] chake. Mwanamke huyo anazidi kusema leo kwa [[upendo]] wake kwa Kristo na kwa Kanisa (ambalo hata wakati wake alijeruhiwa na [[dhambi]] za watoto wake), kwa [[ujasiri]] wake katika kutambua [[ishara za nyakati]], kwa jinsi alivyopenda viumbe, kwa utabibu wake na kwa [[sanaa]] zake. ==Filamu juu yake == * [[Patricia Routledge]], "Hildegard Von Bingen In Portrait: Ordo Virtutum." * [[Margarethe von Trotta]], "Vision - From the Life of Hildegard von Bingen" ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Vyanzo vikuu== ===Maandishi yake=== *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Opera minora''. edited by H. Feiss, C. Evans, B. M. Kienzle, C. Muessig, B. Newman, P. Dronke, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), ISBN 978-2-503-05261-8 *Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek, Hs. 2 (Riesen Codex) or [[Wiesbaden Codex]] (ca. 1180–85) *Dendermonde, Belgium, St.-Pieters-&-Paulusabdij Cod. 9 (Villarenser codex) (ca. 1174/75) *Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg 1969: Hildegard von Bingen: Lieder (modern edition in adapted square notation) *München, University Library, MS2∞156 *Leipzig, University Library, St. Thomas 371 *Paris, Bibl. Nat. MS 1139 *Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, edidit L. Moulinier, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003, CXVII + 384 p. *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Epistolarium pars prima I-XC'' edited by L. Van Acker, [[Corpus Christianorum]] Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Epistolarium pars secunda XCI-CCLr'' edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI-CCCXC'' edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Scivias''. A. Führkötter, A. Carlevaris eds., Corpus Christianorum Scholars Version vols. 43, 43A. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003) *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Liber vitae meritorum''. A. Carlevaris ed. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 90 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995) *Hildegardis Bingensis, ''Liber divinorum operum''. A. Derolez and P. Dronke eds., Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 92 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996) *Hildegard of Bingen, ''Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi,'' ed. and trans. Hugh Feiss & Christopher P. Evans, [[Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations]] 11 (Louvain and Paris: Peeters, 2010) ===Vyanzo vingine=== *Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, "Glossae Hildigardis", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., ''Die Althochdeutschen Glossen'', vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp.&nbsp;390–404. *''Analecta Sanctae Hildegardis, in Analecta Sacra'' vol. 8 edited by [[Jean-Baptiste Pitra]] (Monte Cassino, 1882). *[[Patrologia Latina]] vol. 197 (1855). *Explanatio [[Rule of St Benedict|Regulae S. Benedicti]] *Explanatio Symboli [[Saint Athanasius|S. Athanasii]] *[[homily|Homeliae]] LVIII in Evangelia. *Hymnodia coelestis. *[[Lingua Ignota|Ignota lingua]], cum versione Latina *Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis (1163-73/74) *Liber vitae meritorum (1158–63) *Libri simplicis et compositae medicinae. *Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem *[[Scivias]] seu Visiones (1141–51) *Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum *Tractatus de sacramento altaris. {{EndMultiCol}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 326-327 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{Refbegin}} *Baird, Joseph L and Ehrman, Radd K. The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. *Bent, Ian D. and Marianne Pfau. “Hildegard of Bingen.” ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd edition, Volume 11. Edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrell. New York: Grove, 2001.<!--Not clear whether or not or how this source has been used in the body of article.--> *Bennett, Judith M. and C. Warren Hollister. Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. *Boyce-Tillman, Juni. “Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman.” ''The Musical Times'' 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. *Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Hildegard of Bingen: A Spiritual Reader. Massachusetts: Paraclete Press, 2007. *Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. “Music and Performance: Hildegard of Bingen’s Ordo Virtutum.” ''The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies''. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1992. *Dietrich, Julia. “The Visionary Rhetoric of Hildegard of Bingen.” Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historic Women. Ed. Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 202–214. *Fassler, Margot. “Composer and Dramatist: ‘Melodious Singing and the Freshness of Remorse.’” ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. *Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: a visionary life. London: Routledge, 1989. *Fox, Matthew. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen. New Mexico: Bear and Company, 1985. *Furlong, Monica. Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. *Glaze, Florence Eliza. “Medical Writer: ‘Behold the Human Creature.’” ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. *Hildegard of Bingen. ''Book of Divine Works of Hildegard of Bingen''. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2009. *________. ''Causae et Curae (Holistic Healing)''. Trans. by Manfred Pawlik and Patrick Madigan. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, Inc., 1994. *________. ''Causes and Cures of Hildegard of Bingen''. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2006, 2008. *________. ''The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen''. Trans. by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994/1998. *________. ''Physica''. Trans. Priscilla Throop. Rochester Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1998. *________. ''Scivias''. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. Introduction by Barbara J. Newman. Preface by Caroline Walker Bynum. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. *________. ''Three Lives and a Rule: the Lives of Hildegard, Disibod, Rupert, with Hildegard’s Explanation of the Rule of St. Benedict''. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2010. *Holsinger, Bruce W. Music, Body, and Desire In Medieval Culture. 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Enquête sur l'œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde, Paris/Saint-Denis, Publications de la Sorbonne-Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995, 286 p. * Moulinier, Laurence, "La botanique de Hildegarde de Bingen", ''Médiévales'', 16–17, 1989, p.&nbsp;113–129. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Elisabeth, Ursule et les Onze mille vierges : un cas d'invention de reliques à Cologne au XIIe siècle", ''Médiévales'', 22–23, printemps 1992, p.&nbsp;173–186. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Deux jalons de la construction d'un savoir botanique en Allemagne aux XIIe-XIIIe siècles : Hildegarde de Bingen et Albert le Grand", dans ''Le monde des plantes''. Savoirs et usages sociaux du XIIe au XVIIe siècle, dir. A. J. Grieco, O. Redon, L. Tongiorgi Tomasi, Saint-Denis, P.U.V., 1993, p.&nbsp;89–105. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Fragments inédits de la Physica : contribution à l'étude de la transmission des manuscrits scientifiques de Hildegarde de Bingen", ''Mélanges de l'Ecole Française de Rome'', 105, fasc. 2, 1993, p.&nbsp;629–650. * Moulinier, Laurence, "L'abbesse et les poissons : un aspect de la zoologie de Hildegarde", dans ''Exploitation des animaux sauvages à travers le temps, Actes des rencontres'', 15–17 octobre 1992, dir. J. Desse et F. Audoin-Rouzeau, Juan-les-Pins, Editions APDCA, 1993, p.&nbsp;461–472. * Moulinier, Laurence, "L'ordre du monde animal selon Hildegarde de Bingen" dans L'homme, ''l'animal domestique et l'environnement du Moyen Age au XVIIIe siècle, Actes du colloque de Nantes'', 22–24 octobre 1992, textes réunis par R. Durand, Nantes, Ouest Editions, 1993, p.&nbsp;51–62. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Hildegarde de Bingen, les plantes médicinales et le jugement de la postérité : pour une mise en perspective", ''Scientiarum historia'', 20, 1994, 1–2, p.&nbsp;61–75. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Une encyclopédiste sans précédent ? Le cas de Hildegarde de Bingen", dans ''L'enciclopedismo medievale'', éd. M. Picone, ''Actes du colloque international "L'enciclopedismo medievale"'', San Gimignano, 8–10 octobre 1992, Ravenne, A. Longo Editore, 1994, p.&nbsp;119–134. * Moulinier, Laurence, "H comme Histoire : Hrotsvita, Hildegarde et Herrade, trois récits de fondation au féminin", ''Clio, Histoire, femmes et sociétés, 2, Femmes et religion,'' 1995, p.&nbsp;85–107. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Les merveilles de la Nature vues par Hildegarde de Bingen", dans ''Miracles, prodiges et merveilles au Moyen Age, Actes du XXVe congrès de la SHMESP'', Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1995, p.&nbsp;115–132. Internet available : [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/shmes_1261-9078_1995_act_25_1_1653] * Moulinier, Laurence, "Ein Präzedenzfall der Kompendien Literatur: die Quellen der naturlichen Schriften Hildegards von Bingen", in ''Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten.'' Zum 900. Geburtstag, éd. E. Forster, Freiburg/Basel/Wien, Herder, 1997, p.&nbsp;431–447. * Moulinier, Laurence, "La faune germanique médiévale aux XIe-XIIe siècles : une brève histoire de noms", dans ''Milieux naturels, espaces sociaux. Etudes offertes à Robert Delort,'' éd. F. Morenzoni et E. Mornet, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1997, p.&nbsp;193–208. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Quand le malin fait de l'esprit : le rire au Moyen Age vu depuis l'hagiographie", ''Annales, Histoire, sciences sociales'', 3, Mai-Juin 1997, p.&nbsp;457–475. 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Dronke, Londres, The Warburg Institute, 1998, p.&nbsp;135–156. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Hildegarde exorciste : la 'Vie de Hildegarde' en français et sa principale source inédite", ''Hagiographica'', V, 1998, p.&nbsp;91–118. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Deux fragments inédits de Hildegarde de Bingen copiés par Gerhard von Hohenkirchen (†1448)", ''Sudhoffs Archiv'', 83, 1999, p.&nbsp;224–238. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Et papa libros eius canonizavit : réflexions sur l'orthodoxie des écrits de Hildegarde de Bingen", dans S. Elm., E. Rebillard, A. Romano (ed.), ''Orthodoxie, Christianisme, Histoire. Orthodoxy, Christianity'', Collection de l'Ecole française de Rome 270, Rome, EFR, 2000, p.&nbsp;177–198. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Unterhaltungen mit dem Teufel : Eine französische Hildegard-Vita des 15. Jahrhunderts und ihre Quellen", dans ''Hildegard von Bingen in ihrem historischen Umfeld. Internationaler wissenschaftlicher Kongreß zum 900jährigen Jubiläum'', 13–19 Septemba 1998, Bingen am Rhein, éd. A. Haverkamp, Mayence, Philipp von Zabern, 2000, p.&nbsp;519–560. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Le corps des jeunes filles dans les traités médicaux du Moyen Age ”, dans ''Le corps des jeunes filles de l’Antiquité à nos jours'', dir. L. Bruit Zaidman, G. Houbre, Chr. Klapisch-Zuber, P. Schmitt Pantel, Paris, Perrin, 2001, p.&nbsp;80–109. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Hildegarde ou Pseudo-Hildegarde ? Réflexions sur l’authenticité du traité "Cause et cure"", dans R. Berndt éd., ''"Im Angesicht Gottes suche der Mensch sich selbst". Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179)'', Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2001, p.&nbsp;115–146 (Erudiri Sapientia, II). * Moulinier, Laurence, "Magie, médecine et maux de l’âme dans l’œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde", dans R. Berndt éd., ''"Im Angesicht Gottes suche der Mensch sich selbst". Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179)'', Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2001, p.&nbsp;545–559 (Erudiri Sapientia, II). * Moulinier, Laurence, "Un lexique trilingue du XIIe siècle : la lingua ignota de Hildegarde de Bingen", dans ''Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge-Renaissance), Actes du colloque international organisé par l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-IVe Section et l’Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l’Université Catholique de Louvain'', Paris, 12–14 juin 1997, éd. J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p.&nbsp;89–111. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Plantes toxiques et humeurs peccantes : la pensée du poison dans l’œuvre de Hildegarde", dans ''Le corps à l’épreuve. Poisons, remèdes et chirurgie : aspects des pratiques médicales dans l’Antiquité et au Moyen Âge'', études réunies par F. Collard et E. Samama, Langres, Dominique Guéniot, 2002, p.&nbsp;71–101. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ? La Vita domnae Juttae (XIIe siècle)", ''Bulletin de la société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest'', 5e série, t. XV, 3e et 4e trimestres 2001, p.&nbsp;181–197. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Le chat des cathares de Mayence et autres « primeurs » d’un exorcisme du XIIe siècle", dans ''Retour aux sources. Textes, études et documents d’histoire médiévale offerts à Michel Parisse'', Paris, Picard, 2004, p.&nbsp;699–709. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Conception et corps féminin selon Hildegarde de Bingen", ''Storia delle donne'', 1, 2005, p.&nbsp;139–157. Available from [http://www.storiadelledonne.it/index.php?searchword=moulinier&ordering=newest&searchphrase=all&option=com_search] * Moulinier, Laurence, "Quête de Dieu et recherche de modèles. Naissance d’une tradition féminine dans la mystique allemande (XIIe-XIVe s.)", dans ''Ecritures'', n° 1, décembre 2005, Les femmes et l’Ecriture. L’amour profane et l’amour sacré, p.&nbsp;15–55. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Naturkunde und Mystik bei Hildegard von Bingen : der Blick und die Vision", ''Actes du Symposium der Theophrast-Stiftung, "Mystik und Natur", Salzbourg, Universitätsbibliothek'', 16–18 novembre 2007. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Aspects de la maternité chez Hildegarde de Bingen", dans ''La madre. The Mother, Actes du colloque international "La mère", Université de Lausanne'', 23–25 novembre 2005, Florence, SISMEL, 2009, p.&nbsp;215–234. 20. * Moulinier, Laurence, "La vie d’une âme, la voix d’une sœur", Introduction à Elisabeth de Schönau, ''Visions'', traduit du Latin par Jean-Pierre Troadec, Paris, Le Cerf, 2009, p.&nbsp;9–31. * Moulinier, Laurence, "Maternità spirituale e direzione di coscienza secondo Ildegarda di Bingen", dans G. Filoramo (éd.), ''Storia della direzione spirituale, II. L'età medievale'', a cura di Sofia Boesch Gajano, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2010, pp.&nbsp;185–204. * Moulinier, Laurence, "La Terre vue par Hildegarde de Bingen (1098–1179)", dans ''Aux origines de la géologie, de l’Antiquité au Moyen Age, Actes du colloque international'' 10–12 mars 2005, Paris Sorbonne (Paris IV), textes réunis sous la direction de Claude Thomasset, Joëlle Ducos et Jean-Pierre Chambon, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2010, p.&nbsp;205–230. *Newman, Barbara. “Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation.” ''Church History'' 54 (1985): 163–175. *________. “‘Sibyl of the Rhine’: Hildegard’s Life and Times.” ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. *________. ''Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard’s Theology of the Feminine''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. *Newman, Barbara. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998. *Reed-Jones, Carol. Hildegard of Bingen: Women of Vision. Washington: Paper Crane Press, 2004. *Richert-Pfau, Marianna. “Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen’s Symphonia.” ''Sonus'' 11 (1990): 53–71. *Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Visionary Women. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2002. 6–13. *Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997. *The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen. Internet. Available from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html |date=20070829135754 }}; accessed 14 Novemba 2009. *Tillman, June-Boyce. “Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman”. The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. *Underhill, Evelyn. Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. {{Refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{Refbegin}} ;General commentary *Burnett, Charles and Peter Dronke, eds. ''Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art''. The Warburg Colloquia. London: The University of London, 1998. *Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, eds. ''Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre''. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. *Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. ''The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies''. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 1-879288-17-6 *Dronke, Peter. ''Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua to Marguerite Porete''. 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. *Flanagan, Sabina. ''Hildegard of Bingen: A Visionary Life''. London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1361-8 *King-Lenzmeier, Anne H. ''Hildegard of Bingen: An Integrated Vision''. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. *Newman, Barbara. ''Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard’s Theology of the Feminine''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. *Newman, Barbara, ed. ''Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World''. Berkeley: University of California, 1998. *Pernoud, Régine. ''Hildegard of Bingen: Inspired Conscience of the Twelfth Century''. Translated by Paul Duggan. NY: Marlowe & Co., 1998. *Schipperges, Heinrich. ''The World of Hildegard of Bingen: Her Life, Times, and Visions''. Trans. John Cumming. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. *Wilson, Katharina. ''Medieval Women Writers''. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. ;On Hildegard's illuminations *Fox, Matthew. ''Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen''. Santa Fe, NM: Bear & Company, 1985. ISBN 1-879181-97-5 *Harris, Anne Sutherland and [[Linda Nochlin]], ''Women Artists: 1550–1950'', Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976. ISBN 0-394-73326-6 ;Background reading *Barber, Richard. ''Bestiary: MS Bodley 764''. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999. *Boyce-Tillman, June. ''The Creative Spirit: Harmonious Living with Hildegard of Bingen'', Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-8192-1882-0 *Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. ''Man of Blessing: A Life of St. Benedict''. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006. *Bynum, Caroline Walker. ''Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. *Bynum, Caroline Walker. ''Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200-1336''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. *Chadwick, Whitney. ''Women, Art, and Society,'' Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. ISBN 0-500-20354-7 *Constable, Giles Constable. ''The Reformation of the Twelfth Century''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. *Dronke, Peter, ed. ''A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. *[[Frederick George Holweck|Holweck, the Rt. Reverend Frederick G.]], ''A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, with a General Introduction on Hagiology''. 1924. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990. *Lachman, Barbara. ''The Journal of Hildegard of Bingen: A Novel''. New York: Crown, 1993. *Lachman, Barbara. ''Hildegard: The Last Year''. Boston: Shambhala, 1997. *McBrien, Richard. ''Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa''. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. *McKnight, Scot. ''The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus''. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006. *Newman, Barbara trans. ''Symphonia: A Critical Edition of the "Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum''. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1988. *Newman, Barbara. ''God and the Goddesses''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1911-2 *O’Donohue, John. ''Anam Ċara''. New York: HarperCollins, 1998. *Ohanneson, Joan. ''Scarlet Music. Hildegard of Bingen: A Novel''. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1997. *Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. *Sacks, Oliver. ''Migraine: Understanding a Common Disorder''. 1985. Reprint. London: Vintage Books, 1999. *Santos Paz, José Carlos, ed. ''La Obra de Gebenón de Eberbach''. Firenze: SISMEL-Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2004. *Sherman, Bernard D. “‘Mistaking the Tail for the Comet’: An Interview with Christopher *Silvas, Anna. ''Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources''. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-271-01954-9 *Sweet, Victoria. "Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1999, 73:381–403. *Sweet, Victoria. "Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine." New York: Routledge Press, 2006. ISBN 0-415-97634-0 *Ulrich, Ingeborg. ''Hildegard of Bingen: Mystic, Healer, Companion of the Angels''. Trans. Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993. *Ward, Benedicta. ''Miracles and the Medieval Mind''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1987. *Weeks, Andrew. ''German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein : a literary and intellectual history''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. ISBN 0-7914-1419-1 {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Hildegard von Bingen}} *[http://www.hildegardcenter.org/ Hildegard Center for the Arts, A Faith Based Fine Arts Center in Lincoln Nebraska] *[http://www.hildegard-society.org/ International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies] *[http://www.hildegard-society.org/faq.html A Hildegard FAQ Sheet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hildegard-society.org/faq.html |date=20110824062734 }} *[http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/HildegardVonBingen.html Hildegard Von Bingen] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/HildegardVonBingen.html |date=20121020002500 }} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Hildegard}} *[http://www.hildegard.org/ Hildegard of Bingen] Documents, History, Sites to see today, etc. *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-118409}} *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html Source] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html |date=20070829135754 }} *[http://www.9timezones.com/ia/ghildgrd.htm Discography] *[http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/christian/hild/ Biography and Prayers of Hildegard] *[http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/composers/hildegard.html Another discography] *[http://www.eibingen.de/pfarrei/kirche.html Church of St. Hildegard in Eibingen, Germany with information about Hildegard von Bingen and the Eibinger Hildegardisshrine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eibingen.de/pfarrei/kirche.html |date=20180228192751 }} *[http://www.schnitzler-aachen.de/Modellbau/Bingen/Rup.html The Reconstruction of the monastery on the Rupertsberg] *{{WIMA|idx=Bingen|name=Hildegard von Bingen}} *{{ChoralWiki|Hildegard von Bingen}} *{{IMSLP|id=Hildegard}} *[http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~young/trnintro.html Young, Abigail Ann. ''Translations from Rupert, Hildegard, and Guibert of Gembloux''. 1999. 27 March 2006.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~young/trnintro.html |date=20091107153330 }} *[http://www.musiclisteningcontest.org/h_kcmcguire_Symphonia_Caritatis_2007.htm McGuire, K. Christian. ''Symphonia Caritatis: The Cistercian Chants of Hildegard von Bingen''. 2007. 14 July 2007.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musiclisteningcontest.org/h_kcmcguire_Symphonia_Caritatis_2007.htm |date=20081023043649 }} * [http://www.dailygrail.com/blogs/KATYA/2007/10/Hildegard-von-Bingen * From Katya Sanna's blog] * [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/place_settings/hildegarde_of_bingen.php "Brooklyn Museum: Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Place Setting: Hildegarde of Bingen"], describes the Hildegarde Place Setting in Judy Chicago's work called "The Dinner Party". {{Walimu wa Kanisa}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1098]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1179]] [[Category:Mabikira]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Category:Wabenedikto]] [[Category:Wanafalsafa wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Wanateolojia wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Wanasayansi wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Kanisa]] tot4lils0e9j37xkv409y8faast9xk7 0 70845 1575533 1527980 2026-06-20T14:46:19Z Ziv 68200 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Usama (cropped).jpg]] → [[File:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise 1575533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Usama Mukwaya 02.jpg|thumb|Usama Mukwaya]] '''Usama "Osam" Mukwaya Nyanzi''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Desemba]], [[1989]]) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji, mwigizaji wa [[filamu]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Mafanikio yake katika kazi ya filamu yalikuja na filamu fupi Hello iliyoshinda [[tuzo]] bora kabisa ya filamu katika tuzo za Wanafunzi wa MNFPAC za mwaka 2010. Dokezo lake la mwongozo lilikuwa Upendo, iliyotolewa mnamo [[Januari]] [[2018]]. Filamu zake nyingine kuu ni pamoja na Bala Bala Sese, iliyoongozwa na Lukyamuzi Bashir ; Mukwaya anadaiwa kuwa mwandishi na mtengenezaji wa filamu hiyo. Filamu hiyo iliteuliwa na tuzo za Africa Movie Academy za Filamu Bora kwa [[lugha]] ya Kiafrika . Kufikia [[Novemba]] 2018, kwa sasa anahudumu kama afisa mkuu wa yaliyomo ya Stream Afrique. <ref name="observer">{{cite web |last=Kamukama |first=Polly |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171:mukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=The Observer - Mukwaya, the self made filmmaker |publisher=Observer.ug |date=2012-04-12 |accessdate=2012-10-31 |archivedate=2014-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013211820/http://www.observer.ug/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18171%3Amukwaya-the-self-made-filmmaker&catid=42%3Asizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204433/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26544:mukwaya-wins-film-contest&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref><ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Nurturing+local+film+talent/-/691232/1453272/-/rbt9ge/-/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.stage32.com/profile/42754/julian-nabunya</ref> ==Maisha ya mapema na historia== Mzaliwa wa Hospitali ya Mulago, Kampala, Uganda, Mukwaya ana asili ya Ganda, Ankole na Rwanda. Yeye ni mtoto wa kiongozi wa dini Abdullah Mukwaya na Aziidah Mariam. Baada ya kifo cha mama yake alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 8, shangazi Muk Muk alimpeleka; wakati alikufa pia, Mukwaya alilazimika kuishi na baba yake na baadaye kuendelea na babu yake. Kufikia tarehe 24 Aprili, 2019, Abdullah anahudumu kama Qadhi wa Wilaya ya Mbarara. ===Elimu=== Usama ilianza masomo ya mapema kutoka shule ya Sayat Aisha Nursery na baadaye hadi Shule ya watoto wachanga ya Buraaq. Aliendelea kuhudhuria Shule ya Msingi ya Linnet wilayani Wakiso, kwa masomo yake ya shule ya msingi, Shule ya Sekondari ya Shuhada'e Islamic huko Mbarara kwa kiwango chake cha O na kupata udhibitisho wake wa kiwango cha A kutoka Shule ya Sekondari ya Nyamitanga. Alisoma Mtandao wa Udhibitishaji wa Udhibiti wa Cisco, na Usimamizi wa LAN / WAN chini ya kitivo cha teknolojia ya habari katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Makerere. Hivi sasa anafuatilia diploma katika Utawala wa Biashara katika Chuo Kikuu cha Cavendish. ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#B0C4DE;" ! mwaka ! Anwani ! Dhima ! class = "unsortable" | Noti |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Iron Love'' || Actor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || ''Pain of Lies'' || Actor, Script Supervisor || Official selection: Pearl International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 || Hello (2011 film) || Writer, First Assistant Director|| Nominated for - MNFPAC Awards for Best screenplay |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2011 || ''She Likes Prada'' || Production Manager || Official selection: Zanzibar International Film Festival |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 || ''Smart Attempt'' || Director ||Movie Furnace 2012 finalist |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || ''In Just Hours'' || Writer, Director || Best Director - Short Film: Movie Furnace 2013 Official selection: Nile Diaspora International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014814/http://www.ndiffest.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NDIFF-selection.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2013-12-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194215/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29017:diaspora-film-festival-is-back&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74 }}</ref> Official selection: Manya Human Rights International Film Festival<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-03-18 |archivedate=2014-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102120/http://www.manya.org.ug/files/Brief%20Film%20Program%202013.pdf }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || ''Bala Bala Sese'' || Writer || Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Film in an African Language |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || ''Love Faces'' || Writer || In Production |- |} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} * {{IMDb name|5417451}} * [https://www.twitter.com/callhimOsam Official Twitter] {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukwaya, Usama}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Uganda]] egfaf9wu3jv5l50sjejjvb75sf1ml5v 0 72540 1575773 1569132 2026-06-21T10:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paris - Bibl. Mazarine - ms. 0924, f 150v.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro]] wa [[karne ya 13]] ukionyesha [[Mitume wa Yesu|Thenashara]] wakiandika [[Kanuni ya Imani]], ilivyosadikika wakati huo.]] {{Ukristo}} '''Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Symbolum Apostolorum'' au ''Symbolum Apostolicum''<ref>Neno la Kilatini ''symbolum'', ishara, zawadi, linatokana na Kigiriki σύμβολον, kutoka kitenzi συμβάλλειν, kuweka pamoja, kulinganisha" [http://www.bartleby.com/61/74/S0957400.html (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)].</ref> ) ni [[ungamo]] la [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo]] lililoanza kutumika mjini [[Roma]] katika [[karne ya 2]] kwa ajili ya [[ubatizo]], halafu likaenea hasa katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]] huku likizidi kuboreshwa. [[Kanuni]] hiyo inaendelea kutumiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[madhehebu]] mengi ya [[Uprotestanti]] katika [[liturujia]] na [[katekesi]]. Kwa kuwa ilitokea [[Ulaya Magharibi]], ambapo elekeo la ki[[nadharia]] si kubwa kama huko [[Ugiriki]], tena ilitokea mapema kuliko mabishano mengi ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[umungu]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]] na wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]], haina [[ufafanuzi]] wa kina zaidi kama ule uliopo katika [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea-Konstantinopoli]]. [[Maandishi]] ya zamani zaidi tuliyonayo yanayoitaja "Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume" ni [[barua]] ya [[mwaka]] [[390]] hivi kutoka [[sinodi]] ya [[Milano]] kwa [[Papa Siricius]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=gqrEpBuBGIgC&pg=PA63&dq=Apostles%27+Creed+legend&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jlu9UaKRG8-v7AaD54HIAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Apostles'%20Creed%20legend&f=false Jack Rogers, ''Presbyterian Creeds'' (Westminster John Knox Press 1985 ISBN 978-0-664-25496-4), pp.&nbsp;62–63]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |title=James Orr: ''The Apostles' Creed'', in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622082715/http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fapostles_creed_orr.html |archivedate=2011-06-22 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.poee.org/documents/Other_Religions/Cult_of_the_One_God/apostles.htm |title=Apostles Creed |accessdate=2014-09-21 |archivedate=2015-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312193410/http://www.poee.org/documents/Other_Religions/Cult_of_the_One_God/apostles.htm }}</ref> ==Matini kwa Kilatini== [[File:Credo (Creed).ogg|miniatura|''Nasadiki'' inavyotamkwa kwa Kilatini.]] :Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae, :et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, :qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, :passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, :descendit ad inferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, :ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Patris omnipotentis, :inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. :Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, :sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem, :remissionem peccatorum, :carnis resurrectionem, :vitam aeternam. :Amen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p1s1c3a2_lt.htm#SYMBOLUM%20FIDEI |title=Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae |publisher=Vatican.va |date=1992-06-25 |accessdate=2014-08-05| }}</ref> ==Tafsiri ya Kiswahili== {| class="wikitable" style="width:60%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |Imani ya Mitume (umbo la Kanisa Katoliki)<ref>Misale ya Waamini, toleo la mwaka 2021, uk. 513</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |Imani ya Mitume (umbo la Kanisa la Kilutheri)<ref>Matini iliyochapishwa katika kitabu cha Tumwabudu Mungu Wetu 2012, kilichotolewa na [[KKKT]], ISBN 9987-652-08-5</ref> |- |Nasadiki kwa Mungu, Baba Mwenyezi, mwumba mbingu na dunia. |Namwamini Mungu, BabaMwenyezi, Muumba wa mbingu na nchi. |- |na kwa Yesu Kristo, Mwanae pekee, Bwana wetu, aliyetungwa mimba kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu, akazaliwa na Bikira Maria, akateswa kwa mamlaka ya Ponsyo Pilato, akasulubiwa, akafa, akazikwa, akashukia kuzimu Siku ya tatu akafufuka kutoka wafu, akapaa mbinguni, ameketi kuume kwa Mungu Baba mwenyezi; kutoka huko atakuja kuwahukumu walio hai na wafu. |Namwamini Yesu Kristo, Mwana wake wa pekee, Bwana wetu, aliyechukiliwa mimba kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu, akazaliwa na Bikira Mariamu; Akateswa zamani za Pontio Pilato, akasulibiwa, akafa, akazikwa, akashuka kuzimu; Siku ya tatu akafufuka kutoka kwa wafu: Akapaa mbinguni, ameketi mkono wa kuume wa Mungu, Baba Mwenyezi. Kutoka huko atakuja kuwahukumu walio hai na wafu. |- |Nasadiki kwa Roho Mtakatifu, Kanisa takatifu katoliki, ushirika wa watakatifu, maondoleo ya dhambi, ufufuko wa miili, na uzima wa milele. Amina. |Namwamini Roho Mtakatifu: Kanisa takatifu la Kikristo lililo moja tu<ref>Wamoravian wanasema hapa: Kanisa takatifu lililopo popote</ref>; ushirika wa watakatifu. Ondoleo la dhambi, kufufuliwa kwa mwili, na uzima wa milele. Amen. |- |} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * {{Citation|last=Lochman|first=Jan Milič|contribution=Apostles' Creed|year=1999|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity|editor-last=Fahlbusch|editor-first=Erwin|volume=1|pages=109–110|place=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn = 0-8028-2413-7}} * {{cite book |author1-last=Cannata |author1-first=Raymond F. |author2-last=Reitano |author2-first=Joshua D. |author1-link=Raymond F. Cannata|title=Rooted:The Apostles' Creed |url=https://archive.org/details/rootedapostlescr0000cann |year=2013 |publisher=Doulos Resources |location=Oro Valley, AZ |isbn=978-1-937063-92-4}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=917 ''The Faith We Profess: A Catholic Guide to the Apostles' Creed''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=917 |date=20110107171200 }} by Msgr. Peter J. Vaghi (2008) * [http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html Extract from ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'' Vol. 1] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |date=20110622082715 }} * [http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/A/Apostles%27+Creed Scholarly articles on the Apostles' Creed from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/A/Apostles%27+Creed |date=20140711094725 }} * [http://www.cprf.co.uk/languages.htm A website with the Creeds in a significant number of languages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cprf.co.uk/languages.htm |date=20141017123341 }} * [http://www.marysrosaries.com/Rosary_prayers_in_different_languages.html A website with prayers in many languages; a significant number of the languages also have the Apostles' Creed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marysrosaries.com/Rosary_prayers_in_different_languages.html |date=20160116053441 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Utatu Mtakatifu]] 3mf8v2j4jzl79zd0dm7nkqzgw17zpqq 0 94166 1575769 1516312 2026-06-21T10:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Caesarea maritima (DerHexer) 2011-08-02 098.jpg|thumb|300px|Magofu ya mji.]] [[File:Caesarea.JPG|thumb|Kutoka katika [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]].]] [[File:Caesarea Maritima aqueduct.jpg|thumb|Mabaki ya [[njia ya maji]] ya Kiroma.]] [[File:אמפי קיסריה.jpg|thumb|Mahali pa kuonyesha [[tamthilia]].]] [[File:ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea Maritima-Columns.jpg|thumb|[[Nguzo]].]] '''Kaisarea Baharini''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Παράλιος Καισάρεια, ''Parálios Kaisáreia'') ulikuwa [[mji]] wa [[Palestina]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[10 KK]] hadi [[1265]] [[BK]]. Kwa sasa ni sehemu ya [[Hifadhi ya Taifa]] la [[Israeli]] katika [[bonde la Sharon]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.parks.org.il/sites/English/ParksAndReserves/caesarea/Pages/default.aspx |title=Caesarea National Park |accessdate=2017-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026152642/http://www.parks.org.il/sites/English/ParksAndReserves/caesarea/Pages/default.aspx |archivedate=2017-10-26 }}</ref>. Ulianzishwa na [[mfalme]] [[Herode Mkuu]] ukawa makao ya [[liwali]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] aliyetawala Palestina. Baadaye ukawa kituo muhimu cha [[Ukristo]], ambapo [[Mtume Petro]] [[Ubatizo|alibatiza]] [[akida Korneli]] na [[familia]] yake (Mdo 10:1-11:18). Ndipo alipoishi [[Filipo mwinjilisti]] ([[Mdo]] 8:40) ambaye alimkaribisha [[Mtume Paulo]] kwa siku kadhaa (Mdo 21:8-10) katika moja ya nafasi yake ya kupitia mjini huko (Mdo 9:30; 18:22). Baadaye Paulo alikaa [[Gereza|gerezani]] huko kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili akisubiri kuhukumiwa, mpaka alipokata [[rufaa]] kwa [[Kaisari Nero]] (23:23; 15:1-13). ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|25em}} ==Marejeo== *Joseph Patrich, "Caesarea in the Time of Eusebius" in S. Inowlocki, C. Zemagni (eds.), ''Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues'' (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YkhHst91hQIC&pg=PA1 1&ndash;24]. *{{cite book |last1 =Lehmann |first1= Clayton Miles |last2=Holum|first2= Kenneth G. | title = The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Caesarea Maritima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzpmAAAAMAAJ | year = 2002 |publisher =University of Michigan|isbn=0897570286}} *{{cite book |last1 =Raban|first1= Avner |last2=Holum|first2= Kenneth G. | title = Caesarea Maritima: a retrospective after two millennia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC | year = 1996|location=Leiden|publisher =Brill |isbn=90-04-10378-3}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=10&letter=C#0 ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Cæsarea by the Sea *[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/caesarea.html PBS Frontline – Caesarea Maritima] *[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Caesarea.html Archaeology of Caesarea] *[http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Caesarea/slideshow.htm Photo gallery of Caesarea Maritima]{{Wayback|url=http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Caesarea/slideshow.htm |date=20171021205222 }} *[http://www.fotogalerien.ch/index.php?gallery=154&lang=2 Photo gallery of Caesarea Maritima] * Gavriel Solomon, [http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=16&id=141 Caesarea National Park: Conservation Maintenance], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp Israel Antiquities Authority Site] - [http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp Conservation Department] {{Safari za Mtume Paulo}} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} {{coord|32|30|0|N|34|53|30|E|display=inline,title}} [[Category:Miji ya Biblia]] [[Category:Miji ya Israeli]] [[Jamii:Mtume Paulo]] hp51cvuwu0wsqsyah56ypocjpm47aer 0 117908 1575661 1499139 2026-06-21T03:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG|250px|thumb|Hulagu na mke wake Dokuz Kathun.]] '''Hulagu Khan''' (anatajwa pia kama '''Hulagu''', '''Hülegü''' au '''Hulegu''', takriban [[1217]] – [[8 Februari]] [[1265]]) alikuwa [[mtawala]] mmojawapo wa [[Wamongolia]] wa [[karne ya 13]] aliyevamia na kutawala sehemu kubwa za [[Asia Kusini-Magharibi]]. ==Familia== Alikuwa [[mjukuu]] wa [[Genghis Khan]] na [[kaka]] wa [[Arik Boke]], [[Mongke]] and [[Kublai Khan]]<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hulagu-khan Reuven Amitai: Hulagu Khan], makala katika Encyclopedia Iranica online ya December 15, 2004</ref>. Alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa [[mama]] [[Mkristo]], pia [[mke]] wake [[Dokuz Khatun]] alikuwa Mkristo. Hulagu mwenyewe alihamia [[dini]] ya [[Ubuddha]] kabla ya [[kifo]] chake. ==Uvamizi wa Asia Magharibi== Alivamia [[Uajemi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1255]] kwa kufuata [[amri]] wa Mongke Khan, mtawala wa mwisho wa Wamongolia wote. [[Jeshi]] lake liliteka Uajemi wote, pamoja na [[boma la Alamut]] na hivyo kumaliza [[Dola la Waismaili]]. Aliendelea kushambulia eneo la [[khalifa]] katika [[Iraki]]. Mwaka [[1258]] aliteka [[Baghdad]] na hivyo kumaliza [[Ukhalifa wa Waabbasi]]. Hakuweza kushinda [[Wamameluki]] wa [[Misri]]. ==Kunzisha milki ya Ilkhan== Baada ya kifo cha Mongke Khan kwenye mwaka [[1259]] Hulegu alijitegemea katika utawala wake akanzisha [[milki ya Ilkhan]] iiyodumu hadi mwaka [[1353]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7465/|title=Six Essays from the Book of Commentaries on Euclid|date=12 February 2019|website=www.wdl.org|accessdate=2019-10-09|archive-date=2019-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206173803/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7465/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hulagu Khan alifariki mwaka 1265 akazikwa kwenye [[kisiwa cha Shahi]] ndani ya [[Ziwa Urmia]]. Kufuatana na [[utamaduni]] wa Wamongolia alizikwa pamoja na [[wanawake]] kadhaa<ref>Amitai, Hulagu Khan</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Boyle, J.A., (Editor). ''The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods ''. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition (January 1, 1968). ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Perhaps the best overview of the history of the il-khanate. Covers politics, economics, religion, culture and the arts and sciences. Also has a section on the Isma'ilis, Hulagu's nemesis. * ''Encyclopedia Iranica'' has scholar-reviewed articles on a wide range of Persian subjects, including Hulagu. * Morgan, David. ''The Mongols''. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint edition, April 1990. ISBN 0-631-17563-6. Best for an overview of the wider context of medieval Mongol history and culture. * Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). ''The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire''. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050425fa_fact4 A long article]{{Wayback|url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050425fa_fact4 |date=20121113094620 }} about Hulagu's conquest of [[Baghdad]], written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]''. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2455845.stm An Osama bin Laden tape] in which [[Osama bin Laden]] compares Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of State Colin Powell to Hulagu and his attack on [[Baghdad]]. Dated November 12, [[2002]]. <!-- Spam black list is denying this link: *[http://mehmeteti.150m.com/ilkhanids/hulagu.htm A collection of coins from Hulagu's reign.] [[1256]] - [[1265]]. --> {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Category:waliozaliwa 1217]] [[Category:waliofariki 1265]] [[Category:wanasiasa wa Mongolia]] p2snfrvra1bn7oahhpkmq7ryk9lrb3o 0 118343 1575622 1210297 2026-06-20T22:13:30Z Ollin Masa 89330 File 1575622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu | Img =|250px | Img_capt = | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1997|5|15|df=yes}} | Asili yake = [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]], [[California]] – [[Marekani]] | Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], [[mwanamuziki]] | Ala = [[Sauti]] | Aina = [[Pop]] | Aina ya sauti = [[Contralto]] | Miaka ya kazi = 2007–hadi leo | Studio = [[:EN:Puteri Indonesia|Yayasan Puteri Indonesia]] | Ameshirikiana na = | Tovuti = [https://www.instagram.com/joleneemarie/ Jolene Marie Instagram Officiel] }} [[File:Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu at Miss International 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jolene Marie Rotinsulu (2019)]] '''Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu''' (anafahamika zaidi kwa [[jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] '''Jolene Maria'''; amezaliwa [[15 Mei]] [[1996]], [[asili]] yake [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]], [[California]] – [[Marekani]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] za [[pop]] [[dansi]] kutoka nchini [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/new-york-2019/speaker/jolene-marie-rotinsulu/|title=Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu, Miss International Indonesia 2019|date=February 9, 2019|publisher=events.globallandscapesforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://awardgoesto.com/miss-international-indonesia-2019-jolene-marie-rotinsulu/|title=Miss International Indonesia 2019 award goes to Jolene Marie Rotinsulu|publisher=AwardGoesTo|date=March 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/jolene-marie-cholock-crowned-miss-international-indonesia-2019/eventshow/68332261.cms|title=Jolene Cholock crowned Miss International Indonesia 2019|work=The Times of India|date=March 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/| title=Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu verkozen tot Miss International Indonesia 2019| date=February 9, 2019| publisher=missitems.be| accessdate=2019-10-22| archivedate=2019-03-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091721/https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2019/03/10/puteri-indonesia-2019-full-results/| title=Puteri Indonesia 2019 Full Results!| date=February 9, 2019 | publisher=thegreatpageantcommunity.com}}</ref> == Albamu == * [[:id:Realize|Realize]] ''(Selamat Malam Kekasihku)'' (2013) feat [[:id:Revo Marty|Revo Marty]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/therevo/song/12737995-selamat-malam-kekasihku-revo-marty|title=Revo Marthy ft Jolene Marie – Selamat Malam Kekasihku|publisher=reverbnation.com|date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> == Filamu == * [[:id:I am Hope|I AM HOPE]] (2016)<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.brilio.net/creator/20-potret-jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-pintar-dan-memesona-f027c6.html|title=20 Potret Jolene Marie Cholock Rotinsulu, pintar dan memesona|publisher=Brilio.net|date=September 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt5931390/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_3|title=Jolene Marie taking part as Mia on theater part of the 'I AM HOPE' Movie|publisher=IMDb|date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category|Jolene Marie Rotinsulu}} * {{IMDb name|nm8414853|Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu}} * {{twitter|joleneemarie|Jolene-Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rotinsulu, Jolene Marie Cholock}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Indonesia]] b7bai7z0vtpqa03td1jrk59fmtub4wu 0 118349 1575630 1512841 2026-06-20T22:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Indiahills.png|400px|thumb|Ghat ya Magharibi (Wetsren Ghats) upande wa magahribi wa Bara Hindi]] '''Milima ya Ghat ya Magharibi''' ni eneo la [[milima]] inayoenea katika [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 1,600 sambamba na [[pwani]] ya [[magharibi]] ya [[Bara Hindi]], kupitia [[Majimbo ya Uhindi|majimbo]] ya [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]] na [[Gujarat]]<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Western Ghats|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342}}</ref>. Ni eneo lililoandikishwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]] likiwa kati ya vitovu vya [[bioanwai]]<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Myers|first=Norman|last2=Mittermeier|first2=Russell A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=Cristina G.|last4=Da Fonseca|first4=Gustavo A. B.|last5=Kent|first5=Jennifer|year=2000|title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-02-24_403_6772/page/19|journal=Nature|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|doi=10.1038/35002501}}</ref>. Kuna [[idadi]] kubwa ya [[spishi]] za [[wanyama]] na [[mimea]] ambayo inapatikana nchini Uhindi pekee. ==Jina== [[Jina]] la "ghat" katika [[lugha za Kihindi]] linamaanisha "[[safu ya milima]]". Safu hiyo ina athira kubwa kwa [[hali ya hewa]] na mwendo wa [[masika]] ya [[monsuni]] ([[Upepo|pepo]] za [[msimu]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]]) yanayoonyesha kwa wingi kwenye mitelemko ya magharibi ya Ghat ilhali kiasi kinachofika upande wa [[mashariki]] ni kidogo. ==Maeneo== Masafa ya milima ya Ghat huanzia [[kaskazini]] kuelekea [[kusini]] kando ya magharibi na kuacha [[tambarare]] nyembamba kwenye pwani ya magharibi. Maeneo mengi ndani ya Ghat yametengwa kama [[hifadhi ya taifa]] au [[misitu]] inayohifadhiwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple=1&unique_number=1921|title=Western Ghats|work=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> Masafa huanza karibu na [[mji]] wa [[Songadh]] wa [[Gujarat]], na kuishia karibu na ncha ya kusini ya Uhindi. Eneo la milima hii lina jumla ya [[kilomita za mraba]] 160,000 na kuwa eneo la kukusanya [[maji]] kwa [[mito]] inayomwagilia [[asilimia]] 40 za Uhindi. Mwinuko wa [[wastani]] ni mnamo [[mita]] 1,200 [[juu ya UB]]. <ref name="APMN">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://apmn.icimod.org/mountains/ch2_peninsula.php|title=The Peninsula|accessdate=19 March 2007|work=Asia-Pacific Mountain Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812064356/http://apmn.icimod.org/mountains/ch2_peninsula.php|archivedate=12 August 2007}}</ref> === Vilele === Ghat ya Magharibi huwa na milima mirefu inayofikia [[kimo]] cha zaidi ya mita 2000. Mlima [[Anamudi]] (mita 2,695) ndio mlima mrefu zaidi. ==Chanzo cha mito== [[Mvua]] inayonyesha kwenye Ghat ya Magharibi unalisha [[mito]] mingi ya kudumu ya Uhindi. Mifumo mikubwa ya mito inayotokea kwenye Ghat ya Magharibi, hii ni pamoja na mito ya [[Mto Godavari|Godavari]], [[mto Kaveri|Kaveri]], [[Mto Krishna|Krishna]], [[Thamiraparani]] na [[Tungabhadra]] . Mito mingi midogo zaidi yenye [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] kwenye Ghat inajiunga na mito hiyo, na hubeba maji mengi wakati wa miezi ya masika. Mito hiyo inaelekea hasa upande wa mashariki ikifuata mtelemko wa nchi ikiishia kwenye [[Ghuba ya Bengali]]. Mito ya [[Periyar]], [[Bharathappuzha]], [[Pamba]], [[Netravati]], [[Sharavathi]], [[Mandovi]] na [[Zuari]] inashuka upande wa magharibi ikiishia katika [[Bahari Arabu]]. Kutokana na mtelemko mkali upande huu inashuka kwa [[kasi]] kali. [[Picha:Jog Falls, India - August 2006.jpg|right|thumb|Maporomoko ya Jog huko Karnataka, moja ya milango ya kuvutia zaidi nchini India.]] [[Picha:Western-Ghats-rainfall.svg|thumb|Mvua ya kila mwaka kando ya mkoa wa Magharibi wa Ghat.]] === Mvua === Kanda ya Maharashtra kwa wastani hupata mvua nzito kuliko mikoa ya Karnataka, Kerala na Goa. Katika Maharashtra mvua inaenea sawasawa zaidi kwa sababu [[Bonde|mabonde]] mengi yanaruhusu sehemu za [[mawingu]] kupita safu ya Ghat. Lakini Ghat huko Karnataka inaacha nafasi chache za mawingu kupita hivyo miteremko ya magharibi ya Karnataka hupokea mvua kubwa, zaidi ya [[sm]] 400, kushinda sehemu nyingine za Ghat ya Magharibi. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mahali ! Eneo !Kiwango cha mvua cha mwaka ([[milimita]])<ref>https://en.climate-data.org</ref> |- | Agumbe | {{Sort|Karnataka, Thirthahalli|[[Thirthahalli]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 7624 |- | Amboli | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Sindhudurg|[[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 3859 |- | Hulikal | {{Sort|Karnataka, Hosanagara|[[Hosanagara]], [[Karnataka]]}} | 5316 |- | Amagaon | {{Sort|Karnataka, Khanapur|[[Khanapur]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4089 |- | Kakkalli | {{Sort|Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4921 |- | Nilkund | {{Sort|Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4369 |- | Mahabaleshwar | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Satara|[[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 5761 |- | Devimane | {{Sort|Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 3981 |- | Surli | {{Sort|Karnataka, Hosanagara|[[Hosanagara]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4335 |- | Lonavla | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Pune|[[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 4073 |- | Charmadi | {{Sort|Karnataka, Mudigere|[[Mudigere]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4131 |- | Samse | {{Sort|Karnataka, Mudigere|[[Mudigere]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 3914 |- | Kollur | {{Sort|Karnataka, Udupi|[[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4992 |- | Makkiyad | {{Sort|Kerala, Wayanad|[[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]]}} | mm 3714 |- | Kudremukh | {{Sort|Karnataka, Chikmagalur|[[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 4158 |- | Rajamalai | {{Sort|Kerala, Idukki|[[Idukki]], [[Kerala]]}} | mm 4785 |- | Nyamakad | {{Sort|Kerala, Idukki|[[Idukki]], [[Kerala]]}} | mm 3007 |- | Sholayar | {{Sort|Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore|[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]}} | mm 3024 |- | Vythiri | {{Sort|Kerala, Wayanad|[[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]]}} | mm 4000 |- | Pookode | {{Sort|Kerala, Wayanad|[[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]]}} | mm 3957 |- | Dhamanohol | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Mulshi taluka|[[Mulshi taluka]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 6255 |- | Mulshi | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Pune|[[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 5100 |- | Tamhini Ghat | {{Sort|Maharashtra, Mulshi taluka|[[Mulshi taluka]], [[Maharashtra]]}} | mm 5255 |- | Chinnakallar | {{Sort|Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore|[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]}} | mm 2947 |- | Rock Rock | {{Sort|Karnataka, Uttara Kannada|[[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]]}} | mm 5132 |} === Mamalia === <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="140" perrow="5"> Picha:Bengal_Tiger_Karnataka.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Gats Magharibi ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya [[Bengal tiger|tiger]] nje ya [[Sunderbans]] . Picha:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Lion-tailed macaque|Macaque iliyokuwa]] hatarini iliyo na hatarishi ni hatari kwa Gats Magharibi. Picha:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Kanda ya Magharibi ya Ghats ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya [[Indian elephant|ndovu ya]] India nchini India. Picha:Nilgiritragus_hylocrius.JPG|<nowiki> </nowiki>Ni watu 100 tu wa [[Nilgiri tahr]] waliachwa mnamo 2001 lakini walipatikana kufikia 3,300 kufikia 2010. Picha:Nilgiri langur (1) by N. A. Naseer.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Nilgiri langur|Nilgiri langur ya mwisho]] iko hatarini. </gallery> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * Mahajan, Harshal. ''A rendezvous with Sahyadri'' * Ingalhalikar, Shrikant. ''Flowers of Sahyadri''. Corolla Publication; Pune * Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; Washington, DC. * Kapadia, Harish. ''Trek the Sahyadris'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919135620/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/rain_forest/chapter2.htm Daniels, R.J. Ranjit, Wildlife institute of India, "Biodiversity in the Western Ghats"] * Ajith Kumar, [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]], Coimbatore, India, Ravi Chellam, B.C.Choudhury, Divya Mudappa, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, N.M.Ishwar, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India, Barry Noon, Department of Fish and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S. (2002) "''Impact of Rainforest Fragmentation on Small Mammals and Herpetofauna in the Western Ghats, South India''", [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070701040125/http://www.wii.gov.in/faculty/publication/frag.wii.report.pdf Final Report, pp. 146, illus. Full text] retrieved 14 March 2007 * Verma Desh Deepak (2002) "''Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems''", Ministry of Environment and Forests,13pp, retrieved 27 March 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618233452/http://biodiv.org/doc/world/in/in-nr-me-en.doc Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems] Full text, detailed data, not cited. * Abstracts, Edited by Lalitha Vijayan, Saconr. Vasudeva, University of Dharwad, Priyadarsanan, ATREE, Renee Borges, CES, ISSC, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Atree & WCSP. Pramod, Sacon, Jagannatha Rao, R., FRLHTR. J. Ranjit Daniels, Care Earth, Compiled by S. Somasundaram, Sacon (1–2 December 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511231752/http://www.westernghatsforum.org/abstract_12_05.pdf ''Integrating Science and Management of Biodiversity in the Western Ghats''], 2nd National Conference of the Western Ghats Forum, Venue: State Forest Service College Coimbatore, Organized by [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]], Anaikatty, Coimbatore – 641108, India. Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Supported by The Arghyam Foundation, The Ford Foundation & Sir Dorabiji Trust Through Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) * [http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue30/M%20D%20S%20Chandran.pdf Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue30/M%20D%20S%20Chandran.pdf |date=20150923202006 }} M.D. Subash Chandran; Chapter 22 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342 Gats Magharibi], wavuti ya Urithi wa Dunia wa UNESCO * [http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/western_ghats/ Gats Magharibi], WWF {{mbegu-jio-Uhindi}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Uhindi]] [[Jamii:Urithi wa Dunia]] i1gyb1lm3uhqbsp0m2wxktf1bex7la7 0 119476 1575655 1513874 2026-06-21T02:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|2|S|21|E|format=dms|display=title}} [[Picha:La rivière Lulilaka, parc national de Salonga, 2005.jpg|250px|thumb|Mto Lulilaka ukipita Hifadhi ya Salonga]] [[Picha:Bonobo.jpg|250px|thumb|Bonobo wako kati ya viumbe vinavyohifadhiw katika Salonga]] '''Hifadhi ya Salonga''' ni [[eneo la hifadhi]] katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] uliopo katika beseni ya [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]] . Ni hifadhi kubwa zaidi ya [[msitu wa mvua]] barani Afrika ikiwa na eneo la km² 36,000. Inaenea katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mai-Ndombe|Mai-Ndombe]], [[Mkoa wa Équateur|Equateur]], [[Mkoa wa Kasai Mashariki|Kasaï]] na [[Mkoa wa Sankuru|Sankuru]] . == Jiografia == Hifadhi hiyo iko katika eneo la misitu ya mvua asilia katikati ya mji mkuu [[Kinshasa]] na [[Kisangani]]. Hakuna barabara na sehemu kubwa ya hifadhi hiyo inaweza kutembelewa kwa njia ya mto pekee. Sehemu za kusini za hifadhi inakaliwa na Waiyaelima ambao wanaendelea maisha ya kuvinda na kulima wakitazamiwa wanatunza mazingira vema; hasa hawavindi bonobo. Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Salonga ilianzishwa mnamo 1956 ikapata mipaka yake ya sasa kenye mwaka 1970 kwa amri ya rais [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Iliandikishwa na UNESCO katika orodha ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] mwaka 1984. <ref name="Hopson">{{Rejea jarida|last=Hopson|first=Mark|year=2011|title=The Wilderness Myth: How the Failure of the American National Park Model Threatens the Survival of the Iyaelima Tribe and the Bonobo Chimpanzee|url=http://lawpublications.barry.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=ejejj|journal=Earth Jurisprudence and Environmental Justice Journal|volume=1|issue=1}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika nusu mashariki ya nchi, iliongezwa kwenye Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia Hatarini mnamo 1999. Wanyama katika hifadhi hiyo ni pamoja na [[Bonobo]]<ref name="Falk">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/john-falk/bonobos-congo.html|title=Why the Bonobos Need a Radio and Other (Unlikely) Lessons From Deepest Congo|first=John|author=Falk|year=2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403202028/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/john-falk/bonobos-congo.html|archivedate=2012-04-03}}</ref>. Kuna pia ndege wengi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/280|title=Salonga National Park|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2013-12-14}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Vyanzo == *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fL1P0DpFlsC&pg=PA230 |title=The bonobos: behavior, ecology, and conservation |first1=Takeshi |last1=Furuichi |first2=Jo Myers |last2=Thompson |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |ISBN=0-387-74785-0}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174246/http://www.incef.org/projects/salonga-lukenie-sankuru-landscape-project INCEF - Conservation and Health in Salonga] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105184241/http://www.wcs.org/international/Africa/drcongo/salonga Wildlife Conservation Society] * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/280 UNESCO Salonga National Park Site] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010616200950/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/salonga.html WCMC Site Data Sheet] {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Category:Hifadhi katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Urithi wa Dunia katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] br0jwmlrp22ev8ya98hx5wv8q3ay958 0 134336 1575673 1163863 2026-06-21T04:33:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inosenti wa Tortona''' ([[Tortona]], [[Italia Kaskazini]], [[285]] - Tortona [[17 Aprili]] [[353]]) anakumbukwa kama [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] huo. [[Ujana|Ujanani]] alidhulumiwa kwa ajili ya [[imani]] ya [[Kikristo]] katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Dioklesyano]] ([[303]]). [[Mwaka]] [[313]] alihamia [[Roma]] alipofanywa na [[Papa Silvester I|Papa Silvesta I]] kuwa [[shemasi]] na hatimaye [[askofu]] wa [[mji]] wake asili, alipoimarisha [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] na kupambana na [[Upagani]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91520</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref>Flavio Peloso, "[http://www.host-lime.com/do/messaggi/articolo.asp?ID=685 San Marziano e sant'Innocenzo. Don Orione cultore delle origini cristiane di Tortona] {{Wayback|url=http://www.host-lime.com/do/messaggi/articolo.asp?ID=685 |date=20160304135110 }}", in ''[http://www.librinlinea.it/titolo/iulia-dertona-bollettino-della-societ/LO10016054#sthash.LLEzehZl.dpuf Iulia Dertona. Bollettino della Società storica tortonese per gli studi di storia, d'economia e d'arte]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' (convegno, Tortona 15 maggio 2013).</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[17 Aprili]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== *Fedele Savio, [https://archive.org/stream/gliantichivesco00savigoog#page/n412/mode/1up ''Gli antichi vescovi d'Italia. Il Piemonte''], Torino 1898, pp. 377-380 *Fedele Savio, [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44270#page/181/mode/1up ''Le origini della diocesi di Tortona''], in ''Atti della Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino'', vol. 38, 1902-1903, pp. 85-101 {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 285]] [[Category:Waliofariki 353]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] acte9nwxhc6s2cth6fxnmxbqythj1xx 0 134655 1575503 1510922 2026-06-20T13:50:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Diane Awerbuck |picha = Rachel Zadok (cropped).jpg|Rachel_Zadok_(cropped) |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1 [[Aprili]] [[1974]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] |nchi = {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} }} '''Diane Awerbuck''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Riwaya yake ya ''Gardening at Night'' ilishinda tuzo uandishi ya ''Commonwealth Writers' Prize'' mnamo mwaka [[2004]] na kutajwa kua kitabu cha kwanza bora [[Afrika]] an Carribean, pia [[kitabu]] hichi kilitajwa kwenye tuzo ya ''International Dublin Literary Award''. Mwaka [[2011]] katika makusanyo yake ya hadithi fupi, ''Cabin Fever'', kilichapishwa na ''Random House Struik.''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5668 |title=Randomstruik.co.za |accessdate=2021-04-17 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055347/http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5668 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Riwaya yake ya ''Home Remedies'', kilichapishwa na Random House Struik mwezi [[Agosti]] mwaka [[2012]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140401035109/http://www.randomstruik.co.za/title-page.php?titleID=4747&imprintID=0 Randomstruik.co.za]</ref> Alitajwa katika tuzo ya Caine Prize mnamo mwaka [[2014]], na alishinda mashindano ya ''Short Story Day Africa'' mwaka huo huo.<ref name=" Diane Awerbuck’s winning story from the new SSDA anthology, Terra Incognita, and a cover reveal! ">{{cite web | url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/11/21/fiction-friday-diane-awerbucks-new-short-story-day-africa-winning-story-plus-cover-reveal/ | title=Diane Awerbuck's winning story from the new SSDA anthology, Terra Incognita, and a cover reveal! | publisher=Books Live | date=21 November 2014 | accessdate=2 December 2014 | author=Jennifer}}</ref> Alifundisha shule ya ''Rustenburg Girls' High School'' mpaka mwaka [[2002]].<ref>[http://www.vintage-books.co.uk/authors/3290/diane-awerbuck/ Vintage-books.co.uk]</ref> Kabla alifanya kazi Cedar House kama mwalimu wa historia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.somethingwicked.co.za/2011/09/feature-interview-diane-awerbuck/ |title=Interview with Diane Awerbuck |accessdate=2021-04-17 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102339/http://www.somethingwicked.co.za/2011/09/feature-interview-diane-awerbuck/ }}</ref> Insha na hadithi fupi zake zinachapishwa mara kwa mara na kazi zake zinatafsiriwa kwenda lugha ya Kijerumani, Kiswidi na Kirusi.<ref>[http://shortstorydayafrica.org/authors/a-d/983-2/ Short Story Day Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163659/http://shortstorydayafrica.org/authors/a-d/983-2/ |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> ==Kazi zake== ===Riwaya=== *''Gardening at night'', Secker & Warburg, 2003, ISBN|978-0-436-20610-8 *''Home Remedies'', Umuzi / Random House Struik, 2012, ISBN|978-1-4152-0144-2 ===Hadithi fupi=== *''Cabin Fever'', Umuzi / Random House Struik, 2011, ISBN|978-1-4152-0111-4 ===Kama mwandishi=== *''Commissioning Editor of Anthology, 'The Ghost-Easter and Other Stories', ''Umuzi Cape Town, 2013, E-Pub 978-1-4152-0568-6'' ===Mahojiano=== * ''Aerodrome mahojiano na Jennifer Malec'', Jennifer Malec, (2013).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malec|first1=Jennifer|title=Aerodrome video with Diane Awerbuck|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJunU-vB4y4|website=YouTube|publisher=Aerodrome|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] gfhqeynmz8lk5e2gcruu5zyfbp6nt2d 1575524 1575503 2026-06-20T14:26:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Diane Awerbuck |picha = Rachel Zadok (cropped).jpg|Rachel_Zadok_(cropped) |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 1 [[Aprili]] [[1974]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] |nchi = {{flag|Afrika Kusini}} }} '''Diane Awerbuck''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Riwaya yake ya ''Gardening at Night'' ilishinda tuzo uandishi ya ''Commonwealth Writers' Prize'' mnamo mwaka [[2004]] na kutajwa kua kitabu cha kwanza bora [[Afrika]] an Carribean, pia [[kitabu]] hichi kilitajwa kwenye tuzo ya ''International Dublin Literary Award''. Mwaka [[2011]] katika makusanyo yake ya hadithi fupi, ''Cabin Fever'', kilichapishwa na ''Random House Struik.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5668 |title=Randomstruik.co.za |accessdate=2021-04-17 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055347/http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5668 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Riwaya yake ya ''Home Remedies'', kilichapishwa na Random House Struik mwezi [[Agosti]] mwaka [[2012]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140401035109/http://www.randomstruik.co.za/title-page.php?titleID=4747&imprintID=0 Randomstruik.co.za]</ref> Alitajwa katika tuzo ya Caine Prize mnamo mwaka [[2014]], na alishinda mashindano ya ''Short Story Day Africa'' mwaka huo huo.<ref name=" Diane Awerbuck’s winning story from the new SSDA anthology, Terra Incognita, and a cover reveal! ">{{cite web | url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/11/21/fiction-friday-diane-awerbucks-new-short-story-day-africa-winning-story-plus-cover-reveal/ | title=Diane Awerbuck's winning story from the new SSDA anthology, Terra Incognita, and a cover reveal! | publisher=Books Live | date=21 November 2014 | accessdate=2 December 2014 | author=Jennifer}}</ref> Alifundisha shule ya ''Rustenburg Girls' High School'' mpaka mwaka [[2002]].<ref>[http://www.vintage-books.co.uk/authors/3290/diane-awerbuck/ Vintage-books.co.uk]</ref> Kabla alifanya kazi Cedar House kama mwalimu wa historia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.somethingwicked.co.za/2011/09/feature-interview-diane-awerbuck/ |title=Interview with Diane Awerbuck |accessdate=2021-04-17 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102339/http://www.somethingwicked.co.za/2011/09/feature-interview-diane-awerbuck/ }}</ref> Insha na hadithi fupi zake zinachapishwa mara kwa mara na kazi zake zinatafsiriwa kwenda lugha ya Kijerumani, Kiswidi na Kirusi.<ref>[http://shortstorydayafrica.org/authors/a-d/983-2/ Short Story Day Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163659/http://shortstorydayafrica.org/authors/a-d/983-2/ |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> ==Kazi zake== ===Riwaya=== *''Gardening at night'', Secker & Warburg, 2003, ISBN|978-0-436-20610-8 *''Home Remedies'', Umuzi / Random House Struik, 2012, ISBN|978-1-4152-0144-2 ===Hadithi fupi=== *''Cabin Fever'', Umuzi / Random House Struik, 2011, ISBN|978-1-4152-0111-4 ===Kama mwandishi=== *''Commissioning Editor of Anthology, 'The Ghost-Easter and Other Stories', ''Umuzi Cape Town, 2013, E-Pub 978-1-4152-0568-6'' ===Mahojiano=== * ''Aerodrome mahojiano na Jennifer Malec'', Jennifer Malec, (2013).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malec|first1=Jennifer|title=Aerodrome video with Diane Awerbuck|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJunU-vB4y4|website=YouTube|publisher=Aerodrome|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] qvnvywikgvtib9hnxhujizj27phr02o 0 134695 1575636 1570736 2026-06-20T23:27:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575636 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Godfrey Mwampembwa (27039180056).jpg|thumb|Godfrey Mwampembwa]] '''Godfrey Mwampembwa''' (anayejulikana kwa jina la kalamu '''Gado'''; alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[6 Agosti]] [[1969]]) ni [[mchoraji]] wa [[katuni]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]] anayeishi [[Kenya]]. Katuni zake nyingi zinahusu habari za [[siasa]] lakini amechora pia [[Hekaya za Abunuwasi]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gado.htm|title=Gado|work=lambiek.net|accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref> Gado ni mchoraji anayechapishwa zaidi katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili alikuwa mchangiaji katika ''[[Daily Nation]]'' na East African ([[Kenya]]), ''New African'' ([[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]]), ''Courrier International'' ([[Ufaransa]]) na ''Business Day'' na ''Sunday Tribune'' ([[Afrika Kusini]]). Alichora pia katuni kwa ''Le Monde'' (Ufaransa), ''Washington Times (Marekani)'', ''Der Standard'' ([[Austria]]) na ''Japan Times'' ([[Japani]]). Alichangia katika gazeti la ''[[Daily Nation]]'' karibu kila siku kwa miaka 23 hadi alipofukuzwa kazi kwenye Machi [[2016]] <ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article4712207.ece ''Kenyan cartoonist fired after mocking president'', March 14, 2016 12:01AM] ''[[The Times]]''</ref> == Masomo na maisha ya binafsi == Mwampembwa alianza kuchora alipokuwa bado mtoto wa shule akaanza pia kuchora katuni za kisiasa. Baada ya kumaliza shule alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi]] kwa masomo ya [[usanifu majengo]]. Alipokuwa mwanafunzi alishiriki katika mashindano ya katuni akasafiri [[Nairobi]] kupokea tuzo aliloshinda akapewa nafasi ya ajira palepale<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/67491ade-3ae2-11e7-ac89-b01cc67cfeec<nowiki> Gado, the political cartoonist who satirises Kenya’s president], gazeti la Financial Times tar. 24.05.2017, iliangaliwa Aprili 2020</nowiki></ref>. Kwa hiyo baada ya mwaka mmoja aliacha masomo yake na kuwa mchoraji wa katuni wa [[Nation Media Group]] huko Kenya. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2008/March/March17/ReportFromOIA.htm|title=Report From: Office of International Affairs|work=www.emory.edu|accessdate=9 October 2018|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117022040/https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2008/March/March17/ReportFromOIA.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2000 alisoma uhuishaji wa zamani na [[filamu]] katika shule ya filamu huko [[Vancouver]]. Mwaka 2015 alitumia kipindi cha mapumziko kwenye Nation Media kwa masomo kwenye Chuo cha Filamu New York (New York Film School).<ref>[https://businesstoday.co.ke/the-bold-cartoon-that-got-gado-fired-by-nation-media/<nowiki> The bold cartoon that got GADO fired by Nation Media], tovuti ya businesstoday.co.ke, ya tar. 14.06.2016, iliangaliwa Aprili 2020</nowiki></ref> Amemwoa Stephanie Uwingabe akazaa naye mabinti mawili, Mwaji-Odeta na Keza-Anganile<ref>[http://gadocartoons.com/bio/<nowiki> Bio], tovuti ya gadocartoons.com, iliangaliwa Aprili 2020</nowiki></ref>. == Kazi == Gado hutengeneza katuni za kuchekesha yanayohusu habari za siasa ya Afrika ya Mashariki na siasa ya kimataifa. Alipoanza kuchora katuni nchini Kenya, nchi hiyo ilikuwa kwenye majira ya mabadiliko ya siasa ya vyama vingi. Gado anasemekana alikuwa mchoraji wa kwanza aliyejiamini kumwonyesha [[Daniel Arap Moi|rais Arap Moi]] katika katuni zake. Baada ya huduma ya miaka mingi namna zake ya kuonyesha viongozi wa serikali zilianza kuleta matatizo kwa gazeti la Nation tangu kushtakiwa kwa rais [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] pamoja na mwanasiasa na makamu wake [[William Ruto]] mbele ya [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] mnamo mwaka 2010.<ref>[https://www.cnyakundi.com/just-a-reminder-this-is-why-cartoonist-gado-was-fired-from-the-daily-nation/<nowiki> Just a Reminder : This is why Cartoonist Gado was Fired from the Daily nation], blogu ya Cyprian Nyakundi ya tarehe 13.06.2015, iliangaliwa aprili 2021</nowiki></ref> Mwaka 2015 alimchora rais Jakaya Kikwete wa Tanzania kama mtu nusu-uchi anayehudumiwa na wanawake warembo waliowakilishi kasoro alizioona katika serikali yake. Gazeti la "The East African" ilibanwa nchini Tanzania kwa mwaka mmoja. Wakati huohuo alimchora makamu wa rais wa Kenya Ruto kwa namna ya kumwunganisha na kashfa ya kutwaa ardhi ya shule mjini Nairobi. Mwampembwa alipumzishwa kazi kwa mwaka mmoja na mwaka 2016 alipokea barua ya kuachishwa kazi. Tangu kuondoka katika ajira ya Mation Media, Mwampembwa alianza kuchora kwa media ya kimataifa na kuendesha kampuni yake ya Bunimedia. Manmo mwaka 2021 alichangia pia katuni za kila siku kwenye [[East African Standard]]. == Tuzo == Mnamo 1999 Gado alichaguliwa kuwa Mchora Katuni wa Mwaka wa Kenya. <ref name="Pilcher">Pilcher, Tim and Brad Brooks. (Foreword: Dave Gibbons). ''The Essential Guide to World Comics''. ''[[Collins and Brown]]''. 2005. 297.</ref> Mnamo 1996 alipewa Tuzo ya Media ya Olimpiki ya Kimataifa kwa media ya kuchapisha <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FahCuSqO30C&pg=PA158|title=Kwani? 02|last=Wainaina|first=Binyavanga|date=2003|publisher=Kwani Archive Online|isbn=9789966983626|page=158}}</ref> na mnamo 1999 alikuwa Mwampembwa Mchora Katuni ''wa Mwaka'' Kenya. Alikuwa mmoja wa washiriki kumi na wawili wa maonyesho ya ''Cartooning for Peace'' of the [[Umoja wa Mataifa|United Nations]] mnamo 2006. Mnamo 2007 alipewa Tuzo ya Prince Claus kwa mada ya ''Utamaduni na Mizozo.'' Majaji walimsifu kwa "katuni zake za ujasiri ambazo zinaonyesha kwa ucheshi mambo ya mizozo ya kijamii na kisiasa, na msukumo wa mapambano ya kujieleza huru." Mnamo 2014 & 2016, Gado alitajwa na jarida ''The'' ''NewAfrican'' kama mmoja wa watu 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa barani Afrika. Mwaka 2016 Gado alipokea tuzo ya ''Katuni kwa Amani'' 2016 aliyekabidhiwa na [[Kofi Annan]] kwenye Siku ya Wanahabari Duniani, 2 Mei. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://mkenyaujerumani.de/2016/05/04/celebrated-kenyan-cartoonist-gado-wins-the-world-press-freedom-day-caricature-prize/|title=Celebrated Kenyan Cartoonist, GADO Wins the International Editorial Cartoons Prize|author=Radoli|first=Lydia|work=Mkenya Ujerumani|accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref> == Kazi zake == * [[Abu Nuwas|Abunuwasi]] <ref name="Pilcher">Pilcher, Tim and Brad Brooks. (Foreword: Dave Gibbons). ''The Essential Guide to World Comics''. ''[[Collins and Brown]]''. 2005. 297.</ref> * Katuni ya michoro ya [[MTV]] <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Repetti|first=Massimo|date=1 June 2007|title=African Wave: Specificity and Cosmopolitanism in African Comics|url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.16?cookieSet=1|journal=African Arts|volume=40|issue=2|pages=16–35|doi=10.1162/afar.2007.40.2.16|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.gadocartoons.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.gadocartoons.com/ |date=20210624093129 }} Tovuti rasmi ya Gado] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gadocartoons.com/ |date=20210624093129 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.gadonet.com/ Wavuti ya zamani ya Gado] (kumbukumbu) * [http://www.wasaniikenya.com/arts-design/godfrey-mwampembwa-gado.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.wasaniikenya.com/arts-design/godfrey-mwampembwa-gado.html |date=20140813200755 }}] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wasaniikenya.com/arts-design/godfrey-mwampembwa-gado.html |date=20140813200755 }} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] ol595edpp6k5t4erc9rwh1mo2w9fcv8 0 135469 1575612 1535942 2026-06-20T21:56:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Heiliger Gangolf.jpg|thumb|Mt. Gangolfi [[Mchoro|alivyochorwa]] na [[Meister von Meßkirch]], [[1535]] hivi.]] '''Gangolfi''' (alifariki [[Avallon]], [[Yonne]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[11 Mei]] [[760]]) alikuwa [[kabaila]] wa [[Burgundy]]<ref name="Alessandro Barbero">{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |title=Alessandro Barbero<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-05-08 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308153416/https://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> maarufu kwa [[imani]] na [[uadilifu]] hadi alipouawa na [[hawara]] wa [[mke]] wake<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92374</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[11 Mei]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Saint Gangolf}} *[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0511.shtml#geng Saints of May 11: Gangulphus of Burgundy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0511.shtml#geng |date=20150322031054 }} *{{it}} [http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm Alessandro Barbero, “Santi laici e guerrieri. Le trasformazioni di un modello nell'agiografia altomedievale”] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |date=20230308153416 }} *{{de}} [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienG/Gangolf.html Gangolf] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92374 San Gengolfo] *{{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225103/http://www.st-gingolph.ch/gengulphe.htm Sancte Gengulphe = Saint-Gingolph] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402181021/http://www.gengulphus.org/ Gengulphus] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 8]] [[Category:Waliofariki 760]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] a9bj4pe2jl59f09cck0dk4m70oyi36v 1575681 1575612 2026-06-21T05:34:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Heiliger Gangolf.jpg|thumb|Mt. Gangolfi [[Mchoro|alivyochorwa]] na [[Meister von Meßkirch]], [[1535]] hivi.]] '''Gangolfi''' (alifariki [[Avallon]], [[Yonne]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], [[11 Mei]] [[760]]) alikuwa [[kabaila]] wa [[Burgundy]]<ref name="Alessandro Barbero">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |title=Alessandro Barbero<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-05-08 |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308153416/https://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> maarufu kwa [[imani]] na [[uadilifu]] hadi alipouawa na [[hawara]] wa [[mke]] wake<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92374</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[11 Mei]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Saint Gangolf}} *[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0511.shtml#geng Saints of May 11: Gangulphus of Burgundy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0511.shtml#geng |date=20150322031054 }} *{{it}} [http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm Alessandro Barbero, “Santi laici e guerrieri. Le trasformazioni di un modello nell'agiografia altomedievale”] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/dilucas2000/abarbero.htm |date=20230308153416 }} *{{de}} [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienG/Gangolf.html Gangolf] *{{it}} [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92374 San Gengolfo] *{{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225103/http://www.st-gingolph.ch/gengulphe.htm Sancte Gengulphe = Saint-Gingolph] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402181021/http://www.gengulphus.org/ Gengulphus] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 8]] [[Category:Waliofariki 760]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] 7ubbug3r88j1zhckcbqitvqvj43k8xv 0 135616 1575593 1512357 2026-06-20T20:11:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |jina = Florence Devouard |picha = Florence Devouard Wiki Indaba 2017.jpg |imagesize = |alt = |caption = Florence Devouard |order = | term_label = |cheo = Consultant in Internet Communication Strategy, Chair Emeritus of the Wikimedia Foundation |term_start = |term_end = |ndoa = Bertrand Devouard |taoiseach = |mtangulizi = |aliyemfuata = |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1968|9|10|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France |birthname = |utaifa = [[Ufaransa]] |chama = |ndoa = |relations = |watoto = 3 |makazi = |alma_mater = |occupation = Mwenyekiti wa Shirika la '''Wikimedia Foundation''' |kazi = |cabinet = |committees = |portfolio = |religion = |signature = |signature_alt = |website = |footnotes = |blank1 = |data1 = }} '''Florence Jacqueline Sylvie Devouard''' (née Nibart; amezaliwa [[10 Septemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwenyekiti]] wa zamani wa Bodi ya Wadhamini ya [[Wikimedia Foundation]] kati ya [[Oktoba]] [[2006]] na [[Julai]] [[2008]]. Devouard ana [[digrii]] ya [[Mhandisi|uhandisi]] katika [[Agronomia]] kutoka ENSAIA na DEA katika [[elimu]] maumbile (genetics) na bioteknolojia kutoka [[:fr:Institut national polytechnique de Lorraine|INPL]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Florence|author=Devouard|url=http://www.devouard.org/small-biography-florence-devouard-en|title=Small biography about Florence Devouard|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=2022-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411041040/http://www.devouard.org/small-biography-florence-devouard-en}}</ref> Tarehe 9 Machi 2008, Devouard alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa baraza la manispaa la Malintrat. <ref>[https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Municipales/elecresult__municipales_2008/(path)/municipales_2008/063/063204.html Election results, French Ministry of the Interior]</ref> [[File:Wikimania_2019_-_Florence_Devouard_(ENG).mp3|thumb|Florence Devouard about the Wikimedia movement]] Devouard alijiunga na bodi ya Wikimedia Foundation mnamo Juni 2004 kama Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Wadhamini, akimfuatia [[Jimmy Wales]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Board_of_Trustees#Florence_Nibart-Devouard|title=Board of Trustees|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|date=15 February 2012|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> Amehudumu katika Bodi ya Ushauri ya Shirika la Wikimedia Foundation tangu Julai 2008. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.alliance-lab.org/archives/2420#.VseTUutw2uQ|title=Wikipedia's initiatives in the developing world. Interview with Florence Devouard|work=Alliance lab|accessdate=18 February 2015|archivedate=2015-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201191137/http://alliance-lab.org/archives/2420#.VseTUutw2uQ}}</ref> Mwanzilishi mwenza wa Wikimedia France mnamo Oktoba 2004, alikuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa bodi hiyo mnamo 2011 hadi Desemba 2012. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://wikimedia.fr/assembl%C3%A9e-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-d%C3%A9cembre-2012|title=Assemblée Générale de Décembre 2012 (General Assembly - December 2012)|language=fr|work=Wikimédia France official website|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=3 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606225810/http://wikimedia.fr/assembl%C3%A9e-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale-de-d%C3%A9cembre-2012|archivedate=6 June 2014}}</ref> == Kutambulika == Tarehe 16 Mei 2008, alitambuliwa na kupewa tuzo ya heshima ya ''knight'' kama iitwavyo kwa Kifaransa ''Ordre National du Mérite''; tuzo hiyo iliyopendekezwa na Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje kama "Mwenyekiti wa Shirika la Kimataifa". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?dateTexte=&cidTexte=JORFTEXT000018800905|title=Decree of May 16, 2008|language=fr|publisher=Legifrance.gouv.fr|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> === Kwa Kujisomea zaidi === * Lih, Andrew. Mapinduzi ya Wikipedia: Jinsi kundi la Nobodies lilivyounda Ensaiklopidia Kubwa Zaidi Duniani . Hyperion, Jiji la New York . 2009. Toleo la Kwanza. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 (karatasi ya alkali). ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.devouard.com Wavuti ya Ushauri ya Anthere] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100530234954/http://www.anthere.org/ Blogi ya kibinafsi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061127110146/http://www.ecrans.fr/spip.php?article520 Wikimedia Foundation na uendelevu] * Florence Devouard's Wikipedia user page * [[metawiki:Election candidates 2005/En#User:Anthere|Uwasilishaji wa wagombea wa Bodi ya 2005]] * Video-Mahojiano mnamo 10 Februari 2007 katika mkutano wa Lift07 huko Geneva * {{Rejea habari|date=25 January 2008|url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/What_the_future_holds_for_Wikipedia.html?siteSect=108&sid=8667736|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2021-05-13|archivedate=2008-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006040316/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/What_the_future_holds_for_Wikipedia.html?siteSect=108&sid=8667736}} Mahojiano na Florence Devouard. * [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/258049/1/.html 'Bi Wikipedia' inaendesha jitu kubwa la wavuti kutoka kwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/258049/1/.html |date=20121021212921 }} kifungu cha kijiji cha HQ 2007 AFP * [http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/personal_tech/article2027538.ece Maisha Katika Siku:]{{Wayback|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/personal_tech/article2027538.ece |date=20110519094344 }} Makala ya ''Times ya'' Florence Devouard 2007 == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wikimedia]] egygg81q96v4yekkd6gra3yn0cr6o57 0 138499 1575735 1516015 2026-06-21T09:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Joyce Ludovick Kinabo |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Joyce Chisawilo |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mwalimu wa Lishe ya Binadamu |nchi = }}'''Joyce Ludovick Kinabo''' (alzaliwa kama Joyce Chisawilo) ni [[Profesa]] wa [[Tanzania|Kitanzania]] na [[mwanasayansi]] wa utafiti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joyce Kinabo, PhD {{!}} IANDA|url=https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd|work=ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu|accessdate=2021-06-20|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203102/https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd|url-status=dead}}</ref>Yeye pia ni mwalimu wa Lishe ya Binadamu kutoka idara ya [[teknolojia]] ya Chakula na Sayansi ya Watumiaji katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sokoine cha Kilimo (SUA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences - Staff|url=https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30|work=www.coa.sua.ac.tz|accessdate=2021-06-20|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205144/https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Joyce Kinabo|url=https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/|work=AGRIDIET|date=2013-02-19|accessdate=2021-06-20|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203658/https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/}}</ref> == Digrii za Masomo na Heshima == Mnamo [[1980]], alipata [[shahada]] yake ya kwanza ya Kilimo Kikubwa katika Sayansi ya Chakula na Teknolojia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]]. Pia mnamo [[1984]] alikuwa ni Mwalimu wa Sayansi katika Sayansi ya Chakula kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Leeds na [[1990]] alipokea Udaktari wa Sayansi katika Lishe. Fiziolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Glasgow. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii: Wanasayansi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] [[Jamii: WikiGap JWK 2026]] hr5l93z85k3tpr5axi6wwjz0a2bhd2q 0 139660 1575645 1513275 2026-06-21T00:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Hadithi za Afrika''' zinaonyesha safu anuwai ya [[Mfalme|wafalme]], [[malkia]], machifu na [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wengine kutoka [[Afrika|bara lote la Afrika]] pamoja na [[Mali]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]], [[Kongo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Sekhukhune, Mfalme wa Maroteng == [[Picha:LL1882 pg008 SIKUKUNI.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mfalme Sekhukhune mwaka 1881.]] [[Sekhukhune]], alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Maroteng]], inayojulikana pia kama Bapedi, baada ya [[kifo]] cha [[baba]] yake [[Sekwati I]] mnamo [[1861]] na kumtwaa mrithi aliyokusudiwa wa [[taifa]] la Bapedi, [[Mampuru II]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The British nightmare. King Sekhukhune I of Bapedi [1814 - 1882]|url=https://theafricanhistory.com/1303|work=The African History|date=2021-01-21|accessdate=2021-07-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715080529/https://theafricanhistory.com/1303|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Sekhukhune {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-sekhukhune|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2021-07-15}}</ref> Alipigana [[vita]] na [[Makaburu]] wa [[Afrika Kusini|Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini]], himaya ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Eswatini]]. Baada ya kushindwa kwake mikononi mwa wapiganaji wa [[Uingereza]] na 10,000 wa Swaziland, alikamatwa mnamo 1881 katika [[mji mkuu]], [[Pretoria]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The British Nightmare: What You Need To Know About King Sekhukhune I of Bapedi {{!}} How Africa News|url=https://howafrica.com/the-british-nightmare-what-you-need-to-know-about-king-sekhukhune-i-of-bapedi/|work=How Africa News {{!}} Latest African Online Newspaper {{!}} Knowledgebase Africa|date=2021-01-29|accessdate=2021-07-15|archivedate=2021-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715080532/https://howafrica.com/the-british-nightmare-what-you-need-to-know-about-king-sekhukhune-i-of-bapedi/}}</ref> Aliuawa na [[kaka]] yake [[Mampuru II]], mnamo [[1882]]. Mampuru alinyongwa huko Pretoria mwaka uliofuata. Jarida la London Times, ambalo halikujulikana kuandika juu ya mambo ya utawala wa Kiafrika, liliandika juu ya Mfalme shujaa aliyeuawa mnamo Agosti 29, 1882.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] ius0novat67xxtl435cn7e593hk14ku 0 139747 1575647 1301095 2026-06-21T00:57:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575647 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Katika jina hili la Kikorea, jina la familia ni Han''. {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Han Seung-oh''' (Mkorea: 한승오; Hanja: 韓昇旿; alizaliwa 1978) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa [[Korea Kusini]] na wakili nguli. Alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama waanzilishi wa kundi la Mwanaume wa Korea, pia alikuwa kiongozi wa pili wa kundi la Mwanaume wa Korea, Julai 29, 2013 hadi Agosti 14. Han alizaliwa katika [[Jiji]] la [[Seoul]]. Mwaka 2008 alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa kundi la Mwanaume wa Korea, pia tarehe 1 Mei, 2012, aliteuliwa kuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa General Affairs Team for Sung Jae-gi. Julai 8 and Julai 22 alishiriki katika maandamano ya kupinga ujio wa maktaba ya wanawake ya Jecheon pamoja na Sung Jae-gi (Jecheon Women's Library with Sung Jae-gi). Miezi 8 baadae, aliteuliwa kuwa katibu mkuu wa kundi hilo la Mwanaume wa Korea. Julai 25, 2013, alipendekezwa kama mrithi wa Sung Jae-gi, kabla ya kifo chake.<ref>[http://wstarnews.hankyung.com/apps/news?popup=0&nid=01&c1=01&c2=01&c3=00&nkey=201307271400311&mode=sub_view ‘투신’ 성재기, 실종 25시간 지나도록 생사 확인 안돼] {{Wayback|url=http://wstarnews.hankyung.com/apps/news?popup=0&nid=01&c1=01&c2=01&c3=00&nkey=201307271400311&mode=sub_view |date=20210718154917 }} 한국경제 2013.07.27</ref> Julai 26, 2013 Han alikuwa mmoja wa wageni walioshuhudai kujiua kwa Sung Jae-gi's, lakini hakukatishwa tamaa.<ref>[http://www.vop.co.kr/A00000661759.html ‘성재기 투신’ 사고사로 수사 종료···남성연대 대국민 사과] 민중의 소리 2013.07.30 </ref> baada ya siku nne, Polisi wa [[jiji]] la [[Seoul]] walifanya uchunguzi, hakukutwa na hatia.<ref>[http://news.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?year=2013&no=653152 경찰 "성재기 투신 지켜본 사람들…자살방조 아냐"] 매일경제 2013.07.30 </ref> Kuanzia Julai 26 hadi Agosti 14, Han alishiriki mazishi ya Sung Jae-gi na kesi ikatatuliwa. Lakini hii haikurekebisha mvutano wa ndani kwahiyo yalikuwepo matakwa ya yeye kujiuzulu nyadhifa zake kutoka kwa wanachama wenzake wa Mwanaume wa Korea. Agost 21, 2013, alijiuzulu. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Korea Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Korea Kusini]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] 3sszcuo1rbgfrksqvm39ndn6b2mr3f4 0 139925 1575600 1490971 2026-06-20T21:29:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Fátima Djarra Sani |picha =Fatima Djarra Sani.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha =Picha ya Sani mwaka 2017 |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 1968 |alikufa = |nchi =Guinea Bisau |kazi yake =mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Fátima Djarra Sani''' (alizaliwa [[1968]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] nchini [[Guinea Bisau|Guinea Bissau]] anayepinga [[Ukeketaji|ukeketaji wa wasichana]]. ==Maisha ya awali== Fátima Djarra Sani alizaliwa [[Bissau]], mji mkuu wa nchi, mwaka 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obras/autor/djarra-sani-fatima-82451|title=Obras de Djarra Sani, Fátima, 1968- - Pag. 1|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|last=Cervantes|date=|website=www.cervantesvirtual.com|accessdate=5 November 2017|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145837/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obras/autor/djarra-sani-fatima-82451|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ni mwanaharakati dhidi ya [[ukeketaji]] wa wanawake katika nchi ya [[Guinea Bisau]] na mwakilishi wa shirika la [[Médecins du Monde]] Afrika.<ref name="tribunafeminista.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunafeminista.org/2016/12/fatima-djarra-sani-mediadora-intercultural-de-medicos-del-mundo-pregonera-de-la-navidad-en-pamplona/|title=Fátima Djarra Sani, mediadora de Médicos del Mundo, pregonera de la Navidad en Pamplona - Tribuna Feminista|author=|date=14 December 2016|website=tribunafeminista.org|accessdate=5 November 2017|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003235/http://www.tribunafeminista.org/2016/12/fatima-djarra-sani-mediadora-intercultural-de-medicos-del-mundo-pregonera-de-la-navidad-en-pamplona/}}</ref> ==Kazi== Mwaka [[2008]], alijiunga na [[Médecins du Monde]], na aliendesha warsha na mafundisho mengine kuhusu hali ya wanawake katika Afrika. Alikazia hasa maswali ya afya ya uzazi na kupinga ukeketaji.<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/salud/20150623/54432979111/entrevista-fatima-djarra-ablacion-africa-espana.html Fátima Djarra Sani: "Cada vez se practican más ablaciones a bebés"]</ref> Alishiriki kuandaa [[itifaki]] kupinga na hatua dhidi ya ukeketaji wa wanawake ambao ulipata kibali juni [[2013]] huko [[Navarra]], [[Hispania]]. ==Maandishi== Mwaka 2015 alichapisha ''Indomable: de la mutilación a la vida'' (Indomitable: From Mutilation to Life), na Nyumba ya uchapaji ya Ediciones Península, ambayo alizungumza kuhusu maisha yake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elimparcial.es/noticia/158831/los-lunes-de-el-imparcial/fatima-djarra-sani-/-gorka-moreno:-indomable.html|title=Fátima Djarra Sani / Gorka Moreno: Indomable|first=El|last=Imparcial|date=|website=elimparcial.es|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mashindano ya uandishi wa makala za haki za binadamu]] {{Mbegu-mtu}} cjbkzpc9voi2k744345drqn9sffc75q 0 143002 1575449 1503951 2026-06-20T12:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = David Bateson | image = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = Februari 9, [[1960]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Afrika Kusini]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = Bateson | kazi yake = Muigizaji na mchekeshaji wa Afrika kusini | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} Ingiza faili '''David Bateson''' (alizaliwa Februari 9, [[1960]]) ni muigizaji na mchekeshaji wa Afrika kusini. Anajulikana zaidi katika kutoa sauti ya [[Agent 47]], muhusika mkuu kwenye [[IO Interactive]] mfululizo wa michezo ya video ya ''[[Hitman (franchise)|Hitman]]'', baada ya kucheza jukumu hilo tangu mwaka 2000 katika kila moja ya michezo nane ya franchise. Pia alitumika kama sauti ya matangazo ya biashara kwenye chapa mbalimbali [[Lego]].<ref name="playerone">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-02-23 |title='Hitman' Voice Actor David Bateson Reveals His Real-Life Hitman Past |url=https://www.player.one/hitman-voice-actor-david-bateson-reveals-his-real-life-hitman-past-585711 |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Player.One |language=en |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190524/https://www.player.one/hitman-voice-actor-david-bateson-reveals-his-real-life-hitman-past-585711 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==marejeo== {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] 2szc27bik01f3sneoqnd569xhwoaewj 0 144392 1575445 1533381 2026-06-20T12:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Dasius Menologium Basilii 20 Nov.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro mdogo]] wa [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] chake.]] '''Dasio wa Silistra''' (alifariki [[Silistra]], [[Mesia]], leo nchini [[Bulgaria]], [[20 Novemba]] [[303]]) alikuwa [[askari]] [[Mkristo]] wa [[Durostoro]] aliyekatwa [[kichwa]] kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yake katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[kaisari]] [[Dioklesyano]] <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/78530</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Musurillo |first=Herbert |author-link= |date=1972 |title=The Acts of the Christian Martyrs |url=https://archive.org/details/actsofchristianm0000musu|location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=xxxix, 260-265 |isbn=0198268068}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] [[20 Novemba]]<ref>''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]: ex Decreto Sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli P.P. II promulgatum'', Romae 2001, ISBN 8820972107</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == *Renate Pillinger (ed., trans.), ''Das Martyrium des Heiligen Dasius'', Vienna (1988), ISBN|978-3-7001-1514-4. *Valentina Drumeva,Разкази за българските светии и за светиите, свързани с България ("Stories of Bulgarian saints and of saints associated with Bulgaria"), part I, [[Zograf Monastery]], 2005. *I. Duychev, G. Tsankova-Petkova et al., Гръцки извори за българската история (ГИБИ, "Greek sources for Bulgarian history") vol. 3, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1960. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=2827 Catholic Online] *[http://blacksea.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=10674 Dorostolum / Dristra]{{Wayback|url=http://blacksea.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=10674 |date=20220223050715 }} *{{bg}} [http://www.pravoslavieto.com/life/11.12_sv_Dasij_Dorostolski.htm Св. Дасий Доростолски (Дазий Доростолски)] *{{bg}} Венцислав Каравълчев, [http://www.sv-atanasii-varna.org/jitia.php?page=news_show&nid=1741 Разказ за живота на св. Дасий Доростолски] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sv-atanasii-varna.org/jitia.php?page=news_show&nid=1741 |date=20181215122605 }} (2010) *{{bg}} Иван Костадинов, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000604/http://www.heritagebg.net/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/item/20-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9 Дасий] (2012) {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 3]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 303]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Bulgaria]] ssehxb54qr2u73lnrmhjoigcoss5im8 0 144987 1575775 1516494 2026-06-21T11:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kari Brattset 2 20180203.jpg|alt=Kari Brattset Dale|thumb|Kari Brattset Dale]] '''Kari Brattset Dale''' (aliyezaliwa 15 Februari [[1991]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Mpira wa mkono|mpira wa mikono]] kutoka [[Norwei]] wa [[Győri Audi ETO KC]] na [[timu ya taifa]] [[Norwei]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=KARI BRATTSET DALE - Career & Statistics {{!}} EHF|url=https://www.eurohandball.com/en/player/GdMWXQA9VEt5_YP-zP-6zQ/kari-brattset-dale/|work=www.eurohandball.com|accessdate=2021-12-17|language=en}}</ref> Alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika timu ya taifa ya Norway mnamo Machi 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=404 {{!}} handball.no|url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/brattset-inn-i-troppen/|work=handball.no - Norges Håndballforbund|accessdate=2021-12-17|language=no|archive-date=2016-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312070024/https://www.handball.no/nyheter/brattset-inn-i-troppen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:USLWO]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] fcnubdz2yqneveasm0wbeu7u8nlo558 3 145096 1575582 1203042 2026-06-20T18:25:13Z Little Sunshine 90415 Little Sunshine moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:M.a.salgado11]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user a62fceb2952fbd155fd044a8688d4fd6]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/M.a.salgado11|M.a.salgado11]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user a62fceb2952fbd155fd044a8688d4fd6|Renamed user a62fceb2952fbd155fd044a8688d4fd6]]" 1203042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 22 Desemba 2021 (UTC) e2mrh79sx26qucudy82q7z46195ga2r 0 146913 1575640 1513144 2026-06-20T23:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Green Valley School''' ni Shule ya binafsi ya Kijerumani,Kiinereza na Kiarabu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=List of English language schools in Egypt {{!}} Eslbase.com|url=https://www.eslbase.com/schools/egypt|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Eslbase|language=en-GB}}</ref> inayopatikana katika eneo la mji wa [[Obour]] katika mjii mkuu wa [[Cairo]], shule hii ilianzishwa mwaka [[1998]] nchini [[Misri]] ,ni shule inayotoa pia [[elimu]] ya awali kwa watoto wadogo <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gvschool.net/BriefHistory.html |title=Brief history of the school |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2013-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101200306/http://www.gvschool.net/BriefHistory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni shule inayofanya kazi kwa mashirikiano na na [[shule]] ya ''Zukunft schools'', ya nchini [[Ujerumani]] .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pasch-net.de/de/par/spo/afr/agy/3315868.html|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-02-28|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817145651/http://www.pasch-net.de/de/par/spo/afr/agy/3315868.html#allgemeine{{!}}title=Schulporträts|url-status=dead}}|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2018-08-17 |archive-url=title=Schulporträts}} |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Viungo vya Nje == *[http://www.goethe.de/ins/eg/kai/lhr/pas/pas/ar5461605.htm] *[http://www.gvs.edu.eg/ Official Website] *[http://www.gvschool.net/ Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gvschool.net/ |date=20211206015937 }} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Elimu]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance Tanzania]] phqgqfz08asjdc2n8jh193oasib1nbz 1575686 1575640 2026-06-21T05:41:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Green Valley School''' ni Shule ya binafsi ya Kijerumani,Kiinereza na Kiarabu <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=List of English language schools in Egypt {{!}} Eslbase.com|url=https://www.eslbase.com/schools/egypt|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Eslbase|language=en-GB}}</ref> inayopatikana katika eneo la mji wa [[Obour]] katika mjii mkuu wa [[Cairo]], shule hii ilianzishwa mwaka [[1998]] nchini [[Misri]] ,ni shule inayotoa pia [[elimu]] ya awali kwa watoto wadogo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gvschool.net/BriefHistory.html |title=Brief history of the school |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2013-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101200306/http://www.gvschool.net/BriefHistory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni shule inayofanya kazi kwa mashirikiano na na [[shule]] ya ''Zukunft schools'', ya nchini [[Ujerumani]] .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.pasch-net.de/de/par/spo/afr/agy/3315868.html|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-02-28|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817145651/http://www.pasch-net.de/de/par/spo/afr/agy/3315868.html#allgemeine{{!}}title=Schulporträts|url-status=dead}}|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2018-08-17 |archive-url=title=Schulporträts}} |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Viungo vya Nje == *[http://www.goethe.de/ins/eg/kai/lhr/pas/pas/ar5461605.htm] *[http://www.gvs.edu.eg/ Official Website] *[http://www.gvschool.net/ Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gvschool.net/ |date=20211206015937 }} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Elimu]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance Tanzania]] 0qm87d91jiohuvgbu5a8xg1suhjcehg 0 147584 1575434 1503880 2026-06-20T12:19:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daraja la Maputo–Katembe''' (kwa [[Kireno]]: ''Ponte de Maputo a Katembe'') ni [[daraja la kusimamishwa]] kuvuka [[Maputo Bay]] kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]]. Daraja linaunganisha [[mji mkuu]] wa Msumbiji [[Maputo]], kwenye ukingo wa kaskazini, na kitongoji chake cha [[Katembe]] kwenye ukingo wa kusini. Kazi ya ujenzi ilianza mwaka wa 2014 na daraja hilo lilifunguliwa rasmi tarehe 10 Novemba 2018.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url= http://clubofmozambique.com/news/maputo {{Wayback|url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/maputo |date=20241205110945 }}</ref>.Daraja la Katembe lilizinduliwa tarehe 25 ya mwezi Juni, tarehe ambayo Msumbiji ilipata Uhuru.Catembe. Kazi ya ujenzi ilifanywa na Wachina [[China Road and Bridge Corporation]]; sehemu kubwa ya mradi huo inafadhiliwa na mikopo kutoka kwa Wachina [[Benki ya Exim ya China|Benki ya Exim]]. <ref name="VBI">{{citation |surname1=Stefan Tavares Bollow, Jörn Seitz und Andreas Raftis |editor-surname1=Verband Beratender Ingenieure |periodical=Beratende Ingenieure das Fachmagazin für Planen und Bauen |title=Deutsches Know-how für Afrikas längste Hängebrücke |volume=47 |issue=1–2/2017 |publisher=Köllen Druck+Verlag |location=Berlin |pages=42ff |date=January 2017 |language=German |url=http://epaper.koellen.de/vbi/2017-01/files/assets/common/downloads/bdvb_126.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615011403/http://epaper.koellen.de/vbi/2017-01/files/assets/common/downloads/bdvb_126.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Historia== [[File:Ponte_Catembe_Maputo.jpg|thumb|Nguzo za daraja zilizokamilika za daraja linalojengwa kati ya Maputo na Katembe (mwonekano wa ukingo wa kusini wa Katembe; Septemba 2016)]] Wazo la daraja juu ya Ghuba ya Maputo - linalofanana na [[25 de Abril Bridge|25 Abril bridge]] juu ya [[Tagus]] huko Lisbon - lilikuwa tayari limepangwa kwa miaka mingi. Mnamo 1989, [[Benki ya Dunia]] ilifadhili mpango wa ukuaji wa miji wa Maputo, ambao ulijumuisha ujenzi wa daraja.<ref name="jenkins">{{cite web|title=Home Space: Context Report |url= </ref>. Ilikuwa tu kutokana na mwisho wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, uwekezaji mwingi katika kipindi cha ukuaji wa gesi na mafuta na kuhusishwa na kuimarika kwa uchumi nchini Msumbiji ambapo serikali ya Msumbiji iliweza kukabiliana na mradi huo. Serikali ilifungua utaratibu wa kujieleza wa maslahi mnamo Novemba 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catembe: o mito faz parte do passado|periodical=A Verdade |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/motores/1839-catembe-o-mito-faz-parte-do-passado |accessdate=2014-11-09 |date=2009-04-15|language=Portuguese|quote=O Governo de Moçambique lançou em Novembro de 2008 um convite internacional para a manifestação de intenções para efeitos de concepção e concessão da empreitada da futura ponte de Maputo para a Catembe.}}</ref> Kazi ya ujenzi huo iliagizwa na kampuni ya maendeleo inayomilikiwa na serikali ya Maputo [[Maputo Sul]], ambayo pia inahusika na ujenzi wa [[Maputo Ring Road|barabara ya pete]]. Ujenzi wenyewe ulifanywa na kikundi cha wahandisi wa ujenzi wa China [[China Road and Bridge Corporation]]. Kazi ya kwanza ya ujenzi ilianza mnamo Juni 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catembe: Arranca construção das estacas da ponte |periodical=Jornal Notícias |url=http://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/capital/18482-catembe-arranca-construcao-das-estacas-da-ponte |accessdate=2014-11-09 |date=2014-06-30 |language=German |archivedate=2017-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013245/http://www.jornalnoticias.co.mz/index.php/capital/18482-catembe-arranca-construcao-das-estacas-da-ponte }}</ref> Baada ya ucheleweshaji fulani - haswa katika makazi mapya ya wakaazi katika kitongoji cha Maputo cha Malanga - daraja hilo lilizinduliwa mnamo 2018-11-15. == Maelezo ya ujenzi == [[File:Ponte_Maputo-Catembe,_Maputo,_Moçambique,_September_2017_(2).jpg|thumb|Kazi ya ujenzi katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya daraja (Septemba 2017)]] Daraja la kusimamishwa kwa njia nne lina urefu wa mita 3041 na huvuka ghuba kwa urefu wa mita 60. Njia ya kaskazini (daraja la mbele) ina urefu wa mita 1097, takriban umbo la S na imeunganishwa kwenye mzunguko wa Praça 16 de Junho (uliounganishwa na barabara kuu za EN1/EN2/EN4) katika kitongoji cha Maputo cha Malanga. Njia ya kusini ina urefu wa mita 1264 na inajumuisha vipengele vya precast. Imeunganishwa moja kwa moja na barabara ya [[Ponta do Ouro]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Maputo]] [[Jamii:Madaraja nchini Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] d9bsy1tcpqs7m2w6ob8z4862l6q3kc0 0 147912 1575541 1511178 2026-06-20T15:05:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dorothy Lavinia Brown.jpg|alt=Dorothy Lavinia Brown|thumb|Dorothy Lavinia Brown]] '''Dorothy Lavinia Brown''' <ref name="AAR">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Brown, Lola Denise (daughter of Dorothy Lavinia Brown)|url=http://www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1394|title=Dorothy L. Brown|publisher=African American Registry|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090629061640/http://www.aaregistry.com/detail.php?id=1394|archivedate=June 29, 2009}}</ref> (pia anajulikana kama "Dr. D.", <ref name="TE" />; [[7 Januari]] [[1914]] – [[13 Juni]] [[2004]] <ref name="UMC">Martini, Kelli. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304054231/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=2&mid=5055 Dorothy Brown, South's first African-American woman doctor, dies], News Archives, The United Methodist Church, June 14, 2004, UMC.org</ref>) alikuwa [[Mpasuaji|daktari mpasuaji]] mwenye [[Wamarekani weusi|asili ya Kiafrika]], mbunge, na [[mwalimu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa daktari wa [[upasuaji]] wa kwanza wa kike wa asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika kutoka Kusini-mashariki mwa Marekani. Pia alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika kuhudumu katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Tennessee alipochaguliwa kuwa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Tennessee. <ref name="TE">Anne-Leslie Owens, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=144 Dorothy Lavinia Brown]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2002.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtZtkf35CF0C&pg=PA37|title=Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia|last=Windsor|first=Laura Lynn|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57607-392-6|pages=37–38}}</ref> Alipokuwa akihudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi, Brown alipigania haki za wanawake na haki za watu wa rangi. Brown alizaliwa [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, na alitelekezwa kwa Troy Orphan Asylum, kituo cha watoto yatima huko [[Troy, New York|Troy]], New York akiwa na umri wa miezi mitano na mama yake, Edna Brown. Dorothy aliishi katika kituo cha watoto yatima hadi umri wa miaka 12. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_46.html|title=Dr. Dorothy Lavinia Brown Biography|date=3 June 2015|work=Changing the Face of Medicine|accessdate=16 October 2018}}</ref> Kulikuwa na mambo mengi ambayo yalimsukuma Brown kuendeleza taaluma ya upasuaji: utunzaji aliopokea wakati wa upasuaji wa tonsillectomy, na utendaji aliotazama ambao ulimfanya atake kufanya kitu ili kuwafanya Waamerika wengine wa Kiafrika wajivunie. <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Brown, Dorothy Lavinia}}</ref> == Elimu == Baada ya kumaliza shule ya upili, Brown alienda Chuo cha Bennett, chuo kikuu cheusi huko [[Greensboro, North Carolina]] . Alipata ufadhili wa masomo kutoka Idara ya Wanawake ya Huduma ya Kikristo ya Kanisa la Methodisti. <ref>Berman, J. O. (2010). Dorothy Lavinia Brown. ''Great Lives from History: African Americans'', 23.</ref> Brown alipata pesa katika kipindi hiki kama msaidizi wa nyumbani . Alisaidiwa na mwanamke wa Methodisti, wa Kitengo cha Huduma ya Kikristo, kudahiliwa katika [[Chuo]] cha Madaktari wa Upasuaji cha Marekani, ambako alipata [[shahada ya uzamili]] ya BA mnamo mwaka [[1941]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2004]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] 6i7igspwo4twjqqsj5az0vzn12sn45l 0 148316 1575781 1218098 2026-06-21T11:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kati_Kovács_(Göteborg,_October_1995).jpg|thumbnail|right|200pc|Kati Kovács]] '''Marje Katalin "Kati" Kovács''' (alizaliwa [[26 Desemba]] [[1963]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[katuni]] wa [[Ufini]]. Ametoa [[albamu]] katika [[lugha]] za [[Kifini]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiswidi]], [[Kijerumani]] na [[Kihungaria]]. Kovács alishinda [[Tuzo]] kadhaa mfululizo ikiwa ni pamoja na Tuzo za Urhunden Prizes mwaka [[1998]] ya albamu iliyouzwa mnamo mwaka [[1997]]. Alianza kuishi [[Roma]], [[Italia]] mnamo mwaka [[1986]].<ref>[http://www.boksampo.fi/sv/kulsa/kauno%253Aateos_47241 Boksampo.fi.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.boksampo.fi/sv/kulsa/kauno%253Aateos_47241 |date=20190821064244 }} Läst 18 december 2012.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:wachoraji wa Ufini]] [[Jamii: FFD22]] 3s5pkijdm0rs5tvl0ela296i1d0zwcr 0 150363 1575759 1516098 2026-06-21T09:53:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julian Bahula''' ([[13 Machi]] [[1938]] - [[1 Oktoba]] [[2023]]) aikuwa mpiga [[ngoma]], [[mtunzi]] na [[kiongozi]] wa [[bendi]] kutoka nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], aliyeishi [[Uingereza]]. == Wasifu == Sebothane Julian Bahula alizaliwa Eersterust, [[Pretoria]]. Kwanza alipata sifa ya kuwa mpiga ngoma katika bendi ya ''Malombo''. <ref name="AM">Eugene Chadbourne, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/julian-bahula-mn0001214686 Julian Bahula biography], Music.</ref> Alihamia Uingereza mwaka [[1973]] na baadae akaanzisha [[kundi]] la ''Jabula'', <ref>[http://www.strut-records.com/tag/jabula/ "Jabula"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.strut-records.com/tag/jabula/ |date=20200809023101 }}, Strut Records, 21 October 2014.</ref> ambalo mwaka [[1977]] liliungana na kundi la mpiga saksafoni Dudu Pukwana kuunda kundi moja la Jabula Spear.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Julian Sebothane Bahula {{!}} The Presidency|url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/julian-sebothane-bahula|work=www.presidency.gov.za|accessdate=2025-02-01|language=en|archive-date=2025-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705113829/https://www.presidency.gov.za/julian-sebothane-bahula|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] jzusyvvuheu2itrvmm1hqmjqc1vqpym 0 151652 1575774 1516450 2026-06-21T11:02:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Kapama Game Reserve|iucn_category=|photo_alt=|photo=A Lion in the Kapama, Limpopo, South Africa (2418531028).jpg|photo_caption=[[Simba]] dume katika Kapama Game Reserve|photo_width=275|map=|map_alt=|map_caption=|map_width=|location=[[Limpopo]], [[South Africa]]|nearest_town=Hoedspruit|coordinates=|area_ha=13,000|established=1993|visitation_num=|visitation_year=|governing_body=}} '''Kapama Game Reserve''' (iliyoanzishwa 1993) ni hifadhi ya asili ya hekta 13,000 inayomilikiwa kibinafsi katika mkoa wa [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Kusini]] . <ref name="SA-Venues">{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=SA-Venues|title=The Kapama Game Reserve|url=http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/np_kapama.htm|accessdate=30 November 2009}}</ref> Ilianzishwa na Johann Roode, ambaye mwanzoni alinunua ardhi kwa ajili ya malisho ya ng’ombe lakini akagundua kwamba mfumo wa ikolojia wa eneo hilo unahitaji kudumishwa. Hivi karibuni alianza kuendeleza eneo kama eneo la kitalii na hifadhi bado ni ya familia ya Roode. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kapama.com/|title=Private luxury safari game lodge with accommodation and spa|work=Kapama|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-03}}</ref> == Wanyamapori == [[File:Kapama Game Reserve safari photo en Jeep.jpg|thumb|left|Photographing ''[[Syncerus caffer]]''.]] [[File:Melierax metabates -Kapama Game Reserve, South Africa-8.jpg|thumb|[[Kizu Domo-jekundu]]]] [[Wanyama]] ni pamoja na:<ref name="SA-Venues"/> * [[African bush elephant]] * [[Cape buffalo]] * [[Kifaru Mweupe]] * [[Giraffa giraffa]] * [[Swala Pala]] * [[Blue wildebeest]] * [[Tandala]] * [[Panthera leo melanochaita|Simba]] * [[African leopard|Chui]] * [[Southern African cheetah|Duma]] * [[Fisi madoa]] == Anjalia pia == * [[Protected areas of South Africa]] * Kapama Private Game Reserve: http://www.kapama.com/about/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.kapama.com/about/ |date=20220526140107 }} * [https://www.suedafrikasafari.de/index.php/suedafrika-private-wildreservate-namibia-private-wildreservate-malediven-mauritius-mosambik-namibia-seychellen-suedafrika-strandurlaubsorte/suedafrika-luxus-safari/suedafrika-private-wildreservate-private-wildreservate-in-suedafrika-suedafrika-privaten-wildparks/kapama-private-game-reserve-kapama-private-wildreservate-luxus-safari-in-suedafrika#videogalerie Kapama Wildreservat:] {{Wayback|url=https://www.suedafrikasafari.de/index.php/suedafrika-private-wildreservate-namibia-private-wildreservate-malediven-mauritius-mosambik-namibia-seychellen-suedafrika-strandurlaubsorte/suedafrika-luxus-safari/suedafrika-private-wildreservate-private-wildreservate-in-suedafrika-suedafrika-privaten-wildparks/kapama-private-game-reserve-kapama-private-wildreservate-luxus-safari-in-suedafrika#videogalerie |date=20170929044411 }} * [[Moditlo Private Game Reserve]] ==Marejeo== {{Mbegu}} <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Utalii nchi kwa nchi]] lt5dr7uwwciml2cnvhudc7jma8jz83u 0 151905 1575654 1513766 2026-06-21T02:17:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya Jonkershoek''' ni hifadhi ya [[asili]] iliyoko takribani km 10 kusini-mashariki mwa [[mji]] wa [[Stellenbosch]] katika mkoa wa Rasi ya [[Rasi ya Magharibi|Magharibi]], [[Afrika Kusini]] . Ina ukubwa eneo la takribani hektari 11,000 . <ref name="brochure">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.capenature.co.za/docs/710/Jonkershoek%20-%20Map%20and%20Brochure.pdf|title=Jonkershoek Nature Reserve|publisher=CapeNature|accessdate=23 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906210653/http://www.capenature.co.za/docs/710/Jonkershoek%20-%20Map%20and%20Brochure.pdf|archivedate=6 September 2013}}</ref> == Historia == [[Jina]] la Jonkershoek linasemekana kuwa lilitokana na mmiliki wa [[karne]] ya 17 wa mojawapo ya maeneo huru ambayo Simon van der Stel alitoa katika bonde hilo: Jan Andriessen, ambaye alikuwa mlezi wa bachelor, pia alijulikana kama Jan de Jonkheer <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.stellenboschheritage.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Jonkershoek-Whos-Who.pdf|title=Jonkershoek Valley Heritage Survey: Who's Who in the Jonkershoek Valley|publisher=Stellenbosch Heritage Foundation|accessdate=23 September 2013|archive-date=2022-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503123944/http://www.stellenboschheritage.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Jonkershoek-Whos-Who.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> na akampa jina lake ruzuku ya ardhi Vallei Jonkershoek. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Afrika]] sgbf54eks9fql0w079m767gxh2o2sz1 0 159436 1575689 1515078 2026-06-21T05:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Allan''' ni [[mwenyekiti]] wa kitivo na [[Profesa]] wa [[Sayansi ya tarakilishi|sayansi ya kompyuta]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts Amherst na alitajwa kwenye tuzo za ACM Fellow [[2020]], <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=2020 ACM Fellows Recognized for Work that Underpins Today's Computing Innovations|url=https://www.acm.org/media-center/2021/january/fellows-2020|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=www.acm.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-15|title=Congratulations to the 2020 ACM Fellows!|url=https://cra.org/congratulations-to-the-2020-acm-fellows/|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=CRA|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413054219/https://cra.org/congratulations-to-the-2020-acm-fellows/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kwa utafiti wake na michango yake katika eneo la kurejesha habari . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=James Allan named 2020 ACM Fellow {{!}} Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval {{!}} UMass Amherst|url=http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/node/564|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=ciir.cs.umass.edu}}</ref> Utafiti wake umetajwa zaidi ya mara 20,000 (Aprili 2021). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=James Allan|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-bLGeg0AAAAJ|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2019]], James Allan alichaguliwa kuwa mweka hazina wa Chama cha Utafiti wa Kompyuta kwa muda wa miaka miwili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-05|title=2019 CRA Board Election Results and FY20 Executive Committee|url=https://cra.org/2019-cra-board-election-results-and-fy20-executive-committee/|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=CRA|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413054219/https://cra.org/2019-cra-board-election-results-and-fy20-executive-committee/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] crc7zx9wxh8izulocn92ho9i9c14wss 0 160778 1575674 1514717 2026-06-21T04:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Ira Brad Matetsky at WikiConference North America 2023.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Ira Brad Matetsky]] '''Ira Brad Matetsky''' (alizaliwa 1962)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ira Brad Matetsky Profile {{!}} New York, NY Lawyer {{!}} Martindale.com|url=https://www.martindale.com/attorney/ira-brad-matetsky-503388/|work=www.martindale.com|accessdate=2022-10-04}}</ref> ni mwanasheria na Mwanawikipedia wa [[Marekani]]. Matetsky amekuwa mwanasheria tangu 1987. Amekuwa [[mshirika]] katika Ganfer Shore Leeds & Zauderer, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ganfer Shore Leeds & Zauderer – Focus. Clarity. Insight.|url=https://ganfershore.com/|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> kampuni ya madai ya biashara ya New York City na kampuni ya sheria ya mali isiyohamishika, tangu 2004, akifanya kazi katika vikundi vyao vya mazoezi ya kesi na makazi yao ya ushirika na ya Majengo ya nyumba za kupangisha. Kabla ya kujiunga na Ganfer & Shore, Matetsky alikuwa wakili wa kesi katika [[Skadden]], [[Arps]], [[Slate]], [[Meagher & Flom]], ambapo alihudumu kama [[mshauri mkuu]] katika [[Goya Foods, Inc]]. Matetsky ni [[mhariri mkuu]] wa ''The Journal of In. -Chambers Practice'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ira Brad Matetsky – Ganfer Shore Leeds & Zauderer|url=https://ganfershore.com/attorneys/ira-brad-matetsky/|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004103904/https://ganfershore.com/attorneys/ira-brad-matetsky/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JICP home|url=http://journaloflaw.us/10%20JICP/JICP_home.html|work=journaloflaw.us|accessdate=2022-10-04|archive-date=2025-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812013955/http://journaloflaw.us/10%20JICP/JICP_home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na mhariri wa ''Green Bag Almanac & Reader'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Almanac Excerpts|url=http://journaloflaw.us/8%20Almanac%20Excerpts/Almanac%20Excerpts.html|work=journaloflaw.us|accessdate=2022-10-04|archive-date=2025-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814032431/http://journaloflaw.us/8%20Almanac%20Excerpts/Almanac%20Excerpts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://greenbag.org/green_bag_press/almanacs/almanac_2012_excerpts.pdf</ref>na ''Baker Street Almanac''. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BSA Home|url=http://greenbag.org/almanacs/BS/2020.html|work=greenbag.org|accessdate=2022-10-04}}</ref> Matetsky ametajwa kama mtaalamu wa sheria na vyanzo vya habari ikiwa ni pamoja na [[CNBC]], [[Vanity Fair|''Vanity Fair'']], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', na ''[[The National Law Journal]]''.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/09/14/martin-shkrelis-out-of-court-antics-could-guarantee-him-a-longer-prison-sentence-experts-say/?noredirect=on</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Here's what the charges against Manafort and Gates mean|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/30/heres-what-the-charges-against-manafort-and-gates-mean.html|work=CNBC|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en|author=Michael Sheetz}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Sessions’s Move Against Clinton Could Be a Set-Up|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/why-sessionss-move-against-clinton-could-be-a-set-up|work=Vanity Fair|date=2017-11-14|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en-US|author=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Sessions’s Move Against Clinton Could Be a Set-Up|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/why-sessionss-move-against-clinton-could-be-a-set-up|work=Vanity Fair|date=2017-11-14|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en-US|author=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='In Chambers' Supreme Court Opinions Get Rare Nod in Gerrymandering Ruling|url=https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/2018/06/20/in-chambers-supreme-court-opinions-get-rare-nod-in-gerrymandering-ruling/|work=National Law Journal|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en}}</ref> Matetsky amekuwa mwanablogu mgeni wa blogu ya [[Eugene Volokh]] [[The Volokh Conspiracy.]] <ref>{{Citation|title=The Volokh Conspiracy|date=2022-09-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Volokh_Conspiracy&oldid=1112947568|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> Alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika Ganfer & Shore, Matetsky alimwakilisha [[Morris Talansky]], akifungua kesi dhidi ya kampuni ya satelaiti ya [[Israeli|Israeli]] ya [[ImageSat International]] kwa niaba yao mwaka wa 2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=https://www.nysun.com/|url=https://www.nysun.com/|work=The New York Sun|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en}}</ref> Kesi hiyo ilitupiliwa mbali mwaka uliofuata. <ref>{{Citation|title=McClatchy|date=2022-08-08|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McClatchy&oldid=1103078492|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> Matetsky alianza kuhariri Wikipedia mwaka wa 2005 chini ya jina la mtumiaji ''Newyorkbrad'', kusahihisha makosa ya kweli kuhusu - aliyefariki hivi majuzi - ukurasa wa Wikipedia wa [[William Rehnquist]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ira Matetsky ’84 Helps Settle Disputes Among Wikipedia Editors|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/ira-matetsky-84-helps-settle-disputes-among-wikipedia-editors|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|date=2018-06-13|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en}}</ref> Matetsky alihudumu katika Kamati ya Usuluhishi ya [[Wikipedia ya Kiingereza]] kuanzia 2008 hadi 2014, na alijiunga tena mwaka wa 2017, <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ira Matetsky ’84 Helps Settle Disputes Among Wikipedia Editors|url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/ira-matetsky-84-helps-settle-disputes-among-wikipedia-editors|work=Princeton Alumni Weekly|date=2018-06-13|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en}}</ref> na kumfanya kuwa mwanachama aliyehudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi katika Kamati hiyo.<ref name=":0" /> Kufikia mwaka wa 2016, Matetsky pia anahudumu kama "werowance" (au rais) wa [[Wolfe Pack]], shirika la mashabiki wa mpelelezi maarufu wa kubuni wa [[Rex Stout]], [[Nero Wolfe]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fans of detective Nero Wolfe coming to St. Paul to see their hero on stage|url=https://www.twincities.com/2014/06/01/fans-of-detective-nero-wolfe-coming-to-st-paul-to-see-their-hero-on-stage/|work=Twin Cities|date=2014-06-01|accessdate=2022-10-04|language=en-US|author=Chris Hewitt {{!}} Pioneer Press}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dRzDQAAQBAJ|title=Sherlock Holmes Mystery Magazine #21|last=Doyle|first=Arthur Conan|last2=Opperman|first2=Meg|date=2016-11-07|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=978-1-4794-2429-0|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo 2015, Matetsky alihariri ''The Last Drive and Other Stories'', mkusanyo wa kazi ya kwanza kabisa ya Stout iliyochapishwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Last Drive and Other Stories by Rex Stout - Mysterious Press|url=https://mysteriouspress.com/products/available-in-paperback/the-last-drive-and-other-stories-by-rex-stout.asp|work=mysteriouspress.com|accessdate=2022-10-04|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004103859/https://mysteriouspress.com/products/available-in-paperback/the-last-drive-and-other-stories-by-rex-stout.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:watu wa Wikipedia]] [[Jamii:USWCHSS]] [[Jamii:USW CHSS]] [[Jamii:USLW DOM]] i1vn8p2jtes0guf48qcpib5a76fz53x 3 170788 1575515 1574543 2026-06-20T14:12:50Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 /* Thank you for being a part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ Jibu 1575515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 09:59, 21 Mei 2023 (UTC) == Jamii == Ndugu, katika kupunguza maneno ya makala, usiondoe kirahisi jamii hai, hasa zilizo sahihi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:18, 29 Mei 2023 (UTC) :sawa boss nmekuelewa '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:41, 1 Novemba 2023 (UTC) == Tafsiri Kompyuta == Ndugu nmejaribu kupitia makala zako, epuka kutumia tafsiri kompyuta katika uandishi ,jitahidi kumuelewesha msomaji na sio kuandika tu ili uhariri. Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 11:09, 1 Novemba 2023 (UTC) :sawa broh ntatizama ilo tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:41, 1 Novemba 2023 (UTC) ::Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|Husseyn Issa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Husseyn Issa|majadiliano]])''' 09:36, 2 Novemba 2023 (UTC) ==Michezo== Ndugu, sasa umekazania michezo, nadhani u shabiki wa Simba. Ukiweka kigezo cha mbegu na jamii, angalia kama neno michezo inafaa kweli, kwa sababu ukimzungumzia mchezaji wa mpira, ni mtu, si mchezo. Hata ukisoma lebo inayotokea, utaona kwamba haifai. Weka <nowiki>{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}</nowiki> na <nowiki>jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania</nowiki> (au wa nchi nyingine). Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:45, 23 Machi 2024 (UTC) :shukran mkuu ntalifanyia kazi ili kuanzia sasa '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:23, 25 Machi 2024 (UTC) ::Ndugu kuwa makini na maelekezo unayopata. usiende haraka punguza mwendo amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 13:57, 25 Machi 2024 (UTC) :Sawa, pia angalia usianzishe makala kwa jina la Kiingereza, maana pengine zipo tayari kwa jina la Kiswahili kama mildfielder na forward. Tena, usitumie kama rejesho yale ya Wikipedia ya Kiingereza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 25 Machi 2024 (UTC) ::Nmeiona Boss, kwavile mimi bdo mchanga maoni yenu n muhimu ili niwe imara zaidi kwenye kuchangia Wikipedia in Swahili '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 25 Machi 2024 (UTC) ==Zingatia Maelekezo na mashauri== Ndugu habari, naona umekua ukipewa maelekeo ya kufuata unapuuza na kuto kufanyia kazi. Vile vile umeambiwa marekebisho kadha hujarejea kufanya hiv. '''Nakupa onyo''' laasivyo utafungiwa. Pole na shida zangu '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 20:24, 12 Aprili 2024 (UTC) :ningeomba msaada zaidi kwa ili maana nakumbuka makala za wachezaji zile na mbegu zake nlitafta upya na kuzipitia teena sasa sjajua ttizolangu lipo wapi apa maana mimi kweli sio kwamba nimkubwa ivyo kwenye uchangiaji sasa bila support yenu na kunielekeza nimekosea wapi stofika popote, ningeomba tuu unelekeze wapi nmekosea ili nsirudie makosa tena, atakama nkikosea bs mnielekeze ili baadae nije kua mzuri zaidi kwenye ku edit makala na kwa ufanisi zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 16:00, 13 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Viungo vya ndani == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] Hakikisha ukiweka kiungo cha ndani kwa mfano [[2024]], kama kuna mwaka kama huo kwenye iyo makala usiweke tena [[2024]]. kuwa makini na unachokiandika. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 21:35, 14 Aprili 2024 (UTC) :Ahsante mkuu kwa ushauri wako nimelihifadhi hilo na nitaendelea pia kulifanyia kazi lisijitokeze tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:30, 15 Aprili 2024 (UTC) ==Legeza mwendo!== Ndugu, tafadhali, usitafsiri harakaharaka. Unanipa kazi kubwa kurekebisha makosa yako. Naomba kabla hujaendelea upitie makala za leo jinsi nilivyosahihisha ili ufanye vizuri zaidi. Asante na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:28, 10 Juni 2024 (UTC) :ahsante mkuu nitalifanyia kazi ilo iwezekanavyo '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:59, 10 Juni 2024 (UTC) :na pia ningeomba uniambie makala ipi ulio ipitia ili nijue kwa urahisi zaidi, labda sina uzoefu sana nashindwa kutambua makala zilizo editiwa na kufanyiwa maboresho ambazo nimeziandaa teyar, samahani kwa ili apa mkuu ningeomba unisaidie kwa ilo apo '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:14, 10 Juni 2024 (UTC) :nimejaribukupitia mwenyewe nimeona mkuu makala ulizozi edit kwenye ukurasa wamaangalizi na pia nimeshaa jua ni nininilichopaswa kukifanya, hilonimelizingatia vizuri na ata makala zijazo nitalitilia mkazo zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:17, 10 Juni 2024 (UTC) :majina ya makala niliyaachakwa Lugha ya kiingereza, hili apa ndo kubwa nililolijua kua haikupaswa ivyo ntazidi kuboresha makala nitakazo endelea nazo mkuu '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:21, 10 Juni 2024 (UTC) == [[GPT-4]] == Ndugu, makala hii umetumia mashine kutafsiri. Hebu iboreshe kidogo angalau ile tone ya kiroboti iondoke. Pia, usitumie neno roboti badala yake, utumie AKILI MNEMBA. Maana kinachofanyika ndani yake ni zaidi ya roboti. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''}</font>]]</span> <font face="Comic sans">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black">^'''Longa'''</font>]] 13:22, 2 Julai 2024 (UTC) :Sawa mkuu nalirejea ilo '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:30, 25 Julai 2024 (UTC) ==Kuboresha== :Ndugu, angalia masahihisho yangu ya makala zako juu ya wachezaji mpira ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:21, 6 Agosti 2024 (UTC) ::Nimeona mkuu kwenye Jamii pale umensaidia kuongeza ni Watu walio Hai, tofauti na mimi nlikua nkiweka Waliohai, nimelizingatia ili mkuu ama kama kuna mabadiliko mengine naomba unambie mkuu ili niweze kuwa imara zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:40, 6 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :::Ndugu, naona juhudi na maendeleo yako. Hata hivyo uendelee kuangalia marekebisho yangu ili kuboresha kazi yako zaidi na zaidi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:35, 9 Septemba 2024 (UTC) ::::Ahsante mkuu kwa uangalizi wa karibu zaidi nitaendelea kuboresha zaidi kupitia uangalizi wako mkuu '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:41, 9 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Long Vowels == The: aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, they are NOT to be conflated. '''[[Mtumiaji:Talman Talman|Talman Talman]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Talman Talman|majadiliano]])''' 14:24, 19 Desemba 2024 (UTC) Application of [[w:en:Great Vowel Shift]] to ARABIC is very wrong. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-29515|&#126;2024-29515]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-29515|talk]]) 14:55, 19 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == FAKE INTERWIKI == IPs are correcting you: [[wikidata:Special:Contributions/101.109.102.6]] You are mistaking PEOPLE for ACTION. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2024-29579|&#126;2024-29579]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2024-29579|talk]]) 18:55, 19 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ==Mabano ya mwanzo== Ndugu, naona umeongeza maneno "tarehe" na "mwaka" katika mabano ya mwanzo, kumbe humo taarifa inatakiwa kutolewa kwa ufupi, si kama sentensi zinazofuata. Naomba urudishe mwenyewe mabadilisho hayo kwa sababu mimi nina kazi nyingi tayari. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:19, 15 Januari 2025 (UTC) == [[Bumble]] == Makala ya mashine. Nimesoma sijaelewa. Hebu iboreshe kibadamu. Mfano, kupiga kushoto au kulia ni nini? Ielezee katika muundo wa tendo rahisi hata mtu ambaye haitumii aelewe. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 14:11, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) == [[Tanbihi]] - I moja == Tanbihi - "I" '''MOJA''' [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-50774|&#126;2025-50774]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-50774|talk]]) 17:10, 30 Aprili 2025 (UTC) [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-34513-89|&#126;2025-34513-89]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-34513-89|talk]]) 08:29, 18 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Makala fupi sana == Ndugu hongera kwa kujitahidi kurekebisha makala, naomba uzifanye ziwe ndefu kidogo, zionyeshe umuhimu wa kuwepo kwenye kiswahili.Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 14:57, 11 Agosti 2025 (UTC) :Ahsante mkuu, ntajitaidi kwailo mkuu ziwe ndefu zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:01, 11 Agosti 2025 (UTC) ::Ndugu, unajitahidi kweli, lakini bado kuna makosa mbalimbali, hasa upande wa jamii. Naomba upitie masahihisho niliyofanya leo katika makala zako ili usirudierudie mapungufu yaleyale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:40, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::Ahsante mkuu nalifanyia kazi ilo sasaivi apa '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:43, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::::Sasa unaweka jamii nyingi mno!!! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:50, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::::Nitajaribu kuweka mkuu zinazohisuka sana na zisizo beba vitu viingi, yaani ntajaribu kuweke za wastani sio saana '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:56, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::::::Hii ni baada ya kujaribu kupitia jamii nyiingi ili makosa yangu yasiendelee kujirudia mkuu na kuweka jamii zisizo hitajika katika makla husika '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:57, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::::::Ndugu, sitachoka kukuomba utazame masahihisho yangu ili usirudie makosa yaleyale. Nina kazi nyingi, sihitaji kupotezewa muda... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 15:05, 27 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Sawa mku ntajaribu kupitia tena boss nsiendelee kurudia makosa nayoyarudia tena mkuu '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:09, 27 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Marejeo == Usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja! [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-34674-59|&#126;2025-34674-59]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-34674-59|talk]]) 20:36, 18 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :Sawa mkuu nmeelewa ntafanya ivyo kama ulivyo nielekeza '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:39, 18 Novemba 2025 (UTC) [[w:en:WP:CIRCULAR]], [[w:en:Wikipedia:Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia]]. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-34674-59|&#126;2025-34674-59]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-34674-59|talk]]) 20:48, 18 Novemba 2025 (UTC) ==Mbegu== Ndugu, nazidi kukupongeza kwa juhudi zako, ila usichoke kujifunza kwa kuangalia masahihisho ninayofanya katika makala zako. Kwa mfano, kigezo cha <nowiki>{{mbegu-igiza-filamu}}</nowiki> si kwa ajili ya watu wote, hata kama ni wasanii. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:12, 8 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :Sawa mkuu na nashukuru pia kwa uangalizi wako chini yangu na sitochoka kurudia nitizame ninapotakiwa kupaboresha zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:16, 8 Desemba 2025 (UTC) ==Editathon== Kama kawaida, mnaletewa makala ambazo zinalenga kutetea ushoga. Kweli zinahitajika kwetu? Kabla ya kutafsiri, msome zinasema nini. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:06, 11 Desemba 2025 (UTC) :sawa mkuu nimeelewa na haitojirudia tena kwani nitakua maakini zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:21, 12 Desemba 2025 (UTC) == Unaweza kuwa na haki ya kupiga kura katika uchaguzi wa U4C == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Nakutumia ujumbe huu kwa kuwa ulipiga kura katika uchaguzi uliopita uliohusu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|halmashauri ya kuratibu kanuni za mwenendo duniani (U4C)]]. Unaweza kuwa na ushtahiki wa kupiga kura katika uchaguzi wa U4C unao endelea hivi sasa na utatamatika 2 Juni 2026. Unaeza pata maarifa kuhusu wagombeaji na uchaguzi katika [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|ukurasa wa uchaguzi ulio kwenye Meta]] na pia ya fursa kupata kura yako. Ushiriki wako katika uchaguzi huu ni muhimu kwa maana una athiri uwongozi wa jamii za Wikipedia, na muda uliotumia kusoma kuhusu wagombeaji na kupiga kura unathaminiwa. -- Kwa ushirikiano na U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:35, 20 Mei 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30569740 --> ==Shule== Ndugu, naona leo unashughulikia shule, lakini nyingi hazistahili kuwepo katika kamusi elezo, ila mojamoja iliyo muhimu kihistoria. Ukiendelea itakuwa kazi bure, makala zitafutwa. Pole na amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:14, 7 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Nimeelewa mkuu, ila kwa mtazamo wangu ni mojawapo ya huduma za Kijamii tena zinazotoa huduma kubwa za kielimu katika jamii husika, ningependa kujua pia kwanini iwe ivyo ama kuna vigezo gani vya kufikia ili makala kama izi zibakie Wikipedia ya Kiswahili kama kuendeleza maeneo muhimu ya kijamii '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:33, 8 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, encyclopaedia ni tofauti na directory. Hizi shule zinaweza kutambulishwa katika directory, lakini encyclopaedia ni kamusi elezo kuhusu mada zenye uzito katika ujuzi wetu unaotusaidia kuelewa ulimwengu na maisha yetu ndani yake. Mimi mwenyewe naendesha sekondari 4 Morogoro, lakini mwanafunzi wangu mmoja alipotunga makala juu ya mojawapo, ilifutwa na marehemu Kipala, wala sikulalamika. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:22, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) :::nhaa sawa mkuu apo nimeelewa vizuri na ahsante pia kwa ushauri '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:42, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Congratulations to the Top Global Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, The Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team is pleased to announce and congratulate the '''Top Global Winners of Feminism and Folklore 2026'''. Your contributions have played a significant role in documenting and improving content related to women, gender, culture, oral traditions, and folklore across Wikimedia projects. Through your dedication and commitment, you have helped expand free knowledge and improve the representation of diverse cultural narratives from around the world. === Appreciation Form === As a token of appreciation, all Top Global Winners are requested to complete the following form on or before '''22 June 2026'''. '''Form link [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdSdw0KMLg-1WLcD9E2TKqd_jlON8udTj4suyy6s5fPJ9DqYA/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' ; Deadline : 22 June 2026 Please ensure that the submitted information is accurate and complete to facilitate the appreciation process. === Thank you === We extend our sincere gratitude for your outstanding contributions to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts continue to strengthen the Wikimedia movement's mission of sharing free and inclusive knowledge with the world. Congratulations once again on your achievement, and thank you for being a valued part of the global Feminism and Folklore community. — ''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team'' </div> --'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:54, 7 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Dear Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team, :Thank you very much for your email and for recognizing my contributions to the Feminism and Folklore 2026 campaign. I am truly honored and grateful to be included among the Top Global Winners. :I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the organizing team for creating such an impactful campaign that promotes knowledge sharing and cultural representation across Wikimedia projects. It has been a privilege to participate and contribute to this important initiative. :I have one question regarding the award announcement. While I am delighted to learn that I am among the Top Global Winners, I could not find information about my specific ranking or position in the results. Since the appreciation form includes a section asking whether the participant was 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or another position, I would be grateful if you could kindly clarify my ranking. :Thank you once again for this recognition. I look forward to your response and to continuing to contribute to Wikimedia projects in the future. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:19, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30649262 --> == Thank you for being a part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Your contributions helped make this year's [[:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign a great success, and we are truly grateful for your time, knowledge, and dedication to documenting women's stories and folklore on Wikimedia projects. As we reflect on this year's campaign and prepare for the next edition, we'd love to hear about your experience. Please take a few minutes to fill out our feedback form and share your thoughts and suggestions. As a token of our appreciation, everyone who completes the form will receive a '''special digital postcard'''! in their email. This year marks '''''25 years of Wikipedia''''', and the postcard has been created to celebrate this milestone and to recognize the incredible efforts of participants like you who continue to enrich free knowledge for the world. '''Form Link - [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqFZN9IdWbAnZ_7DyG5bIsuq7KAkdsIxweC_TdPH9In-tthQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' Please complete the feedback form by '''25 June 2026'''. Thank you once again for making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a success. We hope to see you again in future campaigns! Best regards, Feminism and Folklore international Team. --'''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:31, 18 Juni 2026 (UTC) </div> :Dear Feminism and Folklore International Team, :Thank you very much for your kind message and for organizing such an impactful campaign. I am grateful to have been part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 and to contribute to documenting women’s stories and folklore on Wikimedia projects. :I appreciate the opportunity and will gladly fill out the feedback form before the deadline. It has been a meaningful experience, and I look forward to participating in future campaigns. '''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:12, 20 Juni 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30704478 --> tiz9xomev4yep98v5qpimaulp7hie9q 0 170810 1575697 1515206 2026-06-21T06:21:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janice Lough''' FAA ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa hali ya hewa katika Taasisi ya Australia ya Sayansi ya Bahari (AIMS) katika Chuo Kikuu cha James Cook,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough – ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies |url=https://www.coralcoe.org.au/person/janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.coralcoe.org.au |accessdate=2023-05-21 |archivedate=2022-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203044642/https://www.coralcoe.org.au/person/janice-lough }}</ref>anatafiti [[mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa]], na athari za [[halijoto]] na kuongezeka kwa kaboni dioksidi kwenye miamba ya matumbawe. Alichaguliwa katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha Australia mwaka wa [[2022]] kwa ajili ya utafiti wake kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, miamba ya matumbawe, na kuendeleza historia ya hali ya juu ya mazingira na ukuaji kutoka kwa matumbawe, hasa [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough |url=https://www.science.org.au/profile/janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.science.org.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name=FAA2022>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-05-26 |title=Academy announces 2022 Fellows for outstanding contributions to science |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/two-firsts-academy-announces-2022-fellows |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Australian Academy of Science |language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi yake== Lough alipata [[shahada]] yake ya sayansi mwaka wa [[1976]], na [[shahada ya uzamivu]] mwaka wa [[1981]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia, nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3789-1009 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=orcid.org}}</ref>Alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Arizona, katika Maabara iitwayo Tree-Ring Research, kutoka mwaka 1982 hadi 1986, na baadaye akahamia Taasisi ya [[Australia]] ya Sayansi ya Bahari mwaka wa [[1986]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janice-Lough|title=Research Gate}}</ref> Lough ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[hali ya hewa]] ambaye amekuwa akifanya kazi juu ya ukuaji na rekodi za mazingira kutoka kwa matumbawe katika [[karne]] kadhaa zilizopita, na kuziweka katika muktadha wa kihistoria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-09-13 |title=Townsville students submerged in marine science |url=http://geteducation.com.au/townsville-students-submerged-marine-science/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Get Education |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-05-21 |archivedate=2023-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521120047/http://geteducation.com.au/townsville-students-submerged-marine-science/ }}</ref>Pia anasoma jinsi mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yameathiri mifumo [[ikolojia]] ya bahari ya kitropiki tayari, kwani ongezeko kubwa la joto ndani ya bahari ya kitropiki limerekodiwa. Anaripoti juu ya athari zinazothihirika na zinazoonekanazo za ongezeko hili la joto na matokeo yanayoonekana kwa miamba ya sasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=sarah |date=2015-05-22 |title=Dr Janice Lough |url=https://www.science.org.au/curious/person/dr-janice-lough |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Curious |language=en}}</ref> Taaluma ya Lough imejikita maeneo matatu, kuendeleza na kuchambua uundaji upya wa hali ya hewa ya paleo, kugundua asili, sababu na matokeo ya kutofautiana na kupishana kwa hali ya hewa kwenye miamba ya matumbawe ya kitropiki, pamoja na kuendeleza historia ya kufanya matumbwe yawe magumu kwa njia ya kukausha, kulingana na aina ya matumbawe hayo. Ana ujuzi katika ukuaji wa matumbawe, ukaushaji wa matumbwe, mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na katika Great Barrier Reef.<ref name="auto"/> She has expertise in coral growth, calcification, climate change and the Great Barrier Reef.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough - Scimex |url=https://www.scimex.org/experts?name=Janice-Lough&a=36803 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.scimex.org |archive-date=2022-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602161915/https://www.scimex.org/experts?name=Janice-Lough&a=36803 |url-status=dead }}</ref>Pia, ni mwanachama wa ARC Center for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, katika Chuo Kikuu cha James Cook.ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Janice Lough |url=http://www.stemwomen.org.au/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=STEM Women |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107081106/https://www.stemwomen.org.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi ya Lough imefafanuliwa na [[Carbon Brief]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-02-23 |title=Ocean acidification: Decline of Great Barrier Reef likely to be worse than feared |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/ocean-acidifiction-decline-of-great-barrier-reef-likely-to-be-worse-than-feared/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> ABC,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Monday |first=30 May 2011 Anna SallehABC |date=2011-05-30 |title=Winners and losers in ocean acidification |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/05/30/3230813.htm |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Anthropocene: a new age of humans |date=2016-11-15 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/the-anthropocene-a-new-age-of-humans/11017076 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-AU |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> New York Times,na Australian Geographic,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-04-08 |title=More than 1000km of the Great Barrier Reef has bleached |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2016/04/more-than-1000km-of-the-great-barrier-reef-has-bleached/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Australian Geographic |language=en-AU}}</ref> pamoja na vyombo vingine vya habari<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-02-24 |title=Saving Our Marine Archives |url=http://eos.org/science-updates/saving-our-marine-archives |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Eos |language=en-US}}</ref> vikielezea athari za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa kwa miamba ya matumbawe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-10-11 |title=A changing climate for coral reefs |url=https://thebulletin.org/2016/10/a-changing-climate-for-coral-reefs/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref>Pia amechapisha kwenye vyombo vya habari kuhusu kukauka kwa bahari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Calcification in changing oceans |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140723114202.htm |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> ==Tuzo== *2020 – International Coral Reef Society (ICRS) Fellow award<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Awards & Honors Recipients |url=http://coralreefs.org/awards-and-honors/recipients/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=International Coral Reef Society |language=en-US}}</ref> *2022 – Fellow, Australian Academy of Science<ref name=FAA2022 /> ==Baadhi ya machapisho yake== #Lough, J.M.; Barnes, D.J. (2000). "Environmental controls on growth of the massive coral Porites". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 245 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00168-9. PMID 10699212. #Hobday, Alistair J.; Lough, Janice M. (2011). "Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments". Marine and Freshwater Research. 62 (9): 1000. doi:10.1071/MF10302. ISSN 1323-1650. #Hughes, T. P.; Baird, A. H.; Bellwood, D. R.; Card, M.; Connolly, S. R.; Folke, C.; Grosberg, R.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jackson, J. B. C.; Kleypas, J.; Lough, J. M. (15 August 2003). "Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs". Science. 301 (5635): 929–933. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..929H. doi:10.1126/science.1085046. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12920289. S2CID 1521635. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] tvjqvhejs60jm96m3o91d8sei23pvra 0 172016 1575679 1348700 2026-06-21T05:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BELFODIL, Ishak Werder 17-18 WP.jpg|BELFODIL,_Ishak_Werder_17-18_WP|thumb|Ishak Belfodil, Werder Bremen]] '''Ishak Belfodil''' (alizaliwa [[12 Januari]] [[1992]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fff.fr/individus/selections/visu_fiche.php?in_no=2338140579&id_cat=6 | publisher = [[French Football Federation]] | title = BELFODIL Ishak | language = fr | access-date = 11 January 2011 | archive-date = 2012-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143605/http://www.fff.fr/individus/selections/visu_fiche.php?in_no=2338140579&id_cat=6 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ni mchezaji wa soka wa Algeria anayejulikana kama mshambuliaji na anacheza katika klabu ya Qatari Al-Gharafa na timu ya taifa ya [[Algeria]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa vijana wa timu ya taifa ya Ufaransa, lakini aliamua kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya Algeria kwa mara ya kwanza mwezi Agosti 2012. ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Soccerbase}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] f1l97qlr1karjfwvzfrrc89jufbaoly 0 177961 1575623 1512690 2026-06-20T22:16:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gender Issues''' (yaani: ''Masuala ya Jinsia'') ni [[jarida]] la kitaaluma la [[Marekani]] la masomo ya usawa wa jinsia na [[jinsia]]. Jarida hilo kimsingi huchapisha [[makala]] na [[insha]] za kitaaluma zinazochunguza majukumu na mahusiano ya kijinsia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gender Issues - Impact Factor (IF), Overall Ranking, Rating, h-index, Call For Paper, Publisher, ISSN, Scientific Journal Ranking (SJR), Abbreviation, other Important Details {{!}} Resurchify|url=https://www.resurchify.com/impact/details/23636|work=www.resurchify.com|accessdate=2023-12-24}}</ref> Pia linazingatia kwa kina athari za [[Jamii|kijamii]], [[Uchumi|kiuchumi]], [[Sheria|kisheria]] na [[Siasa|kisiasa]] za majukumu na mahusiano hayo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gender Issues|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=23636&tip=sid&clean=0|work=www.scimagojr.com|accessdate=2023-12-24}}</ref> Hapo awali ilijulikana kama '''''Masuala ya Kifeministi'''''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Research Guides: WMST 1216: Articles in (mostly feminist) journals|url=https://langara.libguides.com/c.php?g=706174&p=5024889|work=langara.libguides.com|accessdate=2023-12-24|language=en|author=Annie Jensen|archive-date=2023-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708045158/https://langara.libguides.com/c.php?g=706174&p=5024889|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-elimu}} [[Jamii:Elimu]] 2j9p9gavv29azxhkqgtoogze5bcd094 0 178785 1575525 1511052 2026-06-20T14:30:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Bondarenko in Tanzania.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px| Dmitri Bondarenko]] '''Dmitri Mikhailovich Bondarenko''' (kwa [[Kirusi]] Дмитрий Михайлович Бондаренко; amezaliwa [[Moscow]] tarehe [[9 Juni]] [[1968]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[historia ya Afrika]] na mwanaanthropolojia wa kijamii toka [[Urusi]]. Yeye ni daktari wa historia (2000), profesa (2007) na mwanachama wa Chuo cha Sayansi cha Urusi (2016), mwanasayansi mwandamizi na naibu mkurugenzi wa [[Taasisi ya Afrika (Urusi)|Taasisi ya Afrika]] ya Chuo cha Sayansi cha Urusi, profesa wa Chuo Kikuu cha Urusi cha Elimu Utu anayeongoza pia Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Anthropolojia cha Chuo Kikuu cha Uchumi. Mbali na hayo Bw. Bondarenko ni mwanzilishi na mhariri mwenza wa jarida la kimataifa la Maendeleo ya Kijamii na Historia (Social Evolution and History)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.socionauki.ru/journal/seh/|title=Journal «Social Evolution & History»|access-date=2010-11-01|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517223856/https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/seh/|deadlink=no|accessdate=2024-02-19|archivedate=2019-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517223856/https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/seh/}}Jalada kutoka juu ya 2019-05-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-11-01.</ref>. == Wasifu == Mwaka 1990 alihitimu kwa heshima katika Idara ya Ethnografia ya Kitivo cha Historia cha Chuo Kikuu cha Moscow. Mwaka 1993 alipata digrii ya uzamivu wa historia akitetea tasnifu ambayo mada yake ni Jamii ya [[:en:Kingdom_of_Benin|Ufalme wa Benin]] kabla ya mahusiano na Wazungu na vipengele vyake vya ngazi na ustaarabu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ras.ru/presidium/documents/directions.aspx?ID=9203f241-0c07-4027-b07a-79120b504c2b|title=Постановления Президиума РАН<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->|access-date=2016-01-07|archive-date=2016-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130154612/http://www.ras.ru/presidium/documents/directions.aspx?ID=9203f241-0c07-4027-b07a-79120b504c2b|deadlink=no|accessdate=2024-02-19|archivedate=2016-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130154612/http://www.ras.ru/presidium/documents/directions.aspx?ID=9203f241-0c07-4027-b07a-79120b504c2b}}Jalada kutoka juu ya 2016-01-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-01-07.</ref>. Kuanzia Agosti mwaka 1990 anafanya kazi katika [[Taasisi ya Afrika (Urusi)|Taasisi ya Afrika]]. Tangu Aprili 2008 yeye ni naibu mkurugenzi wa shughuli za kisayansi na kuanzia Machi mwaka 2018 ana cheo cha mwanasayansi mwandamizi. Vile vile anaratibu kazi ya Kituo cha Uchunguzi wa Nchi za Afrika kusini mwa Sahara, Kituo cha Historia na Anthropolojia ya Kitamaduni pamoja na Kituo cha Uchunguzi wa Elimujamii na Siasa cha Taasisi hiyo. Tangu Septemba mwaka 1996 anafundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Urusi cha Elimu Utu. Huko mwaka 2000 alitetea tasnifu ya udaktari kuhusu historia ya [[:en:Igodomigodo|Benin]] kabla ya zama za ufalme, ujenzi na maendeleo ya muundo wake wa kijamii na kisiasa. Anaongoza Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Anthropolojia cha Chuo Kikuu cha Uchumi tangu kuanzishwa kwake mnamo Februari mwaka 2018. Alialikwa kufanya kazi katika [[:en:Northwestern_University|Chuo Kikuu cha Evanston]] nchini [[Marekani]] (miaka 1993-1994), Taasisi ya Historia ya Jumuiya ya [[Max Planck]] mjini [[Göttingen]] huko [[Ujerumani]] (miaka 2003 na 2006) na Jumba la Elimu Utu mjini [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]] (mwaka 2005). Miaka ya 1990-2010 aliwahi kuwa mhadhiri kwenye Vyuo Vikuu vya [[Angola]], [[Misri]], [[Urusi]], [[Marekani]], [[Slovenia]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Uganda]]. Pamoja na hayo Dmitri Bondarenko ni mwanchama wa Jumuiya ya Anthropolojia ya Marekani, Jumuiya ya Wanaanthropolojia na Wanaethnografia wa Urusi (kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya Utendaji na mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Anthropolojia ya Siasa), Jumuiya ya Utafiti wa Afrika ya Marekani, Jumuiya ya Uchunguzi wa Afrika ya [[Australasia]] na [[Australia na Pasifiki|Oceania]], Shirika la Wanaanthropolojia wa Kijamii wa [[Ulaya]] (kama kiongozi wa kundi la wataalamu wa Afrika miaka 2006-2008), Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Elimu za Anthropolojia na Ethnografia, Jamii ya Wataalamu wa Afrika ya Ufaransa na Jamii ya Utafiti wa Maendeleo ya Kitamaduni. Aliongoza utafiti wa shambani wa wataalamu wa Urusi katika nchi za Afrika kama vile [[Tanzania]] (miaka 2003, 2005, 2007), [[Nigeria]] (2006), [[Benin]] (2008), [[Rwanda]] (2009), [[Zambia]] (2010), [[Uganda]] (miaka 2017 na 2018) na pia kati ya Waafrika nchini [[Urusi]] (2007-2016) na [[Wamarekani weusi]] (miaka 2013-2015 na 2022). Yeye yupo katika Tume Kuu ya Kutathmini ya Shirikisho la Urusi. Tangu tarehe 28 Oktoba 2016 yeye ni mwanachama wa Idara ya Taaluma za [[Historia]], [[Fasihi]] na [[Lugha]] ya Chuo cha Sayansi cha Urusi. Alisifiwa na [[:en:Robert_L._Carneiro|Robert L. Carneiro]] na [[:en:Henri_J._M._Claessen|Henri J. M. Claessen]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sociostudies.org/news/2677956/|title=In Memoriam: Robert L. Carneiro (1927-2020)<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->|access-date=2022-05-27|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425155847/https://www.sociostudies.org/news/2677956/|deadlink=no|accessdate=2024-02-19|archivedate=2022-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425155847/https://www.sociostudies.org/news/2677956/}}Jalada kutoka juu ya 2022-04-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-05-27.</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/articles/3342325/|title=Some Reminiscences about Henri J. M. Claessen<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом -->|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205436/https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/articles/3342325/|deadlink=no|accessdate=2024-02-19|archivedate=2023-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205436/https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/articles/3342325/}}Jalada kutoka juu ya 2023-06-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2023-12-07.</ref>. == Fani yake == * nadharia ya [[jamii]]; * nadharia ya [[anthropolojia]]; * [[historia]] ya dunia nzima; * anthropolojia ya [[siasa]]; * jamii kabla ya [[Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]]; * mabadiliko ya kijamii na kitamaduni na uhusiano kati ya utamaduni tofauti duniani (vipengele vya kikabila, kidini na vya kimataifa); * wahamiaji watokao nchi za Afrika [[Kusini kwa Sahara|kusini mwa Sahara]] nchini [[Urusi]] na [[Marekani]]; * utamaduni na historia ya makabila ya [[Afrika]] kusini mwa Sahara. == Maandishi == Aliandika zaidi ya vitabu 8 vya kisayansi vikiwemo 5 vilivyochapishwa kwa Kiingereza: * [https://books.google.ru/books?id=UTLBEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Post-Colonial Nations in Historical and Cultural Context]. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2023. * [https://publications.hse.ru/en/books/298972238 African Americans and American Africans: Migration, Histories, Race and Identities]. Canon Pyon: Sean Kingston Publishing, 2019. * [https://www.amazon.com/Axial-Ages-World-History-Bondarenko/dp/B00YZMPJ7I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&keywords=baskin+bondarenko&qid=1439962181&sr=8-1 The Axial Ages of World History: Lessons for the 21st Century]. Litchfield Park, AZ: Emergent Publications, 2014 (with K. Baskin). * [https://histant.ru/eng/?q=node/6 Homoarchy as a Principle of Culture's Organization. The 13th-19th Centuries Benin Kingdom as a Non-State Supercomplex Society]. Moscow: URSS, 2006. * [https://www.amazon.com/Popular-History-Benin-Mighty-Kingdom/dp/0820460796 A Popular History of Benin. The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom]. Frankfurt am Main etc.: Peter Lang, 2003 (with P.M. Roese). Baadhi ya makala zake ni: * [https://africajournal.ru/en/2023/06/09/issue-%E2%84%96-2-63-2023/ Political Parties in Africa] (Special Issue of Journal of the Institute for African Studies. 2023, № 2 [63]). * ''[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-51437-2 The Evolution of Social Institutions: Interdisciplinary Perspectives].'' Jalada kutoka [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112192607/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030514365 ya awali] juu ya 2020-11-12. Cham: Springer, 2020. * [https://www.academia.edu/39761919/The_Omnipresent_Past._Historical_Anthropology_of_Africa_and_African_Diaspora The Omnipresent Past. Historical Anthropology of Africa and African Diaspora]. Moscow: LRC Publishing House, 2019. * [https://africajournal.ru/en/2019/06/13/issue-%e2%84%96-2-47-2019/ Plural Trajectories: Introduction to African Futures] (Special Issue of Journal of the Institute for African Studies. 2019, № 2 [47]). * [https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/seh/archive/2018_1/ State Building, States, and State Transformation in Africa] (Special Issue of Social Evolution and History. 2018. Vol. 17, № 1). * [https://www.socionauki.ru/journal/seh/archive/2014_2/ Anthropology, History, and Memory in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Memoriam Michel Izard] (Special Issue of Social Evolution and History. 2014. Vol. 13, № 2). * [https://www.inafran.ru/sites/default/files/page_file/hierarchyandpower_1997.pdf Alternativeness in Cultural History: Heterarchy and Homoarchy as Evolutionary Trajectories]. Moscow: Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies Press, 2007. * [https://www.academia.edu/1903414/The_Early_State_Its_Alternatives_and_Analogues._Volgograd_Uchitel_2004 The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues]. Volgograd: Uchitel’, 2004. * [https://www.inafran.ru/en/sites/default/files/page_file/nomadic_pathways_in_social_evolution_0.pdf Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution]. Moscow: Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies Press, 2003. * [https://www.academia.edu/1903426/Alternatives_of_Social_Evolution._Vladivostok_FEB_RAS_2000 Alternatives of Social Evolution]. Vladivostok: FEB RAS, 2000. * [https://www.inafran.ru/en/sites/default/files/page_file/civilizational_models_of_politogenesis.pdf Civilizational Models of Politogenesis]. Moscow: Institute for African Studies Press, 2000. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://new.ras.ru/en/staff/chlen-korrespondent-ran/bondarenko-dmitriy-mikhaylovich/ Dmitri Bondarenko] {{Wayback|url=https://new.ras.ru/en/staff/chlen-korrespondent-ran/bondarenko-dmitriy-mikhaylovich/ |date=20240219002059 }} katika tovuti ya Chuo cha Sayansi cha Urusi * [https://www.hse.ru/en/org/persons/125526337 Dmitri Bondarenko] * [https://www.sociostudies.org/authors/bondarenko_d/?sphrase_id=563404 Makala zake] katika Socionauki * [https://www.onlinetv.ru/video/1911/ Mahojiano yake] {{Wayback|url=https://www.onlinetv.ru/video/1911/ |date=20240219002059 }} kuhusu [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] * [https://lenta.ru/articles/2015/08/19/africa/ Mahojiano] katika tovuti ya Shirika la Habari la Lenta.ru [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] 3zx7zd0xdbzmvy7hacpw6e6xgfbyk6f 0 179157 1575584 1335112 2026-06-20T19:13:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fantino Mzee''' ([[Palmi]], [[Calabria]], [[293]] - Palmi, [[336]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Italia Kusini]] maarufu kwa [[Muujiza|miujiza]] yake <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64120</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]], wa kwanza kutoka [[mkoa]] wake. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[24 Julai]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] == Tanbihi == <references /> ==Marejeo== * Antonio Scordino, La chiesa veneziana di San Fantino il Calabrese, in Brutium, anno LXX, n. 1-2, 1991, pp. 10-11. {{it}} * Pietro vescovo occidentale, La vita e i miracoli del santo e glorioso servo di Cristo, Fantino, a cura di Domenico Minuto, Reggio Calabria, Pontari, 2003, ISBN 88-86046-19-7. {{it}} * Felice Costabile, Il ninfeo romano ed il complesso monastico di S. Fantino a Taurianum, in Klearchos, n. 18, 1976, pp. 83-119. {{it}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://digilander.libero.it/ortodossia/Fantino.htm San Fantino il Cavallaio]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} brani tratti dalla ''Vita'' del vescovo Pietro di Tauriana {{it}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 293]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 336]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] qrnae4fe0tpt8yayvdr91mw0wts4aky 0 182759 1575639 1513129 2026-06-20T23:48:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grafiti ya Alexamenos''' (pia inajulikana kama [[Grafiti|grafiti]] ya [[kufuru|kukufuru]])<ref name="Bayley">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/archaicenglanda00baylgoog|title=Archaic England: An essay in deciphering prehistory from megalithic monuments, earthworks, customs, coins, place-names, and faerie superstitions|last=Bayley|first=Harold|publisher=Chapman & Hall|year=1920|page=[https://archive.org/details/archaicenglanda00baylgoog/page/n407 393]|quote=alexamenos.|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201213038/https://archive.org/details/archaicenglanda00baylgoog|archive-date=2015-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> ni kipande cha grafiti ya Kirumi kilichochorwa kwenye plasta kwenye ukuta wa chumba karibu na Kilima cha Palatine huko [[Roma]], [[Italia]], ambacho sasa kimeondolewa na kiko katika [[Jumba la Makumbusho]] la [[Palatino]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Blog {{!}} NT Resources - Greek for a Week|url=https://www.ntresources.com/blog/|work=www.ntresources.com|accessdate=2024-06-16|archive-date=2024-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616112001/https://www.ntresources.com/blog/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mara nyingi huitwa picha ya kwanza kabisa ya [[Yesu]]. Ni vigumu kulipangia tarehe kamili, lakini inakadiriwa kuwa lilichorwa karibu na mwaka wa [[200]] BK.[<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alexamenos and pagan perceptions of Christians|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/graffito.html|work=penelope.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2024-06-16}}</ref> Picha hiyo inaonekana kuonyesha kijana akimwabudu kiumbe aliyesulubiwa mwenye kichwa cha [[punda]]. Maandishi ya [[Kigiriki]] yanatafsiriwa takriban kuwa "Aleksameno anamwabudu [mungu wake],"<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2ZACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|title=Sight and the Ancient Senses|last=Squire|first=Michael|date=2015-12-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-51538-8|language=en}}</ref> ikionyesha kuwa grafiti hiyo ilikusudiwa kumdhihaki [[Mkristo]] aitwaye [[Alexamenos]].<ref name="Viladesau">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FRi1eU4BYEC&pg=PA46|title=The Word in and Out of Season|last=Viladesau|first=Richard|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8091-3626-0|page=46|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Ukristo]] 5mm1cwlgfo6wrwuu47pvhbjjx3l3fe4 0 182950 1575581 1511925 2026-06-20T18:24:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethan Mbappé Lottin''' (alizaliwa [[29 Desemba]] [[2006]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fédération Française de Football|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10591-mbappe-lottin-ethan/fiche.html|work=www.fff.fr|accessdate=2024-06-19|archive-date=2024-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608004546/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10591-mbappe-lottin-ethan/fiche.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]], ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] katika klabu ya [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.]] inayoshiriki [[Ligue 1]] ya [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2006]] nhril145rim19c7hyoy3ip9uiz430fs 0 183463 1575512 1511012 2026-06-20T14:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenned David Sanga''' (anajulikana kikazi kama '''"Director Kenny "''', amezaliwa [[Mbeya]], [[Tanzania]], [[22 Septemba]], [[1997]]) ni mwongozaji wa video za muziki kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Ukiacha uongozaji wa taswira mjongeo, Kenny pia ameonekana katika filamu akiwa kama [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwongozaji]].<ref>https://biggestkaka.co.ke/director-kenny-directs-diamond-platnumz-videos/</ref><ref>https://globalpublishers.co.tz/kenny-mungu-amenikutanisha-na-mondi/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.mwanaharakatimzalendo.co.tz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628141010/https://www.mwanaharakatimzalendo.co.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Maisha na elimu== Kenny alipata elimu yake ya msingi na ya juu huko Kambarage Mbeya, Tanzania, na baadaye alisomea [[Uhandisi]] wa Umeme katika Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Ufundi cha Moravian. Alijiunga na kozi ya utayarishaji katika upigaji na uongozaji wa video mnamo 2014. ==Kazi== Mwongozaji Kenny alipiga video yake ya kwanza ya kitaalamu ya muziki, kwa wimbo wa msanii wa Tanzania Lava Lava "DEDE", mwaka wa 2017.<ref>https://bongo5.com/director-kenny-kuiwakilisha-tanzania-tuzo-za-afrimma-10-2021/</ref> Kisha akaongoza video ya "Nishachoka" ya Harmonize. Kupitia kampuni ya Zoom Production<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://justvideolife.com/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-06-28 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628141003/https://justvideolife.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwongozaji Kenny amepiga na kuachia zaidi ya video 50 za hip hop, RnB, reggae - dancehall, bongo flava, na nyimbo za afro-pop tangu 2018. Anasifika kwa ubunifu wa kazi zake kwenye video za muziki maarufu na wasanii kama vile Roki, [[Vanessa Mdee]], [[Diamond Platnumz]], [[Rayvanny]], [[Mbosso]], [[Zuchu]], [[Harmonize]] na [[Tanasha Donna]]. Kenny aliongoza video ya muziki ya "Tetema" ya Rayvanny, ambayo ilitunukiwa "Video Bora ya Kiafrika" katika Tuzo za All Africa Music Awards za 2019. ==Video alizoongoza== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya video za muziki zilizoongwa na wasanii !scope="col"|Mwaka !scope="col"|Jina !scope="col"|Msanii !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Marejeo}} |- |rowspan=2|2017 |align="left"|"Dede" |[[Lava Lava (mwimbaji)]] |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HolsdXcqc-o| title = LAVA LAVA -DEDE BEHIND THE SCENE PART 1| publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 5 November 2017 | accessdate = 12 October 2021 | time = 0:00–9:17}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Nishachoka" |[[Harmonize|Harmonize]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F63djuq44vc| title = Harmonize - Nishachoka (Official Music Video)| publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 19 October 2017 | accessdate = 12 October 2021 | time = 0:00–3:36}}</ref> |- |2018 |align="left"|"Kwangwaru" |[[Harmonize]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="Kwangwaru">{{cite web|title=Diamond Platnumz And Harmonize's Video 'Kwangwaru' Hits 50million Youtube Views|date=26 August 2019|url=https://www.imbaragaradio.com/?p=19393|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2024-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228021144/https://imbaragaradio.com/?p=19393|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan=10|2019 |align="left"|"The One" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="the one">{{cite web|title=Diamond Platnumz Shares 'The One' Music Video|date=23 April 2019 |url=https://soundcity.tv/diamond-platnumz-shares-the-one-music-video/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Bado" |[[Vanessa Mdee]] ft. [[Rayvanny]] |<ref name="bado">{{cite web|title=Vanessa Mdee ft. Rayvanny – Bado [VIDEO]|date=17 October 2019|url=https://topnaija.ng/vanessa-mdee-ft-rayvanny-bado-video/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2024-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228071415/https://topnaija.ng/vanessa-mdee-ft-rayvanny-bado-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bado2">{{cite web|title=Watch Vanessa Mdee feature Rayvanny in Bado|date=18 October 2019 |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/watch-vanessa-mdee-feature-rayvanny-bado|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Tetema" |[[Rayvanny]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="tetema">{{cite web|title=Diamond Platnumz and Rayvanny drop 'Tetema' anthem (VIDEO)|date=7 February 2019 |url=https://mbu.ug/2019/02/07/diamond-platnumz-and-rayvanny-drop-tetema-anthem-video/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kainama" |Harmonize ft. [[Burna Boy]], Diamond Platnumz |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.afrocade.com/articles/kainama-harmonize-x-burna-boy-x-diamond-platnumz | title = Kainama - Harmonize x Burna Boy x Diamond Platnumz | publisher = afrocade.com | date = 15 March 2019 | accessdate = 12 October 2021 | archive-date = 2024-12-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241206042157/https://afrocade.com/articles/kainama-harmonize-x-burna-boy-x-diamond-platnumz | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Inama" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] ft. [[Fally Ipupa]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://olodomusic.net/download-mp3/diamond-platnumz-ft-fally-ipupa-inama/ | title = Diamond Platnumz Ft. Fally Ipupa – Inama | publisher = olodomusic | date = 10 June 2019 | accessdate = 12 October 2021 | archive-date = 2021-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029090920/https://olodomusic.net/download-mp3/diamond-platnumz-ft-fally-ipupa-inama/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kanyaga" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="Kanyaga">{{cite web|title=New Video: Diamond Platnumz – Kanyaga|date=26 June 2019 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/06/diamond-platnumz-kanyaga/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Yope Remix" |[[Innoss'B]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="kwaru1">{{cite web|title=Diamond becomes first artiste in East Africa to clock 100 million views in 1 song (Video)| date=14 July 2020 |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/innossb-ft-diamond-platnumzs-song-yope-remix-makes-history-as-it-clocks-100-million/9skd3fg#:~:text=The%20Yope%20Remix%20video%20was,he%20co%2Downs%20with%20Diamond.|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Baba Lao" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: DIAMOND PLATNUMZ RELEASES OFFICIAL VIDEO FOR 'BABA LAO' |url=https://guardian.ng/life/watch-diamond-platnumz-releases-commendable-video-for-baba-lao/ |publisher=guardian.ng |date=8 November 2019 |accessdate=11 October 2021 |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508132639/https://guardian.ng/life/watch-diamond-platnumz-releases-commendable-video-for-baba-lao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Sound" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] ft [[Teni (singer)|Teni]] | |- |align="left"|"Moyo" |[[Vanessa Mdee]] | |- |rowspan=10|2020 |align="left"|"Gere" |[[Tanasha Donna]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref>{{cite web | title = Tanasha Donna – GERE Ft Diamond Platnumz [Audio + Video] | url = https://mod.ng/tanasha-donna-gere-ft-diamond-platnumz-audio-video/ | publisher = mod.ng | date = 19 February 2020 | accessdate = 12 October 2021 | archive-date = 2023-05-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230508114800/https://mod.ng/tanasha-donna-gere-ft-diamond-platnumz-audio-video/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Jeje" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="Inna">{{cite web|title=INNA – Endless (Official video HD)| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9go2FrpdpI|agency=youtube.com|date=28 October 2013|accessdate=18 January 2014|language=it}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Wana" |[[Zuchu]] |<ref name="wana">{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Zuchu – Wana|date=9 April 2020|url=https://gistgallery.com/video-zuchu-wana/|accessdate=12 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508134932/https://www2.gistgallery.com/video-zuchu-wana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kwaru" |[[Zuchu]] |<ref name="kwaru2">{{cite web|title=zuchu kwaru music video|url=https://naijahotstars.com/zuchu-kwaru-music-video/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520152009/https://naijahotstars.com/zuchu-kwaru-music-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Amaboko" |[[Rayvanny]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="kwaru3">{{cite web|title=Rayvanny - Amaboko (feat. Diamond Platnumz)|date=8 July 2020|url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/music/12043-rayvanny-amaboko-feat-diamond-platnumz|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225044927/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/music/12043-rayvanny-amaboko-feat-diamond-platnumz|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Litawachoma" |[[Zuchu]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="Litawachoma">{{cite web|title=[Video] Zuchu ft. Diamond Platnumz – Litawachoma|date=28 September 2020|url=https://virginsound.com.ng/videos/zuchu-ft-diamond-platnumz-litawachoma-mp4/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513092608/https://www.virginsound.com.ng/videos/zuchu-ft-diamond-platnumz-litawachoma-mp4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Nobody" |[[Zuchu]] ft. [[Joeboy]] |<ref name="nobody">{{cite web|title=Download: Zuchu feat Joeboy – Nobody (Directed by Director Kenny)|date=16 October 2020|url=https://critiqsite.com/download-zuchu-feat-joeboy-nobody-directed-by-director-kenny/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507134903/https://critiqsite.com/download-zuchu-feat-joeboy-nobody-directed-by-director-kenny/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Number One" |[[Rayvanny]] ft. [[Zuchu]] |<ref name="number one">{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Rayvanny – Number One Ft. Zuchu|url=https://www.9jaupdate247.com/video-rayvanny-number-one-ft-zuchu-download-mp4/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030064452/https://www.9jaupdate247.com/video-rayvanny-number-one-ft-zuchu-download-mp4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Waah" |[[Diamond Platnumz]] ft. [[Koffi Olomide]] | |- |align="left"|"Bado Sana" |[[Lava Lava (singer)|Lava Lava]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] | |- |rowspan=9|2021 |align="left"|"Shusha" |Baba Levo ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="shusha">{{cite web|title=Baba Levo ft. Diamond Platnumz – "Shusha" Video|date=February 2021|url=https://www.zedjams.com/baba-levo-ft-diamond-platnumz-shusha/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103001322/https://www.zedjams.com/baba-levo-ft-diamond-platnumz-shusha/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Sukari" |[[Zuchu]] |<ref name="sukari">{{cite web|title=Download: Zuchu – Sukari (Directed by Director Kenny)|date=24 February 2021|url=https://critiqsite.com/download-zuchu-sukari-directed-by-director-kenny/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507054406/https://critiqsite.com/download-zuchu-sukari-directed-by-director-kenny/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Baikoko" |[[Mbosso]] ft. [[Diamond Platnumz]] |<ref name="baikoko">{{cite web|title=Mbosso ft Diamond Platnumz Baikoko|url=https://www.africancelebs.com/mbosso-ft-diamond-platnumz-baikoko/|accessdate=11 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kelebe" |Rayvanny ft. [[Innoss'B]] |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rayvanny Feat. Innoss'B: Kelebe|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14662804/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.imdb.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kiss Me" |Mbosso |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=VIDEO: Mbosso – Kiss Me|url=https://www.fromnaija.com/video-mbosso-kiss-me-mp4-download/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.fromnaija.com|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509144201/https://www.fromnaija.com/video-mbosso-kiss-me-mp4-download/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Basi tu" |[[Lava Lava (singer)|Lava Lava]] ft. Mbosso |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lava Lava Feat Mbosso: Basi tu|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14856506/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.imdb.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Kamata" |Diamond Platnumz |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=VIDEO: Diamond Platnumz – "Kamata"|url=https://zambianmusicblog.co/video-diamond-platnumz-kamata/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.zambianmusicblog.co|date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Mtaalam" |Mbosso |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mbosso - Mtaalam (Video)|url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/12680/mbosso-mtaalam-video|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.trendybeatz.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |align="left"|"Patati Patata" |[[Roki (musician)|Roki]] ft. [[Koffi Olomide]], Rayvanny |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Roki – Patati Patata ft. Koffi Olomide, Rayvanny|url=https://www1.247naijabuzz.com/roki-patati-patata-ft-koffi-olomide-rayvanny/|access-date=11 October 2021|website=www.1.247naijabuzz.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183107/https://www1.247naijabuzz.com/roki-patati-patata-ft-koffi-olomide-rayvanny/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocreatives edit-a-thon 2024 in Tanzania]] 7oliwyt4gp2c24ztooc24yhe96v86dy 0 184289 1575699 1515228 2026-06-21T06:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:U.S. President Joseph R. Biden Delivers Remarks on the Attemped Assassination of Donald J. Trump (14 July 2024).webm|thumb]] '''Jaribio la kumuua [[Donald Trump]]''', [[Rais wa Marekani|rais wa 45 wa Marekani]] na mteule wa [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|Chama cha Republican]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024|uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka 2024]], lilifanyika tarehe 13 Julai 2024, wakati wa mkutano wa kampeni za uchaguzi, karibu na mji wa [[Butler]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump shot in right ear at campaign rally, shooter dead|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/sounds-multiple-shots-heard-trump-rally-pennsylvania-video-2024-07-13/}}</ref> Hata hivyo [[Donald Trump]] amenusurika kifo katika jaribio hilo ambapo amepigwa risasi upande wa juu wa sikio lake la kulia. Aliyefanya jaribio hilo la kumuua alitambuliwa kwa jina la Thomas Matthew Crooks mwenye umri wa miaka 20, mkazi wa Bethel Park, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Barnes-2024">{{Rejea habari|last=Barnes|first=Julian E.|date=July 13, 2024|title=Live Updates: Trump 'Safe' After Shooting at Rally; Suspect Killed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|date=14 July 2024|title=FBI identifies Thomas Matthew Crooks as 'subject involved' in Trump rally shooting|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fbi-identifies-thomas-matthew-crooks-subject-involved-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea habari|last=Gurman|first=Sadie|date=14 July 2024|title=Law Enforcement Identifies Thomas Matthew Crooks, 20, as the Suspected Shooter|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-rally-incident/card/law-enforcement-identifies-20-year-old-pennsylvania-man-as-the-suspected-shooter-tiLabprU1Nf0PumWjqBZ}}</ref> Maafisa usalama na mashuhuda walisema kwamba jahili alifyatua risasi kutoka kwenye paa la jengo la jirani ya uwanja wa mkutano kwa kutumia bunduki ya nusu-otomatiki aina ya AR-15, na kufyatua risasi nane kabla ya kuuawa na mdunguaji kutoka Kikosi cha Kijasusi cha Serikali.<ref name="nytvideos">{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Videos Show Suspect Lying Motionless on Nearby Rooftop After Shooting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/13/us/politics/trump-rally-shooting-suspect-video.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Tanyos|first=Faris|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump rally shooter killed by Secret Service sniper, officials say - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooter-death-attendee-butler-county-da/|accessdate=July 13, 2024|publisher=CBS News|language=en-US|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714003233/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-rally-shooter-death-attendee-butler-county-da/}}</ref> Baada ya kupigwa risasi, Trump alichumpa chini na alizingirwa haraka na Maofisa Walinzi ; aliinuka huku akivuja damu nyingi kwenye sikio lake la kulia, akafanya ishara ya kusukuma ngumi hewani mara kadhaa kabla ya kukimbizwa kwenye gari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Layne|first=Nathan|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump shot in right ear at campaign rally, shooter dead|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/sounds-multiple-shots-heard-trump-rally-pennsylvania-video-2024-07-13/|accessdate=July 13, 2024}}</ref> Kisha alipelekwa hospitali na kuruhusiwa akiwa katika hali nzuri, na baadae akaondoka kwa ndege kwenda [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hayes|first=Christal|title=Trump, with blood on face, raises fist in air|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cljy6yz1j6gt?post=asset%3Af7e1dc40-ad11-46db-9a95-528ccdc3ccb2#post|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 13, 2024|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714015033/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cljy6yz1j6gt?post=asset%3Af7e1dc40-ad11-46db-9a95-528ccdc3ccb2#post}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Live updates: Trump says he was shot in the ear during rally; one attendee and shooter are dead|url=https://apnews.com/live/election-biden-trump-campaign-updates-07-13-2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=AP News|language=en|archivedate=July 13, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713222136/https://apnews.com/live/election-biden-trump-campaign-updates-07-13-2024}}</ref> Mshiriki mmoja wa mkutano aliuawa, na wengine wawili walijeruhiwa vibaya. == Usuli == Rais wa zamani Donald Trump ndiye mteule wa kugombea urais kupitia [[Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani|chama cha Republican]] katika [[Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Kinnard|first=Meg|date=March 13, 2024|title=Biden and Trump are now their parties' presumptive nominees. What does that mean?|url=https://apnews.com/article/presumptive-nominee-biden-trump-6b2a3beb31896894ded9e96aa30cfcec}}</ref> Mnamo Julai 5, 2024, ilitangazwa kuwa Trump atapokea maandamano katika Viwanja vya Maonyesho ya Shamba la Butler kati ya mji wa Connoquenessing na Meridian karibu na Butler, Pennsylvania, tarehe 13.<ref name="Trizzinotocamp">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Trizzino|first=Eddie|date=2024-07-05|title=Trump to campaign at Butler Farm Show|url=https://www.butlereagle.com/20240705/trump-to-campaign-at-butler-farm-show/|accessdate=2024-07-14|quote=The rally is scheduled to begin at 5 p.m. at the Butler Farm Show grounds, 625 Evans City Road in Connoquenessing Township.|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714055905/https://www.butlereagle.com/20240705/trump-to-campaign-at-butler-farm-show/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 12, 2024|title=Donald Trump to hold rally in Butler, Pa. ahead of 2024 election|url=https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2024-07-12/donald-trump-butler-pa-rally|accessdate=July 14, 2024|work=90.5 WESA|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714060357/https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2024-07-12/donald-trump-butler-pa-rally}}</ref> Ilifanyika kama sehemu ya kampeni ya urais ya Trump kwa ajili ya uchaguzi ili kuongeza kura katika jimbo la [[Pennsylvania]] ; jimbo ambalo lina kura 19 za Makada wa Chama, na kura 270 zinahitajika ili kuchaguliwa kuwa Rais.<ref name=":4" /> Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Republican ya Kaunti ya Butler James E. Hulings alikadiria watu 50,000 walikuwa kwenye mkutano huo. Mwakilishi Mike Kelly alisema kuwa alijaribu kuwasiliana na kampeni ya Trump kuwa wabadilishe eneo la mkutano huo liwe kwenye eneo ambalo linaweza kumudu umati mkubwa kuliko Uwanja wa Butler Farm Show. Alidai walimjibu kwa kumwambia, "Tunashukuru kwa mchango wako lakini tayari tumesha amua." Shambulio likatokea siku mbili kabla ya kuanza kwa Kongamano la Kitaifa la Republican la 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trump returning to Western Pennsylvania just two days before GOP convention|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/election-2024/2024/07/12/trump-biden-debate-pennsylvania-kelly-thompson/stories/202407110086|accessdate=July 14, 2024|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714005434/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/election-2024/2024/07/12/trump-biden-debate-pennsylvania-kelly-thompson/stories/202407110086}}</ref> Mikutano ya Trump huwa inakaguliwa ili kudhibiti vitu vilivyopigwa marufuku, kama silaha.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gold|first=Michael|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump 'Safe' After What Sounded Like Gunshots at Rally|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election/trump-rally-pennsylvania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713225003/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election/trump-rally-pennsylvania|archivedate=July 13, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Faili:2024_Assassination_Attempt_of_Donald_Trump_Diagram.png|thumb|270x270px| Mchoro wa ramani unaoonyesha makisio ya eneo la Thomas Matthew Crooks (rangi nyekundu), Donald Trump (rangi nyeusi), na Timu ya Maofisa Usalama (bluu) <ref name="Abraham-2024">{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Shooting at a Trump Rally in Pennsylvania: Maps and Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/13/us/trump-rally-shooting-maps-photos.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump injured, rushed from stage after shooter fired on his Pennsylvania rally|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/secret-service-rushes-trump-stage-shots-fired-pennsylvania-rally-rcna161735|language=en}}</ref>]] Trump alipigwa risasi ikiwa ni takriban saa 12:11 jioni EDT <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Katersky|first=Aaron|title=Trump rally shooter used AR-15-style rifle, Secret Service says|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/trump-rally-shooter-ar-15-style-rifle-secret-111918904|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714024909/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/trump-rally-shooter-ar-15-style-rifle-secret-111918904|archivedate=July 14, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Powell|first=Tori B.|date=July 13, 2024|title=Live updates: Trump injured in shooting at Pennsylvania rally that left at least 1 dead {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/election-biden-trump-07-13-24/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713222828/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/election-biden-trump-07-13-24/index.html|archivedate=July 13, 2024|accessdate=July 13, 2024|publisher=CNN|language=en}}</ref> wakati wa mkutano wake wa kampeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Perez|first=Jeremy Herb, Jeff Zeleny, Holmes Lybrand, Evan|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump injured in shooting at Pennsylvania rally {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/13/politics/trump-injured-pennsylvania-rally/index.html|accessdate=July 14, 2024|publisher=CNN|language=en|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714001239/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/13/politics/trump-injured-pennsylvania-rally/index.html}}</ref> Dakika sita baada ya Trump kuanza kuhutubia, Thomas Matthew Crooks alifyatua risasi nane kwa kutumia bunduki aina ya AR-15 kwenye mkutano huo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" />Jahili hakufanyiwa uchunguzi wa usalama kwa vile alikuwa nje ya eneo la usalama wa mkutano huo; alikuwa amepanda juu ya paa la jengo, {{Convert|200|to|400|ft}} kaskazini mwa Trump.<ref name="Watson-20242">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Watson|first=Kathryn|date=July 13, 2024|title=Trump says bullet 'pierced the upper part of my right ear' when shots were fired at Pennsylvania rally - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-says-shots-pierced-injured-ear-rally-pennsylvania/|accessdate=July 14, 2024|publisher=CBS News|language=en-US|archivedate=July 14, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714014754/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-says-shots-pierced-injured-ear-rally-pennsylvania/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=July 13, 2024|title=Possible security lapses in focus after Trump rally shooting|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/possible-security-lapses-focus-after-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/|accessdate=July 13, 2024}}</ref> Mfanya shambulio aliuawa na mdunguaji wa Kikosi cha Kupambana na Mashambulio ya Siri cha Marekani mara baada ya kupigwa risasi. == Shambulio == Siku ambayo jaribio hilo lilifanyika, Thomas Matthew Crooks alimuazima baba yake [[bunduki]] aina ya rifle—ya kundi la DPMS Panther Arms - toleo la AR-15– yenye mtutu wa nchi 16 na chemba ya kipimo cha 5.56×45mm [[NATO]], ambayo ingeweza kufanya kazi hiyo kama alivyotaka Crooks. Maofisa wa [[Serikali|Serikali Kuu]] ya Marekani wameieleza silaha hiyo kuwa ni ya kiwango cha kawaida.<ref name="ABC News-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Thomas |first1=Pierre |last2=Katersky |first2=Aaron |last3=Shalvey |first3=Kevin |last4=Barr |first4=Luke |date=July 17, 2024 |title=New details emerge in Trump assassination attempt investigation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-searches-motive-trump-assassination-attempt-cautions-investigation/story?id=111945201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716142717/https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-searches-motive-trump-assassination-attempt-cautions-investigation/story?id=111945201 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Penzenstadler |first1=Nick |title=AR rifle used in Trump shooting from company with winding history, campaign visit |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/07/16/trump-shooting-assassination-gun-details/74425138007/ |website=USA Today |access-date=July 16, 2024 |date=July 16, 2024 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716182920/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/07/16/trump-shooting-assassination-gun-details/74425138007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McCardle |first1=Guy D. |title=SOFREP Reports: The Weapon Used in the Trump Assassination Attempt Revealed |url=https://sofrep.com/news/sofrep-reports-the-weapon-used-in-the-trump-assassination-attempt-revealed/ |website=[[sofrep.com]] |date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716183740/https://sofrep.com/news/sofrep-reports-the-weapon-used-in-the-trump-assassination-attempt-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Baadae akanunua [[risasi]] 50 kutoka kwenye duka la silaha<ref name="ABC News-2024" /> na akanunua ngazi ya futi 5 (meta 1.5) kisha akaendesha gari yake kuelekea eneo la mkutano huku akiwa amepakia zana za milipuko.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=John |last2=Tolan |first2=Casey |last3=Perez |first3=Evan |date=July 15, 2024 |title=A shooting range, a gun store, and a ladder purchase: Tracking the Trump rally gunman's movements leading up to his attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/15/us/thomas-crooks-trump-rally-shooting-invs/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144950/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/15/us/thomas-crooks-trump-rally-shooting-invs/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |work=CNN}}</ref> Akapanda juu ya paa la jengo jirani, urefu wa takriban futi 400 (meta 120) kaskazini ya lilipokuwepo jukwaa. Jengo hilo lilikuwa chini ya uangalizi wa maofisa polisi 3, lakini hakukuwa na aliyepangwa kulinda kwa juu kutokana na upungufu wa [[Rasilmali|rasilimali]] watu wa kiulinzi. Crooks hakupitia ukaguzi wa wanausalama kwa kuwa, kwa mujibu wa maofisa wenyewe, jengo hilo lilikuwa nje ya wigo wao wa uangalizi wa maandamano.<ref name="Forbes-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |date=July 16, 2024 |title=Three Snipers Were Inside Building Trump Rally Shooter Fired From, Reports Say |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/07/16/trump-assassination-attempt-three-police-snipers-were-reportedly-inside-building-where-gunman-fired-from/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716052411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/07/16/trump-assassination-attempt-three-police-snipers-were-reportedly-inside-building-where-gunman-fired-from/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |work=Forbes}}</ref>Kwa mujibu wa WPXI, Crooks alipigwa picha mara mbili na maofisa usalama kabla ya tukio la ufyatuaji risasi. Kabla ya saa 11.45 jioni, saa za eneo hilo, ofisa wa polisi alimuona Crooks kabla hajapanda juu na alitoa ripoti aliyoambatisha na picha, kuwa ni mtu wa kutilia shaka. Ofisa mwingine akamtafuta Crooks lakini hakumuona. Vyanzo kadhaa vya vyombo vya kiulinzi vya eneo hilo navyo vimeripoti kuwa vilitilia shaka uwepo wa Crooks kwenye eneo lililokuwa na vifaa vya kiteknolojia viitwavyo magnetometers; wakatumia simu ya upepo kuripoti, na kumbukumbu za mawasiliano hayo zimewasilishwa kwa Shirika la Kijasusi. Saa 11.45 jioni, mmoja wa wanatimu ya Masuala ya Kiufundi Kitengo cha Matukio ya Dharura cha Beaver County, Pennsylvania, alimuona Crooks juu ya paa, akawajulisha maofisa wenzake, na kumpiga picha. Katika moja ya matukio mawili ambayo Crooks alipigwa picha, afisa polisi aliyempiga picha alimuona akiliangalia eneo kama afanyaye mpango fulani akiwa juu ya paa ameshika kifaa cha kuvutia taswira karibu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beavercountian.com/content/daily/beaver-county-officer-warned-of-seeing-man-with-rangefinder-before-trump-was-shot|title=Exclusive: County Officer Warned of Seeing Man With Rangefinder Before Trump was Shot|date=July 15, 2024|first=John|last=Paul|website=Beaver County News|access-date=July 18, 2024|archive-date=2024-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727065300/https://beavercountian.com/content/daily/beaver-county-officer-warned-of-seeing-man-with-rangefinder-before-trump-was-shot|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol D |last2=Stanley-Becker |first2=Isaac |last3=Sachetti |first3=Maria |last4=Alemany |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Swaine |first5=Jon |title=Secret Service was told police could not watch building used by Trump rally shooter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/17/secret-service-trump-rally-shooting-homeland-security-investigation/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717202434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/07/17/secret-service-trump-rally-shooting-homeland-security-investigation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Makachero wa usalama walimuona Crooks juu ya paa takriban dakika 20 kabla ya tukio la ufyatuaji risasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret Service spotted Trump rally shooter on roof 20 minutes before gunfire erupted |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-assassination-attempt-investigation-continues-new-details/story?id=112020474 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |work=ABC News}}</ref> Repoti zinaonesha kulikuwa na mashuhuda kadhaa waliomuona na bunduki akiwa juu ya paa wakawafahamisha polisi takriban dakika moja na nusu kabla ya ufyatuaji risasi dhidi ya Trump.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=O'Donoghue |first=Gary |date=July 14, 2024 |title=Trump rally: Witness says he saw gunman minutes before shots were fired |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4v7v2g5l1o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714010422/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4v7v2g5l1o |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last1=Swaine |first1=Jon |last2=Cheeseman |first2=Abbie |last3=Baran |first3=Jonathan |last4=Stanley-Becker |first4=Isaac |last5=Boburg |first5=Shawn |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Witnesses warned police of Trump shooter at least 86 seconds before gunfire, video shows |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2024/07/15/trump-rally-shooting-witness-warning/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716002436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2024/07/15/trump-rally-shooting-witness-warning/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> Afisa mmoja wa polisi wa mji wa Butler alijaribu kumpandia Crooks juu ya paa alikokuwa, akisaidiwa na afisa mwingine. Crooks akamuona afisa huyo akati mikono ya afisa ikiwa ingali inashikilia kingo za paa, akamlenga na bunduki, na afisa ikambidi ajiachie na kuanguka (meta 2.4) na kujiumiza vibaya kiwiko cha mguu. Crooks akaanzisha shambulio la kutaka kuua punde tu baada ya kukabiliana na afisa huyo.<ref name="Associated Press-2024">{{Rejea tovuti |date=July 14, 2024 |title=FBI investigating Trump rally attack as potential act of domestic terrorism |first1=Julie |last1=Carr Smyth |first2=Jill |last2=Colvin |first3=Colleen |last3=Long |first4=Michael |last4=Balsamo |first5=Eric |last5=Tucker |first6=Michelle L. |last6=Price |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=Associated Press |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714215504/https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |first=Jennifer |last=Borrasso |date=July 14, 2024 |title=Butler Township officer encountered Trump rally shooter on roof, Butler County sheriff says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/butler-township-officer-encountered-trump-rally-shooter-on-roof-butler-county-sheriff-says/ |work=CBS News |access-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715040555/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/butler-township-officer-encountered-trump-rally-shooter-on-roof-butler-county-sheriff-says/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press-2024-2">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Scolforo |first1=Mark |last2=Tucker |first2=Eric |last3=Kunzelman |first3=Michael |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Signs of trouble at Trump rally were evident in minutes before gunman opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-butler-police-cdfd3f4b163f7f91b05eeefe21caa45a |access-date=July 15, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715214423/https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-shooting-butler-police-cdfd3f4b163f7f91b05eeefe21caa45a |url-status=live }}</ref> == Iran yakanusha shutuma za kula njama == Siku ya Jumatano ya Julai 17 2024, taifa la [[Uajemi|Iran]] limekanusha vikali lilichokiita 'uchokozi' wa dhahiri uliofanywa na vyombo vya habari vya Marekani kwa kulihusisha taifa hilo na njama za kumuua Donald Trump.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Iran rejects accusations implicating it in plot to kill Trump|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-rejects-accusations-implicating-it-in-plot-to-kill-trump/7701727.html|work=Voice of America|date=2024-07-17|accessdate=2024-07-19|language=en}}</ref> Siku ya Jumanne (16 Julai) CNN iliripoti kuwa maafisa wa serikali ya Marekani walipokea taarifa za kiintelijensia kutoka kwa mtu mmoja, wiki chache nyuma, kuwa Iran inaweza kuwa inafanya njama dhidi ya Rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, jambo lililochagiza uimarishaji wa ulinzi wa Trump. Mashirika mengine ya utangazaji ya Marekani pia yalitangaza shutuma hizo.<ref name=":0" /> Hata hivyo CNN ilifafanua baadae kuwa shutuma dhidi ya Iran hazihusiani hasa na tukio la kujaribu kumuua Trump. Hali kadhalika Kamati ya Kitaifa ya Ulinzi ya Marekani imesema kuwa kwa miaka mingi, imekuwa ikiifuatilia kwa karibu Iran hasa kutokana na vitisho vya nchi hiyo vya kuulipizia kisasi uliokuwa utawala wa Trump, baada ya utawala huo kufanya shambulizi lililomuua [[Jenerali]] wake [[mwanamapinduzi]], Qassam, mwaka 2020. == Taarifa zaidi == === Jahili alikuwa hatua moja mbele === Mnamo tarehe 28 Julai, [[The New York Times]] liliripoti kuwa mfanya shambulio la bunduki kwenye mkutano wa Trump aliwazidi makachero kimbinu. Kupitia arafa ambazo gazeti hilo ilizipata katika namna ya kipekee, zilionesha kuwa maofisa usalama walikuwa na tetesi juu ya Thomas Crooks mapema zaidi kuliko ilivyokuwa ikifahamika. Naye [Crooks] alilijua hilo.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|last=Willis|first=Haley|title=Gunman at Trump Rally Was Often a Step Ahead of the Secret Service|date=2024-07-28|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/28/us/politics/trump-shooting-thomas-crooks-secret-service.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2024-07-31|last2=Toler|first2=Aric|last3=Fahrenthold|first3=David A.|last4=Goldman|first4=Adam}}</ref> Pia kuna jambo lipo tofauti: zilipita dakika 90 tangu alipogundulika hadi pale alipouwawa, na si dakika 60 kama maafisa usalama walivyokuwa wakisema kupitia [[vyombo vya habari]]. Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza saa 10.26 jioni. Alipigwa picha kwa mara ya kwanza saa 11.14 jioni na aliuwawa saa 12.11 jioni. Taarifa zimebainisha kuwa mara nyingi jahili huyo "amekuwa hatua moja mbele" ya maofisa usalama. Bw. Crooks alilipeleleza eneo la mkutano siku moja kabla ya maofisa usalama nao kufanya hivyo. Alitumia droni kufanya upelelezi kwenye eneo hilo wakati maofisa usalama hawakujaribu hata kutafuta idhini ya kufanya hivyo. Crooks alifanya utafiti juu ya umbali aliokuweko Lee Harvey Oswald kutoka alikokuwa [[John F. Kennedy]] alipomfanyia mauaji rais huyo wa zamani mwaka 1963 - akapata jibu kuwa ni takriban futi 265 - na alifanikiwa kukwea futi 400 juu ya jengo na kupata ukaribu zaidi na Trump; paa ambalo wana usalama waliliacha bila ulinzi.<ref name=":5" /> Kwa hiyo, wakati wanausalama wanayaangalia [[maandamano]], Crooks alikuwa akiwaangalia wao; na baada ya tukio polisi walipagawa na kujiuliza: alifanyaje fanyaje?! === Kuenea kwa uvumi wa kula njama === Wachambuzi wa masuala ya ulaji njama walijitokeza mapema sana mara baada ya tukio la Trump kunusurika kifo. Wana-nadharia hao wa matukio ya ulaji njama walidai kuwa jaribio hilo la kumuua Donald Trump lilipangwa na ilitumika damu feki.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title='Staged' trends online as Trump trolls push shooting conspiracies|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13632409/Staged-trends-online-angry-Trump-critics.html|work=Mail Online|date=2024-07-14|accessdate=2024-08-03|author=Geoff Earle}}</ref> Ikiwa zimepita dakika chache tu tangu tukio litokee, wana-nadharia hao waliweka machapisho kwenye mitandao ya kijamii hasa ule wa X wakidai kuwa jaribio hilo lilipangwa ili kuchechemua mkakati wa Trump kushinda uchaguzi.<ref name=":6" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:2024]] [[Jamii:Jaribio la mauaji ya marais wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Maandamano]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Marekani]] 8szn9i3ejei4dr3a8ta08al3ymqa8b8 0 185122 1575693 1545320 2026-06-21T06:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Annex - Stewart, James (Call Northside 777) 01.jpg|thumb|Taswira ya James Stewart.]] '''James Maitland Stewart''' (20 Mei 1908 - 2 Julai 1997) alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. James Stewart, anayejulikana pia kama Jimmy Stewart, alizaliwa [[Indiana]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Jimmy ni uzao uliuotokana na familia ya wafanyabiashara. Aliitwa bingwa wa kila uhusika. Stewart alishinda [[Tuzo ya Academy]] kama Mwigizaji Bora kwa kazi yake katika filamu ya The Philadelphia Story (1940). Filamu zake nyingine maarufu ni pamoja na Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), Rear Window (1954), Vertigo (1958), na The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962). ==Bibliografia== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Iain |title=James Curran : l'athlète écossais aérien et la légende américaine du coaching |journal=STAPS |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=115 |url=https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=STA_115_0073# |access-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619204058/https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=STA_115_0073 |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ayres |first1=Brenda A. |title=Reconciliation in Civil War Movies |journal=Faculty Publications and Presentations |date=2009 |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=eml_fac_pubs |access-date=June 12, 2019 |publisher=Liberty University |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619185439/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=eml_fac_pubs |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal |last1=Barr |first1=Alan P. |title=The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Inhabits Film Noir |journal=Western American Literature |date=Summer 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=162–179 |doi=10.1353/wal.2011.0051 |s2cid=163037778 }} * {{cite book |last1=Basinger |first1=Jeanine |title=Anthony Mann: New and Expanded Edition |date=2007 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Connecticut |isbn=9780819568458 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonymann00basi |url-access=registration }} * [[Jim Beaver|Beaver, Jim]]. "James Stewart." ''Films in Review'', October 1980. *{{cite book |last1=Belton |first1=John |title=American Cinema/American Culture |date=1994 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=007004466X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancinemaam00belt }} *{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=Dennis |title=Acting Male: Masculinities in the films of James Stewart, Jack Nicholson, and Clint Eastwood |date=1994 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |isbn=0813520738 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/actingmalemascul00bing }} *{{cite book |last1=Booker |first1=M. Keith |title=Historical Dictionary American Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000book_w4d8 |date=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham |isbn=9780810871922}} *{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Martin |title=B-24 Liberator 1939–1945 |date=1979 |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd. |location=London |isbn=9780528815386}} *{{cite book |last1=Britton |first1=Andrew |title=Katharine Hepburn: The Thirties and After |date=1984 |publisher=Tyneside Cinema |location=Newcastle |isbn=0946493014}} *{{cite book |last1=Chandler |first1=Charlotte |title=It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock, A Personal Biography |date=2006 |publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books |location=New York |isbn=9781476849409 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0RMAgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart&pg=PT115 |access-date=August 27, 2019 |chapter=Transatlantic Interlude |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174341/https://books.google.com/books?id=p0RMAgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart&pg=PT115 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Coe |first1=Jonathan |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Wonderful Life |date=1994 |publisher=Arcade Publishing |location=New York |isbn=1559702575 |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartwond00coej }} * Collins, Thomas W. Jr.[http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03481.html "Stewart, James"]{{Wayback|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03481.html |date=20160303181959 }}. ''American National Biography Online''. Retrieved February 18, 2007. *{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Kirsten |title=Cowboy Classics: The Roots of the American Western in the Epic Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/cowboyclassicsro0000dayk |date=2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781474402460}} *{{cite book |last1=Dewey |first1=Donald |title=James Stewart: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewartbiog0000dewe |date=1996 |publisher=Turner Publishing |location=Atlanta |isbn=1570362270}} *{{cite journal |last1=Dienstag |first1=Joshua Foa |title=A Storied Shooting: Liberty Valance and the Paradox of Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-theory_2012-06_40_3/page/290 |journal=Political Theory |date=June 2012 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=290–318 |jstor=41703027 |doi=10.1177/0090591712439303 |s2cid=159881731 }} *{{cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=John |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195076783 |url=https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn/page/419 419] |quote=james stewart lux radio theater no highways in the sky. |access-date=June 3, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Eliot |first1=Mark |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartbiog00elio |date=2006 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=9781400052226}} *{{cite book |last1=Eyman |first1=Scott |title=Hank and Jim: The Fifty-Year Friendship of Henry Fonda and James Stewart |date=2017 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=9781501102196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-uDgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+april+1935&pg=PA56 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174339/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-uDgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+april+1935&pg=PA56 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Fishgall |first1=Gary |title=Pieces of Time: The Life of James Stewart |date=1997 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=068482454X |url=https://archive.org/details/piecesoftimelife00fish }} *{{cite book |author=Fonda, Henry as told to [[Howard Teichmann]] |title=Fonda: My Life |location=New York |publisher=A Signet Book, New American Library |date=1981 |isbn=0-451-11858-8 |ref={{harvid|Fonda|Teichmann|1981|p=74}} |url=https://archive.org/details/fondamylife00fond }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Gevinson |editor1-first=Alan |title=American Film Institute Catalog: Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960 |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520209648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+winchester+%2773&pg=PA1144 |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174335/https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+winchester+%2773&pg=PA1144 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Grams |first1=Martin Jr. |title=Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932–1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/radiodramacompre0000gram_d2n9 |date=2000 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=078640051X }} *{{cite book |last1=Gregg |first1=Jill A. |title=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |date=2000 |publisher=St. James Press |editor1-last=Pendergast |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Pendergast |editor2-first=Sara |location=Detroit |isbn=1558624007}} *{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Brian |title=Coming Back to a Theater Near You |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476623894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug3MDAAAQBAJ&q=re-release+of+hitchcock+films+brought+critical+acclaim+to+rear+window+and+vertigo&pg=PA281 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174345/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug3MDAAAQBAJ&q=re-release+of+hitchcock+films+brought+critical+acclaim+to+rear+window+and+vertigo&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Hanson |editor1-first=Patricia King |title=American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures in the United States: Feature Films, 1941–1950, Film Entries, A-L |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520215214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRY0QiacQccC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+june+bride&pg=PA1246 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174337/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRY0QiacQccC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+june+bride&pg=PA1246 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Hischak |first1=Thomas S. |title=Broadway Plays and Musicals: Descriptions and Essential Facts of More than 14,000 Shows through 2007 |date=2009 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9780786434480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeiySJZXF4C&q=james+stewart++%22harvey%22+%22broadway%22+february-may+1970+helen+hayes&pg=PA189 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174337/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeiySJZXF4C&q=james+stewart++%22harvey%22+%22broadway%22+february-may+1970+helen+hayes&pg=PA189 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Holston |first1=Kim R. |title=Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973 |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland & Company Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9780786460625 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwq69QWWFPYC&q=%22how+the+west+was+won%22+box+office+hit&pg=PA337 |access-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174346/https://books.google.com/books?id=kwq69QWWFPYC&q=%22how+the+west+was+won%22+box+office+hit&pg=PA337 |url-status=live }} * [[Norris Houghton|Houghton, Norris]]. ''But Not Forgotten: The Adventure of the University Players''. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1951. *{{cite book |last1=Hyatt |first1=Wesley |title=Short-Lived Television Series 1948–1978 |date=2003 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=0786414200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ty21CgAAQBAJ&q=hawkins+james+stewart+shaft&pg=PA222 |access-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174348/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty21CgAAQBAJ&q=hawkins+james+stewart+shaft&pg=PA222 |url-status=live }} *{{cite thesis |last1=Huzera |first1=Jennifer |title=(A)Typical Jimmy: James Stewart and Hollywood Studio Era Acting |date=May 2011 |pages=53–54 |url=https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/38c89d8e-3991-4043-aa18-ddf8029a45f5/etd_pdf/327c92df03da7040c8673ed147cc7d88/huzera-atypicaljimmyjamesstewartandhollywoodstudio.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501181915/https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/38c89d8e-3991-4043-aa18-ddf8029a45f5/etd_pdf/327c92df03da7040c8673ed147cc7d88/huzera-atypicaljimmyjamesstewartandhollywoodstudio.pdf |url-status=live }} * Jackson, Kenneth T., Karen Markoe and Arnie Markoe. ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives'' (5). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998. {{ISBN|0-684-80663-0}}. *{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Ken D. |first2=Arthur F. |last2=McClure |first3=Alfred E. |last3=Twomey |title=The Films of James Stewart |location=New York |publisher=Castle Books |date=1970 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Amy |title=Jimmy Stewart is being beaten: Rope and the postwar crisis in American masculinity |journal=Quarterly Review of Film & Video |date=1997 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=41–58 |doi=10.1080/10509209709361452 }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Lloyd |editor1-first=Ann |editor2-last=Fuller |editor2-first=Graham |editor3-last=Desser |editor3-first=Arnold |title=The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedwhosw0000unse |date=1983 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=0029234506}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Magill |editor1-first=Frank N. |title=The 20th Century O-Z: Dictionary of World Biography |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0893563234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE_ZjR1dKB4C&pg=PA3530 |access-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174357/https://books.google.com/books?id=eE_ZjR1dKB4C&pg=PA3530 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Denise |title=Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover |date=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=9780816645404 |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodindepen0000mann |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodindepen0000mann/page/50 50] |quote=winchester '73 box office success. |access-date=June 17, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=McBride |first1=Joseph |title=Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi}} *{{cite book |last1=McGowan |first1=Helene |title=James Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewart0000mcgo_i1m8 |date=1992 |publisher=Crescent |location=New York |isbn=0517067080 }} *{{cite book |last1=Molyneaux |first1=Gerard |title=James Stewart: A Bio-Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewartbiob0000moly |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0313273529}} *{{cite book |last1=Munn |first1=Michael |title=Jimmy Stewart: The Truth Behind the Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewarttrut0000munn_v5e4 |date=2005 |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |isbn=1861059612}} *{{cite book |last1=Naremore |first1=James |title=Acting in the Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/actingincinema0000nare |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520062280}} *{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Timothy P. |title=Two Concepts of Liberty Valance: John Ford, Isaiah Berlin, and Tragic Choice on the Frontier |journal=The John Marshall Institutional Repository |date=2004 |url=https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=facpubs |access-date=June 13, 2019 |publisher=John Marshall Law School |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619145209/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=facpubs |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Tim |editor1-last=Hart |editor1-first=Kylo-Patrick R. |title=Film and Television Stardom |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |location=Newcastle |isbn=978-1847186287 |chapter=Star, Interrupted: The Reinvention of James Stewart}} * {{cite book |last1=Pickard |first1=Roy |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Life in Film |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartlife0000pick |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0312088280 }} * {{cite book |last= Pomerance |first= Murray |editor1-last= Palmer |editor1-first= R. Barton |chapter= James Stewart and James Dean: The Darkness Within |title= Larger Than Life: Movie Stars of the 1950s |url= https://archive.org/details/largerthanlifemo0000rbar |year= 2010 |publisher= Rutgers University Press }} * Prendergast, Tom and Sara, eds. "Stewart, James." ''International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, 4th edition''. London: St. James Press, 2000. {{ISBN|1-55862-450-3}}. * Prendergast, Tom and Sara, eds. "Stewart, James." ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, 5th edition''. London: St. James Press, 2000. {{ISBN|1-55862-529-1}}. *{{cite book |last1=Quirk |first1=Lawrence J. |title=Margaret Sullavan: Child of Fate |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretsullavan00quir |url-access=registration |date=1986 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0312514425 }} *{{cite book |last1=Quirk |first1=Lawrence J. |title=James Stewart: Behind the Scenes of a Wonderful Life |date=1997 |publisher=Applause |location=New York |isbn=155783329X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMMfHkHZs4C&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+madame+X&pg=PA76 |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174358/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMMfHkHZs4C&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+madame+X&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Resch |first1=John Phillips |title=Americans at war: Society, culture, and the homefront |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |location=Detroit |isbn=002865806X |url=https://archive.org/details/americansatwarso0000unse |access-date=July 15, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Rinella |first1=Michael D. |title=Margaret Sullavan: The Life and Career of a Reluctant Star |date=2019 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476636054 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7ylDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Next+Time+We+Love%22+box+office&pg=PA77 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7ylDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Next+Time+We+Love%22+box+office&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Jhan |title=Everybody's Man: A Biography of Jimmy Stewart |date=1985 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |isbn=0399129731 |url=https://archive.org/details/everybodysmanbio00robb }} *{{cite book |last1=Sanello |first1=Frank |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Wonderful Life |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartwond0000sane |date=1997 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Corp |location=New York |isbn=9780786005062}} *{{cite book |last1=Sarris |first1=Andrew |title="You Ain't Heard Nothing Yet": The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0195038835 |url=https://archive.org/details/youaintheardnoth00sarr }} *{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Donald |last2=Slatzer |first2=Robert F. |last3=Grayson |first3=Dave |title=Duke, the life and times of John Wayne |url=https://archive.org/details/dukelifetimesof00shep |url-access=registration |date=1985 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, New York |isbn=038517893X }} *{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Starr |title=Jimmy Stewart: Bomber Pilot |date=2005 |publisher=Zenith Press |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |isbn=076032199X |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewart00star }} *{{cite book |first=Jimmy |last=Stewart |title=Jimmy Stewart and His Poems |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]] |isbn=978-0517573822 |date=August 19, 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewarthisp00stew }} *{{cite book |last1=Sweeney |first1=Kevin |title=Henry Fonda: A Bio-Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/henryfondabiobib0000swee_x3p1 |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0313265712}} *{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/Screen_Volume_32_Issue_3/page/n17|magazine=Screen|volume=32|issue=3|date=August 1991|title=The popular cash and culture in the postwar British cinema industry|first=Janet|last=Thumim}} *{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Tony |title=A Wonderful Life: The Films and Career of James Stewart |date=1988 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |isbn=0806510811 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE_CgD4pk2wC&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+%22carl%22&pg=PA13 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE_CgD4pk2wC&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+%22carl%22&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Truffaut |first1=François |last2=Hitchcock |first2=Alfred |last3=Scott |first3=Helen G. |title=Hitchcock |date=1983 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=9780671604295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnE_sPb3XBQC&pg=PA94 |access-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=NnE_sPb3XBQC&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Turk |first1=Edward Baron |title=Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk |url-access=registration |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press }} *{{cite book |last1=Urwand |first1=Ben |title=The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/collaborationhol0000urwa |date=2013 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}} * Wright, Stuart J. ''An Emotional Gauntlet: From Life in Peacetime America to the War in European Skies—A History of 453rd Bomb Group Crews''. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-299-20520-7}}. {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IBDB name}} * {{IMDb name|71|James Stewart}} * {{Tcmdb name|name=Jimmy Stewart}} * [http://jimmy.org/ Jimmy Stewart Museum] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mhx7 James Stewart] interview on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', December 23, 1983 * [http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/people/2879?&filter_fields%5B%5D=primary_type&filter_values%5B%5D=resource Collections related to James Stewart] at the [[L. Tom Perry Special Collections]], [[Harold B. Lee Library]], [[Brigham Young University]] {{BD|1908|1997}} {{KWW}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] opw9z8wh81hitjbok7w1ey017ahw7gy 0 186141 1575538 1352282 2026-06-20T14:55:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Donato Sabia.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Donato Sabia]] '''Donato Sabia''' ([[11 Septemba]] [[1963]] - [[7 Aprili]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa umbali wa kati nchini [[Italia]], aliyebobea katika mbio za mita 800.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/5.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 800 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-19 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919163312/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1963|2020}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] obkfu6wsh44u46q86ykkiu824a67nu8 1575591 1575538 2026-06-20T19:56:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Donato Sabia.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Donato Sabia]] '''Donato Sabia''' ([[11 Septemba]] [[1963]] - [[7 Aprili]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa umbali wa kati nchini [[Italia]], aliyebobea katika mbio za mita 800.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/5.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 800 metres (last updated for year 2000) |accessdate=2024-09-19 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919163312/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1963|2020}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] p2tbfrbd8p992501c4bzzlq3gnqolti 0 187112 1575425 1503867 2026-06-20T12:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danny Verpaele''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 5, 1985) ni mchezaji na kocha wa [[futiboli ya Marekani]]. Alicheza kama Mlinzi huru katika timu ya Chuo Kikuu cha [[Florida]] (USF), ''South Florida Bulls'' inayoshiriki mashindano ya ''NCAA'' ya futiboli ya vyuo vikuu. Verpaele alihitimu mwaka 2004 kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Merritt Island.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Danny Verpaele |url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=37330&SPID=2981&DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=216781&Q_SEASON=2008 |work=[[South Florida Bulls football|South Florida Bulls]] |accessdate=2024-10-01 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030652/http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=37330&SPID=2981&DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=216781&Q_SEASON=2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Jones |first=David |date=December 12, 2014 |title=MIHS grad Verpaele gets first taste of Army-Navy game |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/sports/columnists/david-jones/2014/12/12/mihs-grad-verpaele-gets-first-taste-army-navy-game/20301469/ |work=[[Florida Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DANNY VERPAELE |url=https://ksuowls.com/coaches.aspx?rc=1496&path=fb |website=[[Kennesaw State Owls]] |publisher=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] dymdlobuvufem1xzhb99bup4bemkxlv 0 187916 1575712 1536017 2026-06-21T07:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Basilique Saint-Aphrodise de Béziers 34.jpg|thumb|[[Sanamu]] yake huko Beziers.]] '''Jeradi wa Beziers, [[Wakanoni Watawa wa Mt. Augustino|C.R.S.A.]]''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: '''Guiraud'''; [[Puissalicon]], [[Ufaransa]], [[1070]] - [[Béziers|Beziers]], Ufaransa, [[5 Novemba]] [[1123]]) alikuwa [[ukanoni|kanoni]], halafu [[Priori|priori]], wa [[Waaugustino]] huko [[Cassan]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.chateau-cassan.com/fr/histoire.html |title=CHATEAU-ABBAYE DE CASSAN Monument historique Histoire et patrimoine du Languedoc Roussillon<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2024-10-14 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080509193205/http://www.chateau-cassan.com/fr/histoire.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Mwenye [[Adili|uadilifu]] na [[unyofu]] mkubwa, [[mwaka]] [[1121]] alichaguliwa kuwa [[askofu]] wa Beziers<ref>Étienne Sabatier, ''Histoire de la ville et des évêques de Beziers'' (1854), p. 192.</ref> ingawa hakupenda, akazidi kufuata [[unyenyekevu]] katika [[cheo]] hicho kikubwa hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] chake <ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/76235</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]]<ref>http://pagesperso-orange.fr/ansart/Sanctoral/Annee/1105.htm, in French, under Saint Geraud, celebrated November 5.</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[5 Novemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.sunnyfrance.net/histoiredebeziers/guiraud_UK.htm The Legend of Saint Guiraud]{{Wayback|url=http://www.sunnyfrance.net/histoiredebeziers/guiraud_UK.htm |date=20160521080151 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1070]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1123]] [[Category:Wakanoni]] [[Category:Waaugustino]] [[Jamii:maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] 144jbibu1e5mo7wy4o6fua5rp4cm04a 0 188513 1575635 1357845 2026-06-20T23:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Giuseppe Buttari.jpg|thumb|Giuseppe Buttari ]] '''Giuseppe Buttari''' (alizaliwa [[16 Februari]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu wa mbio za kuruka viunzi wa [[Italia]]. Rekodi yake binafsi bora ilikuwa sekunde 13.70, iliyowekwa mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1979]] huko [[Mexico (mji)|Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/14.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 110 metres hurdles |accessdate=2024-10-17 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124023046/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/14.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rekodi ya sasa ya Italia inashikiliwa na Andrea Giaconi kwa sekunde 13.35.<ref>[http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/EUROPE/PLEINAIR/ITA.htm Italian athletics records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701051456/http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/EUROPE/PLEINAIR/ITA.htm|date=July 1, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] 5nd3xaqwivxhoqtk6cmz3up59i5bcpi 1575685 1575635 2026-06-21T05:38:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Giuseppe Buttari.jpg|thumb|Giuseppe Buttari ]] '''Giuseppe Buttari''' (alizaliwa [[16 Februari]] [[1951]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu wa mbio za kuruka viunzi wa [[Italia]]. Rekodi yake binafsi bora ilikuwa sekunde 13.70, iliyowekwa mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1979]] huko [[Mexico (mji)|Mexico City]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/14.htm |title=Italian all-time list, men's 110 metres hurdles |accessdate=2024-10-17 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124023046/https://digilander.libero.it/atleticaleggera/ALL-TIME/14.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rekodi ya sasa ya Italia inashikiliwa na Andrea Giaconi kwa sekunde 13.35.<ref>[http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/EUROPE/PLEINAIR/ITA.htm Italian athletics records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701051456/http://www.athlerecords.net/Records/EUROPE/PLEINAIR/ITA.htm|date=July 1, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] 0v2oxvnk2he3uwa3nkuld8ap2jw2709 0 188866 1575718 1358318 2026-06-21T07:40:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jevaughn Minzie''' (alizaliwa [[20 Julai]] [[1995]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi kutoka [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Yeye ni mmoja kati ya vijana wachache kumi na wanne duniani waliowahi kukimbia mita 100 chini ya sekunde 10.3. Katika fainali ya mita 200 kwenye Michezo ya CARIFTA ya 2011, Minzie alijaribu kuiga sherehe za Usain Bolt kabla ya kumaliza mbio zake kama alivyofanya kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Beijing ya 2008, lakini alikamatwa na Machel Cedenio. Minzie pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya kupokezana ya Jamaica iliyoshinda [[medali]] ya dhahabu kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2016, akishiriki tu kwenye mbio za mchujo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jayblessed.com/2011/05/10/jamaican-sprinter-jevaughn-minzie-embarrassed-himself-and-his-country-showboating-in-200m-carifta-games-final/ |title=Jamaican sprinter Jevaughn Minzie embarrassed himself and his country showboating in 200m CARIFTA Games Final! |accessdate=2024-10-20 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125135858/http://www.jayblessed.com/2011/05/10/jamaican-sprinter-jevaughn-minzie-embarrassed-himself-and-his-country-showboating-in-200m-carifta-games-final/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c5tpmtjnegp2icy3jnw1u2lnrhvvly3 1575777 1575718 2026-06-21T11:16:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jevaughn Minzie''' (alizaliwa [[20 Julai]] [[1995]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi kutoka [[Jamaika|Jamaica]]. Yeye ni mmoja kati ya vijana wachache kumi na wanne duniani waliowahi kukimbia mita 100 chini ya sekunde 10.3. Katika fainali ya mita 200 kwenye Michezo ya CARIFTA ya 2011, Minzie alijaribu kuiga sherehe za Usain Bolt kabla ya kumaliza mbio zake kama alivyofanya kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Beijing ya 2008, lakini alikamatwa na Machel Cedenio. Minzie pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya kupokezana ya Jamaica iliyoshinda [[medali]] ya dhahabu kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2016, akishiriki tu kwenye mbio za mchujo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.jayblessed.com/2011/05/10/jamaican-sprinter-jevaughn-minzie-embarrassed-himself-and-his-country-showboating-in-200m-carifta-games-final/ |title=Jamaican sprinter Jevaughn Minzie embarrassed himself and his country showboating in 200m CARIFTA Games Final! |accessdate=2024-10-20 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125135858/http://www.jayblessed.com/2011/05/10/jamaican-sprinter-jevaughn-minzie-embarrassed-himself-and-his-country-showboating-in-200m-carifta-games-final/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n515kki1gkfh3wukyunousdhe7v364o 0 191013 1575750 1516084 2026-06-21T09:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jules-Anthony Vilsaint''' (amezaliwa [[6 Januari|Januari 6]], [[2003]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] wa [[Kanada ]] ambaye anachezea ligi Major Soccer katika klabu ya CF Montréal kama mshambuliaji.<ref name=canada>{{Canada Soccer player|id=55909}}</ref> He later played with [[CS St-Laurent]]<ref name=danone>{{cite web|url=https://2mmagence.com/jules-anthony-vilsaint-representera-lest-a-la-coupe-danone/|title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint représentera l'Est à la Coupe Danone|trans-title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint will represent the East at the Danone Cup|language=fr|work=Courrier Laval|date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> and CS Panellinios.<ref name=tva>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint jouera là où on a besoin de lui |url=https://www.tvasports.ca/2023/02/14/jules-anthony-vilsaint-jouera-la-ou-on-a-besoin-de-lui |date=February 14, 2023 |website=[[TVA Sports]] |language=fr |trans-title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint will play where he is needed |accessdate=2024-11-19 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223141503/https://www.tvasports.ca/2023/02/14/jules-anthony-vilsaint-jouera-la-ou-on-a-besoin-de-lui |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, he moved to Europe and trained with the reserve team of French club [[Lille OSC|Lille]].<ref name=bpm>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Brett |first=Olivier |date=February 17, 2023 |title=Entretien avec Jules-Anthony Vilsaint |url=https://bpmsports.ca/entretien-avec-jules-anthony-vilsaint/ |website=[[CKLX-FM|BPM Sports]] |language=fr |trans-title=Interview with Jules-Anthony Vilsaint |accessdate=2024-11-19 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135312/https://bpmsports.ca/entretien-avec-jules-anthony-vilsaint/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Wens |first=Nils |date=March 27, 2021 |title=Antwerp heeft versterking beet en plukt jonge aanvaller weg bij Lille |url=https://www.voetbalkrant.com/nieuws/2021-03-27/jules-anthony-vilsaint-heeft-een-contract-getekend-bij-antwerp|trans-title=Official: Antwerp has reinforcements and snatches a young attacker from Lille|access-date=February 23, 2023 |website=Voetbalkrant|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://royalantwerpfc.be/nieuws/jules-anthony-vilsaint-tekent-contract-op-de-bosuil|title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint tekent contract op de Bosuil!|trans-title=Jules-Anthony Vilsaint signs contract on the Bosuil!|language=nl|date=March 27, 2021|work=[[Royal Antwerp F.C.]]}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 69tn8u7ko5iypiacujriwxvrt2b6stv 0 191269 1575546 1378910 2026-06-20T15:53:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edem Mortotsi''' (alizaliwa [[16 Aprili]] [[1993]]) ni kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Ghana]] na mchezaji wa zamani, ambaye kwa sasa ni [[kocha]] mkuu wa mazoezi ya viungo wa klabu ya [[Tanzania]] ya [[Young Africans S.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Edmonton Announce Full Roster Prior to Season Opener|url=http://www.nasl.com/index.php?id=3&newsid=4276|work=The North American Soccer League|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FLS 1–1 FCE|url=http://nasl.com/index.php?id=488&getGameID=448|work=The North American Soccer League|accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="AMSL">{{cite web |title=Edem Mortotsi |url=http://albertamsl.com/player_profile.php?player_id=2854392&team_id=896088&league_id=60557 |publisher=AMSL |accessdate=14 July 2019 |archive-date=2025-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410011444/http://albertamsl.com/player_profile.php?player_id=2854392&team_id=896088&league_id=60557 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AMSL" /><ref name="AMSL" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] 7oi2bjru8zktl2vro95lghs5h4d40qa 0 192406 1575594 1369366 2026-06-20T20:42:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:1847-05-30,_Semanario_Pintoresco_Español,_D._Francisco_Martínez_Marina_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Francisco Martínez Marina]] '''Francisco Xavier Martínez Marina''' ([[10 Mei]] [[1754]] – [[25 Julai]] [[1833]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] mashuhuri, [[mwanahistoria]], na [[kasisi]] wa [[hispania]].<ref>[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=190&portal=56 cervantesvirtual] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=190&portal=56 |date=20041211172205 }} (Spanish) retrieved 11th Dec 2010</ref> Alizaliwa huko Oviedo, mji mkuu wa Ufalme wa Asturias kaskazini mwa Hispania, alikuwa mkurugenzi wa ''Real Academia de la Historia'', taasisi iliyojitolea kusoma historia ya kisiasa, kiraia, kikanisa, na kijeshi ya Hispania. Aidha, alikuwa mshiriki wa ''Real Academia Española'', taasisi inayosimamia matumizi ya lugha ya Kihispania.<ref>{{cite web|title=Francisco Martínez Marina - letra S|url=https://www.rae.es/academico/francisco-martinez-marina|website=[[Real Academia Española]]|access-date=26 May 2023|language=es}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1754]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1833]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Hispania]] lengu73s3pifbmkzzg075vhls9y6y8b 0 194990 1575641 1513159 2026-06-20T23:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Pepper''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Gregory Andre Perets) ni [[mwanamuziki]] anayeishi Guelph, [[Ontario]] na amesainiwa na Fake Four Inc.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/music/Album+reviews+Critics+rate+latest+Gregory+Pepper/7182645/story.html |title=Edmonton Journal – album review |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908045815/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/music/Album+reviews+Critics+rate+latest+Gregory+Pepper/7182645/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.herohill.com/2009/06/reviews-gregory-pepper-his-mistakes.htm Hero Hill – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727225435/http://www.herohill.com/2009/06/reviews-gregory-pepper-his-mistakes.htm |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/PopAndRock/gregory_pepper_his_problems-with_trumpets_flaring|title=Gregory Pepper and His Problems – With Trumpets Flaring|work=[[Exclaim!]]|first=Vish|last=Khanna|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.soulmattersmag.com/index.cfm?PAGEPATH=&ID=15350 Soul Matters Mag – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726204538/http://www.soulmattersmag.com/index.cfm?PAGEPATH=&ID=15350 |date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pressplus1.com/music-reviews/common-grackle-the-great-repression |title=Press Plus1 – album review |accessdate=2024-12-12 |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918072300/http://www.pressplus1.com/music-reviews/common-grackle-the-great-repression |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.syffal.com/album-review-common-grackle-great-depression SYFFAL – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622090534/http://www.syffal.com/album-review-common-grackle-great-depression |date=22 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.blogto.com/music/2009/11/gregory_pepper_and_his_problems_with_woodworking_and_hearts_and_toronto/ Blog TO – interview]</ref><ref>[http://www.trashmutant.com/tmi---gregory-pepper-interview.html Trash Mutant – interview]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/post/135858-20-questions-common-grackle/|title=20 Questions: Common Grackle|work=[[PopMatters]]|first=Evan|last=Sawdey|date=18 January 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kanada]] g0adsiaavukkmc4hjuvda17pkemzvw9 1575687 1575641 2026-06-21T05:41:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Pepper''' (jina la kuzaliwa: Gregory Andre Perets) ni [[mwanamuziki]] anayeishi Guelph, [[Ontario]] na amesainiwa na Fake Four Inc.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/music/Album+reviews+Critics+rate+latest+Gregory+Pepper/7182645/story.html |title=Edmonton Journal – album review |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908045815/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/music/Album+reviews+Critics+rate+latest+Gregory+Pepper/7182645/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.herohill.com/2009/06/reviews-gregory-pepper-his-mistakes.htm Hero Hill – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727225435/http://www.herohill.com/2009/06/reviews-gregory-pepper-his-mistakes.htm |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/Reviews/PopAndRock/gregory_pepper_his_problems-with_trumpets_flaring|title=Gregory Pepper and His Problems – With Trumpets Flaring|work=[[Exclaim!]]|first=Vish|last=Khanna|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.soulmattersmag.com/index.cfm?PAGEPATH=&ID=15350 Soul Matters Mag – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726204538/http://www.soulmattersmag.com/index.cfm?PAGEPATH=&ID=15350 |date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pressplus1.com/music-reviews/common-grackle-the-great-repression |title=Press Plus1 – album review |accessdate=2024-12-12 |archive-date=2021-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918072300/http://www.pressplus1.com/music-reviews/common-grackle-the-great-repression |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.syffal.com/album-review-common-grackle-great-depression SYFFAL – album review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622090534/http://www.syffal.com/album-review-common-grackle-great-depression |date=22 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.blogto.com/music/2009/11/gregory_pepper_and_his_problems_with_woodworking_and_hearts_and_toronto/ Blog TO – interview]</ref><ref>[http://www.trashmutant.com/tmi---gregory-pepper-interview.html Trash Mutant – interview]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/post/135858-20-questions-common-grackle/|title=20 Questions: Common Grackle|work=[[PopMatters]]|first=Evan|last=Sawdey|date=18 January 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kanada]] ra8g990bggrkw6cl6v00m1x9j44qi8m 0 195148 1575429 1500254 2026-06-20T12:13:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Kanyaruchinya''' iko katika [[mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]], mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], karibu kilomita 10 kaskazini mwa mji wa [[Goma]], mji mkuu wa mkoa huo. Kambi hiyo ilianzishwa ili kuwapa makazi watu waliolazimishwa kuhama makazi yao (IDPs) ambao walikuwa wakikimbia vurugu za silaha na migogoro ya mara kwa mara ambayo imeathiri eneo hilo kwa miongo kadhaa. == Kihistoria == Eneo la Kivu Kaskazini ni moja ya maeneo yenye msukosuko zaidi nchini DRC kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa makundi mengi yenye silaha, migogoro ya kikabila na mvutano unaohusiana na uchimbaji wa maliasili. Maandamano hayo yamelazimisha mamia ya maelfu ya watu kuhama vijiji vyao na kutafuta hifadhi katika kambi au katika jamii zinazowakaribisha. Kampuni ya Kanyaruchinya ilianzishwa katika miaka ya 2010, hasa wakati wa mashambulio ya kundi la waasi lenye silaha la M23. Mawimbi ya mfululizo ya uhamishaji yaliongezeka kutoka 2021 wakati M23 ilipoanza tena shughuli zake katika eneo hilo . == Tabia na Idadi ya Watu == Kambi ya Kanyaruchinya ina maelfu ya watu waliolazimishwa kuhama makwao, kutia ndani wanawake, watoto, na wazee, ambao mara nyingi wanaishi katika hali mbaya sana. Miundombinu ni ndogo, na wakazi wanategemea hasa misaada ya kibinadamu kwa ajili ya maisha yao. Mambo makuu ya kambi hiyo ni pamoja na: * Makao ya kujitegemea: Familia nyingi huishi chini ya mahema yaliyojengwa kwa vitambaa au katika makao ya kujitegemea. * Ukosefu wa upatikanaji wa maji safi ya kunywa: rasilimali za maji hazijatosha, na kusababisha shida kubwa za kiafya. * Huduma za msingi: Upatikanaji wa chakula, huduma za afya na elimu bado ni changamoto kubwa. Mnamo 2023, inakadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya watu 70,000 walikuwa wakiishi kambini, ingawa takwimu hii inatofautiana kulingana na maendeleo ya usalama. == Changamoto za kibinadamu == Kambi ya Kanyaruchinya inakabiliwa na changamoto nyingi, pamoja na: # Idadi kubwa ya watu: Idadi ya watu wanaohama nyumba zao kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu inazidi uwezo wa kuhifadhi eneo hilo. # Hali mbaya ya usafi: Magonjwa kama kipindupindu na malaria ni ya kawaida kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa maji safi ya kunywa na ukosefu wa vyoo vya kutosha. # Ukosefu wa usalama unaoendelea: Ukaribu wa mstari wa mapigano unaweka wakazi katika hatari ya vurugu na uhamaji mpya. # Upungufu wa misaada ya kibinadamu: Ingawa mashirika ya kimataifa na ya ndani huingilia kati, mahitaji yanazidi rasilimali zinazopatikana. == Mitazamo na suluhisho zinazotarajiwa == Mkazo ulipozidi kuongezeka, mipango kadhaa ilianzishwa: * Kuingilia kati kwa Umoja wa Mataifa: MONUSCO (Ujumbe wa Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kudumisha DRC) na mashirika mengine ya kibinadamu hutoa msaada wa chakula, matibabu na vifaa. * Maombi ya Msaada wa Kimataifa: Mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali yanatoa wito wa kuongeza fedha na misaada kwa wahamiaji. * Programu za kuunganisha tena: Kwa muda mrefu, suluhisho za kuruhusu kurudi kwa wahamiaji katika maeneo yao ya asili zinatazamwa, chini ya kuboresha usalama. Umuhimu wa kambi katika mgogoro wa kibinadamu mashariki mwa DRC Kambi ya Kanyaruchinya inaonyesha ukubwa wa mgogoro wa kibinadamu mashariki mwa DRC. Ni ishara ya ujasiri wa watu walioathirika na mapungufu ya uingiliaji katika mgogoro wa muda mrefu. Mabadiliko ya hali katika Kivu ya Kaskazini, pamoja na ushiriki wa jamii ya kimataifa, yatakuwa muhimu kwa mustakabali wa maelfu ya wahamiaji wanaoishi huko. [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]] phqzk5le0an043mucdmbzr2wzof5ady 0 195149 1575430 1500253 2026-06-20T12:14:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Bushagara''' ni kituo cha mapokezi kilicho kaskazini mwa mji wa [[Goma]], katika [[mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Kambi hii ina watu waliokimbia makazi yao, hasa kutokana na migogoro ya silaha na ukosefu wa usalama katika eneo hilo. == Historia == Mkoa wa Kivu ya Kaskazini ni moja ya maeneo yaliyoathiriwa sana na mapigano ya silaha nchini DRC kwa miongo kadhaa. Mapigano kati ya makundi ya wenyeji wenye silaha, vikosi vya serikali, na wanamgambo wa kigeni yamesababisha uhamaji mkubwa wa raia. Kambi ya Bushagara ilianzishwa ili kukabiliana na idadi kubwa ya familia zinazotafuta hifadhi kutokana na vurugu hizo. == Mahali == Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Bushagara iko katika eneo la nje ya mji wa Goma, karibu na vilima vinavyoashiria mipaka ya kiutawala ya mji na maeneo ya jirani. == Hali ya maisha == Hali ya maisha katika kambi ya Bushagara ni mbaya, kama ilivyo katika kambi nyingi za wakimbizi katika eneo hilo. Miundombinu bado ni duni, na wahamiaji wanategemea sana misaada ya kibinadamu. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na: * Upatikanaji wa maji safi ya kunywa: Wakazi wengi wanalazimika kusafiri umbali mrefu kupata maji ya kunywa, * Afya: Huduma za afya ni chache, na hivyo kuongeza hatari ya magonjwa kama vile kipindupindu na malaria. * Usalama wa chakula: Uhaba wa chakula unaotolewa na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali na mashirika ya kibinadamu unabaki kuwa chanzo kikuu cha wasiwasi. * Elimu: Watoto waliohamishwa wanajitahidi kupata elimu ya kawaida kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa shule katika kambi au karibu nayo. == Usimamizi na usaidizi wa kibinadamu == Kambi hiyo inaendeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa na ya ndani, kama vile Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Wakimbizi (UNHCR), Shirika la Kimataifa la Uhamiaji (IOM), na mashirika mengine yasiyo ya kiserikali. Mashirika haya hutoa msaada muhimu wa chakula, huduma ya afya, na makazi. == Changamoto zinazoendelea == Kambi ya Bushagara inaonyesha shida za kimuundo zinazohusiana na uhamishaji wa kulazimishwa nchini DRC, pamoja na: # Ukosefu wa fedha: Programu za kutoa misaada zinajitahidi kushughulikia mahitaji ya watu waliolazimishwa kuhama makwao. # Matatizo ya usalama: Ukaribu na maeneo ya migogoro hufanya kambi iwe rahisi kushambuliwa na vikundi vyenye silaha. # Kudumu: Idadi inayoongezeka ya watu waliolazimishwa kuhama makao yao inahatarisha uwezo wa kambi ya kuwapokea. == Mitazamo na mipango ya sasa == Mamlaka za mitaa, kwa kushirikiana na washirika wa kibinadamu, wanafanya kazi katika suluhisho la muda mrefu kwa watu waliohamishwa, kama vile uhamishaji wa hiari, kurudi kwenye maeneo ya asili, au kuunganishwa katika jamii za wenyeji. Walakini, juhudi hizi bado zimepunguzwa na ukosefu wa utulivu unaodumu katika mkoa huo. [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini]] 4lr425ovpoz9abri7ph2skubp1oibeg 0 196177 1575732 1515899 2026-06-21T09:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Holliday''' (alizaliwa [[18 Januari|Januari 18]], [[2005]]) ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Kanada]] anayechezea timu ya Cavalry FC katika Ligi Kuu ya Kanada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://watch.albertasoccer.com/en/c/joseph-hollidays-story.2074|title=Joseph Holliday's story|date=November 15, 2022|work=[[Alberta Soccer Association]]|accessdate=2025-01-06|archive-date=2025-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106122518/https://watch.albertasoccer.com/en/c/joseph-hollidays-story.2074|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goalking.ca/news-blogs/2017/9/29/joseph-holliday-with-the-fc-edmonton-academy|title=Joseph Holliday with the FC Edmonton Academy|date=September 29, 2017|work=GoalKing|accessdate=2025-01-06|archive-date=2025-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106122513/https://www.goalking.ca/news-blogs/2017/9/29/joseph-holliday-with-the-fc-edmonton-academy|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://northerntribune.ca/fc-edmonton-joseph-holliday/|title=Eddies Add Academy Goalkeeper Joseph Holliday|date=June 22, 2021|work=Northern Tribune|first=John|last=Jacques}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2005|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] sx81o3g74fjrk7jmnhkn36ojp5uilk5 0 196349 1575626 1512721 2026-06-20T22:21:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geoffroy Sauvé''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[9 Desemba]], mwaka [[1987]]), anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Geoffroy''', ni mwimbaji, [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]], na mpiga vyombo vingi kutoka nchini [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geoffroy|url=https://www.bonsound.com/en/artist/geoffroy/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.bonsound.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Montreal's Geoffroy riding the buzz of his Polaris long-list nod for 'Coastline'|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/entertainment-pmn/montreals-geoffroy-riding-the-buzz-of-his-polaris-long-list-nod-for-coastline|access-date=2020-08-20|website=National Post|language=en-CA}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geoffroy|url=https://www.songkick.com/artists/565298-geoffroy|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Songkick|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1987|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] lozff9jk6zqpgt25brjudrilh0jt0vo 0 196498 1575604 1500490 2026-06-20T21:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575604 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gabriel Zagabe''' (jina kamili '''Gabriel Zagabe Muzusa''' '''Ngabo''') ni mjasiriamali mwenye makazi yake [[Hispania]], na mwanasiasa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El Foro Internacional Euroafricano se reúne en Cádiz para tender puentes entre continentes|url=https://dipucadiz.es/cadiz/El-Foro-Internacional-Euroafricano-se-reune-en-Cadiz-para-tender-puentes-entre-continentes|accessdate=2023-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Marche de l'opposition : Gabriel Zagabe brise son silence et recadre l'opposition|url=https://latribuneplus.net/marche-de-lopposition-gabriel-zagabe-brise-son-silence-et-recadre-lopposition/|date=2023-05-22|accessdate=2023-09-30|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123047/https://latribuneplus.net/marche-de-lopposition-gabriel-zagabe-brise-son-silence-et-recadre-lopposition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Utoto, elimu na mwanzo === Alizaliwa Novemba 24, 1978 katika hospitali ya uzazi ya Dada Adorers wa Binza Delvaux, huko Kinshasa, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kwa familia kubwa ya watoto kumi na wawili, Gabriel ni mtoto wa François Zagabe Kalembera, afisa wa zamani wa jeshi katika Jeshi la Taifa la Kongo na baadaye mtendaji wa benki huko Kinshasa. Babu yake wa baba, Michel Kalembera Mukongore, alikuwa mwanajeshi wa daraja la kwanza katika Jeshi la Umma, mmoja wa watu mashujaa ambao walikuwa wachache sana kujulikana wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia (1940 - 1945). Ni Mjukuu wa marehemu Christophe Munzihirwa Mwene Ngabo, [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa [[Bukavu]] aliyeuawa Oktoba 29, 1996 mwanzoni mwa Vita vya Pili vya Kongo, ambaye anarithi kutoka kwa jina lake la pili la Ngabo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Une thèse sur Mgr Christophe Munzihirwa, modèle de la liberté intérieure - Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/afrique/news/2020-07/une-these-sur-mgr-christophe-munzihirwa-modele-de-la-liberte-in.html|date=2020-07-08|accessdate=2023-10-13}}</ref>. === Kazi === Gabriel alifanya kazi kwa Citibank nchini Hispania na kwa Kampuni ya Ardhi ya Uingereza PLC, mfuko wenye nguvu wa Uingereza, kampuni mbili za heshima ya kimataifa, kabla ya kuanza, kuelekea mwisho wa uchumi mkubwa wa 2008, aliunda ZAEL Group International, kampuni iliyosajiliwa chini ya sheria ya Uhispania katika Usajili wa Makampuni na Patents ya Madrid. Mwaka 2012, alianzisha kampuni ya ZAEL Intercom SL kwa mara ya kwanza. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actos inscritos de ZAEL INTERCOM SL en el BORME|url=https://infonif.economia3.com/empresa/zael-intercom-sl|accessdate=2023-09-30}}</ref> nchini Hispania, ambayo ingekuwa kiini cha makampuni ya kampuni ya Kihispania ya ZAEL Group Int'l iliyosajiliwa na kuchapishwa katika Jarida Rasmi la Usajili wa Biashara wa Hispania [[:es:Boletín_Oficial_del_Registro_Mercantil|BORME]] <ref name=":0" />. Katikati ya kipindi cha upanuzi, tangu wakati huo imekuwa ikifanya kazi kati ya [[Uhispania]] na [[Afrika]] hasa katika sekta ya fedha na maliasili <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=en-US|title=EXCELLENCE and SUSTAINABILITY|url=https://group-zael.com/|date=2017-04-08|accessdate=2023-09-30|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031121543/https://group-zael.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=GABRIEL ZAGABE MUZUSA - Cargos en empresas|url=https://www.empresia.es/persona/zagabe-muzusa-gabriel/|accessdate=2023-09-30}}</ref> , <ref name=":0" /> === Siasa === Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, akiwa na shauku ya kuona nchi yake ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ikiendelea kiuchumi na kisiasa, aliunda harakati ya kisiasa Initiative for the Congolese Dream, New Generation, kifupi IRC, ambayo itakuwa rasmi chama cha kisiasa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na mawaziri. amri ya kupata kibali chake kutoka kwa Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani na Usalama (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ya tarehe 3 Machi 2022. Katika makataa ya sasa ya uchaguzi katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], uchaguzi wa 2023-2024 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=RDC - Élections 2023 : Voici l'intégralité du calendrier électoral|url=https://7sur7.cd/2022/11/26/rdc-elections-2023-voici-lintegralite-du-calendrier-electoral|date=2022-11-26|accessdate=2023-10-09}}</ref>, IRC iliweza kuoanisha zaidi ya wagombea mia moja walioshindania viti mia moja wakati wa uchaguzi wa wabunge na manispaa mwezi Desemba 2023. Katika uchaguzi wa useneta wa Aprili 2024 katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], Gabriel Zagabe aligombea kama mgombea binafsi wa wilaya ya useneta ya jimbo la Kivu Kusini. Ingawa matokeo hayakuwa ya kuridhisha kwake, ilikuwa wazi kwamba mwigizaji mpya na kijana wa kisiasa mwenye mustakabali mzuri kwa jimbo la [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|DRC]] kwa ujumla alikuwa ametokea kwenye eneo hilo. == Heshima == * Tuzo za Ubuntu 2022. Foro Internacional Euroafricano, mjini Cádiz, Uhispania <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El Foro Internacional Euroafricano se reúne en Cádiz para tender puentes entre continentes|url=https://www.dipucadiz.es/prensa/actualidad/El-Foro-Internacional-Euroafricano-se-reune-en-Cadiz-para-tender-puentes-entre-continentes/|accessdate=2023-10-09}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] q6yjhqfv5tlit9t3rd8vd5n55y64o0t 0 198098 1575545 1388460 2026-06-20T15:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Easton Ongaro 2021.jpg|thumb|Ongaro mwaka 2021]] '''Easton Ongaro''' (alizaliwa tarehe 5 Juni, [[1998]]) ni mchezaji wa soka wa kitaalamu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama mshambuliaji kwa timu ya Novara FC huko [[Italia]].<ref name="AMSL">{{cite web |title=Easton Ongaro |url=http://albertamsl.com/player_profile.php?player_id=2703215&team_id=896088&league_id=60557 |publisher=Alberta Major Soccer League |accessdate=15 June 2019 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205145412/http://albertamsl.com/player_profile.php?player_id=2703215&team_id=896088&league_id=60557 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aftn.ca/paulus-looking-for-cpl-leaders-fc-edmonton-to-continue-to-outwork-teams-as-they-get-set-for-latest-al-classico-battle/|title=Paulus looking for CPL leaders FC Edmonton to continue to "outwork teams" as they get set for latest Al Classico battle|website=aftn.ca|publisher=AFTN|date=14 August 2019|accessdate=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="SW">{{cite web |title=E. Ongaro |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/easton-ongaro/609993/ |publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] fcvh23tx12mcgzl2g1dgdzqz7sljyo4 0 198968 1575680 1390767 2026-06-21T05:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:ETalk2008-Ivana Santilli (cropped).jpg|thumb|Santilli akiwa kwenye Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Toronto mwaka 2008.]] '''Ivana Daniela Santilli''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[R&B]] na mpiga ala nyingi kutoka [[Kanada]], ambaye ameimba kama msanii wa kujitegemea na pia kama mshiriki wa kundi la Bass is Base la [[R&B]]/[[pop]] la miaka ya [[1990]].<ref>[http://ivanasantilli.com/ Official website]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080613040428/http://watch.ctv.ca/etalk/music/extended---ivana-santilli/#clip57514 CTV eTalk interview]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 8arih41oqn6mqc3chdem54pwyv5sqid 0 201379 1575731 1400250 2026-06-21T08:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joo Yang-ja''' (Kikorea: 주양자; Hanja: 朱良子; [[1 Januari]] [[1931]] – [[4 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na daktari wa tiba kutoka [[Korea Kusini]]. Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Afya na Ustawi wa Jamii wa Jamhuri ya Korea wa 25 na alikuwa mbunge katika [[Bunge]] la Taifa la 14 na la 15. <ref>{{cite web|title=주양자씨 신한국 탈당/진경탁씨 의원직 승계|url=https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/1996/03/03/19960303004005|website=서울신문|access-date=5 February 2025|language=ko|date=3 March 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=신한국당 주양자의원.민주당 김용수부대변 자민련 입당|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/all/1675125|website=매일경제|access-date=5 February 2025|language=ko|date=2 March 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Korea_South.htm|title=Korea South Ministers}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=지대섭씨 자민련 탈당 .. 주양자씨 전국구 승계|url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2000020702641|website=한국경제|access-date=5 February 2025|language=ko|date=7 February 2000|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222031912/https://www.hankyung.com/article/2000020702641|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.bosa.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=2241392 주양자 전 보건복지부장관 별세] {{in lang|ko}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Korea Kusini]] eak4wulr2vx5mxu5g08c6e1ysbfdp7z 0 202316 1575596 1455309 2026-06-20T20:53:30Z NickK 6535 picha 1575596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Paxten Aaronson NYCFC v Colorado Mar 14 2026-28 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|Paxten Aaronson]] '''Paxten Reid Aaronson''' (alizaliwa Agosti 26, [[2003]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa wa [[Marekani]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo mshambuliaji au [[winga]] kwa klabu ya FC Utrecht, kwa mkopo kutoka timu ya Eintracht Frankfurt ya Ligi ya Bundesliga na Timu ya taifa ya soka ya wanaume ya Marekani.<ref name="bg">{{cite news |last1=Ralph |first1=Matthew |title=South Jersey high school buzzing over former student's MLS debut |url=https://www.brotherlygame.com/2019/3/23/18278295/shawnee-high-school-soccer-medford-brenden-aaronson |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=Brotherly Game |date=March 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Philadelphia Union II 1–5 New York Red Bulls II |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/07/23/united-states/mls-reserve-league/bethlehem-steel/new-york-rb-ii/3284063/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Philadelphia Union Sign Academy Product Paxten Aaronson To A Homegrown Player Contract |url=https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/post/2020/08/19/philadelphia-union-sign-academy-product-paxten-aaronson-homegrown-player-contract |website=philadelphiaunion.com |date=19 August 2020 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|2003|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] srg8zhmgguui3lw1ir2bjg1kuhre00f 0 203076 1575522 1575409 2026-06-20T14:23:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Alvarez''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alicheza kama kiungo.<ref>[http://www.furmanpaladins.com/athletics/hall_of_fame/index Furman Paladins Hall of Fame]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/transactions/2000/04/19/index.html |title=April 19, 2000 Transactions |accessdate=2012-07-18 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182614/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/transactions/2000/04/19/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://keepingitheel.com/posts/aven-alvarez-of-the-north-carolina-women-s-soccer-team-gets-an-amazing-surprise-01j83qpbah16|title=Aven Alvarez of the North Carolina women's soccer team gets an amazing surprise|last=Sugar|first=Luke|date=2024-09-19|website=Keeping It Heel|access-date=2024-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/aven-alvarez/25962|title=Aven Alvarez|publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]|access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1978|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] ja723fqn7tb9s1sb3fdyisjpqfoelrz 0 204464 1575738 1540416 2026-06-21T09:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana''' (anajulikana zaidi kama Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, OSH; [[12 Novemba]] [[1651]] – 17 Aprili [[1695]]) alikuwa mwandishi, mwanafalsafa, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mshairi wa kipindi cha [[Baroko]] katika [[Hispania Mpya]] ([[Meksiko|Mexico]] na sehemu ya jirani). Pia alikuwa [[mtawa]] wa shirika la Wajeromu na alipewa majina ya "Musa wa Kumi" na "Phoenix wa Amerika" na wakosoaji wake wa wakati huo. Sor Juana alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi muhimu zaidi wa asili ya Amerika waliochangia kipindi cha Dhahabu cha Fasihi ya Kihispania, pamoja na Juan Ruiz de Alarcón na Garcilaso de la Vega "el Inca". Anahesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi wa kike mashuhuri zaidi katika fasihi ya lugha ya Kihispania na fasihi ya Mexico. Umuhimu wake kwa jamii tofauti umekuwa ukibadilika kwa muda, akiwa amependekezwa kwa utakatifu wa Kanisa Katoliki, kuonekana kama ishara ya utaifa wa Mexico, na mfano wa uhuru wa kujieleza, haki za wanawake, na utofauti wa kijinsia. Hii imemfanya kuwa mtu wa mjadala na utata mkubwa hadi leo. == Maisha == Juana alizaliwa huko San Miguel Nepantla (sasa Nepantla de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz) karibu na Jiji la Meksiko, akiwa binti wa nje ya ndoa wa Don Pedro Manuel de Asuaje y Vargas-Machuca (1602-1680), nahodha wa jeshi la majini la Kihispania kutoka Visiwa vya Canary aliyeshiriki katika usafirishaji na biashara ya kikoloni ya kuvuka Atlantiki, na Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana y Rendón (1626-1690), mwanamke mashuhuri wa ukoo wa criolla, ambaye baba yake alikuwa akikodisha Hacienda de Panoayan, karibu na Jiji la Meksiko.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Project Vox Team|title=Sor Juana (1648-1695)|url=https://projectvox.org/sor-juana-1648-1695/|url-status=live|access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref> Hacienda ya Panoayan huko Amecameca, makazi ya familia ya Ramírez de Santillana. Kuna kumbukumbu mbili tofauti za ubatizo zinazohusishwa naye, moja ikiwa na jina "Juana" mnamo 1648, na nyingine ikiwa na jina "Inés" mnamo 1651, jambo ambalo bado linajadiliwa na watafiti wa kitaaluma. Hata hivyo, kuna makubaliano kuwa alikuwa mmoja wa watoto watatu wa Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana aliowapata nje ya ndoa na Don Pedro de Asuaje. Kwa kuwa baba yake alimwacha katika umri mdogo na hakumfahamu sana, utoto wa Sor Juana ulijikita kabisa katika familia ya mama yake katika hacienda ya Panoayan huko Amecameca, iliyokuwa ikikodishwa na babu yake wa upande wa mama na ikiwa makazi ya familia pana ya Ramírez de Santillana. Miongoni mwa ndugu zake, kulikuwa na wanawake kadhaa waliobeba jina "Inés", wakiwemo bibi yake Inés de Brenes, shangazi yake Inés Ramírez de Santillana, na binamu yake wa kwanza Inés de Brenes y Mendoza, ambaye aliolewa na mjukuu wa Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán, mshairi wa kwanza wa Amerika aliyechapishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de|title=La Fe de bautismo de "Inés hija de la iglesia" de Sor Juana|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-fe-de-bautismo-de-ines-hija-de-la-iglesia-de-sor-juana-774883/html/7661e678-bc4d-467d-ab62-6756ac7edbb0_2.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|language=es|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921232019/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-fe-de-bautismo-de-ines-hija-de-la-iglesia-de-sor-juana-774883/html/7661e678-bc4d-467d-ab62-6756ac7edbb0_2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baadaye alielezewa kuwa mtoto mwenye kipaji cha ajabu. Sor Juana alipata elimu yake nyumbani katika Hacienda de Panoayan, ambako alijifunza Kilatini na Nahuatl, na pia falsafa na hisabati. Alikuwa na uhuru wa kutumia maktaba ya binafsi ya babu yake. Katika utoto wake, Inés mara nyingi alijificha katika kanisa la hacienda ili kusoma vitabu vya babu yake kutoka maktaba iliyo karibu, jambo ambalo lilikuwa marufuku kwa wasichana. Kufikia umri wa miaka mitatu, alikuwa tayari ameweza kusoma na kuandika Kilatini. Kufikia miaka mitano, aliripotiwa kuwa anaweza kufanya hesabu. Alipofikia miaka minane, aliandika shairi kuhusu Ekaristi. Kufikia ujana wake, Inés alikuwa amebobea katika mantiki ya Kigiriki, na akiwa na miaka kumi na tatu, alikuwa akifundisha watoto wadogo Kilatini. Kwa muda mrefu ilidhaniwa kuwa alijifunza pia lugha ya Nahuatl, lugha ya Waazteki, na aliandika mashairi mafupi kwa lugha hiyo akiwa mtoto, lakini utafiti wa hivi karibuni umepinga wazo hilo.<ref name=":5">Murray, Stuart (2009). The Library: An Illustrated History. Chicago: [[Skyhorse Publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8389-0991-1}}.</ref> Mnamo 1664, akiwa na umri wa miaka 16, Inés alitumwa kuishi Jiji la Meksiko. Aliomba ruhusa kwa mama yake ili ajivike mavazi ya mwanafunzi wa kiume ili aweze kujiunga na chuo kikuu kilichokuwepo huko, lakini hakufanikiwa. Bila uwezo wa kupata elimu rasmi, Juana aliendelea kujisomea binafsi. Nafasi ya kifahari ya familia yake ilimpatia nafasi ya kuwa msichana wa heshima katika mahakama ya kifalme ya makoloni, ambako alikuja kuwa chini ya ulezi wa Vicereine Donna Eleonora del Carretto, mwanachama wa moja ya familia mashuhuri zaidi za Italia, na mke wa Gavana wa New Spain, Don Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, Marquis wa Mancera. [[Faili:Claustro_de_Sor_Juana_Inés_de_la_Cruz_DSC_1099_(33088891783).jpg|thumb|Ndani ya chumba cha kulala cha Hieronymite ambapo Sor Juana alitumia muda mwingi wa maisha yake.]] Gavana Marquis de Mancera, akitaka kupima kiwango cha elimu na akili ya msichana huyo wa miaka 17, alialika wanatheolojia, wanasheria, wanafalsafa, na washairi kwenye kikao, ambacho ndani yake alipaswa kujibu maswali mengi bila maandalizi na kuelezea mada ngumu mbalimbali za kisayansi na fasihi. Namna alivyofanya iliwashangaza wote waliokuwepo na ilimpatia heshima kubwa. Mafanikio yake ya kifasihi yalimletea sifa kote New Spain. Alipendwa sana katika mahakama ya kifalme, na alipokea posa nyingi za ndoa, ambazo alizikataa. Baada ya kujiunga na utawa mnamo 1667, Sor Juana alianza kuandika mashairi na maandiko kuhusu mada kama vile mapenzi, haki za wanawake, na dini. Aliyafanya makazi yake ya utawa kuwa kituo cha mijadala, ambacho kilihudhuriwa na wanawake wa hadhi ya juu wa New Spain, wakiwemo Doña Eleonora del Carretto, Marchioness wa Mancera, na Doña Maria Luisa Gonzaga, Countess wa Paredes de Nava, wote wakiwa wake wa magavana wa New Spain. Ukosoaji wake dhidi ya mfumo dume na unafiki wa wanaume ulimletea shutuma kali kutoka kwa Askofu wa Puebla, na mnamo 1694 alilazimishwa kuuza mkusanyiko wake wa vitabu na kujitolea kwa misaada kwa maskini. Alifariki mwaka uliofuata baada ya kuambukizwa tauni alipokuwa akiwahudumia masista wenzake. [[Faili:Libro_de_obras_poéticas_de_Sor_Juana_Inés_de_la_Cruz_(1693)_en_el_MIB_(1).jpg|thumb|Libro de obras poéticas de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1693) kwenye Jumba la Makumbusho la Kimataifa la Baroko]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1651]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1695]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] s7tawxtl2gd950uxiqs1kfazgun60sq 0 205189 1575540 1511171 2026-06-20T15:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Dorothy Earlene Allison''' ([[Aprili 11]], [[1949]] – [[Novemba 6]], [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye [[kazi]] zake zilijikita katika masuala ya mapambano ya kitabaka, unyanyasaji wa kingono, unyanyasaji wa [[watoto]], uanaharakati wa kifeministi, na usagaji. Allison alijitambulisha kama ''lesbian femme''. Alishinda tuzo kadhaa za uandishi, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Lambda Literary Awards''. Mwaka 2014, alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa ''Fellowship of Southern Writers''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Jetter|first=Alexis|date=December 17, 1995|title=The Roseanne of Literature|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/17/magazine/the-roseanne-of-literature.html|access-date=October 4, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Maisha == Dorothy Earlene Allison alizaliwa Greenville, South Carolina, mnamo Aprili 11, [[1949]], kwa mama yake Ruth Gibson Allison, ambaye alikuwa na umri wa miaka 15 wakati huo. Baba yake alifariki akiwa bado [[mtoto]] mchanga. Mamake, aliyekuwa mama mlezi wa pekee, alikuwa maskini na alifanya kazi kama mhudumu wa mgahawa na mpishi. Ruth baadaye aliolewa tena, lakini akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano, Allison alianza kunyanyaswa kingono na [[baba]] yake wa kambo. Unyanyasaji huu uliendelea kwa miaka saba.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ed. Burke|first=Jennifer Clare|title=Visible: A Femmethology Vol. 2|year=2009|publisher=Homofactus Press|isbn=978-0-9785973-5-1|pages=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USlU-ZZfDaQC&q=dorothy+allison+femme}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, Allison alimweleza jamaa mmoja kuhusu unyanyasaji huo, ambaye alimwambia mama yake. Ruth alilazimisha mumewe aache kumnyanyasa Allison, na familia iliendelea kuishi pamoja. Hata hivyo, hali haikudumu, kwani baba yake wa kambo alirejelea unyanyasaji wa kingono kwa miaka mingine mitano. Allison alipitia mateso makubwa ya kiakili na kimwili, na hata alipata gonoria, ambayo haikugunduliwa wala kutibiwa hadi alipofikisha miaka 20. Ugonjwa huo ulimwacha akiwa tasa.<ref name = Green>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/08/books/dorothy-allison-dead.html|title = Dorothy Allison, Author of 'Bastard Out of Carolina,' Dies at 75|last = Green|first = Penelope|date = November 8, 2024|accessdate = November 8, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 11, Allison alihamia Florida ya Kati pamoja na familia yake. Shule ilikuwa kimbilio lake kutoka kwa maisha magumu ya nyumbani. Katika ujana wake wa mapema, alitambua mwelekeo wake wa kimapenzi kama msagaji. Allison alikuwa wa kwanza katika familia yake kuhitimu kutoka shule ya upili.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dorothy Allison|url=https://www.fellowshipofsouthernwriters.org/allison-dorothy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828113309/http://thefsw.org/page/members/elected-members/dorothy-allison|archive-date=August 28, 2015|access-date=October 4, 2020|work=The Fellowship of Southern Writers}}</ref><ref name=CAO>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Authors Online|year=2004 |publisher=Gale|location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=978-0-7876-3995-2}}</ref> == Elimu == Mwaka [[1967]], Allison alijiunga na ''Florida Presbyterian College'' (sasa inajulikana kama ''Eckerd College'') kwa ufadhili wa masomo wa ''National Merit Scholarship''. Akiwa chuoni, alijiunga na harakati za wanawake kupitia kundi la [[kifeministi]]. Alisema kuwa "wanawake wa kifeministi waliojizatiti" walimhamasisha kuandika. Pia, wakati huo, alikata uhusiano wote na familia yake hadi mwaka [[1981]]. Allison alihitimu mwaka [[1971]] kwa Shahada ya [[Sanaa]] katika anthropolojia. Baadaye, Allison alifanya masomo ya juu katika anthropolojia katika ''Florida State University'', ''The Sagaris Institute'', na ''New School for Social Research'', ambapo alipata Shahada ya Uzamili (''M.A.'') katika anthropolojia ya mijini mnamo [[1981]]. Allison alifanya kazi mbalimbali kabla ya kupata mafanikio kama mwandishi. Kuanzia mwaka [[1973]] hadi [[1974]], alikuwa mhariri wa jarida la kifeministi ''Amazing Grace'' huko Tallahassee, Florida. Wakati huo huo, alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa ''Herstore Feminist Bookstore'' mjini Tallahassee.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dorothy Allison|url=https://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/dorothy-allison/|access-date=October 1, 2020|website=www.fembio.org|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya kazi kama mhudumu wa saladi, [[mfanyakazi]] wa ndani, mlezi wa watoto, na mwalimu wa muda. Pia alifanya [[kazi]] katika kituo cha kulelea watoto, alijibu simu katika kituo cha msaada kwa waathiriwa wa ubakaji, na alikuwa karani katika ''Social Security Administration''. Katika vipindi fulani, alifundishwa mchana, na usiku alikaa kwenye chumba cha hoteli akiandika kwenye karatasi za ''yellow legal pads''. Aliandika kuhusu maisha yake, yakiwemo unyanyasaji wa kingono kutoka kwa baba yake wa kambo, mapambano dhidi ya umasikini, na hamu yake kwa wanawake. Maisha haya yalikuwa msingi wa kazi zake za baadaye.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Juncker|first=Clara|date= April 15, 2016|title=Allison, Dorothy|url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/allison-dorothy/|access-date= October 4, 2020|website=South Carolina Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Anderson|first=Kelly|date= November 18–19, 2007|title=Voices of Feminism Oral History Project: Interview with Dorothy Allison|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/vof/transcripts/Allison.pdf|access-date= October 4, 2020|website=Smith College Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dorothy Allison papers, 1965–2010 – Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries|url=https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/allisondorothy|access-date=October 4, 2020|website=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library|language=en}}</ref><ref name="a586">{{cite web | last=Vitaris | first=Paula | title=Allison to teach, develop play with Theater Emory | website=Emory University | date=February 25, 2008 | url=https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2008/February/Feb25/DorothyAllison.htm | access-date=November 12, 2024 | archive-date=2025-03-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318074648/https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2008/February/Feb25/DorothyAllison.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kitabu chake cha kwanza cha mashairi, ''The Women Who Hate Me'', kilichapishwa na ''Long Haul Press'' mwaka [[1983]]. Mwaka [[1988]], mkusanyiko wake wa kwanza wa hadithi fupi, ''Trash'', ulichapishwa na ''Firebrand Books''.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Hartt |first=Jordan |date=March 28, 2007 |title=An Interview with Dorothy Allison |publisher=Centrum |url=https://centrum.org/2007/03/an_interview_wi_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125826/http://www.centrum.org/writing/2007/03/an_interview_wi_2.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida|last=Grué|first=Mélanie|date=September 16, 2015|title=Celebrating Queer Lesbian Desires with Dorothy Allison: From moral monstrosity to the beautiful materiality of the body|url=https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/desterro/article/view/2175-8026.2015v68n2p127|journal=Ilha do Desterro |volume=68|issue=2|pages=127|doi=10.5007/2175-8026.2015v68n2p127|issn=2175-8026|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] griwxe8uzxw4bueehuqmnququb6hhl0 0 205201 1575551 1511626 2026-06-20T17:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Elvira Boni de Lacerda''' ([[Espírito Santo do Pinhal]], [[1899]] - [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[1990]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa kisiasa na kiongozi wa mgomo. <ref name=":03">{{cite book|url=https://guiadeturismornsite.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/dicionario-mulheres-do-brasil-schuma-schumaher.pdf|title=Dicionário Mulheres do Brasil|last=Zahar|first=Jorge|publisher=Le Livros|year=2017|location=|page=229|access-date=|oclc=71323343|language=pt}}</ref> Alijitambulisha kama "mwanamke wa karne iliyopita". Alikuwa binti wa wahamiaji Waitalia kutoka [[Cremona]], Angelo Boni na Tercila Achiratti Boni. Alikuwa na mawasiliano yake ya kwanza na mawazo ya ujamaa nyumbani, na baba yake ambaye alikuwa mfanyakazi wa chuma, na kaka zake. Akiwa na umri wa miaka minane, alihamia na familia yake hadi jiji la Rio de Janeiro katika mtaa wa Cordovil.<ref name=":53">{{cite web|url=https://www.cabn.libertar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/BIOGRAFIAS-DE-ANARCOFEMINISTAS.pdf|title=Biografias de Anarcofeministas|date=|access-date=|publisher=Coletivo Anarquista Bandeira Negra|last=|first=|language=pt}}</ref> Elvira alilazimika kuacha shule ili kumtunza mmoja wa ndugu zake ambaye aliugua na, kwa hivyo, hakumaliza shule ya msingi. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alianza kufanya kazi kama mwanafunzi katika karakana ya kushona. Aliolewa na Olgier Lacerda, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha [[Brazili]] (PCB), ambamo pia alishiriki katika shughuli zake, lakini bila kujiunga. <ref name=":13">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.mulher500.org.br/elvira-boni-de-lacerda-1899-1990/|title=Elvira Boni de Lacerda (1899-1990) – Mulher 500 Anos Atrás dos Panos|access-date=18 November 2018|work=www.mulher500.org.br|date=13 March 2018 |language=pt}}</ref> Mnamo [[1909]], kama matokeo ya kuenea kwa mawazo ya anarchist, Ligi ya Anticlerical ilianzishwa katika mji mkuu wa shirikisho wakati huo. Ligi ilifanya shughuli kali, ikiwa ni pamoja na kampeni iliyoitwa ''"Idalina yuko wapi?"'', ambayo ilidumu kwa miaka miwili, ikimshutumu Padre Faustino Consoni kwa ubakaji na kifo cha Idalina de Oliveira, mtoto mdogo. Katikati ya machafuko haya yote, Elvira alianza katika muungano na maisha ya kisiasa. Baada ya kupitia baadhi ya warsha za ushonaji, Elvira alilazimika kuamua kati ya kuanzisha biashara yake mwenyewe au kufanya kazi ya chama - kisha kuamua juu ya kazi ya chama. Mnamo [[Mei]] [[1919]], alianzisha, pamoja na wataalamu wengine, Muungano wa Washonaji, Wanaopiga Vita na Madarasa Wanaohusishwa, wakiendeleza mgomo wa ushindi kwa sekta hii. == Familia na miaka ya mapema == Elvira alizaliwa mwaka wa 1899 huko Espirito Santo do Pinhal, binti wa wahamiaji wa Kiitaliano kutoka Cremona, Angelo Boni na Tercila Achiratti Boni. Alikuwa na mawasiliano yake ya kwanza na mawazo ya ujamaa nyumbani <ref name=":23">{{cite thesis|url=http://gthistoriacultural.com.br/VIIsimposio/Anais/Giulia%20Brunello.pdf|title=MILITANTES QUE LEEM UM JORNAL ANARQUISTA: ANÁLISE DE UM RITO (SÃO PAULO, 1917-1935)|year=2014|access-date=|publisher=[[University of São Paulo]]|last=Brunello|first=Giulia|language=pt}}</ref> na babake ambaye alikuwa mfanya kazi wa chuma. Akiwa na umri wa miaka minane, alihamia na familia yake hadi jiji la Rio de Janeiro katika mtaa wa Cordovil. Kwa sababu ya ugonjwa ambao mmoja wa kaka zake alipata, Elvira alilazimika kuacha shule na, kwa sababu hiyo, hakumaliza shule ya msingi. Elvira daima alikuwa na mawasiliano ya moja kwa moja na kushona, alipokuwa mdogo alimtazama mama yake akishona kwenye mashine ya mkono moja kwa moja kutoka [[Italia]]. Muda mfupi baadaye, babake aliwapa mashine bora zaidi iliyokuwapo wakati huo, baraza la mawaziri la Mwimbaji. .<ref name=":63">{{cite journal|last=Moura|first=Esmeralda Blanco B. de|date=12 June 2017|title=Trabalhadoras no lar: reflexões sobre o trabalho domiciliar em São Paulo nos primeiros anos da República|url=http://ojs.uem.br/ojs/index.php/Dialogos/article/view/37608|journal=Diálogos|volume=4|issue=1|pages=161–184|issn=2177-2940|language=pt|archive-date=2018-11-29|access-date=2025-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129054340/http://ojs.uem.br/ojs/index.php/Dialogos/article/view/37608|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 alianza kufanya kazi kama mwanafunzi katika karakana ya kushona. Kwa hivyo, akiwa na umri wa miaka 17, 18, Elvira alikuwa tayari akijishonea yeye na dada zake. Ushonaji wakati huo uliibuka kuwa mojawapo ya shughuli kuu zilizofanywa nyumbani na wanawake waliokuwa na watoto, lakini ambao walihitaji kufanya kazi. Alilelewa katika jamii yenye upendeleo wa uhuru, baba yake, Angelo, alikaribia uasi kutokana na urafiki aliofanya na fundi viatu [[Mhispania]] aitwaye Francisco Carrillo na Mwitaliano anayeitwa Stefano Guacchi, ambaye alijadiliana naye usiku kucha kuhusu makala alizosoma katika magazeti ya Italia. Marafiki hawa walikuwa na jukumu la kumtambulisha Angelo kwa 'Dante Alighieri Socialist Circle' iliyoanzishwa huko Pinhal. Mama yake, Mkatoliki mwenye bidii, pia alishughulikia mawazo ya uasi chini ya daraka la mume wake, ambaye alipopata makala ya kuvutia kuhusu mandhari ya kupinga ukarani angemsomea. Familia nzima ya Elvira, kwa hiyo, ilihusiana na uasi kwa njia fulani, mfano ambao ulikuwa kaka yake, ambaye wakati fulani alikamatwa kwa kueneza jarida la Jornal Espartacus huko Rio de Janeiro ambalo pia lilisababisha kufukuzwa kwake kazini.<ref name=":23"/> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] f1jxlwi75h6bm6s8h1etkoufxa010as 0 205552 1575782 1516611 2026-06-21T11:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Katie Lane Thurston''' (alizaliwa [[Januari 3]], [[1991]])<ref name= "birth">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CJkLgspMT-H/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CJkLgspMT-H |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|author=Katie Thurston|date=January 3, 2021|title= Today marks the last day of my twenties…|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ni mtu mashuhuri wa [[televisheni]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu kitaifa kama mshiriki wa msimu wa 25 wa kipindi cha ''The Bachelor'', na kama nyota wa msimu wa 17 wa kipindi cha ''The Bachelorette''. == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Thurston alilelewa huko Lynnwood, Washington. <ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/the-bachelor/katie-thurston/|title=Katie Thurston on The Bachelor: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|work=[[Heavy (website)|Heavy]]|first=Adam|last=Stites|date=February 8, 2021|accessdate=March 15, 2021|archive-date=2024-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722044004/https://heavy.com/entertainment/the-bachelor/katie-thurston/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alicheza nafasi ya libero katika timu ya voliboli ya Shule ya Upili ya Lynnwood. <ref name= "bio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldnet.com/uncategorized/royals-look-for-seniors-to-lead/|title=Royals look for seniors to lead|work=[[The Everett Herald]]|first=David|last=Pan|date=March 3, 2008|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}</ref> == Kazi ya Televisheni == '''''The Bachelor''''' * Thurston alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kama mshiriki katika msimu wa Matt James wa kipindi cha The Bachelor, ambapo alimaliza katika nafasi ya 11 baada ya kuondolewa katika wiki ya 6. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/rentons-katie-thurston-eliminated-from-the-bachelor-amid-rumors-she-may-be-next-bachelorette/|title=Renton's Katie Thurston eliminated from 'The Bachelor' amid rumors she may be next 'Bachelorette'|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|last=Owen|first=Rob|date=February 9, 2021|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}</ref> Wakati wake katika kipindi cha The Bachelor, Thurston alipendwa sana na mashabiki baada ya kupinga uonevu ndani ya nyumba. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/bachelor-contestant-praised-for-standing-up-to-bullying-from-other-women-060506813.html|title='Bachelor' contestant praised for standing up to bullying from other women|work=[[Yahoo!]]|first=Kylie|last=Mar|date=January 26, 2021|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}</ref> == The Bachelorette == {{Main|The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 17}} * Thurston na Michelle Young walitangazwa kuwa viongozi wa misimu mfululizo ya The Bachelorette mnamo Machi 15, 2021, wakati wa kipindi maalum cha Bachelor msimu wa 25 cha After the Final Rose. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-bachelorette-renewed-season-17-18-2021-katie-thurston-michelle-young-1234715310/|title='The Bachelorette' To Air 2 Seasons In 2021 Starring Katie Thurston & Michelle Young |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=March 15, 2021|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}</ref> '''''Bachelor In Paradise''''' * Thurston alionekana kama mgeni kwenye Msimu wa 9 Kipindi cha 8 cha Bachelor in Paradise ambapo alisaidia washiriki kushiriki katika onyesho la vichekesho vya kusimama (stand-up comedy roast). <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2023-11-17 |title=Bachelor in Paradise Season 9 Episode 8 Recap: 2nd try at the same love and the 1st Paradise roast |url=https://abc7chicago.com/bachelor-in-paradise-season-9-episode-8-recap/14075319/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=ABC7 Chicago |language=en}}</ref> '''''FBOY Island''''' * Mnamo Julai 10, 2023, Thurston alitangazwa kuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa msimu wa 3 wa FBOY Island ya The CW. <ref name=":0"/> == Maisha Binafsi == Kabla ya kuonekana kwenye kipindi cha The Bachelor, Thurston alifanya kazi kama meneja wa masoko wa benki huko Renton, [[Washington]], na pia alikuwa amepata wafuasi wengi kwenye mtandao wa kijamii wa TikTok kwa ucheshi wake wa watu wazima na video zinazounga mkono kujamiiana kwa njia chanya. <ref name= "bio"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/meet-the-two-seattle-area-women-competing-on-the-next-season-of-the-bachelor/|title=Meet the two Seattle-area women competing on the next season of 'The Bachelor'|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|last=Owen|first=Rob|date=December 31, 2020|access-date=December 31, 2020|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105200529/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/meet-the-two-seattle-area-women-competing-on-the-next-season-of-the-bachelor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tangu kuigiza kwenye kipindi cha The Bachelorette, Thurston amefuatilia kazi ya vichekesho vya kusimama (stand-up comedy). <ref name=":0" /> Thurston alikuwa amechumbiwa na Blake Moynes, ambaye alimchagua kama mshindi kwenye msimu wa 17 wa The Bachelorette. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title= Katie Thurston Gets Engaged to Blake Moynes on The Bachelorette Finale: 'This Was Meant to Be'|url= https://people.com/tv/katie-thurston-gets-engaged-to-blake-moynes-bachelorette-finale/|access-date=August 9, 2021|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en}}</ref> Walitangaza kutengana kwao kwa pamoja mnamo [[Oktoba]] [[2021]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=October 25, 2021|title=Katie Thurston and Blake Moynes Split 2 Months After Engagement Airs|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/katie-thurston-blake-moynes-split-after-bachelorette-engagement/|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwezi uliofuata, alithibitisha kwamba alikuwa kwenye uhusiano na John Hersey, mshiriki kwenye msimu wake ambaye aliondolewa katika wiki ya pili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://people.com/tv/katie-thurston-exploring-romantic-connection-john-hersey-after-blake-moynes-breakup/|title = Katie Thurston is Exploring 'Romantic Connection' with John Hersey After Blake Moynes Breakup}}</ref> Thurston na Hersey walitengana mnamo [[Juni]] [[2022]]. <ref>{{cite web|last=Pettibone|first=Kat|title=Bachelorette's Katie Thurston and John Hersey Seemingly Split After Less Than a Year of Dating: 'We Aren't Together'|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/bachelorettes-katie-thurston-john-hersey-seemingly-split-details/|website=[[Us Weekly]]|date=June 20, 2022 }}</ref> Mnamo [[Juni 14]], [[2024]], Thurston alithibitisha kuwa yuko kwenye uhusiano na mchekeshaji Jeff Arcuri, ambaye alianza kuchumbiana naye mnamo Mei 2024. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title= Former Bachelorette Katie Thurston Reveals She’s Dating Comedian Jeff Arcuri|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/bachelorettes-katie-thurston-is-dating-comedian-jeff-arcuri/|website=[[Us Weekly]]|date=June 14, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo [[Septemba 15]], Thurston na Arcuri walitangaza uchumba wao. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title= Former Bachelorette Katie Thurston Is Engaged to Jeff Arcuri After Less Than 1 Year of Dating|url= https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/former-bachelorette-katie-thurston-is-engaged-to-jeff-arcuri/|website=[[Us Weekly]]|date=September 15, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo [[Februari]] [[2025]], alitangaza kuwa amegunduliwa na saratani ya matiti. <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/katie-thurston-has-breast-cancer-instagram-announcement-11680602|title=Bachelorette Alum Katie Thurston, 34, Announces She Has Breast Cancer: ‘Ready to Fight This’|magazine=People|first=Bailey|last=Richards|date=February 15, 2025|access-date=February 15, 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] g0yfymbuh2psv7ktrvaqr7gvgdrvwt5 0 208095 1575710 1448522 2026-06-21T07:22:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennifer Mboyo Bonsenge''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Jeny Bonsenge''' au kwa jina la '''Jeny BSG''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Roderick Bendi|title=Jeny Bosenge dévoile son documentaire “Jeny Bsg The Documentary Part 1-2”|url=https://www.lemag.cd/musique/2022/11/15/jeny-bosenge-devoile-son-documentaire-jeny-bsg-documentary-part-1-2|date=15 novembre 2022|accessdate=4 mai 2024}}</ref>) ni mcheza dansi, mwandishi wa nyimbo na mwalimu wa dansi nchini [[Ubelgiji]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. == Wasifu == === Ujana === Bonsenge alikulia Molenbeek, [[Ubelgiji]] <ref name="RTL">{{Rejea tovuti|title=La danseuse Jeny Bonsenge sacrée "Etoile de Molenbeek" par sa commune: "Pour moi c'est comme un miracle" (vidéo)|url=https://www.rtl.be/people/potins/la-danseuse-jeny-bonsenge-sacree-etoile-de-molenbeek-par-sa-commune-merci-merci-merci-video--1202132.aspx|date=8 mars 2020|accessdate=20 mars 2022}}</ref> . === Kazi === Mnamo 2019, video ambayo Jeny na mwanafunzi wake Anae Romyns <ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.france.tv/france-2/je-t-aime-etc/799821-prodige-de-la-danse-a-seulement-8-ans.html|date=2018-11-05|title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|access-date=2025-06-19|archivedate=2025-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619105102/https://www.france.tv/france-2/je-t-aime-etc/799821-prodige-de-la-danse-a-seulement-8-ans.html}}</ref> ilisambaa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii. Umakini huu uliwaongoza kwenye seti ya kipindi cha televisheni [[Marekani|cha Marekani]] ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Rédaction|title=DIASPORA : Jeny Bonsenge et Anae Romyns cartonnent sur la toile et CNN avec « La Katangaise » de DJ Samarino|url=https://www.afriwave.com/2019/11/03/diaspora-jeny-bonsenge-et-anae-romyns-cartonnent-sur-la-toile-et-cnn-avec-la-katangaise-de-dj-samarino/|date=2019-11-03|accessdate=2022-03-19|archive-date=2022-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416181325/https://www.afriwave.com/2019/11/03/diaspora-jeny-bonsenge-et-anae-romyns-cartonnent-sur-la-toile-et-cnn-avec-la-katangaise-de-dj-samarino/|url-status=dead}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quand le Congo fait danser sur des plateaux étrangers {{!}} Le Soft international|url=http://www.lesoftonline.net/articles/quand-le-congo-fait-danser-sur-des-plateaux-%C3%A9trangers|accessdate=2022-03-19}}</ref>,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=Fl.G|title=VIDÉOS {{!}} Anae et Jeny, les danseuses belges validées par Meghan Markle et Ellen DeGeneres|url=https://www.lavenir.net/buzz/2019/11/02/videos-anae-et-jeny-les-danseuses-belges-validees-par-meghan-markle-et-ellen-degeneres-K53ILOAUQ5B25LQDZAJSUOKT3E/|date=2024-05-04|accessdate=2024-05-04}}</ref> . Mnamo 2024, alifanya kazi kwa watu mashuhuri kama [[Fally Ipupa]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jeny Bosenge clarifie son choix musical exclusif de danser sur les chansons de Fally Ipupa|url=https://enquete.cd/2024/04/25/jeny-bosenge-clarifie-son-choix-musical-exclusif-de-danser-sur-les-chansons-de-fally-ipupa/|date=25 avril 2024|accessdate=4 mai 2024}}</ref>, Aya Nakamura na [[Burna Boy]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Danse : Jeny Bonsenge, la chorégraphe que les stars s'arrachent|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/weekend/spectacles-musique/danse-jeny-bonsenge-la-choregraphe-que-les-stars-sarrachent-2044687|date=2024-01-06|accessdate=2024-05-19}}</ref> . == Tuzo == Mnamo 2020, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Nyota ya Mwaka <ref name="voilà">{{Rejea tovuti|title=people- la danseuse Jeny Bonsenge reçoit deux nouvelles récompenses en Belgique|url=https://voila.cd/people-la-danseuse-jeny-bonsenge-recoit-deux-nouvelles-recompenses-en-belgique/|date=7 mars 2020}}</ref> na manispaa ya Molenbeek-Saint-Jean kwa kumfanya Molenbeek kukua na kukuza sura ya manispaa nchini Ubelgiji na kote ulimwenguni <ref name="RTL"/> . Siku hiyo hiyo, pia alipokea diploma ya ufunuo wa mwaka kutoka kwa [[Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali|NGO]] ya Vitrine Africaine kwa matendo yake yote ya kiraia kukuza [[Diaspora ya Waafrika|diaspora ya Afrika]] <ref name="voilà" /> . == Maisha binafsi== Tarehe 3 Oktoba 2021, alipakia picha ya uso wake uliokuwa umeharibiwa kwa kipigo kutoka kwa mume wake wa zamani, Bryan Bule Lambula. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title="Le coup que j'ai reçu c'était le dernier": l'affaire de violences conjugales entre Jeny Bosenge et Dr Idéologie examinée demain|url=http://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/faits-divers/le-coup-que-jai-recu-cetait-le-dernier-laffaire-de-violences-conjugales-entre/2022-10-27/article/497473|date=2022-10-27|accessdate=2024-05-19}}</ref> . Alipatikana na hatia mwaka mmoja baadaye, na alikiri miaka miwili baadaye kuwa alimnyanyasa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Tony Chalot|title=Docteur Idéologie reconnaît avoir harcelé la danseuse et chorégraphe Jeny Bosenge, son ex-compagne|url=https://www.sudinfo.be/id748338/article/2023-11-20/docteur-ideologie-reconnait-avoir-harcele-la-danseuse-et-choregraphe-jeny|date=20 novembre 2023|accessdate=4 mai 2024}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Youtube|id=k7j9SkDRSFc}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 20miiflsjek4vqzhgr4ixmv1wjz3li2 4 208508 1575517 1575274 2026-06-20T14:15:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-20) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-20)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 668 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 733 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2823 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1365 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1156 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 550 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 454 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1426 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30656 || ↓ -5.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2719 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1426 || ↑ +1161.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1304 || ↑ +19.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +60.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 704 || ↓ -4.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 655 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 550 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 486 || ↓ -3.0% |- | 9 || [[Australia]] || 482 || ↑ +29.6% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 473 || ↑ +8.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 121 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} imj4ie1my3gsddxxu5ggvftlz40et5h 1575519 1575517 2026-06-20T14:17:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-20) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-20)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 668 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 733 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2823 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1365 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1156 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 550 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 454 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1426 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30656 || ↓ -5.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2719 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1426 || ↑ +1161.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1304 || ↑ +19.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +60.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 704 || ↓ -4.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 655 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 550 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 486 || ↓ -3.0% |- | 9 || [[Australia]] || 482 || ↑ +29.6% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 473 || ↑ +8.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 121 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 2755krnxihfky2drqy3y4d3gweht5rj 1575589 1575519 2026-06-20T19:45:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-20) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-20)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 668 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 733 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2823 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1365 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1156 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 550 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 454 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1426 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30656 || ↓ -5.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2719 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1426 || ↑ +1161.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1304 || ↑ +19.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +60.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 704 || ↓ -4.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 655 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 550 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 486 || ↓ -3.0% |- | 9 || [[Australia]] || 482 || ↑ +29.6% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 473 || ↑ +8.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 121 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} swp26cyup65ml55qu08joqueoeclyb3 1575590 1575589 2026-06-20T19:47:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-20) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-20)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 668 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 733 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2823 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1365 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1156 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 550 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 427 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 763 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 302 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 454 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 460 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 280 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 473 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1426 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30666 || ↓ -5.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2719 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1426 || ↑ +1161.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1304 || ↑ +19.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +60.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 704 || ↓ -4.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 655 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 550 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 486 || ↓ -3.0% |- | 9 || [[Australia]] || 482 || ↑ +29.6% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 473 || ↑ +8.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 120 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 4xk8227whbxlaj5xfxw7r3t1x7664ak 1575675 1575590 2026-06-21T04:48:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 685 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2832 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1350 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30666 || ↓ -5.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 178.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2719 || ↓ -12.3% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1426 || ↑ +1161.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1304 || ↑ +19.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 763 || ↑ +60.3% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 704 || ↓ -4.6% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 655 || ↓ -1.9% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 550 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 486 || ↓ -3.0% |- | 9 || [[Australia]] || 482 || ↑ +29.6% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 473 || ↑ +8.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 120 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} kzgbxoojb8pg7o8ljfaljnpds7w4g1r 1575678 1575675 2026-06-21T04:58:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 685 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2832 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1350 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 13419 || ↑ +8.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 78.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 4 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 5 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 455 || ↓ -60.3% |- | 9 || [[Singapuri]] || 396 || ↑ +224.6% |- | 10 || [[Hispania]] || 303 || ↑ +5.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 120 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} ihsqbnm8r8fgn9xeyndlfbrrv5vz4e4 1575761 1575678 2026-06-21T09:58:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 654 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2741 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1303 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 455 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34935 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 13419 || ↑ +8.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 78.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 4 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 5 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 455 || ↓ -60.3% |- | 9 || [[Singapuri]] || 396 || ↑ +224.6% |- | 10 || [[Hispania]] || 303 || ↑ +5.2% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 650 || 44.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 127 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 120 || 8.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 8ibbj7uqgchyjcczxn3jpz0ywdlfpx7 1575762 1575761 2026-06-21T09:59:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 654 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2741 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1303 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 455 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34937 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30887 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 122 || 8.4% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} ptd3vemzr1u7wvvktz8hlcf6vr1z937 0 208684 1575733 1441757 2026-06-21T09:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Josiah Mason |picha = Josiah mason henrypenn.png |maelezo_ya_picha = Picha ya Mason 1870 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 23 Februari 1795 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mill Street, Kidderminster, England |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 16 Juni 1881 (Akiwa na miaka 86) |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Uhisani |kazi_yake = Mfanyabiashara ya Viwanda |nchi = England }} '''Josiah Mason''' (23 Februari [[1795]] – 16 Juni [[1881]]) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa viwanda wa nchini [[Uingereza]], alijihusisha na uzalishaji wa kalamu na biashara nyingine na mfadhili. Alianzisha chuo cha Sayansi cha Mason mwaka [[1875]] ambacho baadaye kiliitwa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/academic-history/foundation.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709174147/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/academic-history/foundation.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{BD|1795|1881}} [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] 9oxbtrvtclryuufmvj1clginyy44bl7 1575778 1575733 2026-06-21T11:24:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Josiah Mason |picha = Josiah mason henrypenn.png |maelezo_ya_picha = Picha ya Mason 1870 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 23 Februari 1795 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mill Street, Kidderminster, England |tarehe_ya_kufariki = 16 Juni 1881 (Akiwa na miaka 86) |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Uhisani |kazi_yake = Mfanyabiashara ya Viwanda |nchi = England }} '''Josiah Mason''' (23 Februari [[1795]] – 16 Juni [[1881]]) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa viwanda wa nchini [[Uingereza]], alijihusisha na uzalishaji wa kalamu na biashara nyingine na mfadhili. Alianzisha chuo cha Sayansi cha Mason mwaka [[1875]] ambacho baadaye kiliitwa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Birmingham]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/academic-history/foundation.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709174147/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/academic-history/foundation.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{BD|1795|1881}} [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] jk3wiyh454i6g7esno8qgkqquwsih88 0 208818 1575437 1517156 2026-06-20T12:23:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiongeza cha kaboni''' ni [[dutu]] inayoongezwa kwenye [[chuma]] kilichoyeyushwa. Aina za viongeza hivi ni pamoja na ''petroli koki iliyochomwa (calcined petroleum coke)'', ''grafiti ya petroli koki'', ''makaa ya mawe ya anthracite yaliyopikwa (calcined anthracite coal)'', ''anthracite ya umeme (electrical calcined anthracite)'' na ''grafiti asilia (natural graphite)''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=煅后焦-专用增碳剂-辽宁石油焦增碳剂 - 盘锦嘉碳新材料有限公司|url=https://www.ghighcarbon.cn/|work=www.ghighcarbon.cn|accessdate=2025-07-10}}</ref> Kwa sekta ya utengenezaji wa chuma, aina bora kabisa ya kiongeza cha kaboni ni ''petroli koki iliyochomwa'' yenye kiwango cha kaboni kisichopungua asilimia 98.5. Kiwango cha ''salfa (sulphur)'' katika petroli koki iliyochomwa ni kipengele muhimu sana, kwani salfa huathiri moja kwa moja ubora wa chuma kinachozalishwa — kadri salfa inavyopungua, ndivyo ubora wa petroli koki unavyoongezeka. Kiwango cha salfa katika petroli koki iliyochomwa kinategemea moja kwa moja salfa iliyopo kwenye malighafi ya petroli koki. Kaskazini Mashariki mwa China ndicho chanzo pekee duniani chenye petroli koki ya salfa ya chini (isiyozidi asilimia 0.5).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=煅后焦-专用增碳剂-辽宁石油焦增碳剂 - 盘锦嘉碳新材料有限公司|url=https://www.ghighcarbon.cn/|work=www.ghighcarbon.cn|accessdate=2025-07-10}}</ref> '''G-High Carbon''' imekuwa chanzo kikuu cha kuaminika kwa makampuni mengi ya biashara na viwanda vya metallurgi vinavyotafuta viongeza vya kaboni vyenye ubora wa hali ya juu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=煅后焦-专用增碳剂-辽宁石油焦增碳剂 - 盘锦嘉碳新材料有限公司|url=https://www.ghighcarbon.cn/|work=www.ghighcarbon.cn|accessdate=2025-07-10}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== <references /> [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:kemia]] dzncglmijxkhndxszsmathpdcdkdxgx 0 211791 1575457 1558724 2026-06-20T13:17:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Demere Kitunga | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Tanzania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Mhamasishaji, mfeministi | kazi_yake = | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = Hayati Profesa Seithy Loth Chachage | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = Chambi Chachage, [[Mkunde Chachage]], Rehema Chachage | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Demere Kitunga''' ni [[Tanzania|Mtanzania]] mtetezi wa [[Ufeministi|haki za wanawake]], mwandishi na mhamasishaji wa kusoma na kuandika. Ni mwanzilishi mwenza na mkurugenzi wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali '''la Soma''', ambalo linafanya kazi ya kukuza tabia za usomaji na kuandika nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kupitia ''Soma'', Kitunga ilianzisha miradi mbali mbali kama vile ''Soma Book Café'', ambayo inatoa nafasi ya umma kwa matukio ya kifasihi na mijadala. Pia aliunda ''Vavagaa'', jukwaa la kusimulia hadithi ambalo linashughulikia masuala ya [[Taasubi ya kiume|mfumo dume]] na kukuza [[usawa wa kijinsia]] kupitia ushiriki wa jamii. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Francis|first=Lukelo|date=2023-06-13|title=Vavagaa: A Feminist Storytelling Platform Seeking to Disrupt Tired Narratives - The Chanzo|url=https://thechanzo.com/2023/06/13/vavagaa-a-feminist-storytelling-platform-seeking-to-disrupt-tired-narratives/|accessdate=2024-11-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2016-03-24|title=Demere Kitunga|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/|accessdate=2024-11-17|work=African Feminist Forum|language=en-US}}</ref> Kama mwandishi, Kitunga huchangia katika vikundi mbalimbali vya [[fasihi]] na wanawake, vikiwemo Kisima cha Mashairi na Muungano wa Ushairi wa Waka. Kazi yake mara nyingi hushughulikia mada za uhuru wa mwili, haki za uzazi, na usawa wa kijamii. Kazi zake za uhamasishaji pia zinaunga mkono vuguvugu na harakati za kupunguza mgawanyiko wa kidijitali . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|date=2016-01-31|title=Demere Kitunga|url=https://badilishapoetry.com/demere-kitunga/|accessdate=2024-11-17|work=badilishapoetry.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204165931/https://badilishapoetry.com/demere-kitunga/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-04-01|title=Cultivating a reading and story writing culture|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/success/-cultivating-a-reading-and-story-writing-culture-2665234|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Kitunga alizaliwa Tanzania, Afrika Mashariki. Ana watoto wanne pamoja na hayati Profesa Seithy Loth Chachage, akiwemo [[Mkunde Chachage]], mtafiti wa masuala ya afya nchini Tanzania, Chambi Chachage, mtafiti [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton]], [[Marekani|Marekani,]] na Rehema Chachage, msanii wa picha na mhadhiri wa Chuo Kikuu cha Applied arts, Vienna, Austria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CHACHAGE Rehema Seithy|url=https://www.akbild.ac.at/en/university/staff/D75A1EC1F3D32F56|accessdate=2025-03-16|work=Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien|language=en}}</ref> Kitunga amefanya kazi katika ulimwengu wa fasihi kama mwandishi, mfasiri na mchapishaji. Mnamo mwaka wa 2007, Kitunga aliungana na wengine kuanzisha taasisi ya ''E&D Readership and Development Agency'', inayojulikana pia kama ''Soma'', shirika lisilo la faida lililolenga kuhimiza kusoma na kuandika, na kusimulia hadithi nchini Tanzania. Taasisi hii hufanya kazi pamoja na ''E&D Vision Publishing'', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=E&D Vision Publishers Limited|url=https://edvisionpublishing.co.tz/about|accessdate=2025-03-21|work=edvisionpublishing.co.tz|archive-date=2025-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320171444/https://edvisionpublishing.co.tz/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> ambapo Kitunga pia amekua akiunga mkono waandishi wa Kitanzania. Mnamo 2004, aliandika kitabu ''Lupompo'' ''and the Baby Monkey''. Aliwahi kutafsiri kitabu cha ''When Trees Walked'' katika lugha yake ya asili ya Kiswahili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Demere Kitunga|url=https://www.barrancapress.com/demere-kitunga|accessdate=2024-11-18|work=Barranca Press|language=en-US}}</ref> Mbali na taaluma yake ya fasihi Kitunga pia ameandika na kuonekana katika makala na vitabu vya utafiti vikiwemo: ''Reflections on Activism in Africa'' <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Hodgson |first=Dorothy L. |date=2007 |editor-last=Arnfred |editor-first=Signe |editor2-last=Gouws |editor2-first=Amanda |editor3-last=Chacha |editor3-first=Babere Kerata |editor4-last=Mbilinyi |editor4-first=Marjorie |editor5-last=Rusimbi |editor5-first=Mary |editor6-last=Chachage |editor6-first=Chachage S. L. |editor7-last=Kitunga |editor7-first=Demere |title=Reflections on Activism in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27649722 |journal=Women's Studies Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=3/4 |pages=314–316 |issn=0732-1562 |jstor=27649722}}</ref> (pamoja na mwenzake [[Marjorie Mbilinyi]] ), On Being Counted: Gender, Property, and "the Family" <ref>{{Citation|last=Chung|first=Youjin B.|title=ON BEING COUNTED: Gender, Property, and "the Family"|date=2023|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/jj.130884.9|pages=90–104|series=Gender Politics and Liminality in Tanzania's New Enclosures|periodical=Sweet Deal, Bitter Landscape|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/jj.130884.9?searchtext="demere+kitunga"&searchuri=/action/dobasicsearch?query="demere+kitunga"&acc=on&wc=on&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:51c14ad3f261c599b9bb745a86826020|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|isbn=978-1-5017-7201-6|jstor=10.7591/jj.130884.9|access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref> na ''Struggles Over Patriarchal Structural Adjustment in Tanzania''. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mbilinyi |first=Marjorie |date=1993 |title=Struggles over Patriarchal Structural Adjustment in Tanzania |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030264 |journal=Focus on Gender |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=26–29 |doi=10.1080/09682869308519978 |issn=0968-2864 |jstor=4030264 |pmid=12320727 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Uhamasishaji == Kitunga ni mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu, mwanaharakati wa fasihi, na mfeminia ambaye anahamasisha usomaji kama njia ya kuelimisha na kujenga uwezo. Mradi wake wa "E&D Readership and Development" ulianzishwa kwa mtazamo wa kifeministi, ukisisitiza usawa wa kijinsia na kuinua utamaduni. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women's Activism in Africa: Struggles for Rights and Representation|last=Aili Mari|first=Tripp|date=2017-02-15|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|isbn=978-1-78360-911-6|editor-last=Badri|editor-first=Balghis|editor-link=Balghis Badri|language=en|chapter=Women's Rights in Tanzania|editor-last2=Tripp|editor-first2=Aili Mari|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHxjDgAAQBAJ&dq=E&pg=RA2-PT93}}</ref> Shirika pia linatanguliza matumizi ya utafiti ili kuonyesha umuhimu wa kusoma, kuandika, na ubunifu kwa watoto nchini Tanzania. Uhamasishaji wake unatumia njia ya ushauri na ulezi. Kitunga ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa Mpango wa Mtandao wa Jinsia Tanzania (''Tanzania Gender Networking Programme'') <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=TGNP – Tanzania Gender Networking Program|url=https://tgnp.or.tz/|accessdate=2025-03-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330001846/https://tgnp.or.tz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ambao unakuza usawa wa kijinsia nchini Tanzania. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-03-29|title=A leading feminist's juggling act as she advocates literacy|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/-a-leading-feminist-s-juggling-act-as-she-advocates-literacy-3340886|accessdate=2024-11-21|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] 31vx2f0pp2esldexrw9cg9zn697471x 0 211897 1575764 1445961 2026-06-21T10:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jumana Mikhail Hanna''' (anajulikana pia kwa jina la '''Jumana Hanna'''; alizaliwa [[1962]]) ni [[mwanamke]] ambaye alikamatwa katika kituo kinachojulikana kama Al Kelab Al Sayba, au ''Mbwa Waliyoruhusiwa'', wakati wa utawala wa [[Saddam Hussein]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuunda hadithi kuhusu kifungo chake nchini [[Iraq]], ambayo ilionekana katika ukurasa wa mbele wa Washington Post.<ref name="ibrahim">{{cite news|last=Ibrahim|first=Youssef M. |date=12 Januari 2005|title=Outside View: Fiction destroys U.S. credibility|url=[http://www.upi.com/Outside-View-Fiction-destroys-US-credibility/67721105545143/|agency=\[[United](http://www.upi.com/Outside-View-Fiction-destroys-US-credibility/67721105545143/|agency=[[United) Press International]]|access-date=15 Julai 2018}}</ref> == Asili == Hanna alizaliwa mwaka 1962 katika familia ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Kanisa la Asiria|Waashuru]] nchini Iraq. Mama yake alikuwa binti ya mfanyabiashara wa chuma, na baba yake alikuwa mfamasia. Familia yao iliishi katika mtaa wa Karrada huko [[Baghdad]] na Hanna alikuwa mtoto wa pekee.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807092930/http://www.visualstatistics.net/East-West/Jumana%20Hanna/Jumana%20Hanna.htm Jumana Hanna and Sara Solovitch]}}</ref> == Hadithi ya Washington Post == Hanna alijulikana sana baada ya kuchapishwa katika makala ya Washington Post mwaka 2003. Mwaka huo, Hanna alirudi kwenye gereza la Al Kelab Al Sayba ambapo alikuwa amekamatwa, akimwambia waandishi wa habari kwamba alikuwa amekamatwa na kuteswa katika kituo hicho, na kwamba mume wake alikuwa ameuawa katika gereza lililokuwa karibu.<ref name="VoA">{{cite news|title=Iraqi Woman Profits From False Testimony|url=[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-03-03-voa41-66917457/377152.html|agency=[[Voice](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-03-03-voa41-66917457/377152.html|agency=[[Voice) of America]]|date=28 Oktoba 2009|access-date=15 Julai 2018}}</ref> Alirudi gerezani ili kuwatambua wanajeshi wa polisi wa Iraq ambao alisema walimtesa yeye na wengine wakati wa kukamatwa kwake, pamoja na kuzungumzia hadithi ya kukamatwa kwake kwa Washington Post. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Iraq]] fe46tu24cjwb1i4bqxdjjnbhjf29pqt 0 216154 1575659 1514223 2026-06-21T03:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hossein Sadri''' ni [[Msomaji|msomi]] na [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] mwenye asili ya Kiazabajani nchini [[Irani]]. Kwa sasa anafanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa programu ya MArch katika Chuo Kikuu cha Coventry.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hossein Sadri|url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hos-adri-sadri|work=Coventry University|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en-GB|archive-date=2025-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017021857/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hos-adri-sadri|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Kati ya  mwaka [[2010]] na [[2021|2021,]] Sadri alifanya kazi kama profesa wa [[usanifu majengo]] na usanifu wa miji katika Chuo Kikuu cha Girne American ambako alishikilia wadhifa wa mkuu wa kitivo cha usanifu majengo, ubunifu na sanaa nzuri kati ya mwaka [[2012]] hadi [[2016]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Message of the Dean|url=http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty|work=architecture.gau.edu.tr|accessdate=2025-10-20}}</ref> Pia amewahi kushika nyadhifa za kitaaluma za ufundishaji na utafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Azad cha [[Tabriz]] nchini Irani kuanzia mwaka [[2003]] hadi [[2005]], Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Azerbaijan mwaka [[2006]], Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani kilichopo [[Canterbury]] nchi ya [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[2011]], na Chuo Kikuu cha Jiji la New York kilichopo nchi ya [[Marekani|Mareakani]] mwaka [[2018]]. Alisomea kozi za [[shahada ya kwanza]] na wahitimu katika idara za usanifu, falsafa, na sayansi ya [[mazingira]] na sera katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu cha Azad cha Tabriz nchini Irani kuanzia mwaka [[1997]] hadi [[2005]], Chuo Kikuu cha Gazi kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2010]], Chuo Kikuu cha Hacettepe mwaka [[2007]], na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ufundi cha Yildiz]] mnamo mwaka [[2007]] nchini [[Uturuki]], pamoja na Chuo Kikuu cha Ulaya ya Kati nchini [[Hungaria]] mnamo mwaka [[2007]] na [[2008]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Message of the Dean|url=http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty|work=architecture.gau.edu.tr|accessdate=2025-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Editorial Team|url=https://www.formacivitatis.com/index.php/journal/about/editorialTeamBio/62|work=www.formacivitatis.com|accessdate=2025-10-20}}</ref> Utafiti wake ulishinda tuzo kadhaa, zikiwemo Mfuko wa Utafiti wa Taasisi ya Kifalme ya Wasanifu majengo wa Uingeraza mwaka [[2025]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RIBA Research Fund|url=https://www.riba.org/learn/bursaries-and-scholarships/riba-research-fund/|work=www.riba.org|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en}}</ref> Pia alishinda Tuzo ya Kitaifa ya Irani kwa Utafiti na Masomo kwa miaka mitatu mfululizo na akapokea ufadhili wa utafiti wa Shahada ya Uzamivu kutoka Baraza la Utafiti wa kisayansi na Kiteknolojia la Türkiye.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hossein Sadri|url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hos-adri-sadri|work=Coventry University|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en-GB|archive-date=2025-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017021857/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hos-adri-sadri|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa mhariri mwenza wa kitabu kinachoitwa Miji bila Mfumo wa kibepari,ambacho kilitanguliwa na dibaji ya Peter Marcuse na kuchapishwa na Routledge mwaka [[2022]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cities Without Capitalism|url=https://www.routledge.com/Cities-Without-Capitalism/Sadri-Zeybekoglu/p/book/9781032043067|work=Routledge & CRC Press|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en}}</ref> Tasnifu yake ya [[Shahada ya Uzamivu]] iliyopewa jina Usanifu wa majengo na Haki za Kibinadamu ilikuwa utafiti wa fani mbalimbali kuhusu nafasi ya [[Haki za binadamu|haki za binadamu.]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Turkish News - Latest News from Turkey|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/|work=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en}}</ref> Kama mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu, yeye ni mwanachama wa Amnesty International na tangu mwaka 2006 alifanya kazi katika nyadhifa mbalimbali zikiwemo : Mratibu wa Ankara, Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Harakati za Dharura nchini Uturuki, Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Kampeni ya kupinga Ugaidi kwa Haki, Mratibu wa Istanbul, Mwakilishi  wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] wa Amnesty International nchini Uturuki, Mwanachama wa Kikundi la Mahusiano ya Kimataifa na Mratibu wa Kitaifa wa Elimu ya Haki za Binadamu nchini Uturuki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hossein Sadri {{!}} The City College of New York - Academia.edu|url=http://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae|work=ccny1-cuny.academia.edu|accessdate=2025-10-20|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195805/http://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Wiki4HumanRights 2025]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uajemi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r9e43dljrhz5yrtbp1r73nzmpsvzixt 0 220183 1575421 1500250 2026-06-20T12:05:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=JJC Skillz|majina_mengine=Abdulrasheed Bello|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=4/4/1977|picha=JJC_Skillz.jpg|ukubwapicha=300px}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Skillz''' au '''JJC Skillz'''; alizaliwa 4 Aprili 1977, [[Kano]]) ni rapa, mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na mtayarishaji wa televisheni kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>https://thesun.ng/how-i-won-funke-akindeles-heart-jjc-skillz/</ref> JJC Skillz alipata umaarufu Nigeria baada ya kutoa wimbo wake mmoja maarufu, ''"We Are Africans,"'' wimbo wa afrobeats. Kabla ya mafanikio ya ''"We Are Africans,"'' Skillz alikuwa mtayarishaji wa rekodi kwa kampuni ya muziki ya hip-hop ya Uingereza na kundi la muziki la Big Brovaz. Mnamo Desemba 2002, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Atide'', albamu ya majaribio yenye mistari ya nyimbo kwa Kiingereza na lugha za Nigeria, ikichochewa na mitindo ya muziki ya hip hop, Kiafrika, na salsa.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/funke-akindele-hubby-mirror-music-industry-new-drama-series-industreet/</ref> Pia alishirikiana na mke wake wa zamani, Funke Akindele Industreet, kutayarisha kipindi cha televisheni kuhusu tasnia ya muziki ya Nigeria. == Kazi == Bello alizaliwa Kano na kuhamia Uingereza akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na nne. Polepole alikuza heshima na kuthamini muziki, akianzia kwenye rekodi za muziki wa nchi za baba yake na muziki wa juju. Nchini Uingereza, alivutiwa na muziki wa hip-hop na hivi karibuni akaunda kundi la muziki pamoja na rafiki yake; baadaye, walianza kuonyesha ujuzi wao katika mashindano ya vipaji.<ref>https://thesun.ng/how-i-won-funke-akindeles-heart-jjc-skillz/</ref> Jina lake la jukwaani, JJC, linamaanisha ''Johnny Just Come'', neno linalotumika na Wana-Nigeria kuelezea watu wapya wasio na uzoefu waliovalia mji. Mradi wake wa kwanza mkubwa wa utayarishaji ulikuwa kuanzisha kwa pamoja Big Brovas Records na Big Brovas Collective. Mnamo 2004, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Atide'', pamoja na kikundi cha 419 squad. Kati ya kazi zake za utayarishaji ni pamoja na ''Ijoya'' ya Weird MC, ''Pu Yanga'' ya Tillaman, na ''Morile'' ya Buoqui. Pia alijitokeza katika tasnia ya muziki ya Kiafrika, akitengeneza miradi kama ''Afropean'' (mchanganyiko wa Afro na Ulaya) na ''Afrobeats''. Mnamo 2013, alishinda tuzo ya msanii bora wa kimataifa katika ''Nigerian Entertainment Award''. Alianzisha kundi kubwa la Kiafrika linaloitwa JJC na 419 squad. Kundi hili lilishinda Tuzo ya Muziki ya Kiafrika yote (''Kora All African Music Award'') mwaka 2014. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] ctnd5088onms0v4mpfvxhohyj9hy1mi 0 221313 1575588 1512177 2026-06-20T19:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatoumata Kanteh''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[8 Mei]] [[1997]]), anajulikana pia kama Fatou, ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa wanawake anayekipiga kama [[kiungo]] au [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya mpira ya [[Sevilla]] inayoshiriki Ligi F nchini [[Hispania]]. Alizaliwa Hispania, lakini anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Gambia katika ngazi ya kimataifa. Pia anachezea timu ya taifa ya Catalonia, ambayo haijatambuliwa rasmi na [[FIFA]].<ref name="RFEF-Match">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://futbolfemenino.rfef.es/es/primera-iberdrola/partido/79300/?c=acta|website=Royal Spanish Football Federation|language=es|title=Primera Iberdrola – Sporting de Huelva 0 - 3 At. Madrid|date=26 September 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926151449/https://futbolfemenino.rfef.es/es/primera-iberdrola/partido/79300/?c=acta|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RFEF-Profile">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://futbolfemenino.rfef.es/es/primera-iberdrola/jugadora/fatou-695427/|title=Fatou|website=Royal Spanish Football Federation|language=es|accessdate=26 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008140343/https://futbolfemenino.rfef.es/es/primera-iberdrola/jugadora/fatou-695427/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya klabu == Kanteh amechezea UE Porqueres, EdF Logroño, na Sporting Huelva nchini [[Uhispania]]. Alionekana katika Primera División ya wanawake mnamo msimu wa [[2021]]–[[2022|22]]. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Kanteh ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu mzaliwa wa Uhispania mwenye asili ya Gambia na Senegal. Mnamo 25 Oktoba 2021, alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kikosi cha wakubwa nchini Gambia. Mnamo 9 Februari 2022, aliitwa kujiunga na timu ya taifa ya Gambia kushiriki katika hatua ya pili ya kufuzu Kombe la Mataifa ya Wanawake la Afrika 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2021/12/28/61bf06f922601d1c6f8b4593 GmbH: esperpéntico al proyecto solidario que le une con sus raíces|date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gambiaff.org/gambia-womens-national-team-coach-upbeat-ahead-of-cameroon-encounter/|title=Kocha wa Timu ya Taifa ya Wanawake ya Gambia Akiwa Mbele ya Mkutano wa Cameroon|date=9 Februari 2022|website=Shirikisho la Soka la Gambia|accessdate=11 Februari 2022|archive-date=2024-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130027/https://gambiaff.org/gambia-womens-national-team-coach-upbeat-ahead-of-cameroon-encounter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Gambia]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Gambia]] sar9vpjdj2thsdc553nym5wqugngbv1 0 222215 1575737 1487121 2026-06-21T09:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan Carlos Docabo''' (aliyezaliwa [[14 Desemba]] [[1970]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka [[Argentina]] aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya mlinda mlango (goalkeeper).<ref>{{cite news|title=JUNIOR SE ARMA Y SPORTING EN PICADA|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-126042|access-date=18 May 2024|work=El Tiempo|date=26 July 1991|language=es|quote=y en la portería, ante la decepción que causó la láanguida aparición del golero argentino Juan Carlos Docabo.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Personalidad a los 20 años|url=http://www.culturaredonda.com.ar/personalidad-a-los-20-anos/|website=Cultura Redonda|access-date=18 May 2024|language=es|date=28 August 2016|quote=Juan Carlos Docabo, ex entrenador de arqueros de la reserva de River y flamante incorporación del cuerpo técnico de Diego Aguirre en San Lorenzo.|archive-date=2025-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519075841/http://www.culturaredonda.com.ar/personalidad-a-los-20-anos/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lf">{{cite web|title=Juan Docabo|url=https://www.livefutbol.com/ficha_jugador/juan-docabo/|website=livefutbol.com|access-date=18 May 2024|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Perfil JUANCARLOS DOCABO / San Lorenzo de Almagro|url=https://sanlorenzo.com.ar/futbol-profesional/plantel/perfil/juancarlos-docabo|website=C. A. San Lorenzo|access-date=18 May 2024|language=es}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Argentina]] 3jfdpvoz5nva51qq99j8illnezzig5z 0 222482 1575598 1512621 2026-06-20T21:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575598 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Funmilade Akingbagbohun''' ni [[Mhandisi]] wa Mitambo kutoka [[Nigeria]], anayejulikana kwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Kitaifa wa Taasisi ya Wahandisi wa Mitambo nchini Nigeria (NIMechE). Akingbagbohun alipata Diploma ya Juu ya Kitaifa (HND) kutoka Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Yaba (Yabatech) kabla ya kupata Shahada ya Uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos pia Akingbagbohun alipata Shahada yake ya kwanza ya Uhandisi (B.Eng) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-02-25 |title=Fashola Excited as Nigeria's Mechanical Engineers Get first Female Chair {{!}} The Nigerian Institution of Mechanical Engineers |url=https://nimechehq.org/fashola-excited-as-nigerias-mechanical-engineers-get-first-female-chair/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |archive-date=2024-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420035953/https://nimechehq.org/fashola-excited-as-nigerias-mechanical-engineers-get-first-female-chair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:wahandisi wa Nigeria]] 5hzf4amglklypxge76u7riprb06dtp7 0 222824 1575632 1488974 2026-06-20T22:47:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ghoutia Habiba Karchouni''' (alizaliwa [[29 Mei]] [[1995]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa anayekipiga katika nafasi ya kiungo. Anachezea klabu ya Servette FC inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Uswisi (Swiss Women's Super League). Akiwa amezaliwa nchini Ufaransa, anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Algeria. Kabla ya hapo, alichezea vilabu vikubwa kama Paris Saint-Germain, Boston Breakers, Bordeaux, na Inter Milan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karchouni "Finding Cohesion"|url=http://www.fff.fr/actualites/593-544310-karchouni-trouver-une-cohesion|publisher=French Football Federation|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=11 January 2013|archive-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195129/https://www.fff.fr/actualites/593-544310-karchouni-trouver-une-cohesion|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] p889sttgfrrh9eysml9esv4b8hld5v1 0 224622 1575438 1500278 2026-06-20T12:24:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurt Ehrmann''' (7 Juni 1922 – 2 Agosti 2013) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kimataifa kutoka [[Ujerumani]] aliyecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Alizaliwa mjini Karlsruhe na klabu alizochezea kati ya nyingine ni Karlsruher FV, VfB Mühlburg na 1. FC Pforzheim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ka-news.de/fussball/news/KFV-trauert-um-Ex-Nationalspieler-Kurt-Kaddel-Ehrmann;art99,1196921|title=KFV trauert um Ex-Nationalspieler Kurt "Kaddel" Ehrmann|publisher=Ka-news.de|date=|accessdate=2013-08-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] noqjkd3ettu5fuhys511yxybkdu65nh 0 224667 1575436 1500274 2026-06-20T12:21:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kerem-Demirbay-2015-09.jpg|thumb|Demirbay with Düsseldorf in 2015]] '''Kerem Demirbay''' (amezaliwa 3 Julai 1993) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Ujerumani]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo. Kwa sasa anachezea klabu ya Kasımpaşa inayoshiriki katika ligi ya Süper Lig ya [[Uturuki]]. Ana jina la utani la “Dayı” kutokana na ulinganisho wake na mhusika maarufu wa tamthilia ya televisheni ya Uturuki. Awali alichezea timu za vijana za taifa la Uturuki, lakini baadaye alibadilisha utambulisho wake kuwakilisha Ujerumani katika ngazi ya vijana na timu ya taifa ya watu wazima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reviersport.de/fussball/2bundesliga/a312107---fortuna-duesseldorf-demirbay-kommt-aus-hamburg.html|title=Fortuna Düsseldorf: Demirbay kommt aus Hamburg}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] koaxymiju1bzqy0lzb1qjkp3h6hh0sw 0 225823 1575692 1497838 2026-06-21T06:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Edward Marshall''' ([[10 Oktoba]] [[1942]] - [[13 Oktoba]] [[1992]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] na [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu vya watoto kutoka [[Marekani]], pengine alijulikana zaidi kwa mfululizo wa vitabu vya picha vya ''George and Martha (1972–1988)''. Alichora vitabu kwa jina la James Marshall pekee; alipoandika maandishi na vielelezo wakati mwingine aliandika kwa jina la Edward Marshall. Mnamo mwaka 2007, maktaba ya wataalamu wa Marekani walimtunuku Marshall Tuzo ya Urithi wa Fasihi ya Watoto baada ya kifo chake kwa "mchango mkubwa na wa kudumu" kwa fasihi ya watoto ya Marekani.<ref name=uconn>"Finding the Artist in His Art: A Week with the James Marshall Papers." Archives and Special Collections Blog. June 15, 2016. Accessed February 7, 2019. https://blogs.lib.uconn.edu/archives/2016/06/15/finding-the-artist-in-his-art-a-week-with-the-james-marshall-papers/ {{Wayback|url=https://blogs.lib.uconn.edu/archives/2016/06/15/finding-the-artist-in-his-art-a-week-with-the-james-marshall-papers/ |date=20260211212717 }}.</ref><ref name=wandervogel>"James Marshall." Wandervogel Diary. November 07, 2010. Accessed February 08, 2019. https://wandervogeldiary.wordpress.com/2010/11/07/james-marshall/.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] 9dbyxlsk8xep36q2u7e9f2ewsokzq03 0 226019 1575435 1553748 2026-06-20T12:20:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Niger''' ni [[sheria]] kuu ya msingi ya [[Niger]]. Tangu uhuru wake mwaka 1960, Niger imepitisha katiba saba. == Katiba ya 1960 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Kwanza == Katiba ya tarehe 8 Novemba 1960 iliiongoza mpangilio wa kikatiba wa Jamhuri ya Kwanza, chini ya urais wa Hamani Diori. Ilikuwa katika nguvu hadi mapinduzi ya kijeshi ya tarehe 15 Aprili 1974. == Katiba ya 1989 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Pili == Baada ya utawala wa Seyni Kountché, Rais Ali Saibou alipitisha Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Pili mwaka 1989. Ilianzisha chama kimoja tu na Bunge la Ushauri. == Katiba ya 1992 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Tatu == Vikundi vya kijamii vilipunguza nguvu ya utawala huu hadi mkutano wa Kitaifa wa Haki na Madaraka ulioitishwa mwezi Julai 1991, ulioweka taasisi za mpito wa kidemokrasia wa miezi kumi na mitano. Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Tatu ilipitishwa tarehe 26 Desemba 1992. == Katiba ya 1996 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Nne == Kutokuwa na utulivu wa Jamhuri ya Tatu, ulioashiriwa na migongano kati ya Rais Mahamane Ousmane na Waziri Mkuu Hama Amadou, kulisababisha Kamanda Mkuu wa Jeshi, Koloneli Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, kuondoa serikali tarehe 27 Januari 1996. Bunge lilibatilishwa, vyama vya siasa vikasimamishwa, na Katiba ikafutwa. Mamlaka yote yalichukuliwa na Baraza la Uokoaji wa Taifa lililoundwa na wanajeshi. Shinikizo kutoka nje liliwasukuma wanajeshi kuandaa Jukwaa (Forum) ambalo lilipelekea kupitishwa kwa Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Nne kupitia kura ya maoni tarehe 12 Mei 1996, ikianzisha utawala wa raisi na kuanzishwa kwa Seneti<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/constitution_4eme_rep.pdf |title=Constitution de 1996 |accessdate=2026-03-20 |archive-date=2017-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622233647/http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/constitution_4eme_rep.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Jenerali Maïnassara alichaguliwa kuwa Rais. == Katiba ya 1999 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Tano == Jamhuri ya Nne, ambayo kipindi chake vyama vya upinzani vilikuwa vikifanya maandamano mara kwa mara kupinga umiliki wa madaraka mkali mikononi mwa Rais Maïnassara, ilikamilika kwa mapinduzi ya kijeshi tarehe 9 Aprili 1999 na mauaji ya Rais Maïnassara. Baraza la Maridhiano la Taifa liliweka haraka hoja za kikatiba. Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Tano ilipitishwa kupitia kura ya maoni tarehe 18 Julai 1999 na kutangazwa kwa amri nambari 99-320/PCRN tarehe 9 Agosti 1999. Katiba hii inaweka mgawanyo wa madaraka kati ya Rais na Waziri Mkuu na ina jaribu kuingiza kikatiba kanuni ya ushirikiano wa madaraka<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/Constitution_5eme_rep.pdf |title=Constitution de 1999 |accessdate=2026-03-20 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122955/http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/Constitution_5eme_rep.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Katiba hii ilirekebishwa mwaka 2004. == Katiba ya 2009 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Sita == Katiba ya 1999, iliyorekebishwa mwaka 2004, iliruhusu Rais Mamadou Tandja kutafuta muhula wa tatu. Rais alipendekeza marekebisho makubwa ya katiba ili kubaki madarakani. Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Sita ilipitishwa kupitia kura ya maoni tarehe 4 Agosti 2009. Ingawa iliweka muundo wa katiba ya awali na kurudia vipengele vingi vyao, ilianzisha utawala wa raisi. Serikali haikuwajibika tena mbele ya Bunge, ambalo lilibadilika kuwa na mabunge mawili (bicaméral)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/031_tf_txt_constitution_5eme_rep.pdf |title=Constitution de 2009 |accessdate=2026-03-20 |archive-date=2017-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622233642/http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/031_tf_txt_constitution_5eme_rep.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Taasisi kadhaa huru za utawala ziliundwa. Hata hivyo, utawala huu mpya uliondolewa mara moja kwa mapinduzi ya kijeshi tarehe 18 Februari 2010. == Katiba ya 2010 iliyounda Jamhuri ya Saba == Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Saba ilipitishwa kupitia kura ya maoni tarehe 31 Oktoba 2010. Baada ya hapo, ilitangazwa rasmi tarehe 25 Novemba mwaka huohuo, hivyo kuanzisha Jamhuri ya Saba. Ilibatilishwa tarehe 26 Julai 2023 kufuatia [[mapinduzi]] ya kijeshi. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Historia ya Niger]] hskz6g4zc1bs22ztaug4c3y55ifsjze 0 226583 1575696 1510149 2026-06-21T06:16:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Raphaely''' (alizaliwa Julai 30, 1937) ni [[mwanahabari]], mhariri na mchapishaji wa jarida la wanawake mwenye asili ya [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyezaliwa nchini Uingereza. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuhariri ''[[Jarida Fair Lady|jarida la Fair Lady]]'' na wakati mmoja alikuwa mwanzilishi mwenza wa Associated Media Publishing, mchapishaji wa ''Cosmopolitan'' ( [[Afrika Kusini|Afrika]] Kusini), ''Femina'' na ''O'' katika soko la Afrika Kusini. == Kuzaliwa == Alizaliwa na Jane P Mullins na baba yake aliitwa William Peter Mullins, alifanya kazi ya kuchomelea nchini Ireland, na mama yake Myahudi, Phyllis Louise Rother huko [[Birmingham]], [[Uingereza]] na alikulia [[Stockport]], karibu na [[Manchester]] . <ref name="Anc">Ancestry.com. South Africa, Biographical Index, 1825-2005 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016.</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Glimpse at pioneering life of JR|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/glimpse-at-pioneering-life-of-jr-1350690|accessdate=25 January 2021|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> == Elimu == Alisoma [[London School of Economics|Shule ya Uchumi ya London]] na kuhitimu na shahada ya Sayansi ya Jamii na uchumi. Baada ya kupata ushirika wa Rotary Foundation, alisafiri hadi nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1957 na kusoma [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] kwa ajili ya masomo ya uzamili. <ref name="Ord">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCAR_z6hHgUC&q=jane+raphaely&pg=RA10-PP2|title=Life and Soul: Portraits of Women who Move South Africa|last=Orford|first=Margie|date=2006|publisher=Juta and Company Ltd|isbn=978-1-77013-043-2|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Media02">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wright|first=Joanna|date=27 August 2013|title=The Media celebrates women in media|url=https://themediaonline.co.za/2013/08/the-media-celebrates-women-in-media/|accessdate=25 January 2021|work=The Media Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Jane alionekana kwenye toleo la asili la Name That Tune mnamo mwaka 1959. <ref name="Ntt">{{Rejea tovuti|title=NAME THAT TUNE TV Show with George DeWitt|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12idnUZgyKQ&t=80s|work=youtube.com|date=26 May 2015|accessdate=29 January 2024}}</ref> Katika wasifu wake, Jane anarejea kipindi hicho, akisema "alikuwa ameanguka katika kuonekana kwenye kipindi cha Runinga nchini Amerika." <ref name="Auto">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Book review: Jane Raphaely Unedited|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/move-to/south-africans-abroad/book-review-jane-raphaely-unedited/|work=TheSouthAfrican.com|date=11 September 2013|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=2025-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530110547/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/move-to/south-africans-abroad/book-review-jane-raphaely-unedited/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jane aliolewa na Michael David Raphaely huko Birmingham mnamo tarehe 24 Septemba mwaka 1961. Walikuwa na mtoto wa kiume mmoja na wakike watatu. <ref name="Anc" /> Jane ni [[Wayahudi|Myahudi]] . <ref name="Auto" /> == Heshima == Mnamo mwaka 2000, Raphaely alipata Tuzo ya Ushirika wa Print Media South Afrika na Print Media South Africa (PMSA). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=30 April 2020|title=Movers and shakers honoured at media awards|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/movers-and-shakers-honoured-at-media-awards-226756|accessdate=25 January 2021|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Tuzo zingine alizopewa ni pamoja la na Mwanamke Mfanyabiashara wa Mwaka, Mvumbuzi wa Vyombo vya Habari wa Mwaka na Tuzo ya Mwanamke Nyota wa Wakati Wetu, zote mnamo 1986 na tuzo ya kwanza ya Mwanamke katika The Media aliyefanikiwa maisha yote ya 2003. <ref name="Media02" /> == Biografia == * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Jane Raphaely unedited.|last=Raphaely|first=Jane|publisher=Associated Media Pub|year=2012|isbn=9780620531795|location=Cape Town|oclc=804823985}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1T0647jhHo Jane Raphaely] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkZVi90Dtbo Where the idea begins | Jane Raphaely] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 9j7qjbk49ag81lsau5n9skzt4iart45 0 227064 1575783 1502937 2026-06-21T11:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kawango Agot''' (alifariki [[Agosti 17]], 2024) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Remembering Kawango Agot {{!}} International AIDS Society (IAS)|url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-kawango-agot|accessdate=2025-08-02|work=www.iasociety.org|language=en}}</ref> alikuwa mtafiti wa afya ya umma pamoja na [[Epidemiolojia|mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya mlipuko]] kutoka [[Kenya]]. Utafiti wa Agot ulilenga [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]], [[Ukimwi|maambukizi ya VVU]], na [[Tohara|tohara kwa wanaume]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829494|title=HIV Rates Lower in Women With Circumcised Partners|publisher=[[medscape.com]]|date=6 August 2014|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Alikuwa Mratibu wa Mradi wa mradi wa utafiti unganishi kati ya chuo kikuu chake na vyuo vikuu vya Illinois na Manitoba (UNIM), akipima athari za tohara kwa wanaume miongoni mwa vijana wa kiume. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ResearchGate {{!}} Find and share research|url=https://www.researchgate.net/|work=ResearchGate|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Alikuwa mtaalamu wa VVU. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://news.trust.org//item/20140721144650-quat2/|title=What's male circumcision worth? In Kenya, it's food vouchers|first=Katie|author=Nguyen|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=3 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003225945/http://news.trust.org//item/20140721144650-quat2/}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.postzambia.com/news.php?id=15825|title=Many circumcised Zambians have sex before they heal - researcher|publisher=[[The Post (Zambia)|postzambia.com]]|date=24 February 2016|accessdate=29 June 2016|author=Edwin Mbulo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415040333/http://postzambia.com/news.php?id=15825|archivedate=15 April 2016}}</ref> Akiwa msomi wa Fulbright, alipata elimu ya shahada yake ya kwanza ndani ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa kutokea [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]], na Shahada ya Uzamivu na Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Washington . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kawango Agot|url=http://na.eventscloud.com/ehome/index.php?eventid=91027&tabid=267292|work=na.eventscloud.com|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alipata elimu yake ya mwanzoni ndani ya nchi ya [[Kenya]] . Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya Elimu kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]] na akaendelea kupata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Falsafa juu ya Lishe ya Binadamu Inayotumika kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]] . Kazi yake akiwemo Chuo Kikuu cha Moi iliunganisha utafiti kuhusu masuala ya lishe na epidemiolojia ya VVU. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ajon|first=Brian|date=2024-08-18|title=Kawango Agot: Renowned Kenyan Scholar Collapses, Dies - Tuko.co.ke|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/family/559014-kawango-agot-renowned-kenyan-scholar-collapses-dies/|accessdate=2025-08-02|work=www.tuko.co.ke|language=en}}</ref> Kawongo Agot aliendeleza mafunzo yake kimataifa kwa kujiandikisha kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Washington, Seattle mahali alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Afya ya Umma na [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Falsafa]] juu ya [[Epidemiolojia]] kwa wakati mmoja. Kazi yake ya uzamili iliachilia msingi wa uongozi wake wa baadaye juu ya utafiti na programu za kuzuia VVU kote [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ajon|first=Brian|date=2024-08-18|title=Kawango Agot: Renowned Kenyan Scholar Collapses, Dies - Tuko.co.ke|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/family/559014-kawango-agot-renowned-kenyan-scholar-collapses-dies/|accessdate=2025-08-02|work=www.tuko.co.ke|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Kazi yake kwenye utafiti wa kuzuia VVU ilipata chanzo yake mwanzoni mwa mnamo 2000 na jaribio lililodhibitiwa bila mpangilio la tohara ya wanaume kwa ajili ya kuzuia VVU. Jaribio hili lilidhihirisha kupungua kwa asilimia ya VVU miongoni mwa wanaume waliotahiriwa na kuathiri sera ya afya ya umma duniani wakati huo. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Bailey |first=Robert C. |last2=Moses |first2=Stephen |last3=Parker |first3=Corette B. |last4=Agot |first4=Kawango |last5=Maclean |first5=Ian |last6=Krieger |first6=John N. |last7=Williams |first7=Carolyn FM |last8=Campbell |first8=Richard T. |last9=Ndinya-Achola |first9=Jeckoniah O. |date=2007-02-24 |title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60312-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=369 |issue=9562 |pages=643–656 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=17321310 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DR KAWANGO AGOT (KENYA) - The EastAfrican|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/dr-kawango-agot-kenya--1304664|accessdate=2025-08-02|work=www.theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> == Mafanikio == Alikuwa mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya UKIMWI na aliheshimiwa kwa jukumu lake kwenye kuunganisha utafiti na utekelezaji wa sera juu ya programu za VVU. Kazi yake iliongeza uelewa wa kimataifa wa kuzuia VVU kwenye mazingira yenye rasilimali chache na kusaidia mkakati wa kitaifa wa VVU wa Kenya. <ref name=":0"/> == Kifo == Kawango Agot alifariki kwenye tarehe 17 Agosti, 2024 baada ya kuhudhuria mkutano wa siku mbili ndani ya nchi ya Zambia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-09-02|title=Prof Agot: face HIV war impact male circumcision on scourge|url=https://educationnews.co.ke/prof-agot-the-face-of-hiv-war-and-impact-of-male-circumcision-on-the-scourge/|accessdate=2025-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406075036/http://www.cies.org/NCS/2004_2005/scholars/ncs_kagot.htm Kawango Agot], Programu ya Wasomi wa Karne Mpya ya Fulbright. {{DEFAULTSORT:Agot, Kawango}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] ea0aijd64k5qeqvcfxw7mrlaf697dmk 0 227186 1575550 1511571 2026-06-20T16:48:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Nalugemwa''' (alizaliwa [[16 Oktoba]] [[1994]]), anayejulikana pia kama Achiever, ni mjasiriamali wa [[Uganda]], [[mwandishi]], mkulima, na Mwanzilishi sekalimu Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa Kyaffe Coffee Farmers kutoka Wilaya ya Masaka. Mnamo 2018, alitambuliwa na Obama Foundation kwa kazi yake ya kuwawezesha wanawake wakulima wa kahawa na kukuza uongozi katika jamii yake.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=admin|date=2021-10-19|title=Kyaffe coffee is empowering women through fair trade|url=https://thepearlmagazine.com/kyaffe-coffee-is-empowering-women-through-fair-trade/|access-date=2025-04-02|website=The Pearl|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212232553/https://thepearlmagazine.com/kyaffe-coffee-is-empowering-women-through-fair-trade/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=About Us {{!}} Kyaffe Farmers Coffee|url=https://kyaffecoffee.wixsite.com/website/aboutus|access-date=2025-04-02|website=Kyaffe Farmers Coffe|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Elizabeth Nalugemwa alizaliwa tarehe 16 Oktoba 1994 na kukulia katika Wilaya ya Masaka akiwa na mama mmoja pekee wa watoto sita, ambaye alikuwa mkulima na muuzaji wa kahawa. Alisomea Cheti cha Juu cha Usimamizi wa Biashara katika Mutessa Royal University, na Diploma ya Usimamizi wa Biashara katika Nsamizi Training Institute of Social Development iliyoko Wilaya ya Mpigi. Baada ya kupata diploma yake, alihamia Kampala kutafuta fursa za ajira. Aligundua kuwa zaidi ya chapa za kahawa zilizopatikana katika masoko makubwa ni za kuagizwa kutoka nje na gharama yake kwa kilo ilikuwa kubwa zaidi kuliko wanavyopokea wakulima. Alianza kwa kukaanga mbegu za kahawa kwa ustadi juu ya jiko la makaa kwa ajili ya kuuza Kampala, kisha akapata fursa kupitia Consortium for Enhancing University Responsiveness to Agribusiness Development Limited (CURAD), ambayo ilimsaidia kuanzisha na kuendeleza biashara yake ya kuchakata na kufungashia kahawa. Mnamo 2017, Kyaffe Coffee Farmers ilianzishwa katika Social Innovation Academy, na mwaka 2019 ikapata shamba lake la kahawa.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-03|title=How 25-year-old Nalugemwa adds value to organic coffee|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/prosper/how-25-year-old-nalugemwa-adds-value-to-organic-coffee-1854786|access-date=2025-04-02|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Elizabeth Nalugemwa ni mjasiriamali, mkulima, mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kyaffe Coffee (Kyaffee maana yake “yetu” kwa Luganda), biashara ya kijamii inayolenga kuboresha maisha ya wakulima wanawake wa kahawa na watoto wao kupitia uundaji wa utajiri vijijini na mabadiliko ya jamii, ikiwa na wanawake zaidi ya 1,500 wanahusishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kyaffe – Farmers Coffee|url=https://socialinnovationacademy.org/enterprise/kyaffe-farmers-coffee/|access-date=2025-04-02|website=SINA (Social Innovation Academy)|language=en-US}}</ref> Yeye pia ndiye mwanzilishi wa Seedloans, mradi unaosaidia wakulima wanawake wadogo wadogo nchini Uganda kuongeza uzalishaji wao ili kula na familia zao. Aidha, ni mkurugenzi wa Kyaffe Junior School na mtaalamu wa ujumuishaji wa tamaduni. Nalugemwa ni pia msanii na mwandishi anayefanya kazi za kuleta mabadiliko ya kijamii kupitia maandishi, na ameandika vitabu vitatu, ikiwemo Grand mama’s na No shame, ambavyo bado havijachapishwa. Pia ndiye mwanzilishi wa Bambobiz, shirika linalowawezesha wasanii kutumia vipaji vyao kuunda vichekesho na michoro ya uhuishaji ili kuleta mabadiliko ya kijamii. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] rlah1voxweisp1qivv91o0hpi21h0jq 0 227396 1575587 1512137 2026-06-20T19:27:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fasiha Hassan''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[26 Novemba]] [[1993]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa zamani wa wanafunzi. Tangu Juni [[2024]], amekuwa akiwakilisha Chama cha African National Congress (ANC) katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika Kusini. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama mwakilishi wa chama hicho katika Bunge la Mkoa wa Gauteng kuanzia mwaka [[2019]] hadi [[2024]]. Fasiha Hassan alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa akiwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand, ambako aliwahi kuwa katibu mkuu wa baraza la uwakilishi wa wanafunzi akiwa chuoni. Alijulikana zaidi wakati wa maandamano ya wanafunzi ya #FeesMustFall mwaka [[2016]], yaliyolenga kupinga gharama kubwa za elimu ya juu nchini Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali na uanaharakati wa wanafunzi == Alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1993,<ref name=":1222">{{Rejea tovuti|date=10 April 2024|title=Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: National Candidates|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/National%20Candidates%20List.pdf|access-date=2024-03-26|website=Electoral Commission of South Africa}}</ref> Fasiha Hassan alianza kujihusisha na siasa akiwa mwanafunzi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]] (Wits). Mwanzoni, alijitokeza kupitia harakati za kuunga mkono mshikamano wa [[Palestina]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari|last=Senne|first=Busang|date=5 August 2020|title=Fasiha Hassan is paving the path for youth in politics|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2020-08-05-fasiha-hassan-is-paving-the-path-for-youth-in-politics/|access-date=27 December 2024|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> Mwaka [[2013]], aliandika historia kwa kuwa rais wa kwanza mwanamke wa Chama cha Wanafunzi Waislamu cha chuo hicho. Baadaye aliendelea kushiriki katika uongozi wa wanafunzi katika ngazi ya mkoa kupitia Bunge la Wanafunzi wa Afrika Kusini huko [[Gauteng]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-06-07|title=Young and Powerful: Who are the new young members of Parliament?|url=https://myvotecounts.org.za/young-and-powerful-who-are-the-new-young-members-of-parliament/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=My Vote Counts|language=en-US}}</ref> Hassan alijulikana zaidi kupitia nafasi zake katika baraza la uwakilishi wa wanafunzi (SRC) la Wits, ambako alihudumu kwa mihula miwili. Akiwa mwakilishi wa Muungano wa Vijana wa Maendeleo, alichaguliwa kuwa afisa wa masuala ya kitaaluma wa baraza hilo mnamo Septemba [[2014]] chini ya uongozi wa rais wa SRC, Mcebo Dlamini. Mwaka uliofuata, alipandishwa na kuwa katibu mkuu, chini ya rais Nompendulo Mkhatshwa.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fasiha Hassan|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/fasiha-hassan/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2016, Hassan alipata umaarufu mkubwa kitaifa baada ya kujitokeza kama mmoja wa viongozi wa maandamano ya wanafunzi ya #FeesMustFall, yaliyokuwa yakipinga gharama kubwa za elimu ya juu nchini Afrika Kusini. Hata baada ya muda wake kama katibu mkuu kumalizika, aliendelea kushiriki katika siasa za wanafunzi kwa kuhudumu kama naibu rais wa Umoja wa Wanafunzi wa Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Sekhotho|first=Katleho|date=2015-09-19|title=Despite shade thrown PYA stays winning|url=https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/09/19/despite-shade-thrown-pya-stays-winning/|access-date=2024-12-27|website=Wits Vuvuzela|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121040931/https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/09/19/despite-shade-thrown-pya-stays-winning/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|last=Monama|first=Tebogo|date=21 October 2015|title=Wits fight about women leaders too|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/wits-fight-about-women-leaders-too-1933323|access-date=27 December 2024|work=IOL}}</ref> Mwisho wa mwaka [[2017]], alihitimu kutoka Wits akiwa na Shahada ya Sheria pamoja na Shahada ya Biashara, akijikita katika sheria, masoko na fedha. Baadaye alitunukiwa Tuzo ya Amani ya Wanafunzi wa Norway, kwa kutambua juhudi zake za amani katika kupigania usawa wa upatikanaji wa elimu ya juu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] 7pxhxxh4r8otxh0lkamuwspr0n7ldql 0 227673 1575487 1539097 2026-06-20T13:40:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diana Andimba''' (alizaliwa kati ya 1998/1999) ni [[mwanamitindo]] kutoka [[Namibia]], mwanafunzi wa usanifu majengo, na mshindi wa taji la mashindano ya urembo. Alishinda taji la Miss Earth Namibia <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=3 November 2022|title=Diana Andimba ready for Miss Earth's stage in the Philippines|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL3Gvhdx0Mw|work=[[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=28 November 2022|title=Andimba in Miss Earth pageant|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/andimba-in-miss-earth-pageant|work=New Era Live|language=en}}</ref> aliwakilisha Namibia katika Miss Earth 2022 ambapo alifika hatua ya nusu fainali na kuingia Top 20. mekuwa mshiriki wa kwanza kutoka Namibia kufanikiwa kufika hatua ya nusu fainali katika Miss Earth. == Maisha na kazi == === Maisha ya awali === Alitoka katika kabila la Ovambo, ambalo ni kabila kubwa zaidi nchini Namibia. <ref name="ME2022">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=12 October 2022|title=Miss Earth Namibia 2022|url=http://www.missearth.tv/miss-namibia.php|work=[[Miss Earth]]|language=en}}</ref> Kwenye taarifa zilizochapishwa na tovuti ya Miss Earth, Diana alisema kwamba alikulia katika maeneo ya mtaa wa watu wenye kipato cha chini, jambo lililomwezesha kuona changamoto mbalimbali za kijamii akiwa bado mdogo. Hata hivyo, bado anaona utoto wake ulikuwa na kumbukumbu nzuri, furaha na nyakati za kufurahisha. <ref name="ME2022" /> Diana alianzisha taasisi isiyo ya kiserikali iitwayo “Diana’s Heartbeat Foundation” mwaka 2019. Lengo kuu la taasisi hiyo ni kupunguza kabisa makazi yasiyo rasmi na kuhakikisha kunakuwa na mipango endelevu ya makazi salama na ya kudumu kwa jamii. == Mashindano == === Miss Namibia 2022 === Diana alijiunga na wanawake wengine 11 kutoka Namibia kushindania taji la Miss Namibia 2022. Mwishoni mwa shindano hilo, alitangazwa kuwa mshindi wa tatu (Second Runner-Up), na baadaye akapewa taji la Miss Earth Namibia 2022. <ref name="namibia1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=13 September 2022|title=Miss Namibia: Country seeks women empowerment, tourism promotion through int’l beauty pageants|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/09/13/miss-namibia-country-seeks-women-empowerment-tourism-promotion-through-intl-beauty-pageants/|accessdate=2023-01-15|work=Daily News Egypt|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="namibia2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=13 September 2022|title=Miss Namibia Title Holders to Show Off 'Land of Brave' on a Global Scale at Four Different International Competitions|url=https://economist.com.na/73431/after-hours/miss-namibia-title-holders-to-show-off-land-of-the-brave-on-a-global-scale-at-four-different-international-competitions/|accessdate=2023-01-15|work=[[Namibia Economist]]|language=en}}</ref> Diana anakuwa mjumbe wa kwanza wa Namibia kushindana katika Miss Earth baada ya 2016 kupitia Elize Shakalela. <ref name="Nam2016">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=12 April 2017|title=Ban Plastic Bags in Support of Sustainable Development Goals|url=https://economist.com.na/23831/environment/ban-plastic-bags-in-support-of-sustainable-development-goals/|accessdate=2023-01-15|work=[[Namibia Economist]]|language=en}}</ref> === Miss Dunia 2022 === Diana alisafiri kwenda Ufilipino kushiriki Miss Earth 2022 mwezi Novemba 2022. Alishiriki katika mashindano mbalimbali ya awali yaliyofanyika sehemu tofauti nchini humo, na pia alijihusisha na shughuli za mazingira kama kutembelea shule, kupanda miti, na kuhudhuria semina za uhamasishaji kuhusu mazingira. Sehemu ya mashindano ya Miss Earth ni kila mshiriki kutoa ajenda au jambo analolisimamia. Diana alichagua kulinda na kuhamasisha kuhusu mnyama anayejulikana kama pangolin kama ajenda yake kuu. Alieleza kuwa pangolin huzaliana polepole, kwani mara nyingi huzaa mtoto mmoja tu kwa mwaka, jambo linalochangia kupungua kwa idadi yao na kuhatarisha uwepo wa spishi hiyo. Wakati wa usiku wa fainali wa Miss Earth 2022, Diana alipata tuzo ya "Video Bora ya Mazingira" kwa Afrika. <ref name="diana4">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=7 December 2022|title=GMN INTERVIEW - Miss Namibia second runner-up reflects on her journey to Miss Earth 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGy2PhRCoz8|work=[[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation]]|language=en}}</ref> Pia aliitwa kama mmoja wa waliofika nusu fainali 20 Bora; huku Mina Sue Choi wa Korea Kusini akiitwa mshindi wa Miss Earth 2022. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jang|first=Ji-min|date=30 November 2022|title=韓 최초 세계 1등 된 미스코리아…'미스 어스' 23살 최미나수|url=https://www.hankyung.com/international/article/2022113060647|accessdate=2022-12-01|work=한경닷컴|language=ko|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201101726/https://www.hankyung.com/international/article/2022113060647|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=29 November 2022|title=South Korea's Mina Sue Cho is Miss Earth 2022; PH finishes in Top 20|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/11/29/22/south-koreas-mina-sue-cho-is-miss-earth-2022-ph-finishes-in-top-20|accessdate=2022-11-29|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Namibia]] 5kvppalpgy1webgcxwksmymq0jdir7x 0 229033 1575433 1507002 2026-06-20T12:17:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karlien de Villiers''' (alizaliwa 22 Desemba 1975, Cape Town) ni msanii kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Ni [[mwandishi]] wa riwaya ya picha (komiki) ya wasifu binafsi iitwayo ''My Mother was a Beautiful Woman'', inayozungumzia utoto wake na kipindi cha [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] (apartheid) kwa mtazamo wa familia ya wazungu. Pia ametengeneza michoro, uchoraji na sanamu mbalimbali.<ref name="coroflot">"Karlien de Villiers, Designer, Illustrator, Lecturer in Cape Town, South Africa". Coroflot.</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2017 alikuwa mhadhiri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch, ambako pia alisomea uchoraji na uchoraji wa vielelezo kati ya 1994 na 1997. Awali, alifundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria (2003–2006). Tangu mwaka 2019, amekuwa mhadhiri wa Ubunifu, Uchoraji wa vielelezo na Uelekezi wa Sanaa katika Stellenbosch Academy of Design and Photography.<ref name="coroflot" /> == Wasifu == Karlien de Villiers alizaliwa mwaka 1975 mjini Cape Town katika familia ya tabaka la kati ya wazungu.<ref name="didier">Didier, Béatrice; et al. (2013).</ref> Akiwa mtoto, hakuelewa sana mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi. Baadaye alieleza kuwa katika utoto wake, alichukulia hali hiyo kama ya kawaida, ambapo wazungu walikuwa na mamlaka na fursa bora zaidi kuliko watu weusi.<ref name="lafitte">Lafitte, Priscille (2009).</ref> Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 11 alipofiwa na mama yake kutokana na saratani. Yeye na dada yake walipelekwa katika shule ya bweni, ambapo alikutana na watu wa mazingira tofauti na kugundua kuwa alikuwa katika kundi lenye upendeleo katika jamii.<ref name="lafitte" /> Baada ya kumaliza shule ya sekondari, mwaka 1994 alijiunga na shule ya sanaa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch, ambapo alifundishwa uchoraji na uchoraji wa vielelezo na Conrad Botes pamoja na Anton Kannemeyer. Walimtambulisha katika sanaa ya komiki za Ulaya (bande dessinée). Baadaye alichapisha michoro na simulizi za utoto wake katika jarida la komiki ''Bitterkomix''.<ref name="lafitte" /> Alihitimu mwaka 1997 kwa shahada ya usanifu wa picha (graphic design). Alifanya kazi kwa muda mfupi katika studio ya ubunifu ya Ogilvy & Mather, kabla ya kusafiri nje ya nchi kwa muda. Baadaye alihamia Johannesburg kisha Pretoria, ambapo alifanya kazi kama mchora vielelezo huru na kuendelea na masomo ya uzamili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria, aliyoyakamilisha mwaka 2006 (Shahada ya Uzamili ya Ubunifu wa Taarifa).<ref name="coroflot" /> Msanii Anna Sommer alipogundua kazi zake alimhimiza kuchapisha kitabu cha komiki. Hii ilisababisha kuchapishwa kwa kazi yake ya wasifu binafsi, ''Meine Mutter war eine Schöne Frau'' (kwa Kijerumani), inayosimulia kumbukumbu za utoto wake na maisha ya familia yake wakati wa apartheid.<ref name="didier" /> Mbali na kazi zake za sanaa, ameendelea kufanya uchoraji, sanamu, pamoja na kazi za vielelezo vya vitabu vya watoto, na kufundisha katika taasisi mbalimbali za sanaa.<ref name="didier" /> == Tuzo na heshima == * 2011 – Bursary ya UNESCO-Aschberg kwa Sanaa za Maono<ref name="coroflot" /> * 2011 – Fainali ya 20 Bora, Tuzo ya Sanaa ya Afrika ya Sovereign Art Foundation<ref name="coroflot" /> * 2002 – Ruzuku ya Baraza la Sanaa la Taifa<ref name="coroflot" /> * 2001 – Ruzuku ya Utafiti ya National Research Foundation<ref name="coroflot" /> * 2001 – Scholarship ya Ubora wa Kitaaluma, Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria<ref name="coroflot" /> * 1997 – Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mwisho (Ubunifu), Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch<ref name="coroflot" /> * 1997 – Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mwisho (Graphic Design na Illustration), Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch<ref name="coroflot" /> == Kazi teule == * ''My Mother was a Beautiful Woman'' (2006) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] qehrc46cushaqiiutztoqnpzkoekcmm 0 229233 1575414 1507398 2026-06-20T11:59:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Houda-Imane Faraoun''' (pia huandikwa *Feraoun*) ni [[mwanafizikia]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya vifaa (materials science) kutoka [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Posta, Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano katika serikali ya Waziri Mkuu Abdelmalek Sellal tarehe 1 Mei 2015. Pia ni profesa wa fizikia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tlemcen, nafasi ambayo ameishika kwa nyadhifa mbalimbali tangu mwaka 2006.Ana shahada mbili za uzamivu (PhD): moja katika fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Djillali Liabès cha Sidi Bel Abbès, na nyingine katika uhandisi wa mitambo kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Belfort-Montbéliard. Mwaka 2021 alihukumiwa kifungo cha gerezani kwa kosa la ubadhirifu wa fedha za umma. == Maisha ya awali == Faraoun alizaliwa tarehe 16 Juni 1979 katika mji wa Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria. Alipata cheti chake cha sekondari (baccalaureate) akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Mwaka 1999, akiwa na miaka 20, alipata shahada (DES) ya Fizikia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Sidi Bel Abbès na kuanza masomo ya uzamivu katika fizikia ya hali imara (solid-state physics) katika chuo hicho. Akiwa mwanafunzi mwenye bidii, aliendelea pia kwa wakati mmoja kusomea uzamivu katika uhandisi wa mitambo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Belfort-Montbéliard. Mwaka 2005, alipata shahada zote mbili za uzamivu. == Kazi == Mwaka 2006, Faraoun aliteuliwa kuwa mhadhiri na mtafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tlemcen, kilichopo magharibi mwa Algeria. Kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi 2011, alikuwa mkuu wa idara ya Fizikia ya Mambo Yaliyojikusanya (Condensed Matter Physics) katika chuo hicho. Akiendelea kufundisha, pia alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Wakala wa Utafiti wa Mada Maalum, Sayansi na Teknolojia (ATRST) nchini Algeria kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2015. Utafiti wake unalenga sayansi ya vifaa na fizikia ya kihesabu. Katika kipindi cha kazi yake, amechapisha zaidi ya makala 40 katika majarida ya kisayansi ya kimataifa. Mnamo tarehe 1 Mei 2015, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Posta, Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano na Waziri Mkuu Abdelmalek Sellal katika mabadiliko ya baraza la mawaziri. Alikuwa mmoja wa mawaziri vijana zaidi katika serikali ya Algeria, na pia miongoni mwa wanawake wachache waliokuwa mawaziri wakati huo. Pamoja na Aïcha Tagabou na Mounia Meslem, alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake watatu tu katika baraza hilo. Mwaka 2015, jarida la Forbes lilimtaja katika nafasi ya 9 kwenye orodha ya wanawake kumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika serikali za nchi za Kiarabu. Mnamo tarehe 24 Desemba 2020, alifikishwa mahakamani pamoja na aliyekuwa Waziri wa Viwanda Djamila Tamazirt. Alipatikana na hatia ya ubadhirifu wa fedha za umma na matumizi mabaya ya madaraka kuhusiana na mikataba ya nyaya za mawasiliano (optical fiber). Alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka mitatu jela na faini ya dinari milioni moja. Hukumu hiyo ilithibitishwa tarehe 9 Februari 2022. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1979|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Algeria]] c5up73dzrooy8arjy004aank7xovn1g 0 229398 1575419 1507592 2026-06-20T12:03:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iris Nazmy''' (alifariki Machi 4, 2018) alikuwa mwandishi, mwanahabari na mkosoaji wa filamu kutoka [[Misri]]. Pia alikuwa Rais wa Tamasha la Filamu la Alexandria. == Maisha == Nazmy alizaliwa katika jiji la [[Kairo]] na alihitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo]] katika Kitivo cha Sanaa. Akiwa mwanafunzi, aliandika mahojiano yake ya kwanza akiwa na mkuu wa kitivo hicho wakati huo kuhusu mtazamo uliokuwepo kwamba wanawake wanaokaa kwenye mikahawa au sehemu za kahawa walionekana kuwa duni. Mazungumzo hayo yalichapishwa katika gazeti la ''Al Qahira''. Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, alifanya kazi katika majarida ya *Sabāh al-Khayr* na ''Rose al-Yūsuf''. Pia alifanya kazi katika Dar Akhbar El Yom katika kitengo cha habari za matukio. Alishiriki katika kuanzishwa kwa tamasha kadhaa za filamu, ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Cairo, Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Alexandria, na Tamasha la Filamu za Nchi za Afrika la Aswan. Anachukuliwa kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza nchini Misri kuongoza tamasha la filamu. == Tuzo na heshima == Nazmy alipokea heshima katika Tamasha la Nne la Kitaifa la Sinema ya Misri. Pia aliandikiwa kitabu cha maisha yake kiitwacho *Iris Nazmy: Brave Heart*, kilichoandikwa na Mona Thabet na kuchapishwa na Cultural Development Fund ya Misri. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|karne ya 20|2018}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] cxixxyf3l6zqqxabx7ygrt93ir45zvi 0 229479 1575719 1507713 2026-06-21T07:47:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jim Irsay''' (Alizaliwa [[Juni 13]], [[1959]] – Alifariki [[Mei 21]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] na mmiliki mkuu, mwenyekiti, na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa ''Indianapolis Colts'' ya National Football League (NFL) kuanzia mwaka [[1997]] hadi kifo chake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes Profile: Jim Irsay |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-irsay/ |website=Forbes |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa meneja mkuu wa Colts kuanzia [[1984]] hadi [[1996]], akiwa mtu mwenye umri mdogo zaidi kuwahi kushika wadhifa huo kwenye NFL akiwa na umri wa miaka 24.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Irsay, Longtime Owner of the Indianapolis Colts, Dies at 65 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> Wakati wa uongozi wake, timu ilishinda ubingwa wa ''Super Bowl XLI'' mwaka [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Colts' 2006 season, Super Bowl XLI |url=https://www.cbs4indy.com/ |website=CBS4Indy |access-date=2026-04-20 |archive-date=2025-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229162218/https://cbs4indy.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] l629e8pzfmul27bu1vdrwmtf0z8mmkn 0 229752 1575638 1530948 2026-06-20T23:41:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Decca''' (amezaliwa '''Ndom'a Deccah Grace''' tarehe 23 Septemba 1966) ni mwimbaji na mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka [[Kamerun]], mzaliwa wa mji wa [[Douala]], ambao ni mji mkuu wa kiuchumi wa nchi hiyo. Ni dada mdogo wa mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa Makossa Ben Decca, na aliwahi kufanya kazi pamoja naye na wanamuziki wengine kama Jean-Jacques Goldman kabla ya kuanzisha kazi yake binafsi mwaka 1989 kwa albamu ''Besoin d'amour''.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.ladiz.mboa.info/culture-femmes-capables/fr/kpables/rubrique/1661,grace-decca-la-voix-et-la-beaute-du-makossa/627,top-femmes-kpables.html|title=Grace](http://www.ladiz.mboa.info/culture-femmes-capables/fr/kpables/rubrique/1661,grace-decca-la-voix-et-la-beaute-du-makossa/627,top-femmes-kpables.html|title=Grace) Decca la voix et la beaute du makossa|website=ladiz.mboa.info|language=French|access-date=7 Novemba 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072133/http://www.ladiz.mboa.info/culture-femmes-capables/fr/kpables/rubrique/1661,grace-decca-la-voix-et-la-beaute-du-makossa/627,top-femmes-kpables.html|archive-date=11](https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072133/http://www.ladiz.mboa.info/culture-femmes-capables/fr/kpables/rubrique/1661,grace-decca-la-voix-et-la-beaute-du-makossa/627,top-femmes-kpables.html|archive-date=11) Oktoba 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Albamu zake nyingine za Makossa ni ''Le Duo D.K'' (1992), ''Doï La Mulema'' (1993), ''Appelle-moi Princesse'' (1998), na ''Donne-moi un peu d'amour'' (2001). Alirejea katika tasnia ya muziki ya Cameroon mwaka 2014 kwa albamu ya injili ''Mouna''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://www.africanouvelles.com/musique/musique/afrique/grace-decca-dans-son-nouvel-album-qmounaq-la-star-camerounaise-du-makossa-vire-au-gospel-video.html|title=GRACE](http://www.africanouvelles.com/musique/musique/afrique/grace-decca-dans-son-nouvel-album-qmounaq-la-star-camerounaise-du-makossa-vire-au-gospel-video.html|title=GRACE) DECCA: Dans son nouvel album|last=Kwami|first=Milton|work=Africa Nouvelles|access-date=7 Novemba 2018|language=fr-FR|archive-date=11 Oktoba 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085846/http://www.africanouvelles.com/musique/musique/afrique/grace-decca-dans-son-nouvel-album-qmounaq-la-star-camerounaise-du-makossa-vire-au-gospel-video.html|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085846/http://www.africanouvelles.com/musique/musique/afrique/grace-decca-dans-son-nouvel-album-qmounaq-la-star-camerounaise-du-makossa-vire-au-gospel-video.html|url-status=dead}})</ref> Pia ameanzisha lebo yake ya muziki iitwayo GNS Productions. == Maisha ya awali na familia == Alizaliwa Cameroon katika jiji la [[Douala]], akiwa mtoto wa sita katika familia yenye watoto kumi na mmoja.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://www.culturebene.com/14026-grace-decca-revient-sur-la-scene-avec-mouna.html|title=Grace](http://www.culturebene.com/14026-grace-decca-revient-sur-la-scene-avec-mouna.html|title=Grace) DECCA revient sur la scène avec " MOUNA "|date=5 Desemba 2014|work=Culturebene|access-date=7 Novemba 2018|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://makossaoriginal.blogspot.com/2010/08/grace-decca-nyounga-bekwadis-1989.html|title=makossa](http://makossaoriginal.blogspot.com/2010/08/grace-decca-nyounga-bekwadis-1989.html|title=makossa) original: GRACE DECCA|last=Motz|first=Dolf|date=17 Agosti 2010|website=makossa original|access-date=7 Novemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baba yake alikuwa mtaalamu wa magari na mama yake alikuwa mwalimu. Familia yao inajulikana sana katika muziki wa Cameroon, ikiwa na wasanii kadhaa akiwemo kaka yake Ben, dada yake Dora na kaka yake mdogo Isaac.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://peuplesawa.com/fr/bnlogik.php?bnid=371&bnk=&bnrub=&vip=78|title=Grâce](http://peuplesawa.com/fr/bnlogik.php?bnid=371&bnk=&bnrub=&vip=78|title=Grâce) Decca à cœur ouvert|website=peuplesawa.com|language=French|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}</ref> Pia ni mpwa wa marehemu Eboa Lotin, na mjukuu wa mwanamuziki Lobe Lobe Rameau, mmoja wa waanzilishi wa muziki wa Makossa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://news.abidjan.net/h/357668.html|title=Grace](http://news.abidjan.net/h/357668.html|title=Grace) Decca, une famille d'artiste|website=news.abidjan.net|language=French|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Elimu na mwanzo wa kazi == Ana shahada ya juu (DEA) katika Mawasiliano (Sayansi ya Elimu) aliyopata nchini Ufaransa mwaka 1998.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.afrik.com/musik/grace-decca/artiste/520|title=Grace](https://www.afrik.com/musik/grace-decca/artiste/520|title=Grace) Decca – biographie|work=Afrik.com|access-date=8 Novemba 2018|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Baada ya kupata shahada ya sekondari (Baccalauréat), alihamia Ufaransa kuendelea na masomo, ambapo alipata DEUG katika Utamaduni na Mawasiliano, BTS katika usimamizi, pamoja na shahada ya kwanza na ya uzamili. Alianza kujihusisha na muziki mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 kupitia kaka yake Ben, ambaye alimshirikisha kama mwimbaji wa nyuma.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://www.lartino.fr/decouvrez-grace-decca/|title=Découvrez](http://www.lartino.fr/decouvrez-grace-decca/|title=Découvrez) Grace Decca|date=3 Novemba 2015|work=Lartino.fr|access-date=7 Novemba 2018|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mwaka 1983 alishiriki katika wimbo ''Na sengui bobe'' wa kaka yake, uliopata mafanikio.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.maxoe.com/rama/culture-downloads/voir-musique/grace-decca-lalbum-mouna-et-le-clip-these-are-my-people-feat-jonathan-butler/|title=Grace](http://www.maxoe.com/rama/culture-downloads/voir-musique/grace-decca-lalbum-mouna-et-le-clip-these-are-my-people-feat-jonathan-butler/|title=Grace) Decca : l'album 'Mouna'|website=maxoe.com|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}</ref> Mwaka 1987, alishiriki katika kwaya ya wimbo ''À nos actes manqués'' wa Jean-Jacques Goldman.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_decca_grace.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913183105/http://musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_decca_grace.html|archive-date=13](http://www.musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_decca_grace.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913183105/http://musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_decca_grace.html|archive-date=13) Septemba 2015|title=Grace Decca|website=musiques-afrique.com|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}</ref> == Kazi == Alitumbuiza pamoja na kaka yake kati ya 1984 na 1989 kabla ya kuanza kazi ya solo. Mwaka 1989 alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Besoin d'amour'', ambayo iliuza zaidi ya nakala 150,000 nchini Cameroon.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.afrik.com/100-makossa-grace-decca|title=100%](https://www.afrik.com/100-makossa-grace-decca|title=100%) makossa Grace Decca|date=16 Mei 2002|work=Afrik.com|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}</ref> Mwaka 1993 alitoa albamu ''Doï La Mulema'', iliyopata mafanikio makubwa zaidi na kumletea umaarufu wa kimataifa.<ref name=":1" /> Mwaka 1998 alitoa ''Appelle-moi Princesse'', iliyomletea tuzo kadhaa ikiwemo Albamu Bora ya Mwanamke.<ref name=":2" /> Mwaka 2001 alitoa ''Donne-moi un peu d'amour'', yenye nyimbo nane. Baadaye alianzisha lebo ya GNS Productions na kuzalisha kazi za wasanii wengine kama Joly Din na Isaac Decca.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/grace-decca-a-coeur-ouvert-au-lendemain-du-decca-show-87981.html|title=Grâce](http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/grace-decca-a-coeur-ouvert-au-lendemain-du-decca-show-87981.html|title=Grâce) Decca à cœur ouvert|website=cameroon-info.net|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ''Mouna'' na kurejea == Baada ya miaka 13, alirejea na albamu ya injili ''Mouna''.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://hervevillard.over-blog.com/2015/08/grace-decca-rend-grace-a-dieu.html|title=Grace](http://hervevillard.over-blog.com/2015/08/grace-decca-rend-grace-a-dieu.html|title=Grace) Decca rend grâce à Dieu|work=Le blog de Hervé Villard|access-date=8 Novemba 2018}}</ref> Albamu hii ilitayarishwa Marekani na George Duke na ina nyimbo 13 katika lugha ya Kiingereza, Kifaransa na Kiduala.<ref name=":4" /> Alifanya kazi na wanamuziki maarufu kama Sheila E., Jeffrey Osborne, Jonathan Butler, Chino XL, Paul Jackson Jr., Kirk Whalum, Teddy Campbell, Howard Hewett na wengine.<ref name=":3" /> == Diskografia == === Albamu === * 1989: ''Besoin d'amour'' * 1992: ''Le Duo D.K'' * 1993: ''Doï La Mulema'' * 1998: ''Appelle-moi Princesse'' * 2001: ''Donne-moi un peu d'amour'' * 2014: ''Mouna'' === Ushirikiano === * 1983: ''Na sengui bobe'' na Ben Decca * 1987: ''À nos actes manqués'' – Jean-Jacques Goldman * 2002: ''Associé'' na Elvis Kemayo * 2003: ''Bébé d'amour'' na ''Muna'' – Isaac Decca * 2005: ''Mokili mobimba'' na Nyboma == Tuzo na heshima == * 1993: Albamu Bora ya Mwanamke * 1993: Msanii Bora wa Kike * 1993: Uteuzi katika Tuzo za Afrika mjini Abidjan, Ivory Coast * 1998: Albamu Bora ya Mwanamke * 1998: Msanii Bora wa Kike kwa mauzo * 1999: Albamu Bora ya Mwanamke * 2001: Tuzo ya Bernard Folon * 2002: Msanii Bora wa Kike kwa mauzo * 2002: Makossa Bora na Albamu Bora ya Mwanamke * 2003: Tuzo ya Ubora wa Kisanii == Maisha binafsi == Ameolewa na Jean Paul Nana Sandjo, aliyekuwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Camair-Co, na wana watoto kadhaa.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=[http://lecamerounaisinfo.com/Nana-Sandjon-epoux-de-l-artiste|title=Nana](http://lecamerounaisinfo.com/Nana-Sandjon-epoux-de-l-artiste|title=Nana) Sandjon, époux de l'artiste Grace Decca|access-date=8 Novemba 2018|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} {{BD|1966|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] t43ykaqml4uvahw6zxf5gowkw2cmjzc 0 229924 1575426 1508650 2026-06-20T12:10:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Ruth Aceng''' (amezaliwa 11 Mei 1968) ni daktari bingwa wa watoto na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uganda]]. Ni Waziri wa Afya katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Uganda tangu tarehe 6 Juni 2016.<ref>Uganda State House (6 June 2016). "Museveni's new cabinet list".</ref> Kabla ya hapo, kuanzia Juni 2011 hadi Juni 2016, alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Huduma za Tiba katika Wizara ya Afya ya Uganda.<ref>Ephraim Kasozi (29 June 2011). "Lira Hospital boss appointed director general of health services".</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Aceng alizaliwa tarehe 11 Mei 1968 katika kijiji cha Atapara, [[wilaya ya Oyam]] nchini Uganda.<ref>Parliament of Uganda (2016). "Aceng Jane Ruth".</ref> Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Shimoni Demonstration iliyopo Kampala, kisha akaendelea na elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Wasichana ya Nabisunsa.<ref name="edu">Parliament of Uganda (2016). "Aceng Jane Ruth".</ref> Ana shahada ya Udaktari (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery), Shahada ya Uzamili ya Tiba ya Watoto, na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Afya ya Jamii zote kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere.<ref name="edu" /> Pia ana Stashahada ya Usimamizi wa Mifumo ya Afya kutoka Taasisi ya Galilee ya Usimamizi wa Kimataifa nchini Israeli.<ref>Infectious Diseases Institute (2016). "Board Members: Dr Jane Ruth Aceng".</ref> == Kazi == Aceng alianza kazi yake kama afisa wa tiba katika Wizara ya Afya ya Uganda.<ref name="career">Infectious Diseases Institute (2016). "Board Members: Dr Jane Ruth Aceng".</ref> Baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Hospitali ya Rufaa ya Mkoa wa Lira, kabla ya kupandishwa cheo kuwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Huduma za Tiba mwaka 2011.<ref>Ephraim Kasozi (29 June 2011). "Lira Hospital boss appointed director general of health services".</ref> === Kazi ya kisiasa === Mnamo tarehe 6 Juni 2016, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Afya wa Uganda na Rais wa nchi hiyo.<ref>Uganda State House (6 June 2016). "Museveni's new cabinet list".</ref> Akiwa waziri, amehusika katika kusimamia sera za afya nchini Uganda, ikiwa ni pamoja na kukabiliana na magonjwa ya mlipuko kama Ebola na COVID-19. Mwaka 2020, alitangaza nia ya kugombea nafasi ya Mwakilishi wa Wanawake wa Wilaya ya Lira katika Bunge la Uganda kwa tiketi ya chama tawala cha National Resistance Movement (NRM).<ref>Paul Ampurire (5 July 2020). "Health Minister Dr Aceng To Contest For Lira District Woman MP".</ref> === Shughuli nyingine === Mbali na siasa, Aceng amehudumu kama mjumbe wa bodi ya Taasisi ya Magonjwa ya Kuambukiza (Infectious Diseases Institute).<ref name="career" /> Pia aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Uganda National Medical Stores kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2016.<ref>Parliament of Uganda (2016). "Aceng Jane Ruth".</ref> == Utata == Katika kipindi chake kama waziri, amekosolewa kwa mapendekezo ya kuanzisha mtihani wa kitaifa kwa madaktari wanaofanya mafunzo ya vitendo (internship), pamoja na kauli zake kuhusu ubora wa wahitimu wa udaktari nchini Uganda.<ref>"Pre-Intern Medical Exams Divide Health Minister, MPs".</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Uganda]] 21nwxnwwol2h572nf6zjrtcgslez5u5 0 230173 1575423 1509131 2026-06-20T12:08:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacob Ammen''' (7 Januari 1806 – 6 Februari 1894) alikuwa profesa wa chuo, [[mhandisi]] wa ujenzi na jenerali katika Jeshi la Muungano (Union Army) wakati wa [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Marekani]]. Ndugu yake mdogo, [[Daniel Ammen]], alikuwa amiri jeshi (admiral) katika Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1806|1894}} [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] 7ionl8tdsvxva97bepm37bs08lljtdw 0 230332 1575442 1509715 2026-06-20T12:26:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin''' (pia huandikwa '''Pontriagin''' au '''Pontrjagin''', na jina la kwanza wakati mwingine hutafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza kama '''Leon'''; 3 Septemba 1908 – 3 Mei 1988) alikuwa [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Alipoteza kabisa uwezo wa kuona akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, lakini alifanya ugunduzi muhimu katika nyanja mbalimbali za hisabati, zikiwemo topolojia ya aljebra, topolojia ya tofauti na udhibiti bora (''optimal control''). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1908|1988}} [[Jamii:wanahisabati wa Urusi]] r8l8rhk3rjelr80pya014zak6ryz2lf 0 230866 1575677 1540453 2026-06-21T04:56:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabel Miranda de Wallace''' (alizaliwa '''María Isabel Miranda Torres'''; 27 Mei 1951 – 8 Machi 2025) alikuwa mwalimu na mwanaharakati wa kijamii wa [[Meksiko|Meksiko.]] Alifanya kazi kama rais wa chama cha kiraia cha Alto al Secuestro (“Simamisha Utekaji Nyara”), na alipokea Tuzo ya Taifa ya Haki za Binadamu ya mwaka 2010 kutoka kwa rais [[Felipe Calderón]]. Kama mgombea wa chama cha [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] katika uchaguzi wa mkuu wa serikali ya Wilaya ya Shirikisho la Meksiko wa mwaka 2012, alishika nafasi ya tatu kati ya wagombea wanne.<ref name="PNDH">{{cite web |url= [http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/2010/12/premio-de-derechos-humanos-2010-a-isabel-miranda-de-wallace/|title=](http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/2010/12/premio-de-derechos-humanos-2010-a-isabel-miranda-de-wallace/|title=) Premio de Derechos Humanos 2010 a Isabel Miranda de Wallace|accessdate= 13 Januari 2012|publisher= presidencia.gob.mx|date= 15 Desemba 2010|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= [http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/730339.html](http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/730339.html) |title= Premian a Isabel Wallace en Derechos Humanos|accessdate=30 Mei 2011|publisher= El Universal|date= 14 Desemba 2010|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=El Siglo de Torreón|title=Panistas arropan a Wallace en registro|url=[http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/727335.panistas-arropan-a-wallace-en-registro.html|accessdate=16](http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/727335.panistas-arropan-a-wallace-en-registro.html|accessdate=16) Aprili 2012|date=8 Aprili 2012|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1951|2025}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Meksiko]] l8wa3nyx7mym0f2gccy16zvzai8fmiy 0 230965 1575736 1518092 2026-06-21T09:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan Antonio Ipiña Iza''' ([[23 Agosti]] [[1912]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[1974]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] na baadaye aliendelea kuwa meneja (kocha) wa mpira wa miguu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=282&n=ipi%C3%B1a/juan/antonio/ipi%C3%B1a/iza |title=Profile |accessdate=2007-03-05 |archive-date=2007-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305152934/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=282&n=ipi%C3%B1a/juan/antonio/ipi%C3%B1a/iza |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1912|1974}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] rr99tgkjgmhwgxyjzfyi9yi099ukjdz 1575779 1575736 2026-06-21T11:25:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juan Antonio Ipiña Iza''' ([[23 Agosti]] [[1912]] – [[7 Septemba]] [[1974]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] na baadaye aliendelea kuwa meneja (kocha) wa mpira wa miguu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=282&n=ipi%C3%B1a/juan/antonio/ipi%C3%B1a/iza |title=Profile |accessdate=2007-03-05 |archive-date=2007-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305152934/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=282&n=ipi%C3%B1a/juan/antonio/ipi%C3%B1a/iza |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1912|1974}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] b7wj2y8se8pyutarlujwps55cu5c8ob 0 231169 1575443 1520078 2026-06-20T12:27:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ludu Amar''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Ludu Daw Ah Mar'''; {{IPA|my|lùdṵ dɔ̀ ʔəmà|pron}}; 29 Novemba 1915 – 7 Aprili 2008) alikuwa mwandishi mpinzani wa kisiasa na [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar|Burma]]. Alikuwa ameolewa na mwandishi na mwanahabari mwenzake Ludu U Hla, na alikuwa mama wa mwandishi maarufu Nyi Pu Lay. Anajulikana zaidi kwa misimamo yake ya wazi ya kupinga serikali na uandishi wa mrengo wa kushoto. Pia aliandika kuhusu sanaa za jadi za Burma, zikiwemo tamthilia, ngoma na muziki, na alitafsiri kazi kadhaa kutoka Kiingereza, za kubuni (fasihi) na zisizo za kubuni. == Mwandishi na mwanaharakati wa mwanafunzi == Alizaliwa katika familia ya muda mrefu yenye makazi Mandalay iliyokuwa ikijihusisha na biashara ya tumbaku na utengenezaji wa cheroot (sigara za asili). Amar alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto kumi na wawili, ambapo sita tu waliishi hadi kufikia utu uzima. Alisoma katika Shule ya Misheni ya American Baptist na baadaye Shule ya Kitaifa chini ya mkuu wa shule Abdul Razak, ambaye baadaye alikuja kuwa Waziri wa Elimu katika baraza la mawaziri la Aung San na kuuawa pamoja naye na wengine mnamo Julai 1947. Alisomea sayansi katika Chuo cha Kati cha Mandalay na baadaye akaendelea na masomo katika Chuo cha Rangoon kwa shahada ya kwanza. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|2008}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Myanmar]] 8x95gp3uoxu7expdwmiau3r84lgaqql 0 231254 1575420 1526406 2026-06-20T12:04:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Islam Alijaj (2023).jpg|thumb|Picha ya Islam Alijaj]] '''Islam Alijaj''' (alizaliwa 18 Juni 1986) ni mwanaharakati wa watu wenye mahitaji maalumu na pia ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uswisi]] akiwa mwanachama cha Social Democraty Part cha nchini Uswisi (Chama cha kijamii cha kidemokrasia) aliyechaguliwa katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Uswisi mwaka 2023.<ref>https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/neugewaehlte-nationalraete-die-auffaelligsten-koepfe-im-nationalrat</ref> Hapo awali alikua anahudumu kama mbunge wa mbunge la mji wa Zurich tangu mwaka 2022.<ref>https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/interview/536937728-islam-alijaj-ich-mache-keine-identitaetspolitik-es-kann-jeden-treffen</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1986|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Uswisi]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] pj4oujezvfvxb2zyqwzvai51xstt10i 0 231395 1575670 1545540 2026-06-21T04:25:08Z Muddyb 379 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1575670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Erick Sermon (9288240438)2.jpg | maelezo = Sermon akitumbuiza mnamo mwaka 2013 |background = solo_singer | jina = Erick Sermon | jina lingine = E Dub<br>E Double<br>Easy Erick<br>Erick Onasis<br>EMD<br>The Green-Eyed Bandit | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1968|11|25}} | chimbuko = [[Islip, New York]], Marekani | kazi = Rapa, mtayarishaji wa muziki | aina = {{hlist|[[Muziki wa Hip hop|Hip hop]]|[[East Coast hip hop]]}} | miaka ya kazi = 1987–sasa | studio = [[Fresh Records (US)|Fresh]]<br>[[Priority Records|Priority]]<br>[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]<br>[[DreamWorks Records|DreamWorks]]<br>[[J Records|J]]<br>[[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal]]<br>[[Caroline Records|Caroline]]<br>Funklord Productions | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]]<br>[[Hit Squad]]<br>[[Def Squad]] | wavuti = }} '''Erick Sermon''' (amezaliwa Novemba 25, 1968) ni rapa na mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa wanachama watatu—akiwa pamoja na [[PMD (rapper)|Parrish Smith]] & [[DJ Scratch]]—wa kundi la hip hop la miaka ya 1980/1990 la [[EPMD]], na pia kwa kazi zake za utayarishaji.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|title=Night Life : The New Yorker|date=November 19, 2010|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119053917/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|archive-date=November 19, 2010 |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Erick Sermon alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 25, 1968, huko [[Bay Shore, New York|Bay Shore]] kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Erick Sermon|url=http://rapaholic.blogspot.com/2007/01/erick-sermon.html|access-date=December 11, 2010|newspaper=Rapaholic|date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> == Kazi == Sermon alianza kazi kitaaluma mnamo mwaka 1986 kama mtayarishaji na msanii wa kundi la hip hop la EPMD. Alianza kurekodi albamu za peke yake (solo) chini ya lebo ya [[Def Jam]] mwaka 1993; mnamo mwaka 1997, alijiunga tena na EPMD. Mwaka uliofuata, Sermon, [[Keith Murray (rapper)|Murray]] na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] walirekodi wimbo wa marudio (cover) wa "[[Rapper's Delight]]" wa kundi la [[Sugarhill Gang]]. EPMD walivunjika kwa mara ya pili mnamo mwaka 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/39838-Erick-Sermon?filter_anv=0&type=Credits|title=Erick Sermon (credits)|website=Discogs|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> [[File:2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session - Erick Sermon.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Sermon kwenye tamasha la [[2004 NBA All-Star Game|2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session]]]] Mnamo mwaka 2000, Sermon alihamia [[J Records]], na akatoa albamu ya ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' mwaka uliofuata. Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Music", ulishirikisha sauti za marehemu [[Marvin Gaye]], ambazo Sermon anasemekana alizipata kutoka kwenye rekodi ambazo hazikuwahi kutolewa zilizopatikana katika duka dogo la rekodi huko London. "Music" ilikuja kuwa wimbo wa Sermon ulioshika nafasi ya juu zaidi, ukifikia namba 22 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] na namba 2 kwenye chati ya R&B. Albamu ya pili ya Sermon chini ya J Records, ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'', ilitolewa mwaka 2002. Wimbo uliabeba jina la albamu hiyo, "React", ulishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Billboard Hot 100, lakini albamu hiyo haikuuza vizuri na Sermon akaondolewa kwenye lebo hiyo mwaka 2003. Katika mahojiano ya Juni 30, 2004 na ''[[HipHopDX.com]]'', Sermon alimwambia mwandishi wa habari za muziki [[Bayer Mack]], "Mambo hayakuwa sawa J Records. [[Clive Davis]] na wenzake hawaamini katika matangazo. Wakati Puffy alipokuwa na [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]] pale [[Arista Records|Arista]], yeye ndiye alikuwa akifanya kazi zote za matangazo." Pia alieleza kuwa [[Busta Rhymes]] na [[Wyclef Jean]] walikuwa na matatizo kama hayo na J Records. Sermon aliendelea na kuanzisha nembo yake ya Def Squad chini ya [[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal Records]] na akatoa albamu yake ya sita ya kujitegemea, ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'', mnamo mwaka 2004. Albamu hiyo ilibebwa na wimbo "Feel It" (ambao ulikuwa na sampuli ya mwimbaji wa reggae/R&B [[Sean Paul]]), wimbo ambao ulipata mafanikio nchini Marekani. Katika mahojiano fulani, alieleza kuwa alikuwa anakusudia kukaa pembeni kidogo na kujaribu kuwasaidia wasanii wanaochipukia kupata nafasi. Hata hivyo, Sermon hajasimama kwenye [[tasnia ya muziki]], kwani alitayarisha wimbo wa "Goldmine" kwenye albamu ya [[Busta Rhymes]], ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' mwaka 2006. Muda mfupi baadaye, Sermon alirekodi "Don't Make No Sense" akiwa na [[Def Squad]]. Pia alishirikiana na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] na kutayarisha nyimbo kadhaa kwenye albamu ya ''[[Red Gone Wild]]'' huku pia akionekana na mwanachama wa Def Squad, Keith Murray. Mapema mwaka 2008, Sermon na Smith walianzisha lebo yao ya rekodi iliyoitwa EP Records, ikisambazwa na RBS/Universal Music Group. Albamu ya saba ya EPMD, ''[[We Mean Business (album)|We Mean Business]]'', ilitoka Desemba 2008. Sermon alionekana kwenye kipindi cha mwisho cha ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' katika sehemu ya freestyle iliyowashirikisha wasanii kama [[Rakim]], [[KRS-One]], [[Chubb Rock]], [[MC Serch]] na [[Craig Mack]]. Mnamo mwaka 2018, Sermon aliungana na [[Mr Cheeks]] wa kundi la [[Lost Boyz]] & mtangazaji Ryan Verneuille na kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa kipindi chao cha redio ya FM, "The Ryan Show". Sermon ni sehemu ya Bodi ya Washauri ya Wabunifu ya [[Tracklib]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|title=Tracklib : Launches Today, Forever Changing the Way Music is Made|website=Marketscreener.com|language=en|access-date=September 5, 2019|author1=Marketscreener|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905131840/https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo Septemba 25, 2001, Sermon alijeruhiwa alipoanguka kutoka ghorofa ya tatu ya jengo la makazi. Polisi walidai kuwa Sermon alijaribu kujiua, lakini yeye alidai kuwa lilikuwa ni ajali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/epmd-1378522|title=ERICK SERMON WINDOW JUMP TREATED AS ATTEMPTED SUICIDE|website=[[NME]]|date=October 3, 2001|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 12, 2011, alipatwa na shambulio la moyo, ambalo alipona.<ref>{{cite web|last=Markman |first=Rob |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164406/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |title=Erick Sermon Recalls 'Pains' Before Heart Attack – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |website=[[MTV]] |date=November 15, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Erick Sermon|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Erick Sermon|l2=Diskografia ya utayarishaji}} {{See also|Diskografia ya EPMD}} ;Albamu za studio * ''[[No Pressure (Erick Sermon album)|No Pressure]]'' (1993) * ''[[Double or Nothing (Erick Sermon album)|Double or Nothing]]'' (1995) * ''[[Erick Onasis]]'' (2000) * ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' (2001) * ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'' (2002) * ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'' (2004) * ''[[E.S.P. (Erick Sermon's Perception)]]'' (2015) * ''[[Vernia (album)|Vernia]]'' (2019) * ''Dynamic Duos'' (2025) ;Albamu za ushirikiano * ''[[El Niño (Def Squad album)|El Niño]]'' akiwa na Def Squad (1998) == Video za muziki == * ''[[Def Jam Fight For NY]]'' (2004) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426436/?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY IMDB Page|work=IMDB|date=September 20, 2004|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover]]'' (2006) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/def-jam-fight-for-ny-the-takeover/3030-22083/characters/|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY: The Takeover|work=Giant Bomb|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * {{allmusic}} * {{IMDb name|0785257}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] 5ao4zjhnf4koiyz14584d3iwffjm7ot 0 231436 1575444 1542648 2026-06-20T12:28:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ludwig W. Adamec''' (10 Machi 1924 – 1 Januari 2019) alikuwa msomi kutoka [[Austria]] aliyebobea katika masomo ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Afghanistan]]. Alikuwa profesa katika Shule ya Masomo ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini katika University of Arizona.<ref name=arizona>[[http://www.cmes.arizona.edu/faculty/detail.php?id=118](http://www.cmes.arizona.edu/faculty/detail.php?id=118){{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}Ludwig W. Adamec]. Department of Near Eastern Studies. University of Arizona.</ref> Aliandika na kuhariri vitabu vingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuchapisha upya kazi muhimu ''Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan'', ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa imekusanywa lakini haikuchapishwa na serikali ya British India. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1924|2019}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Austria]] 3idbmg4yesim8704zjfps1fy93z5c4e 0 231619 1575586 1544447 2026-06-20T19:23:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faryal Gohar''' (amezaliwa 18 Desemba 1959) ni mwigizaji, mwanamitindo, mwandishi wa televisheni na mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu kutoka [[Pakistani|Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/454360-readings-by-faryal-gauhar-author-and-rights-activist-shares-her-thoughts-on-social-issues|title=Readings](https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/454360-readings-by-faryal-gauhar-author-and-rights-activist-shares-her-thoughts-on-social-issues|title=Readings) by Faryal Gohar: Author and rights activist shares her thoughts on social issues|website=The News International|date=18 Januari 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://nation.com.pk/16-Aug-2021/achieving-women-empowerment-gender-equality-govt-cherished-goal-ch-sarwar|title=Achieving](https://nation.com.pk/16-Aug-2021/achieving-women-empowerment-gender-equality-govt-cherished-goal-ch-sarwar|title=Achieving) women empowerment, gender equality govt cherished goal: Ch Sarwar|website=The Nation|date=28 Septemba 2021}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa uigizaji wake katika tamthilia kama ''[[Uraan (1995 TV series)|Uraan]]'', ''[[Chaandni Raatain]]'', ''[[Chand Grehan]]'', ''Wisal'' na ''[[Mohini Mansion Ki Cinderellayain]]''. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Pakistan]] jsv07ijfanftmtd4n1f6yb29emodhw5 0 232028 1575652 1533647 2026-06-21T01:42:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helen Samu Hakena ('''née Gogohe; alizaliwa [[13 Septemba]] [[1955]]) ni mratibu na [[mwanaharakati]] wa amani na haki za wanawake kutoka Bougainville nchini [[Papua]] New Guinea. Mwaka 1992 alishirikiana kuanzisha Leitana Nehan Women's Development Agency, shirika lililolenga kusaidia kurejesha amani kisiwani Bougainville baada ya migogoro. Shirika hilo hutoa msaada wa kibinadamu, elimu kuhusu amani na masuala ya kijinsia, pamoja na kutetea haki za wanawake na watoto. Kazi ya shirika hilo ilitambuliwa kimataifa kwa kupokea United Nations Millennium Peace Prize mwaka 2000 na pia Pacific Peace Prize mwaka 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://apwld.org/apfeministforum/speaker-profiles/helen-hakena/|title=Helen Hakena - Asia Pacific Feminist Forum|website=apwld.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-10|archive-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710145947/http://apwld.org/apfeministforum/speaker-profiles/helen-hakena/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Helen Samu Hakena pia alihimiza ushiriki wa wanawake katika michakato ya katiba na upokonyaji silaha baada ya amani kurejeshwa, ingawa ushiriki huo ulikuwa mdogo. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development, ambapo anashiriki katika kuendeleza haki za wanawake na maendeleo ya kijamii katika eneo la Asia na Pasifiki. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] tamfdqwa254j2kxa6f2vki14w1wnefr 0 232107 1575597 1533907 2026-06-20T20:55:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''François Amégasse Akol''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fran�ois Am�gasse Akol - Century of International Appearances|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gab-amegasse-intl.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref>(alizaliwa 10 Oktoba 1965) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa Gabon aliyekuwa beki. Alichezea timu ya taifa ya Gabon mara 110, akifunga mabao tisa, na aliwakilisha [[Gabon]] katika michuano ya African Cup of Nations <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BBC News {{!}} CUP TEAMS {{!}} Team profile: Gabon|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/africa/cup_of_nations/cup_teams/601808.stm|work=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2026-05-06}}</ref>ya miaka 1994, 1996 na 2000. Katika fainali za mwaka 2000, alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Gabon. Baada ya kustaafu soka la kucheza, aliendelea kushiriki katika soka. Mwaka 2017 aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa fainali za 2017 Africa Cup of Nations zilizofanyika Gabon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football : François amegasse, nommé ambassadeur de la caf pour la Can 2017|url=http://news.alibreville.com/h/67999.html|work=alibreville.com|accessdate=2026-05-06|archive-date=2026-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518174811/http://news.alibreville.com/h/67999.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wachezaji mpira]] c4cjllmywivwrjazugxakwacgifvb23 0 232556 1575690 1537943 2026-06-21T05:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Bezan''' (alizaliwa [[19 Mei]] 1965) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada|Canada]] kutoka Conservative Party of Canada. Amehudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Shirikisho (MP) katika Baraza la Commons la Canada tangu mwaka 2004, akiwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (lililokuwa likijulikana awali kama Selkirk—Interlake). Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri Kivuli wa Ulinzi wa Taifa (Shadow Minister for National Defence) ndani ya upinzani wa Conservative.<ref>CBC News [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/mulcair-endorsed-by-former-governor-general-ed-schreyer-1.1126816 "Mulcair endorsed by former governor general Ed Schreyer"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/canadavotes2006/national/2005/12/14/schreyer051214.html |title="Former GG Schreyer to run for NDP" |accessdate=2013-07-03 |archive-date=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130023314/http://www.cbc.ca/story/canadavotes2006/national/2005/12/14/schreyer051214.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] e6aec2b9fr2xl34xu9ktr01kj1w3z52 1575691 1575690 2026-06-21T05:58:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Bezan''' (alizaliwa [[19 Mei]] 1965) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Kanada|Canada]] kutoka Conservative Party of Canada. Amehudumu kama Mbunge wa Bunge la Shirikisho (MP) katika Baraza la Commons la Canada tangu mwaka 2004, akiwakilisha jimbo la uchaguzi la Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (lililokuwa likijulikana awali kama Selkirk—Interlake). Kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri Kivuli wa Ulinzi wa Taifa (Shadow Minister for National Defence) ndani ya upinzani wa Conservative.<ref>CBC News [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/mulcair-endorsed-by-former-governor-general-ed-schreyer-1.1126816 "Mulcair endorsed by former governor general Ed Schreyer"]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/canadavotes2006/national/2005/12/14/schreyer051214.html |title="Former GG Schreyer to run for NDP" |accessdate=2013-07-03 |archive-date=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130023314/http://www.cbc.ca/story/canadavotes2006/national/2005/12/14/schreyer051214.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] pdsmlh9t569lnadry4v1ioge436h3qm 0 232824 1575417 1538498 2026-06-20T12:02:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibra Diouf''' ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Senegal]] aliyehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika]]. Ibra Diouf pia alihudumu kama Waziri wa Mipango ya Kikanda na Serikali za Mitaa chini ya Rais Macky Sall kuanzia mwaka 2013 hadi 2017. Alizaliwa tarehe 4 Juni 1962, huko Kolda, Senegal. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Senegal]] 3yrz6w5ols8yvkec24sme3x9z5ktil0 0 233496 1575432 1539940 2026-06-20T12:16:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dkt. Kandeh Baba Conteh''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 15, 1958) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanasayansi wa siasa wa [[Sierra Leone]]. Yeye ni kiongozi wa chama cha Peace and Liberation Party (PLP).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PLP Parliamentary Candidates - Sierra Leone Web|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/list-PLP.html|work=www.sierra-leone.org|accessdate=2026-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Armed Forces Revolutionary Council - 11 September 1997 - Sierra Leone Web|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/govt7.html|work=www.sierra-leone.org|accessdate=2026-05-10}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Sierra Leone]] mmyxh42it05wtfieu5zvdz05l7d4xnp 0 234395 1575415 1541660 2026-06-20T12:01:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''General Manuel Hélder Vieira Dias Jr.''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani '''Kopelipa''') ni mmoja wa watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya kisiasa na kijeshi ya hivi karibuni nchini [[Angola]]. Alikuwa mshirika wa karibu sana wa aliyekuwa Rais [[José Eduardo dos Santos]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Angola’s Path to Justice: Prosecuting the Guilty and Recovering the Stolen Billions|url=https://www.makaangola.org/2018/10/angolas-path-to-justice-prosecuting-the-guilty-and-recovering-the-stolen-billions/|date=2018-10-23|accessdate=2026-05-13|language=en-GB|author=Rafael Marques de Morais}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Angola]] gljgtpf2fl5ttcx5iog2x2208sed7un 0 234404 1575427 1541675 2026-06-20T12:11:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jofre Van-Dúnem Júnior''' ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] na mtaalamu wa masuala ya biashara nchini [[Angola]], ambaye alikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika kipindi cha kwanza cha utawala wa Rais [[João Lourenço]].<ref>{{Citation|title=President dismisses trade minister and appoints successor|url=https://www.verangola.net/va/en/032020/Politics/19047/President-dismisses-trade-minister-and-appoints-successor.htm|work=VerAngola|language=en|access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hon. Joffre Van-Dúnem Júnior|url=https://concordia.net/community/hon-joffre-van-dunem-junior/|work=Concordia|accessdate=2026-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Angola]] 2miw8617al2t7jd5tj7029sv2ci873o 0 234460 1575547 1541943 2026-06-20T16:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eduardo Manchón Molina''' ([[Barcelona]], [[24 Julai]] [[1930]] - [[29 Septemba]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Ingawa alikuwa mchezaji mwenye mguu wa kushoto kwa asili, pia alikuwa hodari kwa mguu wa kulia na aliweza kucheza kama strika au kwenye upande wa kushoto kama winga wa kushoto.<ref name="man">FCBarcelona.cat: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110426180205/http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/noticies/club/temporada10-11/09/29/n100929113201.html Eduard Manchón Dies]</ref><ref>weltfussball.de: [http://www.weltfussball.de/spielbericht/primera-division-1950-1951-fc-barcelona-valencia-cf/ Primera Division 1950/1951 .:. 5. Spieltag]</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1930|2010}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] ks7fzq4sdjcdgusdjero4v4lpv499i1 0 235157 1575422 1543280 2026-06-20T12:06:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Bamber''' (11 Aprili 1895 – 26 Mei 1973) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye alicheza kama half-back (kiungo wa ulinzi) akiwa na vilabu vya Liverpool, Leicester City, Tranmere Rovers na Prescot Cables, pamoja na kuichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [[https://www.liverpoolfc.com/info/john-bamber](https://www.liverpoolfc.com/info/john-bamber) Tovuti rasmi ya Liverpool FC – wasifu wa John Bamber] {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1895|1973}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] 6vdheq099pdkxewxd75ctahh8clzbho 0 235224 1575418 1543626 2026-06-20T12:02:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibrahim Bouderbala''' (amezaliwa 7 Agosti 1952) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Tunisia]] ambaye amekuwa Rais wa Assembly of the Representatives of the People tangu tarehe 13 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Speaker congratulates Tunisian counterpart on Republic Day|url=https://www.nuwab.bh/en/speaker-congratulates-tunisian-counterpart-on-republic-day/|work=Council of Representatives|accessdate=2026-05-15|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Tunisia]] 39h4st1onfejydqwfpwfyupxwol3g4i 0 235627 1575510 1544222 2026-06-20T14:00:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Dina Thorslund | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_halisi = | jina_la_utani = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1993|10|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Copenhagen, Denmark | utaifa = Denmark | uzito = {{plainlist| *Uzani wa Nzi *Uzani wa Nzi Mkubwa *Uzani wa Manyoya }} | urefu = futi 5 inchi 4 | mikono = | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | jumla = 23 | ushindi = 23 | KO = 9 | kupoteza = | sare = | hakuna mashindano = }} '''Dina Thorslund''' (amezaliwa 14 Oktoba 1993) ni bondia wa ngumi za kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Denmark]].<ref name="BoxRec">{{cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/box-pro/715454 |title=Dina Thorslund Professional Boxing Record |publisher=BoxRec |access-date=2026-05-16}}</ref> Amefanikiwa kushikilia mataji ya dunia katika madaraja mawili tofauti ya uzito. Alikuwa bingwa wa dunia wa taji la WBO katika uzito wa juu wa bantam (super-bantamweight) kuanzia mwaka 2018 hadi 2021.<ref name="WBO">{{cite web |url=https://www.wboboxing.com/dina-thorslund/ |title=WBO Champion Profile: Dina Thorslund |publisher=WBO |access-date=2026-05-16 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aidha, amekuwa bingwa wa umoja wa mataji akishikilia mataji ya Baraza la Ngumi Duniani (WBC), Shirika la Ngumi Duniani (WBO),na mataji ya uzito wa bantam ya wanawake kutoka jarida la The Ring la huko nchini [[Marekani]] kuanzia mwaka 2021 hadi 2025. .<ref name="TheRing">{{cite web |url=https://www.ringtv.com/ratings/?weightclass=119 |title=The Ring Magazine Ratings: Female Bantamweight |publisher=The Ring |access-date=2026-05-16}}</ref><ref name="WBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbcboxing.com |title=WBC Female Champions |publisher=World Boxing Council |access-date=2026-05-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Denmark]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jndr8ars7arwbdyxyy9zhvyarsaomok 0 236392 1575585 1545796 2026-06-20T19:14:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faraj Al-Barasi''' (Kiarabu: فرج البرعصي; pia huandikwa Bor’osi, Borosi au Barassi; 1960 – 8 Novemba 1989) alikuwa [[mwanasoka]] wa Libya aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya [[mshambuliaji]]. Alifunga bao katika Kombe la Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] la mwaka 1982 lililofanyika nchini [[Libya]]. Al-Barasi alifariki katika ajali ya barabarani tarehe 8 Novemba 1989.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Page Not Found|url=http://www.sportslibya1.com/showthread.php?t=5722|work=www.sportslibya1.com|accessdate=2026-05-18|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104842/http://www.sportslibya1.com/showthread.php?t=5722|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mafanikio == === Libya === * [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika: Mshindi wa pili (1982)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African Nations Cup 1982|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/82a.html|work=www.rsssf.org|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Libya]] 9ohdlc72pxr9phnvq2pzrfe1ovpv3wz 0 236703 1575440 1546418 2026-06-20T12:25:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawrence Alufea Sampofu''' (amezaliwa 10 Agosti 1955) ni [[Askari|mwanajeshi]] na [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Namibia]]. Aliwahi kuwa Gavana wa Mkoa wa Zambezi kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi 2025. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Namibia]] 22vz4en2rf51y7qucm1l9960lznpwsn 0 237611 1575548 1548325 2026-06-20T16:33:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575548 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eleonore von Raab''' (pia alijulikana kama '''Éléonore de Raab''') (1755 – takriban 1811) alikuwa mkusanyaji wa madini (minerals) kutoka [[Austria]]. Mkusanyiko wake wa madini ulifanyiwa katalogi na mwanasayansi Ignaz von Born mwaka 1790. == Maisha ya binafsi == Von Raab alikuwa binti wa Franz Anton von Raab (ingawa Wilson<ref name=wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Wendell E. |title=Fifty-four early mineral collection catalogs–Part III (amended): [34] Catalog of Eleonore DeRaab (1741–1793?) |journal=[[Axis (journal)|Axis]] |date=3 Mei 2006 |url=[https://cdn.mineralogicalrecord.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/pdfs/Highlights-from-Record-Library-III-B.pdf](https://cdn.mineralogicalrecord.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/pdfs/Highlights-from-Record-Library-III-B.pdf) |access-date=25 Julai 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> anamtaja baba yake kama Bartholomeus Raab). Aliolewa na balozi wa Hispania della Huerta,<ref name=schuh /> au Friedrich von Uberta<ref name=wilson /> na wakati mwingine alijulikana kama “Frau von Uberta”.<ref name=schuh /> Huber na Huber katika utafiti wao wa 2015 kuhusu mkusanyiko wake wanampa tarehe za maisha kama “1755–takriban 1811”, ingawa walikuwa wamewahi kuandika (2009) kuwa “inawezekana aliishi kuanzia takriban 1745 hadi takriban 1830”. Wilson anatoa tarehe kama “(1741–1793?)”,<ref name=wilson /> huku Schuh akimtaja tu kama “(aliyeonekana kufanya kazi miaka ya 1790s)”.<ref name="schuh">{{cite web |title=Born Ignaz von |url=[https://mineralogicalrecord.com/new_biobibliography/born-ignaz-von/](https://mineralogicalrecord.com/new_biobibliography/born-ignaz-von/) |website=Schuh's Annotated Bio-Bibliography |publisher=The Mineralogical Record |access-date=25 Julai 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alifariki katika [[Valencia]], Hispania.<ref name=blko>{{cite wikisource |title=BLKÖ:Raab, Franz Anton Ritter von|wslanguage=de |work=[[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1755|1811}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Austria]] fepjic0gy3p01eeg1o3156burdb6248 0 237983 1575424 1568934 2026-06-20T12:09:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jan Jakub Quirin Jahn''' (4 Juni 1739 – 18 Agosti 1802) aliyezaliwa katika mji wa [[Praha]], alikuwa [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa mambo ya kale na msanii kutoka [[Bohemia]]. Jahn alijifunza uchoraji angali na umri mdogo chini ya uangalzi wa baba yake hadi mwaka 1758 na baadae alianzisha kikundi cha wachoraji kilichojumuisha Jan Ferdinand Schor na František Xaver Palko. Kutoka mwaka 1761 alisoma Sanaa katika chuo cha Academy.<ref>https://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/records/80c7d467-b6ad-4f2c-944b-b880f340b4cc</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1739|1802}} [[Jamii:wachoraji wa Ucheki]] 5h5uxxy5od419duyqptlji2jm2kyj0b 0 238107 1575784 1550359 2026-06-21T11:58:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelebogile Emily Kerileng''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye alihudumu kama Mbunge wa [[Bunge]] la Mkoa wa North West kwa tiketi ya chama cha Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) kuanzia Mei 2019 hadi Mei 2024. Alichaguliwa kuingia bungeni baada ya kushika nafasi ya pili kwenye orodha ya wagombea wa EFF katika mkoa huo wakati wa [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa mwaka 2019, na aliapa rasmi tarehe 22 Mei 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Provincial Gazette for North West No. 8006, 15 May 2019, Vol. 262|url=https://www.greengazette.co.za/documents/provincial-gazette-for-north-west-8006-of-15-may-2019-vol-262_20190515-NWP-08006|work=www.greengazette.co.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=2024-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202135355/https://www.greengazette.co.za/documents/provincial-gazette-for-north-west-8006-of-15-may-2019-vol-262_20190515-NWP-08006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=North West Provincial Legislature - Management|url=https://provincialgovernment.co.za/units/management/105/north-west/provincial-legislature|work=provincialgovernment.co.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=2026-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523200950/https://provincialgovernment.co.za/units/management/105/north-west/provincial-legislature|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] lekkcnlw9xzotq5r6w6oa9mqywnpywp 0 238380 1575650 1549903 2026-06-21T01:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hassan Toufanian''' (20 Julai 1913 – 28 Agosti 1998)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://iichs.org/index.asp?id=2149&doc_cat=7|title=مؤسسه مطالعات تاريخ معاصر ايران IICHS|accessdate=24 August 2021|archive-date=2026-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404111831/http://www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=2149&doc_cat=7|url-status=dead}}</ref> alikuwa Jenerali wa Jeshi la Anga la [[Iran]] chini ya utawala wa [[Shah wa Iran]]. Alikuwa mhitimu wa Chuo cha Kijeshi cha Iran na baadaye alihudumu kama afisa mkuu wa chuo cha usafiri wa anga cha Iran. Mnamo mwaka 1977, alikuwa Naibu Waziri wa Vita wa Shah na aliongoza [[Mradi wa Flower]] (Project Flower), ambao ulihusisha makubaliano ya kiuchumi kati ya Iran na Israel. Mradi huo ulilenga kujenga ushirikiano na kubadilishana mafuta ya Iran kwa mfumo wa makombora wa Israel, lakini ulikwama mnamo mwaka 1979 wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya Iran]].<ref name="Bergnab2008">Ronen Bergman. (2008). ''The secret war with Iran: The 30-year clandestine struggle against the world's most dangerous terrorist power''. Simon and Schuster. pp. 5-7</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|1998}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 5sb4z3ce06gq5ues9pwh85v13pxrq52 0 238498 1575583 1570670 2026-06-20T18:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Everton Blender | picha = Everton Blender July 2011.jpg | maelezo = Everton Blender mnamo mwezi Julai mwaka 2011 | background = solo_singer | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Everton Dennis Williams | asili = [[Clarendon, Jamaika|Clarendon]], Jamaika | aina = [[Reggae]], [[Roots reggae]] | kazi = Mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa muziki | miaka ya kazi = Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970–sasa | studio = [[Heartbeat Records|Heartbeat]], [[Greensleeves Records|Greensleeves]], Star Trail, Malako, [[Rounder Records|Rounder]], Blend Dem, Explorer | tovuti = }} '''Everton Blender''' (alizaliwa kama '''Everton Dennis Williams''' mnamo tarehe 21 Novemba 1954 katika Parokia ya [[Clarendon, Jamaika|Clarendon]]) ni mwimbaji na mtayarishaji wa muziki wa [[reggae]] kutoka nchini [[Jamaika]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa sauti yake nyororo ya teno, mipangilio ya muziki yenye kasi changamfu, na nyimbo zake zenye ujumbe wa kiroho na kijamii unaoinua nafsi, akifanikiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kuziba pengo lililopo kati ya muziki wa [[roots reggae]] na [[dancehall]].<ref name="Harris">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p141493/biography|pure_url=yes}} |title=Everton Blender – Biography |accessdate=23 March 2008 |author=Harris, Craig |publisher=AllMusic }}</ref><ref name="fast">{{cite web |url=http://www.fastlaneintl.com/blender.htm |title=Reggae – Everton Blender |accessdate=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510230215/http://www.fastlaneintl.com/blender.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasifu == Williams alizaliwa katika parokia ya Clarendon lakini alikulia kwenye mitaa ya Maxfield Avenue jijini [[Kingston, Jamaika|Kingston]].<ref name="fast" /> Alianza safari yake ya kimuziki kwa kuimba kwenye mashindano ya wasanii chipukizi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 katika klabu ya ''Bohemia Club'' jijini Kingston, akitumbuiza kwa kurudia nyimbo za [[Dennis Brown]] chini ya jina la kisanii "Babbaru". Alifanikiwa kushinda shindano hilo katika jaribio lake la pili.<ref name="Harris" /> Baadaye, alitumbuiza katika madisko mbalimbali ya sauti ya Jamaika kama vile ''Destiny Outernational'', ''Master Voice'', na ''Santex'', na kufanikiwa kutoa nyimbo kadhaa zikiwemo "Where Is Love" mnamo mwaka 1979 na "Ba Ba Black Sheep" mnamo mwaka 1985. Hata hivyo, hakupata mafanikio makubwa ya kibiashara katika kipindi hicho, jambo lililomfanya ajiondoe kwenye tasnia ya muziki na kurejea kwenye kazi yake ya awali ya kupaka rangi nyumba.<ref name="Barrow">{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Steve |author2=Dalton, Peter |title=Reggae: The Rough Guide |year=1997 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-85828-247-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/reggaeroughguide00barro }}</ref> Blender alirejea tena kwenye muziki mapema miaka ya 1990 baada ya msanii mwenzake [[Garnett Silk]], ambaye pia alikuwa amefanya kazi na mfumo wa sauti wa ''Destiny'', kumtambulisha kwa mtayarishaji mahiri wa muziki [[Richard Bell (record producer)|Richard Bell]]. Bell alimsainisha Blender kwenye lebo yake ya ''Star Trail''. Katika awamu hii ya pili, Blender alipata mafanikio ya haraka mara tu baada ya kutoa wimbo wa "We No Jus' a Come," ambao ulifanya vizuri sana na kuwa wimbo uliopendwa nchini Jamaika.<ref name="Harris" /> Umaarufu wa Blender ulisambaa hadi nchini Uingereza ambapo albamu yake ya kwanza, ''Lift Up Your Head'', ilishika nafasi ya nne kwenye chati ya muziki ya ''[[Black Echoes]]''. Wimbo mkuu uliobeba jina la albamu hiyo ulichaguliwa pia kuwania Tuzo ya Muziki ya Jamaika (Jamaican Music Award).<ref name="Harris" /> Albamu na nyimbo nyingine nyingi zilifuata, na nyimbo zake za mapema za awamu hii zilikuja kukusanywa na kutolewa kwenye albamu ya mchanganyiko iitwayo ''A Piece of da Blender: The Singles'' mnamo mwaka 1996. Blender anatajwa kuwa mmoja wa waimbaji mashuhuri walioongoza vuguvugu la kurejea kwa muziki wa reggae wenye ujumbe wa kiutamaduni na maadili (cultural reggae) katika miaka ya 1990, akisimama bega kwa bega na wasanii kama Garnett Silk na [[Luciano (mwimbaji)|Luciano]].<ref name="Barrow" /> Ametoa albamu kadhaa chini ya lebo ya [[Heartbeat Records]] na pia alianzisha lebo yake binafsi ya kurekodi muziki iitwayo ''Blend Dem Productions''. Kupitia lebo hiyo, amefanya kazi na kuzalisha kazi za wasanii wengine wakubwa kama [[Prezident Brown]], [[Admiral Tibet]], [[Louie Culture]], [[Jah Mason]], [[Spanner Banner]], [[Richie Spice]], na [[Anthony B]], pamoja na kusimamia kazi zake mwenyewe.<ref name="Dooley">{{cite web |url=http://incolor.inetnebr.com/cvanpelt/blender.html |title=Blender Have Him Credential |accessdate=23 March 2008 |author=Dooley, Jim |year=1999 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619052629/http://incolor.inetnebr.com/cvanpelt/blender.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mtazamo wa uandishi na maadili === Blender aliwahi kueleza jinsi anavyoandika nyimbo zake kwa kusema: "Sisi huwa tunatafakari tu, na kisha hisia inakuja yenyewe, au tunakaa chini na kuanza kutengeneza wimbo kuanzia mwanzo bila hata kuwa na melodi yoyote, na melodi zinakuja baadaye."<ref name="niceup">{{cite web |url=http://niceup.com/interviews/everton_blender |title=Everton Blender Interview, WESU 88.1 FM, Middletown, Connecticut, March 2, 1996 |accessdate=23 March 2008 |date=March 1996 }}</ref> Blender amekuwa akipinga vikali matumizi ya maneno machafu au yasiyo na maadili ambayo yamekuwa ya kawaida katika baadhi ya matawi ya reggae na dancehall, akisisitiza kuwa: "Kama watu wakikuambia wanataka takataka, unajua kabisa hawapaswi kupewa takataka. Wanapaswa kupata vitu vizuri vitakavyoweka safi miili yao ya ndani na nje. Kamwe tusishindwe, kila wakati tusimamie uadilifu. Hicho ndicho tunachokipigania."<ref name="niceup" /> Blender amefanya ziara nyingi za kimuziki duniani kote. Alifanya ziara barani Afrika mnamo mwaka 1999 mbele ya mashabiki wengi wenye shauku, ambapo alisema: "Wanahitaji kujua kuhusu utamaduni wao... baadhi ya watu wanapenda kujitokeza na kuuona utamaduni wa Jamaika." Mnamo mwaka 2019, alifanya ziara mbili zenye mafanikio makubwa barani Ulaya akishirikiana na Thomas Evers wa shirika la wasanii la Rockers Artist Agency.<ref name="Dooley" /> == Tuzo == Blender alitunukiwa tuzo ya kimataifa ya ''Chicago Martins International Award'', pamoja na tuzo za ''South Florida Reggae/Soca Awards'' katika miaka ya 1996 na 1997 kwenye kipengele cha "Msanii Aliyepiga Hatua Zaidi" (Most Improved Entertainer).<ref name="Harris" /> == Diskografia == *''Lift Up Your Head'' (1994) – Star Trail/[[Heartbeat Records|Heartbeat]] *''Blend Dem'' (1995) – Malako *''Piece of da Blender: The Singles'' (1996) – Heartbeat *''Where Do The Children'' (1997) – Heartbeat *''Rootsman Credential'' (1999) – Heartbeat *''Live at the White River Reggae Bash'' (2000) – [[Rounder Records|Rounder]] *''World Corruption'' (2000) – [[Greensleeves Records|Greensleeves]] *''Visionary'' (2001) – Heartbeat *''King Man'' (2003) – Heartbeat/Blend Dem *''It's My Time'' (2005) – Explorer *''Live in Berkeley'' (2007) – 2B1 (DVD) *''Red Razor Riddim'' (2007) – Zion High/Lustre Kings *''Higher Heights rEvolution'' (2011) – Blend Dem == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://myspace.com/evertonblender Ukurasa wa Everton Blender kwenye Myspace] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005050918/http://www.reggae-reviews.com/blender.html Everton Blender kwenye tovuti ya ReggaeReviews] * [http://ireggae.com/everton.htm Mahojiano ya sauti na Everton Blender (22 Juni 1999)] {{Wayback|url=http://ireggae.com/everton.htm |date=20260106050803 }} {{BD|1954}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blender, Everton}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Jamaika]] jid3byb56met4cyrgt9eev70n2qaxly 0 238730 1575428 1550435 2026-06-20T12:12:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joachim Masena''' alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Kongo. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa kwanza wa Kazi wa Zaire, ambayo sasa hivi ni [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], chini ya Serikali ya Lumumba iliyodumu kuanzia tarehe 24 Juni hadi 12 Septemba 1960 chini ya uongozi wa Waziri Mkuu [[Patrice Lumumba]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa chama cha PSA. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2sjlm2i1vf3etd4abn86r4sh75m9jm9 0 238873 1575653 1570801 2026-06-21T01:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriett Koósz''' (amezaliwa tarehe 14 Februari 1980 mjini Kőszeg) ni mchezaji wa [[Austria]] wa para badminton na pia ni mchezaji wa zamani wa wheelchair tennis (tenisi ya viti vya magurudumu).<ref name="weltdefrau_0516">{{cite web |last1=Klikovits |first1=Petra |title=Zeit zum Brückenbauen |url=[http://www.welt-der-frau.at/themen/titelgeschichten/zeit-zum-brueckenbauen/](http://www.welt-der-frau.at/themen/titelgeschichten/zeit-zum-brueckenbauen/) |publisher=Welt der Frau |accessdate=26 Septemba 2016 |date=Mei 2015 |archive-date=2 Februari 2017 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001238/http://www.welt-der-frau.at/themen/titelgeschichten/zeit-zum-brueckenbauen/](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001238/http://www.welt-der-frau.at/themen/titelgeschichten/zeit-zum-brueckenbauen/) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akiwa mjumbe wa timu ya Austria ya Paralimpiki katika mchezo wa wheelchair tennis, alishiriki katika Paralympics ya 2012 iliyofanyika London.<ref name="falter_2012">{{cite web |title="Hii ilikuwa ndoto yangu kila wakati" |url=[https://cms.falter.at/falter/2012/08/21/das-war-immer-mein-traum/](https://cms.falter.at/falter/2012/08/21/das-war-immer-mein-traum/) |publisher=Falter |accessdate=26 Septemba 2016 |date=21 Agosti 2012}}</ref><ref name="profil_2012">{{cite web |last1=Hofer |first1=Sebastian |title=Wachezaji wa Austria katika Paralimpiki wakiwa kwenye hatua ya mwisho ya maandalizi |url=[http://www.profil.at/home/paralympics-oesterreichs-paralympics-teilnehmer-endspurt-337249](http://www.profil.at/home/paralympics-oesterreichs-paralympics-teilnehmer-endspurt-337249) |publisher=profil |accessdate=26 Septemba 2016 |date=22 Agosti 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2016, aliiwakilisha Austria katika mashindano ya para-badminton kwenye Austrian Open.<ref>{{cite web |title=Para-Badminton at Austrian Open |url=[http://www.badmintoneurope.com/cms/default.aspx?clubid=4685&m=3259871&cmsid=239&pageid=5381](http://www.badmintoneurope.com/cms/default.aspx?clubid=4685&m=3259871&cmsid=239&pageid=5381) |publisher=Badminton Europe |accessdate=26 Septemba 2016 |date=25 Februari 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Austrian Open 2016: Ulaya kuvunja utawala wa Asia Vienna |url=[http://sportreport.biz/2016/02/28/austrian-open-2016-europa-durchbricht-asiatische-dominanz-in-wien/](http://sportreport.biz/2016/02/28/austrian-open-2016-europa-durchbricht-asiatische-dominanz-in-wien/) |publisher=Sport Report |accessdate=26 Septemba 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] hr0o7frmhxjnehj9fzd3g1ha32d9ut1 0 240001 1575439 1558844 2026-06-20T12:24:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwaw Ampah''' (pia alijulikana kwa jina la Joseph Kwaw Ampah) alikuwa mwanachama wa vyama vya wafanyakazi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa katibu mkuu (katibu wa taifa) wa Trade Union Congress (TUC) mnamo Juni 1964 na serikali ya Convention People's Party, akimrithi Magnus George. Kabla ya uteuzi wake, alikuwa katibu wa Public Utility Workers' Union.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caIcAQAAMAAJ&q=kwaw+ampah|title=News from Hsinhua News Agency: daily bulletin|last=she|first=Xin hua tong xun|date=1965-09-16|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 1965, yeye pamoja na viongozi wengine wa vyama vya wafanyakazi akiwemo John Tettegah, ambaye wakati huo alikuwa katibu mkuu wa All-African Trade Union Federation, walikuwa wabunge kwa tiketi ya Convention People's Party. Kwaw Ampah alikuwa mbunge wa jimbo la Juabeso-Bia kuanzia mwaka 1965 hadi 1966 wakati serikali ya Kwame Nkrumah ilipoondolewa madarakani kupitia mapinduzi. Aliendelea kushikilia nafasi hiyo huku akiwa pia katibu mkuu wa TUC. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ghana]] 6vpd1ws5wtxgh1dyffs4tcyjosk18wl 0 240031 1575725 1564378 2026-06-21T08:04:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alessandra Joan Thiele'''<ref name="Aimi-2025">{{cite web |last=Aimi |first=Gianmarco |title=Joan Thiele: l'outsider |url=[https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/interviste-musica/joan-thiele-loutsider/963209/](https://www.rollingstone.it/musica/interviste-musica/joan-thiele-loutsider/963209/) |website=[[Rolling Stone Italia]] |access-date=6 February 2025 |language=it |date=6 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Venezia-2025">{{cite web |last=Venezia |first=Annalia |title=Joan Thiele a Sanremo: «Non sono pronta alla super esposizione, spero di imparare la leggerezza» |url=[https://www.editorialedomani.it/idee/cultura/sanremo-2025-joan-thiele-intervista-eco-leggerezza-ssg2tzso](https://www.editorialedomani.it/idee/cultura/sanremo-2025-joan-thiele-intervista-eco-leggerezza-ssg2tzso) |website=[[Domani (gazeti)|Domani]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |language=it |date=9 February 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (amezaliwa 21 Septemba 1991)<ref name="Laffranchi-2025">{{cite web |last=Laffranchi |first=Andrea |title=Joan Thiele: «Ho fatto fatica con il mio corpo e i giudizi degli altri. La canzone di Sanremo? Per mio fratello, e per tutti, contro la paura» |url=[https://www.corriere.it/sette/25_agosto_21/joan-thiele-intervista-ff9e7e36-451d-469d-86d0-bc92ceb25xlk.shtml](https://www.corriere.it/sette/25_agosto_21/joan-thiele-intervista-ff9e7e36-451d-469d-86d0-bc92ceb25xlk.shtml) |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=it |date=21 August 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Italia]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Italia]] e62yt366i7iksoq1l08lug1hl215zb2 0 240034 1575760 1558958 2026-06-21T09:57:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juliana Velásquez Buitrago''' ni mwigizaji, mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwandishi na mtangazaji kutoka [[Kolombia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.zonajovencolombia.com/juliana-velasquez-lanza-su-cancion-narices-frias/|title=Juliana](https://www.zonajovencolombia.com/juliana-velasquez-lanza-su-cancion-narices-frias/|title=Juliana) Velásquez Lanza Su Canción Narices Frías|work=Zona Joven Colombia|date=May 23, 2023|accessdate=December 4, 2024}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.elpais.com.co/entretenimiento/juliana-la-ganadora-de-grammy-de-gira-por-colombia.html|title=Juliana](https://www.elpais.com.co/entretenimiento/juliana-la-ganadora-de-grammy-de-gira-por-colombia.html|title=Juliana), la ganadora de Grammy, de gira por Colombia|date=February 21, 2023|accessdate=December 4, 2024|work=[[El País (Cali)|El País]]}}</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa ushiriki wake katika vipindi vya uhalisia (reality shows) kama “Club 10” na “Angelitos”.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.entretengo.com/television/serie-caso-colmenares-juliana-velasquez-jessy-quintero-91577|title=Juliana](https://www.entretengo.com/television/serie-caso-colmenares-juliana-velasquez-jessy-quintero-91577|title=Juliana) Velásquez será Jessy Quintero en serie del caso Colmenares|work=Entretengo|date=October 28, 2019|accessdate=December 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.pulzo.com/entretenimiento/quien-hara-jessy-quintero-serie-netflix-sobre-caso-colmenares-PP581800|title=Actriz](https://www.pulzo.com/entretenimiento/quien-hara-jessy-quintero-serie-netflix-sobre-caso-colmenares-PP581800|title=Actriz) del 'Club 10' será Jessy Quintero en serie sobre caso Colmenares|work=Pulzo|date=October 29, 2018|accessdate=December 4, 2024}}</ref> Mwaka 2023, alisaini mkataba wa usambazaji wa muziki na Warner Music Mexico.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=[https://www.billboard.com/pro/juliana-velasquez-signs-warner-music-mexico-distribution/|title=Juliana](https://www.billboard.com/pro/juliana-velasquez-signs-warner-music-mexico-distribution/|title=Juliana) Velásquez Signs Distribution Deal With Warner Music Mexico|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=December 4, 2024|date=August 7, 2023|last=Roiz|first=Jessica}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1990|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qrbtp084h5s0b97i5ha3spdcxfq4rdb 0 240047 1575416 1564396 2026-06-20T12:01:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniele Archibugi''' (alizaliwa [[Roma]], [[Italia]], 17 Julai 1958)<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniele Archibugi CV |url=[http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/2017/11/Archibugi-CV-September-2017.pdf](http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/2017/11/Archibugi-CV-September-2017.pdf) |access-date=15 Februari 2022 |language=Italian }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ni mwananadharia wa Italia katika nyanja za uchumi na siasa. Amejishughulisha na utafiti kuhusu uchumi na sera za [[ubunifu]] na mabadiliko ya teknolojia, nadharia ya kisiasa ya mahusiano ya kimataifa, pamoja na [[utandawazi]] wa kisiasa na kiteknolojia. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Italia]] r2u2qbmj177uf2vtamrsf672vk23qcp 0 240048 1575543 1559016 2026-06-20T15:23:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duilio Arigoni''' (6 Desemba 1928 – 10 Juni 2020) alikuwa [[mkemia]] wa Uswisi na Profesa Mstaafu wa ETH Zurich. Alijulikana kwa kazi zake kuhusu njia za kibayolojia za usanisi (biosynthetic pathways) wa dutu nyingi za asili za kikaboni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. em. Duilio Arigoni dies at 91|url=[https://chab.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/d-chab-news/2020/06/prof-em-duilio-arigoni-dies-at-91.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=chab.ethz.ch|date=12](https://chab.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/d-chab-news/2020/06/prof-em-duilio-arigoni-dies-at-91.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=chab.ethz.ch|date=12) June 2020|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kuzaliwa na elimu == Arigoni alizaliwa mjini [[Lugano]], Uswisi. Alikamilisha masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza katika kemia katika ETH Zürich mwaka 1951. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) ya Kemia kutoka ETH Zurich mwaka 1955. Tasnifu yake ya uzamivu ilikuwa na kichwa ''“Über konfigurative Beziehungen Steroid- und Terpenverbindungen”'' (Kuhusu mahusiano ya kimuundo ya misombo ya steroidi na terpini). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1928|2020}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uswisi]] 0fy93aecu5bzv5byb4wjn3nmbip249a 0 240050 1575526 1558994 2026-06-20T14:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bhagavan Mahamayavi "Doc" Antle'''<ref name="RadioTimes">{{Citation|last=Henry|first=Grace|title=Who is Doc Antle and what is his real name?|date=December 10, 2021|publisher=Radio Times|access-date=2021-12-12|url=[https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/who-is-doc-antle/}}](https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/who-is-doc-antle/}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> (amezaliwa kama '''Kevin Antle'''; 25 Machi 1960) ni mkufunzi wa wanyama kutoka [[Marekani]] na mmiliki/mwendeshaji wa bustani za wanyama za kando ya barabara (roadside zoo operator). Amewahi kupatikana na hatia ya uhalifu wa usafirishaji haramu wa wanyamapori na njama ya utakatishaji fedha. == Maisha na kazi == Antle amejulikana kupitia kazi yake ya kufuga na kuonesha wanyama wa porini katika hifadhi binafsi za wanyama. Pia amehusishwa na uendeshaji wa vituo vya utalii vya wanyama nchini Marekani, ambavyo mara nyingi vimekuwa vikijadiliwa kuhusu masuala ya ustawi wa wanyama na uhalali wa biashara ya wanyamapori. == Hatia za kisheria == Baadaye alikabiliwa na kesi za kisheria na kupatikana na hatia zinazohusiana na usafirishaji haramu wa wanyamapori na njama ya utakatishaji fedha. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1960|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7vc6i4o40zk5yd9s5lpmtia4hd1g1xh 0 240055 1575452 1559013 2026-06-20T12:55:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawn Therese Brancheau''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''LoVerde'''; 16 Aprili 1969 – 24 Februari 2010) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya kazi katika SeaWorld. Alifanya kazi na nyangumi wauaji (orca) katika SeaWorld Orlando kwa muda wa miaka 15, akiwemo katika nafasi ya uongozi katika kuboresha maonyesho ya Shamu . Pia alikuwa mmoja wa nyuso maarufu za SeaWorld (poster girl). Alifariki baada ya kushambuliwa na orca aitwaye Tilikum, ambaye pia alihusishwa na vifo vya Keltie Byrne<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-02-21 |title=The Trio of Deaths - Keltie Byrne |url=[https://www.dolphinproject.com/blog/the-trio-of-deaths-keltie-byrne/](https://www.dolphinproject.com/blog/the-trio-of-deaths-keltie-byrne/) |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Dolphin Project |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na Daniel P. Dukes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2017-03-07 |title=Trio of Deaths: The Portrayal of Daniel Dukes |url=[https://www.dolphinproject.com/blog/trio-of-deaths-the-portrayal-of-daniel-dukes/](https://www.dolphinproject.com/blog/trio-of-deaths-the-portrayal-of-daniel-dukes/) |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Dolphin Project |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1969|2010}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] lg2vss17q7mk6wdtry0tkr6f2s1idfb 0 240173 1575660 1561715 2026-06-21T03:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hugo Schmitt''' (19 Julai 1904 – 9 Agosti 1977) alikuwa msanii wa sarakasi wa kutoka [[Ujerumani]] na [[Marekani]], mkufunzi wa wanyama na mmoja wa wakufunzi maarufu zaidi wa tembo duniani. Anajulikana kwa kuweka rekodi ya kuwaongoza tembo 55 kutumbuiza kwa wakati mmoja ndani ya uwanja wa sarakasi. Alianza kazi yake katika Sarakasi ya Carl Hagenbeck-Stellingen nchini Ujerumani, na kuanzia mwaka 1947 hadi 1971 alikuwa msimamizi mkuu wa tembo katika sarakasi kubwa zaidi duniani, '''Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus''' nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name="Koehl, Dan">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=[https://www.elephant.se/hugo_schmitt.php|title=Hugo](https://www.elephant.se/hugo_schmitt.php|title=Hugo) Schmitt|encyclopedia=Elephant Encyclopedia|publisher=Dan Koehl|access-date=24 Januari 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancient faces">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/hugo-schmitt-birth-1904-death-1977/13595533|title=Hugo](https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/hugo-schmitt-birth-1904-death-1977/13595533|title=Hugo) Schmitt (1904–1977)|work=AncientFaces|access-date=24 Januari 2021}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Schmitt alizaliwa katika mji wa Bann, wilaya ya Kaiserslautern, kusini-magharibi mwa Rhineland-Palatinate nchini Ujerumani. Alikuwa mtoto wa Peter Schmitt, aliyekuwa mkata miti, na mke wake Anna-Maria. == Kazi nchini Ujerumani == === Tierpark Hagenbeck === Schmitt alianza kazi yake katika bustani maarufu ya wanyama ya '''Tierpark Hagenbeck''' huko Hamburg-Stellingen, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 1907 na Carl Hagenbeck. Huko alijifunza mafunzo ya tembo kutoka kwa mkufunzi maarufu wa tembo '''William Philadelphia''', na baadaye akapandishwa cheo kuwa msimamizi mkuu wa tembo wa bustani hiyo. Katika kipindi hicho, Hagenbeck ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha kuingiza, kuweka karantini, kufundisha na kusafirisha tembo kutoka Asia na Afrika kwenda sehemu mbalimbali za dunia ya Magharibi.<ref name="Koehl, Dan"/> === Sarakasi ya Carl Hagenbeck === Baada ya Lorenz Hagenbeck kuanzisha '''Carl Hagenbeck Circus''' mwaka 1916, Schmitt aliteuliwa kuwa mkufunzi mkuu wa tembo wa sarakasi hiyo. Alisafiri katika nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya akiwaongoza tembo katika maonesho. Mnamo miaka ya 1929–1930, sarakasi na bustani ya Hagenbeck zilionesha tembo 41 kwa pamoja katika maonesho makubwa huko Hamburg. Schmitt anatajwa kuwa miongoni mwa wakufunzi wa kwanza wa Magharibi waliofanikiwa kuwafundisha na kuwaonesha hadharani tembo wa Afrika katika sarakasi.<ref name="Koehl, Dan"/> Katika miaka ya 1930, Schmitt alisafiri mara kadhaa kwenda India kuchagua tembo wa kuletwa Ulaya. Pia alimuoa Jenny, mzaliwa wa kisiwa cha Sylt nchini Ujerumani. Mwaka 1932, tembo jike aitwaye '''Minjak''' alizaliwa akiwa kifungoni, jambo lililoonekana kuwa mafanikio makubwa katika ufugaji wa tembo wa sarakasi wakati huo. === Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia === Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, shughuli za sarakasi zilitatizwa sana. Mwaka 1943 mabomu ya fosforasi yaliharibu sehemu kubwa ya Hamburg, na mwaka 1944 bustani ya Hagenbeck iliharibiwa vibaya katika mashambulizi ya anga yaliyosababisha vifo vya wanyama zaidi ya 450 na watu tisa. Katika mashambulizi hayo, msimamizi wa tembo Fritz Theisinger aliwaachilia tembo kutoka minyororo yao ili kuwaokoa kutokana na moto na mabomu.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://tyrconnellheritagesociety.blogspot.com/2015/09/world-war-wednesdays-elephants-at-war.html|title=World](http://tyrconnellheritagesociety.blogspot.com/2015/09/world-war-wednesdays-elephants-at-war.html|title=World) War Wednesdays: Elephants at War|date=9 Septemba 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nchini Uswidi == Baada ya vita, Schmitt alitumwa nchini Uswidi pamoja na tembo watano bora wa Hagenbeck: '''Icky''', '''Kanaudi''', '''Minjak''', '''Mutu''' na '''Sabu'''. Huko walijiunga na '''Zoo Circus''' ya Trolle Rhodin. Mwaka 1947 serikali ya Uswidi ilitangaza kuwa wanyama wa sarakasi ya Hagenbeck walipaswa kutaifishwa kama mali ya vita. Akiwa amekasirishwa na uamuzi huo, Schmitt aliwaachilia tembo wake watano katika mitaa ya Malmö. Tembo hao waliharibu madirisha, nguzo za taa na kusababisha taharuki kubwa. Polisi walimwomba Schmitt awadhibiti, na hatimaye alifaulu kuwarudisha chini ya usimamizi wake.<ref name="Targa">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://bucklesw.blogspot.com/2006/04/targa-1.html|title=Targa](http://bucklesw.blogspot.com/2006/04/targa-1.html|title=Targa) #1}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baadaye, John Ringling North wa '''Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus''' alinunua tembo hao kwa masharti kwamba Schmitt angehamia Marekani pamoja nao kama mkufunzi wao. == Nchini Marekani == Schmitt na tembo wake waliwasili Marekani tarehe 20 Juni 1947. Alikabidhiwa usimamizi wa kundi lote la tembo wa Ringling, ambalo lilikuwa na tembo 43 kufikia mwaka 1948. Kutokana na hisia za kupinga Wajerumani baada ya vita, mwanzo wa maisha yake Marekani haukuwa rahisi. Hata hivyo, alijijengea heshima kubwa kama mkufunzi wa tembo. Mwaka 1953, Rais '''Dwight D. Eisenhower''' aliomba Ringling amtumie Schmitt kusimamia tembo katika gwaride la kuapishwa kwake urais, kwa kuwa tembo ni alama ya Chama cha Republican. Mwaka 1955 alinunua tembo wake mwenyewe aitwaye '''Targa''', ambaye baadaye aliuzwa kwa Ringling na kubaki huko kwa zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref name="Hugo Schmitt #9">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://bucklesw.blogspot.com/2012/06/hugo-schmitt-9.html|title=Hugo](https://bucklesw.blogspot.com/2012/06/hugo-schmitt-9.html|title=Hugo) Schmitt #9}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Schmitt alirejea kwa muda Ulaya mwaka 1963 alipokuwa akisimamia kundi la tembo lililonunuliwa kutoka '''Chipperfield's Circus''' nchini Uingereza. Kwa mujibu wa '''Guinness World Records''', Schmitt aliwahi kuongoza tembo 55 kutumbuiza kwa wakati mmoja ndani ya uwanja wa sarakasi, rekodi iliyomfanya kuwa mmoja wa wakufunzi mashuhuri zaidi katika historia ya sarakasi.<ref name="Koehl, Dan"/> == Kustaafu na kifo == Schmitt alistaafu kufanya maonesho ya kusafiri mwaka 1971. Nafasi yake kama msimamizi mkuu wa tembo ilichukuliwa na msaidizi wake wa muda mrefu, Axel Gautier. Baada ya kustaafu, aliendelea kufundisha tembo wachanga katika makao ya Ringling huko Venice, Florida. Alifariki kutokana na saratani tarehe 9 Agosti 1977 mjini Sarasota, Florida, Marekani. == Familia == Schmitt na mke wake Jenny walikuwa na watoto kadhaa: * Hugh Schmitt (1938–), mwandishi wa kitabu ''Life is a Circus – Das Leben Ist Ein Zirkus''. * Manfred Schmitt (1942–1996). * Eddy Schmitt (1956–), aliyekuwa na maonesho ya simbamarara. * Roman Schmitt (1951–2001), mkufunzi maarufu wa tembo aliyefanya kazi katika Busch Gardens na programu za uzalishaji wa tembo walioko kifungoni nchini Marekani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1904|1977}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]] ob7l5ucfn4ke5qxeceap6rry2knpqkw 0 240412 1575642 1570769 2026-06-21T00:06:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grey Stafford''' ni mkufunzi wa wanyama, mtaalamu wa zoolojia na mwelimishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi wa Uhifadhi katika Wildlife World Zoo na Aquarium iliyopo [[Phoenix, Arizona]], na pia ni msemaji wa sekta ya bustani za wanyama na majumba ya viumbe wa majini. Grey ni mwandishi wa kitabu ''Zoomility: Keeper Tales of Training with Positive Reinforcement''. Mwalimu wake, Jack Hanna, aliandika dibaji ya kitabu hicho.<ref>[http://lccn.loc.gov/2007929349](http://lccn.loc.gov/2007929349) Library of Congress LCCN Permalink 2007929349]. Lccn.loc.gov. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.apdt.com/conf/archive/2008/speakers/bio_stafford.aspx](http://www.apdt.com/conf/archive/2008/speakers/bio_stafford.aspx) Grey Stafford, PhD] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apdt.com/conf/archive/2008/speakers/bio_stafford.aspx |date=20140301161752 }}. Apdt.com. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.montereyherald.com/news/ci_16151951](http://www.montereyherald.com/news/ci_16151951) |title=Zoo helps animals help themselves |publisher=Monterey Herald |date=23 Septemba 2010 |accessdate=16 Machi 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Grey alikulia [[Cleveland, Ohio]], na alianza kazi yake ya kufundisha wanyama kama mkufunzi wa mamalia wa baharini katika SeaWorld of Ohio. Huko alifanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa wakufunzi mashuhuri wa wanyama Thad Lacinak na Ted Turner. Ana shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) iliyotolewa na Idara ya Sayansi za Baiolojia ya Kent State University. == Kazi == Grey anafanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa Uhifadhi katika Wildlife World Zoo na Aquarium huko [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Amealikwa mara kadhaa kama mtaalamu wa wanyama katika vipindi vya televisheni vya ''Fox 10 Arizona Morning'',<ref>[http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/subindex/morning_show/wildlife_world_zoo](http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/subindex/morning_show/wildlife_world_zoo) FOX 10 Arizona Morning – Wildlife World Zoo – myFOX Phoenix]. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref> ''Good Morning Arizona'' na ''Your Life A to Z''. Pia ni msemaji wa bustani hiyo ya wanyama.<ref>[http://charismaoncamera.com/free-training/audios/drgreystaffordinterview/] {{Wayback|url=http://charismaoncamera.com/free-training/audios/drgreystaffordinterview/ |date=20101120201319 }}(http://charismaoncamera.com/free-training/audios/drgreystaffordinterview/ {{Wayback|url=http://charismaoncamera.com/free-training/audios/drgreystaffordinterview/ |date=20101120201319 }}) Dr. Grey Stafford Interview]. Charisma On Camera. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref> Stafford ni mwanachama wa bodi ya ushauri ya uhariri ya International Marine Animal Trainers Association (IMATA).<ref>[http://www.imata.org/index.php/aquatic_mammals_jour?cfid=66](http://www.imata.org/index.php/aquatic_mammals_jour?cfid=66) IMATA]. IMATA (1 Januari 2010). Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref> Amekuwa akitoa maoni ya kitaalamu kwa vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kuhusu masuala yanayohusu wanyama wanaofugwa au kuhifadhiwa katika mazingira ya udhibiti wa binadamu. Tarehe 30 Julai 2010 alifanyiwa mahojiano na CNN HLN kuhusu mashambulizi ya dubu aina ya grizzly yaliyosababisha vifo huko Montana.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/07/30/montana.grizzly.attack/index.html](http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/07/30/montana.grizzly.attack/index.html) Grizzly euthanized after fatal mauling that perplexes experts]. CNN (30 Julai 2010). Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Oktoba 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.cnn.com/video/standard.html?hpt=sitenav](http://www.cnn.com/video/standard.html?hpt=sitenav) |title=Video - Breaking News Videos from CNN |publisher=CNN.com}}</ref> Mwaka 2013, alichaguliwa pamoja na mwenzake William Hurley IV kuwa mmoja wa wajumbe wa jopo la majadiliano lililochambua filamu ya makala yenye utata ya ''Blackfish'' kwa CNN.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAgAwQKsUlY](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAgAwQKsUlY) |archive-url=[https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WAgAwQKsUlY](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WAgAwQKsUlY) |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |title=Crossfire: Tim Zimmermann & Grey Stafford debate animal captivity (part 2/3) |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2014/03/07/nr-intv-grey-stafford-orcas-captivity.cnn.html](http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2014/03/07/nr-intv-grey-stafford-orcas-captivity.cnn.html) |title=Zoologist explains benefits of orcas captivity |publisher=CNN |date=7 Machi 2014 |accessdate=16 Machi 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] o40nt90httxjfyeakm48r4zw7si6etc 0 240590 1575561 1569170 2026-06-20T18:12:14Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_halisi = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_la_utani = | picha = PFC Jajaira Gonzalez (44027301082).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Gonzalez mwaka 2018 | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1997|02|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Glendora, California, Marekani | urefu = sentimita 163 | mikono = | uzito = Kilo 60 / Pauni 132 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 866625 | jumla = 68 | ushindi = 58 | KO = 19 | kupoteza = 10 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalBronze| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Vijana ya Olimpiki}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Nanjing | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana na Junior}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Sofia | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalGold| 2013 Albena | Uzani wa kilo 57 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Jajaira Gonzalez''' (alizaliwa Februari 13, 1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/jajaira-gonzalez_1955639|title=GONZALEZ Jajaira |date=2024 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=Agosti 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="solis-jeong">{{cite news |last1=Solis |first1=Mario |last2=Jeong |first2=Helen |title=Jajaira Gonzalez of Glendora aims for gold medal at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/glendora-native-jajaira-gonzalez-coming-out-swinging-for-gold-at-paris-olympics/3470443/ |access-date=Julai 27, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=Julai 26, 2024}}</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani|Marekan]]<nowiki/>i mwenye asili ya nchi ya [[Meksiko]]. Alishinda medali ya shaba katika Michezo ya [[Pan American]] ya mwaka 2023 kwenye mashindano ya ngumi ya uzito wa kilo 60 ya wanawake,<ref name="Binner 2023 u184">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=Santiago 2023: US boxer Jajaira Gonzalez to return to Olympic stage: "I can't mess up this second chance" | website=Olympics.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/jajaira-gonzalez-boxing-usa-second-chance-interview | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rotich 2023 r202">{{cite web | last=Rotich | first=Judy J. | title=American Boxer Jajaira Gonzalez Secures Spot In Paris Olympics After Pan American Games Win | website=Sports Illustrated | date=Oktoba 27, 2023 | url=https://www.si.com/fannation/boxing/american-boxer-jajaira-gonzalez-secures-spot-in-paris-olympics-after-pan-american-games-win | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2023 u716">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Muskan | title=Jajaira Gonzalez becomes first USA boxer to qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=Sportskeeda | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-boxing/news-jajaira-gonzalez-becomes-first-usa-boxer-qualify-2024-paris-olympics | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> na aliiwakilisha Marekani katika kategoria hiyo kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 868kuawu2hzzyyi3a4j7sx3a682zw88 0 240622 1575544 1569298 2026-06-20T15:43:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji''' ([[kifupi]]: '''EWURA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali ya Tanzania iliyoundwa kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya EWURA, Sura ya 414 ya Sheria za [[Tanzania]]. Mamlaka hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kudhibiti sekta nne kuu za miundombinu hapa nchini, ambazo ni [[umeme]], [[mafuta ya petroli]], [[gesi asilia]], na huduma za [[maji]] safi pamoja na uondoaji wa majitaka. EWURA inafanya kazi kuhakikisha kuwa huduma hizi zinatolewa kwa ufanisi, usalama, na kwa bei zenye ushindani wa haki kwa walaji na watoa huduma.<ref>https://ewura.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://ewura.go.tz/ |date=20260610062821 }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji (EWURA).</ref> == Majisafi na usafi wa mazingira == Katika sekta ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira, EWURA inashirikiana kwa karibu na Wizara ya Maji ili kusimamai [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] (WSSAs). Majukumu yake makuu katika sekta hii ni pamoja na: * Kutoa leseni za uendeshaji wa huduma za maji nchini kote. * Kupitia na kuidhinisha viwango vya ushuru na bei za maji (tariffs). * Kuweka viwango vya ubora wa huduma vinavyopaswa kufuatwa na mamlaka zote za mijini na kitaifa. Udhibiti huu unahakikisha kuwa [[miundombinu ya maji]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] inaendeshwa kwa kufuata miongozo ya kiufundi inayolinda viwango vya afya vya watumiaji na kuzuia upotevu usio wa kibiashara wa rasilimali hiyo. == Tathmini ya Kiutendaji== Kutokana na changamoto za kiikolojia na ukuaji wa miji, EWURA inafanya kazi ya kutathmini utendaji kazi wa kila mwaka wa mamlaka za maji kupitia ripoti maalumu za tathmini (performance benchmarking). Ripoti hizi huangazia vigezo kama vile ubora wa maji yanayosambazwa, upatikanaji wa huduma kwa masaa 24, na ufanisi katika uendeshaji wa [[mfumo wa majitaka]]. Kupitia udhibiti huo, taasisi inahimiza mamlaka kuwekeza kwenye mifumo thabiti ya kihandisi ikijumuisha [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda vyanzo vya maji ghafi kutokana na [[uchafuzi wa maji]]. Inasimamia pia utatuzi wa migogoro kati ya watumiaji wa huduma na mashirika ya ugawaji maji nchini kote ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa rasilimali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://ewura.go.tzwater-utilities/{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Ripoti na taarifa za EWURA kuhusu udhibiti na tathmini ya utendaji wa mamlaka za maji Tanzania.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:kifupi]] [[Jamii:mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] jfn462s4tn90yti278sh1x31zs69rfi 0 240680 1575766 1569435 2026-06-21T10:21:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi Kahama Shinyanga''' (kwa kifupi: '''KASHWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kipekee la kuzalisha na kusambaza majisafi kwa jumla (bulk water supply) kwenda kwa mamlaka za miji na vijiji vilivyopo katika mikoa ya [[Shinyanga]], [[Simiyu]], [[Mwanza]] na [[Tabora]].<ref name="kashwasa_web">https://www.kashwasa.go.tz/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.kashwasa.go.tz/ |date=20260411044644 }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi Kahama Shinyanga (KASHWASA).</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, KASHWASA ni mradi wa kitaifa unaofanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref name="mkataba">https://www.maji.go.tz/uploads/publications/sw1687867679-MKATABA%20WA%20HUDUMA%20KWA%20MTEJA%2014-03-2023.pdf – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja kutoka Wizara ya Maji unaoainisha usajili na anwani rasmi ya mamlaka ya kimkakati ya KASHWASA.</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa KASHWASA unategemea chanzo kikuu cha kimkakati cha maji ya juu ya ardhi ambacho ni [[Ziwa Victoria]]. Mamlaka inaendesha mtambo mkubwa wa kusafishia maji uliopo kijiji cha Ihelele, wilayani Misungwi (Mwanza), ambapo maji yanavutiwa kutoka ziwani, kusafishwa kwa kiwango cha juu, na kisha kusafirishwa kwa kutumia mabomba makubwa ya chuma (pumping mains) kwa umbali wa mamia ya kilomita kupitia vituo vya kusukuma maji ili kutoa suluhisho la kudumu katika mikoa ambayo kihistoria ilikuwa na ukame wa muda mrefu.<ref name="ewura_report">https://www.ewura.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1774358609-EWURA%20-%20Water%20Utilities%20Performance%20Review%20Report%20for%20FY%202024-25.pdf – Ripoti ya EWURA ya Tathmini ya Utendaji wa Mamlaka za Maji nchini inayofafanua leseni ya Daraja la II (Class II Licence) na mikakati ya KASHWASA.</ref> Maji hayo husafirishwa kwenda kwenye matanki makuu ya mapokezi yaliyopo kwenye vilima vya Solwa na kisha kusambazwa kwa njia ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity system) kwenda kwenye mamlaka za miji kama SHUWASA (Shinyanga), KUWASA (Kahama), na miji mingine midogo nicotine vijiji zaidi ya mia moja vilivyopo kando ya bomba kuu. Kutokana na mahitaji makubwa, KASHWASA inatekeleza miradi ya kimkakati ya kuongeza uwezo wa mtambo wa Ihelele na kupanua mabomba ili kufikisha maji katika maeneo mapya ikiwemo mji mkuu wa Mkoa wa Simiyu (Bariadi), wilaya ya Nzega, na miji ya minada ya madini, jambo linalofanya mradi huu kuwa mmoja wa mifumo mikubwa zaidi ya usambazaji wa maji barani [[Afrika]]. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Tofauti na mamlaka za maji za mikoa zinazoshughulika na wateja wa reja reja na mifumo ya majitaka ya jiji, changamoto kuu ya KASHWASA ni ulinzi wa miundombinu mikubwa ya mabomba ya kusafirishia maji umbali mrefu nicotine kupunguza gharama kubwa za [[nishati]] ya [[umeme]] inayotumika kusukuma maji hayo kutoka ziwani. Changamoto nyingine ni uharibifu wa vyanzo vya maji karibu na pampu za Ihelele kutokana na shughuli za uvuvi na kilimo, pamoja na upotevu wa maji unaosababishwa na kupasuka kwa mabomba ya zamani au uchepishaji holela wa maji. KASHWASA inakabiliana na changamoto hizi kwa kuimarisha mifumo ya kisasa ya ufuatiliaji wa mtiririko wa maji kwa kutumia teknolojia za kidijitali (SCADA), kufanya doria za mara kwa mara kulinda usalama wa bomba kuu, nicotine kushirikiana na wadau katika kutafuta vyanzo mbadala vya nishati ili kupunguza gharama za uzalishaji. Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na Bodi ya Bonde la Ziwa Victoria kulinda mazingira yanayozunguka chanzo cha Ihelele ili kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] zinazohakikisha uendelevu wa ikolojia, kuzuia [[uchafuzi wa maji]], na kulinda vyanzo vyake vya maji barani Afrika.<ref name="ewura_report" /> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Ziwa Victoria]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Shinyanga]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] g1pru786rn463rt0ej8wgbhbdw3klew 0 240692 1575767 1569514 2026-06-21T10:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Kahama''' (kwa kifupi: '''KUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Kahama Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mji wa [[Kahama]], uliopo mkoani [[Shinyanga]], kaskazini-magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.<ref>http://demo81.eganet.go.tz/bunge/uploads/documents/sw-1738926740-1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf – Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji inayofafanua ushirikiano wa miundombinu na uwekezaji wa mamlaka za maji ikiwemo Kahama.</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, KUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref name="kuwasa_web">https://kuwasa.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://kuwasa.go.tz/ |date=20260610193414 }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Kahama (KUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa KUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa ununuzi wa maji ya jumla (bulk water) kutoka kwa Mamlaka ya Majisafi Kahama Shinyanga ([[KASHWASA]]), ambayo inavuta maji kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] kupitia mtambo wa Ihelele. Maji hayo yaliyosafishwa tayari husafirishwa kupitia bomba kuu la kitaifa na kupokelewa kwenye matanki makubwa ya uhifadhi ya KUWASA yaliyopo mjini Kahama kabla ya kusambazwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya reja reja kwa ajili ya majumbani, taasisi, na viwanda.<ref name="hotuba_maji">http://eganet.go.tz{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji inayofafanua ushirikiano wa miundombinu na uwekezaji wa mamlaka za maji ikiwemo Kahama.</ref> Kutokana na ukuaji wa kasi wa mji wa Kahama kama kitovu cha biashara na uchimbaji wa madini, KUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya upanuzi wa mtandao wa mabomba ili kufikia maeneo mapya yaliyotengwa kwa ajili ya makazi na viwanda vidogo vidogo. Mamlaka pia inatunza baadhi ya visima virefu vya asili kama vyanzo vya dharura ili kuhakikisha usalama wa upatikanaji wa maji unakuwa wa uhakika wakati wote hata pale ambapo kuna matengenezo kwenye bomba kuu la kitaifa kutoka Ziwa Victoria. == Usafi wa mazingira na Uhifadhi == Katika kulinda uendelevu wa huduma zake, KUWASA inasimamia kikamilifu [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na usafi wa mazingira mijini. Mamlaka hii hutoa huduma za uondoaji wa taka kioevu na matibabu ya majitaka ili kuzuia uharibifu wa vyanzo vya maji ya ardhini na mazingira ya jiji kwa ujumla. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati madhubuti ya kupunguza upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) kwa kutumia teknolojia ya mita za kidijitali za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) na mifumo ya kisasa ya kubaini uvujaji wa haraka kwenye mabomba. Vilevile, KUWASA inajihusisha na kampeni za kijamii za upandaji miti na utunzaji wa mazingira yanayozunguka miundombinu yake ya maji, ikishirikiana kwa karibu na serikali za mitaa na wadau wa maendeleo. Hatua hizi zinalengo la kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] zinazochangia utunzaji thabiti wa ikolojia, kuzuia [[uchafuzi wa maji]], na ulinzi wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]], ili kuhakikisha huduma zinadumu kwa kizazi cha sasa na kijacho.<ref name="muhtasari_maji">https://maji.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://maji.go.tz/ |date=20260610193413 }} – Muhtasari wa Taarifa ya Utendaji ya Wizara ya Maji inayomulika mifumo ya kidijitali, usimamizi wa malalamiko, na huduma za KUWASA.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[KASHWASA]] * [[EWURA]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Shinyanga]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] tocrhk07e6lwxjt38dqv7cuo4ib3lrx 0 240694 1575768 1569518 2026-06-21T10:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Kigoma''' (kwa [[kifupi]]: '''KUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Kigoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mji wa [[Kigoma]] na [[Ujiji]], ambao ndiyo makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Kigoma, uliopo upande wa magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, KUWASA Kigoma inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref name="kigoma_web">https://www.kuwasakigoma.go.tz/{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Kigoma (KUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa KUWASA Kigoma unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, ambapo chanzo kikuu cha asili cha mji huo ni [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Mamlaka inavuta maji ghafi kutoka ziwani kupitia mitambo mikuu ya kusafishia maji, ukiwemo mtambo mkuu wa Amani uliopo kando ya ziwa hilo na mtambo wa Mwanga. Mitambo hii inafanya kazi ya kuchuja na kusafisha maji ili kuondoa vijidudu na uchafu mwingine kabla ya kuyasukuma kwenda kwa walaji majumbani, kwenye taasisi, na katika maeneo ya biashara.<ref name="hotuba_maji">https://maji.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://maji.go.tz/ |date=20260610193413 }} – Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji inayofafanua upanuzi wa mitambo ya Amani na Mwanga mkoani Kigoma.</ref> Maji hayo yaliyosafishwa husafirishwa kwa kutumia pampu kuelekea kwenye matanki makubwa ya kuhifadhia maji yaliyopo kwenye miinuko na vilima vinavyozunguka mji wa Kigoma, kama vile tanki la Bangwe, kabla ya kusambazwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] kwa njia ya mkondo wa kuteleza (gravity flow). Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa mji, KUWASA Kigoma imekuwa ikitekeleza miradi ya upanuzi wa mtandao wa usambazaji na ukarabati wa mitambo ili kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji wa lita za maji kwa siku. Mipango ya sasa inajumuisha pia kufikisha huduma katika maeneo ya pembezoni na vijiji vya jirani ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji unakuwa wa uhakika na jumuishi. == Usafi wa mazingira na uhifadhi == Inapokuja katika usafi wa mazingira, KUWASA Kigoma inasimamia kikamilifu mazingira ya mji na mifumo ya uondoaji wa taka kioevu ili kuzuia uchafuzi wa fukwe na maji ya Ziwa Tanganyika. Mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] ikihusisha uendeshaji wa magari ya kunyonya majitaka na usafishaji wa taka kioevu katika mabwawa maalum ya utakasaji (Wastewater Stabilization Ponds) ili kuzuia mlipuko wa [[magonjwa]]. Mamlaka pia inatekeleza mikakati madhubuti ya kupunguza upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) kwa kuweka mita za kidijitali na kuimarisha mifumo ya dharura ya kubaini uvujaji wa haraka kwenye mabomba makuu.<ref name="muhtasari_maji">https://maji.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://maji.go.tz/ |date=20260610193413 }} – Muhtasari wa Taarifa ya Utendaji ya Wizara ya Maji inayomulika mifumo ya kidijitali, upunguzaji wa NRW, na huduma za KUWASA Kigoma.</ref> Vilevile, KUWASA Kigoma inashirikiana kwa karibu na Bodi ya Bonde la Ziwa Tanganyika na mashirika ya mazingira katika kampeni za upandaji miti kando ya bonde la ziwa na kuzuia shughuli za kibinadamu zisizo endelevu karibu na miundombinu ya maji. Juhudi hizi zinalenga kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] zinazofanya kazi kama kinga ya asili kulinda ikolojia ya pekee ya Ziwa Tanganyika na vyanzo vyake vyote vya maji barani [[Afrika]] kwa ajili ya ustawi wa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo. == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Kigoma]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] m98o5emuyx1cc9jd31l2sgq2sxp9bfg 0 240701 1575651 1570751 2026-06-21T01:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heini Adams''' (amezaliwa 29 Mei 1980 mjini Worcester, [[Afrika Kusini]]) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa muungano wa raga kutoka Afrika Kusini. Aliichezea klabu ya Union Bordeaux Bègles katika ligi ya Top 14 nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Ziara yake ya kwanza akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Springboks ilikuwa mwaka 2009, ambapo timu hiyo ilitembelea [[Ufaransa]], [[Italia]], [[Ireland]] na [[Uingereza]] katika mfululizo wa mechi za kimataifa za mwisho wa mwaka za 2009. Kabla ya kuhamia [[Ufaransa]], Adams alikuwa akiichezea timu ya Super Rugby ya Afrika Kusini ya Blue Bulls. Alicheza katika nafasi ya Scrum-half. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kutabiri mchezo wa wapinzani katika ulinzi na kusambaza mpira kwa haraka kutoka nyuma ya Scrum . Kuanzia Juni 2010 hadi mwaka 2015, alichezea Bordeaux nchini Ufaransa, jambo lililohitimisha maisha yake ya kucheza katika timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,3551_6195307,00.html |title=Planet Rugby | Rugby Union News |access-date=2010-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405172127/http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,3551_6195307,00.html |archive-date=2012-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka 2017 alijiunga na benchi la ukocha la timu ya French Barbarians kwa ajili ya mechi dhidi ya South Africa A. == Mafanikio == ;Blue Bulls * Currie Cup: 2006 (ubingwa wa pamoja), 2009 ;Bulls * Super Rugby: 2009 == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.sarugby.co.za/springbokprofile.aspx?id=20560&surname=Adams%&birthday=1980/05/29%2012:00:00%20AM Wasifu kutoka SA Rugby]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031924/http://www.thebulls.co.za/profiles.aspx?Id=110 Wasifu kutoka thebulls.co.za] {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] sy6flkmob6e28mohxtjg7nln1zdx4pc 0 240703 1575729 1570754 2026-06-21T08:51:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jonathan Wallis "Kraai" Adendorf''' (amezaliwa 23 Agosti 1985) ni mchezaji wa muungano wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya Griquas katika mashindano ya Kombe la Currie na Rugby Challenge . Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni flanka. Adendorf hapo awali aliichezea timu ya Pumas . Pia aliichezea timu ya Maties ya Chuo Kikuu cha Stellenbosch katika mashindano ya Varsity Cup. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_8299.html Wasifu wa Jonathan Adendorf katika itsrugby.co.uk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_8299.html |date=20160304055727 }} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 0answ3xidkog97qzohc3jzs8r8qovqj 0 240906 1575574 1574707 2026-06-20T18:14:28Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi za wakimbizi wa Palestina''' zilianzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza ili kuwahifadhi [[Wapalestina]] waliokimbia makazi yao kwa kufukuzwa na kukimbia kwa hiari nchi yao wakati wa [[Vita vya Palestina vya 1948]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Israel-Palestine war: A brief history of refugee camps in Gaza |url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-brief-history-refugee-camps-gaza |website=Middle East Eye |date=19 December 2023 |last=MacDonald|first=Alex |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> Kambi hizo zilianzishwa na [[UNRWA|Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Misaada na Utoaji wa Kazi kwa Wakimbizi wa Palestina]] (UNRWA) nchini [[Yordani]], [[Lebanoni]], [[Syria]], [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] na [[Ukingo wa Gaza]]. Wimbi lililofuata la wakimbizi wa Palestina lilitokea wakati wa [[Naksa]] baada ya [[Vita vya Siku Sita]] mnamo 1967.<ref>[[UNWRA]], [https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php%3Fid%3D86 Palestine refugees]</ref> Kuna jumla ya kambi 68 za wakimbizi wa Palestina, kambi 58 rasmi na kambi 10 zisizo rasmi,<ref name=UNRWA2019>[https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-annual-operational-report-2019-for-the-reporting-period-01-january-31-december-2019/ UNRWA Annual Operational report 2019 for the Reporting period 01 January – 31 December 2019], kurasa 168-169, "Infrastructure and Camp Improvement Statistics"</ref> ambapo kumi kati yake zilianzishwa baada ya Vita vya Siku Sita wakati nyingine zote zilianzishwa kati ya mwaka 1948 hadi miaka ya 1950. Ni thuluthi moja tu ya wakimbizi wa Palestina waliosajiliwa wanaoishi ndani ya mipaka ya kambi hizo za wakimbizi.<ref name=UNWRA2004table3/> Wengi wao wamejumuika kijamii na kiuchumi nje ya kambi.<ref name=Hanafi/> Wengi wanaishi katika maeneo ya kijiografia yaliyo jirani na kambi hizo.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/survey2016-2018-eng.pdf BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18], kurasa 29, 34, 35</ref> Idadi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina waliosajiliwa iliongezeka kutoka 750,000 mnamo 1950 hadi kufikia takriban milioni 5 mnamo 2013.<ref name="WhoWeAre">{{cite web |url=http://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are |title=Who We Are - UNRWA |publisher=[[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]] |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> == Historia == <gallery mode="packed" heights="180px"> File:Nahr al-Bared refugee camp 1952.webp|[[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Nahr al-Bared]] nchini Lebanon, 1952 File:Shatila - street view (3).jpg|[[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Shatila]] pembezoni mwa mji wa [[Beirut]] mnamo 2019 </gallery> === Wajibu wa UNRWA === Mamlaka ya UNRWA ni kutoa misaada kwa wakimbizi wa Palestina, ikiwa ni pamoja na fursa ya kupata huduma katika kambi zake za wakimbizi. Kwa malengo haya, shirika hilo linawatafsiri wakimbizi wa Palestina kama "watu ambao makazi yao ya kawaida yalikuwa Palestina wakati wa kipindi cha tarehe 1 Juni 1946 hadi 15 Mei 1948, na ambao walipoteza nyumba na njia zao za kujipatia riziki kutokana na mgogoro wa 1948."<ref name="WhoWeAre"/> UNRWA pia hutoa misaada kwa uzao wa upande wa baba wa wakimbizi hao, pamoja na watoto wao walioasiliwa kisheria.<ref name="WhoWeAre"/> [[File:ShufatCampJuly142023 05.jpg|thumb|[[Kambi ya Shu'fat]] katika mji wa [[Yerusalemu]], 2023. Eneo rasmi la kambi hiyo liko katikati ya picha na lina sifa ya majengo ya ghorofa chache; pande zote mbili za kambi hiyo kuna vitongoji vya ziada vya Wapalestina vilivyo ng'ambo ya [[Ukuta wa Israeli wa Ukingo wa Magharibi]] (unaoonekana chini ya picha), ambapo majengo yake ni marefu zaidi.]] [[File:Nabatieh Camp before and after.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Nabatieh]] kabla na baada ya kuharibiwa na jeshi la Israeli mnamo 1974]] Ili kambi itambuliwe na UNRWA, lazima kuwepo na makubaliano kati ya serikali mwenyeji na UNRWA yanayosimamia matumizi ya kambi hiyo. UNRWA yenyewe haiendeshi kambi yoyote, haina mamlaka ya kipolisi wala wajibu wa kiutawala, bali inatoa tu huduma ndani ya kambi. UNRWA inatambua vituo katika kambi 58 zilizoteuliwa kama kambi za wakimbizi nchini [[Yordani]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] na [[Ukingo wa Gaza]], na pia hutoa huduma katika maeneo mengine ambapo idadi kubwa ya wakimbizi wa Palestina waliosajiliwa wanaishi nje ya kambi zinazotambuliwa. UNRWA pia ilitua misaada kwa Wayahudi waliokimbishwa makazi yao ndani ya [[Israeli]] kufuatia mgogoro wa 1948 hadi serikali ya Israeli ilipochukua jukumu la kuwahudumia mnamo 1952. Kambi za wakimbizi zilibadilika kutoka miji ya mahema hadi kuwa safu za nyumba za vitalu vya zege na kisha kuwa vitongoji duni vya mijini (ghettos) ambavyo havitofautiani na mazingira yanayovizunguka (kimsingi vikawa maeneo ya maendeleo ya mijini ndani ya miji iliyopo au vikiwa vyenyewe), ambavyo vinahifadhi takriban thuluthi moja ya wakimbizi wote wa Palestina waliosajiliwa. Ufadhili wa shughuli za UNRWA unatokana karibu mzima na michango ya hiari kutoka kwa nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa. UNRWA pia hupokea kiasi fulani cha fedha kutoka kwenye Bajeti ya Kawaida ya Umoja wa Mataifa, ambayo hutumiwa zaidi kwa ajili ya gharama za wafanyakazi wa kimataifa.<ref name="WhoWeAre"/> == Orodha ya kambi == Kambi hizi zimegawanywa katika maeneo matano: * Ukingo wa Gaza: [[Ukingo wa Gaza]] una kambi nane rasmi na hauna kambi isiyo rasmi,<ref name=UNRWA2019/> na una wakimbizi waliosajiliwa 1,221,110. * Ukingo wa Magharibi: [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] una kambi 19 rasmi na kambi nne zisizo rasmi,<ref name=UNRWA2019/> na una wakimbizi waliosajiliwa 741,409. * Syria: [[Syria]] ina kambi tisa rasmi na kambi tatu zisizo rasmi,<ref name=UNRWA2019/> na ina wakimbizi waliosajiliwa 499,189. * Lebanon: Kuna kambi 12 rasmi na hakuna kambi isiyo rasmi nchini [[Lebanon]],<ref name=UNRWA2019/> na ina wakimbizi waliosajiliwa 448,599. * Yordani: Kuna kambi 10 rasmi na kambi tatu zisizo rasmi nchini [[Yordani]],<ref name=UNRWA2019/> na ina wakimbizi waliosajiliwa 2,034,641. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jina !! Kuanzishwa !! Mahali !! Hali !! Majira nukta !! data-sort-type="number" | Idadi ya Watu !! data-sort-type=number | Eneo (km²) !! data-sort-type=number | Msongamano (watu/km²) !! Maoni !! Marejeo |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Yarmouk|Kambi ya Yarmouk]] | 1957 || Syria || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|33|28|27|N|36|18|11|E|region:SY}} || n.a. || 2.1 || n.a. || Imeharibiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa (hapo awali ilikuwa na idadi ya watu 160,000) || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/yarmouk-unofficial-camp UNRWA Yarmouk Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Rafah|Kambi ya Rafah]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|16|58.87|N|34|15|11.52|E|region:PS}} || 125,304 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/rafah-camp UNRWA Rafah Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Baqa'a|Kambi ya Baqa'a]] | 1968 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|04|25|N|35|50|35|E|region:JO}} || 119,000 || 1.4 || 85,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/baqaa-camp UNRWA Baqa'a refugee camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jabalia|Kambi ya Jabalia]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|32|20.81|N|34|29|57.63|E|region:PS}} || 113,990 || 1.4 || 81,421 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/jabalia-camp UNRWA Jabalia Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Khan Yunis|Kambi ya Khan Yunis]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|21|3|N|34|17|18|E|region:PS}} || 87,816 || 0.549 || 159,956 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/khan-younis-camp UNRWA Khan Yunis Camp]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/khanyounis.html |title=UNRWA: Refugee camp profiles: Gaza field office (khan-younis-camp) |website=www.un.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060227195322/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/khanyounis.html |archive-date=27 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Shati|Kambi ya Al-Shati]] (Kambi ya Pwani) | 1948 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|31|55.91|N|34|26|43.42|E|region:PS}} || 85,628 || 0.52 || 164,669 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/beach-camp UNRWA Al-Shati Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Nuseirat|Kambi ya Nuseirat]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|26|51.56|N|34|23|34.35|E|region:PS}} || 80,194 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/nuseirat-camp UNRWA Nuseirat Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Ain al-Hilweh|Kambi ya Ain al-Hilweh]] | 1948 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|32|37|N|35|22|41|E|region:TH}} || 59,660 || 0.3 || 198,867 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/ein-el-hilweh-camp UNRWA Ain al-Hilweh]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.nyidanmark.dk/-/media/Files/US/Landerapporter/Factfindingmission_Lebanon_1998.pdf?la=en-GB&hash=E4C43FEDE9F92ED581945E636DD2B84B01FEB97E |title=Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon 2 – 18 May 1998 |date=1 June 1998 |website=newtodenmark.dk |publisher=The [[Danish Immigration Service]] |format=PDF |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Wehdat|Kambi ya Al-Wehdat]] (Kambi Mpya ya Amman) | 1955 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|31|55|35|N|35|56|18|E|region:JO}} || 57,000 || 0.48 || 118,750 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/amman-new-camp UNRWA Al-Wehdat refugee camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Marka|Kambi ya Marka]] | 1968 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|00|33|N|36|01|14|E|type:city_region:JO}} || 53,000 || 0.92 || 57,609 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/marka-camp UNRWA Marka refugee camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jaramana|Kambi ya Jaramana]] | 1948 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|33|29|N|36|21|E|region:SY}} || 49,000 || 0.03 || 1,633,333 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/jaramana-camp UNRWA Jaramana]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Latakia|Kambi ya Latakia]] | 1955–6 || Syria || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|35|30|28|N|35|47|45|E|type:landmark_region:SY}} || 47,400 || 0.22 || 215,455 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/latakia-unofficial-camp UNRWA Latakia Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Bureij|Kambi ya Bureij]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|26|22.31|N|34|24|10.58|E|region:PS}} || 43,330 || 0.529 || 81,909 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/bureij-camp UNRWA Bureij]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/bureij.html |title=UNRWA: Refugee camp profiles: Gaza field office (bureij) |work=UNRWA |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624022059/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/bureij.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Rashidieh|Kambi ya Rashidieh]] | 1963 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|14|12.12|N|35|13|5.16|E}} || 34,584 || 0.25 || 138,336 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/rashidieh-camp UNRWA Rashidieh]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jabal el-Hussein|Kambi ya Jabal el-Hussein]] | 1952 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|31|57|52|N|35|54|23|E|type:edu}} || 32,000 || 0.42 || 76,190 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/jabal-el-hussein-camp UNRWA Al-Abdali]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Maghazi|Kambi ya Maghazi]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|25|16.89|N|34|23|07.35|E|region:PS}} || 31,329 || 0.6 || 52,215 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/maghazi-camp UNRWA Maghazi (camp)]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jerash|Kambi ya Jerash]] | 1968 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|16|20.21|N|35|53|29.03|E|region:JO,inline}} || 29,000 || 0.75 || 38,667 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/jerash-camp UNRWA Jerash]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Irbid|Kambi ya Irbid]] | 1951 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|33|0|N|35|51|0|E|region:JO_type:city(292040)}} || 28,000 || 0.24 || 116,667 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/irbid-camp UNRWA Irbid]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Balata|Kambi ya Balata]] | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|12|N|35|17|E}} || 27,000 || 0.25 || 108,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/balata-camp UNRWA Balata]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Deir al-Balah|Kambi ya Deir al-Balah]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Gaza || UNRWA || {{coord|31|25|33|N|34|20|26|E|region:PS}} || 25,569 || 0.16 || 159,806 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/deir-el-balah-camp UNRWA Deir al-Balah Camp]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/deirelbalah.html |title=UNRWA: Refugee camp profiles: Gaza field office (deirelbalah) |website=www.un.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131073053/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/deirelbalah.html |archive-date=31 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Husn|Kambi ya Husn]] (Kambi ya Shahidi Azmi el-Mufti) | 1968 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|28|30|N|35|54|18|E|region:JO}} || 25,000 || 0.77 || 32,468 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/husn-camp UNRWA Husn Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Burj el-Shamali|Kambi ya Burj el-Shamali]] | 1955 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|15|47|N|35|14|20|E}} || 24,929 || 0.134 || 186,037 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/burj-shemali-camp UNRWA Burj el-Shemali]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Shu'fat|Kambi ya Shu'fat]] | 1965 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|48|44|N| 35|14|47|E|source:wikidata}} || 24,000 || 0.2 || 120,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/shufat-camp UNRWA Shu'fat camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Qabr Essit|Kambi ya Qabr Essit]] | 1967 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|33|26|50|N|36|20|10|E|region:SY}} || 23,700 || 0.02 || 1,185,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/qabr-essit-camp UNRWA Qabr Essit]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Tulkarm|Kambi ya Tulkarm]] | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|18|51|N|35|2|4|E}} || 21,500 || 0.18 || 119,444 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/tulkarm-camp UNRWA Tulkarm Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Beddawi|Kambi ya Beddawi]] | 1955 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|34|27|0.64|N|35|52|9.17|E}} || 21,252 || 0.2 || 106,260 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/beddawi-camp UNRWA Beddawi refugee camp]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Zarqa|Kambi ya Zarqa]] | 1949 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|05|N|36|06|E}} || 20,000 || 0.18 || 111,111 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/zarqa-camp UNRWA Zarqa]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Bourj el-Barajneh|Kambi ya Bourj el-Barajneh]] | 1948 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|50|54|N|35|30|12|E|region:LB}} || 19,539 || 0.104 || 187,875 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/burj-barajneh-camp UNRWA Bourj el-Barajneh]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Souf|Kambi ya Souf]] | 1967 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|32|18|30|N|35|53|7.37|E|type:city_region:IL}} || 19,000 || 0.5 || 38,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/souf-camp UNRWA Souf Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Askar|Kambi ya Askar]] | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|13|11.51|N|35|17|50.77|E|region:PS}} || 18,500 || 0.119 || 155,462 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/askar-camp UNRWA Askar (camp)]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Nayrab|Kambi ya Al-Nayrab]] | 1948 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|36|10|32|N|37|13|40|E|region:SY}} || 18,000 || 0.15 || 120,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/neirab-camp UNRWA Al-Nayrab]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Dheisheh|Kambi ya Dheisheh]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|41|38.47|N|35|11|02.96|E|region:PS}} || 15,000 || 0.33 || 45,455 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/dheisheh-camp UNRWA Dheisheh]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Qalandia|Kambi ya Qalandia]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|33|19|55|N|36|19|56|E|region:SY}} || 14,800 || 0.42 || 35,238 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/kalandia-camp UNRWA Kalandia Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Hassan|Kambi ya Al-Hassan]] | 1967 || Yordani || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|31|57|27|N| 35|58|19|E|region:PS}} || 14,068 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18">[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/survey2016-2018-eng.pdf BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18], kurasa 30-33</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian Refugees and Displaced Camps in Jordan: Prince Hassan Camp |url=https://dpa.gov.jo/EN/ListDetails/Palestinian_Refugees_And_Displaced_Camps_in_Jordan/2095/12 |website=dpa.gov.jo |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Husseini |first1=Jalal |title=The Evolution of the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan. Between Logics of Exclusion and Integration |url=https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1742?lang=en |series=Villes, practices urbaines et construction nationale en Jordanie |publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo |access-date=2 January 2024 |pages=181–204 |language=en |date=13 February 2013|isbn=978-2-35159-315-8 }}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jenin|Kambi ya Jenin]] | 1953 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|27|41|N|35|17|11|E}} || 14,000 || 0.42 || 33,333 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/jenin-camp UNRWA Jenin Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jalazone|Kambi ya Jalazone]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|57|07.15|N|35|12|41.58|E|region:PS}} || 13,000 || 0.253 || 51,383 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/jalazone-camp UNRWA Jalazone]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Sabinah|Kambi ya Al-Sabinah]] | 1948 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|33|26|2|N|36|17|8|E|region:SY}} || 13,000 || 0.03 || 433,333 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/sbeineh-camp UNRWA Al-Sabinah]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Homs|Kambi ya Homs]] | 1949 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|34|42|30.29|N|36|42|26.62|E|region:SY_type:city}} || 13,000 || 0.15 || 86,667 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/homs-camp UNRWA Homs Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Khan Danoun|Kambi ya Khan Danoun]] | 1950 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|33|19|55|N|36|19|56|E|region:SY}} || 12,650 || 0.03 || 421,667 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/khan-dunoun-camp UNRWA Khan Dannun]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya El Buss|Kambi ya El Buss]] | 1948 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|16|21|N|35|12|36|E}} || 12,281 || 0.08 || 153,513 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/el-buss-camp UNRWA El-Buss refugee camp]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Arroub|Kambi ya Al-Arroub]] | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|37|23.18|N|35|08|12.19|E|region:PS}} || 12,000 || 0.24 || 50,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/arroub-camp UNRWA Al-Arroub (camp)]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Khan al-Shih|Kambi ya Khan al-Shih]] | 1949 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|33|21|30|N|36|6|26|E|region:SY}} || 12,000 || 0.69 || 17,391 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/khan-eshieh-camp UNRWA Khan al-Shih]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Shatila|Kambi ya Shatila]] | 1949 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|51|46|N|35|29|54|E|region:LB_type:city(2000000)}} || 10,849 || 0.04 || 271,225 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/shatila-camp UNRWA Shatila refugee camp]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Nur Shams|Kambi ya Nur Shams]] | 1952 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|19|07.36|N|35|03|31.63|E|region:PS}} || 10,500 || 0.21 || 50,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/nur-shams-camp UNRWA Nur Shams, Tulkarm]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Daraa|Kambi ya Daraa]] | 1950 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|32|37|N|36|6|E|region:SY}} || 10,500 || 1.3 || 8,077 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/deraa-camp UNRWA Deraa]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Fawwar|Kambi ya Fawwar]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|28|46.45|N|35|03|52.93|E|region:PS}} || 9,500 || 0.27 || 35,185 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/fawwar-camp UNRWA Fawwar, Hebron]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Wavel|Kambi ya Wavel]] | 1948 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|59|56.27|N|36|11|35.46|E|type:city}} || 9,460 || 0.043 || 220,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/wavel-camp UNRWA Wavel]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Hama|Kambi ya Hama]] | 1950 || Syria || UNRWA || {{coord|35|08|N|36|45|E|region:SY}} || 9,000 || 0.06 || 150,000 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/hama-camp UNRWA Hama]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Aqabat Jaber|Kambi ya Aqabat Jaber]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|50|17.00|N|35|26|30.20|E|region:PS}} || 8,600 || 1.67 || 5,150 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/aqbat-jabr-camp UNRWA Aqabat Jaber]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Madaba|Kambi ya Madaba]] | 1956 || Yordani || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord| 31|42|41|N| 35|47|15|E |region:PS}} || 8,597 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18"/> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Far'a|Kambi ya Far'a]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|17|38.35|N|35|20|39.74|E|region:PS}} || 8,500 || 0.26 || 32,692 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/fara-camp UNRWA Far'a]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Talbieh|Kambi ya Talbieh]] | 1968 || Yordani || UNRWA || {{coord|31|42|19|N|35|56|57|E|region:JO}} || 8,000 || 0.13 || 61,538 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/talbieh-camp UNRWA Talbieh Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Ein Beit al-Ma'|Kambi ya Ein Beit al-Ma']] (Kambi Na. 1) | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|32|13|48.91|N|35|14|58.42|E|region:PS}} || 7,500 || 0.045 || 166,667 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/camp-no-1-camp UNRWA Ein Beit al-Ma']</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Sokhna|Kambi ya Sokhna]] | 1969 || Yordani || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|32|7|59|N| 36|4|20|E|region:PS}} || 7,424 || n.a. || n.a. || wakati mwingine huandikwa kama 'Sakhna' au 'Sukhna' || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18"/> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Al-Am'ari|Kambi ya Al-Am'ari]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|53|38.60|N|35|12|41.52|E|region:PS}} || 7,000 || 0.096 || 72,917 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/amari-camp UNRWA Am'ari]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Ein Al-Tal|Kambi ya Ein Al-Tal]] (pia inajulikana kama kambi ya Handarat) | 1962 || Syria || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|36|17|34.84|N|37|9|24.86|E}} || n.a. || 0.16 || n.a. || Imeharibiwa kwa kiasi kibaya (hapo awali ilikuwa na idadi ya watu 7,000) || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/ein-el-tal-unofficial-camp UNRWA Ein el Tal]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Nahr al-Bared|Kambi ya Nahr al-Bared]] | 1949 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|34|30|47|N|35|57|40|E|region:LB_type:city}} || 5,857 || 0.198 || 29,581 || Imejengwa upya, hapo awali ilikuwa na idadi ya watu 27,000 || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/nahr-el-bared-camp UNRWA Nahr al-Bared]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Mieh Mieh|Kambi ya Mieh Mieh]] | 1954 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|32|30|N|35|23|29|E|region:TH}} || 5,747 || 0.054 || 106,426 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/mieh-mieh-camp UNRWA Mieh Mieh refugee camp]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Aida|Kambi ya Aida]] | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|43|10.34|N|35|11|56.31|E|region:PS}} || 5,500 || 0.071 || 77,465 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/aida-camp UNRWA Aida (camp)]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Dbayeh|Kambi ya Dbayeh]] | 1956 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|54|N|35|34|E}} || 4,591 || 0.084 || 54,655 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/dbayeh-camp UNRWA Dbayeh]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Ein es-Sultan|Kambi ya Ein es-Sultan]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|52|40.24|N|35|26|46.24|E|region:PS}} || 3,800 || 0.87 || 4,368 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/ein-el-sultan-camp UNRWA Ein as-Sultan]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya 'Azza|Kambi ya 'Azza]] (Beit Jibrin) | 1950 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|42|54.78|N|35|12|07.61|E|region:PS}} || 2,900 || 0.027 || 107,407 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/beit-jibrin-camp UNRWA 'Azza]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Deir 'Ammar|Kambi ya Deir 'Ammar]] | 1949 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || UNRWA || {{coord|31|57|57.22|N|35|05|55.98|E|region:PS}} || 2,500 || 0.162 || 15,432 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/west-bank/deir-ammar-camp UNRWA Deir 'Ammar Camp]</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Qaddura|Kambi ya Qaddura]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord|31|54|3.32|N|35|12|21.18|E|region:PS}} || 1,558 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/Qaddura%20Camp_vp_en.pdf |title=Qaddura camp profile |website=vprofile.arij.org}}</ref> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Mar Elias|Kambi ya Mar Elias]] | 1952 || Lebanon || UNRWA || {{coord|33|52|38|N|35|29|19|E|region:LB_type:landmark}} || 725 || 0.0054 || 134,259 || || <ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/mar-elias-camp UNRWA Mar Elias refugee camp]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Silwad|Kambi ya Silwad]] | 1971 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || Isiyo rasmi ||{{coord|31|58|5|N| 35|15|41|E|region:PS}} || 462 || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18"/> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Abu Shukheidim|Kambi ya Abu Shukheidim]] | 1948 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || Isiyo rasmi || || n.a. || n.a. || n.a. || Mji wa Abu Shukhaydam unaonekana kwenye ramani ukiwa takriban maili 1 Kusini Magharibi mwa [[Birzeit]] || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18"/> |- ! [[Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Birzeit|Kambi ya Birzeit]] (As-Saqaeif) | 1948 || Ukingo wa Magharibi || Isiyo rasmi || {{coord| 31|58|12|N |35|12|01|E|region:PS}}<!--Inakadiria, kutoka google maps--> || n.a. || n.a. || n.a. || || <ref name="BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18"/><ref>{{cite web |title=مخيم بير زيت |trans-title=Bir Zeit camp |url=https://palcamps.net/ar/camp/84 |website=palcamps.net |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104005840/https://palcamps.net/ar/camp/84 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Takwimu za idadi ya watu == Mabadiliko ya idadi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina yanaonyeshwa hapa chini:<ref name=UNWRA2004table2>[https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178659/ Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, 1 July 2003-30 June 2004, Supplement No. 13 (A/59/13)] Jedwali la 2: Distribution of registered population (kama ilivyokuwa tarehe 30 Juni 2004)</ref><ref name=Hanafi>Ḥanafī, Sārī [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Palestinian-Refugee-Camps-in-the-Arab-East%3A-in-of-Ḥanafī/5fe726e0243501808d403ebb2fb230e5a1b45ba3 "Palestinian Refugee Camps in the Arab East: Governmentalities in Search of Legitimacy."] (2010), ukurasa wa 6</ref><ref name=BADIL>[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/survey2016-2018-eng.pdf BADIL Refugee Survey 2016-18], ukurasa wa 30</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Enzi !! 1950 !! 1960 !! 1970 !! 1980 !! 1990 !! 2000 !! 2004 !! 2009 !! 2018 |- ! [[Yordani]] | 506,200 || 613,743 || 506,038 || 716,372 || 929,097 || 1,570,192 || 1,758,274 || 1,951,603 || 2,242,579 |- ! [[Lebanon]] | 127,600 || 136,561 || 175,958 || 226,554 || 302,049 || 376,472 || 396,890 || 422,188 || 475,075 |- ! [[Syria]] | 82,194 || 115,043 || 158,717 || 209,362 || 280,731 || 383,199 || 417,346 || 461,897 || 560,139 |- ! [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] | – || – || 272,692 || 324,035 || 414,298 || 583,009 || 675,670 || 762,820 || 846,465 |- ! [[Ukingo wa Gaza]] | 198,227 || 255,542 || 311,814 || 367,995 || 496,339 || 824,622 || 938,531 || 1,073,303 || 1,421,282 |- ! Jumla ya wakimbizi waliosajiliwa | 914,221 || 1,120,889 || 1,425,219 || 1,844,318 || 2,422,514 || 3,737,494 || 4,186,711 || 4,671,811 || 5,545,540 |} Idadi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina wanaoishi ndani ya maeneo ya kiutendaji yaliyosajiliwa na UNRWA inaonyeshwa hapa chini, ikijumuisha wale wanaoishi makambini na wale wanaoishi nje ya kambi:<ref name=UNWRA2004table3>[https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-178659/ Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, 1 July 2003-30 June 2004, Supplement No. 13 (A/59/13)] Jedwali la 3: Number and distribution of special hardship cases (kama ilivyokuwa tarehe 30 Juni 2004)</ref><ref name=Hanafi/><ref name=BADIL/> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mwaka !! Watu waliosajiliwa (wakimbizi na wengineo) !! Wakimbizi waliosajiliwa makambini !! % ya wakimbizi waliosajiliwa makambini |- | 1953 || 870,158 || 300,785 || 34.6 |- | 1955 || 912,425 || 351,532 || 38.5 |- | 1960 || 1,136,487 || 409,223 || 36.0 |- | 1965 || 1,300,117 || 508,042 || 39.1 |- | 1970 || 1,445,022 || 500,985 || 34.7 |- | 1975 || 1,652,436 || 551,643 || 33.4 |- | 1980 || 1,863,162 || 613,149 || 32.9 |- | 1985 || 2,119,862 || 805,482 || 38.0 |- | 1990 || 2,466,516 || 697,709 || 28.3 |- | 1995 || 3,246,044 || 1,007,375 || 31.0 |- | 2000 || 3,806,055 || 1,227,954 || 32.3 |- | 2005 || 4,283,892 || 1,265,987 || 29.6 |- | 2010 || 4,966,664 || 1,452,790 || 29.3 |- | 2015 || 5,741,480 || 1,632,876 || 28.4 |- | 2018 || 6,171,793 || 1,728,409 || 28.0 |} Jedwali hapa chini linaonyesha idadi ya wakimbizi waliosajiliwa, watu wengine waliosajiliwa, na wakimbizi wanaoishi makambini mnamo mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://unrwa.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/unrwa_in_figures_2019_eng_sep_2019_final.pdf |title=UNRWA in Figures 2019 |website=unrwa.es}}</ref> Ufafanuzi wa UNRWA kuhusu "Watu Wengine Waliosajiliwa" unamaanisha "wale ambao, wakati wa usajili wa awali hawakukidhi vigezo vyote vya UNRWA vya ukimbizi wa Palestina, lakini walionekana kupata hasara kubwa na/au shida kwa sababu zinazohusiana na mzozo wa 1948 nchini Palestina; pia inajumuisha watu ambao ni wanachama wa familia za watu wengine waliosajiliwa."<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/content/resources/aor_2019_eng.pdf UNRWA Annual Operational Report 2019]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Kipengele !! Yordani !! Lebanon !! Syria !! Ukingo wa Magharibi !! Ukingo wa Gaza !! Jumla |- | Wakimbizi waliosajiliwa || 2,242,579 || 475,075 || 560,139 || 846,465 || 1,421,282 || 5,545,540 |- | Watu wengine waliosajiliwa || 133,902 || 58,810 || 83,003 || 201,525 || 149,013 || 626,253 |- | Jumla ya watu waliosajiliwa || 2,376,481 || 533,885 || 643,142 || 1,047,990 || 1,570,295 || 6,171,793 |- | Wakimbizi wanaoishi ndani ya mipaka rasmi ya kambi || 412,054 || 270,614 || 194,993 || 256,758 || 593,990 || 1,728,409 |- | % ya wanaoishi ndani ya mipaka ya kambi || 18.4% || 57.0% || 34.8% || 30.3% || 41.8% || 31.2% |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografia== * {{cite book |author1=Are Knudsen |author2=Sari Hanafi |title=Palestinian Refugees: Identity, Space and Place in the Levan t|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlIuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |date=5 November 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-88334-7 |pages=3–}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Palestinian refugee camps}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-lebanon/fmo018.pdf |title=Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon |website=www.forcedmigration.org |via=web.archive.org |accessdate=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207104159/http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-lebanon/fmo018.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-syria/fmo017.pdf |title=Palestinian Refugees in Syria |website=www.forcedmigration.org |via=web.archive.org |accessdate=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2017-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810020055/http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-syria/fmo017.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-jordan/fmo025.pdf |title=Palestinian Refugees in Jordan |website=www.forcedmigration.org |via=web.archive.org |accessdate=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015322/http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/palestinian-refugees-in-jordan/fmo025.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/as-rebuilding-begins-at-lebanons-nahr-al-bared-displaced-refugees-eager-to-return/ |title=As rebuilding begins at Lebanon's nahr al bared, displaced refugees are eager to return |website= |author1=William Wheeler |author2=Don Duncan |work=World Politics Review |date=11 March 2008}} * {{cite web |url=http://alray.ps/en/index.php?act=post&id=2581 |title=UN refugee agency unveils Palestinian archive |website=alray.ps |via=web.archive.org |accessdate=2026-06-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215430/http://alray.ps/en/index.php?act=post&id=2581 |url-status=dead }} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi wa Palestina|*]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Palestina]] poqi0ab5f1oo2z8btivwz0fwrnt0ogg 0 240952 1575579 1573092 2026-06-20T18:15:23Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | heshima_mbele = Dame | jina = Stephanie Shirley | heshima_mwisho = CH, DBE, FREng, DFBCS | picha = Dame Stephanie Shirley - 2013.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Shirley mwaka 2013 | jina_halisi = Vera Buchthal<ref name="bio"/> | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dortmund, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2025|08|09|1933|09|16|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Reading, England | kazi = Mfanyabiashara na mfadhili | majina_mengine = Vera Stephanie Buchthal<br>Stephanie Brook | baba = Arnold Buchthal | ndugu = Rosa Buchthal (bibi) | tuzo = FREng (2001)<br>Mshindi wa CHM Fellow (2018) | mashirika = {{hlist|Freelance Programmers|Shirley Foundation|Oxford Internet Institute|Autistica}} | heshima = {{hlist|Order of the British Empire|Companion of Honour}} | tovuti = {{URL|steveshirley.com}} }} '''Dame Vera Stephanie Shirley''' (16 Septemba 1933 – 9 Agosti 2025) alikuwa mwasisi wa teknolojia ya habari, mfanyabiashara na mhisani Mwingereza aliyezaliwa nchini Ujerumani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/85-year-old-tech-entrepreneur-made-staff-millionaires/|title=The 85-year-old tech entrepreneur who made her staff millionaires|first=Zoe|last=Beaty|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 Juni 2019|publisher=|via=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48607165|title=I just got fed up with the sexism. It was everywhere|first=Will|last=Smale|work=BBC News|date=17 Juni 2019|publisher=BBC.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 27u1tqw3a8w5j7b74ft69bl8rncpayq 0 240953 1575560 1573093 2026-06-20T18:11:53Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Carl Djerassi | jina_halisi = Carl Djerassi | picha = Carl Djerassi HD2004 AIC Gold Medal crop.JPG | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Djerassi mwaka 2004 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2015|1|30|1923|10|29|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = San Francisco, California, Marekani | fani = Kemia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Syntex * Chuo Kikuu cha Wayne State * Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo cha Kenyon (Shahada ya Sayansi) * Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin–Madison (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Uundaji wa kidonge cha uzazi wa mpango * Djerassi Artists Residency }} | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.djerassi.com}} | baba = Samuel Djerassi | mama = Alice Friedmann | sahihi = | watoto = 2 | mwenzi = }} '''Carl Djerassi''' (Oktoba 29, 1923 – Januari 30, 2015) alikuwa [[mwanakemia]] wa dawa, mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria na Bulgaria, na mwasisi mwenza wa Programu ya Wasanii Wakazi ya Djerassi (Djerassi Resident Artists Program) akishirikiana na [[Diane Middlebrook|Diane Wood Middlebrook]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa mchango wake katika utengenezaji wa vidonge vya kuzuia mimba vya kumeza,<ref name="nature_ball">Ball P (2015) "Carl Djerassi", [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] '''519'''(7541), 34.</ref><ref name=zare>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/anie.201501335| pmid = 25809781| title = Carl Djerassi (1923-2015)| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition| pages = 5001–5002| year = 2015| last1 = Zare | first1 = R. N.| volume=54| issue = 17| bibcode = 2015ACIE...54.5001Z| doi-access = free}}</ref> na alipewa jina la utani la "baba wa kidonge".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |title=Mein Leben – Carl Djerassi, der Vater der Pille |first=Joachim |last=Haupt |language=de |publisher=ZDF, Arte |year=2008 |minutes=43 |access-date=Februari 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092708/http://www.arte.tv/guide/de/039500-000-A/mein-leben-carl-djerassi-der-vater-der-pille |archive-date=Februari 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanakemia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 3umzdbjahlnrhb9hefoqynekglakn65 0 240954 1575580 1573094 2026-06-20T18:15:29Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Victor Weisskopf | jina_halisi = Victor Frederick Weisskopf | picha = VictorWeisskopft-LosAlamos.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Weisskopf miaka ya 1940 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Vienna, Austria-Hungaria | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2002|4|22|1908|9|19|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Newton, Massachusetts, Marekani | fani = Fizikia | sehemu_za_kazi = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Leipzig * Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin * ETH Zurich * Taasisi ya Niels Bohr * Chuo Kikuu cha Rochester * Mradi wa Manhattan * MIT * CERN }} | elimu = {{plainlist| * Chuo Kikuu cha Göttingen (PhD) }} | anajulikana_kwa = {{plainlist| * Utafiti katika fizikia ya nadharia * Ushiriki katika Mradi wa Manhattan * Mkurugenzi wa CERN (1961–1965) }} | baba = | mama = | watoto = | mwenzi = }} '''Victor''' '''Frederick''' "'''Viki'''" '''Weisskopf''' (pia huandikwa '''Viktor'''; Septemba 19, 1908 – Aprili 22, 2002) alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] wa nadharia [[Mmarekani]] mwenye asili ya Austria, na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa [[CERN]] kuanzia mwaka 1961 – 1965.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Who's who in Cern: Victor F. Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Winter 1960|volume=1|issue=15|page=2|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728441}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hine|first1=Mervyn|title=Working with Viki at CERN|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 2003|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=Machi 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154145/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28767|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kummer|first1=Wolfgang|title=Victor Weisskopf: looking back on a distinguished career|journal=CERN Courier|date=Juni 2002|volume=42|issue=5|pages=28–32|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1733346}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Farewell to Professor Weisskopf|journal=CERN Courier|date=Januari 1966|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–5|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1728754}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=People and things|journal=CERN Courier|date=Desemba 1983|volume=23|issue=10|page=432|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1730876}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Austria]] [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] czwecpoezljle610cjq7jzm718ab6gi 0 240955 1575562 1573938 2026-06-20T18:12:24Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Judith Kerr | jina_halisi = Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr | picha = Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kerr katika Tamasha la Fasihi Berlin, 2016 | heshima_mwisho = OBE | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Berlin, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|2019|5|22|1923|6|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Barnes, London, England | uraia = {{plainlist| * Ujerumani (1923–1941) * Hakuwa na uraia (1941–1947) * Uingereza (1947–2019) }} | kipindi = 1950–2019 | aina = Fasihi ya watoto | mada = | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''The Tiger Who Came to Tea'' * Mfululizo wa ''Mog'' * ''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit'' }} | mwenzi = Nigel Kneale (ndoa 1954–2006) | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Matthew Kneale) | wazazi = {{plainlist| * Alfred Kerr (baba) * Julia Weismann (mama) }} | ndugu = Michael Kerr (kaka) }} '''Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr'''<ref>{{cite book|title=As Far As I Remember|date=2002|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=1-84113-565-8|page=23|edition=paperback}}</ref> (14 Juni 1923 – 22 Mei 2019)<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title= Judith Kerr, beloved author of The Tiger Who Came to Tea, dies aged 95|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/23/judith-kerr-beloved-author-of-the-tiger-who-came-to-tea-dies-aged-95|first=Claire|last=Armitstead|author-link=Claire Armitstead|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019|quote=Judith Kerr ... died at home yesterday at the age of 95 after a short illness, her publisher said on Thursday.}}</ref> alikuwa mwandishi na mchoraji wa vitabu, [[Mwingereza]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Ujerumani]], ambaye vitabu vyake viliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 10 kote ulimwenguni.<ref name="economist">[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2019/06/06/obituary-judith-kerr-died-on-may-23rd "Obituary: Judith Kerr died on May 23rd,"] ''[[The Economist]]'', 6 June 2019.</ref> Alitengeneza vitabu vya picha vilivyopendwa sana kama vile mfululizo wa vitabu vya "''Mog"'' na "''The Tiger Who Came to Tea"'', pamoja na riwaya maarufu kwa ajili ya watoto na wakubwa kama vile nusu-wasifu wa "''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit"''. Kitabu hicho kilionesha mtazamo wa mtoto jinsi ya kukimbia mateso ya Hitler wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia. Alizaliwa katika [[Weimar Republic|Jamhuri ya Weimar]], na alihamia [[Uingereza]] na familia yake mnamo mwaka 1935 ili kukimbia mateso wakati wa kupaa kwa Chama cha Nazi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-fleeing-nazi-germany-judith-kerr-became-britains-favorite-storyteller/|title=After fleeing Nazi Germany, Judith Kerr became Britain's favorite storyteller|first=Robert|last=Philpot|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dw.com/en/artists-after-the-escape-judith-kerr-childrens-book-author-at-95/a-41657948|title=Artists After the Escape: Judith Kerr, children's book author at 95 &#124; DW &#124; 13.06.2018|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.tracesproject.org/judith-kerr-obe/|title=Judith Kerr OBE &#124; Traces Project|website=www.tracesproject.org|accessdate=2026-06-14|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524065739/http://www.tracesproject.org/judith-kerr-obe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} {{mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 09xwkhjstnvhhxwrwf33vk5t9wepi1c 0 241096 1575474 1574882 2026-06-20T13:33:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Orodha */ 1575474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Danieli]] akipata [[njozi]] ya [[wanyama]] wanne.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokalipti''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]] na nje yake yalifuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa pekee wa [[nabii|kinabii]] ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa [[Mwisho wa nyakati|mwisho wa nyakati]], kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Orodha== Kati ya maandiko ya namna hiyo, ya awali ni: * [[Kitabu cha Isaya]] 24–27; 33; 34–35; 65–66 * [[Kitabu cha Yeremia]] 33:14–26 * [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] 38–39 * [[Kitabu cha Yoeli]] 3:9–17 * [[Kitabu cha Zekaria]] 12–14 Maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}} ni: * [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] 7–12 Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ni: * [[1 Henoko]] * [[2 Henoko]] * [[3 Henoko]] * [[Ufunuo wa Abrahamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Adamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Musa]] * [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]] * [[Ufunuo wa Sefania]] * [[Ufunuo wa Zerubabeli]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kiaramu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Gabrieli]] * [[Genesis Apocryphon]] * [[3 Baruku]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Daniel]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Ezra]] * [[Sefer Elijah]] * [[2 Baruku]] Katika [[Agano Jipya]] kuna: *[[Injili ya Mathayo]] 24; 25:31-46 *[[Injili ya Marko]] 13 *[[Waraka wa pili kwa Wathesaloniki]] 2 *[[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Timotheo]] 4 *[[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]] 3 *[[waraka wa Yuda|Yuda]] 14-15 *[[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Goliathi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Paulo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa Pseudo-Methodi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Samueli wa Kalamoun]] * [[Ufunuo wa Stefano]] * [[Ufunuo wa Thoma]] * [[Ufunuo wa Elia]] Hatimaye yaliyofuata [[Ujuzilio]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Kignosi wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa kwanza wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa pili wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kikopti wa Paulo]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] lktk961adou9q5ayerusdw30werrnup 1575481 1575474 2026-06-20T13:37:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Orodha */ 1575481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Merian's_Daniel_7_engraving.jpg|thumb|[[Danieli]] akipata [[njozi]] ya [[wanyama]] wanne.]] '''Maandiko ya kiapokalipti''' ni yale ambayo katika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Biblia]] na nje yake yalifuata [[mtindo wa uandishi]] wa pekee wa [[nabii|kinabii]] ulioanza na [[nabii Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] wakati wa [[uhamisho wa Babeli]] ([[karne ya 6 KK]]) na kufikia kilele chake kwa [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]], kisha ukakoma, lakini uliendelea kuathiri [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] ndicho maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}}. Badala ya kukabili hali ya wakati ule yalipotolewa {{sfn|Charles|1911|p=170}}, maandiko hayo yalikusudia kujulisha matukio ya mbele sana, hasa [[Mwisho wa nyakati|mwisho wa nyakati]], kadiri ya [[njozi]] au [[ujumbe]] wa [[malaika]] <ref>Coogan 2009 p 424</ref>. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki]] ἀποκάλυψις, ''apokalyupsis'', yaani [[Ufunuo]].<ref>Goswiller 1987 p.3</ref> ==Orodha== Kati ya maandiko ya namna hiyo, ya awali ni: * [[Kitabu cha Isaya]] 24–27; 33; 34–35; 65–66 * [[Kitabu cha Yeremia]] 33:14–26 * [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli]] 38–39 * [[Kitabu cha Yoeli]] 3:9–17 * [[Kitabu cha Zekaria]] 12–14 Maarufu zaidi kati ya maandiko ya aina hiyo ya [[Agano la Kale]]{{sfn|Charles|1911|p=169}} ni: * [[Kitabu cha Danieli]] 7–12 Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ni: * [[1 Henoko]] * [[2 Henoko]] * [[3 Henoko]] * [[Ufunuo wa Abrahamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Adamu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Musa]] * [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]] * [[Ufunuo wa Sefania]] * [[Ufunuo wa Zerubabeli]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kiaramu]] * [[Ufunuo wa Gabrieli]] * [[Genesis Apocryphon]] * [[3 Baruku]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Danieli]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kigiriki wa Ezra]] * [[Sefer Elijah]] * [[2 Baruku]] Katika [[Agano Jipya]] kuna: *[[Injili ya Mathayo]] 24; 25:31-46 *[[Injili ya Marko]] 13 *[[Waraka wa pili kwa Wathesaloniki]] 2 *[[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Timotheo]] 4 *[[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]] 3 *[[waraka wa Yuda|Yuda]] 14-15 *[[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] Yaliyobaki nje ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Goliathi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Paulo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa Pseudo-Methodi]] * [[Ufunuo wa Samueli wa Kalamoun]] * [[Ufunuo wa Stefano]] * [[Ufunuo wa Thoma]] * [[Ufunuo wa Elia]] Hatimaye yaliyofuata [[Ujuzilio]] ni: * [[Ufunuo wa Kignosi wa Petro]] * [[Ufunuo wa kwanza wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa pili wa Yakobo]] * [[Ufunuo wa Kikopti wa Paulo]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Apocalyptic Literature|volume=2|pages=169–175|first=Robert Henry|last=Charles|author-link=Robert Charles (scholar)}} * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments |publisher=Doubleday & Co. |year=1983 |editor-last=Charlesworth |editor-first=James H. |location=Garden City, New York}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Collins |first=John Joseph |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, (The Biblical Resource Series) |publisher=Eerdman |year=1998 |edition=2nd |location=Grand Rapids}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Coogan |first=Michael |title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Oxford}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Cook |first=David |title=Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2005 |location=Syracure, NY}} * {{Citebook |last=Cook |first=Stephen L. |title=The Apocalyptic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts |publisher=Abingdon Press |year=2003 |location=Nashville}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Frye |first=Northrop |title=Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |location=Princeton}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goswiller |first=Richard |title=Revelation |publisher=Pacific Study Series |year=1987 |location=Melbourne}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Reddish |first=Mitchell G. |title=Apocalyptic Literature: A Reader |publisher=Hendrickson |year=1998 |location=Peabody : Massachusetts}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{cite web | author1 = L. Michael White | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | title = Apocalyptic literature in Judaism and early Christianity | website = [[PBS]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html | language = en | archive-date = March 4, 2000 | url-status = live}} (Thorough historical introduction). *{{cite web | author1 = David M. Williams | url = http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | title = The Book of Revelation as Jewish apocalyptic literature | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072014/http://www.geocities.com/davidmwilliams/ntb519c.html | language = en | archive-date = October 3, 2009 | url-status = live | access-date = April 28, 2019 | df = mdy-all }} (A coincise introduction to the Apocalypse of John) * {{cite web | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004553/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apocalyptic-that-which-has-been-rcvealed | archive-date = May 17, 2018 | title = "Apocalyptic" lemma | website = iranicaonline.org | access-date = Aug 19, 2018 | url-status = live}} * {{cite journal| author1 = David L. Barr (Wright State University) | title = Using Plot to Discern Structure in John's Apocalypse | journal = Proceedings of the Eastern Great Lakes and Mid-West Biblical Societies | language = en | year = 1995 | pages = 23–33}} (sourced in {{cite web| url = http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books| title = Articles & Reviews on the Boom of Revelation| website = ntgateway.com| access-date = 2018-08-19| archive-date = 2018-08-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005639/http://www.ntgateway.com/book-of-revelation/articles-and-chapters-in-books/| url-status = dead}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 1wb1o20u9ha852xwsxyr8nc6dfw628u 0 241099 1575577 1574479 2026-06-20T18:15:04Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Rita Ora | jina_halisi = Rita Sahatçiu | picha = Oliver Mark - Rita Ora, Berlin 2018.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Ora mjini Berlin, 2018 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Pristina, Yugoslavia ya Kisoshalisti (sasa Kosovo) | uraia = {{plainlist| * Uingereza * Kosovo }} | elimu = Shule ya Maigizo ya Sylvia Young | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni * Mwigizaji }} | kazi_mahususi = Orodha ya nyimbo za Rita Ora | kipindi = 2004–sasa | mwenzi = Taika Waititi (ndoa 2022) | ndugu = Besim Sahatçiu (babu) | aina_ya_muziki = Pop | chombo = Sauti | lebo = {{plainlist| * BMG * Atlantic * Roc Nation * Columbia }} | tovuti = {{URL|ritaora.com}} | sahihi = File:Rita Ora (nënshkrim).svg }} '''Rita Sahatçiu Ora''' (alizaliwa [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]], 26 Novemba 1990) ni mwimbaji, mwandishi wa nyimbo, haiba wa televisheni, na mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. Alipata umaarufu mkubwa mnamo mwaka 2012 baada ya kushirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa [[DJ Fresh]] uitwao "[[Hot Right Now]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za muziki za Uingereza. Mnamo mwaka 2008, alisaini mkataba wa kazi na lebo ya rapa wa Marekani [[Jay-Z]] iitwayo [[Roc Nation]] na kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Ora (Rita Ora album)|Ora]] mwaka'' (2012), ambayo ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye Chati ya Albamu za Uingereza na kutoa nyimbo zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza nchini humo kama vile "[[R.I.P. (Rita Ora song)|R.I.P.]]" na "[[How We Do (Party)]]". Mnamo mwaka 2014, Ora alishirikishwa kwenye wimbo wa rapa wa [[Australia]], [[Iggy Azalea]] uitwao "[[Black Widow (Iggy Azalea song)|Black Widow]]", ambao ulishika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Mwaka uliofuata, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa heshima wa nchi ya Kosovo. Baada ya kuondoka Roc Nation, Ora alisaini mkataba na [[Atlantic Records]] na kutoa albamu yake ya pili ya studio, ''[[Phoenix (Rita Ora album)|Phoenix]]'' (2018). Albamu hii ilitoa nyimbo maarufu kama "[[Your Song (Rita Ora song)|Your Song]]", "[[Anywhere (Rita Ora song)|Anywhere]]", na "[[Let You Love Me]]", ambapo wimbo wa mwisho ulimfanya Ora kuwa msanii wa kwanza wa kike wa kujitegemea kutoka Uingereza kuwa na jumla ya nyimbo kumi na tatu zilizowahi kuingia kwenye kumi bora nchini Uingereza. Albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[You & I (Rita Ora album)|You & I]]'' ya mwaka (2023), ilianza kwa kushika nafasi ya sita nchini Uingereza. Ora amekuwa jaji kwenye mashindano ya televisheni ya kutafuta vipaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[The X Factor (British TV series) series 12|''The X Factor UK'']] (2015), [[The Masked Singer (British TV series)|''The Masked Singer UK'']] (2020–2024), na [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 11|''The Masked Singer US'']] (2024–sasa), pamoja na kuwa kocha kwenye mashindano ya [[The Voice UK series 4|''The Voice UK'']] (2015) na [[The Voice (Australian TV series)|''The Voice Australia'']] (2021–2023). Pia alicheza uhusika wa Mia Grey katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Fifty Shades (film series)|''Fifty Shades'']] (2015–2018). == Maisha ya mapema == Rita Sahatçiu alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1990 huko [[Pristina]], nchini [[Yugoslavia]] (sasa ni [[Kosovo]]), akiwa na wazazi wenye asili ya [[Albania]].<ref name="AllMusicbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |title=Rita Ora |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |last=Jeffries |first=David |access-date=29 May 2017 |quote=Born in Pristina, Kosovo but raised in London, pop star Rita Ora |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909121459/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rita-ora-mn0002118074/biography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple Music">{{cite web |title=Rita Ora on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503182155/https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/rita-ora/355898104}}</ref> Mama yake,anayeitwa Vera , ni [[psychiatrist|daktari wa magonjwa ya akili]] na baba yake, Besnik Sahatçiu, ni mmiliki wa [[baa]] ambaye alisomea mambo ya [[uchumi]].<ref name=marieclaire15/> Mama yake Ora ni muumini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na baba yake ni Muislamu.<ref name="marieclaire15">{{cite journal |title=Rita Ora Interview – July 2015 Cover Story |journal=[[Marie Claire]] |last=Taro Greenfeld |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Taro Greenfeld |issue=July 2015 issue |quote="And that was enough, apparently, to lure their Muslim father, Besnik (Vera is Catholic). The two fled conflict–torn Kosovo in 1991, when Ora was a year old, and settled in London. Her father, who had studied economics, opened his pub–he's not a devout Muslim–and her mother became a psychiatrist."}}</ref> Ora ana dada mkubwa anayeitwa Elena, na kaka mdogo anayeitwa Don. Babu yake mzaa mama, Osman Bajraktari, alikuwa [[consul (representative)|balozi mdogo]] wa Albania nchini [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Urusi]] (wakati huo ikiwa sehemu ya [[Soviet Union|Umoja wa Kisovieti]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nëna e Rita Orës "pushton" ballinat botërore |url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |publisher=indeksonline.net |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=16 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193101/http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=4&LajmID=154702 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tri femrat që na shndrisin |url=http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |publisher=seremb.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |language=sq |date=5 September 2013 |first=Seremb |last=Gjergji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132501/http://www.seremb.com/Artikulli.aspx?id=83 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Babu yake mzaa baba, Besim Sahatçiu, alikuwa mwongozaji wa filamu na michezo ya kuigiza.<ref name="standard">{{cite web |last=Mills |first=Simon |date=1 February 2013 |title=Rita Ora: 'You have to make yourself... unforgettable' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171806/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-ora-you-have-to-make-yourself-unforgettable-8474575.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref name="telegrafi">{{cite web |title=Flet babai, Besnik Sahatçiu: Të pathënat drug jeta e Rita Orës që nga mosha njëvjeçare |url=https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |work=Telegrafi |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=sq |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617192754/https://telegrafi.com/flet-babai-besnik-sahatciu-te-pathenat-dhe-jeta-e-rita-ores-qe-nga-mosha-njevjecare/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jina la ukoo Sahatçiu linatokana na neno la Kituruki linalomaanisha "mwenye kutengeneza saa"; baadaye wazazi wake waliongeza neno Ora (ambalo kwa Kialbania linamaanisha "muda" au "saa") kwenye jina la ukoo ili liweze kutamkwa kwa urahisi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |title=Rita Ora's rags to riches story as ''Voice'' judge's family fled oppression in Kosovo |date=11 January 2015 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |first=Simon |last=Keegan |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230029/https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/rita-oras-rags-riches-story-4958184 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harpersbazaar">{{cite web |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |title=Rita Ora on farewelling Australia and discovering new directions |work=Harper's Bazaar Australia |last=Huntington |first=Patty |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324093023/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/rita-ora-cover-story-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Familia yake iliondoka [[Kosovo]] kwa sababu za kisiasa, kutokana na mateso dhidi ya Waalbania yaliyoanza wakati wa kusambaratika kwa nchi ya Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longmire |first1=Becca |title=Rita Ora Reveals Traumatic Refugee Past |url=http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |website=entertainmentwise.com |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030043320/http://archive.entertainmentwise.com/news/75456/rita-ora-reveals-traumatic-refugee-past |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> Walihamia [[London]] mnamo mwaka 1991, wakati Ora akiwa bado mtoto mchanga.<ref name=marieclaire15/> Alikulia katika eneo la [[Notting Hill]] huko Magharibi mwa London nchin Uingereza<ref name="kensington">{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |title=Rita Ora's My London |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205220616/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rita-oras-my-london-8095827.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> na kusoma kwenye shule ya sanaa za maonesho iitwayo [[Sylvia Young Theatre School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sylvia Young Theatre School: Preparing students with raw talent to be the stars of tomorrow |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |website=The Stage |access-date=1 February 2021 |language=En |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206081200/https://www.thestage.co.uk/promoted-content/sylvia-young-theatre-school-preparing-students-with-raw-talent-to-be-the-stars-of-tomorrow |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Lipkin |first=Simon |date=31 July 2025 |title=This teacher shaped Amy Winehouse and Rita Ora — she changed my life |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/sylvia-young-tribute-2752nmfbk |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=30 July 2025 |title=Stage school founder Sylvia Young, who helped discover Amy Winehouse, dies {{!}} ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730123343/https://www.itv.com/news/2025-07-30/stage-school-founder-sylvia-young-who-helped-discover-amy-winehouse-dies |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=ITV News |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 4mk9obk4y4aqpj6f0msm2ix4qjwri38 0 241100 1575575 1574480 2026-06-20T18:14:46Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Mila Kunis | jina_halisi = Milena Markovna Kunis | picha = Mila Kunis TIFF 2025 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Kunis mwaka 2025 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1983|8|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Chernivtsi, SSR ya Ukraine, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani | kazi = Mwigizaji | kipindi = 1994–sasa | mwenzi = Ashton Kutcher (ndoa 2015–sasa) | washirika = Macaulay Culkin (2002–2010) | watoto = 2 | kazi_mahususi = Orodha kamili ya filamu za Mila Kunis | tuzo = }} '''Milena Markovna''' "'''Mila'''" '''Kunis''' (alizaliwa [[Chernivtsi]], [[Ukraini|Ukraina]], Agosti 14, 1983) ni mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikulia katika jiji la [[Los Angeles]], ambapo alianza kuigiza akitokea kwenye nafasi ndogo za televisheni mapema miaka ya 1990. Alicheza kama [[Jackie Burkhart]] kwenye kipindi cha ''[[That '70s Show]]'' kuanzia mwaka 1998 hadi 2006, na amekuwa akiigiza kwa sauti uhusika wa [[Meg Griffin]] kwenye mfululizo wa ''[[Family Guy]]'' tangu mwaka 1999. Nafasi iliyompa umaarufu mkubwa Kunis kwenye filamu ilikuwa katika filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya mwaka 2008 iliyoitwa ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]''.<ref name="blackbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.blackbookmag.com |title=Mila Kunis Interview |publisher=BlackBook |date=2008-03-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref><ref name="sentinel">{{cite web |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com |title=Mila Kunis's Breakout Role |publisher=The Orlando Sentinel |date=2008-03-15 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Alipata sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wachambuzi kwa uigizaji wake katika filamu ya kusisimua ya kisaikolojia ya ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ambapo alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]] na tuzo ya [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia. Kwa uhusika wake katika filamu ya vichekesho ya ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'' (2012)—ambaya ni filamu yake iliyoingiza pesa nyingi zaidi—alichaguliwa kuwania tuzo ya [[Critics' Choice]] kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kwenye Vichekesho. Filamu nyingine za Kunis ni pamoja na filamu za mapambano (action) za ''[[Max Payne (film)|Max Payne]]'' (2008) (akicheza kama [[Mona Sax]]) na ''[[The Book of Eli]]'' (2010), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[Friends with Benefits (film)|Friends with Benefits]]'' (2011), filamu ya njozi ya ''[[Oz the Great and Powerful]]'' (2013) kama mchawi wa kike, filamu za vichekesho za ''[[Bad Moms]]'' (2016) na muendelezo wake wa ''[[A Bad Moms Christmas]]'' (2017), pamoja na filamu ya mafumbo ya [[Wake Up Dead Man|''Wake Up Dead Man: A Knives Out Mystery'']] (2025). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ukraine]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] sgwd7ka18btk5g7py5m2ld9jvs3p9vu 0 241102 1575576 1574481 2026-06-20T18:14:54Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Regina Spektor | jina_halisi = Regina Ilyinichna Spektor | jina_asili = Регина Спектор | lugha_asili = Kirusi | picha = Regina Spektor 2009-07-02 001.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Spektor mwaka 2009 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1980|2|18|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, RSFSR, Umoja wa Kisovyeti | uraia = Marekani (aliwasili 1989) | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo }} | kipindi = 2001–sasa | mwenzi = Jack Dishel (ndoa 2011–sasa) | watoto = | tovuti = {{URL|http://www.reginaspektor.com/}} | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Anti-folk * Indie-pop * Rock mbadala }} | chombo = {{plainlist| * Sauti * Piano * Gitaa * Vifaa vya kupiga }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Sire / Warner }} | vikundi_vinavyohusiana = {{plainlist| * Only Son (Jack Dishel) * Sondre Lerche * Ben Folds * Kill Kenada * Gogol Bordello * The Strokes * Odesza * Dufus }} }} '''Regina Ilyinichna Spektor''' (alizaliwa Februari 18, 1980) ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mpiga kinanda wa nchini [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="npr12">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/27/160106266/regina-spektor-on-growing-up-a-soviet-kid |title=Regina Spektor: On Growing Up A 'Soviet Kid' |date=2012-08-27 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kujitegemea kutoa albamu zake tatu za kwanza na kupata umaarufu katika mazingira ya muziki wa kujitegemea ya Jiji la [[Jiji la New York|New York]], hasa ule mtindo wa [[anti-folk]] uliokuwa na kitovu chake huko [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] katika kisiwa cha 'Manhattan jijini New York, Spektor alisaini mkataba na shirika la [[Sire Records]] mnamo mwaka 2004, jambo lililomfanya atambulike zaidi na kupata mafanikio makubwa.<ref name="torg">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com |title=Sire Records Artist Regina Spektor |publisher=Sire Records |date=2004-05-10 |access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Baada ya kuitoa upya albamu yake ya tatu ya ''[[Soviet Kitsch]]'' chini ya lebo hiyo kubwa, Sire walitoa albamu ya nne ya Spektor iliyoitwa ''[[Begin to Hope]]'', ambayo ilifikia hadhi ya kutunzwa cheti cha Dhahabu (Gold) na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum Searchable Database |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152140/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2017-09-10 |website=RIAA}}</ref> Albamu zake mbili zilizofuata, ''[[Far (album)|Far]]'' na ''[[What We Saw from the Cheap Seats]]'', kila moja ilishika nafasi ya tatu ilipoingia kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Meya wa jiji la New York,bwana [[Bill de Blasio]] alitangaza Juni 11, 2019, kuwa Siku ya Regina Spektor katika Jiji hilo la la New York.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matozzo |first=Marissa |date=2019-06-12 |title=Watch NYC Honor Regina Spektor with Her Own Official Day |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/06/watch-nyc-honor-regina-spektor-with-her-own-offici.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=pastemagazine.com}}</ref> Pia, Spektor aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Bronx (Bronx Walk of Fame) mnamo Mei 18, 2019, na Rais wa Wilaya hiyo bwana [[Rubén Díaz Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |date=2019-05-26 |title=Bronxites Have A Ball At Bronx Ball Gala |url=https://www.bxtimes.com/stories/2019/21/21-a-bronxball-2019-05-24-bx.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Bronx Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 6h3we58aen1m1mvb5dincc94q8y3p0t 0 241165 1575558 1574720 2026-06-20T18:10:49Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nyarugusu''' ni moja kati ya kambi kubwa na zenye historia ndefu ya wakimbizi duniani, inayopatikana katika [[Wilaya ya Kasulu]], [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]], magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Novemba mwaka 1996 na Serikali ya Tanzania kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloshughulikia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.unhcr.org/tanzania.html |title=UNHCR Tanzania Overview |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Nyarugusu ilianzishwa ili kuwahifadhi maelfu ya wakimbizi waliokuwa wanatoroka [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Kongo]] na ghasia za wenyewe kwa wenyewe kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC).<ref>{{Cite report |author=Human Rights Watch |title=Tanzania: Refugee Camp Security |year=1999 |url=https://www.hrw.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Baadaye, mnamo mwaka 2015, kambi hii ilipokea ongezeko kubwa la wakimbizi wengine kutoka nchi jirani ya [[Burundi]] kufuatia machafuko ya kisiasa yaliyotokea nchini mwao.<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=BBC Swahili |title=Wakimbizi wa Burundi wajaza kambi Tanzania |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili |date=2015-05-18 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Historia na Kuanzishwa == Kambi ya Nyarugusu ilianzishwa ili kupunguza msongamano katika kambi nyingine zilizokuwa mkoani Kigoma na kuwapa hifadhi salama raia wa DRC waliokuwa wakivuka [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] kukimbia vita. Katika miaka yake ya mapema, kambi hii ilisifiwa kwa kuwa mfano bora wa usimamizi wa wakimbizi, ambapo miundombinu ya shule, hospitali, na nyumba za udongo zilijengwa kwa ushirikiano na mashirika ya kibinadamu. Mnamo mwaka 2015, kambi ilikabiliwa na changamoto kubwa ya msongamano baada ya zaidi ya wakimbizi 100,000 kutoka Burundi kuwasili kwa pamoja. Hatua hii ilifanya idadi ya watu kambini kuzidi uwezo wake wa asili uliokuwa umekadiriwa kuwa watu 50,000.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=UNHCR |title=Nyarugusu Camp Profile |url=https://data.unhcr.org |date=2016 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Idadi ya Watu na Demografia == Nyarugusu inahifadhi jamii mseto, ingawa makundi makuu mawili ni: 1. '''Wakongomani (DRC):''' Ndio wakazi wa muda mrefu zaidi kambini, wengi wao wakizungumza [[Kiswahili]] na Kibembe. 2. '''Warundi:''' Waliofika kwa wingi tangu mwaka 2015, wengi wao wakizungumza [[Kikirundi]] na [[Kifaransa]]. Kupitia juhudi za UNHCR na serikali ya Tanzania za kurejesha wakimbizi makwao kwa hiari (''repatriation''), idadi ya wakimbizi kambini humo imekuwa ikibadilika lakini bado inasalia kuwa moja ya kambi zenye idadi kubwa ya watu nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani na UNHCR Waendesha Zoezi la Kurejesha Wakimbizi kwa Hiari |publisher=Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani Tanzania |year=2024 |url=https://www.moha.go.tz |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Usimamizi na Maisha ya Kambini == Kambi hii inasimamiwa kwa ushirikiano wa Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Nchi ya Tanzania (MHA) na UNHCR, pamoja na mashirika mengine yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs) kama vile Baraza la Wakimbizi la Norway (NRC), Shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu la Tanzania (TRCS), na Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). === Huduma za Jamii === * '''Elimu:''' Katika kambi hii kuna shule za msingi na sekondari zinazofuata mitaala ya nchi za asili za wakimbizi (Kongo na Burundi) ili kuwarahisishia wanafunzi kuendelea na masomo pindi wanaporejea nyumbani.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=UNICEF |title=Education in Emergencies: Nyarugusu Case Study |year=2021 |journal=UNICEF Tanzania reports}}</ref> * '''Afya:''' Kambi ina vituo vya afya na hospitali ya rufaa inayohudumia wakimbizi pamoja na jamii inayozunguka kambi hiyo (host community). * '''Uchumi:''' Ingawa sera ya Tanzania inazuia wakimbizi kufanya kazi nje ya kambi kwa uhuru kamili, kuna masoko ya ndani ambapo biashara ndogondogo hufanyika. == Changamoto == Kama ilivyo kwa kambi nyingine kubwa duniani, Nyarugusu inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kupungua kwa rasilimali na ufadhili kutoka kwa wafadhili wa kimataifa, jambo linaloathiri mgao wa chakula na huduma za afya.<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=Mwananchi |title=Changamoto ya chakula katika kambi za wakimbizi Kigoma |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz |date=2023-11-10 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> * Athari za mazingira kutokana na ukataji wa miti kwa ajili ya kuni na ujenzi. * Changamoto za kiusalama na ulinzi kutokana na msongamano wa watu. == Tazama Pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nduta]] * [[UNHCR]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kasulu]] mxhvhg6i6q41ut7d3ky8p58w81c5o71 0 241166 1575570 1574764 2026-06-20T18:13:36Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nduta''' ni moja ya kambi muhimu za wakimbizi inayopatikana katika [[Wilaya ya Kibondo]], [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]], magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Serikali ya Tanzania kupitia Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Nchi (MHA) kwa kushirikiana na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloshughulikia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.unhcr.org/tanzania.html |title=UNHCR Tanzania Refugee Population Update |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Nduta ilifunguliwa upya rasmi mnamo mwezi Oktoba mwaka 2015 ili kusaidia kupunguza msongamano mkubwa wa watu uliokuwa unakabili [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nyarugusu]], kufuatia wimbi kubwa la wakimbizi walioingia nchini kutoka [[Burundi]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=BBC Swahili |title=Tanzania yafungua kambi mpya ya Nduta kupokea Warundi |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili |date=2015-10-06 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Historia == Kambi ya Nduta hapo awali ilikuwa ikihifadhi wakimbizi waliokimbia vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya miaka ya 1990, lakini ilifungwa mnamo mwaka 2008 baada ya wakimbizi wengi kurejea nchini mwao kwa hiari na wengine kupewa uraia wa Tanzania. Hata hivyo, mnamo mwaka 2015, kufuatia machafuko ya kisiasa na ghasia nchini Burundi baada ya uchaguzi mkuu, maelfu ya raia walivuka mpaka kuingia Tanzania. Hatua hiyo ililazimu Serikali ya Tanzania na UNHCR kuifungua upya kambi ya Nduta ili kutoa hifadhi ya dharura.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Human Rights Watch |title=Tanzania: Burundi Refugees Face Pressure to Return |year=2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Idadi ya Watu na Demografia == Tofauti na Kambi ya Nyarugusu ambayo ina mchanganyiko mkubwa wa Wakongomani na Warundi, Kambi ya Nduta inahifadhi asilimia kubwa sana ya wakimbizi kutoka [[Burundi]]. Raia hawa wanazungumza lugha ya [[Kirundi]], [[Kiswahili]], na [[Kifaransa]]. Katika kilele cha mgogoro huo, kambi hii ilihifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi 120,000, jambo lililoifanya kuwa kambi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya Warundi nchini Tanzania. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, idadi hiyo imepungua hadi kufikia takribani watu 60,000 hadi 70,000 kutokana na zoezi endelevu la kuwarejesha Warundi nyumbani kwa hiari kufuatia kuimarika kwa usalama nchini mwao.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Zoezi la kuwarejesha wakimbizi wa Burundi lafanyika kwa ushirikiano wa pande tatu |publisher=Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani Tanzania |year=2024 |url=https://www.moha.go.tz |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Usimamizi na Huduma za Jamii == Mashirika mbalimbali ya kibinadamu ya kitaifa na kimataifa yanafanya kazi kambini Nduta ili kutoa huduma za msingi. Mashirika hayo ni pamoja na: * '''Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka (MSF):''' Wamekuwa mstari wa mbele katika kutoa huduma za afya, matibabu ya dharura, na kliniki za uzazi kambini humo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=MSF |title=Medical activities in Nduta Refugee Camp |url=https://www.msf.org |date=2022 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> * '''Baraza la Wakimbizi la Denmark (DRC):''' Wanajishughulisha na ujenzi wa makazi, usambazaji wa nishati mbadala, na ulinzi wa mazingira. * '''Shirika la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani ([[WFP]]):''' Wanahusika na ugawaji wa chakula na lishe kwa wakimbizi. === Miundombinu === Kambi ina shule za msingi na sekondari zinazofuata mtaala wa Burundi, vituo vya kulelea watoto wadogo, mifumo ya maji safi, na masoko madogo ya ndani kwa ajili ya kubadilishana bidhaa. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wilaya ya Kibondo]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 7gdf4onlrqn5f6nqmg2yznc6bekw1sv 0 241167 1575569 1574765 2026-06-20T18:13:31Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mtendeli''' ilikuwa makazi ya wakimbizi yaliyopo katika [[Wilaya ya Kakonko]], [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]], magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kambi hii ilisimamiwa na Serikali ya Tanzania kupitia Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Nchi (MHA) kwa kushirikiana na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloshughulikia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.unhcr.org/tanzania.html |title=UNHCR Tanzania Refugee Operations |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Mtendeli ilifunguliwa upya rasmi mnamo mwezi Januari mwaka 2016 ili kupokea maelfu ya wakimbizi kutoka [[Burundi]] waliokuwa wakikimbia ghasia za kisiasa, kufuatia msongamano mkubwa uliokuwa unakabili kambi pacha za [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nyarugusu|Nyarugusu]] na [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nduta|Nduta]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=BBC Swahili |title=Tanzania yafungua kambi ya Mtendeli kupunguza msongamano |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili |date=2016-01-14 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Kambi hii ilifungwa rasmi mnamo mwishoni mwa mwaka 2021 baada ya mpango wa kuhamishia wakimbizi wake kambi zingine na kuwarejesha wengine nyumbani.<ref>{{Cite report |author=UNHCR |title=Consolidation of Refugee Camps in Tanzania: Mtendeli Closure Report |year=2021 |url=https://data.unhcr.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Historia == Hapo awali, Mtendeli ilitumika kama makazi ya wakimbizi wa Rwanda na Burundi katika miaka ya 1990 wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Ukanda wa Maziwa Makuu. Baadae ilifungwa miaka ya 2000 baada ya hali ya usalama kuimarika katika nchi hizo. Mnamo mwaka 2015, wimbi jipya la wakimbizi zaidi ya 150,000 kutoka Burundi liliingia Tanzania. Kutokana na Kambi ya Nyarugusu kuelemewa, Serikali iliamua kuifungua upya kambi ya Nduta (mwaka 2015) na kufuatiwa na Mtendeli mapema mwaka 2016 ili kusawazisha idadi ya watu. Katika kilele chake, Mtendeli ilihifadhi takribani wakimbizi 50,000, wote wakiwa raia wa Burundi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=Oxfam |title=Responding to the Burundi Refugee Crisis in Mtendeli |url=https://www.oxfam.org |date=2017 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Kufungwa kwa Kambi (2021) == Mnamo mwaka 2021, Serikali ya Tanzania kwa makubaliano na Shirika la wakimbizi duniani UNHCR ilianzisha mpango wa kuunganisha kambi za wakimbizi (camp consolidation) mkoani Kigoma ili kuboresha utoaji wa huduma na kupunguza gharama za uendeshaji. Chini ya mpango huo, Kambi ya Mtendeli ilichaguliwa kufungwa rasmi. Wakimbizi wote waliokuwa wakiishi Mtendeli walihamishiwa kwa awamu kwenda Kambi ya Nduta, huku wengine wakichagua kurejea Burundi kwa hiari yao chini ya mpango wa serikali wa kuwarejesha nyumbani kwa usalama.<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=Mwananchi |title=Serikali na UNHCR kuanza kuhamisha wakimbizi kambi ya Mtendeli |url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz |date=2021-07-05 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Miundombinu na Usimamizi == Wakati wa uendeshaji wake, mashirika mbalimbali kama [[Oxfam]], Shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu (TRCS), na Medair yalikuwa yakitoa huduma za maji safi na usafi wa mazingira (WASH), huduma za afya, na ulinzi. Kambi ilikuwa na shule za msingi na sekondari zilizofuata mtaala wa Burundi ili kuwasaidia watoto wa wakimbizi kupata elimu inayotambulika kwao. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wilaya ya Kakonko]] rplvok2yiyndao0lp9xra0jy5abw2nj 0 241168 1575578 1574766 2026-06-20T18:15:12Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Capa''' (alifahamika awali kama '''Friedmann Endre Ernő'''; 22 Oktoba 1913 – 25 Mei 1954) alikuwa mpiga picha wa vita na mwandishi wa habari mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Hungaria]] ambaye baadaye alipata uraia wa [[Marekani]]. Dunia inamkumbuka kama mmoja wa wapiga picha wakubwa na wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi wa picha za vita katika historia ya tasnia ya habari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.magnumphotos.com/photographer/robert-capa/ |title=Robert Capa Profile |publisher=Magnum Photos |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Capa alipiga picha mapambano makubwa matano tofauti: [[Vita vya Kiraia vya Uhispania]], Vita vya Pili vya Sino-Kijapani, [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] (ikiwa ni pamoja na uvamizi wa Normandy katika ufuo wa Omaha), Vita vya Waarabu na Waisraeli vya mwaka 1948, na Vita vya Kwanza vya Indochina. == Maisha ya Awali == Alizaliwa katika familia ya Kiyahudi huko Budapest, Hungaria. Mnamo mwaka 1931, alihama Hungaria baada ya kukamatwa kwa sababu ya harakati zake za kisiasa zilizopinga serikali ya mwelekeo wa mbali wa kulia. Alihamia [[Berlin]], [[Ujerumani]], ambapo alianza kusomea uandishi wa habari na kufanya kazi kama msaidizi wa giza wa mpiga picha (darkroom assistant).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=Richard Whelan |title=Robert Capa: A Biography |year=1985 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0394524887}}</ref> Kufuatia utawala wa [[Adolf Hitler]] na Chama cha Nazi mnamo 1933, Capa alilazimika kukimbia Ujerumani na kuhamia [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]]. Akiwa Paris, alibadili jina lake kutoka "Endre Friedmann" na kuanza kutumia jina la "Robert Capa" , jambo lililomsaidia kuuza picha zake kwa bei nzuri zaidi. Hapo ndipo alipokutana na Gerda Taro, mwanamke aliyekuwa mpenzi wake na mshirika wake mkubwa katika kazi ya upigaji picha. == Kifo Chake == Mnamo miaka ya 1950, Capa alirudi tena katika uwanja wa vita huko Kusini-Mashariki mwa Asia (Indochina) kuripoti Vita vya Kwanza vya Indochina kwa niaba ya jarida la ''Life''. Tarehe 25 Mei 1954, akiwa ameambatana na jeshi la Kifaransa huko Thái Bình, Vietnam, Capa alishuka kwenye gari ili kupiga picha ya msafara wa wanajeshi waliokuwa wakisonga mbele. Wakati akitembea, alikanyaga bomu la ardhini (landmine) na kufariki dunia papo hapo akiwa na umri wa miaka 40.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |author=International Center of Photography |title=Robert Capa Biography and Legacy |url=https://www.icp.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} {{BD|1913|1954}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Wapiga picha]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Hungaria]] [[jamii:wasanii wa Marekani]] rdgkk564uey5hfx8s7fsladvkjdphln 0 241169 1575559 1574768 2026-06-20T18:11:37Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ágnes Keleti''' (alifahamika awali kwa jina la '''Klein Ágnes'''; 9 Januari 1921 - 2 Januari 2025) alikuwa mwanasarakasi mkongwe na bingwa wa zamani wa [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] kutoka nchini [[Hungaria]] ambaye baadaye alikimbilia na kupata uraia wa [[Israeli]]. Akiwa na jumla ya medali kumi za Olimpiki (tano za dhahabu, tatu za fedha, na mbili za shaba), anatajwa kama mmoja wa wanasarakasi wa kike wenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi katika historia ya mchezo huo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com |title=Agnes Keleti Profile |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Keleti anajulikana kama mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu ya Olimpiki mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi ambaye bado yupo hai duniani.<ref>{{Cite news |author=BBC Swahili |title=Mshindi mkongwe zaidi wa Olimpiki afikisha miaka 100 |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili |date=2021-01-09 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Athari za Vita == Keleti alizaliwa katika familia ya Kiyahudi huko Budapest, Hungaria. Alianza kujifunza mazoezi ya viungo (gymnastics) akiwa na umri wa miaka minne na alishinda ubingwa wake wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa Hungaria akiwa na umri wa miaka 16. Alikuwa tayari kushiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1940, lakini michezo hiyo ilifutwa kwa sababu ya mlipuko wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Wakati wa uvamizi wa Wanazi nchini Hungaria mnamo 1944, maisha ya Keleti yalikuwa hatarini kwa sababu ya asili yake ya Kiyahudi. Baba yake na ndugu wengine wa familia walikamatwa na kupelekwa katika kambi ya mateso ya Auschwitz ambako waliuawa. Keleti alinusurika kifo katika vita hivyo kwa kununua nyaraka za kughushi zilizomwonyesha kama msichana wa Kikristo kutoka vijanduni, na alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi wa ndani wa nyumba na kiwanda cha silaha chini ya jina la siri la "Juhász Piroska". == Mafanikio ya Olimpiki == Baada ya vita kwisha, Keleti alirudi kwenye mchezo huo. Alishiriki Olimpiki yake ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 1952 huko Helsinki akiwa na umri wa miaka 31 (umri mkubwa kwa mwanasarakasi) ambapo alishinda medali nne, ikiwa ni pamoja na dhahabu yake ya kwanza. Kilele cha mafanikio yake kilikuja katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 1956 huko Melbourne, [[Australia]], ambapo akiwa na umri wa miaka 35, alishinda medali sita kwa pamoja ikiwa ni pamoja na medali nne za dhahabu. Alikuwa mwanamichezo mwenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi katika Olimpiki hiyo ya mwaka 1956. == Ukimbizi na Kuhamia Israeli == Wakati Keleti akiwa huko Melbourne mnamo Novemba 1956, jeshi la Urusi (Soviet Union) lilivamia mji wa Budapest nchini Hungaria [[Mapinduzi ya Hungaria ya 1956]]. Kutokana na hofu ya kiusalama na kisiasa nyumbani kwao, Keleti pamoja na wanamichezo wengine 44 wa Hungaria walikataa kurejea nchini mwao na kuomba ukimbizi wa kisiasa nchini Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=International Journal of the History of Sport |title=The 1956 Olympic Defections: A Cold War Case Study |year=2012 |journal=Sports History Studies}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1957, Keleti alihama Australia na kuelekea Israeli, ambako alipewa uraia. Nchini Israeli, alifanya kazi kama mwalimu mkuu wa elimu ya viungo katika Taasisi ya Wingate na akawa kocha mkuu wa timu ya kitaifa ya sarakasi ya Israeli, akichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuanzisha na kukuza mchezo huo nchini humo.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Yad Vashem |title=Agnes Keleti: Survival and Triumph |url=https://www.yadvashem.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1921|2025}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Hungaria]] n6ogyfqlt9lcxb0kjxmfk6ve1ggq4rt 0 241178 1575567 1574835 2026-06-20T18:13:19Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kutupalong''' ni kambi kubwa zaidi ya [[Mkimbizi|wakimbizi]] duniani inayopatikana Ukhia, nchini [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.unhcr.org |title=Kutupalong: The world's largest refugee settlement |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Serikali ya Bangladesh kupitia Kamishna wa Usaidizi na Urejesho wa Wakimbizi (RRRC) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloshughulikia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]) pamoja na mashirika mengine ya kimataifa. Kambi hii inahifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi 600,000 katika eneo lake kuu, lakini ikijumuishwa na maeneo mengine yanayoizunguka (Kutupalong RC Expansion Site), idadi ya wakazi inazidi watu 900,000, wengi wao wakiwa ni watu wa jamii ya [[Warohingya]] waliokimbia mateso na ukiukwaji mkubwa wa haki za binadamu nchini [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite report |author=Human Rights Watch |title=Bangladesh: Rohingya Refugee Crisis Overview |year=2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Historia na Kuanzishwa == Kambi ya Kutupalong ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka 1992 kufuatia wimbi la kwanza la Warohingya takribani 250,000 waliokimbia operesheni za kijeshi za serikali ya Myanmar katika Jimbo la Rakhine. Mwanzo ilikuwa kambi ndogo iliyosajiliwa rasmi ikilinganishwa na makazi yasiyo rasmi yaliyochipuka pembezoni mwa kambi hiyo. Mabadiliko makubwa yalizuka mnamo mwezi Agosti mwaka 2017, kufuatia kuanza kwa kile kilichotajwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama "mauaji ya kimbari yenye lengo la kusafisha kabila" (ethnic cleansing) yaliyofanywa na jeshi la Myanmar dhidi ya Warohingya.<ref>{{Rejea habari |author=BBC Swahili |title=Warohingya ni akina nani na kwa nini wanajiriwa nchini Myanmar? |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili |date=2017-09-05 |access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> Ndani ya miezi michache tu, zaidi ya Warohingya 740,000 walivuka mpaka na kuingia Bangladesh, wengi wao wakielekea Kutupalong. Ili kukabiliana na hali hiyo, Serikali ya Bangladesh iliunganisha kambi kadhaa zilizokuwepo na maeneo mapya ya misitu na kutengeneza eneo kubwa lililopewa jina la "Kutupalong-Balukhali Expansion Site." == Demografia == Wakazi wa kambi ya Kutupalong ni Waislamu wa jamii ya Warohingya kutoka Myanmar. Jamii hii inazungumza lugha ya Kirohingya, ambayo ina mfanano wa karibu sana na lugha ya Kichittagong inayozungumzwa kusini mwa Bangladesh, jambo linalorahisisha mawasiliano ya msingi na wenyeji. Demografia ya kambi hiyo ina idadi kubwa sana ya watoto na wanawake. Zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya wakazi wote wa kambi hiyo ni watoto chini ya umri wa miaka 18, wengi wao wakiwa wamezaliwa ndani ya kambi tangu mgogoro wa mwaka 2017 uanze, jambo linalotengeneza changamoto kubwa ya upatikanaji wa haki za msingi kama elimu.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |author=UNICEF |title=A Generation at Risk: Rohingya Refugee Children in Kutupalong |year=2022 |journal=UNICEF Humanitarian Reports}}</ref> == Miundombinu na Maisha ya Kambini == Kutokana na ukubwa wake, Kutupalong imekuwa kama mji mkubwa unaojitegemea ukiwa umegawanywa katika kambi ndogo ndogo zilizopewa namba (Camps 1 hadi 27). == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:jiografia ya Bangladesh]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] gl2ognirfucz7ixambq2g70wrs2w65g 0 241180 1575573 1574831 2026-06-20T18:14:08Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Yarmouk''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: مخيم اليرموك) ni moja ya kambi kubwa jijini [[Damasko]], nchini [[Syria]], iliyotengwa mahususi kwa ajili ya wakimbizi wa Palestina. Ingawa kiutawala inatambuliwa kama kambi ya wakimbizi, Yarmouk imeendelea na kuwa wilaya yenye majengo ya ghorofa, shule, na hospitali, ikipatikana umbali wa kilomita 8 tu kutoka katikati ya jiji la Damasko. Hadi kufikia mwaka 2011, kambi hii ilikuwa ndiyo makazi makubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina nchini Syria, ikihifadhi zaidi ya watu 160,000 waliosajiliwa. == Historia na Kuanzishwa == Kambi hiyo ilianzishwa rasmi mwaka 1957 na Serikali ya Syria kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi wa Palestina ([[UNRWA]]). Madhumuni yake yalikuwa kuwapa makazi ya kudumu zaidi wakimbizi waliokimbia au kufukuzwa kutoka katika ardhi zao wakati wa Vita vya waarabu na waisraeli vya 1948 (tukio linalojulikana kama ''Nakba''). Tofauti na kambi nyingine za mahema, Yarmouk ilijengwa kwa saruji na matofali, na wakimbizi waliruhusiwa kufanya biashara, kumiliki nyumba, na kupata fursa za ajira sawa na raia wa Syria, jambo lililoifanya kuwa kitovu cha utamaduni na siasa za Wapalestina walioko uhamishoni. == Athari za Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Syria == Kufuatia mlipuko wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Syria mnamo mwaka 2011, Yarmouk ikawa uwanja mkuu wa mapigano makali kati ya majeshi ya serikali, vikundi vya upinzani, na baadaye kikundi cha kigaidi cha ISIS mnamo mwaka 2015. Kati ya mwaka 2012 na 2018, kambi hiyo ilizingirwa vibaya, hali iliyosababisha njaa kali, ukosefu wa maji safi, na huduma za matibabu. Maelfu ya wakimbizi walilazimika kukimbilia maeneo salama ndani ya Syria au kukimbilia nchi jirani kama [[Lebanon]] na mataifa ya [[Ulaya]]. Mnamo Mei 2018, Jeshi la Syria lilichukua udhibiti kamili wa kambi hiyo, baada ya sehemu kubwa ya miundombinu yake kuwa imesawazishwa na mabomu. == Huduma za UNRWA == Kabla ya uharibifu wa vita, UNRWA ilikuwa ikiongoza huduma za kijamii kambini hapo kupitia: * '''Elimu:''' Shule za msingi na sekondari zilizokuwa zikifanya kazi kwa zamu (double-shift). * '''Afya:''' Vituo vya afya vikiwemo kliniki za mama na mtoto. * '''Misaada ya Kijamii:''' Programu za kupunguza umaskini na kutoa mikopo midogo midogo (microfinance). Kwa sasa, UNRWA kwa ushirikiano na mamlaka za ndani inafanya juhudi ndogo za ukarabati ili kuruhusu idadi ndogo ya familia zilizoanza kurejea kupata huduma za kimsingi. == Tazama Pia == * [[UNRWA]] * [[Kambi za wakimbizi wa Palestina]] == Marejeo == * [https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/syria/yarmouk-official-camp UNRWA - Yarmouk Official Camp Profile], ilitazamwa Juni 2026. * Reports on the Siege of Yarmouk (2014-2018), Amnesty International & Human Rights Watch. {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Syria]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] e5gvzgdeis26eao65hwquf5bkqnwywm 0 241186 1575572 1574830 2026-06-20T18:13:56Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Rafah''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: مخيم رفح au مخيم كندا) ni kambi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina iliyopo katika mji wa [[Rafah]], kusini mwa Ukingo wa Gaza karibu na mpaka wa [[Misri]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa mwaka 1949 na ni miongoni mwa kambi nane za kihistoria zinazosimamiwa na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi wa Palestina ([[UNRWA]]). Baada ya muda, kambi hii ilikua kwa kasi na kuungana na kuwa sehemu ya mji wa Rafah, ikawa moja ya maeneo yenye msongamano mkubwa zaidi wa watu duniani. == Historia na Kuanzishwa == Kambi ya Rafah ilianzishwa mara baada ya vita vya waarabu na waisraeli vya 1948 ili kuwapa hifadhi ya dharura maelfu ya Wapalestina waliokimbia au kufukuzwa kutoka miji na vijiji vyao vilivyotekwa, hususan maeneo ya kusini mwa Palestina (kama vile Negev, Jaffa, na Ashkelon). Wakati wa kuanzishwa kwake, kambi hii ilikuwa na maelfu ya mahema, ambayo baadaye katika miaka ya 1950 na 1960 yalibadilishwa na kuwa majengo madogo ya zege na tofali yaliyojengwa kwa usaidizi wa UNRWA. == Mgawanyiko wa Kambi ya Kanada == Kufuatia Mkataba wa Amani wa Camp David kati ya Misri na Israeli mwaka 1979, mpaka rasmi uliondolewa katikati ya mji wa Rafah. Hatua hii ilisababisha sehemu ya kambi hiyo, inayojulikana kama "Kambi ya Kanada" (Canada Camp), kujikuta upande wa Misri (Rasi ya Sinai), wakati sehemu kubwa ikibaki upande wa Gaza. Mamia ya familia za Kipalestina zilitenganishwa na kuishi chini ya mamlaka ya Misri hadi makubaliano ya baadaye yaliporuhusu baadhi yao kurejea upande wa Gaza katika vitongoji vipya kama vile Tel al-Sultan. == Hali ya Miundombinu na Changamoto == Kambi ya Rafah inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za kijamii na kiuchumi: * '''Msongamano:''' Nyumba zimejengwa karibu sana na mara nyingi barabara ni nyembamba kiasi cha kutoingilika kwa urahisi na magari makubwa ya dharura. * '''Maji na Usafi:''' Zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya maji ya chini ya ardhi katika eneo hili hayafai kwa matumizi ya binadamu kutokana na kuingiliwa na maji ya chumvi ya bahari na maji taka. * '''Umaskini na Ajira:''' Kutokana na changamoto za muda mrefu za kiuchumi katika Ukingo wa Gaza, viwango vya ukosefu wa ajira kambini hapo ni vya juu sana, huku idadi kubwa ya wakazi wakitegemea kabisa misaada ya chakula ya UNRWA. == Athari za Migogoro ya Kijeshi == Kwa sababu ya kambi hii kuwa karibu na mpaka wa Misri, imekuwa mstari wa mbele katika migogoro mingi kati ya vikosi vya Israeli na vikundi vya Kipalestina. Katika miaka ya mapema ya 2000 (wakati wa Intifada ya Pili), mamia ya nyumba za kambi hiyo zilibomolewa ili kujenga ukanda wa usalama wa kijeshi (Philadelphia Corridor). Wakati wa vita vilivyofuata, pamoja na mapigano makali ya hivi karibuni, kambi ya Rafah ilishuhudia wimbi kubwa la wakimbizi wa ndani kutoka kaskazini na katikati ya Gaza waliokimbilia kusini kutafuta usalama, jambo lililopelekea kuongezeka kwa mahema mapya ya dharura pembezoni mwa kambi hiyo. == Tazama Pia == * [[Kambi za wakimbizi wa Palestina]] == Marejeo == * [https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/rafah-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Rafah Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026. * B'Tselem - Reports on home demolitions in Rafah Refugee Camp. * Gaza Strip Camp Assessment Profiles, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). {{WFR}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] pl49uxj4h4w8bcbr3fumud187qkk5f0 0 241211 1575566 1574833 2026-06-20T18:13:08Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Baqa'a''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: مخيم البقعة) ni kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina nchini [[Yordani]]. Kambi hii ipo umbali wa kilomita 20 kaskazini mwa mji mkuu [[Amman]], kando ya barabara kuu inayoelekea Irbid. Ni moja kati ya kambi sita za "dharura" zilizoanzishwa haraka kufuatia migogoro ya kikanda. Kambi hii inasifika kwa kuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini Yordani kwa upande wa idadi ya watu waliosajiliwa ikisimamiwa na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi wa Palestina ([[UNRWA]]). == Historia na Kuanzishwa == Tofauti na kambi kongwe zilizoundwa mwaka 1949, Baqa'a ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1968 kufuatia [[Vita vya Siku Sita vya 1967]] (tukio linalojulikana kama ''Naksa''). Kambi hii ilitumiwa kuwahifadhi Wapalestina waliokimbia au kufukuzwa kutoka [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] na [[Ukingo wa Gaza]] wakati wa mashambulizi ya kijeshi ya Israeli. Wakati inaanzishwa, kambi ilianza na mahema ya dharura 5,000 kwa ajili ya wakimbizi 26,000 katika eneo lenye ukubwa wa kilomita za mraba 1.4 tu. Kati ya mwaka 1969 na 1971, kwa sababu ya baridi kali na mvua za msimu, UNRWA ilibadilisha mahema hayo na kujenga makazi madogo 8,000 ya zege na bati kwa msaada wa michango ya kimataifa. == Idadi ya Watu na Hali ya Maisha == Kwa miaka mingi, kambi hiyo imekua na kuwa mji mdogo wenye msongamano mkubwa sana wa majengo yaliyojengwa kwa saruji. Idadi ya wakazi waliosajiliwa rasmi inazidi watu 131,000, ingawa idadi halisi inayoishi ndani na pembezoni mwa kambi hiyo inakadiriwa kuwa kubwa zaidi. Changamoto kuu zinazowakabili wakazi wa Baqa'a ni pamoja na: * '''Umaskini na Ukosefu wa Ajira:''' Viwango vya umaskini vipo juu sana tofauti na maeneo mengine ya Yordani, na fursa za kiuchumi ni chache. == Huduma za Kijamii == UNRWA inasimamia miundombinu mikubwa ya kijamii ndani ya kambi hiyo, ikijumuisha: * '''Shule:''' UNRWA inaendesha shule takriban 16 hapo Baqa'a ili kutoa elimu ya msingi na sekondari kwa maelfu ya wanafunzi, huku shule nyingi zikilazimika kufanya kazi kwa zamu mbili (double-shift) kwa siku kwa sababu ya uhaba wa majengo. * '''Afya:''' Kuna vituo viwili vikubwa vya afya vinavyotoa huduma za matibabu ya msingi, ikiwemo kliniki ya meno na huduma za afya ya uzazi. * '''Usambazaji wa Misaada:''' Programu maalum za usaidizi kwa ajili ya familia maskini zaidi (Social Safety Net). == Marejeo == * [https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/baqaa-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Baqa'a Refugee Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026. * Achilli, L. (2015). *Palestinian Refugees in Jordan: Identity, Space and Integration in the Baqa'a Camp*. * Jordan Department of Palestinian Affairs (DPA) Annual Reports. {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Yordani]] [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] pd3ht9br87dqyft7fcfisljezxmwx51 0 241219 1575557 1574855 2026-06-20T18:10:26Z Muddyb 379 /* Marejeo */ WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Jabalia''' ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyoko mkoa wa Gaza Kaskazini, ambayo kiutawala yalianzishwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 1948. Tofauti na taswira ya kambi za dharura za mahema, eneo hili lilikua kwa kasi na kuwa kitovu kikubwa cha miji chenye miundombinu imara, shule, na masoko makubwa yanayohudumia ukanda mzima wa kaskazini wa Ukingo wa Gaza. Kambi hii inajulikana sana katika jamii ya Wapalestina kama chemchemi ya ustahimilivu wa kitamaduni na michezo, ambapo klabu yake ya soka ya "Services Jabalia" imekuwa nguzo muhimu ya michezo na umoja wa kijamii kwa miongo mingi. == Mageuzi ya Kijiografia na Kiuchumi == Katika hatua za mwanzo, makazi haya yalijengwa juu ya ardhi ya mchanga yenye ukubwa wa kilomita ya mraba 1.4 tu ili kuhifadhi familia zilizotawanyika kutoka maeneo ya kusini mwa Palestina ya kihistoria. Hata hivyo, kutokana na ukuaji mkubwa wa idadi ya watu na kuzuiliwa kwa upanuzi wa ardhi, wakazi walilazimika kubadili mfumo wa makazi kwa kujenga maghorofa marefu yaliyosongamana, jambo lililoifanya kuwa moja ya wilaya zenye mitaa miembamba na yenye msongamano mkubwa zaidi wa kijamii duniani. Kiuchumi, kambi hiyo imekuwa ikitegemea soko lake kuu la ndani linalojulikana kama "Soko la Al-Transa", ambalo lilikuwa kitovu cha biashara ndogondogo, nguo, na mboga kabla ya miundombinu yake mingi kuathiriwa vibaya na matukio ya kijeshi. == Athari za Kibinadamu == Kutokana na msongamano huo mkubwa na nafasi yake ya kijiografia kaskazini mwa Gaza, Jabalia imekuwa ikikabiliwa na uharibifu wa mara kwa mara wa mifumo ya maji safi na nishati wakati wa operesheni za kijeshi. Idadi kubwa ya wakazi, hasa vijana, wanategemea huduma za kijamii, ajira za muda, na programu za elimu zinazotolewa na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNRWA]] ili kukabiliana na viwango vya juu vya umaskini. == Marejeo == 1. [https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/jabalia-camp UNRWA - Jabalia Refugee Camp Profile], ilitazamwa Juni 2026. 2. PCBS - Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Socio-Economic Reports. {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] lrndubcyjddt4j029xa4ayb8f4to38q 0 241226 1575564 1575275 2026-06-20T18:12:47Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Al-Shati''', hujulikana pia kama "Kambi ya Pwani", ni makazi ya kihistoria ya wakimbizi wa Palestina yaliyopo magharibi mwa jiji la Gaza, kando ya pwani ya Bahari ya Mediterania. Kambi hii ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1949 kufuatia vita vya waarabu na waisraeli vya 1948 na ni kambi ya tatu kwa ukubwa kati ya kambi nane zinazosimamiwa na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi wa Palestina ([[UNRWA]]) katika Ukingo wa Gaza. Eneo hili lina ukubwa wa kilomita ya mraba 0.52 tu, lakini kabla ya kuibuka kwa migogoro ya hivi karibuni, lilikuwa likihifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi 85,000 waliosajiliwa. == Chimbuko na Maisha ya Pwani == Kambi ya Al-Shati ilianzishwa ili kuwapa hifadhi ya dharura Wapalestina waliokimbia kutoka miji ya pwani kama vile Jaffa, Lod, na Ashkelon, pamoja na vijiji vya karibu. Kutokana na eneo lake kuwa kando ya bahari, uchumi na maisha ya kila siku ya wakazi wa Al-Shati kwa miongo mingi yamekuwa yakitegemea sana shughuli za uvuvi. Bandari ndogo ya uvuvi ya Gaza iliyopo karibu na kambi hii, ikitoa fursa ya kipekee ya ajira na chakula kwa mamia ya familia za wakimbizi. Kutokana na msongamano mkubwa wa watu, ujenzi katika maeneo haya umekuwa wa maghorofa huku mitaa ikibanana kutoka nyumba hafi nyumba. == Marejeo == + [https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/beach-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Beach Camp (Al-Shati)], ilitazamwa Juni 2026. * Gaza Fishing Sector Reports, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). {{WFR}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 09omjlcjmvkkujac67d31ozj15rrzaf 0 241238 1575431 1575310 2026-06-20T12:14:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Nuseirat''' ni makazi ya [[Mkimbizi|wakimbizi]] wa [[Palestina]] yaliyopo katikati kabisa mwa Ukingo wa [[Gaza]]. Upekee wa kambi hii unatokana na jina lake lililotokana na kabila la wenyeji wa eneo hilo la Kiarabu la "Al-Nuseirat", pamoja na ukweli kwamba ilijengwa juu ya mabaki ya kambi ya zamani ya kijeshi ya Jeshi la Uingereza iliyokuwa ikitumiwa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/nuseirat-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Nuseirat Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026.</ref> Kambi hii inatofautiana na kambi nyingine kwa kuwa na ardhi yenye rutuba kidogo ya kilimo cha bustani pembezoni mwake, na kihistoria imekuwa ikihifadhi viwanda vidogo vya kitamaduni vya kusaga mizeituni.<ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/ United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL): Historical Development of Central Gaza Camps].</ref> Katika kipindi cha migogoro ya hivi karibuni, Nuseirat imekuwa kitovu kikuu cha kupokea maelfu ya wakimbizi wa ndani waliofukuzwa kutoka Jiji la Gaza kutokana na nafasi yake ya kijiografia ya katikati, ingawa nayo imekuwa ikikabiliwa na mashambulizi makali ya anga na ardhini.<ref>Gaza Middle Area Municipal Assessment Reports, Temporary International Presence in Hebron/Gaza Files.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 6vidjlikxh4hi2rjnjhhzglg2vxvk69 1575571 1575431 2026-06-20T18:13:41Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Nuseirat''' ni makazi ya [[Mkimbizi|wakimbizi]] wa [[Palestina]] yaliyopo katikati kabisa mwa Ukingo wa [[Gaza]]. Upekee wa kambi hii unatokana na jina lake lililotokana na kabila la wenyeji wa eneo hilo la Kiarabu la "Al-Nuseirat", pamoja na ukweli kwamba ilijengwa juu ya mabaki ya kambi ya zamani ya kijeshi ya Jeshi la Uingereza iliyokuwa ikitumiwa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/gaza-strip/nuseirat-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Nuseirat Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026.</ref> Kambi hii inatofautiana na kambi nyingine kwa kuwa na ardhi yenye rutuba kidogo ya kilimo cha bustani pembezoni mwake, na kihistoria imekuwa ikihifadhi viwanda vidogo vya kitamaduni vya kusaga mizeituni.<ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/ United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL): Historical Development of Central Gaza Camps].</ref> Katika kipindi cha migogoro ya hivi karibuni, Nuseirat imekuwa kitovu kikuu cha kupokea maelfu ya wakimbizi wa ndani waliofukuzwa kutoka Jiji la Gaza kutokana na nafasi yake ya kijiografia ya katikati, ingawa nayo imekuwa ikikabiliwa na mashambulizi makali ya anga na ardhini.<ref>Gaza Middle Area Municipal Assessment Reports, Temporary International Presence in Hebron/Gaza Files.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] s52mn7u6qx9m8sa7s0zrs3n8mhq4nxb 0 241245 1575563 1575318 2026-06-20T18:12:36Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Ain al-Hilweh''' (kwa Kiarabu lina maana ya "Chemchemi Tamu"). Kambi hii ni makazi ya kihistoria ya Wakimbizi wa Palestina yaliyopo kusini mwa mji wa [[Sidoni]] ([[Saida]]) nchini [[Lebanon]]. Upekee mkubwa wa kambi hii unatokana na kuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Palestina nchini Lebanon kwa upande wa idadi ya watu, na inajulikana kama "Mji Mkuu wa Mashatati ya Kipalestina" (Capital of the Palestinian Diaspora). Tofauti na kambi za maeneo mengine, Ain al-Hilweh ina hadhi ya kipekee ya kiusalama ambapo vikosi vya usalama vya Lebanon havishiki doria wala kuingia ndani ya kambi hiyo kutokana na Makubaliano ya Cairo ya mwaka 1969, jambo linalofanya ulinzi na usimamizi wa ndani kuwa chini ya vikundi mbalimbali vya Kipalestina.<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon/ein-el-hilweh-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Ein El Hilweh Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026.</ref> Kutokana na mazingira hayo ya kiusalama na msongamano mkubwa wa zaidi ya wakazi 54,000 waliosajiliwa katika eneo dogo la kilomita ya mraba 0.3 tu, kambi hii imekuwa kitovu cha mapigano ya mara kwa mara ya silaha kati ya vikundi hasimu vya kisiasa na kidini (kama vile chama cha Fatah na makundi yenye msimamo mkali wa kiislamu).<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/ Human Rights Watch: Security Instability and Armed Clashes in Ein El-Hilweh Refugee Camp].</ref> Maisha ya kijamii ndani ya kambi yanatawaliwa na changamoto kubwa za kiuchumi na vizuizi vya kisheria vya nchi ya Lebanon vinavyowazuia wakimbizi kufanya kazi katika sekta nyingi rasmi, jambo linalofanya idadi kubwa ya familia kutegemea kabisa huduma za afya na shule zinazoendeshwa na [[UNRWA]].<ref>Sayigh, R. (1994). *Too Many Enemies: The Palestinian Refugees' Experience of War in Lebanon*. Zed Books.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 7z6owu6ygsohpkpwkife272ulqmbc63 0 241246 1575565 1575319 2026-06-20T18:13:01Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Al-Wehdat''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: مخيم الوحدات), inayojulikana rasmi kama "Kambi ya Amman Mpya", ni makazi ya kihistoria ya wakimbizi wa Palestina yaliyopo katikati ya jiji la [[Amman]], mji mkuu wa [[Yordani]]. Upekee mkubwa wa kambi hii unatokana na mchakato wake wa kipekee wa "kuwa mji" (urbanization); tofauti na kambi nyingine zilizotengwa pembezoni, Al-Wehdat ilimezwa kabisa na ukuaji wa jiji la Amman na sasa inafanya kazi kama wilaya kubwa ya kibiashara ya jiji hilo yenye masoko makubwa yanayovutia wateja kutoka maeneo mbalimbali nchini humo.<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/amman-new-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Amman New Camp (Al-Wehdat)], ilitazamwa Juni 2026.</ref> Sifa nyingine ya kipekee na ya kihistoria ya Al-Wehdat ni klabu yake ya michezo, "Al-Wehdat SC" (Al-Wehdat Sports Club), ambayo ilianzishwa ndani ya kambi hiyo mwaka 1956 na kukua na kuwa moja ya klabu kubwa na zenye mafanikio makubwa zaidi ya soka nchini Yordani, ikitumika kama alama kuu ya utambulisho na ustahimilivu wa kitamaduni wa Kipalestina.<ref>Al-Rantisi, A. (2018). *Sports and Identity: The Case of Al-Wehdat Club in Jordan*.</ref> Licha ya mafanikio ya kibiashara na kimichezo, kambi hii inakabiliwa na msongamano mkubwa wa zaidi ya wakazi 57,000 waliosajiliwa kwenye eneo dogo la kilomita ya mraba 0.48 tu, ambapo changamoto kubwa ni uchakavu wa miundombinu na shule za [[UNRWA]] zinazolazimika kufanya kazi kwa zamu mbili (double-shifts) kwa siku ili kukabili idadi kubwa ya wanafunzi.<ref>Jordan Department of Palestinian Affairs (DPA): Annual Infrastructure Report on Urban Refugee Camps.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] lcw567qlcywvb218fporm4aaz3xt0sl 0 241247 1575568 1575323 2026-06-20T18:13:25Z Muddyb 379 WFR, clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1575568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Marka''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: مخيم ماركا), inayojulikana pia kama "Kambi ya Hitteen", ni makazi ya kihistoria ya [[Wakimbizi wa Palestina]] yaliyoko katika eneo la Schneller kaskazini-mashariki mwa jiji la [[Amman]], nchini [[Yordani]]. Upekee mkubwa wa kambi hii unatokana na chimbuko lake la kihistoria kama moja ya kambi sita za dharura zilizoundwa haraka mnamo mwaka 1968 ili kuhifadhi Wapalestina waliokimbia au kufukuzwa kutoka [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] na [[Ukingo wa Gaza]] kufuatia [[Vita vya Siku Sita vya 1967]].<ref>[https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/marka-camp UNRWA Official Profile: Marka Refugee Camp], ilitazamwa Juni 2026.</ref> Jina lake mbadala la "Hitteen" liliwekwa rasmi ili kuheshimu na kukumbuka Mapigano ya kihistoria ya Hattin yaliyoongozwa na Salah ad-Din. Tofauti na kambi za mapema za mwaka 1949, miundombinu ya Marka ilipitia mabadiliko ya haraka kutoka kwenye mahema ya dharura ya turubai na kuwa majengo imara ya saruji kuanzia mwaka 1969 hadi 1971 kwa sababu ya kukabili hali ya hewa ya baridi kali ya msimu wa mvua nchini Yordani.<ref>Jordan Department of Palestinian Affairs (DPA): Historical Overview of Emergency Camps.</ref> Kwa sasa, kambi hii inakabiliwa na msongamano mkubwa wa zaidi ya wakazi 53,000 waliosajiliwa kwenye eneo dogo, ambapo changamoto kubwa ni ukosefu wa ajira na uchakavu wa majengo ya shule na vituo vya afya vya [[UNRWA]] vinavyohudumia idadi kubwa ya watoto na familia maskini.<ref>UNRWA Jordan Field Office: Socio-Economic Survey of Emergency Camps in Amman.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Amman]] [[Jamii:historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] nzo56429ufeekc6dww5ogy1owc6qyrk 0 241294 1575441 2026-06-20T12:26:08Z Merci Kahubangwa 72758 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/234282916|Agence nationale d'approvisionnement en eau potable en milieu rural]]" 1575441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organisation2|type=Établissement public|latitude=6.360387145587819|longitude=2.4211998328988638|titre dirigeant=Directeur Général|dirigeant=Sylvain Adokpo-Migan|affiliation=Présidence de la République du Bénin|site web=}}'''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin . Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkruzugengi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Makala zinazohusiana == == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Liens}}{{Palette|Administration publique du Bénin}}{{Lango|Bénin|politique|eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] 05in7mcwjpljesgozuhant4dn6vwvu7 1575446 1575441 2026-06-20T12:31:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin. Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Marejeo == </references> [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Benin]] 4bs8645541v1fxedegurlsqzg2322em 1575447 1575446 2026-06-20T12:32:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Shirika la kitaifa la usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa katika maeneo ya vijijini]] hadi [[Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji Maji Salama Vijijini (Benin)]]: usahihi wa jina 1575446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin. Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Marejeo == </references> [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Benin]] 4bs8645541v1fxedegurlsqzg2322em 0 241295 1575448 2026-06-20T12:32:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Shirika la kitaifa la usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa katika maeneo ya vijijini]] hadi [[Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji Maji Salama Vijijini (Benin)]]: usahihi wa jina 1575448 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji Maji Salama Vijijini (Benin)]] 8rx6yfuk8egnoid0f2zuqvq443grn68 1575456 1575448 2026-06-20T13:14:00Z Merci Kahubangwa 72758 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/234282916|Agence nationale d'approvisionnement en eau potable en milieu rural]]" 1575456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Organisation2|type=Établissement public|latitude=6.360387145587819|longitude=2.4211998328988638|titre dirigeant=Directeur Général|dirigeant=Sylvain Adokpo-Migan|affiliation=Présidence de la République du Bénin|site web=}}'''Shirika la Kitaifa la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini (ANAEPMR)''' ni taasisi ya umma iliyo chini ya Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Benin . Taasisi hii inaongozwa na Mkruzugengi Mkuu wa sasa, Sylvain Adokpo-Migan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=CatIS - Institution - Agence Nationale d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://catis.xroad.bj/institutions/IN00204|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Bénin : un nouveau Directeur général à la tête de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin (SONEB)|url=https://www.linvestigateur.info/?Benin-un-nouveau-Directeur-general-a-la-tete-de-la-Societe-Nationale-des-Eaux|date=2023-06-18|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Cochimau S.|last=Houngbadji|title=Bénin: Camille Dansou quitte la Direction générale de la Soneb|url=https://beninwebtv.com/benin-camille-dansou-quitte-la-direction-generale-de-la-soneb/|date=2022-06-27|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Muundo, mgao, mpangilio na uendeshaji == Agizo ya Rais la 2017-039 la tarehe 25 Januari 2017 ndiolo, linalofafanua muundo, majukumu, mpangilio, pamoja na mifumo ya uendeshaji ya Shirika la Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Wijijini. <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Misheni na majukumu == === Misheni === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini una jukumu la kuendeleza na kuratibu usimamizi wa rasilimali za serikali katika maeneo ya vijijini, ukiwa na lengo la kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa salama kwa wananchi wote nchini Benin. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . === Majukumu === Katika kutekeleza majukumu yake, Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unawajibika kufanya kazi zifuatazo : <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Agence Nationale d’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural|url=https://eau-mines.gouv.bj/anaepmr/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Affermage/sous-secteur eau potable en milieu rural au Bénin : Sylvain Adokpo-Migan clarifie|url=https://matinlibre.com/2019/05/14/affermage-sous-secteur-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin-sylvain-adokpo-migan-clarifie/|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=Akpédjé|last=Ayosso|title=De l'eau potable pour les populations en milieu rural|url=https://www.24haubenin.info/?De-l-eau-portable-pour-les-populations-en-milieu-rural|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Programme d’accès universel à l’approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural du Bénin|url=https://www.food-security.net/projet/programme-dacces-universel-a-lapprovisionnement-en-eau-en-milieu-rural-du-benin/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Approvisionnement en eau potable Le Dg de l' Anaepmr sur les chantiers|url=https://www.quotidienlematin.net/article/contenu.php?id=607|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Infrastructures - Le groupe Eranove et ses partenaires obtiennent un contrat de gestion de service public d’eau potable au Bénin|url=https://minutes-eco.com/news/2304-infrastructures-le-groupe-eranove-et-ses-partenaires-obtiennent-un-contrat-de-gestion-de-service-public-d-eau-potable-au-benin|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=M.marteau|title=Bénin : ERANOVE, UDUMA et VERGNET HYDRO vont délivrer un service de l’eau potable continu à 9,3 millions de Béninois à l’horizon 2030|url=https://www.uduma.net/benin-lancement-service-eau-potable/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Programme Universel d’accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural : A l’attention de tous les maires le Gouvernement rappelle le tarif de l’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://lemondelocal.com/?p=7623|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénin/Eau potable : Eranove décroche un contrat de gestion déléguée|url=https://afrimag.net/benin-eau-potable-et-distribution-le-gouvernement-signe-un-contrat-avec-un-consortium/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Sonede|last=International|title=Signature du contrat de mise en affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’AEP en milieu rural au Bénin|url=https://www.sonede-inter.com/signature-du-contrat-de-mise-en-affermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dapprovisionnement-en-potable-en-milieu-rural-au-benin/|date=2022-04-14|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|last=Miodjou|title=Bénin : l'eau potable bientôt disponible pour les ménages ruraux|url=https://miodjou.com/2023/03/05/benin-leau-potable-bientot-disponible-pour-les-menages-ruraux/|date=2023-03-05|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|first=Africa|last=Mutandi|title=Bénin : Eranove signe trois contrats d’affermage pour la production et la distribution d’eau potable en milieu rural|url=https://africamutandi.com/benin-eranove-signe-trois-contrats-daffermage-pour-la-production-et-la-distribution-deau-potable-en-milieu-rural/|date=2022-05-03|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Eau potable en milieu rural: le Bénin signe 03 contrats d’affermage|url=https://www.banouto.info/article/securite-humaine/20220411-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-le-benin-signe-03-contrats-d-affermage|date=2018-01-21|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Benin: trois contrats d’affermage des ouvrages hydrauliques d’alimentation en eau potable en milieu rural signés|url=https://croissanceafrique.com/benin-trois-contrats-daffermage-des-ouvrages-hydrauliques-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-en-milieu-rural-signes/|date=2022-04-13|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Kupanga, Kuratibu na kufanya tafiti : Pamoja na Kusimamia ufadhili na ujenzi wa miundombinu muhimu ya uvunaji, uzalishaji, usafirishaji, na usambazaji wa maji safi na salama, kwa kuzingatia viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa. * Kuhakikisha upanuzi na ukarabati : Wa miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji, kudhibiti ubora wa uendeshaji, pamoja na kulinda uwezo wa uzalishaji na utoaji wa huduma za maji safi kwa umma. * Kusimamia na kuratibu miradi : kazi, shuguli, au miradi yote inayotekelewza, iwe inahusiana moja kwa moja kwa moja au la, na majukumu yaliyotajwa hapo juu. * Kutekeleza shughuli za jumla : Kufanya kazi nyingine zote zinazoendana na malengo na madhumuni ya kuanzishwa kwa wakala huu. == Shirika na uendeshaji == Muundo wa utendaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unajumuisha idara na vitengo vyafuatavyo <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-039 du 25 janvier 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-039/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Bodi ya Wakurugenzi; * Kitengo cha uendeshaji: Kurugenzi Kuu. === Bodi ya Wakurugenzi === Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Safi Vijijini unasimamiwa na Bodi ya Wakurugenzi, ambayo inaundwa na jumla ya wajumbe saba (7) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-060 du 10 février 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-060/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> : * Wawakilishi wawili (02) kutoka Urais wa Jamhuri ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Maji ; * Mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Uchumi na Fedha ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Mipango na Maendeleo ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Wizara inayohusika na Ugatuzi wa Madaraka na Utawala wa Mitaa ; * mwakilishi mmoja (01) kutoka Chama cha Kitaifa cha Manispaa za Benin . '''Bodi ya Wakurugenzi''' inaongozwa na mwakilishi kutoka Ofisi ya Rais wa Jamhuri. Wajumbe wa bodi hiyo huteuliwa kupitia Agizo la Rais katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa taasisi wanazoziwakilisha. Wajumbe hawa wanateuliwa kwa kipindi cha miaka mitatu (3), na muda wao wa kuhudumu unaweza kuongezwa kwa muhula mmoja zaidi. === Usimamizi Mkuu === '''Mkurugenzi Mkuu''', ambaye anapaswa kuwa na uzoefu wa kitaalamu wa angalau miaka kumi (10), ndiye mwenye dhamana ya kusimamia uendeshaji wa Wakala wa Kitaifa wa Usambazaji wa Maji Vijijini. Uteuzi wake unafanywa kupitia Agizo la Rais linalotolewa katika kikao cha Baraza la Mawaziri, kwa kuzingatia mapendekezo kutoka kwa Bodi ya Wakurugenzi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coordination OmiDelta - GIRE|url=https://rsr.akvo.org/organisation/4985/iati/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Eneo ambayo inapatikana == Eneo kuu ambayo shirika linakaa ni [[Cotonou]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|title=Décret N° 2017-585 du 13 décembre 2017|url=https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2017-585/|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref> . == Makala zinazohusiana == == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Liens}}{{Palette|Administration publique du Bénin}}{{Lango|Bénin|politique|eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] 05in7mcwjpljesgozuhant4dn6vwvu7 0 241296 1575450 2026-06-20T12:38:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{PAGENAME}} ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 67223f8hx5wr82638cuovpanvbm359l 1575463 1575450 2026-06-20T13:26:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575511 1575463 2026-06-20T14:01:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] isipokuwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na wa [[Eritrea]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] au kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] a1g7mgg00h09y7thgj550u9kpheoqf0 1575513 1575511 2026-06-20T14:10:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] isipokuwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na wa [[Eritrea]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] au kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]], ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] juh0gw2egu2ysbru4zezg8iol5ssnwg 0 241297 1575453 2026-06-20T13:03:26Z Birusha 66632 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/236028767|Géopolitique de l'eau]]" 1575453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siasa za kimataifa za maji''' huzingatia kuelezea na kuchambua ushindani kati ya [[mataifa]] yanayozunguka [[maji]]. Huchambua athari [[Siasa|za kisiasa]] za mahitaji ya maji, ushindani wa rasilimali za maji, unyonyaji wake, na kadhalika. Maji ni muhimu kwa maisha, lakini kuna migogoro kwa sababu ni magumu kupatana au beyi kali kuyasafisha ili yawe salama kwa matumizi. == Mvutano wa rasilimali == === Ugawaji wa maji wa kimataifa === Ingawa asilimia 71 ya Dunia imefunikwa na maji, asilimia 97 ni maji ya chumvi na asilimia 2 yameganda kwenye barafu. Ni asilimia 1 tu iliyobaki inayoweza kutumika kumwagilia mazao na kunywa. Isitoshe, maji safi hayajagawanyika sawasawa duniani, jambo linalosababisha migogoro kati ya nchi na nchi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2026-06-16|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&oldid=237099050|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Ramani ya uhaba wa maji kote ulimwenguni."> Faili:Potable_water.png|link=Fichier:Potable_water.png|alt=Part de la population ayant accès à l'eau potable en 2005.| Asilimia ya idadi ya watu waliopata [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]] mwaka wa 2005. Faili:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|link=Fichier:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|alt=Estimation de l'ONU de la pénurie d'eau ou de stress hydrique en Afrique en 2025.| Makadirio ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya [[uhaba wa maji]] au [[uhaba wa maji barani Afrika]] mwaka 2025. </gallery>Mnamo 2025, kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa, kutokana na matumizi makubwa ya maji ya ardhini na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji, inchi 25 zitakuwa katika hali ya uhaba wa maji (chini ya mita za ujazo 1 000  ) au [[Uhaba wa maji|msongo wa maji]] (mita za ujazo 1 000 à 1 700  ) <ref>{{Dead link|url=http://www.unep.org/Geo2000/ov-fr.pdf}}.</ref> . === Mgawanyo wa maji kulingana na kiwango cha maendeleo za inchi === Matumizi ya maji hutofautiana sana kulingana na kiwango cha maendeleo ya nchi : * Mita za ujazo 9,985 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka nchini [[Marekani]] * Mita za ujazo 3,000 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka katika [[Ulaya|nchi za Ulaya]] * Mita za ujazo 200 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka katika nchi zinazoendelea kama [[Angola]] au [[Ethiopia]] * Mita za ujazo 7.3 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka (ambayo ni sawa na lita 20 kwa kila mtu kwa siku) nchini [[Mali]] au [[Haiti]] Mashirika ya kibinadamu yanaangazia tofauti hizi « Ingawa kwa wastani mkulima wa Madagaska hutumia lita kumi za maji kwa siku, Mparishi anahitaji lita 240 za maji kwa matumizi yake binafsi, biashara ya mijini na ufundi, na matengenezo ya barabara. Kuhusu mkazi wa jiji la Marekani, hutumia zaidi ya lita 600 » Duniani kote, watu bilioni nne hupata uhaba mkubwa wa maji kwa angalau {{Nowrap|1 mois}} kwa mwaka. Kufikia 2025, watu 63 Asilimia ya idadi ya watu duniani watakabiliwa na [[Uhaba wa maji|msongo wa maji]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |date=2018 |title=Baromètre de l'eau 2018 |url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/barometre-de-leau-lhygiene-et-assainissement-2018-solidaritesinternational.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Baromètre de l'eau |language=français}}.</ref> . === Mgawanyo wa kitaifa === Duniani kote, kuna ukosefu mkubwa wa usawa kati ya wanaume na wanawake kuhusu upatikanaji wa maji, usafi, na usafi wa mazingira. Kwa mfano, barani Afrika, 90 Asilimia ya kazi za kukusanya maji na kuni hufanywa na wanawake. Kwa jumla, wanawake na wasichana hutumia wastani wa saa sita kwa siku kukusanya maji <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |date=2018 |title=Baromètre de l'eau 2018 |url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/barometre-de-leau-lhygiene-et-assainissement-2018-solidaritesinternational.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Baromètre de l'eau |language=français}}.</ref> . == Suala la kiuchumi == === Rushwa === Kulingana na Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali [[Transparency International|la Transparency International]], [[ufisadi]] unaathiri mikataba ya maji katika nchi nyingi, na kusababisha upotevu na gharama kubwa kwa maskini zaidi . === Kilimo === [[Kilimo]] katika nchi zilizoendelea kinakosolewa kwa matumizi yake makubwa ya maji. : * mwanzoni mwa XXI ya 21 karne, 70 Asilimia ya uondoaji wa maji hulenga kilimo cha kujikimu au kusafirisha nje ya nchi hadi soko la dunia ; * Inachukua 13 000 za maji ili kutoa kilo moja ya nyama ya ng'ombe, inayoitwa maji pepe <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Programs/Virtual_Water/virtual_water_final_synthesis.pdf|title=Virtual Water Trade - Conscious Choice|date=03/2004|publisher=[[Conseil mondial de l'eau]]|isbn=92-95017-10-2|page=4|pages=31|language=en|format=pdf}}.</ref> . == Suala la kidiplomasia == Maji, kama rasilimali muhimu, ni chanzo cha migogoro, cha kuzidisha migogoro, na wakati mwingine hutumiwa katika muktadha huu , , , , , <ref>Office of the Director of National Intelligence (2012). Global Water Security. Intelligence Community Assessment. {{Dead link|url=https://www.dni.gov/files}} /documents/Special Report_ICA Global Water Security.pdf.</ref> , [[Lambo|Mabwawa]] na vifaa vya kusukuma maji vilivyojengwa kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya binadamu vinaweza kugongana na mahitaji ya kilimo na yale ya mifumo ikolojia <ref>{{En}} M. Falkenmark, J. Rockstrom, ''Balancing Water for Humans and Nature'' (Earthscan, London, 2004).</ref> . Baadhi ya mabwawa, hasa barani [[Afrika]] kwenye Mto [[Nile]], ndiyo chanzo cha mvutano mkubwa kati ya majimbo <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/690353450|title=Géopolitiques manuel pratique|last=Lacoste|first=Yves,.|date=DL 2010|publisher=Choiseul éd|isbn=978-2-36159-000-0|oclc=690353450|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> . == Mikutano ya Maji ya Umoja wa Mataifa == Mnamo 1977, mkutano wa kwanza [[Umoja wa Mataifa|wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuhusu mada ya maji ulifanyika Mar del Plata, [[Argentina]] . Mkutano wa pili ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 11 Machi.{{Date|24 mars 2023}} katika makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa jijini [[Jiji la New York|New York]] . [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[António Guterres]] alitangaza waziwazi katika ufunguzi wa mkutano huu wa pili « Tumevuruga mzunguko wa maji, tumeharibu mifumo ikolojia, na maji ya ardhini yaliyochafuliwa. Leo, karibu majanga matatu kati ya manne ya asili yanahusiana na maji. Mtu mmoja kati ya wanne anaishi bila huduma za maji zinazosimamiwa vizuri au upatikanaji wa maji safi ya kunywa . Zaidi ya watu bilioni 1.7 hawana usafi wa msingi. Huu ni mkutano kuhusu ulimwengu wa kisasa, unaotazamwa kupitia lenzi ya rasilimali yake muhimu zaidi. Hatuna dakika ya kupoteza. » . == Tazama pia == === Marejeleo === * David Blanchon, ''Atlas ya Dunia ya Maji'', Autrement, 2017 * David Blanchon, ''Jiografia ya Maji: Kati ya Migogoro na Ushirikiano'', Le Cavalier bleu, 2019 * David Blanchon, ''Upatikanaji wa Maji Barani Afrika'', Presses de l'université de Nanterre, 2019 * Franck Galland, ''Maji:'' ''Jiografia, Masuala na Mikakati'', CNRS, 2008, 192 uk.8 * Franck Galland, ''Maji na Migogoro'', Wachapishaji wa Choiseul, 2012 * Franck Galland, ''Vita na Maji - Maji, suala la kimkakati katika migogoro ya kisasa'', Robert Laffont, 2021 * Pascal Le Pautremat, ''Jiografia ya Maji, " Dhahabu ya Bluu "na changamoto zake, kati ya matarajio, migogoro na mivutano'', L'Esprit du temps, 2020, 216 p. * {{Rejea kitabu|title=[[L'Avenir de l'eau]]|last=[[Erik Orsenna]]|publisher=[[Fayard (maison d'édition)|Fayard]]|year=2008|isbn=978-2-213-63465-4|location=Paris|pages=411|language=fr}} * Erik Orsenna, ''The Earth Is Thirsty:'' ''Makala Fupi kuhusu Utandawazi, Juzuu ya 7'', Fayard, 2022 === Makala zinazohusiana === * Siasa za Kijiografia za Mafuta * Siasa za Kijiografia za Nishati ya Nyuklia == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Lango|Maji|Sera}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Mlimo]] [[Jamii:Ufugaji]] [[Jamii:Mataifa]] b6mplfxuicuomemthqgt8hxrt8qcpp0 1575501 1575453 2026-06-20T13:49:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Siasa za kimataifa za maji''' huzingatia kuelezea na kuchambua ushindani kati ya [[mataifa]] yanayozunguka [[maji]]. Huchambua athari [[Siasa|za kisiasa]] za mahitaji ya maji, ushindani wa rasilimali za maji, unyonyaji wake, na kadhalika. Maji ni muhimu kwa maisha, lakini kuna migogoro kwa sababu ni magumu kupatana au beyi kali kuyasafisha ili yawe salama kwa matumizi. == Mvutano wa rasilimali == === Ugawaji wa maji wa kimataifa === Ingawa asilimia 71 ya Dunia imefunikwa na maji, asilimia 97 ni maji ya chumvi na asilimia 2 yameganda kwenye barafu. Ni asilimia 1 tu iliyobaki inayoweza kutumika kumwagilia mazao na kunywa. Isitoshe, maji safi hayajagawanyika sawasawa duniani, jambo linalosababisha migogoro kati ya nchi na nchi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2026-06-16|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Agency&oldid=237099050|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Ramani ya uhaba wa maji kote ulimwenguni."> Faili:Potable_water.png|link=Fichier:Potable_water.png|alt=Part de la population ayant accès à l'eau potable en 2005.| Asilimia ya idadi ya watu waliopata [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]] mwaka wa 2005. Faili:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|link=Fichier:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|alt=Estimation de l'ONU de la pénurie d'eau ou de stress hydrique en Afrique en 2025.| Makadirio ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya [[uhaba wa maji]] au [[uhaba wa maji barani Afrika]] mwaka 2025. </gallery>Mnamo 2025, kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa, kutokana na matumizi makubwa ya maji ya ardhini na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji, inchi 25 zitakuwa katika hali ya uhaba wa maji (chini ya mita za ujazo 1 000  ) au [[Uhaba wa maji|msongo wa maji]] (mita za ujazo 1 000 à 1 700  ) <ref>{{Dead link|url=http://www.unep.org/Geo2000/ov-fr.pdf}}.</ref> . === Mgawanyo wa maji kulingana na kiwango cha maendeleo za inchi === Matumizi ya maji hutofautiana sana kulingana na kiwango cha maendeleo ya nchi : * Mita za ujazo 9,985 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka nchini [[Marekani]] * Mita za ujazo 3,000 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka katika [[Ulaya|nchi za Ulaya]] * Mita za ujazo 200 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka katika nchi zinazoendelea kama [[Angola]] au [[Ethiopia]] * Mita za ujazo 7.3 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka (ambayo ni sawa na lita 20 kwa kila mtu kwa siku) nchini [[Mali]] au [[Haiti]] Mashirika ya kibinadamu yanaangazia tofauti hizi « Ingawa kwa wastani mkulima wa Madagaska hutumia lita kumi za maji kwa siku, Mparishi anahitaji lita 240 za maji kwa matumizi yake binafsi, biashara ya mijini na ufundi, na matengenezo ya barabara. Kuhusu mkazi wa jiji la Marekani, hutumia zaidi ya lita 600 » Duniani kote, watu bilioni nne hupata uhaba mkubwa wa maji kwa angalau {{Nowrap|1 mois}} kwa mwaka. Kufikia 2025, watu 63 Asilimia ya idadi ya watu duniani watakabiliwa na [[Uhaba wa maji|msongo wa maji]] <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |date=2018 |title=Baromètre de l'eau 2018 |url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/barometre-de-leau-lhygiene-et-assainissement-2018-solidaritesinternational.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Baromètre de l'eau |language=français}}.</ref> . === Mgawanyo wa kitaifa === Duniani kote, kuna ukosefu mkubwa wa usawa kati ya wanaume na wanawake kuhusu upatikanaji wa maji, usafi, na usafi wa mazingira. Kwa mfano, barani Afrika, 90 Asilimia ya kazi za kukusanya maji na kuni hufanywa na wanawake. Kwa jumla, wanawake na wasichana hutumia wastani wa saa sita kwa siku kukusanya maji <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |date=2018 |title=Baromètre de l'eau 2018 |url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/barometre-de-leau-lhygiene-et-assainissement-2018-solidaritesinternational.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Baromètre de l'eau |language=français}}.</ref> . == Suala la kiuchumi == === Rushwa === Kulingana na Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali [[Transparency International|la Transparency International]], [[ufisadi]] unaathiri mikataba ya maji katika nchi nyingi, na kusababisha upotevu na gharama kubwa kwa maskini zaidi . === Kilimo === [[Kilimo]] katika nchi zilizoendelea kinakosolewa kwa matumizi yake makubwa ya maji. : * mwanzoni mwa XXI ya 21 karne, 70 Asilimia ya uondoaji wa maji hulenga kilimo cha kujikimu au kusafirisha nje ya nchi hadi soko la dunia ; * Inachukua 13 000 za maji ili kutoa kilo moja ya nyama ya ng'ombe, inayoitwa maji pepe <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/wwc/Programs/Virtual_Water/virtual_water_final_synthesis.pdf|title=Virtual Water Trade - Conscious Choice|date=03/2004|publisher=[[Conseil mondial de l'eau]]|isbn=92-95017-10-2|page=4|pages=31|language=en|format=pdf}}.</ref> . == Suala la kidiplomasia == Maji, kama rasilimali muhimu, ni chanzo cha migogoro, cha kuzidisha migogoro, na wakati mwingine hutumiwa katika muktadha huu , , , , , <ref>Office of the Director of National Intelligence (2012). Global Water Security. Intelligence Community Assessment. {{Dead link|url=https://www.dni.gov/files}} /documents/Special Report_ICA Global Water Security.pdf.</ref> , [[Lambo|Mabwawa]] na vifaa vya kusukuma maji vilivyojengwa kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya binadamu vinaweza kugongana na mahitaji ya kilimo na yale ya mifumo ikolojia <ref>{{En}} M. Falkenmark, J. Rockstrom, ''Balancing Water for Humans and Nature'' (Earthscan, London, 2004).</ref> . Baadhi ya mabwawa, hasa barani [[Afrika]] kwenye Mto [[Nile]], ndiyo chanzo cha mvutano mkubwa kati ya majimbo <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/690353450|title=Géopolitiques manuel pratique|last=Lacoste|first=Yves,.|date=DL 2010|publisher=Choiseul éd|isbn=978-2-36159-000-0|oclc=690353450|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> . == Mikutano ya Maji ya Umoja wa Mataifa == Mnamo 1977, mkutano wa kwanza [[Umoja wa Mataifa|wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuhusu mada ya maji ulifanyika Mar del Plata, [[Argentina]] . Mkutano wa pili ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 11 Machi.{{Date|24 mars 2023}} katika makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa jijini [[Jiji la New York|New York]] . [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[António Guterres]] alitangaza waziwazi katika ufunguzi wa mkutano huu wa pili « Tumevuruga mzunguko wa maji, tumeharibu mifumo ikolojia, na maji ya ardhini yaliyochafuliwa. Leo, karibu majanga matatu kati ya manne ya asili yanahusiana na maji. Mtu mmoja kati ya wanne anaishi bila huduma za maji zinazosimamiwa vizuri au upatikanaji wa maji safi ya kunywa . Zaidi ya watu bilioni 1.7 hawana usafi wa msingi. Huu ni mkutano kuhusu ulimwengu wa kisasa, unaotazamwa kupitia lenzi ya rasilimali yake muhimu zaidi. Hatuna dakika ya kupoteza. » . == Tazama pia == === Marejeleo === * David Blanchon, ''Atlas ya Dunia ya Maji'', Autrement, 2017 * David Blanchon, ''Jiografia ya Maji: Kati ya Migogoro na Ushirikiano'', Le Cavalier bleu, 2019 * David Blanchon, ''Upatikanaji wa Maji Barani Afrika'', Presses de l'université de Nanterre, 2019 * Franck Galland, ''Maji:'' ''Jiografia, Masuala na Mikakati'', CNRS, 2008, 192 uk.8 * Franck Galland, ''Maji na Migogoro'', Wachapishaji wa Choiseul, 2012 * Franck Galland, ''Vita na Maji - Maji, suala la kimkakati katika migogoro ya kisasa'', Robert Laffont, 2021 * Pascal Le Pautremat, ''Jiografia ya Maji, " Dhahabu ya Bluu "na changamoto zake, kati ya matarajio, migogoro na mivutano'', L'Esprit du temps, 2020, 216 p. * {{Rejea kitabu|title=[[L'Avenir de l'eau]]|last=[[Erik Orsenna]]|publisher=[[Fayard (maison d'édition)|Fayard]]|year=2008|isbn=978-2-213-63465-4|location=Paris|pages=411|language=fr}} * Erik Orsenna, ''The Earth Is Thirsty:'' ''Makala Fupi kuhusu Utandawazi, Juzuu ya 7'', Fayard, 2022 === Makala zinazohusiana === * Siasa za Kijiografia za Mafuta * Siasa za Kijiografia za Nishati ya Nyuklia == Vidokezo na marejeleo == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Lango|Maji|Sera}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Mlimo]] [[Jamii:Ufugaji]] [[Jamii:Mataifa]] j8pq2z54mpb5zg1bve60gdx3zqznai3 2 241298 1575454 2026-06-20T13:07:07Z Laure-Mak 90407 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/236999449|Activité de l'eau]]" 1575454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Glass_of_Water.JPG|thumb|Maji.]] '''Shughuli ya maji''' ' ishara <math>a_\mathrm w</math> (alama aw,kutoka kingereza activity of water ) katika mazingira yenye unyevunyevu kinachoonesha unyevunyevu wa kiasi hicho. yaani, [[Shinikizo|shinikizo la]] mvuke wa maji ''p katika hangarewa'' inayolingana na mazingira kayo kwa shinikizo la mvuke uliojaa. <math>p_0</math> katika halijoto ile ile. : <math>a_\mathrm w \equiv \frac {p}{p_0}</math> Kipindi hiki kinaonyesha namna maji , yanavyoshikamana na sehemu mbali mbali za chakula. Shughuli ya maji ni mojawapo ya vigezo vikuu vinavyoathiri uhifadhi wa chakula au bidhaa za dawa. [[Kidubini|Vijidudu]] vinahitaji maji. bure » (bila malipo kwa athari za [[Biokemia|kibiokemikali]] ) kukua. Shughuli ya maji haiwakilishi kiwango cha maji (au unyevunyevu) bali upatikanaji wa maji hayo. Kadiri shughuli ya maji inavyokuwa kubwa, ndivyo kiwango cha maji ya bure kinavyokuwa kikubwa (1 ikiwa kiwango cha juu zaidi) na ndivyo vijidudu vingi vitakavyokua. Kwa kawaida [[kuvu]] huhitaji <math>a_\mathrm w</math> ya angalau 0.7 na [[Vijasumu|bakteria]] ya angalau 0.91 <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Water Activity:Theory and Applications to Food|last=Rockland|first=L.B.|last2=Beuchat|first2=L.R.|publisher=Marcel Dekker|year=1987|location=New York|language=en}}</ref> . Maji pia huathiri umbile la chakula . Udhibiti wa maji sasa ni kigezo kilichobainishwa kilichothibitishwa na {{Nowrap|USP 1112}} . Kwa kupunguza shughuli hii, tuna weza : * kausha bidhaa ; * ongeza myeyusho utakaofunga maji na kuyafanya yasiweze kutumika na vijidudu : ni chumvi ya bidhaa za charcuterie, kwa mfano, au [[Sukari|utamu]] wa jamu . kwa kawaida, ukuaji wa vijidudu,hasa bakteria ,huzuiwa ikiwa shughuli ya maji(aw) iko chini ya thamani ya 0.6 * {{autorité}} <nowiki> [[Jamii:Maji]]</nowiki> l1fvp9gduhpg9a811a1odcp78n7izef 1575455 1575454 2026-06-20T13:10:37Z Laure-Mak 90407 j'ai traduit l'article [[fr: Activité de l'eau]]. 1575455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Glass_of_Water.JPG|thumb|Maji.]] '''Shughuli ya maji''' ' ishara <math>a_\mathrm w</math> (alama aw,kutoka kingereza activity of water ) katika mazingira yenye unyevunyevu kinachoonesha unyevunyevu wa kiasi hicho. yaani, [[Shinikizo|shinikizo la]] mvuke wa maji ''p katika hangarewa'' inayolingana na mazingira kayo kwa shinikizo la mvuke uliojaa. <math>p_0</math> katika halijoto ile ile. : <math>a_\mathrm w \equiv \frac {p}{p_0}</math> Kipindi hiki kinaonyesha namna maji , yanavyoshikamana na sehemu mbali mbali za chakula. Shughuli ya maji ni mojawapo ya vigezo vikuu vinavyoathiri uhifadhi wa chakula au bidhaa za dawa. [[Kidubini|Vijidudu]] vinahitaji maji. bure » (bila malipo kwa athari za [[Biokemia|kibiokemikali]] ) kukua. Shughuli ya maji haiwakilishi kiwango cha maji (au unyevunyevu) bali upatikanaji wa maji hayo. Kadiri shughuli ya maji inavyokuwa kubwa, ndivyo kiwango cha maji ya bure kinavyokuwa kikubwa (1 ikiwa kiwango cha juu zaidi) na ndivyo vijidudu vingi vitakavyokua. Kwa kawaida [[kuvu]] huhitaji <math>a_\mathrm w</math> ya angalau 0.7 na [[Vijasumu|bakteria]] ya angalau 0.91 <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Water Activity:Theory and Applications to Food|last=Rockland|first=L.B.|last2=Beuchat|first2=L.R.|publisher=Marcel Dekker|year=1987|location=New York|language=en}}</ref> . Maji pia huathiri umbile la chakula . Udhibiti wa maji sasa ni kigezo kilichobainishwa kilichothibitishwa na {{Nowrap|USP 1112}} . Kwa kupunguza shughuli hii, tuna weza : * kausha bidhaa ; * ongeza myeyusho utakaofunga maji na kuyafanya yasiweze kutumika na vijidudu : ni chumvi ya bidhaa za charcuterie, kwa mfano, au [[Sukari|utamu]] wa jamu . kwa kawaida, ukuaji wa vijidudu,hasa bakteria ,huzuiwa ikiwa shughuli ya maji(aw) iko chini ya thamani ya 0.6 {{autorité}} <nowiki> [[Jamii:Maji]]</nowiki> sqt95m7iuo6jke1840i2phpbkzfy9gs 0 241299 1575458 2026-06-20T13:20:06Z Bonheur Bushiri 90403 Kuanzisha Baraza la Maji Duniani 1575458 wikitext text/x-wiki Baraza la Maji Duniani (WWC) ni [[:fr:Think_tank|shirika la kimataifa la mawazo]] linalolenga kuunda ushirikiano kati ya aina tofauti za mashirika, kama vile mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, serikali na watendaji binafsi, ili kutatua matatizo yanayohusiana na maji na kukuza suluhisho za sera na kiufundi. Kufikia mwaka wa 2025, zaidi ya mashirika 250 kutoka zaidi ya nchi 50 katika mabara 5 yatakuwa wanachama wa Baraza. Saraka na orodha kamili ya wanachama zinapatikana kwenye tovuti ya Baraza la Maji Duniani. Baraza la Maji Duniani lilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1996|1996.]] Makao yake makuu yako [[Marseille]], Ufaransa, na lugha zake za kazi ni Kifaransa na Kiingereza. Dhamira yake iliyotajwa ni "kukuza uelewa, kutoa ushiriki wa kisiasa na kuchochea hatua kuhusu masuala muhimu yanayohusiana na maji katika ngazi zote, ikiwa ni pamoja na ngazi ya juu zaidi ya kufanya maamuzi, ili kurahisisha uhifadhi, ulinzi, maendeleo, mipango, usimamizi na matumizi bora ya maji katika nyanja zake zote, kwa msingi endelevu wa ikolojia, kwa manufaa ya viumbe vyote hai Duniani." Mojawapo ya matukio makuu yanayoandaliwa na Baraza ni [[:fr:Forum_mondial_de_l'eau|Jukwaa la Maji Duniani]] . Jukwaa hilo ndilo tukio kubwa zaidi la kimataifa katika uwanja wa maji. Kila baada ya miaka mitatu, Baraza la Maji Duniani huliandaa kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na mamlaka za nchi mwenyeji. == Historia == Baraza la Maji Duniani liliundwa kufuatia uelewa unaoongezeka kuhusu matatizo yanayohusiana na maji. Hamu ya kuyashughulikia iliibuka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970. Mnamo 1977, Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, uliofanyika Mar del Plata <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1977 |title=Report of the United Nations Water Conference, Mar del Plata, 14-25 March 1977 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/724642?ln=en&v=pdf |journal=1 |language=en |publisher=UN, |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref>, ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa kiserikali uliowekwa wakfu kwa maji. Kisha, mnamo 1994, IWRA <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IWRA HISTORY – International Water Resources Association|url=https://www.iwra.org/history/|accessdate=2025-02-03}}</ref> iliandaa mkutano ambao ulisababisha azimio na kamati iliyotaka kuunda Baraza la Maji Duniani. Mnamo 1995, kamati ya mwanzilishi ilianzishwa na mkutano wake wa kwanza ulifanyika Montreal. Hatimaye, mnamo{{Date|juin 1996}} Baraza limeundwa kisheria na makao yake makuu yako Marseille. Bodi ya kwanza ya muda ya magavana ilikutana huko Granada, Uhispania, mnamo{{Date|juillet 1996}} . Mwezi wa machi 1997, Jukwaa la kwanza la Maji Duniani <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1997-06-01 |title=First World Water Forum, World Water Council—Water: The World's Common Heritage, Marrakesh, Morocco, March 19–24, 1997 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508069708686683 |journal=Water International |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=118–122 |doi=10.1080/02508069708686683 |issn=0250-8060 |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> liliandaliwa huko Marrakech, Moroko. Muundo, uanachama na utawala Baraza la Maji Duniani ni shirika la kimataifa. Shirika lolote linalotaka kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na maji linaweza kuwa mwanachama wa Baraza. Wajumbe wake wamegawanywa katika vyuo vitano tofauti. : * Chuo cha 1 Mashirika ya kiserikali * Chuo cha 2 Serikali na mashirika yanayofadhiliwa na serikali * Chuo cha 3 Mashirika ya kibiashara * Chuo cha 4 Mashirika ya kiraia * Chuo cha 5 Mashirika ya kitaaluma na kitaaluma Waanzilishi na wanachama wa Baraza la Maji Duniani ni Tume ya Kimataifa ya Umwagiliaji na Mifereji ya Maji, [[IUCN|Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Uhifadhi wa Mazingira]] (IUCN), [[International Water Association|Chama cha Kimataifa cha Maji]] (IWA), AquaFed (Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Waendeshaji Maji Binafsi), [[Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux]], mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa [[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa|UNDP]] na [[UNESCO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]] . Baraza la Maji Duniani limeongozwa na watu wanne tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka wa 1996. Baraza la Maji Duniani hufadhiliwa kimsingi na ada za uanachama, huku usaidizi wa ziada ukitolewa na jiji mwenyeji wa mabaraza hayo. Miradi na programu maalum hufadhiliwa na michango na ruzuku kutoka kwa serikali, mashirika ya kimataifa, na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali. == Kitendo cha Baraza la Maji Duniani == === Mkutano wa kimataifa: Jukwaa la Maji Duniani === Jukwaa hili hufanyika kila baada ya miaka mitatu katika eneo jipya. Jukwaa hili ni nguvu inayoongoza katika sekta ya maji. Hakika, ni mahali pa kukutania mashirika na watu binafsi mbalimbali. Jumuiya ya maji, inayojumuisha watafiti, makampuni binafsi, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, na wasomi, hukutana na watunga sera ili kushirikiana, kushiriki maarifa yao, na kujitolea kwao kuleta mabadiliko. {| class="wikitable" |Tarehe |Mahali |Mandhari |- |Machi 1997 |Marrakech, Moroko |"Maono ya Maji, Uhai na Mazingira" |- |Machi 2000 |The Hague, Uholanzi |"Kutoka Maono Hadi Vitendo" |- |Machi 16-23, 2003 |Kyoto, Osaka na Shiga, Japan |"Kyoto, Shiga na Osaka, Japan, Machi 2003" |- |Machi 14-22, 2006 |Jiji la Mexico, Meksiko |"Vitendo vya Ndani kwa Changamoto ya Kimataifa" |- |Machi 16-22, 2009 |Istanbul, Uturuki |"Kuunganisha Migawanyiko kwa Maji" |- |Machi 12-17, 2012 |Marseille, Ufaransa |"Wakati wa Suluhisho" |- |Aprili 12-17, 2015 |Daegu na Gyeong Buk, Korea Kusini |"Maji kwa ajili ya mustakabali wetu" |- |Machi 18-23, 2018 |Brasilia, Brazili |"Kushiriki maji" |- |Machi 22-27, 2022 |Dakar, Senegali |"Usalama wa Maji kwa Amani na Maendeleo" |- |Mei 18-24, 2024 |Bali, Indonesia |"Maji kwa Ustawi wa Pamoja" |- |2027 |Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |"Kitendo kwa Ajili ya Kesho Bora" |} == Programu == Miongoni mwa dhamira za Baraza la Maji Duniani, kuwezesha vikundi vya kazi ni mojawapo ya shughuli kuu za shirika. Vikundi vya kazi vya Baraza la Maji Duniani vinaundwa na wanachama wake. Vimepangwa kuzunguka suala muhimu la mada na hutoa rasilimali mbalimbali, kuanzia nyaraka za kisayansi hadi karatasi za kazi, ili kuongoza, kuunga mkono, na kuwasaidia wadau mbalimbali katika jumuiya ya maji katika kufanya maamuzi yao. Kila muhula, vikundi vyote vya kazi hupitiwa upya. Baadhi hubadilishwa ili kushughulikia mahitaji muhimu zaidi katika sekta ya maji. Zaidi ya hayo, vinaweza kushughulikia masuala ya dharura, kama vile kujenga ustahimilivu dhidi ya magonjwa ya mlipuko au mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Vikundi hivi vya kazi vinaundwa na wataalamu kutoka nyanja mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na wasomi, mashirika ya kitaaluma, mashirika ya kiserikali, asasi za kiraia, sekta binafsi, na vyombo vya serikali. Utofauti wa wasifu wao unalenga kuimarisha mitazamo, kuwezesha mbinu kamili ya kila mada, na hatimaye, kutoa suluhisho bunifu kwa changamoto mahususi kwa muktadha. == Mapitio == Wakosoaji wanashutumu Baraza la Maji Duniani kwa kukuza ubinafsishaji wa vifaa vya maji, na kusababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa taasisi za fedha na mashirika ya maji duniani. Mwanaharakati wa Kanada Tony Clarke anaelezea Baraza la Maji Duniani kama kifuniko cha moshi kwa ajili ya ushawishi wa maji. [[:fr:Medha_Patkar|Medha Patkar]], mwanaharakati wa Kihindi, alitoa hotuba kali dhidi ya ubinafsishaji wa maji katika Jukwaa la 2 la Maji Duniani huko The Hague mnam 67h3nn64751fw8wo7ly77rppbyewfgk 1575502 1575458 2026-06-20T13:50:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Baraza la Maji Duniani''' (WWC) ni [[:fr:Think_tank|shirika la kimataifa la mawazo]] linalolenga kuunda ushirikiano kati ya aina tofauti za mashirika, kama vile mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, serikali na watendaji binafsi, ili kutatua matatizo yanayohusiana na maji na kukuza suluhisho za sera na kiufundi. Kufikia mwaka wa 2025, zaidi ya mashirika 250 kutoka zaidi ya nchi 50 katika mabara 5 yatakuwa wanachama wa Baraza. Saraka na orodha kamili ya wanachama zinapatikana kwenye tovuti ya Baraza la Maji Duniani. Baraza la Maji Duniani lilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1996|1996.]] Makao yake makuu yako [[Marseille]], Ufaransa, na lugha zake za kazi ni Kifaransa na Kiingereza. Dhamira yake iliyotajwa ni "kukuza uelewa, kutoa ushiriki wa kisiasa na kuchochea hatua kuhusu masuala muhimu yanayohusiana na maji katika ngazi zote, ikiwa ni pamoja na ngazi ya juu zaidi ya kufanya maamuzi, ili kurahisisha uhifadhi, ulinzi, maendeleo, mipango, usimamizi na matumizi bora ya maji katika nyanja zake zote, kwa msingi endelevu wa ikolojia, kwa manufaa ya viumbe vyote hai Duniani." Mojawapo ya matukio makuu yanayoandaliwa na Baraza ni [[:fr:Forum_mondial_de_l'eau|Jukwaa la Maji Duniani]] . Jukwaa hilo ndilo tukio kubwa zaidi la kimataifa katika uwanja wa maji. Kila baada ya miaka mitatu, Baraza la Maji Duniani huliandaa kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na mamlaka za nchi mwenyeji. == Historia == Baraza la Maji Duniani liliundwa kufuatia uelewa unaoongezeka kuhusu matatizo yanayohusiana na maji. Hamu ya kuyashughulikia iliibuka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970. Mnamo 1977, Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, uliofanyika Mar del Plata <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1977 |title=Report of the United Nations Water Conference, Mar del Plata, 14-25 March 1977 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/724642?ln=en&v=pdf |journal=1 |language=en |publisher=UN, |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref>, ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa kiserikali uliowekwa wakfu kwa maji. Kisha, mnamo 1994, IWRA <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IWRA HISTORY – International Water Resources Association|url=https://www.iwra.org/history/|accessdate=2025-02-03}}</ref> iliandaa mkutano ambao ulisababisha azimio na kamati iliyotaka kuunda Baraza la Maji Duniani. Mnamo 1995, kamati ya mwanzilishi ilianzishwa na mkutano wake wa kwanza ulifanyika Montreal. Hatimaye, mnamo{{Date|juin 1996}} Baraza limeundwa kisheria na makao yake makuu yako Marseille. Bodi ya kwanza ya muda ya magavana ilikutana huko Granada, Uhispania, mnamo{{Date|juillet 1996}} . Mwezi wa machi 1997, Jukwaa la kwanza la Maji Duniani <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1997-06-01 |title=First World Water Forum, World Water Council—Water: The World's Common Heritage, Marrakesh, Morocco, March 19–24, 1997 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508069708686683 |journal=Water International |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=118–122 |doi=10.1080/02508069708686683 |issn=0250-8060 |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> liliandaliwa huko Marrakech, Moroko. Muundo, uanachama na utawala Baraza la Maji Duniani ni shirika la kimataifa. Shirika lolote linalotaka kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na maji linaweza kuwa mwanachama wa Baraza. Wajumbe wake wamegawanywa katika vyuo vitano tofauti. : * Chuo cha 1 Mashirika ya kiserikali * Chuo cha 2 Serikali na mashirika yanayofadhiliwa na serikali * Chuo cha 3 Mashirika ya kibiashara * Chuo cha 4 Mashirika ya kiraia * Chuo cha 5 Mashirika ya kitaaluma na kitaaluma Waanzilishi na wanachama wa Baraza la Maji Duniani ni Tume ya Kimataifa ya Umwagiliaji na Mifereji ya Maji, [[IUCN|Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Uhifadhi wa Mazingira]] (IUCN), [[International Water Association|Chama cha Kimataifa cha Maji]] (IWA), AquaFed (Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Waendeshaji Maji Binafsi), [[Suez Lyonnaise des Eaux]], mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa [[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa|UNDP]] na [[UNESCO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]] . Baraza la Maji Duniani limeongozwa na watu wanne tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka wa 1996. Baraza la Maji Duniani hufadhiliwa kimsingi na ada za uanachama, huku usaidizi wa ziada ukitolewa na jiji mwenyeji wa mabaraza hayo. Miradi na programu maalum hufadhiliwa na michango na ruzuku kutoka kwa serikali, mashirika ya kimataifa, na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali. == Kitendo cha Baraza la Maji Duniani == === Mkutano wa kimataifa: Jukwaa la Maji Duniani === Jukwaa hili hufanyika kila baada ya miaka mitatu katika eneo jipya. Jukwaa hili ni nguvu inayoongoza katika sekta ya maji. Hakika, ni mahali pa kukutania mashirika na watu binafsi mbalimbali. Jumuiya ya maji, inayojumuisha watafiti, makampuni binafsi, mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali, na wasomi, hukutana na watunga sera ili kushirikiana, kushiriki maarifa yao, na kujitolea kwao kuleta mabadiliko. {| class="wikitable" |Tarehe |Mahali |Mandhari |- |Machi 1997 |Marrakech, Moroko |"Maono ya Maji, Uhai na Mazingira" |- |Machi 2000 |The Hague, Uholanzi |"Kutoka Maono Hadi Vitendo" |- |Machi 16-23, 2003 |Kyoto, Osaka na Shiga, Japan |"Kyoto, Shiga na Osaka, Japan, Machi 2003" |- |Machi 14-22, 2006 |Jiji la Mexico, Meksiko |"Vitendo vya Ndani kwa Changamoto ya Kimataifa" |- |Machi 16-22, 2009 |Istanbul, Uturuki |"Kuunganisha Migawanyiko kwa Maji" |- |Machi 12-17, 2012 |Marseille, Ufaransa |"Wakati wa Suluhisho" |- |Aprili 12-17, 2015 |Daegu na Gyeong Buk, Korea Kusini |"Maji kwa ajili ya mustakabali wetu" |- |Machi 18-23, 2018 |Brasilia, Brazili |"Kushiriki maji" |- |Machi 22-27, 2022 |Dakar, Senegali |"Usalama wa Maji kwa Amani na Maendeleo" |- |Mei 18-24, 2024 |Bali, Indonesia |"Maji kwa Ustawi wa Pamoja" |- |2027 |Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |"Kitendo kwa Ajili ya Kesho Bora" |} == Programu == Miongoni mwa dhamira za Baraza la Maji Duniani, kuwezesha vikundi vya kazi ni mojawapo ya shughuli kuu za shirika. Vikundi vya kazi vya Baraza la Maji Duniani vinaundwa na wanachama wake. Vimepangwa kuzunguka suala muhimu la mada na hutoa rasilimali mbalimbali, kuanzia nyaraka za kisayansi hadi karatasi za kazi, ili kuongoza, kuunga mkono, na kuwasaidia wadau mbalimbali katika jumuiya ya maji katika kufanya maamuzi yao. Kila muhula, vikundi vyote vya kazi hupitiwa upya. Baadhi hubadilishwa ili kushughulikia mahitaji muhimu zaidi katika sekta ya maji. Zaidi ya hayo, vinaweza kushughulikia masuala ya dharura, kama vile kujenga ustahimilivu dhidi ya magonjwa ya mlipuko au mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Vikundi hivi vya kazi vinaundwa na wataalamu kutoka nyanja mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na wasomi, mashirika ya kitaaluma, mashirika ya kiserikali, asasi za kiraia, sekta binafsi, na vyombo vya serikali. Utofauti wa wasifu wao unalenga kuimarisha mitazamo, kuwezesha mbinu kamili ya kila mada, na hatimaye, kutoa suluhisho bunifu kwa changamoto mahususi kwa muktadha. == Mapitio == Wakosoaji wanashutumu Baraza la Maji Duniani kwa kukuza ubinafsishaji wa vifaa vya maji, na kusababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa taasisi za fedha na mashirika ya maji duniani. Mwanaharakati wa Kanada Tony Clarke anaelezea Baraza la Maji Duniani kama kifuniko cha moshi kwa ajili ya ushawishi wa maji. [[:fr:Medha_Patkar|Medha Patkar]], mwanaharakati wa Kihindi, alitoa hotuba kali dhidi ya ubinafsishaji wa maji katika Jukwaa la 2 la Maji Duniani huko The Hague mnam jt5qjw7kyf5307y6auih57u6y8wgqn4 14 241300 1575459 2026-06-20T13:23:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Uyahudi]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]]' 1575459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] hdhf4hkvu9bloi82pu8e0b8s6941a2d 0 241301 1575460 2026-06-20T13:24:59Z Esther NEZA 78788 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/235376499|Journée mondiale de l'eau]]" 1575460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Célébration|charte=internationale|nom=Journée mondiale de l'eau|image=The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|taille image=250|légende='''71 % - Н₂O'''|nom officiel=World Water Day{{-}} Journée mondiale de l'eau|surnom=|observé par=Personnes et organisations du monde entier, y compris tous les [[Liste des États membres de l'Organisation des Nations unies|États membres]] de l'[[ONU]].|type=[[Journée internationale]]{{-}}Déclaration internationale{{-}} des [[Organisation des Nations unies|Nations unies]]|signification=|commence=|finit=|date={{date|22 mars}}|célébrations=Plusieurs événements mondiaux|observances=Annuelles|lié à=[[Organisation des Nations unies]], [[Eau]], [[Développement durable]], [[Durabilité]]}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation].</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} === Makala zinazohusiana === * Siku ya Kimataifa * Baraza la Maji Duniani * [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama|Haki ya maji]] * Siku ya Bahari Duniani * Siku ya Vyoo Duniani * Rasilimali za maji * Bei ya maji ya Stockholm * <nowiki><i id="mwAVE"><span about="#mwt30" class="lang-en" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Lang&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Kigezo:Lang&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAVI" lang="en" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Race for water</span></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] gssnitxlu6pq25497q9yntm5250zq9d 1575465 1575460 2026-06-20T13:27:17Z Esther NEZA 78788 makala zinaohuiana 1575465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation].</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} === Makala zinazohusiana === * Siku ya Kimataifa * Baraza la Maji Duniani * [[Haki ya kuwa na maji na mazingira salama|Haki ya maji]] * Siku ya Bahari Duniani * Siku ya Vyoo Duniani * Rasilimali za maji * Bei ya maji ya Stockholm * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] lzsd0fproe46oacmv77aor4pp8hcdsf 1575504 1575465 2026-06-20T13:50:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation].</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Marejeo == {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. {{Lango|ONU|eau|environnement|lacs et cours d'eau}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] s2c57ux5sdrwil3anl65py15piglvs2 1575505 1575504 2026-06-20T13:51:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1575505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation].</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] scgv5v9ur1uccu7uzk828x62bqoh9kg 1575553 1575505 2026-06-20T17:29:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1575553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation].</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] krqh5497glkfyq6gga898ki1jb9dhby 0 241302 1575461 2026-06-20T13:25:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{PAGENAME}} ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 67223f8hx5wr82638cuovpanvbm359l 1575462 1575461 2026-06-20T13:25:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575514 1575462 2026-06-20T14:11:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1 KK]] au [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]], ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] nwssld9cuapb4eq18ry06vequvmj3c4 0 241303 1575464 2026-06-20T13:26:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575516 1575464 2026-06-20T14:13:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2]] hadi [[karne ya 6]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 0yzxynwtub9zk6j1m0b8lm60w31gqu3 0 241304 1575466 2026-06-20T13:27:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575518 1575466 2026-06-20T14:16:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 1]] au [[karne ya 2]] ([[70]] - [[150]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 6q8stvrvnd7vxotqz178pn1lrfjiggd 0 241305 1575467 2026-06-20T13:28:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575520 1575467 2026-06-20T14:19:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu kina mwelekeo wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 2]] au [[karne ya 3]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] b728ajq7pb14siyxzqugqdyxd4yjip9 0 241307 1575469 2026-06-20T13:28:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575521 1575469 2026-06-20T14:21:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Maisha ya Adamu na Eva''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] iiu19zzd8lajo43vub3gwjzyt3t31of 0 241308 1575470 2026-06-20T13:29:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575472 1575470 2026-06-20T13:32:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ufunuo wa Shedrak]] hadi [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]]: jina la Kiswahili 1575470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575523 1575472 2026-06-20T14:23:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 2]] hadi [[karne ya 5]] ([[150]] - [[500]] hivi). ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ngsmimwmy6zqoklfrxpbw6g4x81otc9 0 241309 1575473 2026-06-20T13:32:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ufunuo wa Shedrak]] hadi [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]]: jina la Kiswahili 1575473 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ufunuo wa Shadraka]] lde449yde68n8bw0kyahi20tu6tghsj 0 241310 1575475 2026-06-20T13:33:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575527 1575475 2026-06-20T14:35:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa labda kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 1]] au [[karne ya 2]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] t9e2ad8xrjhyft0zhlvwqs4sni6x7ys 0 241311 1575476 2026-06-20T13:34:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575528 1575476 2026-06-20T14:37:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 7]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] l5bk5gb37uozksyvgmzj3x4o5e32dmu 0 241312 1575477 2026-06-20T13:34:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575529 1575477 2026-06-20T14:38:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 1 KK]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] r91sptx321koiy7x9miy1qss7s49f5p 0 241313 1575478 2026-06-20T13:35:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575530 1575478 2026-06-20T14:40:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[jiwe]] la kale lililoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Liliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 1 KK]] au [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2q1kcx8k0ajb8hhnabyek7o4zajialb 0 241314 1575479 2026-06-20T13:36:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575531 1575479 2026-06-20T14:43:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Masimulizi ya Mababu''' au '''Ufunuo wa Lameki''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] a9s1oecf038ochggvow05tqchv1xbsf 0 241315 1575480 2026-06-20T13:36:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575532 1575480 2026-06-20T14:45:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kati ya [[mwaka]] [[70]] na [[karne ya 3]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[nabii Baruku]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 3q5wz0haysoi4eo7qoyydkquxxnxevs 0 241316 1575482 2026-06-20T13:37:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575534 1575482 2026-06-20T14:47:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika miaka ya kwanza ya [[karne ya 9]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 58f7r9voo042x3jvtl02t99pkjnlzy4 0 241317 1575483 2026-06-20T13:38:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575535 1575483 2026-06-20T14:48:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] kati ya [[karne ya 2]] na [[karne ya 9]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2odzqmmtsftokzw2x83kzx26bzl6fmt 0 241318 1575484 2026-06-20T13:39:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575536 1575484 2026-06-20T14:49:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] kati ya [[karne ya 3]] na [[karne ya 7]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 54r9ki211jwp7yq3fe4p49s4073j18f 0 241319 1575485 2026-06-20T13:39:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 1575537 1575485 2026-06-20T14:52:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Ufunuo wa Kisiria wa Baruku''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa labda kwa [[Kiebrania]] kati ya [[mwaka]] [[70]] na mwanzo wa [[karne ya 1]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[nabii Baruku]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] k3khfuzpyihb7zezudqauzjk58magg4 0 241320 1575486 2026-06-20T13:40:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241321 1575488 2026-06-20T13:40:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241322 1575489 2026-06-20T13:41:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241323 1575490 2026-06-20T13:42:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241324 1575491 2026-06-20T13:42:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241325 1575492 2026-06-20T13:43:09Z Tacite243 83811 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237201033|Moteur à eau]]" 1575492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Injini inayotumia maji''' linamaanisha aina mbalimbali za injini, ziwe zile za kufikiria tu au zile halisi zinazofanya kazi kweli : * Injini zina [[Nishati ya kimakanika|mitambo]] Huu ni ubunifu wa kufikirika, kwa kuwa maji si mafuta na hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika . Hizi " injini za maji "zinafanana na mwendo wa kudumu, yaani, kulingana na kukataa kanuni za msingi za kemia na fizikia" ; * injini halisi zinazotumia maji kwa njia tofauti, lakini si kama chanzo cha nishati : ** Mifumo yenye utata inayoahidi kuboresha injini za mwako wa ndani kwa kutumia kifaa kinachotegemea maji. Mara nyingi hizi hudhibiti halijoto au shinikizo la mchanganyiko na zinaweza kuwa na athari ndogo lakini inayopimika kwenye matumizi ya mafuta. ** mifumo ambayo chanzo kingine cha nishati huwezesha uzalishaji wa dihidrojeni kwa kupasuka kwa maji, ambayo kisha hutumiwa na injini ya hidrojeni au seli ya mafuta, na kusababisha usawa hasi wa thermodynamic kwa ujumla, ** Kwa ugani, injini ya hidrojeni yenyewe, ambayo huunganisha tena oksijeni na hidrojeni. Maji basi ni matokeo ya [[Mmenyuko wa kikemia|mmenyuko wa kemikali]] . ** Injini ambazo mvuke wa maji hupanuliwa baada ya kuyeyushwa kwa kutumia pembejeo ya nishati ya joto, kama vile kwenye turbine ya mvuke . Katika hali hii, maji ni njia tu ya usafirishaji wa nishati . ** injini zinazotumia maji kama propelanti, huku hewa iliyobanwa kama chanzo cha umeme , ** Mifumo hii hutumia nishati inayotolewa na [[Uvukizaji|uvukizi]] wa maji katika angahewa kavu. Ufanisi wake ni mdogo, na kimsingi ni mambo ya ajabu ya kimaabara kwa sababu nguvu inayotolewa inaweza kuwa ndogo sana. == Mifumo ya utendaji kazi == === Seli za mafuta === Seli za mafuta hutoa nishati ya umeme kwa kutumiadihidrojeni kupitia muunganisho wake na dioksijeni. Hazitumii maji bali huyazalisha. === Kuingiza maji kwenye injini za mwako === Kihistoria, '''upuliziaji wa maji''' ulitumika katika injini za petroli za ndege za kivita ili kusaidia mfumo wa kupoza '''kwa nyakati maalum tu'''. Hakuna nguvu ya ziada iliyohusishwa moja kwa moja na maji haya, lakini '''yalizuia silinda kupata joto kupita kiasi''' wakati wa matumizi makali. '''Wakati injini ikifanya kazi kwa nguvu zote''', kwa mfano '''wakati wa kupaa mwinuko mkali''', wakati uwezo wa mfumo wa kupoza ulipozidiwa, kiasi kidogo cha maji kilichopuliziwa kwa wakati huo kiliboresha uondoaji wa joto kutoka ndani kabisa ya injini. Joto fiche la mvuke lilikuwa chanzo kikuu cha kupoeza huku. Kwa kuwa '''uzito wa ndege yenyewe (bila mzigo)''' ndio kikwazo kikuu kwa '''uwezo wake wa kubeba mzigo''', watengenezaji walitafuta njia za '''kupunguza uzito hata kwa kiasi kidogo''' kwenye ndege za kivita.Injini za petroli huathiriwa zaidi na kabla ya kuwaka . Hii hutokea wakati wa mgandamizo wa mzunguko wa silinda wakati injini inapozidi joto, na kusababisha mwako wa mapema kabla ya kuwaka. Hii husababisha kugonga, ambayo huongeza joto kupita kiasi. Wakati mwingine inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa ghafla wa injini. === Mifumo inayotegemea uvukizi === Hewa inapokuwa kavu, maji huvukiza yenyewe, na kupoa kidogo mazingira yake ya karibu. Upoevu huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia jedwali za psychrometric na unaweza kufikia [[Selsiasi|nyuzi joto chache Selsiasi]] . Hii inatosha kuendesha injini ndogo ya hewa moto, lakini bila kutoa nguvu nyingi au kuegemea (hewa mara chache hubaki kavu). (Wakati wa majira ya baridi kali, uvukizi ni mdogo usiku). Ili kuharakisha uvukizi, inawezekana kuongeza uingizaji hewa katika eneo lenye unyevunyevu na kupunguza shinikizo lake. : * Kunywa vinyago vya ndege hufanya kazi kwa kanuni hii ; * Aina nyingine ya injini inategemea kanuni hii : mnara wa nishati . == Mifumo yenye utata == Mbinu mbalimbali zinadai kuboresha ufanisi wa injini kwa kuingiza maji. Injini za hivi karibuni zimeboreshwa hadi kufikia faida sawa au hata kubwa zaidi.{{Thibitisha|supérieurs à ceux que pourrait apporter l'injection d'eau}} Matumizi ya vifaa hivyo yanaweza tu kuathiri utendaji na uaminifu wa injini za kisasa (miongoni mwa mambo mengine kwa kuongeza kutu ). Mzozo unaojitokeza mara kwa mara unahusu matumizi ya injini ya mwako wa ndani iliyorekebishwa kidogo. Chuma cha pua, kwa mfano, hutumika kuzuia oksidi kutoka kwa mabaki ya maji na mvuke . Zaidi ya hayo, kanuni ya elektrolisisi ya maji hutumika kutenganisha [[Atomu|atomi za]] [[hidrojeni]] na oksijeni, na elementi hizi mbili hutumika katika mchanganyiko kama kioksidishaji kwa ajili ya mafuta ya msingi katika injini ya dizeli au petroli. * Mlinganyo wa kutengeneza gesi ya hidrojeni kutoka kwenye maji (kwa mfano, kupitia mchakato wa elektrolisisi): *: 2 H2​O+Q→2 H2​+O2​ * Mlinganyo wa mwako wa dihidrojeni (katika chumba cha mwako cha gari) : *: 2 H2​+O2​→2 H2​O+Q *: ambapo ''Q'' inaashiria kiasi cha nishati inayotumika au inayozalishwa. Tukichukulia kuwa « Hakutakuwa na hasara katika michakato ya nyufa na mwako ; ni nishati ya awali tu ndiyo itakayopatikana, na hakuna kingine zaidi. » . Sheria ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]] ina maana kwamba mfumo wowote wa injini ya joto hauwezi kutoa nishati zaidi ya inavyotumia <ref>{{En}} [https://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/deltaH.html Heats of Formation], St. Louis Community College</ref> . Sheria ya pili ya thermodynamics inaleta wazo la kutoweza kubadilika kwa mabadiliko , kutokana na ongezeko la entropi ya mfumo (S), ambayo husababisha uharibifu wa baadhi ya nishati—yaani, mabadiliko yake yasiyoepukika kuwa joto, nishati ya joto inayopotea kwa gharama ya nishati ya mitambo inayotakiwa, kwa mfano, katika mfumo wa msuguano au upinzani wa mitambo. Hivyo, kuongeza awamu ya elektroli kwenye gari husababisha upotevu wa ufanisi. Kinadharia si faida, kwa mfano, kuoza maji kwa kutumia nishati inayotolewa na petroli ili kuwasha injini kuu na hidrojeni inayozalishwa. == Marejeleo mengine == === Urban myth === Mada hii ina utata miongoni mwa wasio wataalamu kwa sababu taswira zinazohusiana nayo ni kali sana. Vikwazo vya kifedha vinavyohusika katika injini ya maji safi ni vingi sana. Kwa kweli, watetezi wa nadharia za njama dhidi ya nishati huru wanaamini kwamba injini kama hiyo inaweza kuwepo, lakini kwamba kuwepo kwake kunakandamizwa na ushawishi wa [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Miracle ou mirage : le « moteur à eau » d’un entrepreneur breton permet-il de faire 20 % d’économie de carburant ?|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/bretagne/toutes-les-infos/miracle-ou-miragenbsp-le-nbspmoteur-a-eaunbsp-dun-entrepreneur-breton-permet-il-de-faire-20nbsp-deconomie-de-carburantnbsp-4102614.php|date=2023-05-05|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Jumuiya ya wanasayansi imeonyesha kwamba kifaa kama hicho ni [[sayansi bandia]], kwani hakuna utafiti wa majaribio unaoweza kutoa matokeo chanya. Kwa kweli, maji hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika. : yenyewe ni bidhaa au upotevu wa mmenyuko uliozalisha nishati kupitia uunganishaji wa hidrojeni na oksijeni <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR-fr|title=Automobile / Histoire des inventions. Moteur à eau : réalité ou mystification ?|url=https://www.lejsl.com/magazine-automobile/2021/08/17/moteur-a-eau-realite-ou-mystification|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Miitikio hii inajumuisha, hasa, mwako, ambao hutoa joto, na uunganishaji katika seli ya mafuta ya hidrojeni, ambayo hutoa mkondo wa umeme. Kwa kufuata kanuni ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]], kutenganisha (" kuvunja "Molekuli ya maji inahitaji nishati ili ipatikane kwake" Hata hivyo, nishati inayohitajika baadaye ili kuzalisha tena molekuli hii ni kidogo kuliko nishati inayotumika, hasa kutokana na hasara zinazohusiana na mchakato huo. Injini zinazotumia maji zinazodai kuvunja molekuli ya maji ili kutoa nishati haziwezekani. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == === Vidokezo === <references responsive="1" group="alpha"></references> [[Jamii:Injini]] [[Jamii:Maji]] o8bn6hsnktcmex5iscen7g9h8lzj2fw 1575506 1575492 2026-06-20T13:52:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Injini inayotumia maji''' linamaanisha aina mbalimbali za injini, ziwe zile za kufikiria tu au zile halisi zinazofanya kazi kweli : * Injini zina [[Nishati ya kimakanika|mitambo]] Huu ni ubunifu wa kufikirika, kwa kuwa maji si mafuta na hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika . Hizi " injini za maji "zinafanana na mwendo wa kudumu, yaani, kulingana na kukataa kanuni za msingi za kemia na fizikia" ; * injini halisi zinazotumia maji kwa njia tofauti, lakini si kama chanzo cha nishati : ** Mifumo yenye utata inayoahidi kuboresha injini za mwako wa ndani kwa kutumia kifaa kinachotegemea maji. Mara nyingi hizi hudhibiti halijoto au shinikizo la mchanganyiko na zinaweza kuwa na athari ndogo lakini inayopimika kwenye matumizi ya mafuta. ** mifumo ambayo chanzo kingine cha nishati huwezesha uzalishaji wa dihidrojeni kwa kupasuka kwa maji, ambayo kisha hutumiwa na injini ya hidrojeni au seli ya mafuta, na kusababisha usawa hasi wa thermodynamic kwa ujumla, ** Kwa ugani, injini ya hidrojeni yenyewe, ambayo huunganisha tena oksijeni na hidrojeni. Maji basi ni matokeo ya [[Mmenyuko wa kikemia|mmenyuko wa kemikali]] . ** Injini ambazo mvuke wa maji hupanuliwa baada ya kuyeyushwa kwa kutumia pembejeo ya nishati ya joto, kama vile kwenye turbine ya mvuke . Katika hali hii, maji ni njia tu ya usafirishaji wa nishati . ** injini zinazotumia maji kama propelanti, huku hewa iliyobanwa kama chanzo cha umeme , ** Mifumo hii hutumia nishati inayotolewa na [[Uvukizaji|uvukizi]] wa maji katika angahewa kavu. Ufanisi wake ni mdogo, na kimsingi ni mambo ya ajabu ya kimaabara kwa sababu nguvu inayotolewa inaweza kuwa ndogo sana. == Mifumo ya utendaji kazi == === Seli za mafuta === Seli za mafuta hutoa nishati ya umeme kwa kutumiadihidrojeni kupitia muunganisho wake na dioksijeni. Hazitumii maji bali huyazalisha. === Kuingiza maji kwenye injini za mwako === Kihistoria, '''upuliziaji wa maji''' ulitumika katika injini za petroli za ndege za kivita ili kusaidia mfumo wa kupoza '''kwa nyakati maalum tu'''. Hakuna nguvu ya ziada iliyohusishwa moja kwa moja na maji haya, lakini '''yalizuia silinda kupata joto kupita kiasi''' wakati wa matumizi makali. '''Wakati injini ikifanya kazi kwa nguvu zote''', kwa mfano '''wakati wa kupaa mwinuko mkali''', wakati uwezo wa mfumo wa kupoza ulipozidiwa, kiasi kidogo cha maji kilichopuliziwa kwa wakati huo kiliboresha uondoaji wa joto kutoka ndani kabisa ya injini. Joto fiche la mvuke lilikuwa chanzo kikuu cha kupoeza huku. Kwa kuwa '''uzito wa ndege yenyewe (bila mzigo)''' ndio kikwazo kikuu kwa '''uwezo wake wa kubeba mzigo''', watengenezaji walitafuta njia za '''kupunguza uzito hata kwa kiasi kidogo''' kwenye ndege za kivita.Injini za petroli huathiriwa zaidi na kabla ya kuwaka . Hii hutokea wakati wa mgandamizo wa mzunguko wa silinda wakati injini inapozidi joto, na kusababisha mwako wa mapema kabla ya kuwaka. Hii husababisha kugonga, ambayo huongeza joto kupita kiasi. Wakati mwingine inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa ghafla wa injini. === Mifumo inayotegemea uvukizi === Hewa inapokuwa kavu, maji huvukiza yenyewe, na kupoa kidogo mazingira yake ya karibu. Upoevu huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia jedwali za psychrometric na unaweza kufikia [[Selsiasi|nyuzi joto chache Selsiasi]] . Hii inatosha kuendesha injini ndogo ya hewa moto, lakini bila kutoa nguvu nyingi au kuegemea (hewa mara chache hubaki kavu). (Wakati wa majira ya baridi kali, uvukizi ni mdogo usiku). Ili kuharakisha uvukizi, inawezekana kuongeza uingizaji hewa katika eneo lenye unyevunyevu na kupunguza shinikizo lake. : * Kunywa vinyago vya ndege hufanya kazi kwa kanuni hii ; * Aina nyingine ya injini inategemea kanuni hii : mnara wa nishati . == Mifumo yenye utata == Mbinu mbalimbali zinadai kuboresha ufanisi wa injini kwa kuingiza maji. Injini za hivi karibuni zimeboreshwa hadi kufikia faida sawa au hata kubwa zaidi.{{Thibitisha|supérieurs à ceux que pourrait apporter l'injection d'eau}} Matumizi ya vifaa hivyo yanaweza tu kuathiri utendaji na uaminifu wa injini za kisasa (miongoni mwa mambo mengine kwa kuongeza kutu ). Mzozo unaojitokeza mara kwa mara unahusu matumizi ya injini ya mwako wa ndani iliyorekebishwa kidogo. Chuma cha pua, kwa mfano, hutumika kuzuia oksidi kutoka kwa mabaki ya maji na mvuke . Zaidi ya hayo, kanuni ya elektrolisisi ya maji hutumika kutenganisha [[Atomu|atomi za]] [[hidrojeni]] na oksijeni, na elementi hizi mbili hutumika katika mchanganyiko kama kioksidishaji kwa ajili ya mafuta ya msingi katika injini ya dizeli au petroli. * Mlinganyo wa kutengeneza gesi ya hidrojeni kutoka kwenye maji (kwa mfano, kupitia mchakato wa elektrolisisi): *: 2 H2​O+Q→2 H2​+O2​ * Mlinganyo wa mwako wa dihidrojeni (katika chumba cha mwako cha gari) : *: 2 H2​+O2​→2 H2​O+Q *: ambapo ''Q'' inaashiria kiasi cha nishati inayotumika au inayozalishwa. Tukichukulia kuwa « Hakutakuwa na hasara katika michakato ya nyufa na mwako ; ni nishati ya awali tu ndiyo itakayopatikana, na hakuna kingine zaidi. » . Sheria ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]] ina maana kwamba mfumo wowote wa injini ya joto hauwezi kutoa nishati zaidi ya inavyotumia <ref>{{En}} [https://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/deltaH.html Heats of Formation], St. Louis Community College</ref> . Sheria ya pili ya thermodynamics inaleta wazo la kutoweza kubadilika kwa mabadiliko , kutokana na ongezeko la entropi ya mfumo (S), ambayo husababisha uharibifu wa baadhi ya nishati—yaani, mabadiliko yake yasiyoepukika kuwa joto, nishati ya joto inayopotea kwa gharama ya nishati ya mitambo inayotakiwa, kwa mfano, katika mfumo wa msuguano au upinzani wa mitambo. Hivyo, kuongeza awamu ya elektroli kwenye gari husababisha upotevu wa ufanisi. Kinadharia si faida, kwa mfano, kuoza maji kwa kutumia nishati inayotolewa na petroli ili kuwasha injini kuu na hidrojeni inayozalishwa. == Marejeleo mengine == === Urban myth === Mada hii ina utata miongoni mwa wasio wataalamu kwa sababu taswira zinazohusiana nayo ni kali sana. Vikwazo vya kifedha vinavyohusika katika injini ya maji safi ni vingi sana. Kwa kweli, watetezi wa nadharia za njama dhidi ya nishati huru wanaamini kwamba injini kama hiyo inaweza kuwepo, lakini kwamba kuwepo kwake kunakandamizwa na ushawishi wa [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Miracle ou mirage : le « moteur à eau » d’un entrepreneur breton permet-il de faire 20 % d’économie de carburant ?|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/bretagne/toutes-les-infos/miracle-ou-miragenbsp-le-nbspmoteur-a-eaunbsp-dun-entrepreneur-breton-permet-il-de-faire-20nbsp-deconomie-de-carburantnbsp-4102614.php|date=2023-05-05|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Jumuiya ya wanasayansi imeonyesha kwamba kifaa kama hicho ni [[sayansi bandia]], kwani hakuna utafiti wa majaribio unaoweza kutoa matokeo chanya. Kwa kweli, maji hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika. : yenyewe ni bidhaa au upotevu wa mmenyuko uliozalisha nishati kupitia uunganishaji wa hidrojeni na oksijeni <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR-fr|title=Automobile / Histoire des inventions. Moteur à eau : réalité ou mystification ?|url=https://www.lejsl.com/magazine-automobile/2021/08/17/moteur-a-eau-realite-ou-mystification|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Miitikio hii inajumuisha, hasa, mwako, ambao hutoa joto, na uunganishaji katika seli ya mafuta ya hidrojeni, ambayo hutoa mkondo wa umeme. Kwa kufuata kanuni ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]], kutenganisha (" kuvunja "Molekuli ya maji inahitaji nishati ili ipatikane kwake" Hata hivyo, nishati inayohitajika baadaye ili kuzalisha tena molekuli hii ni kidogo kuliko nishati inayotumika, hasa kutokana na hasara zinazohusiana na mchakato huo. Injini zinazotumia maji zinazodai kuvunja molekuli ya maji ili kutoa nishati haziwezekani. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == === Vidokezo === <references responsive="1" group="alpha"></references> [[Jamii:Injini]] [[Jamii:Maji]] j7easzrf5ou0oucu2vvwp3b767w46j1 1575672 1575506 2026-06-21T04:29:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Injini inayotumia maji''' linamaanisha aina mbalimbali za injini, ziwe zile za kufikiria tu au zile halisi zinazofanya kazi kweli : * Injini zina [[Nishati ya kimakanika|mitambo]] Huu ni ubunifu wa kufikirika, kwa kuwa maji si mafuta na hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika . Hizi " injini za maji "zinafanana na mwendo wa kudumu, yaani, kulingana na kukataa kanuni za msingi za kemia na fizikia" ; * injini halisi zinazotumia maji kwa njia tofauti, lakini si kama chanzo cha nishati : ** Mifumo yenye utata inayoahidi kuboresha injini za mwako wa ndani kwa kutumia kifaa kinachotegemea maji. Mara nyingi hizi hudhibiti halijoto au shinikizo la mchanganyiko na zinaweza kuwa na athari ndogo lakini inayopimika kwenye matumizi ya mafuta. ** mifumo ambayo chanzo kingine cha nishati huwezesha uzalishaji wa dihidrojeni kwa kupasuka kwa maji, ambayo kisha hutumiwa na injini ya hidrojeni au seli ya mafuta, na kusababisha usawa hasi wa thermodynamic kwa ujumla, ** Kwa ugani, injini ya hidrojeni yenyewe, ambayo huunganisha tena oksijeni na hidrojeni. Maji basi ni matokeo ya [[Mmenyuko wa kikemia|mmenyuko wa kemikali]] . ** Injini ambazo mvuke wa maji hupanuliwa baada ya kuyeyushwa kwa kutumia pembejeo ya nishati ya joto, kama vile kwenye turbine ya mvuke . Katika hali hii, maji ni njia tu ya usafirishaji wa nishati . ** injini zinazotumia maji kama propelanti, huku hewa iliyobanwa kama chanzo cha umeme , ** Mifumo hii hutumia nishati inayotolewa na [[Uvukizaji|uvukizi]] wa maji katika angahewa kavu. Ufanisi wake ni mdogo, na kimsingi ni mambo ya ajabu ya kimaabara kwa sababu nguvu inayotolewa inaweza kuwa ndogo sana. == Mifumo ya utendaji kazi == === Seli za mafuta === Seli za mafuta hutoa nishati ya umeme kwa kutumiadihidrojeni kupitia muunganisho wake na dioksijeni. Hazitumii maji bali huyazalisha. === Kuingiza maji kwenye injini za mwako === Kihistoria, '''upuliziaji wa maji''' ulitumika katika injini za petroli za ndege za kivita ili kusaidia mfumo wa kupoza '''kwa nyakati maalum tu'''. Hakuna nguvu ya ziada iliyohusishwa moja kwa moja na maji haya, lakini '''yalizuia silinda kupata joto kupita kiasi''' wakati wa matumizi makali. '''Wakati injini ikifanya kazi kwa nguvu zote''', kwa mfano '''wakati wa kupaa mwinuko mkali''', wakati uwezo wa mfumo wa kupoza ulipozidiwa, kiasi kidogo cha maji kilichopuliziwa kwa wakati huo kiliboresha uondoaji wa joto kutoka ndani kabisa ya injini. Joto fiche la mvuke lilikuwa chanzo kikuu cha kupoeza huku. Kwa kuwa '''uzito wa ndege yenyewe (bila mzigo)''' ndio kikwazo kikuu kwa '''uwezo wake wa kubeba mzigo''', watengenezaji walitafuta njia za '''kupunguza uzito hata kwa kiasi kidogo''' kwenye ndege za kivita.Injini za petroli huathiriwa zaidi na kabla ya kuwaka . Hii hutokea wakati wa mgandamizo wa mzunguko wa silinda wakati injini inapozidi joto, na kusababisha mwako wa mapema kabla ya kuwaka. Hii husababisha kugonga, ambayo huongeza joto kupita kiasi. Wakati mwingine inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa ghafla wa injini. === Mifumo inayotegemea uvukizi === Hewa inapokuwa kavu, maji huvukiza yenyewe, na kupoa kidogo mazingira yake ya karibu. Upoevu huu unaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia jedwali za psychrometric na unaweza kufikia [[Selsiasi|nyuzi joto chache Selsiasi]] . Hii inatosha kuendesha injini ndogo ya hewa moto, lakini bila kutoa nguvu nyingi au kuegemea (hewa mara chache hubaki kavu). (Wakati wa majira ya baridi kali, uvukizi ni mdogo usiku). Ili kuharakisha uvukizi, inawezekana kuongeza uingizaji hewa katika eneo lenye unyevunyevu na kupunguza shinikizo lake. : * Kunywa vinyago vya ndege hufanya kazi kwa kanuni hii ; * Aina nyingine ya injini inategemea kanuni hii : mnara wa nishati . == Mifumo yenye utata == Mbinu mbalimbali zinadai kuboresha ufanisi wa injini kwa kuingiza maji. Injini za hivi karibuni zimeboreshwa hadi kufikia faida sawa au hata kubwa zaidi.{{Thibitisha|supérieurs à ceux que pourrait apporter l'injection d'eau}} Matumizi ya vifaa hivyo yanaweza tu kuathiri utendaji na uaminifu wa injini za kisasa (miongoni mwa mambo mengine kwa kuongeza kutu ). Mzozo unaojitokeza mara kwa mara unahusu matumizi ya injini ya mwako wa ndani iliyorekebishwa kidogo. Chuma cha pua, kwa mfano, hutumika kuzuia oksidi kutoka kwa mabaki ya maji na mvuke . Zaidi ya hayo, kanuni ya elektrolisisi ya maji hutumika kutenganisha [[Atomu|atomi za]] [[hidrojeni]] na oksijeni, na elementi hizi mbili hutumika katika mchanganyiko kama kioksidishaji kwa ajili ya mafuta ya msingi katika injini ya dizeli au petroli. * Mlinganyo wa kutengeneza gesi ya hidrojeni kutoka kwenye maji (kwa mfano, kupitia mchakato wa elektrolisisi): *: 2 H2​O+Q→2 H2​+O2​ * Mlinganyo wa mwako wa dihidrojeni (katika chumba cha mwako cha gari) : *: 2 H2​+O2​→2 H2​O+Q *: ambapo ''Q'' inaashiria kiasi cha nishati inayotumika au inayozalishwa. Tukichukulia kuwa « Hakutakuwa na hasara katika michakato ya nyufa na mwako ; ni nishati ya awali tu ndiyo itakayopatikana, na hakuna kingine zaidi. » . Sheria ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]] ina maana kwamba mfumo wowote wa injini ya joto hauwezi kutoa nishati zaidi ya inavyotumia <ref>{{En}} [https://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/deltaH.html Heats of Formation] {{Wayback|url=https://users.stlcc.edu/gkrishnan/deltaH.html |date=20221004010538 }}, St. Louis Community College</ref> . Sheria ya pili ya thermodynamics inaleta wazo la kutoweza kubadilika kwa mabadiliko , kutokana na ongezeko la entropi ya mfumo (S), ambayo husababisha uharibifu wa baadhi ya nishati—yaani, mabadiliko yake yasiyoepukika kuwa joto, nishati ya joto inayopotea kwa gharama ya nishati ya mitambo inayotakiwa, kwa mfano, katika mfumo wa msuguano au upinzani wa mitambo. Hivyo, kuongeza awamu ya elektroli kwenye gari husababisha upotevu wa ufanisi. Kinadharia si faida, kwa mfano, kuoza maji kwa kutumia nishati inayotolewa na petroli ili kuwasha injini kuu na hidrojeni inayozalishwa. == Marejeleo mengine == === Urban myth === Mada hii ina utata miongoni mwa wasio wataalamu kwa sababu taswira zinazohusiana nayo ni kali sana. Vikwazo vya kifedha vinavyohusika katika injini ya maji safi ni vingi sana. Kwa kweli, watetezi wa nadharia za njama dhidi ya nishati huru wanaamini kwamba injini kama hiyo inaweza kuwepo, lakini kwamba kuwepo kwake kunakandamizwa na ushawishi wa [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Miracle ou mirage : le « moteur à eau » d’un entrepreneur breton permet-il de faire 20 % d’économie de carburant ?|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/bretagne/toutes-les-infos/miracle-ou-miragenbsp-le-nbspmoteur-a-eaunbsp-dun-entrepreneur-breton-permet-il-de-faire-20nbsp-deconomie-de-carburantnbsp-4102614.php|date=2023-05-05|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Jumuiya ya wanasayansi imeonyesha kwamba kifaa kama hicho ni [[sayansi bandia]], kwani hakuna utafiti wa majaribio unaoweza kutoa matokeo chanya. Kwa kweli, maji hayana nishati inayoweza kutumika. : yenyewe ni bidhaa au upotevu wa mmenyuko uliozalisha nishati kupitia uunganishaji wa hidrojeni na oksijeni <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=FR-fr|title=Automobile / Histoire des inventions. Moteur à eau : réalité ou mystification ?|url=https://www.lejsl.com/magazine-automobile/2021/08/17/moteur-a-eau-realite-ou-mystification|accessdate=2024-01-07}}.</ref> . Miitikio hii inajumuisha, hasa, mwako, ambao hutoa joto, na uunganishaji katika seli ya mafuta ya hidrojeni, ambayo hutoa mkondo wa umeme. Kwa kufuata kanuni ya [[Hifadhi ya nishati|uhifadhi wa nishati]], kutenganisha (" kuvunja "Molekuli ya maji inahitaji nishati ili ipatikane kwake" Hata hivyo, nishati inayohitajika baadaye ili kuzalisha tena molekuli hii ni kidogo kuliko nishati inayotumika, hasa kutokana na hasara zinazohusiana na mchakato huo. Injini zinazotumia maji zinazodai kuvunja molekuli ya maji ili kutoa nishati haziwezekani. == Vidokezo na marejeleo == === Vidokezo === <references responsive="1" group="alpha"></references> [[Jamii:Injini]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 84066w2h55a20sj5335itk8xi7o9aae 0 241326 1575493 2026-06-20T13:43:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241327 1575494 2026-06-20T13:43:56Z AminaZ1604 90405 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/200220952|Petit cycle de l'eau]]" 1575494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Schéma_du_petit_cycle_de_l'eau.png|alt=Le schéma montre les différentes étapes du cycle de l'eau : captage, production d'eau potable, contrôle et ajout de chlore, stockage d'eau potable, distribution, utilisation de l'eau, collecte puis traitement des eaux usées, et rejet en milieu naturel.|thumb|Mchoro wa hatua tofauti za mzunguko mdogo wa maji.]] '''Mzunguko mdogo wa maji''' unahusisha uhamishaji wote wa [[maji]] unaohusika kuanzia kusukuma hadi kutokwa kwake kwenye mazingira asilia baada ya matumizi ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo. mzunguko huu unajumuisha [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]] na maji machafu . Mzunguko mdogo wa maji unajumuisha hatua saba tofauti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Office français de la biodiversité]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Artois-Picardie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau (cycle domestique)|url=https://www.eau-artois-picardie.fr/education-leau-dossiers-thematiques/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=24 juillet 2015|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eau-seine-normandie.fr/les-cycles-de-l-eau/le-petit-cycle-de-l-eau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Eau de Paris]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|date=2020|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> : # Kuvuta au kuchukua maji kutoka kwenye mazingira ya asili, kwa mfano kutoka kwenye mkondo wa maji au chemichemi ; # Uzalishaji wa maji ya kunywa ili kuyafanya kuwa salama kwa matumizi ya binadamu ; # Kuhifadhi maji ya kunywa katika mabwawa ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ; # Ugawaji wa maji safi ya kunywa kwa watumiaji (maeneo ya makazi, kilimo na viwanda) ; # Ukusanyaji na usafirishaji wa maji machafu yanayotumika na sasa ; # Matibabu ya maji machafu (iwe ya pamoja au ya mtu binafsi ) ili kupunguza uchafuzi wa mazingira asilia ; # Kurudisha au kumwaga maji kwenye mazingira ya asili. Maji yanaweza kusukumwa tena, hivyo kukamilisha mzunguko. * {{Palette|Eau potable|Eaux usées}} [[Jamii:Maji]] 7z13qug75d1mfbxlte4f3fjin9kma2o 1575507 1575494 2026-06-20T13:53:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:Schéma_du_petit_cycle_de_l'eau.png|alt=Le schéma montre les différentes étapes du cycle de l'eau : captage, production d'eau potable, contrôle et ajout de chlore, stockage d'eau potable, distribution, utilisation de l'eau, collecte puis traitement des eaux usées, et rejet en milieu naturel.|thumb|Mchoro wa hatua tofauti za mzunguko mdogo wa maji.]] '''Mzunguko mdogo wa maji''' unahusisha uhamishaji wote wa [[maji]] unaohusika kuanzia kusukuma hadi kutokwa kwake kwenye mazingira asilia baada ya matumizi ya binadamu. Kwa hivyo. mzunguko huu unajumuisha [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]] na maji machafu . Mzunguko mdogo wa maji unajumuisha hatua saba tofauti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Office français de la biodiversité]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Artois-Picardie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau (cycle domestique)|url=https://www.eau-artois-picardie.fr/education-leau-dossiers-thematiques/le-petit-cycle-de-leau|date=24 juillet 2015|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=Agence de l'eau Seine-Normandie|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eau-seine-normandie.fr/les-cycles-de-l-eau/le-petit-cycle-de-l-eau|date=|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> , <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|author=[[Eau de Paris]]|title=Le petit cycle de l'eau|url=https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2022-05/Poster_PetitCycle.pdf|date=2020|accessdate=6 janvier 2023}}.</ref> : # Kuvuta au kuchukua maji kutoka kwenye mazingira ya asili, kwa mfano kutoka kwenye mkondo wa maji au chemichemi ; # Uzalishaji wa maji ya kunywa ili kuyafanya kuwa salama kwa matumizi ya binadamu ; # Kuhifadhi maji ya kunywa katika mabwawa ili kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ; # Ugawaji wa maji safi ya kunywa kwa watumiaji (maeneo ya makazi, kilimo na viwanda) ; # Ukusanyaji na usafirishaji wa maji machafu yanayotumika na sasa ; # Matibabu ya maji machafu (iwe ya pamoja au ya mtu binafsi ) ili kupunguza uchafuzi wa mazingira asilia ; # Kurudisha au kumwaga maji kwenye mazingira ya asili. Maji yanaweza kusukumwa tena, hivyo kukamilisha mzunguko. [[Jamii:Maji]] kc5r5iqnvlmkwe45200d3rhcnb0ngnk 0 241328 1575495 2026-06-20T13:44:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241329 1575496 2026-06-20T13:44:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] gd9wvl1phl9q2f67emz4aua70squds1 0 241330 1575497 2026-06-20T13:46:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8ox5aqrxxakskjh5k08y7w1cqxg6bf0 1575720 1575497 2026-06-21T07:54:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] kati ya miaka [[150]] na [[300]], hasa [[200]]-[[250]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[Mtume Petro]] ili ashirikishe [[ufunuo|mafunuo]] aliyopata kwa [[Yesu]] katika [[Juma kuu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ekekvccb4gv42n8dd5cs9appzae0zdj 0 241331 1575498 2026-06-20T13:46:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8ox5aqrxxakskjh5k08y7w1cqxg6bf0 1575722 1575498 2026-06-21T07:57:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa [[mwaka]] [[200]] hivi, ikijidai kusimulia maongezi ya [[Yesu]] na [[Yakobo Mdogo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] of3ymfb8tr5q2qww5bz30jp8q9b7ohu 0 241332 1575499 2026-06-20T13:47:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8ox5aqrxxakskjh5k08y7w1cqxg6bf0 1575723 1575499 2026-06-21T07:59:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575723 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] mwaka [[150]] hivi na inasimulia [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Mtume]] [[Yakobo Mdogo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] pzjdzsta3frxz8iif86kb3ovjybxxx1 0 241333 1575500 2026-06-20T13:47:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]]' 1575500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8ox5aqrxxakskjh5k08y7w1cqxg6bf0 1575724 1575500 2026-06-21T08:03:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini hakikukubalika kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] kati ya miaka [[150]] na [[karne ya 4]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== '''Tafsiri''' * {{cite book |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |title=Flora Tells a Story: The Apocalypse of Paul and Its Contexts |date=2008 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |isbn=978-1-55458-282-2 |series=Études sur le christianisme et le judaïsme 19 }} <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=8RJnr2_n0REC --> * {{cite book |last1=MacRae |first1=George W. |last2=Murdock |first2=William R. |last3=Parrott |first3=Douglas M. |editor-first=James M. |editor-last=Robinson |editor-link=James M. Robinson |title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780060669294 |pages=239–241 }} <!-- https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar00jame/page/238/mode/2up --> * {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Marvin W. |last2=Robinson |first2=James MacConkey |title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English |date=1977 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-05434-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Murdock |first1=William R. |last2=MacRae |first2=George W. |chapter=NHC V,2: The Apocalypse of Paul |title=Nag Hammadi Codices V, 2-5 and VI with Papyrus Berolinensis 8502, 1 And 4 |date=1979 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston |isbn=9789004438859 |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1163/9789004438859_009 }} '''Makala na vitabu''' * {{cite thesis |last1=Bergström |first1=Eirini |title=A comparative study of the Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V, 2) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V, 3 & TC 2) |publisher=Mid Sweden University |degree=Master |date=2019 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1371175/FULLTEXT01.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=Domeracki |first1=Michael S. |title=The Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V,2) as a Valentinian Baptismal Liturgy of Ascent |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=212–234 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-12340037 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |last2=Painchaud |first2=Louis |last3=Bussieres |first3=Marie-Pierre |title=The Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, Irenaeus' Adversus Haereses 2.30.7, and the Second-Century Battle for Paul's Legacy |url=https://corpus.ulaval.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/4d72ec44-d199-2b71-e053-2528090a90b1/content |journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies |access-date=23 June 2023 |pages=173–193 |doi=10.1353/earl.2004.0024 |date=2004|volume=12 |issue=2 |s2cid=55606637 |hdl=20.500.11794/365 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |title=Contextualizing the Apocalypse of Paul |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ltp/1900-v1-n1-ltp1013/011815ar.pdf |journal=Laval théologique et philosophique |pages=241–245 |doi=10.7202/011815ar |date=2005|volume=61 |issue=2 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Roig Lanzillotta |first1=Lautaro |title=The Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V,2): Cosmology, Anthropology, and Ethics |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-12340007 |url=https://research.rug.nl/files/48535125/Roig_Lanzillotta_The_Apocalypse_of_Paul_NHC_V_2_Cosmology_Anthropology_and_Ethics.pdf |issn=2451-8581}} * {{cite book |last=Pesthy |first=Monika |chapter=Earthly Tribunal in the Fourth Heaven (NHC V,2 20,5 - 21,22) |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor1-link=Jan N. Bremmer |editor2-first=István |editor2-last=Czachesz |title=The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul |date=2007 |publisher=Peeters |location=Leuven |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 9 |isbn=9789042918511 |pages=198-210 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Twigg |first1=Matthew |title=The Mountain of Jericho in the Nag Hammadi Apocalypse of Paul: A Suggestion |journal=Vigiliae Christianae |date=2015 |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=422–442 |doi=10.1163/15700720-12341219 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/vc/69/4/article-p422_4.xml |access-date=24 June 2023 |issn=1570-0720|url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last1=Twigg |first1=Matthew |title=The Valentinian Temple: Visions, Revelations, and the Nag Hammadi Apocalypse of Paul |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-56868-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=van den Broek |first1=Roelof |title=Gnostic Religion in Antiquity |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-03137-1 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE1WGYqzbnYC&pg=PA19 }} * {{cite journal |last1=van der Vliet |first1=Jacques |title=Paul and the Others: Rereading the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V, 2) |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |pages=127–150 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/gnos/7/2/article-p127_1.xml |access-date=23 June 2023 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-00702001 |date=2022 |volume=7 |issue=2 |s2cid=251784294 |doi-access=free }} '''Picha za gombo''' * {{cite book |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=James M. |editor-link=James M. Robinson |date=1975 |title=The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex V |url=https://archive.org/details/facsimileedition0005unse |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004042059}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/ascp.html The Apocalypse of Paul], text of the translation of George W. MacRae and William R. Murdock, at The Gnostic Society Library <!-- Is this really a legit link? "E. J. Brill has asserted copyright on texts published by the Coptic Gnostic Library Project." is not reassuring that they have rights to host this. --> * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul-coptic/ "Apocalypse of Paul (Coptic)"], overview and bibliography by Michael Kaler. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 6s72w94c906bd7uk7i3ouswh2e7adnl 0 241334 1575542 2026-06-20T15:06:05Z Dieumerci Muhindo 90406 Kuunda makala Rangi ya maji 1575542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rangi ya maji''' ina kuwa na utofauti kulingana na fasi yake ya asili, na hizo utofauti zina matokeo nyingi. Ina kuwa [[Buluu|bluu]] kiasili kutokana na hali zake zaku nyonya zinazoletwa na [[Vibration moléculaire|mtetemeko wa molekuli]]. Hata kama kiasi ya [[maji]] ina onekana kuwa ndogo kulingana na rangi, maji safi ina onyesha rangi kidogo ya bluu ambayo huzidi kuongezeka kadri unene wa sampuli inayoonekana unavyoongezeka. Mwingiliano wa [[Rayon lumineux|miale ya mwanga]] na [[Molécule d'eau|molekuli za maji]], pamoja na maada yoyote yenye rangi iliyopo ndani ya maji ikiwa yanatosha kwa wingi, huipa uso rangi yake. Maada hii inaweza kuwa [[Uhai|hai]], [[Kemia isiyokaboni|yenye asili ya miamba]], au [[Mata ogania|ya kikaboni]]. === Rangi ya ndani === Jumla ya mwingiliano wote wa maji na mazingira yake inaelezea tofauti kati ya « rangi inayoonekana ambayo iko katika mazingira yake ya asili « rangi halisi " chini ya hali ya maabara. Rangi ya maji inaweza kupimwa kwa kutumia [[Échelle de couleur platine-cobalt|kipimo cha rangi ya platinamu-kobalti]] ." [[Faili:Absorption_coefficient_of_water.svg|thumb|315x315px|[[Coefficient d'absorption|Mgawo wa ufyonzaji]] wa maji safi katika wigo unaoonekana kama kazi ya urefu wa wimbi.]] [[Eau purifiée|Maji safi]] hunyonya miale ya mwanga yenye [[Masafa ya mawimbi|urefu wa mawimbi]] mengi (nyekundu, chungwa, njano…) na hayanyonyi chochote katika safu ya bluu <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pope |first=Robin M. |last2=Fry |first2=Edward S. |date=1997-11-20 |title=Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-36-33-8710 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=36 |issue=33 |page=8710 |doi=10.1364/AO.36.008710 |issn=0003-6935 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana kwa ujumla huhusishwa na [[Excitation (physique)|msisimko wa hali za nishati ya kielektroniki]] katika maada. Maji ni molekuli rahisi ya atomi tatu [[Molécule d'eau|H]] na ufyonzaji wake wote wa kielektroniki hutokea katika eneo la [[urujuanimno]] la [[Spektra|wigo wa sumakuumeme]] na kwa hivyo hayawajibiki kwa rangi ya maji katika [[Spectre visible|eneo linaloonekana la wigo]] . Asili ya rangi yake inahusiana na [[Vibration moléculaire|mtetemo wake wa molekuli]] . Molekuli ya maji ina njia tatu za msingi [[Vibration|za mtetemo]] . Mitetemo miwili ya kunyoosha ya dhamana ya OH hutokea katika v1 = 3 650  na v3 = 3 755  . Ufyonzaji kutokana na mitetemo hii hutokea katika eneo la [[Mialekundu|infrared]] la wigo. Mchanganyiko wa njia za mtetemo za molekuli za maji huunda [[Harmonique (physique)|harmonics]] . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana ni hasa kutokana na harmonics v1 + 3v3 = 14 318  , ambayo inalingana na urefu wa wimbi la 698 nm. Urefu huu wa wimbi unalingana na eneo la mwanga [[Nyekundu|mwekundu]] . Kwa hivyo maji hunyonya miale nyekundu ya mwanga kupitia mtetemo wake. Eneo la bluu halifyonzwa na mchakato huu, kwani urefu wa wimbi ni mfupi sana, na hivyo miale ya bluu hutawanyika hadi [[Jicho|machoni]], ambayo inaelezea rangi yake <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Braun |first=Charles L. |last2=Smirnov |first2=Sergei N. |date=1993-08 |title=Why is water blue? |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed070p612 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=en |volume=70 |issue=8 |page=612 |doi=10.1021/ed070p612 |issn=0021-9584 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Glass-of-water.jpg|alt=Photographie en couleur montrant un verre rond et long rempli à moitié d'eau.|thumb|Maji katika glasi yanaonekana wazi.]] Maji ya bluu ndiyo mfano pekee unaojulikana wa rangi ya asili inayosababishwa na mabadiliko ya mtetemo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en|title=Colors from vibrations {{!}} Causes of Color|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5B.html|accessdate=2022-01-25}}</ref> . Hii ni kutokana na mkusanyiko wa kipekee wa [[Liaison hydrogène|vifungo]] katika maji. Molekuli nyingi zina [[Vibration moléculaire|nguvu za mtetemo]] zenye [[Marudio (fizikia)|masafa]] ya chini kuliko yale ya maji, katika safu ya [[Mialekundu|infrared]] au joto lakini si katika safu ya mwanga inayoonekana. Atomu za hidrojeni katika maji ni nyepesi sana, na vifungo kati ya hidrojeni na oksijeni ni vikali sana, ambavyo huzipa masafa ya juu zaidi, hivyo kuziruhusu kutetemeka katika wigo unaoonekana. Katika maji safi kabisa, mwanga hauwezi kutawanyika juu ya uso, na hivyo kutoa miili yote ya maji rangi nyeusi inayoonekana. Kwa kuwa [[Ziwa|maziwa]] na [[Bahari kuu|bahari]] nyingi zina vitu hai na chembe za madini zilizoning'inia, mwanga [[Réfraction|hurejeshwa nyuma]] na vitu hivi, na baadhi ya mwanga wa bluu hutawanyika juu ya uso. Katika maji safi sana, kama vile katika baadhi ya maziwa ya milimani, kutawanyika kwa chembe ni kidogo sana. Katika hali hii, rangi ya bluu isiyo kali sana husababishwa na kutolewa tena kwa molekuli za maji zenyewe <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morel |first=Anclré |last2=Prieur |first2=Louis |date=1977-07 |title=Analysis of variations in ocean color |url=https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=709–722 |doi=10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |issn=0024-3590 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, kutokana na uwazi wake, maji hunyonya mwanga kwa upole tu. Kwa kweli, nguvu ya unyonyaji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa kila harmoniki inayofuata, na kusababisha unyonyaji dhaifu sana kwa harmoniki ya tatu. Kwa hivyo, kina fulani kinahitajika kabla ya mabadiliko ya rangi kuonekana. Kwa hivyo, maji kwenye glasi huonekana bila rangi kabisa, huku maji kwenye [[Piscine|bwawa la kuogelea]] yakionekana bluu kwa sababu sehemu nzima nyekundu ya wigo imefyonzwa. Nje ya hali ya maabara, maji hubadilika katika mazingira yaliyopakwa rangi na asili inayozunguka. [[Faili:Lake_Grdzeli,_Lagodekhi_Protected_Area,_Georgia_02.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Katika sehemu ya mbele, mandharinyuma yanaonekana na huathiri rangi ya uso. Katikati ya ardhi, mwangaza wa mlima unafunika maji. Kwenye upeo wa macho, rangi ya anga inaakisiwa kwenye maji.]] Mazingira haya [[Réflexion (physique)|yanaakisiwa]] kwenye uso wa maji. Kwa maji yasiyo na kina kirefu na [[Turbidité|safi]] vya kutosha, rangi ya uso itakuwa karibu na ile ya ardhi, kwani miale inaweza kuakisiwa kutoka chini. [[Anga]] pia inaakisiwa kwenye maji, na kusisitiza rangi yake ya bluu. Ingawa rangi ya bluu ya maji ni hasa kutokana na mwendo wake wa molekuli, kuakisiwa kwa anga ndio chanzo kikuu kwenye upeo wa macho. Mchango wa jamaa wa kuakisi angani na mwanga uliotawanyika kutoka kwenye kina kirefu unategemea sana pembe ya uchunguzi <ref name=":0" />, <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Plass |first=Gilbert N. |last2=Humphreys |first2=Terry J. |last3=Kattawar |first3=George W. |date=1978-05-01 |title=Color of the ocean |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-17-9-1432 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=9 |page=1432–1446 |doi=10.1364/AO.17.001432 |issn=2155-3165 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Wakati wa [[Crépuscule|machweo]], anga hupata rangi nyekundu na mwangaza wake hupungua. Maji hunyonya mwanga katika kiwango chekundu na hutiwa giza kutokana na kupungua huku kwa mwangaza. Chini ya hali hizi, huonekana mweusi. Maumbo yote [[Relief (géomorphologie)|ya ardhi]] karibu na mwili wa maji yanaweza kuakisiwa. Vivuli vyao pia vinaweza kuyatia giza. Ni kawaida sana kwa mifereji ya maji katika mazingira ya asili kuwa na rangi ya kijani inayoonekana kutokana na kuakisi [[Uoto asilia|mimea]] inayozunguka juu ya uso <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rankin |first=Arturo |last2=Matthies |first2=Larry |date=2010-10 |title=Daytime water detection based on color variation |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5650402/ |journal=2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems |language=en |page=215–221 |doi=10.1109/IROS.2010.5650402 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hatimaye, tafakari si sawa juu ya uso wa maji yanayotembea, na kuunda bendi za tafakari, na katika hali ya [[Écoulement turbulent|mtiririko wenye msukosuko]], viputo vya hewa vilivyoundwa huakisi miale nyeupe ya mwanga, na kuipa uso rangi nyeupe. == Uwepo wa maada katika suluhisho == === Mashapo yaliyoning'inizwa === Katika maumbile, maji huingiliana na mazingira yake, [[Charriage (géomorphologie)|yakibeba]] vitu ambavyo huitikia. Mwingiliano mmoja unaowezekana ni kusimamishwa kwa vitu. [[Mashapo]] yaliyoning'inizwa, yaliyoundwa na [[mchanga]] mwembamba sana, [[Limon (roche)|matope]], na [[Udongo kinamo|udongo]], yanaweza kuwajibika kwa mabadiliko katika rangi na [[Turbidité|machafuko]] ya maji ya mto na ziwa. Chembe hizi za madini zenye asili ya miamba hutokana na michakato ya [[mmomonyoko]] wa udongo. Mabadiliko ya rangi ya maji yanayosababishwa na mashapo yanaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi, kufuatia mafuriko au dhoruba, au ya kudumu ikiwa mto unaendelea kubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo. Rangi ya bahari, ambayo ina mkusanyiko wa [[Matière en suspension|vitu vilivyoning'inizwa]] (SS) kwa mpangilio wa miligramu ^10⁻² kwa lita, haiathiriwi sana na hili. Kwa upande mwingine, machafuko yana jukumu kubwa katika rangi ya maji ya mto, ambapo mkusanyiko wa SS unaweza kukadiriwa kwa wastani wa miligramu ^10² kwa lita <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Doeke|nom1=Eisma|titre chapitre=Transport of Suspended Matter|titre ouvrage=Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment|éditeur=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=1993|isbn=978-3-642-77724-0|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77722-6_5|consulté le=2022-01-23|passage=78–130}}</ref> . [[Faili:Peyto_Lake-Banff_NP-Canada.jpg|thumb|276x276px|[[Lac Peyto|Ziwa Peyto]], kutoka upande wa [[Promenade des Glaciers|Icefields Parkway]], [[Kanada]], lina rangi ya zumaridi kutokana na mkusanyiko wake mkubwa wa [[Farine de roche|unga wa mwamba]] .]] Ushawishi wa chembe chembe zilizosimamishwa (SPM) katika maji safi unaonekana hasa katika maeneo ya asili ambayo yamepitia mmomonyoko mkubwa. Katika baadhi ya [[Lacs|maziwa]] ya milimani, chembe ndogo sana za masimbi huitwa « unga wa mwamba ", inayotokana na [[Abrasion (géologie)|mkwaruzo wa]] [[Barafuto|barafu]] kwenye mwamba, huyapa maji rangi ya aquamarine. Barafu hutoa athari yake ya kukwaruza kwenye sehemu ndogo ya eneo, na athari hii ni kubwa zaidi katikati yake ambapo uzito ni mkubwa zaidi. Kwa hivyo, maziwa yana mashapo yaleyale yaliyoning'inia, kimsingi [[quartz]] iliyosagwa au [[Feldspath|feldspar]], yenye viwango tofauti, na kwa hivyo rangi tofauti <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Keller |first=W. D. |last2=Reesman |first2=A. L. |date=1963 |title=Glacial Milks and Their Laboratory-Simulated Counterparts |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |page=61 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |issn=0016-7606 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Metali nzito === Uwepo wa [[metali]] fulani katika myeyusho katika asili unaweza kuathiri rangi ya maji. Uwepo huu ni mdogo sana katika ujazo mkubwa wa maji. Kwa hivyo, bahari na maziwa makubwa huathiriwa kidogo tu na vitu hivi. Hata hivyo, athari zao zinaweza kuonekana katika maji madogo au mto. Katika mazingira haya, metali ya kawaida ni [[chuma]], ikifuatiwa na [[Manganisi|manganese]], zote zikiwa [[Metali ya mpito|metali za mpito]] zinazotokana na mmomonyoko wa udongo <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nriagu |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=H |last3=Coker |first3=R |date=1981 |title=Particulate and dissolved trace metals in Lake Ontario |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |journal=Water Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=91–96 |doi=10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |issn=0043-1354 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Río_Tinto_7.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Mto Río Tinto]], ulioko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Hispania|Uhispania]], una rangi nyekundu kutokana na kiwango chake kikubwa cha chuma kilichoyeyushwa ndani ya maji.]] Umbo ambalo chuma hupatikana huamua rangi ya maji; chuma hicho hicho kinaweza kuchorea maji kwa nguvu au kisiathiri kulingana na [[État d'oxydation|hali yake ya oksidi]] . Katika [[Aquifère|maeneo ya maji]], ambapo viwango vya oksijeni viko chini, aina zilizopunguzwa za chuma na manganese hutawala katika aina zilizo wazi, zisizo na rangi. Maji kutoka kwenye maeneo ya maji yenye chuma na manganese yanapowekwa wazi kwa hewa, elementi hizi [[Oxydation|huoksidishwa]] na kuwa aina ambazo haziyeyuki sana katika maji. Katika hali ya chuma, chembe ngumu huundwa, kwanza nyeupe, kisha njano, na hatimaye kahawia nyekundu, ambazo hutulia nje ya maji <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Chembe za [[Oxyde de fer|oksidi ya chuma]] (kutu) hubaki zimesimama kutokana na matukio matatu. [1] mchanganyiko wa maji (unaosababishwa na mwendo wake), [2] [[Viscosité|mnato]] wa maji, na [3] msongamano wa chembe kuhusiana na maji (karibu na umoja), ambao huyapa maji rangi nyekundu, kama inavyoonekana katika ''[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Río Tinto]]'' nchini Uhispania. Aina za manganese zilizooksidishwa kwa ujumla hubaki huyeyuka katika maji na ndizo zinazosababisha rangi yake nyeusi. Mchanganyiko wa metali unaweza pia kutoa rangi ya kipekee. Chuma na manganese mara nyingi hupatikana pamoja kwenye vijito, na mchanganyiko wao hupa maji rangi ya manjano-kahawia. === Uwepo wa ioni katika suluhisho === Uwepo wa [[ioni]] katika maji unaweza kusababisha [[Précipité|mvua]] ya madini yanayopaka rangi uso. Misombo ambayo mwanzoni haina rangi katika myeyusho inaweza kuwa molekuli zenye rangi kupitia athari za kemikali. Mito, yenye wastani wa kiwango cha ioni cha 10 hadi ^10² mg/L, kimsingi imeundwa na [[Kalisi|ioni za kalsiamu (Ca²⁺), magnesiamu (Mg²⁺), na bikaboneti (HCO₃⁻)]] ^. [[Magnesi|Kalsiamu]] ^na [[Bicarbonate|bikaboneti]] HCO ya majini na kuunda kalsiamu kaboneti ( _CaCO₃ ), kulingana na athari. : Ca Molekuli hii hupatikana kwa wingi katika maji ya baadhi ya maziwa. Hakika miamba ya chokaa kama vile chaki au kalisiti humomonyoa na kutoa chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti ndani ya maji. Kiwanja hiki cheupe cha kemikali huyeyuka kidogo tu katika maji, kwa viwango vya takriban 15 hadi 20 mg/L kwa 25 °C, huingia kwenye mchanganyiko ndani ya maji. Chembe hizi husafisha maji, ambayo kwa [[Synthèse additive|usanisi wa ziada]] na bluu ya maji hutoa rangi ya zumaridi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morse |first=John W. |last2=Arvidson |first2=Rolf S. |last3=Lüttge |first3=Andreas |date=2007-01-30 |title=Calcium Carbonate Formation and Dissolution |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr050358j |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=107 |issue=2 |page=342–381 |doi=10.1021/cr050358j |issn=0009-2665 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Lake_Ontario_Whiting_NASA_Satellite_Image.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Mtazamo wa angani wa {{Lang|en|''whiting event''}}, wingu la chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti katika Ziwa Ontario.]] « matukio ya kufua nguo Matukio « kwa ujumla hutokea mwishoni mwa kiangazi, katika maji safi na ya chumvi, na husababishwa na mabadiliko ya halijoto ya maji, ambayo huruhusu chembe ndogo za [[Carbonate de calcium|kalsiamu kaboneti]] kuunda kwenye safu ya maji. Zaidi ya hayo, katika [[Asidi|mazingira ya asidi]], kalsiamu kaboneti hubadilika kuwa kiwanja kinachoyeyuka sana na kisicho na rangi katika maji, [[Bicarbonate de calcium|kalsiamu bikaboneti]] Ca(HCO) . Kaboni dioksidi iliyoyeyushwa katika maji huunda asidi H kulingana na mmenyuko. CO Asidi hii humenyuka na kaboneti CaCO Chini ya hali hizi, maji hayapatwi rangi na kalsiamu bikaboneti. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa [[usanisinuru]] kwa [[Phytoplancton|phytoplankton]] na spishi zingine baharini [[Microscopique et macroscopique|zenye microscopic]] wakati wa vipindi vya joto kunaweza kupunguza kiasi cha [[Dioksidi kabonia|kaboni dioksidi]] CO ) ndani ya maji. Hii inaruhusu mabadiliko ya kalsiamu bikaboneti kuwa kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO ). Chembe hizi za kalsiamu kaboneti husababisha « weupe » ya maji, yaani, kusafisha sehemu kwa sehemu ya mwili wa maji <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Long |first=Jacqueline S. |last2=Hu |first2=Chuanmin |last3=Robbins |first3=Lisa L. |last4=Byrne |first4=Robert H. |date=2017-09 |title=Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |language=en |volume=196 |page=258–268 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |issn=0272-7714 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:What_an_amazing_lime_green_colour_-_The_Devil's_Bath_at_Wai-O-Tapu_thermal_area_near_Rotorua_(7087651281).jpg|thumb|289x289px|{{Lang|en|''Devil's Bath''}}, [[Lac acide|ziwa lenye asidi]] la Wai-o-tapu, [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]] .]] Zinapatikana katika maeneo yenye [[Volcanisme|volkeno]] hai, [[Lac acide|maziwa yenye asidi]] mara nyingi huwa na rangi nyingi. Rangi hii hutokana na [[Gaz volcaniques|gesi za volkeno]] zinazochanganyika na maji. Vipengele vikuu vya gesi za volkeno isipokuwa [[Vapeur d'eau|mvuke wa maji]] ( H ) na dioksidi kaboni ( CO ) ni viambato vya salfa katika umbo la [[Dioxyde de soufre|dioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO ), [[Trioxyde de soufre|trioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO (gesi za volkeno zenye joto juu) au [[Sulfure d'hydrogène|sulfidi hidrojeni]] ( H ( chini). Kiwanja kingine kinachogunduliwa katika gesi za volkeno ni [[Chlorure d'hydrogène|kloridi hidrojeni]] ( HCl ). Gesi hizi zinapotoka kwenye sakafu ya ziwa chini ya shinikizo la juu, [[Dissolution (chimie)|huyeyuka]] ndani ya maji na kuunda asidi [[Acide sulfureux|sulfuri]], [[Acide sulfurique|sulfuri]], na [[Asidi hidrokloridi|hidrokloriki]] . Sulfidi hupaka maji rangi ya kijani kibichi, kama inavyoonekana katika {{Lang|anglais|''Devil's Bath''}} huko [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]], huku kloridi hidrojeni ikiipa ziwa lenye asidi rangi isiyopitisha rangi ya sarani <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Childs |first=Alison M. |last2=Mountain |first2=Bruce W. |last3=O'Toole |first3=Ronan |last4=Stott |first4=Matthew B. |date=2008-10-14 |title=Relating Microbial Community and Physicochemical Parameters of a Hot Spring: Champagne Pool, Wai-o-tapu, New Zealand |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490450802413841 |journal=Geomicrobiology Journal |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7-8 |page=441–453 |doi=10.1080/01490450802413841 |issn=0149-0451 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, uwepo wa ioni si lazima usababishe maji kubadilisha rangi. Kiwanja cha kemikali kilichopo zaidi katika maji asilia ni [[Munyu|kloridi ya sodiamu]] ( NaCl ), chenye [[Concentration massique|mkusanyiko wa wingi]] katika bahari na bahari wa 30 à 40  kwa lita. Hata hivyo, kiwanja hiki, kilichoyeyushwa katika maji, hakiathiri rangi yake; [[Solution saturée|myeyusho wa chumvi iliyojaa]] hauwezi kutofautishwa na maji safi kwa jicho uchi. === Vitu vya kikaboni === [[Faili:Tannin-colored_water_of_Oparara_River.jpg|thumb|Maji yaliyopakwa rangi na [[Tanin|tanini]] kutoka [[Oparara (fleuve)|Mto Oparara]] . Tanini asilia huingia mtoni kutoka kwenye mimea inayozunguka.]] [[Carbone organique dissous|Kaboni hai iliyoyeyushwa]] (DOC), inayotokana na mtengano wa vitu hai, inaweza kuwepo katika viwango vya juu katika maji safi. Sio kila wakati hupaka rangi maji ambayo yapo. [[Coloration des matières organiques dissoutes dans l'eau|CDOM]], kifupi cha {{Lang|anglais|''colored dissolved organic matter''}}, hufafanuliwa kama vitu hai vilivyoyeyushwa vyenye rangi. Usemi « dutu ya njano " pia hutumika. Hakika, CDOM hunyonya kwa nguvu mwanga wa mawimbi mafupi kuanzia cyan hadi kijani, huku maji safi yakinyonya mwanga mwekundu wa mawimbi marefu. Kwa hivyo, mwanga pekee ambao haujafyonzwa ni ule wa katikati ya wigo unaoonekana, yaani njano, ambao unahalalisha jina « dutu ya njano Maji yenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa CDOM kwa ujumla yana rangi ya hudhurungi. [[Tanin|Tannins]] ndio aina nyingi zaidi za CDOM zinazopatikana katika maziwa na vijito. Zikivuja kutoka kwenye mizizi ya miti na mimea inayooza na kuingia kwenye maji yanayotiririka, huyapa maji rangi yake ya hudhurungi ya manjano, « na [[chai]] . [[Substance humique|Dutu za humus]] ni misombo ya kikaboni inayotokana na [[Rutuba|humus]], safu ya juu ya udongo inayodumishwa na kuoza kwa mimea. Aina za [[Colloïde|humus]] hizi za humus zinapatikana kwa wingi katika njia za maji, kama vile misitu na [[Tourbière|mabwawa ya mboji]] . [[Acide humique|Asidi ya humus]] inarejelea vitu vya kikaboni vinavyogandamana kwenye maji ili kuunda chembe ndogo. Asidi hii ni wakala wa kuchorea unaopatikana sana katika maji ya asili na unawajibika kwa rangi ya humus-nyeusi ya baadhi ya miili [[Eau stagnante|ya maji iliyosimama]] . Sehemu nyingine ya humus inayopatikana katika myeyusho ni [[Acide fulvique|asidi ya fulvic]] . Asidi hii hupatikana hasa katika mito mikubwa ya juu, ambapo humenyuka na kuunda asidi ya humus. Inapatikana katika viwango vya juu katika baadhi ya mito, kama vile [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] huko [[Brazil]], asidi ya fulvic huipa rangi nyeusi ya kipekee <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Christman |first=R. F. |last2=Ghassemi |first2=Masood |date=1966-06 |title=Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |journal=Journal - American Water Works Association |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |page=723–741 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |issn=0003-150X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Metali nyingi zina uwezo kwa kiasi fulani wa kutengeneza [[Complexe (chimie)|michanganyiko]] yenye vitu vya kikaboni, hasa kwa vitu vya humic vilivyoning'inizwa ndani ya maji. Chembe chembe za chuma, na kwa kiasi kidogo chembe chembe za manganese, ni metali mbili zinazoitikia na asidi ya humic kwenye mito. Uundaji wa michanganyiko unaweza kuongeza sana umumunyifu wa metali. Hii inaelezea ugunduzi katika maji yenye rangi nyingi wa kiasi cha chuma kinachozidi [[Solubilité|umumunyifu wake wa ioni]] <ref name=":1" />,<ref name=":13">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Uwepo wa plankton === [[Phytoplancton|Phytoplankton]] ni kundi la viumbe vidogo vidogo vinavyoishi katika [[Maji|mazingira ya majini]] . Baadhi ya phytoplankton ni [[Vijasumu|bakteria]], lakini wengi ni mimea [[Organisme unicellulaire|yenye seli moja]] kama vile [[mwani]] . Miongoni mwa spishi zinazopatikana sana ni [[cyanobacteria]], aina ya bakteria inayopata nishati yake kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na [[Algue verte|mwani wa kijani]]. ==== Mwani ==== [[Mwani]] ni viumbe hai, kwa ujumla hupatikana katika mazingira ya majini, vyenye uwezo wa usanisinuru. Kama « mwani Ingawa viumbe « hawaundi kundi la asili linalotokana na babu mmoja, ni kawaida kujumuisha cyanobacteria katika kundi hili lisilo rasmi. Hizi zinajadiliwa katika aya ifuatayo. Neno " [[Efflorescence algale|''mwani bloom'']] " linatumika kuelezea upanuzi wa haraka wa phytoplankton. ''Maua'' haya ni ya asili, hutokea katika bahari zote za dunia, na yanaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali. Hakika, mwani una rangi, ambazo mara nyingi hupakwa rangi, ili kuhakikisha uhai wao. [[Faili:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Marée rouge causée par des dinoflagellés au large de la jetée de la Scripps, [[California|Californie]].]] Planktoni zote za usanisinuru zina [[klorofili]] kama rangi yao kuu, ambayo kwa kawaida ni kijani. Kwa mkusanyiko wa kutosha, rangi hii inaweza kuonekana kwenye uso wa maji, na kuunda matukio ya « mawimbi ya kijani Phytoplankton pia ina rangi za ziada zinazoiruhusu kutumia mawimbi tofauti ya mwanga wa jua kwa ukuaji wake na lishe ya seli. Rangi hizi zinaweza kuwa na rangi mbalimbali « kuanzia kijani hadi kahawia hadi « .«mawimbi mekundu Mawimbi haya husababishwa na [[Microalgue|mwani mdogo]], [[Dinophyta|dinoflagellates]], ambazo zina rangi nyekundu inayoitwa [[Péridinine|peridinin]] . Spishi ''[[Noctiluca scintillans|*Noctiluca scintillans]]'' *, mojawapo ya spishi zilizo nyingi zaidi Duniani, huwajibika kwa mawimbi mekundu katika maeneo ya pwani yenye halijoto ya wastani na [[Nusutropiki|ya kitropiki]] duniani kote, katika kiwango kikubwa cha halijoto cha takriban nyuzi joto 10 Selsiasi. . Lakini spishi hii, kama spishi zingine nyingi za mwani, huja katika aina tofauti. ''Noctiluca'' ya Kijani inapatikana katika kiwango tofauti cha halijoto kuliko ''Noctiluca'' nyekundu, kuanzia 25 °C katika 30 °C, na hupatikana hasa katika maji ya kitropiki ya [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Bahari ya Kiarabu|Bahari ya Arabia]] . Ina klorofili zaidi, ambayo huipa rangi ya kijani. Hivyo, spishi hiyo hiyo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti, kulingana na hali ambayo yanaishi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Harrison |first=P. J. |last2=Furuya |first2=K. |last3=Glibert |first3=P. M. |last4=Xu |first4=J. |date=2011-07 |title=Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |journal=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=807–831 |doi=10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |issn=0254-4059 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . [[Faili:Noctiluca_scintillans.jpg|left|thumb|169x169px|''Miale ya Noctiluca'' [[Bactérie bioluminescente|yenye rangi ya kibiolojia inayong'aa]] katika bandari ya [[Zeebruges|Zeebrugge]], [[Ubelgiji]] .]] ''Noctiluca'' pia ina uwezo wa [[bioluminescence]], jambo ambalo ni nadra sana katika phytoplankton, kama inavyojulikana katika spishi chache tu za mwani na cyanobacteria. ''Noctiluca scintillans'' hutoa mwangaza wakati wa [[Contrainte (mécanique)|mkazo wa kiufundi]], yaani, wakati maji yanapovurugika, kwa mfano na mawimbi kwenye pwani. Hii husababisha maji ya juu kung'aa <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Buskey |first=Edward J. |date=1995 |title=Growth and bioluminescence of Noctiluca scintillans on varying algal diets |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=29–40 |doi=10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |issn=0142-7873 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Uwepo wa mwani pia unaelezea uhusiano kati ya vigezo vya [[Physico-chimie|kifizikia]] na rangi ya maji. Kwa mfano, [[Munyu|chumvi]], kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali, ni madini ambayo hayana rangi katika mmumunyo wa maji. Hata hivyo, maziwa ya chumvi mara nyingi huonyesha rangi inayoonekana wazi. [[Lac Hillier|Ziwa la Chumvi la Hillier]] lina rangi ya waridi angavu kutokana na ''[[Dunaliella salina]]'', mwani mwekundu unaoyapa maji rangi yake <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Delaney |first=Jessica |last2=Shiel |first2=Russell J. |last3=Storey |first3=Andrew W. |date=2015-07-29 |title=Prioritising wetlands subject to secondary salinisation for ongoing management using aquatic invertebrate assemblages: a case study from the Wheatbelt Region of Western Australia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=15–32 |doi=10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |issn=0923-4861 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Les phytoplanctons évoluent dans un milieu naturel, dans une eau présentant souvent de nombreux composés en solution. Cette matière peut interagir avec la vie, et les réactions chimiques résultant de ces interactions peuvent conférer à l'eau une nouvelle couleur. Le [[carbonate de calcium]], une fois précipité en calcite responsable des événements de blanchissement précédemment abordés, ne pourrait pas conférer à l'eau une couleur turquoise sans se fixer sur les planctons. C'est après la fixation de ces microparticules que la lumière est diffusée sur les grains de calcite, et confère à l'eau sa couleur<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Kufel |first=Lech |last2=Rymuza |first2=Katarzyna |date=2014-09 |title=Comparing the Effect of Phytoplankton and a Charophyte on Calcite Precipitation in Lake Water: Experimental Approach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/104.062.0305 |journal=Polish Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |page=431–439 |doi=10.3161/104.062.0305 |issn=1505-2249 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. ===== Bakteria, mfano wa {{Lang|en|''Grand Prismatic Spring''}} ===== [[Vijasumu|Bakteria]], vijidudu [[Prokaryota|vya prokaryotic]], hupatikana katika mazingira yote, na pia vinaweza kuipa uso rangi angavu na nyingi. [[Faili:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Prismatic Spring|Chemchemi ya Grand Prismatic]], katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone, ndiyo chemchemi kubwa zaidi ya maji moto nchini Marekani.]] {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. Katikati ya bonde, ambapo halijoto ni ya juu zaidi na uhai ni mdogo zaidi, rangi ya bluu ya ndani ya maji inaweza kuonekana. Rangi ya kijani-kijani hutokana na kina kifupi zaidi na mwangaza wa mwanga wa jua kutoka chini. Pete ya njano hutokana na uwepo wa aina ya cyanobacterium inayoitwa ''[[Synechococcus]]'', ambayo hustawi chini ya hali mbaya ya mkazo. Halijoto ya maji ni ya chini vya kutosha kuishi viumbe vinavyotumia usanisinuru <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Thomas D.|nom1=Brock|titre chapitre=Stromatolites: Yellowstone Analogues|titre ouvrage=Springer Series in Microbiology|éditeur=Springer New York|date=1978|isbn=978-1-4612-6286-2|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_11|consulté le=2022-01-24|passage=337–385}}</ref> . Uwanda unaozunguka GPS hauna miti au aina yoyote ya kivuli. ''Synechococcus'' haiwezi kuepuka miale ya jua ya urujuanimno na huweza kuishi kutokana na usawa wa rangi za usanisinuru. Misombo hii ya kemikali huakisi tu urefu fulani wa mawimbi ya mwanga unaoonekana, na kuyapa rangi tofauti. Rangi kuu ya usanisinuru ni klorofili, ambayo ni kijani. Lakini rangi ya klorofili wakati mwingine inaweza kuzidiwa na rangi zingine zinazojulikana kama ''[[Caroténoïdes|carotenoids]]'' . Carotenoids ni nyekundu, chungwa, au njano, na hulinda seli za bakteria kutokana na mwanga wa jua kwa kunasa mawimbi hatari kama vile [[urujuanimno]] . Zaidi ya hayo, huhamisha nishati hii iliyokamatwa kwenye rangi za klorofili, ambazo kisha hubadilisha nishati ya mwanga kuwa nishati ya kemikali, na kuzilinda kutokana na halijoto ya juu ya maji. Hivyo, kwa kuwa bakteria ''wa Synechococcus'' wanaishi katika ukanda wa halijoto ya juu, hutoa kiasi kikubwa cha karotefini, na kuipa ukanda rangi yake ya njano. Kwa sababu rangi ya ''Synechococcus'' inategemea sana mwanga wa jua, hii pia inamaanisha kwamba wakati wa baridi, wakati jua halina nguvu nyingi, bakteria hutoa karotenoidi chache na kwa hivyo huwa na rangi ya manjano kidogo, ikielekea bluu-kijani. Inapotoka nje kutoka kwenye utepe wa manjano, halijoto ya chanzo cha moto huanza kupoa, na halijoto inapopoa, aina mbalimbali za bakteria zinaweza kustawi. Bakteria ''ya Synechococcus'' bado huishi kwenye utepe wa chungwa, ambao ni karibu 60 C. °C pamoja na aina nyingine za bakteria, zinazoitwa ''Chloroflexus'' na ''Chromatiaceae'' bakteria. Hizi hutoa nishati kwa kutumia aina tofauti za klorofili na karotenoidi, ambazo hujitokeza kama rangi tofauti kidogo. Matokeo ya utofauti huu wa rangi ni rangi ya chungwa. Pete ya nje kabisa ndiyo baridi zaidi, ikiwa na joto la takriban 55 °C, na ile inayohifadhi jamii ya bakteria yenye utofauti zaidi. Kwa sababu viumbe vingi vinaweza kuishi kwenye pete ya nje, mchanganyiko wa karotenoidi zao tofauti hutoa rangi nyeusi zaidi, kuanzia nyekundu hadi kahawia <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nugent |first=Paul W. |last2=Shaw |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Vollmer |first3=Michael |date=2014-12-19 |title=Colors of thermal pools at Yellowstone National Park |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=B128 |doi=10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |issn=1559-128X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Hivyo, uwepo wa bakteria unaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali katika mazingira yake ya asili. miu3kjl1v12mgny0tszebvwlrrfac9a 1575700 1575542 2026-06-21T07:13:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Rangi ya maji''' ina kuwa na utofauti kulingana na fasi yake ya asili, na hizo utofauti zina matokeo nyingi. Ina kuwa [[Buluu|bluu]] kiasili kutokana na hali zake zaku nyonya zinazoletwa na [[Vibration moléculaire|mtetemeko wa molekuli]]. Hata kama kiasi ya [[maji]] ina onekana kuwa ndogo kulingana na rangi, maji safi ina onyesha rangi kidogo ya bluu ambayo huzidi kuongezeka kadri unene wa sampuli inayoonekana unavyoongezeka. Mwingiliano wa [[Rayon lumineux|miale ya mwanga]] na [[Molécule d'eau|molekuli za maji]], pamoja na maada yoyote yenye rangi iliyopo ndani ya maji ikiwa yanatosha kwa wingi, huipa uso rangi yake. Maada hii inaweza kuwa [[Uhai|hai]], [[Kemia isiyokaboni|yenye asili ya miamba]], au [[Mata ogania|ya kikaboni]]. === Rangi ya ndani === Jumla ya mwingiliano wote wa maji na mazingira yake inaelezea tofauti kati ya « rangi inayoonekana ambayo iko katika mazingira yake ya asili « rangi halisi " chini ya hali ya maabara. Rangi ya maji inaweza kupimwa kwa kutumia [[Échelle de couleur platine-cobalt|kipimo cha rangi ya platinamu-kobalti]] ." [[Faili:Absorption_coefficient_of_water.svg|thumb|315x315px|[[Coefficient d'absorption|Mgawo wa ufyonzaji]] wa maji safi katika wigo unaoonekana kama kazi ya urefu wa wimbi.]] [[Eau purifiée|Maji safi]] hunyonya miale ya mwanga yenye [[Masafa ya mawimbi|urefu wa mawimbi]] mengi (nyekundu, chungwa, njano…) na hayanyonyi chochote katika safu ya bluu <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pope |first=Robin M. |last2=Fry |first2=Edward S. |date=1997-11-20 |title=Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-36-33-8710 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=36 |issue=33 |page=8710 |doi=10.1364/AO.36.008710 |issn=0003-6935 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana kwa ujumla huhusishwa na [[Excitation (physique)|msisimko wa hali za nishati ya kielektroniki]] katika maada. Maji ni molekuli rahisi ya atomi tatu [[Molécule d'eau|H]] na ufyonzaji wake wote wa kielektroniki hutokea katika eneo la [[urujuanimno]] la [[Spektra|wigo wa sumakuumeme]] na kwa hivyo hayawajibiki kwa rangi ya maji katika [[Spectre visible|eneo linaloonekana la wigo]] . Asili ya rangi yake inahusiana na [[Vibration moléculaire|mtetemo wake wa molekuli]] . Molekuli ya maji ina njia tatu za msingi [[Vibration|za mtetemo]] . Mitetemo miwili ya kunyoosha ya dhamana ya OH hutokea katika v1 = 3 650  na v3 = 3 755  . Ufyonzaji kutokana na mitetemo hii hutokea katika eneo la [[Mialekundu|infrared]] la wigo. Mchanganyiko wa njia za mtetemo za molekuli za maji huunda [[Harmonique (physique)|harmonics]] . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana ni hasa kutokana na harmonics v1 + 3v3 = 14 318  , ambayo inalingana na urefu wa wimbi la 698 nm. Urefu huu wa wimbi unalingana na eneo la mwanga [[Nyekundu|mwekundu]] . Kwa hivyo maji hunyonya miale nyekundu ya mwanga kupitia mtetemo wake. Eneo la bluu halifyonzwa na mchakato huu, kwani urefu wa wimbi ni mfupi sana, na hivyo miale ya bluu hutawanyika hadi [[Jicho|machoni]], ambayo inaelezea rangi yake <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Braun |first=Charles L. |last2=Smirnov |first2=Sergei N. |date=1993-08 |title=Why is water blue? |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed070p612 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=en |volume=70 |issue=8 |page=612 |doi=10.1021/ed070p612 |issn=0021-9584 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Glass-of-water.jpg|alt=Photographie en couleur montrant un verre rond et long rempli à moitié d'eau.|thumb|Maji katika glasi yanaonekana wazi.]] Maji ya bluu ndiyo mfano pekee unaojulikana wa rangi ya asili inayosababishwa na mabadiliko ya mtetemo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en|title=Colors from vibrations {{!}} Causes of Color|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5B.html|accessdate=2022-01-25}}</ref> . Hii ni kutokana na mkusanyiko wa kipekee wa [[Liaison hydrogène|vifungo]] katika maji. Molekuli nyingi zina [[Vibration moléculaire|nguvu za mtetemo]] zenye [[Marudio (fizikia)|masafa]] ya chini kuliko yale ya maji, katika safu ya [[Mialekundu|infrared]] au joto lakini si katika safu ya mwanga inayoonekana. Atomu za hidrojeni katika maji ni nyepesi sana, na vifungo kati ya hidrojeni na oksijeni ni vikali sana, ambavyo huzipa masafa ya juu zaidi, hivyo kuziruhusu kutetemeka katika wigo unaoonekana. Katika maji safi kabisa, mwanga hauwezi kutawanyika juu ya uso, na hivyo kutoa miili yote ya maji rangi nyeusi inayoonekana. Kwa kuwa [[Ziwa|maziwa]] na [[Bahari kuu|bahari]] nyingi zina vitu hai na chembe za madini zilizoning'inia, mwanga [[Réfraction|hurejeshwa nyuma]] na vitu hivi, na baadhi ya mwanga wa bluu hutawanyika juu ya uso. Katika maji safi sana, kama vile katika baadhi ya maziwa ya milimani, kutawanyika kwa chembe ni kidogo sana. Katika hali hii, rangi ya bluu isiyo kali sana husababishwa na kutolewa tena kwa molekuli za maji zenyewe <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morel |first=Anclré |last2=Prieur |first2=Louis |date=1977-07 |title=Analysis of variations in ocean color |url=https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=709–722 |doi=10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |issn=0024-3590 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, kutokana na uwazi wake, maji hunyonya mwanga kwa upole tu. Kwa kweli, nguvu ya unyonyaji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa kila harmoniki inayofuata, na kusababisha unyonyaji dhaifu sana kwa harmoniki ya tatu. Kwa hivyo, kina fulani kinahitajika kabla ya mabadiliko ya rangi kuonekana. Kwa hivyo, maji kwenye glasi huonekana bila rangi kabisa, huku maji kwenye [[Piscine|bwawa la kuogelea]] yakionekana bluu kwa sababu sehemu nzima nyekundu ya wigo imefyonzwa. Nje ya hali ya maabara, maji hubadilika katika mazingira yaliyopakwa rangi na asili inayozunguka. [[Faili:Lake_Grdzeli,_Lagodekhi_Protected_Area,_Georgia_02.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Katika sehemu ya mbele, mandharinyuma yanaonekana na huathiri rangi ya uso. Katikati ya ardhi, mwangaza wa mlima unafunika maji. Kwenye upeo wa macho, rangi ya anga inaakisiwa kwenye maji.]] Mazingira haya [[Réflexion (physique)|yanaakisiwa]] kwenye uso wa maji. Kwa maji yasiyo na kina kirefu na [[Turbidité|safi]] vya kutosha, rangi ya uso itakuwa karibu na ile ya ardhi, kwani miale inaweza kuakisiwa kutoka chini. [[Anga]] pia inaakisiwa kwenye maji, na kusisitiza rangi yake ya bluu. Ingawa rangi ya bluu ya maji ni hasa kutokana na mwendo wake wa molekuli, kuakisiwa kwa anga ndio chanzo kikuu kwenye upeo wa macho. Mchango wa jamaa wa kuakisi angani na mwanga uliotawanyika kutoka kwenye kina kirefu unategemea sana pembe ya uchunguzi <ref name=":0" />, <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Plass |first=Gilbert N. |last2=Humphreys |first2=Terry J. |last3=Kattawar |first3=George W. |date=1978-05-01 |title=Color of the ocean |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-17-9-1432 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=9 |page=1432–1446 |doi=10.1364/AO.17.001432 |issn=2155-3165 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Wakati wa [[Crépuscule|machweo]], anga hupata rangi nyekundu na mwangaza wake hupungua. Maji hunyonya mwanga katika kiwango chekundu na hutiwa giza kutokana na kupungua huku kwa mwangaza. Chini ya hali hizi, huonekana mweusi. Maumbo yote [[Relief (géomorphologie)|ya ardhi]] karibu na mwili wa maji yanaweza kuakisiwa. Vivuli vyao pia vinaweza kuyatia giza. Ni kawaida sana kwa mifereji ya maji katika mazingira ya asili kuwa na rangi ya kijani inayoonekana kutokana na kuakisi [[Uoto asilia|mimea]] inayozunguka juu ya uso <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rankin |first=Arturo |last2=Matthies |first2=Larry |date=2010-10 |title=Daytime water detection based on color variation |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5650402/ |journal=2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems |language=en |page=215–221 |doi=10.1109/IROS.2010.5650402 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hatimaye, tafakari si sawa juu ya uso wa maji yanayotembea, na kuunda bendi za tafakari, na katika hali ya [[Écoulement turbulent|mtiririko wenye msukosuko]], viputo vya hewa vilivyoundwa huakisi miale nyeupe ya mwanga, na kuipa uso rangi nyeupe. == Uwepo wa maada katika suluhisho == === Mashapo yaliyoning'inizwa === Katika maumbile, maji huingiliana na mazingira yake, [[Charriage (géomorphologie)|yakibeba]] vitu ambavyo huitikia. Mwingiliano mmoja unaowezekana ni kusimamishwa kwa vitu. [[Mashapo]] yaliyoning'inizwa, yaliyoundwa na [[mchanga]] mwembamba sana, [[Limon (roche)|matope]], na [[Udongo kinamo|udongo]], yanaweza kuwajibika kwa mabadiliko katika rangi na [[Turbidité|machafuko]] ya maji ya mto na ziwa. Chembe hizi za madini zenye asili ya miamba hutokana na michakato ya [[mmomonyoko]] wa udongo. Mabadiliko ya rangi ya maji yanayosababishwa na mashapo yanaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi, kufuatia mafuriko au dhoruba, au ya kudumu ikiwa mto unaendelea kubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo. Rangi ya bahari, ambayo ina mkusanyiko wa [[Matière en suspension|vitu vilivyoning'inizwa]] (SS) kwa mpangilio wa miligramu ^10⁻² kwa lita, haiathiriwi sana na hili. Kwa upande mwingine, machafuko yana jukumu kubwa katika rangi ya maji ya mto, ambapo mkusanyiko wa SS unaweza kukadiriwa kwa wastani wa miligramu ^10² kwa lita <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Doeke|nom1=Eisma|titre chapitre=Transport of Suspended Matter|titre ouvrage=Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment|éditeur=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=1993|isbn=978-3-642-77724-0|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77722-6_5|consulté le=2022-01-23|passage=78–130}}</ref> . [[Faili:Peyto_Lake-Banff_NP-Canada.jpg|thumb|276x276px|[[Lac Peyto|Ziwa Peyto]], kutoka upande wa [[Promenade des Glaciers|Icefields Parkway]], [[Kanada]], lina rangi ya zumaridi kutokana na mkusanyiko wake mkubwa wa [[Farine de roche|unga wa mwamba]] .]] Ushawishi wa chembe chembe zilizosimamishwa (SPM) katika maji safi unaonekana hasa katika maeneo ya asili ambayo yamepitia mmomonyoko mkubwa. Katika baadhi ya [[Lacs|maziwa]] ya milimani, chembe ndogo sana za masimbi huitwa « unga wa mwamba ", inayotokana na [[Abrasion (géologie)|mkwaruzo wa]] [[Barafuto|barafu]] kwenye mwamba, huyapa maji rangi ya aquamarine. Barafu hutoa athari yake ya kukwaruza kwenye sehemu ndogo ya eneo, na athari hii ni kubwa zaidi katikati yake ambapo uzito ni mkubwa zaidi. Kwa hivyo, maziwa yana mashapo yaleyale yaliyoning'inia, kimsingi [[quartz]] iliyosagwa au [[Feldspath|feldspar]], yenye viwango tofauti, na kwa hivyo rangi tofauti <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Keller |first=W. D. |last2=Reesman |first2=A. L. |date=1963 |title=Glacial Milks and Their Laboratory-Simulated Counterparts |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |page=61 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |issn=0016-7606 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Metali nzito === Uwepo wa [[metali]] fulani katika myeyusho katika asili unaweza kuathiri rangi ya maji. Uwepo huu ni mdogo sana katika ujazo mkubwa wa maji. Kwa hivyo, bahari na maziwa makubwa huathiriwa kidogo tu na vitu hivi. Hata hivyo, athari zao zinaweza kuonekana katika maji madogo au mto. Katika mazingira haya, metali ya kawaida ni [[chuma]], ikifuatiwa na [[Manganisi|manganese]], zote zikiwa [[Metali ya mpito|metali za mpito]] zinazotokana na mmomonyoko wa udongo <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nriagu |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=H |last3=Coker |first3=R |date=1981 |title=Particulate and dissolved trace metals in Lake Ontario |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |journal=Water Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=91–96 |doi=10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |issn=0043-1354 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Río_Tinto_7.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Mto Río Tinto]], ulioko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Hispania|Uhispania]], una rangi nyekundu kutokana na kiwango chake kikubwa cha chuma kilichoyeyushwa ndani ya maji.]] Umbo ambalo chuma hupatikana huamua rangi ya maji; chuma hicho hicho kinaweza kuchorea maji kwa nguvu au kisiathiri kulingana na [[État d'oxydation|hali yake ya oksidi]] . Katika [[Aquifère|maeneo ya maji]], ambapo viwango vya oksijeni viko chini, aina zilizopunguzwa za chuma na manganese hutawala katika aina zilizo wazi, zisizo na rangi. Maji kutoka kwenye maeneo ya maji yenye chuma na manganese yanapowekwa wazi kwa hewa, elementi hizi [[Oxydation|huoksidishwa]] na kuwa aina ambazo haziyeyuki sana katika maji. Katika hali ya chuma, chembe ngumu huundwa, kwanza nyeupe, kisha njano, na hatimaye kahawia nyekundu, ambazo hutulia nje ya maji <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Chembe za [[Oxyde de fer|oksidi ya chuma]] (kutu) hubaki zimesimama kutokana na matukio matatu. [1] mchanganyiko wa maji (unaosababishwa na mwendo wake), [2] [[Viscosité|mnato]] wa maji, na [3] msongamano wa chembe kuhusiana na maji (karibu na umoja), ambao huyapa maji rangi nyekundu, kama inavyoonekana katika ''[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Río Tinto]]'' nchini Uhispania. Aina za manganese zilizooksidishwa kwa ujumla hubaki huyeyuka katika maji na ndizo zinazosababisha rangi yake nyeusi. Mchanganyiko wa metali unaweza pia kutoa rangi ya kipekee. Chuma na manganese mara nyingi hupatikana pamoja kwenye vijito, na mchanganyiko wao hupa maji rangi ya manjano-kahawia. === Uwepo wa ioni katika suluhisho === Uwepo wa [[ioni]] katika maji unaweza kusababisha [[Précipité|mvua]] ya madini yanayopaka rangi uso. Misombo ambayo mwanzoni haina rangi katika myeyusho inaweza kuwa molekuli zenye rangi kupitia athari za kemikali. Mito, yenye wastani wa kiwango cha ioni cha 10 hadi ^10² mg/L, kimsingi imeundwa na [[Kalisi|ioni za kalsiamu (Ca²⁺), magnesiamu (Mg²⁺), na bikaboneti (HCO₃⁻)]] ^. [[Magnesi|Kalsiamu]] ^na [[Bicarbonate|bikaboneti]] HCO ya majini na kuunda kalsiamu kaboneti ( _CaCO₃ ), kulingana na athari. : Ca Molekuli hii hupatikana kwa wingi katika maji ya baadhi ya maziwa. Hakika miamba ya chokaa kama vile chaki au kalisiti humomonyoa na kutoa chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti ndani ya maji. Kiwanja hiki cheupe cha kemikali huyeyuka kidogo tu katika maji, kwa viwango vya takriban 15 hadi 20 mg/L kwa 25 °C, huingia kwenye mchanganyiko ndani ya maji. Chembe hizi husafisha maji, ambayo kwa [[Synthèse additive|usanisi wa ziada]] na bluu ya maji hutoa rangi ya zumaridi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morse |first=John W. |last2=Arvidson |first2=Rolf S. |last3=Lüttge |first3=Andreas |date=2007-01-30 |title=Calcium Carbonate Formation and Dissolution |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr050358j |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=107 |issue=2 |page=342–381 |doi=10.1021/cr050358j |issn=0009-2665 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Lake_Ontario_Whiting_NASA_Satellite_Image.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Mtazamo wa angani wa {{Lang|en|''whiting event''}}, wingu la chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti katika Ziwa Ontario.]] « matukio ya kufua nguo Matukio « kwa ujumla hutokea mwishoni mwa kiangazi, katika maji safi na ya chumvi, na husababishwa na mabadiliko ya halijoto ya maji, ambayo huruhusu chembe ndogo za [[Carbonate de calcium|kalsiamu kaboneti]] kuunda kwenye safu ya maji. Zaidi ya hayo, katika [[Asidi|mazingira ya asidi]], kalsiamu kaboneti hubadilika kuwa kiwanja kinachoyeyuka sana na kisicho na rangi katika maji, [[Bicarbonate de calcium|kalsiamu bikaboneti]] Ca(HCO) . Kaboni dioksidi iliyoyeyushwa katika maji huunda asidi H kulingana na mmenyuko. CO Asidi hii humenyuka na kaboneti CaCO Chini ya hali hizi, maji hayapatwi rangi na kalsiamu bikaboneti. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa [[usanisinuru]] kwa [[Phytoplancton|phytoplankton]] na spishi zingine baharini [[Microscopique et macroscopique|zenye microscopic]] wakati wa vipindi vya joto kunaweza kupunguza kiasi cha [[Dioksidi kabonia|kaboni dioksidi]] CO ) ndani ya maji. Hii inaruhusu mabadiliko ya kalsiamu bikaboneti kuwa kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO ). Chembe hizi za kalsiamu kaboneti husababisha « weupe » ya maji, yaani, kusafisha sehemu kwa sehemu ya mwili wa maji <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Long |first=Jacqueline S. |last2=Hu |first2=Chuanmin |last3=Robbins |first3=Lisa L. |last4=Byrne |first4=Robert H. |date=2017-09 |title=Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |language=en |volume=196 |page=258–268 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |issn=0272-7714 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:What_an_amazing_lime_green_colour_-_The_Devil's_Bath_at_Wai-O-Tapu_thermal_area_near_Rotorua_(7087651281).jpg|thumb|289x289px|{{Lang|en|''Devil's Bath''}}, [[Lac acide|ziwa lenye asidi]] la Wai-o-tapu, [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]] .]] Zinapatikana katika maeneo yenye [[Volcanisme|volkeno]] hai, [[Lac acide|maziwa yenye asidi]] mara nyingi huwa na rangi nyingi. Rangi hii hutokana na [[Gaz volcaniques|gesi za volkeno]] zinazochanganyika na maji. Vipengele vikuu vya gesi za volkeno isipokuwa [[Vapeur d'eau|mvuke wa maji]] ( H ) na dioksidi kaboni ( CO ) ni viambato vya salfa katika umbo la [[Dioxyde de soufre|dioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO ), [[Trioxyde de soufre|trioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO (gesi za volkeno zenye joto juu) au [[Sulfure d'hydrogène|sulfidi hidrojeni]] ( H ( chini). Kiwanja kingine kinachogunduliwa katika gesi za volkeno ni [[Chlorure d'hydrogène|kloridi hidrojeni]] ( HCl ). Gesi hizi zinapotoka kwenye sakafu ya ziwa chini ya shinikizo la juu, [[Dissolution (chimie)|huyeyuka]] ndani ya maji na kuunda asidi [[Acide sulfureux|sulfuri]], [[Acide sulfurique|sulfuri]], na [[Asidi hidrokloridi|hidrokloriki]] . Sulfidi hupaka maji rangi ya kijani kibichi, kama inavyoonekana katika {{Lang|anglais|''Devil's Bath''}} huko [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]], huku kloridi hidrojeni ikiipa ziwa lenye asidi rangi isiyopitisha rangi ya sarani <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Childs |first=Alison M. |last2=Mountain |first2=Bruce W. |last3=O'Toole |first3=Ronan |last4=Stott |first4=Matthew B. |date=2008-10-14 |title=Relating Microbial Community and Physicochemical Parameters of a Hot Spring: Champagne Pool, Wai-o-tapu, New Zealand |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490450802413841 |journal=Geomicrobiology Journal |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7-8 |page=441–453 |doi=10.1080/01490450802413841 |issn=0149-0451 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, uwepo wa ioni si lazima usababishe maji kubadilisha rangi. Kiwanja cha kemikali kilichopo zaidi katika maji asilia ni [[Munyu|kloridi ya sodiamu]] ( NaCl ), chenye [[Concentration massique|mkusanyiko wa wingi]] katika bahari na bahari wa 30 à 40  kwa lita. Hata hivyo, kiwanja hiki, kilichoyeyushwa katika maji, hakiathiri rangi yake; [[Solution saturée|myeyusho wa chumvi iliyojaa]] hauwezi kutofautishwa na maji safi kwa jicho uchi. === Vitu vya kikaboni === [[Faili:Tannin-colored_water_of_Oparara_River.jpg|thumb|Maji yaliyopakwa rangi na [[Tanin|tanini]] kutoka [[Oparara (fleuve)|Mto Oparara]] . Tanini asilia huingia mtoni kutoka kwenye mimea inayozunguka.]] [[Carbone organique dissous|Kaboni hai iliyoyeyushwa]] (DOC), inayotokana na mtengano wa vitu hai, inaweza kuwepo katika viwango vya juu katika maji safi. Sio kila wakati hupaka rangi maji ambayo yapo. [[Coloration des matières organiques dissoutes dans l'eau|CDOM]], kifupi cha {{Lang|anglais|''colored dissolved organic matter''}}, hufafanuliwa kama vitu hai vilivyoyeyushwa vyenye rangi. Usemi « dutu ya njano " pia hutumika. Hakika, CDOM hunyonya kwa nguvu mwanga wa mawimbi mafupi kuanzia cyan hadi kijani, huku maji safi yakinyonya mwanga mwekundu wa mawimbi marefu. Kwa hivyo, mwanga pekee ambao haujafyonzwa ni ule wa katikati ya wigo unaoonekana, yaani njano, ambao unahalalisha jina « dutu ya njano Maji yenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa CDOM kwa ujumla yana rangi ya hudhurungi. [[Tanin|Tannins]] ndio aina nyingi zaidi za CDOM zinazopatikana katika maziwa na vijito. Zikivuja kutoka kwenye mizizi ya miti na mimea inayooza na kuingia kwenye maji yanayotiririka, huyapa maji rangi yake ya hudhurungi ya manjano, « na [[chai]] . [[Substance humique|Dutu za humus]] ni misombo ya kikaboni inayotokana na [[Rutuba|humus]], safu ya juu ya udongo inayodumishwa na kuoza kwa mimea. Aina za [[Colloïde|humus]] hizi za humus zinapatikana kwa wingi katika njia za maji, kama vile misitu na [[Tourbière|mabwawa ya mboji]] . [[Acide humique|Asidi ya humus]] inarejelea vitu vya kikaboni vinavyogandamana kwenye maji ili kuunda chembe ndogo. Asidi hii ni wakala wa kuchorea unaopatikana sana katika maji ya asili na unawajibika kwa rangi ya humus-nyeusi ya baadhi ya miili [[Eau stagnante|ya maji iliyosimama]] . Sehemu nyingine ya humus inayopatikana katika myeyusho ni [[Acide fulvique|asidi ya fulvic]] . Asidi hii hupatikana hasa katika mito mikubwa ya juu, ambapo humenyuka na kuunda asidi ya humus. Inapatikana katika viwango vya juu katika baadhi ya mito, kama vile [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] huko [[Brazil]], asidi ya fulvic huipa rangi nyeusi ya kipekee <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Christman |first=R. F. |last2=Ghassemi |first2=Masood |date=1966-06 |title=Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |journal=Journal - American Water Works Association |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |page=723–741 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |issn=0003-150X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Metali nyingi zina uwezo kwa kiasi fulani wa kutengeneza [[Complexe (chimie)|michanganyiko]] yenye vitu vya kikaboni, hasa kwa vitu vya humic vilivyoning'inizwa ndani ya maji. Chembe chembe za chuma, na kwa kiasi kidogo chembe chembe za manganese, ni metali mbili zinazoitikia na asidi ya humic kwenye mito. Uundaji wa michanganyiko unaweza kuongeza sana umumunyifu wa metali. Hii inaelezea ugunduzi katika maji yenye rangi nyingi wa kiasi cha chuma kinachozidi [[Solubilité|umumunyifu wake wa ioni]] <ref name=":1" />,<ref name=":13">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Uwepo wa plankton === [[Phytoplancton|Phytoplankton]] ni kundi la viumbe vidogo vidogo vinavyoishi katika [[Maji|mazingira ya majini]] . Baadhi ya phytoplankton ni [[Vijasumu|bakteria]], lakini wengi ni mimea [[Organisme unicellulaire|yenye seli moja]] kama vile [[mwani]] . Miongoni mwa spishi zinazopatikana sana ni [[cyanobacteria]], aina ya bakteria inayopata nishati yake kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na [[Algue verte|mwani wa kijani]]. ==== Mwani ==== [[Mwani]] ni viumbe hai, kwa ujumla hupatikana katika mazingira ya majini, vyenye uwezo wa usanisinuru. Kama « mwani Ingawa viumbe « hawaundi kundi la asili linalotokana na babu mmoja, ni kawaida kujumuisha cyanobacteria katika kundi hili lisilo rasmi. Hizi zinajadiliwa katika aya ifuatayo. Neno " [[Efflorescence algale|''mwani bloom'']] " linatumika kuelezea upanuzi wa haraka wa phytoplankton. ''Maua'' haya ni ya asili, hutokea katika bahari zote za dunia, na yanaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali. Hakika, mwani una rangi, ambazo mara nyingi hupakwa rangi, ili kuhakikisha uhai wao. [[Faili:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Marée rouge causée par des dinoflagellés au large de la jetée de la Scripps, [[California|Californie]].]] Planktoni zote za usanisinuru zina [[klorofili]] kama rangi yao kuu, ambayo kwa kawaida ni kijani. Kwa mkusanyiko wa kutosha, rangi hii inaweza kuonekana kwenye uso wa maji, na kuunda matukio ya « mawimbi ya kijani Phytoplankton pia ina rangi za ziada zinazoiruhusu kutumia mawimbi tofauti ya mwanga wa jua kwa ukuaji wake na lishe ya seli. Rangi hizi zinaweza kuwa na rangi mbalimbali « kuanzia kijani hadi kahawia hadi « .«mawimbi mekundu Mawimbi haya husababishwa na [[Microalgue|mwani mdogo]], [[Dinophyta|dinoflagellates]], ambazo zina rangi nyekundu inayoitwa [[Péridinine|peridinin]] . Spishi ''[[Noctiluca scintillans|*Noctiluca scintillans]]'' *, mojawapo ya spishi zilizo nyingi zaidi Duniani, huwajibika kwa mawimbi mekundu katika maeneo ya pwani yenye halijoto ya wastani na [[Nusutropiki|ya kitropiki]] duniani kote, katika kiwango kikubwa cha halijoto cha takriban nyuzi joto 10 Selsiasi. . Lakini spishi hii, kama spishi zingine nyingi za mwani, huja katika aina tofauti. ''Noctiluca'' ya Kijani inapatikana katika kiwango tofauti cha halijoto kuliko ''Noctiluca'' nyekundu, kuanzia 25 °C katika 30 °C, na hupatikana hasa katika maji ya kitropiki ya [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Bahari ya Kiarabu|Bahari ya Arabia]] . Ina klorofili zaidi, ambayo huipa rangi ya kijani. Hivyo, spishi hiyo hiyo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti, kulingana na hali ambayo yanaishi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Harrison |first=P. J. |last2=Furuya |first2=K. |last3=Glibert |first3=P. M. |last4=Xu |first4=J. |date=2011-07 |title=Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |journal=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=807–831 |doi=10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |issn=0254-4059 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . [[Faili:Noctiluca_scintillans.jpg|left|thumb|169x169px|''Miale ya Noctiluca'' [[Bactérie bioluminescente|yenye rangi ya kibiolojia inayong'aa]] katika bandari ya [[Zeebruges|Zeebrugge]], [[Ubelgiji]] .]] ''Noctiluca'' pia ina uwezo wa [[bioluminescence]], jambo ambalo ni nadra sana katika phytoplankton, kama inavyojulikana katika spishi chache tu za mwani na cyanobacteria. ''Noctiluca scintillans'' hutoa mwangaza wakati wa [[Contrainte (mécanique)|mkazo wa kiufundi]], yaani, wakati maji yanapovurugika, kwa mfano na mawimbi kwenye pwani. Hii husababisha maji ya juu kung'aa <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Buskey |first=Edward J. |date=1995 |title=Growth and bioluminescence of Noctiluca scintillans on varying algal diets |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=29–40 |doi=10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |issn=0142-7873 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Uwepo wa mwani pia unaelezea uhusiano kati ya vigezo vya [[Physico-chimie|kifizikia]] na rangi ya maji. Kwa mfano, [[Munyu|chumvi]], kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali, ni madini ambayo hayana rangi katika mmumunyo wa maji. Hata hivyo, maziwa ya chumvi mara nyingi huonyesha rangi inayoonekana wazi. [[Lac Hillier|Ziwa la Chumvi la Hillier]] lina rangi ya waridi angavu kutokana na ''[[Dunaliella salina]]'', mwani mwekundu unaoyapa maji rangi yake <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Delaney |first=Jessica |last2=Shiel |first2=Russell J. |last3=Storey |first3=Andrew W. |date=2015-07-29 |title=Prioritising wetlands subject to secondary salinisation for ongoing management using aquatic invertebrate assemblages: a case study from the Wheatbelt Region of Western Australia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=15–32 |doi=10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |issn=0923-4861 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Les phytoplanctons évoluent dans un milieu naturel, dans une eau présentant souvent de nombreux composés en solution. Cette matière peut interagir avec la vie, et les réactions chimiques résultant de ces interactions peuvent conférer à l'eau une nouvelle couleur. Le [[carbonate de calcium]], une fois précipité en calcite responsable des événements de blanchissement précédemment abordés, ne pourrait pas conférer à l'eau une couleur turquoise sans se fixer sur les planctons. C'est après la fixation de ces microparticules que la lumière est diffusée sur les grains de calcite, et confère à l'eau sa couleur<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Kufel |first=Lech |last2=Rymuza |first2=Katarzyna |date=2014-09 |title=Comparing the Effect of Phytoplankton and a Charophyte on Calcite Precipitation in Lake Water: Experimental Approach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/104.062.0305 |journal=Polish Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |page=431–439 |doi=10.3161/104.062.0305 |issn=1505-2249 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. ===== Bakteria, mfano wa {{Lang|en|''Grand Prismatic Spring''}} ===== [[Vijasumu|Bakteria]], vijidudu [[Prokaryota|vya prokaryotic]], hupatikana katika mazingira yote, na pia vinaweza kuipa uso rangi angavu na nyingi. [[Faili:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Prismatic Spring|Chemchemi ya Grand Prismatic]], katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone, ndiyo chemchemi kubwa zaidi ya maji moto nchini Marekani.]] {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. Katikati ya bonde, ambapo halijoto ni ya juu zaidi na uhai ni mdogo zaidi, rangi ya bluu ya ndani ya maji inaweza kuonekana. Rangi ya kijani-kijani hutokana na kina kifupi zaidi na mwangaza wa mwanga wa jua kutoka chini. Pete ya njano hutokana na uwepo wa aina ya cyanobacterium inayoitwa ''[[Synechococcus]]'', ambayo hustawi chini ya hali mbaya ya mkazo. Halijoto ya maji ni ya chini vya kutosha kuishi viumbe vinavyotumia usanisinuru <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Thomas D.|nom1=Brock|titre chapitre=Stromatolites: Yellowstone Analogues|titre ouvrage=Springer Series in Microbiology|éditeur=Springer New York|date=1978|isbn=978-1-4612-6286-2|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_11|consulté le=2022-01-24|passage=337–385}}</ref> . Uwanda unaozunguka GPS hauna miti au aina yoyote ya kivuli. ''Synechococcus'' haiwezi kuepuka miale ya jua ya urujuanimno na huweza kuishi kutokana na usawa wa rangi za usanisinuru. Misombo hii ya kemikali huakisi tu urefu fulani wa mawimbi ya mwanga unaoonekana, na kuyapa rangi tofauti. Rangi kuu ya usanisinuru ni klorofili, ambayo ni kijani. Lakini rangi ya klorofili wakati mwingine inaweza kuzidiwa na rangi zingine zinazojulikana kama ''[[Caroténoïdes|carotenoids]]'' . Carotenoids ni nyekundu, chungwa, au njano, na hulinda seli za bakteria kutokana na mwanga wa jua kwa kunasa mawimbi hatari kama vile [[urujuanimno]] . Zaidi ya hayo, huhamisha nishati hii iliyokamatwa kwenye rangi za klorofili, ambazo kisha hubadilisha nishati ya mwanga kuwa nishati ya kemikali, na kuzilinda kutokana na halijoto ya juu ya maji. Hivyo, kwa kuwa bakteria ''wa Synechococcus'' wanaishi katika ukanda wa halijoto ya juu, hutoa kiasi kikubwa cha karotefini, na kuipa ukanda rangi yake ya njano. Kwa sababu rangi ya ''Synechococcus'' inategemea sana mwanga wa jua, hii pia inamaanisha kwamba wakati wa baridi, wakati jua halina nguvu nyingi, bakteria hutoa karotenoidi chache na kwa hivyo huwa na rangi ya manjano kidogo, ikielekea bluu-kijani. Inapotoka nje kutoka kwenye utepe wa manjano, halijoto ya chanzo cha moto huanza kupoa, na halijoto inapopoa, aina mbalimbali za bakteria zinaweza kustawi. Bakteria ''ya Synechococcus'' bado huishi kwenye utepe wa chungwa, ambao ni karibu 60 C. °C pamoja na aina nyingine za bakteria, zinazoitwa ''Chloroflexus'' na ''Chromatiaceae'' bakteria. Hizi hutoa nishati kwa kutumia aina tofauti za klorofili na karotenoidi, ambazo hujitokeza kama rangi tofauti kidogo. Matokeo ya utofauti huu wa rangi ni rangi ya chungwa. Pete ya nje kabisa ndiyo baridi zaidi, ikiwa na joto la takriban 55 °C, na ile inayohifadhi jamii ya bakteria yenye utofauti zaidi. Kwa sababu viumbe vingi vinaweza kuishi kwenye pete ya nje, mchanganyiko wa karotenoidi zao tofauti hutoa rangi nyeusi zaidi, kuanzia nyekundu hadi kahawia <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nugent |first=Paul W. |last2=Shaw |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Vollmer |first3=Michael |date=2014-12-19 |title=Colors of thermal pools at Yellowstone National Park |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=B128 |doi=10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |issn=1559-128X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Hivyo, uwepo wa bakteria unaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali katika mazingira yake ya asili. 6l7xqrn7a42xp0nuo8p2i77fsukiuhg 0 241335 1575552 2026-06-20T17:29:25Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1575552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Inga04.jpg|thumb|Mtazamo wa bwawa la Inga I; mbele, mfereji wa usambazaji wa maji wa Inga II.]] '''Mabwawa ya Inga''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Barrages d'Inga; kwa [[Kiholanzi]]: Ingadam) ni mabwawa mawili ya kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji yaliyounganishwa na moja ya maporomoko makubwa ya maji duniani, [[Maporomoko ya Inga]]. Yanapatikana magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] na maili 140 kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kinshasa]]. [[Maporomoko ya Inga]] kwenye [[Mto Kongo]] ni mkusanyiko wa maporomoko (au [[korongo]]) yaliyo chini ya Maporomoko ya Livingstone na Pool Malebo. Mto Kongo huporomoka mita ~96 (futi 315) ndani ya mkusanyiko huu wa maporomoko. Wastani wa mtiririko wa kila mwaka wa [[Mto Kongo]] katika Maporomoko ya Inga ni ~42,000 za mita za ujazo kwa sekunde (futi za ujazo 1,500,000 kwa sekunde). Kwa kuzingatia kiwango hiki cha mtiririko na mwinuko wa mita 96, Maporomoko ya Inga pekee yana uwezo wa kuzalisha ~39.6 gigawati (53,100,000 hp) za nishati ya mitambo na karibu kiasi hichohicho cha nishati ya umeme. Maporomoko ya Inga kwa sasa ni eneo la mitambo miwili mikubwa ya kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji na inazingatiwa kwa ajili ya kituo kikubwa zaidi cha kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji kinachojulikana kama Grand Inga. Mradi wa Grand Inga, ukikamilika, utakuwa kituo kikubwa zaidi cha kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji duniani. Upeo wa sasa wa mradi unahitaji matumizi ya kiwango cha mtiririko wa ~26,400 za mita za ujazo kwa sekunde kwenye mwinuko wavu wa ~150; hii ni sawa na uwezo wa kuzalisha ~38.9 GW. Jenereta hii ya umeme wa nguvu ya maji itakuwa zaidi ya mara mbili ya mmiliki wa sasa wa rekodi ya dunia, ambayo ni Bwawa la Three Gorges kwenye Mto Yangtze nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]]. Grand Inga ni mradi wa kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji wa aina ya "run-of-the-river" ambapo bwawa dogo tu la hifadhi litaanzishwa ili kusaidia nguvu ya mtiririko wa mto. Hii itafanyika ili mwinuko wavu kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme uweze kufikia mita 150. == Historia == [[Faili:Inga-matadi.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Ramani ya miaka ya 1890 ya Maporomoko ya Inga]] Serikali ya kikoloni ya Ubelgiji ilikuwa ikizingatia kuanzisha kile ilichokiita Mpango wa Inga wakati wa ukingo wa kupata uhuru mnamo 1959. Inga I ilikamilika mnamo 1972, na Inga II mnamo 1982. === Utafiti wa awali === Uwezo wa Mto Kongo wa kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji ulitambuliwa mapema sana, wakati ambapo [[utawala wa kikoloni]] ulikuwa ukipanuka barani Afrika na mito ilikuwa ikianza kutumiwa kuzalisha umeme. Ripoti moja ya awali kuhusu uwezo huu ilitoka kupitia Utafiti wa Jiolojia wa [[Marekani]] mwaka 1921; matokeo yao yalihitimisha kuwa Bonde la [[Kongo]] kwa ujumla lilikuwa na "zaidi ya robo moja ya uwezo wa nishati ya maji duniani". Kuhusu eneo la Maporomoko ya Inga mahususi, hili liliangaziwa miaka minne tu baadaye na askari, mwanahisabati, na mjasiriamali wa [[Ubelgiji]], Kanali Van Deuren. Aliendelea na kazi ya utafiti kuzunguka [[Maporomoko ya Inga]], na wakati wa miaka ya 1920 na 1930 kulikuwa na hatua fulani kuelekea utafiti zaidi wa uwezo wa eneo hilo na kundi la Syneba (1929–1939), hata hivyo, kuzuka kwa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na kuvunjwa kwa Syneba kulikomaza maendeleo ya eneo hilo kwa muda.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8</ref> Atlantropa, mpango wa kuziunganisha Ulaya na Afrika uliobuniwa na Herman Soergel katika miaka ya 1920, ulijumuisha pendekezo la kulizuia Mto Kongo kwa bwawa. Katika mpango huu, maji hayo yangetumika kumwagilia jangwa la Afrika Kaskazini, na kuzalisha gigawati 22.5 hadi 45 za nishati.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ahr/121.1.70</ref> === Mpango wa Ubelgiji === Licha ya ukosefu wa maendeleo wakati na mara baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, uwezekano wa kusisimua uliotolewa na Maporomoko ya Inga uliendelea kuwa maarufu katika akili za wahandisi. Kitabu cha mwaka 1954 cha ''Engineers' Dreams'' kiliorodhesha miradi mingi mikubwa ambayo inaweza kinadharia kutekelezwa (miongoni mwayo ikiwa ni handaki la baadaye la Channel Tunnel), ambapo kubwa zaidi lilikuwa Bwawa la Inga ambalo lingetengeneza ziwa litakalofika hadi [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko]] 0018mc324otl7jnebey4o1nevjtmrhf 1575702 1575552 2026-06-21T07:17:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Inga04.jpg|thumb|Mtazamo wa bwawa la Inga I; mbele, mfereji wa usambazaji wa maji wa Inga II.]] '''Lambo la Inga''' (kwa [[Kifaransa]]: Barrages d'Inga; kwa [[Kiholanzi]]: Ingadam) limeunda mabwawa mawili ya kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji yaliyounganishwa na moja ya maporomoko makubwa ya maji duniani, [[Maporomoko ya Inga]]. Yanapatikana magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] na maili 140 kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kinshasa]]. Maporomoko ya Inga kwenye [[Mto Kongo]] ni mkusanyiko wa maporomoko yaliyo chini ya [[Maporomoko ya Livingstone]] na Pool Malebo. Mto Kongo huporomoka mita ~96 (futi 315) ndani ya mkusanyiko huu wa maporomoko. Wastani wa mtiririko wa kila mwaka wa Mto Kongo katika Maporomoko ya Inga ni ~42,000 za mita za ujazo kwa sekunde (futi za ujazo 1,500,000 kwa sekunde). Kwa kuzingatia kiwango hiki cha mtiririko na mwinuko wa mita 96, Maporomoko ya Inga pekee yana uwezo wa kuzalisha ~39.6 gigawati (53,100,000 hp) za nishati ya mitambo na karibu kiasi hichohicho cha nishati ya umeme. Maporomoko ya Inga kwa sasa ni eneo la mitambo miwili mikubwa ya kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji na inazingatiwa kwa ajili ya kituo kikubwa zaidi cha kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji kinachojulikana kama Grand Inga. Mradi wa Grand Inga, ukikamilika, utakuwa kituo kikubwa zaidi cha kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji duniani. Upeo wa sasa wa mradi unahitaji matumizi ya kiwango cha mtiririko wa ~26,400 za mita za ujazo kwa sekunde kwenye mwinuko wavu wa ~150; hii ni sawa na uwezo wa kuzalisha ~38.9 GW. Jenereta hii ya umeme wa nguvu ya maji itakuwa zaidi ya mara mbili ya mmiliki wa sasa wa rekodi ya dunia, ambayo ni Bwawa la Three Gorges kwenye Mto Yangtze nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]]. Grand Inga ni mradi wa kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji wa aina ya "run-of-the-river" ambapo bwawa dogo tu la hifadhi litaanzishwa ili kusaidia nguvu ya mtiririko wa mto. Hii itafanyika ili mwinuko wavu kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kuzalisha umeme uweze kufikia mita 150. == Historia == [[Faili:Inga-matadi.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Ramani ya miaka ya 1890 ya Maporomoko ya Inga]] Serikali ya kikoloni ya Ubelgiji ilikuwa ikizingatia kuanzisha kile ilichokiita Mpango wa Inga wakati wa ukingo wa kupata uhuru mnamo 1959. Inga I ilikamilika mnamo 1972, na Inga II mnamo 1982. === Utafiti wa awali === Uwezo wa Mto Kongo wa kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji ulitambuliwa mapema sana, wakati ambapo [[utawala wa kikoloni]] ulikuwa ukipanuka barani Afrika na mito ilikuwa ikianza kutumiwa kuzalisha umeme. Ripoti moja ya awali kuhusu uwezo huu ilitoka kupitia Utafiti wa Jiolojia wa [[Marekani]] mwaka 1921; matokeo yao yalihitimisha kuwa Bonde la [[Kongo]] kwa ujumla lilikuwa na "zaidi ya robo moja ya uwezo wa nishati ya maji duniani". Kuhusu eneo la Maporomoko ya Inga mahususi, hili liliangaziwa miaka minne tu baadaye na askari, mwanahisabati, na mjasiriamali wa [[Ubelgiji]], Kanali Van Deuren. Aliendelea na kazi ya utafiti kuzunguka [[Maporomoko ya Inga]], na wakati wa miaka ya 1920 na 1930 kulikuwa na hatua fulani kuelekea utafiti zaidi wa uwezo wa eneo hilo na kundi la Syneba (1929–1939), hata hivyo, kuzuka kwa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia na kuvunjwa kwa Syneba kulikomaza maendeleo ya eneo hilo kwa muda.<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8</ref> Atlantropa, mpango wa kuziunganisha Ulaya na Afrika uliobuniwa na Herman Soergel katika miaka ya 1920, ulijumuisha pendekezo la kulizuia Mto Kongo kwa bwawa. Katika mpango huu, maji hayo yangetumika kumwagilia jangwa la Afrika Kaskazini, na kuzalisha gigawati 22.5 hadi 45 za nishati.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ahr/121.1.70</ref> === Mpango wa Ubelgiji === Licha ya ukosefu wa maendeleo wakati na mara baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, uwezekano wa kusisimua uliotolewa na Maporomoko ya Inga uliendelea kuwa maarufu katika akili za wahandisi. Kitabu cha mwaka 1954 cha ''Engineers' Dreams'' kiliorodhesha miradi mingi mikubwa ambayo inaweza kinadharia kutekelezwa (miongoni mwayo ikiwa ni handaki la baadaye la Channel Tunnel), ambapo kubwa zaidi lilikuwa Bwawa la Inga ambalo lingetengeneza ziwa litakalofika hadi [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Malambo]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ew4d51e7i54c169p3rtj9bxisanz8ye 0 241336 1575554 2026-06-20T17:42:17Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Barrakunda''' (au Barra Kunda Falls) ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Tambacounda nchini [[Senegal]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Travel and Alien Vibes {{!}} A Cosmic Playground|url=https://net.rumbletum.net/|work=Time Travel and Alien Vibes|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> takribani kilomita 500 kutoka mdomo wa Mto Gambia kuelekea juu ya mkondo wa mto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barra Kunda Falls (Barrakundafalls) - Map...' 1575554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Barrakunda''' (au Barra Kunda Falls) ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Tambacounda nchini [[Senegal]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Travel and Alien Vibes {{!}} A Cosmic Playground|url=https://net.rumbletum.net/|work=Time Travel and Alien Vibes|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> takribani kilomita 500 kutoka mdomo wa Mto Gambia kuelekea juu ya mkondo wa mto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barra Kunda Falls (Barrakundafalls) - Map, Weather and Photos - The Gambia: rapids - Lat:13.55 and Long:-13.8167|url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/the_gambia/gambia_the_(general)/_barrakundafalls/|work=www.getamap.net|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Kwa sababu maporomoko haya huzuia usafiri wa mtoni wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi, yalikuwa alama muhimu na kikwazo kwa wavumbuzi wa [[Ulaya]] waliotaka kufika maeneo ya ndani ya [[F|Afrika]]. Miongoni mwa wavumbuzi hao walikuwa Richard Jobson na Richard Graves MacDonnell. Kijiji cha Barrakunda, ambacho kilikuwa sehemu ya Ufalme wa Wuli, wakati mwingine kilikuwa mwenyeji wa vituo vya biashara vya [[Wazungu]] kuanzia mapema mwaka 1651. Hali hii ilikifanya eneo hilo kuwa muhimu katika biashara na mawasiliano kati ya wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya na jamii za Afrika Magharibi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] h2nnnp5le3124p6xgy2omcn9yq8hwdx 1575614 1575554 2026-06-20T21:57:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1575614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Barrakunda''' (au Barra Kunda Falls) ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Tambacounda nchini [[Senegal]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Time Travel and Alien Vibes {{!}} A Cosmic Playground|url=https://net.rumbletum.net/|work=Time Travel and Alien Vibes|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> takribani kilomita 500 kutoka mdomo wa Mto Gambia kuelekea juu ya mkondo wa mto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Barra Kunda Falls (Barrakundafalls) - Map, Weather and Photos - The Gambia: rapids - Lat:13.55 and Long:-13.8167|url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/the_gambia/gambia_the_(general)/_barrakundafalls/|work=www.getamap.net|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Kwa sababu maporomoko haya huzuia usafiri wa mtoni wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi, yalikuwa alama muhimu na kikwazo kwa wavumbuzi wa [[Ulaya]] waliotaka kufika maeneo ya ndani ya [[F|Afrika]]. Miongoni mwa wavumbuzi hao walikuwa Richard Jobson na Richard Graves MacDonnell. Kijiji cha Barrakunda, ambacho kilikuwa sehemu ya Ufalme wa Wuli, wakati mwingine kilikuwa mwenyeji wa vituo vya biashara vya [[Wazungu]] kuanzia mapema mwaka 1651. Hali hii ilikifanya eneo hilo kuwa muhimu katika biashara na mawasiliano kati ya wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya na jamii za Afrika Magharibi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] l82oeb60o7bwgc5i87z6hm8rjrca14i 1575703 1575614 2026-06-21T07:18:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Barrakunda''' (au Barra Kunda Falls) ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika [[Mkoa wa Tambacounda]] nchini [[Senegal]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Time Travel and Alien Vibes {{!}} A Cosmic Playground|url=https://net.rumbletum.net/|work=Time Travel and Alien Vibes|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en}}</ref> takribani kilomita 500 kutoka mdomo wa Mto Gambia kuelekea juu ya mkondo wa mto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Barra Kunda Falls (Barrakundafalls) - Map, Weather and Photos - The Gambia: rapids - Lat:13.55 and Long:-13.8167|url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/the_gambia/gambia_the_(general)/_barrakundafalls/|work=www.getamap.net|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Kwa sababu maporomoko haya huzuia usafiri wa mtoni wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi, yalikuwa alama muhimu na kikwazo kwa wavumbuzi wa [[Ulaya]] waliotaka kufika maeneo ya ndani ya [[Afrika]]. Miongoni mwa wavumbuzi hao walikuwa Richard Jobson na Richard Graves MacDonnell. Kijiji cha Barrakunda, ambacho kilikuwa sehemu ya Ufalme wa Wuli, wakati mwingine kilikuwa mwenyeji wa vituo vya biashara vya [[Wazungu]] kuanzia mapema mwaka 1651. Hali hii ilikifanya eneo hilo kuwa muhimu katika biashara na mawasiliano kati ya wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya na jamii za Afrika Magharibi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 2a5h65zoy0up1x2aztr7ug3eezr24lw 0 241337 1575555 2026-06-20T17:46:58Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Dindefelo.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya '''Dindefelo''']] '''Maporomoko ya Dindefelo''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyopo katika mji wa Dindefelo, kusini-mashariki mwa [[Senegal]], karibu na mpaka wa Guinea. Ni mojawapo ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii nchini humo. [[Maporomoko]] haya yana urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 100, na yamezungukwa na mandhari ya kuvutia ya milima, misitu na mazingira ya asili ya eneo la Dindefelo. Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni sehemu ya...' 1575555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dindefelo.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya '''Dindefelo''']] '''Maporomoko ya Dindefelo''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyopo katika mji wa Dindefelo, kusini-mashariki mwa [[Senegal]], karibu na mpaka wa Guinea. Ni mojawapo ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii nchini humo. [[Maporomoko]] haya yana urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 100, na yamezungukwa na mandhari ya kuvutia ya milima, misitu na mazingira ya asili ya eneo la Dindefelo. Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni sehemu ya eneo la Nchi ya Bassari, ambalo limetambuliwa na [[UNESCO]] kama Tovuti ya Urithi wa Dunia kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kiutamaduni na kiasili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bassari Country&#x3a; Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1407/|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Kutokana na uzuri wake wa asili na urithi wake wa kipekee, Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni kivutio muhimu kwa [[watalii]], wapenda mazingira na watafiti wanaotembelea Senegal. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] qqfrw1zjd0vxr9cwdlr0ct85xcq3i3j 1575615 1575555 2026-06-20T21:57:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dindefelo.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya '''Dindefelo''']] '''Maporomoko ya Dindefelo''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyopo katika mji wa Dindefelo, kusini-mashariki mwa [[Senegal]], karibu na mpaka wa Guinea. Ni mojawapo ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii nchini humo. [[Maporomoko]] haya yana urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 100, na yamezungukwa na mandhari ya kuvutia ya milima, misitu na mazingira ya asili ya eneo la Dindefelo. Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni sehemu ya eneo la Nchi ya Bassari, ambalo limetambuliwa na [[UNESCO]] kama Tovuti ya Urithi wa Dunia kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kiutamaduni na kiasili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bassari Country&#x3a; Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1407/|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Kutokana na uzuri wake wa asili na urithi wake wa kipekee, Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni kivutio muhimu kwa [[watalii]], wapenda mazingira na watafiti wanaotembelea Senegal. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 41ed2oyeptw4o4tgkmry7cke4zzlzxn 1575704 1575615 2026-06-21T07:18:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dindefelo.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya '''Dindefelo''']] '''Maporomoko ya Dindefelo''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika mji wa Dindefelo, kusini-mashariki mwa [[Senegal]], karibu na mpaka wa Guinea. Ni mojawapo ya vivutio maarufu vya utalii nchini humo. [[Maporomoko]] haya yana urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 100, na yamezungukwa na mandhari ya kuvutia ya milima, misitu na mazingira ya asili ya eneo la Dindefelo. Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni sehemu ya eneo la Nchi ya Bassari, ambalo limetambuliwa na [[UNESCO]] kama Tovuti ya Urithi wa Dunia kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kiutamaduni na kiasili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bassari Country&#x3a; Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1407/|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Kutokana na uzuri wake wa asili na urithi wake wa kipekee, Maporomoko ya Dindefelo ni kivutio muhimu kwa [[watalii]], wapenda mazingira na watafiti wanaotembelea Senegal. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] eg6px19jn6kivnmdf96lwi8df1iqzu4 0 241338 1575556 2026-06-20T17:51:54Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Iskushuban''' (kwa Kisomali: ''Iskushubaan'', na kwa Kiitaliano: ''Scusciuban'') ni mji mdogo uliopo katika Mkoa wa Bari, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Somalia]] katika Pembe ya [[Afrika]]. Ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyo ndani ya Jimbo la Puntland lenye mamlaka ya kujitawala. Mji huu upo karibu na meridiani ya 50° mashariki. == Muhtasari == Iskushuban ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Iskushuban. Mji huu upo kilomita 80 mashariki mwa mji wa Qardho na kilomita 1...' 1575556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iskushuban''' (kwa Kisomali: ''Iskushubaan'', na kwa Kiitaliano: ''Scusciuban'') ni mji mdogo uliopo katika Mkoa wa Bari, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Somalia]] katika Pembe ya [[Afrika]]. Ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyo ndani ya Jimbo la Puntland lenye mamlaka ya kujitawala. Mji huu upo karibu na meridiani ya 50° mashariki. == Muhtasari == Iskushuban ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Iskushuban. Mji huu upo kilomita 80 mashariki mwa mji wa Qardho na kilomita 150 kusini mwa Bosaso, kitovu cha biashara cha Puntland. Katika [[Bonde]] la Arie, lililopo kati ya Iskushuban na Qardho, kulikuwa na mji mkubwa wa kale uliokuwa na majengo makubwa na kuta nene.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ|title=East African|last=Trade|first=McGraw-Hill|last2=Books|first2=Passport|date=1994|publisher=McGraw-Hill Trade|isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0|language=en}}</ref> Iskushuban inajulikana kwa maporomoko yake ya [[maji]] ya msimu, ambayo ni ya pili kwa ukubwa nchini Somalia baada ya Maporomoko ya Lamadaya yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Sanaag kaskazini mwa nchi. Katika kipindi cha awali cha [[historia]] ya kisasa, Iskushuban ilikuwa sehemu ya Usultani wa Majeerteen, uliokuwa na makao yake makuu Aluula. Baadaye, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, eneo hilo lilijumuishwa katika Somaliland ya Kiitaliano. == Idadi ya Watu == Mji wa Iskushuban una wakazi wapatao 17,000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com|url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|work=www.tageo.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|author=Cyrille Korsakoff {{!}} Tageo.com {{!}} Tina Kuo Shi Wen}}</ref>[[Wilaya]] nzima ya Iskushuban ina idadi ya watu takribani 45,027. == Elimu == Iskushuban ina taasisi mbalimbali za elimu. Kulingana na Wizara ya [[Elimu]] ya Puntland, Wilaya ya Iskushuban ina shule 8 za msingi. Miongoni mwa shule hizo ni Timirshe, Meeladeen, Gargoore na Shule ya Msingi ya Iskushuban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Primary – Ministry of Education in Puntland|url=http://www.moepuntland.com/primary/|work=www.moepuntland.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] b4k1ahkcgt48cosn98z6y4xcc5htqup 1575616 1575556 2026-06-20T21:57:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1575616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iskushuban''' (kwa Kisomali: ''Iskushubaan'', na kwa Kiitaliano: ''Scusciuban'') ni mji mdogo uliopo katika Mkoa wa Bari, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Somalia]] katika Pembe ya [[Afrika]]. Ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyo ndani ya Jimbo la Puntland lenye mamlaka ya kujitawala. Mji huu upo karibu na meridiani ya 50° mashariki. == Muhtasari == Iskushuban ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Iskushuban. Mji huu upo kilomita 80 mashariki mwa mji wa Qardho na kilomita 150 kusini mwa Bosaso, kitovu cha biashara cha Puntland. Katika [[Bonde]] la Arie, lililopo kati ya Iskushuban na Qardho, kulikuwa na mji mkubwa wa kale uliokuwa na majengo makubwa na kuta nene.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ|title=East African|last=Trade|first=McGraw-Hill|last2=Books|first2=Passport|date=1994|publisher=McGraw-Hill Trade|isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0|language=en}}</ref> Iskushuban inajulikana kwa maporomoko yake ya [[maji]] ya msimu, ambayo ni ya pili kwa ukubwa nchini Somalia baada ya Maporomoko ya Lamadaya yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Sanaag kaskazini mwa nchi. Katika kipindi cha awali cha [[historia]] ya kisasa, Iskushuban ilikuwa sehemu ya Usultani wa Majeerteen, uliokuwa na makao yake makuu Aluula. Baadaye, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, eneo hilo lilijumuishwa katika Somaliland ya Kiitaliano. == Idadi ya Watu == Mji wa Iskushuban una wakazi wapatao 17,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com|url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|work=www.tageo.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|author=Cyrille Korsakoff {{!}} Tageo.com {{!}} Tina Kuo Shi Wen}}</ref>[[Wilaya]] nzima ya Iskushuban ina idadi ya watu takribani 45,027. == Elimu == Iskushuban ina taasisi mbalimbali za elimu. Kulingana na Wizara ya [[Elimu]] ya Puntland, Wilaya ya Iskushuban ina shule 8 za msingi. Miongoni mwa shule hizo ni Timirshe, Meeladeen, Gargoore na Shule ya Msingi ya Iskushuban.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Primary – Ministry of Education in Puntland|url=http://www.moepuntland.com/primary/|work=www.moepuntland.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] djlo9uiflo4d1i1l10xgyk1uiqexhob 1575705 1575616 2026-06-21T07:19:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maporomoko ya Iskushuban]] hadi [[Iskushuban]]: usahihi wa jina 1575616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iskushuban''' (kwa Kisomali: ''Iskushubaan'', na kwa Kiitaliano: ''Scusciuban'') ni mji mdogo uliopo katika Mkoa wa Bari, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Somalia]] katika Pembe ya [[Afrika]]. Ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyo ndani ya Jimbo la Puntland lenye mamlaka ya kujitawala. Mji huu upo karibu na meridiani ya 50° mashariki. == Muhtasari == Iskushuban ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Iskushuban. Mji huu upo kilomita 80 mashariki mwa mji wa Qardho na kilomita 150 kusini mwa Bosaso, kitovu cha biashara cha Puntland. Katika [[Bonde]] la Arie, lililopo kati ya Iskushuban na Qardho, kulikuwa na mji mkubwa wa kale uliokuwa na majengo makubwa na kuta nene.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ|title=East African|last=Trade|first=McGraw-Hill|last2=Books|first2=Passport|date=1994|publisher=McGraw-Hill Trade|isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0|language=en}}</ref> Iskushuban inajulikana kwa maporomoko yake ya [[maji]] ya msimu, ambayo ni ya pili kwa ukubwa nchini Somalia baada ya Maporomoko ya Lamadaya yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Sanaag kaskazini mwa nchi. Katika kipindi cha awali cha [[historia]] ya kisasa, Iskushuban ilikuwa sehemu ya Usultani wa Majeerteen, uliokuwa na makao yake makuu Aluula. Baadaye, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, eneo hilo lilijumuishwa katika Somaliland ya Kiitaliano. == Idadi ya Watu == Mji wa Iskushuban una wakazi wapatao 17,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com|url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|work=www.tageo.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|author=Cyrille Korsakoff {{!}} Tageo.com {{!}} Tina Kuo Shi Wen}}</ref>[[Wilaya]] nzima ya Iskushuban ina idadi ya watu takribani 45,027. == Elimu == Iskushuban ina taasisi mbalimbali za elimu. Kulingana na Wizara ya [[Elimu]] ya Puntland, Wilaya ya Iskushuban ina shule 8 za msingi. Miongoni mwa shule hizo ni Timirshe, Meeladeen, Gargoore na Shule ya Msingi ya Iskushuban.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Primary – Ministry of Education in Puntland|url=http://www.moepuntland.com/primary/|work=www.moepuntland.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za jiografia ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] djlo9uiflo4d1i1l10xgyk1uiqexhob 1575708 1575705 2026-06-21T07:20:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1575708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iskushuban''' (kwa Kisomali: ''Iskushubaan'', na kwa Kiitaliano: ''Scusciuban'') ni mji mdogo uliopo katika Mkoa wa Bari, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Somalia]] katika Pembe ya [[Afrika]]. Ni makazi ya kihistoria yaliyo ndani ya Jimbo la Puntland lenye mamlaka ya kujitawala. Mji huu upo karibu na meridiani ya 50° mashariki. == Muhtasari == Iskushuban ni makao makuu ya Wilaya ya Iskushuban. Mji huu upo kilomita 80 mashariki mwa mji wa Qardho na kilomita 150 kusini mwa Bosaso, kitovu cha biashara cha Puntland. Katika [[Bonde]] la Arie, lililopo kati ya Iskushuban na Qardho, kulikuwa na mji mkubwa wa kale uliokuwa na majengo makubwa na kuta nene.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ|title=East African|last=Trade|first=McGraw-Hill|last2=Books|first2=Passport|date=1994|publisher=McGraw-Hill Trade|isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0|language=en}}</ref> Iskushuban inajulikana kwa maporomoko yake ya [[maji]] ya msimu, ambayo ni ya pili kwa ukubwa nchini Somalia baada ya Maporomoko ya Lamadaya yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Sanaag kaskazini mwa nchi. Katika kipindi cha awali cha [[historia]] ya kisasa, Iskushuban ilikuwa sehemu ya Usultani wa Majeerteen, uliokuwa na makao yake makuu Aluula. Baadaye, mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, eneo hilo lilijumuishwa katika Somaliland ya Kiitaliano. == Idadi ya Watu == Mji wa Iskushuban una wakazi wapatao 17,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com|url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|work=www.tageo.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|author=Cyrille Korsakoff {{!}} Tageo.com {{!}} Tina Kuo Shi Wen}}</ref>[[Wilaya]] nzima ya Iskushuban ina idadi ya watu takribani 45,027. == Elimu == Iskushuban ina taasisi mbalimbali za elimu. Kulingana na Wizara ya [[Elimu]] ya Puntland, Wilaya ya Iskushuban ina shule 8 za msingi. Miongoni mwa shule hizo ni Timirshe, Meeladeen, Gargoore na Shule ya Msingi ya Iskushuban.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Primary – Ministry of Education in Puntland|url=http://www.moepuntland.com/primary/|work=www.moepuntland.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Somalia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Somalia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bs3dr6y0bexx0fif3lupoljbp4x93cd 0 241339 1575599 2026-06-20T21:26:49Z Wavepainter 90422 Makala mpya kuhusu Axel Jonas Halbach 1575599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Axel Jonas Halbach | picha = Axel Jonas Halbach - explorer, traveller, writer and artist (1934-2022) 01.jpg | maelezo = Halbach mwaka 2017 | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 18 Machi 1934 | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamburg]], Ujerumani | tarehe ya kufa = 12 Desemba 2022 (umri 88) | mahali alipofia = Ismaning, Ujerumani | utaifa = Mjerumani | kazi yake = Mwanauchumi, mwandishi, mchoraji }} '''Axel Jonas Halbach''' (alizaliwa tarehe 18 Machi 1934 mjini Hamburg; alifariki tarehe 12 Desemba 2022 mjini Ismaning) alikuwa mwanauchumi, mtaalamu wa masuala ya maendeleo, mwandishi na mchoraji wa Kijerumani.<ref name="trauer">Edelgard Halbach na familia nzima: "Traueranzeigen von Axel J. Halbach" (Tangazo la rambirambi kwa Axel J. Halbach). Katika: ''sueddeutsche.de'', 17 Desemba 2022. [https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/axel-j-halbach Mtandaoni]</ref> Alifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miongo mitatu katika Taasisi ya ifo ya Utafiti wa Uchumi mjini München, ambapo alijikita hasa katika uchumi wa nchi zinazoendelea. Mbali na kazi yake ya kitaaluma, Halbach aliandika riwaya za matukio zilizoongozwa na mtindo wa Karl May, alitunga mashairi, na alionyesha michoro yake nchini Ujerumani. == Maisha == === Maisha ya mapema === Halbach alizaliwa mjini Hamburg na alisoma katika shule ya upili (gimnasiamu) mjini Hamburg-Volksdorf, ambapo kipaji chake cha kisanaa kilianza kuonekana. Baada ya mafunzo ya uchumi wa biashara (''Diplom-Kaufmann''), alijiunga na Taasisi ya ifo, ambapo alijikita katika uchumi wa nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name="viaf">Rekodi ya VIAF 66556024, Maktaba ya Kifalme ya Uholanzi (Koninklijke Bibliotheek van Nederland). [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/66556024 Mtandaoni]</ref> === Kazi katika Taasisi ya ifo === Kuanzia miaka ya 1960, Halbach alihusika na Taasisi ya ifo ya Utafiti wa Uchumi mjini München, ambapo alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika Idara ya Nchi Zinazoendelea. Alikuwa karibu mhariri mkuu wa mfululizo wa machapisho ''Afrika-Studien'', ambao kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1999 ulichapisha zaidi ya juzuu 40 za kitaaluma.<ref name="viaf" /> Alikaa kwa muda mrefu Afrika Kusini-Magharibi (1956–1957) na Afrika Kusini (1963–1964) — uzoefu ulioathiri ushiriki wake wa karibu miongo mitatu katika ushirikiano wa maendeleo katika zaidi ya nchi 25 za Afrika na Asia.<ref name="viaf" /> Matokeo ya utafiti wa Halbach — kwamba uchumi unaoongozwa na soko mara nyingi ulipata matokeo bora ya kiuchumi na kijamii kuliko uchumi uliopangwa kati — ulichangia majadiliano ndani ya Wizara ya Shirikisho la Ujerumani ya Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (BMZ), na kuchochea mabadiliko ya sera kuelekea mikakati inayoongozwa na soko. Pia alichukua jukumu muhimu nchini Namibia kabla ya uhuru, kwa kuratibu zaidi ya tafiti 20 za kisekta na kuandaa mpango kamili wa maendeleo; kazi yake iliathiri maamuzi ya sera yaliyochukuliwa na Ofisi ya Rais wa wakati huo mjini Windhoek. === Kazi za fasihi === Halbach aliandika riwaya nyingi za matukio zilizoongozwa na kazi za Karl May, zilizochapishwa na Blitz-Verlag mjini München.<ref name="krischel2019">Volker Krischel: "Zweite Heimat Leipzig: Axel J. Halbachs literarische Visionen." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'', Nr. 117, 2019, kur. 20–26.</ref> Vitabu hivi viliongeza ulimwengu wa Karl May kwa hadithi mpya zenye wahusika wanaojulikana, ikiwa ni pamoja na mfululizo wa ''Kara ben Nemsi – Neue Abenteuer'' na ''Im Wilden Westen Nordamerikas''.<ref name="krischel2020">Volker Krischel: "Karl Mays Helden auf etwas anderen Pfaden. Der Blitz-Verlag bringt zwei Romane von Axel J. Halbach neu heraus." Katika: ''Karl May & Co.'', Nr. 161, 2020.</ref> Katika hadithi zake, wahusika kama Halef na Old Shatterhand walipata sifa mpya na usawa mkubwa zaidi kulinganisha na mhusika mkuu.<ref name="krischel2018">Volker Krischel: "Eine etwas andere Welt des Karl May." Katika: ''KMG-Nachrichten'', Nr. 198, Machi 2018, kur. 43–47.</ref> Mbali na riwaya zake, Halbach pia aliandika mashairi ya kuchekesha na ya kutafakari katika mtindo wa Wilhelm Busch, yenye mada zilizotofautiana kutoka maisha yake ya shuleni hadi maisha yake ya kazi. === Uchoraji === Uchoraji ulikuwa shauku nyingine ya maisha yote ya Halbach. Tangu akiwa mwanafunzi wa shule, alitengeneza picha za kubuni, na kwa miaka 68 alichora zaidi ya picha 1,000 zilizoitwa "picha za kichaa", mara nyingi zikiambatana na maandishi mafupi ya kuchekesha, yakichanganya vipengele vya kufikirika, vya kielelezo na vya kuchekesha. Mnamo Novemba 2017, kazi zake zilionyeshwa katika maonyesho ya peke yake yaliyoitwa ''Ulimwengu wa Ajabu wa Axel Halbach'' katika KreativRaum "An der Schwelle" mjini Ismaning.<ref name="sz2017">Irmengard Gnau: "Kulturtreff – Über die Schwelle." Katika: ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', 10 Desemba 2017.</ref> === Kifo === Axel Jonas Halbach alifariki dunia tarehe 12 Desemba 2022 mjini Ismaning, alipoishi kwa miaka mingi.<ref name="trauer" /><ref name="krischel2023">Volker Krischel: "Abschied, lieber Shatterhand ben Nemsi. Zum Tode von Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'', Mwaka wa 34, Nr. 132, Machi 2023, kur. 17–19, ISSN 2568-2946.</ref> == Machapisho teule == * ''Ghana als Wirtschaftspartner'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 83). Weltforum Verlag, Köln, 1969. * ''Aspekte der Industrialisierung in Tropisch-Afrika'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 86). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1971. * ''Theory and Practice of Project Evaluation in Developing Countries'' (pamoja na Dieter Bender). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1972. * ''Industriestruktur und Industrialisierungspolitik in Uganda 1963–1972'' (Ifo-Forschungsberichte, Nr. 50). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1974. * ''Die südafrikanischen Bantu-Homelands: Konzeption, Struktur, Entwicklungsperspektiven'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 90). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1976. * ''Multinationale Unternehmen und Zulieferungen in der Dritten Welt'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 109). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1985. * ''Namibia: Wirtschaft, Politik, Gesellschaft zehn Jahre nach der Unabhängigkeit'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 121). Lit Verlag, Münster, 2000. == Maandiko kuhusu Halbach == * Günther Wüste: "Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''KMG-Nachrichten'' Nr. 195, 2018. * Volker Krischel: "Die etwas andere Welt des Karl May. Axel Jonas Halbach und seine Karl-May-Pastiche." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'' Nr. 117, 2019. * Volker Krischel: "Karl Mays Helden auf etwas anderen Pfaden. Der Blitz-Verlag bringt zwei Romane von Axel J. Halbach neu heraus." Katika: ''Karl May & Co.'' Nr. 161, 2020. * Volker Krischel: "Lebe wohl, lieber Shatterhand ben Nemsi. Zum Tod von Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'' Nr. 132, Machi 2023, ISSN 2568-2946. * Irmengard Gnau: "Kulturtreff – Über die Schwelle." Katika: ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', 10 Desemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == {{Commonscat|Axel Jonas Halbach}} * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kijerumani] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kiingereza] * [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kiafrikana] * [https://www.blitz-verlag.de/index.php?action=autoreninfo&autorid=348 Wasifu wa mwandishi katika Blitz-Verlag] (Kijerumani) [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] t9742eh88w3l0rj2ahiprls2tq5ybwc 1575709 1575599 2026-06-21T07:22:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Axel Jonas Halbach | picha = Axel Jonas Halbach - explorer, traveller, writer and artist (1934-2022) 01.jpg | maelezo = Halbach mwaka 2017 | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = 18 Machi 1934 | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamburg]], Ujerumani | tarehe ya kufa = 12 Desemba 2022 (umri 88) | mahali alipofia = Ismaning, Ujerumani | utaifa = Mjerumani | kazi yake = Mwanauchumi, mwandishi, mchoraji }} '''Axel Jonas Halbach''' (18 Machi 1934 mjini Hamburg - 12 Desemba 2022 mjini Ismaning) alikuwa [[mwanauchumi]], mtaalamu wa masuala ya maendeleo, mwandishi na mchoraji wa [[Ujerumani]].<ref name="trauer">Edelgard Halbach na familia nzima: "Traueranzeigen von Axel J. Halbach" (Tangazo la rambirambi kwa Axel J. Halbach). Katika: ''sueddeutsche.de'', 17 Desemba 2022. [https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/axel-j-halbach Mtandaoni]</ref> Alifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miongo mitatu katika Taasisi ya ifo ya Utafiti wa Uchumi mjini München, ambapo alijikita hasa katika uchumi wa nchi zinazoendelea. Mbali na kazi yake ya kitaaluma, Halbach aliandika riwaya za matukio zilizoongozwa na mtindo wa Karl May, alitunga mashairi, na alionyesha michoro yake nchini Ujerumani. == Maisha == === Maisha ya mapema === Halbach alizaliwa mjini Hamburg na alisoma katika shule ya upili mjini Hamburg-Volksdorf, ambapo kipaji chake cha kisanaa kilianza kuonekana. Baada ya mafunzo ya uchumi wa biashara (''Diplom-Kaufmann''), alijiunga na Taasisi ya ifo, ambapo alijikita katika uchumi wa nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name="viaf">Rekodi ya VIAF 66556024, Maktaba ya Kifalme ya Uholanzi (Koninklijke Bibliotheek van Nederland). [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/66556024 Mtandaoni]</ref> === Kazi katika Taasisi ya ifo === Kuanzia miaka ya 1960, Halbach alihusika na Taasisi ya ifo ya Utafiti wa Uchumi mjini München, ambapo alichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika Idara ya Nchi Zinazoendelea. Alikuwa karibu mhariri mkuu wa mfululizo wa machapisho ''Afrika-Studien'', ambao kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1999 ulichapisha zaidi ya juzuu 40 za kitaaluma.<ref name="viaf" /> Alikaa kwa muda mrefu Afrika Kusini-Magharibi (1956–1957) na Afrika Kusini (1963–1964) — uzoefu ulioathiri ushiriki wake wa karibu miongo mitatu katika ushirikiano wa maendeleo katika zaidi ya nchi 25 za Afrika na Asia.<ref name="viaf" /> Matokeo ya utafiti wa Halbach — kwamba uchumi unaoongozwa na soko mara nyingi ulipata matokeo bora ya kiuchumi na kijamii kuliko uchumi uliopangwa kati — ulichangia majadiliano ndani ya Wizara ya Shirikisho la Ujerumani ya Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo (BMZ), na kuchochea mabadiliko ya sera kuelekea mikakati inayoongozwa na soko. Pia alichukua jukumu muhimu nchini Namibia kabla ya uhuru, kwa kuratibu zaidi ya tafiti 20 za kisekta na kuandaa mpango kamili wa maendeleo; kazi yake iliathiri maamuzi ya sera yaliyochukuliwa na Ofisi ya Rais wa wakati huo mjini Windhoek. === Kazi za fasihi === Halbach aliandika riwaya nyingi za matukio zilizoongozwa na kazi za Karl May, zilizochapishwa na Blitz-Verlag mjini München.<ref name="krischel2019">Volker Krischel: "Zweite Heimat Leipzig: Axel J. Halbachs literarische Visionen." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'', Nr. 117, 2019, kur. 20–26.</ref> Vitabu hivi viliongeza ulimwengu wa Karl May kwa hadithi mpya zenye wahusika wanaojulikana, ikiwa ni pamoja na mfululizo wa ''Kara ben Nemsi – Neue Abenteuer'' na ''Im Wilden Westen Nordamerikas''.<ref name="krischel2020">Volker Krischel: "Karl Mays Helden auf etwas anderen Pfaden. Der Blitz-Verlag bringt zwei Romane von Axel J. Halbach neu heraus." Katika: ''Karl May & Co.'', Nr. 161, 2020.</ref> Katika hadithi zake, wahusika kama Halef na Old Shatterhand walipata sifa mpya na usawa mkubwa zaidi kulinganisha na mhusika mkuu.<ref name="krischel2018">Volker Krischel: "Eine etwas andere Welt des Karl May." Katika: ''KMG-Nachrichten'', Nr. 198, Machi 2018, kur. 43–47.</ref> Mbali na riwaya zake, Halbach pia aliandika mashairi ya kuchekesha na ya kutafakari katika mtindo wa Wilhelm Busch, yenye mada zilizotofautiana kutoka maisha yake ya shuleni hadi maisha yake ya kazi. === Uchoraji === Uchoraji ulikuwa shauku nyingine ya maisha yote ya Halbach. Tangu akiwa mwanafunzi wa shule, alitengeneza picha za kubuni, na kwa miaka 68 alichora zaidi ya picha 1,000 zilizoitwa "picha za kichaa", mara nyingi zikiambatana na maandishi mafupi ya kuchekesha, yakichanganya vipengele vya kufikirika, vya kielelezo na vya kuchekesha. Mnamo Novemba 2017, kazi zake zilionyeshwa katika maonyesho ya peke yake yaliyoitwa ''Ulimwengu wa Ajabu wa Axel Halbach'' katika KreativRaum "An der Schwelle" mjini Ismaning.<ref name="sz2017">Irmengard Gnau: "Kulturtreff – Über die Schwelle." Katika: ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', 10 Desemba 2017.</ref> === Kifo === Axel Jonas Halbach alifariki dunia tarehe 12 Desemba 2022 mjini Ismaning, alipoishi kwa miaka mingi.<ref name="trauer" /><ref name="krischel2023">Volker Krischel: "Abschied, lieber Shatterhand ben Nemsi. Zum Tode von Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'', Mwaka wa 34, Nr. 132, Machi 2023, kur. 17–19, ISSN 2568-2946.</ref> == Machapisho teule == * ''Ghana als Wirtschaftspartner'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 83). Weltforum Verlag, Köln, 1969. * ''Aspekte der Industrialisierung in Tropisch-Afrika'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 86). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1971. * ''Theory and Practice of Project Evaluation in Developing Countries'' (pamoja na Dieter Bender). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1972. * ''Industriestruktur und Industrialisierungspolitik in Uganda 1963–1972'' (Ifo-Forschungsberichte, Nr. 50). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1974. * ''Die südafrikanischen Bantu-Homelands: Konzeption, Struktur, Entwicklungsperspektiven'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 90). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1976. * ''Multinationale Unternehmen und Zulieferungen in der Dritten Welt'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 109). Weltforum Verlag, München, 1985. * ''Namibia: Wirtschaft, Politik, Gesellschaft zehn Jahre nach der Unabhängigkeit'' (Afrika-Studien, Nr. 121). Lit Verlag, Münster, 2000. == Maandiko kuhusu Halbach == * Günther Wüste: "Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''KMG-Nachrichten'' Nr. 195, 2018. * Volker Krischel: "Die etwas andere Welt des Karl May. Axel Jonas Halbach und seine Karl-May-Pastiche." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'' Nr. 117, 2019. * Volker Krischel: "Karl Mays Helden auf etwas anderen Pfaden. Der Blitz-Verlag bringt zwei Romane von Axel J. Halbach neu heraus." Katika: ''Karl May & Co.'' Nr. 161, 2020. * Volker Krischel: "Lebe wohl, lieber Shatterhand ben Nemsi. Zum Tod von Axel Jonas Halbach." Katika: ''Karl May in Leipzig'' Nr. 132, Machi 2023, ISSN 2568-2946. * Irmengard Gnau: "Kulturtreff – Über die Schwelle." Katika: ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', 10 Desemba 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == {{Commonscat|Axel Jonas Halbach}} * [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kijerumani] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kiingereza] * [https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Jonas_Halbach Makala ya Kiafrikana] * [https://www.blitz-verlag.de/index.php?action=autoreninfo&autorid=348 Wasifu wa mwandishi katika Blitz-Verlag] (Kijerumani) [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] [[Jamii:Wanauchumi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ujerumani]] gh5fld2au70rx2qn5twcvf7dzl86rz2 0 241340 1575602 2026-06-20T21:40:49Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354730031|Nabil Ayouch]]" 1575602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=|image=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ob43h5emanh60d6svgz821tjaxuzp61 1575603 1575602 2026-06-20T21:42:15Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1575603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=|image=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} fr54f4ufczijl45zu6538mmgxxwnbtl 1575605 1575603 2026-06-20T21:44:03Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1575605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} f420l9t4yrbt3rf1xpqpc4g09x4kb1v 1575606 1575605 2026-06-20T21:47:09Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1575606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles, akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi. Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} jwl23t9v2wblot9yy7jx6kcxk44gcjk 1575607 1575606 2026-06-20T21:48:56Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Maisha ya awali */ 1575607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref>, akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi. Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} je4ewmlua7epsvuf4s3bcihur3mhcq6 1575608 1575607 2026-06-20T21:50:34Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Maisha ya awali */ 1575608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi. Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ior225jbkhbiglg0nunqni4s0262yag 1575609 1575608 2026-06-20T21:52:33Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Maisha ya awali */ 1575609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ir6b6o0pgcpvnzsobd93ah9enlun8q8 1575611 1575609 2026-06-20T21:53:50Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1575611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} bpegr5u2z43ofib9gpwzzxxizxt59fo 1575617 1575611 2026-06-20T22:00:01Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1575617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé. Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao. Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} i8o7n6ubnltzje9013isuk7lilg7n4a 1575618 1575617 2026-06-20T22:02:12Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Kazi ya Filamu */ 1575618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao. Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} isksnme8mun8glscccrixvwfm935j0j 1575619 1575618 2026-06-20T22:04:25Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Kazi ya Filamu */ 1575619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} nwll7b5s1b2n8l67ypkpqu06yuh0k9r 1575620 1575619 2026-06-20T22:11:22Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1575620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Morocco. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 8bjlnzg1q4k2kccks7eiyubpatovkqw 1575621 1575620 2026-06-20T22:12:19Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1575621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} dmepmbwru261w7915iyg89iqek9x6ju 1575624 1575621 2026-06-20T22:18:00Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1575624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya Much Loved, ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} c3tb4xnumlbfmccywfptj4l0ivnwth7 1575625 1575624 2026-06-20T22:18:52Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Utata */ 1575625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets. Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} mzr8q105f9w3ph888yodc4gvdjbz569 1575627 1575625 2026-06-20T22:23:11Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Kazi ya Filamu */ 1575627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, Hertzienne Connexion (1993) na Vendeur de silence (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele Une Minute de soleil en moins (2003) na Whatever Lola Wants (2008), zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: Prince of the Streets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa Academy of Motion Pictures, Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} pe11rjwr7vcbph9ravkfy2a1vquv37t 1575628 1575627 2026-06-20T22:25:28Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Kazi ya Filamu */ 1575628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, ''Hertzienne Connexion'' (1993) na ''Vendeur de silence'' (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele ''Une Minute de soleil en moins'' (2003) na ''Whatever Lola Wants (2008),'' zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: ''Prince of the Streets''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa ''Academy of Motion Pictures'', Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 9ofjrsexcew72xn77bjufnbwdk6gic8 1575634 1575628 2026-06-20T23:02:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1575634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, ''Hertzienne Connexion'' (1993) na ''Vendeur de silence'' (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele ''Une Minute de soleil en moins'' (2003) na ''Whatever Lola Wants (2008),'' zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: ''Prince of the Streets''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa ''Academy of Motion Pictures'', Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} qrre9vmyvsvxbyaze66lg0p9cj01psv 1575688 1575634 2026-06-21T05:51:37Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1575688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}}'''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili 1969) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na filamu kutoka Ufaransa na Moroko. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Morocco, Noureddine Ayouch na mama wa Kifaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, ''Hertzienne Connexion'' (1993) na ''Vendeur de silence'' (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele ''Une Minute de soleil en moins'' (2003) na ''Whatever Lola Wants (2008),'' zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: ''Prince of the Streets''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa ''Academy of Motion Pictures'', Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] rnb1y6kvntyfk5mqlt4209x0sm1iq6r 1575711 1575688 2026-06-21T07:24:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}} '''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili [[1969]]) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na [[filamu]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Moroko]]. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Moroko, Noureddine Ayouch na mama Mfaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, ''Hertzienne Connexion'' (1993) na ''Vendeur de silence'' (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele ''Une Minute de soleil en moins'' (2003) na ''Whatever Lola Wants (2008),'' zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: ''Prince of the Streets''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa ''Academy of Motion Pictures'', Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:watayarishaji filamu wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:watayarishaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] pausa7r4gf6euq765j0kk2bntias3cs 0 241341 1575663 2026-06-21T04:14:11Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina...' 1575663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina = [[East Coast hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1987–hadi sasa | studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Relativity Records|Relativity]], Solid Records, [[RBC Records|RBC]], [[Hit Squad]] | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]], [[Hit Squad]], [[DJ Honda]], [[Snowgoons]], Sean "Big Baby" Strange | wavuti = }} '''Parrish J. Smith''' (alizaliwa Mei 13, 1968), anajulikana zaidi kama '''PMD''' (''''P'''arrish '''M'''ic '''D'''oc' au ''''P'''arrish '''M'''aking '''D'''ollars'), ni rapa wa Marekani kutoka [[Brentwood, New York]], na ni mwanachama wa makundi ya [[EPMD]] na [[Hit Squad]]. == Maisha ya sanaa == Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Brentwood High School (New York)|Brentwood High School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/brentwood-high-school-profile/11717|title=Brentwood High School Profile (2018–19) {{!}} Brentwood, NY|last=|first=|date=|website=Public School Review|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ni mhitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Southern Connecticut, na ametoa albamu nne kamili za peke yake, albamu moja ya EP, albamu saba za [[EPMD]] akiwa na [[Erick Sermon]], albamu ya ushirikiano na mtayarishaji wa hip-hop wa Kijapani [[DJ Honda]], na mradi wa ushirikiano akiwa na Sean "Big Baby" Strange pamoja na kundi la hip-hop la Ujerumani [[Snowgoons]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu za peke yake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio, zikiambatana na nafasi zilivyoshika kwenye chati ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Nafasi za juu kwenye chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007075245/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (''Billboard'' 200)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044654/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shade Business]]'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 27, 1994 * Lebo: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |65 |12 |- ! scope="row" |''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Bu$ine$$ I$ Bu$ine$$]]'' | * Ilitoka: Oktoba 22, 1996 * Lebo: [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Epic Records]] |180 |29 |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | * Ilitoka: Juni 17, 2003 * Lebo: Solid Records/Traffic Entertainment Group |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''Busine$$ Mentality'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 29, 2017 * Lebo: Goon MuSick/[[RBC Records|RBC]] |— |— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |"—" inamaanisha kuwa toleo halikuingia kwenye chati, au halikutoka katika nchi hiyo. |} === Ma-EP === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya [[extended play|EP]] ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''New Business'' ''<small>(From My Hood to Your Hood)</small>'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 13, 2013 * Lebo: [[RBC Records]] |} === Albamu za ushirikiano === {{Main|EPMD discography}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio za ushirikiano ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''[[Underground Connection]]''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[DJ Honda]])</small> | * Ilitoka: 2002 * Lebo: DJ Honda Recordings |- ! scope="row" |''Welcome to the Goondox''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[Snowgoons]] & Sean Strange)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|title=PMD Teams With Sean "Big Baby" Strange & Snowgoons For The Goondox|last=Ryon|first=Sean|date=February 4, 2013|website=[[HipHopDX]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> | * Ilitoka: Aprili 9, 2013 * Lebo: Goon MuSick |} === Single zilizoingia kwenye chati === {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Nafasi kwenye chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|US Rap]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"[[I Saw It Cummin']]" |align="center"|89 |align="center"|65 |align="center"|12 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Shade Business]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Das EFX]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|89 |align="center"|19 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |align="left"|"[[It's the Pee]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|82 |align="center"|31 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|id=mn0000001887|title=PMD}} *{{Discogs artist|artist=108619|name=PMD}} {{PMD}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] 8l5hcm7b6slgz2vkhgtjm225rm9qvpt 1575664 1575663 2026-06-21T04:14:52Z Muddyb 379 /* Albamu za ushirikiano */ 1575664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina = [[East Coast hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1987–hadi sasa | studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Relativity Records|Relativity]], Solid Records, [[RBC Records|RBC]], [[Hit Squad]] | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]], [[Hit Squad]], [[DJ Honda]], [[Snowgoons]], Sean "Big Baby" Strange | wavuti = }} '''Parrish J. Smith''' (alizaliwa Mei 13, 1968), anajulikana zaidi kama '''PMD''' (''''P'''arrish '''M'''ic '''D'''oc' au ''''P'''arrish '''M'''aking '''D'''ollars'), ni rapa wa Marekani kutoka [[Brentwood, New York]], na ni mwanachama wa makundi ya [[EPMD]] na [[Hit Squad]]. == Maisha ya sanaa == Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Brentwood High School (New York)|Brentwood High School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/brentwood-high-school-profile/11717|title=Brentwood High School Profile (2018–19) {{!}} Brentwood, NY|last=|first=|date=|website=Public School Review|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ni mhitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Southern Connecticut, na ametoa albamu nne kamili za peke yake, albamu moja ya EP, albamu saba za [[EPMD]] akiwa na [[Erick Sermon]], albamu ya ushirikiano na mtayarishaji wa hip-hop wa Kijapani [[DJ Honda]], na mradi wa ushirikiano akiwa na Sean "Big Baby" Strange pamoja na kundi la hip-hop la Ujerumani [[Snowgoons]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu za peke yake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio, zikiambatana na nafasi zilivyoshika kwenye chati ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Nafasi za juu kwenye chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007075245/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (''Billboard'' 200)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044654/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shade Business]]'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 27, 1994 * Lebo: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |65 |12 |- ! scope="row" |''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Bu$ine$$ I$ Bu$ine$$]]'' | * Ilitoka: Oktoba 22, 1996 * Lebo: [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Epic Records]] |180 |29 |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | * Ilitoka: Juni 17, 2003 * Lebo: Solid Records/Traffic Entertainment Group |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''Busine$$ Mentality'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 29, 2017 * Lebo: Goon MuSick/[[RBC Records|RBC]] |— |— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |"—" inamaanisha kuwa toleo halikuingia kwenye chati, au halikutoka katika nchi hiyo. |} === Ma-EP === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya [[extended play|EP]] ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''New Business'' ''<small>(From My Hood to Your Hood)</small>'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 13, 2013 * Lebo: [[RBC Records]] |} === Albamu za ushirikiano === {{Main|Diskografia ya EPMD}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio za ushirikiano ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''[[Underground Connection]]''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[DJ Honda]])</small> | * Ilitoka: 2002 * Lebo: DJ Honda Recordings |- ! scope="row" |''Welcome to the Goondox''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[Snowgoons]] & Sean Strange)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|title=PMD Teams With Sean "Big Baby" Strange & Snowgoons For The Goondox|last=Ryon|first=Sean|date=February 4, 2013|website=[[HipHopDX]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> | * Ilitoka: Aprili 9, 2013 * Lebo: Goon MuSick |} === Single zilizoingia kwenye chati === {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Nafasi kwenye chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|US Rap]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"[[I Saw It Cummin']]" |align="center"|89 |align="center"|65 |align="center"|12 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Shade Business]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Das EFX]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|89 |align="center"|19 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |align="left"|"[[It's the Pee]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|82 |align="center"|31 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|id=mn0000001887|title=PMD}} *{{Discogs artist|artist=108619|name=PMD}} {{PMD}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] mkc02gk2riw8kmajr6b72o8zw3rq4w1 1575665 1575664 2026-06-21T04:15:59Z Muddyb 379 Muddyb alihamisha ukurasa wa [[PMD (rapper)]] hadi [[PMD (rapa)]] 1575664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina = [[East Coast hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1987–hadi sasa | studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Relativity Records|Relativity]], Solid Records, [[RBC Records|RBC]], [[Hit Squad]] | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]], [[Hit Squad]], [[DJ Honda]], [[Snowgoons]], Sean "Big Baby" Strange | wavuti = }} '''Parrish J. Smith''' (alizaliwa Mei 13, 1968), anajulikana zaidi kama '''PMD''' (''''P'''arrish '''M'''ic '''D'''oc' au ''''P'''arrish '''M'''aking '''D'''ollars'), ni rapa wa Marekani kutoka [[Brentwood, New York]], na ni mwanachama wa makundi ya [[EPMD]] na [[Hit Squad]]. == Maisha ya sanaa == Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Brentwood High School (New York)|Brentwood High School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/brentwood-high-school-profile/11717|title=Brentwood High School Profile (2018–19) {{!}} Brentwood, NY|last=|first=|date=|website=Public School Review|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ni mhitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Southern Connecticut, na ametoa albamu nne kamili za peke yake, albamu moja ya EP, albamu saba za [[EPMD]] akiwa na [[Erick Sermon]], albamu ya ushirikiano na mtayarishaji wa hip-hop wa Kijapani [[DJ Honda]], na mradi wa ushirikiano akiwa na Sean "Big Baby" Strange pamoja na kundi la hip-hop la Ujerumani [[Snowgoons]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu za peke yake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio, zikiambatana na nafasi zilivyoshika kwenye chati ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Nafasi za juu kwenye chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007075245/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (''Billboard'' 200)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044654/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shade Business]]'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 27, 1994 * Lebo: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |65 |12 |- ! scope="row" |''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Bu$ine$$ I$ Bu$ine$$]]'' | * Ilitoka: Oktoba 22, 1996 * Lebo: [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Epic Records]] |180 |29 |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | * Ilitoka: Juni 17, 2003 * Lebo: Solid Records/Traffic Entertainment Group |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''Busine$$ Mentality'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 29, 2017 * Lebo: Goon MuSick/[[RBC Records|RBC]] |— |— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |"—" inamaanisha kuwa toleo halikuingia kwenye chati, au halikutoka katika nchi hiyo. |} === Ma-EP === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya [[extended play|EP]] ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''New Business'' ''<small>(From My Hood to Your Hood)</small>'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 13, 2013 * Lebo: [[RBC Records]] |} === Albamu za ushirikiano === {{Main|Diskografia ya EPMD}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio za ushirikiano ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''[[Underground Connection]]''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[DJ Honda]])</small> | * Ilitoka: 2002 * Lebo: DJ Honda Recordings |- ! scope="row" |''Welcome to the Goondox''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[Snowgoons]] & Sean Strange)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|title=PMD Teams With Sean "Big Baby" Strange & Snowgoons For The Goondox|last=Ryon|first=Sean|date=February 4, 2013|website=[[HipHopDX]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> | * Ilitoka: Aprili 9, 2013 * Lebo: Goon MuSick |} === Single zilizoingia kwenye chati === {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Nafasi kwenye chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|US Rap]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"[[I Saw It Cummin']]" |align="center"|89 |align="center"|65 |align="center"|12 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Shade Business]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Das EFX]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|89 |align="center"|19 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |align="left"|"[[It's the Pee]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|82 |align="center"|31 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|id=mn0000001887|title=PMD}} *{{Discogs artist|artist=108619|name=PMD}} {{PMD}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] mkc02gk2riw8kmajr6b72o8zw3rq4w1 1575726 1575665 2026-06-21T08:25:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1575726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Parrish Smith (cropped).jpg | maelezo = PMD akitumbuiza mnamo 2013 | background = solo_singer | jina = PMD | jina lingine = Parrish J. Smith, Parrish Mic Doc, Parrish Making Dollars | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1968|05|13}} | chimbuko = [[Brentwood, New York]], U.S. | kazi = [[Rapper]], [[record producer|mtayarishaji wa muziki]] | aina = [[East Coast hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1987–hadi sasa | studio = [[RCA Records|RCA]], [[Relativity Records|Relativity]], Solid Records, [[RBC Records|RBC]], [[Hit Squad]] | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]], [[Hit Squad]], [[DJ Honda]], [[Snowgoons]], Sean "Big Baby" Strange | wavuti = }} '''Parrish J. Smith''' (alizaliwa Mei 13, 1968), anajulikana zaidi kama '''PMD''' (''''P'''arrish '''M'''ic '''D'''oc' au ''''P'''arrish '''M'''aking '''D'''ollars'), ni rapa wa Marekani kutoka [[Brentwood, New York]], na ni mwanachama wa makundi ya [[EPMD]] na [[Hit Squad]]. == Maisha ya sanaa == Alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Brentwood High School (New York)|Brentwood High School]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/brentwood-high-school-profile/11717|title=Brentwood High School Profile (2018–19) {{!}} Brentwood, NY|last=|first=|date=|website=Public School Review|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ni mhitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Southern Connecticut, na ametoa albamu nne kamili za peke yake, albamu moja ya EP, albamu saba za [[EPMD]] akiwa na [[Erick Sermon]], albamu ya ushirikiano na mtayarishaji wa hip-hop wa Kijapani [[DJ Honda]], na mradi wa ushirikiano akiwa na Sean "Big Baby" Strange pamoja na kundi la hip-hop la Ujerumani [[Snowgoons]]. == Diskografia == === Albamu za peke yake === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio, zikiambatana na nafasi zilivyoshika kwenye chati ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Nafasi za juu kwenye chati |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007075245/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/billboard-200|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (''Billboard'' 200)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.8em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007044654/https://www.billboard.com/music/pmd/chart-history/r-b-hip-hop-albums|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=PMD Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Shade Business]]'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 27, 1994 * Lebo: [[RCA Records|RCA]] |65 |12 |- ! scope="row" |''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Bu$ine$$ I$ Bu$ine$$]]'' | * Ilitoka: Oktoba 22, 1996 * Lebo: [[Relativity Records|Relativity]]/[[Epic Records]] |180 |29 |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | * Ilitoka: Juni 17, 2003 * Lebo: Solid Records/Traffic Entertainment Group |— |— |- ! scope="row" |''Busine$$ Mentality'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 29, 2017 * Lebo: Goon MuSick/[[RBC Records|RBC]] |— |— |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |"—" inamaanisha kuwa toleo halikuingia kwenye chati, au halikutoka katika nchi hiyo. |} === Ma-EP === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya [[extended play|EP]] ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''New Business'' ''<small>(From My Hood to Your Hood)</small>'' | * Ilitoka: Septemba 13, 2013 * Lebo: [[RBC Records]] |} === Albamu za ushirikiano === {{Main|Diskografia ya EPMD}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya albamu za studio za ushirikiano ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Jina ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Maelezo ya albamu |- ! scope="row" |''[[Underground Connection]]''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[DJ Honda]])</small> | * Ilitoka: 2002 * Lebo: DJ Honda Recordings |- ! scope="row" |''Welcome to the Goondox''<br /><small>(akiwa na [[Snowgoons]] & Sean Strange)</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.22793/title.pmd-teams-with-sean-strange-snowgoons-for-the-goondox|title=PMD Teams With Sean "Big Baby" Strange & Snowgoons For The Goondox|last=Ryon|first=Sean|date=February 4, 2013|website=[[HipHopDX]]|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> | * Ilitoka: Aprili 9, 2013 * Lebo: Goon MuSick |} === Single zilizoingia kwenye chati === {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Mwaka !rowspan="2"|Single !colspan="3"|Nafasi kwenye chati !rowspan="2"|Albamu |- !width="40"|<small>[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]</small> !width="40"|<small>[[Hot Rap Tracks|US Rap]]</small> |- |align="center" rowspan="2"|1994 |align="left"|"[[I Saw It Cummin']]" |align="center"|89 |align="center"|65 |align="center"|12 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Shade Business]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|40 |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1996 |align="left"|"[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Das EFX]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|89 |align="center"|19 |align="left" rowspan="2"|''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' |- |align="center" rowspan="1"|1997 |align="left"|"[[It's the Pee]]" <small>(shirikishi [[Mobb Deep]])</small> |align="center"|— |align="center"|82 |align="center"|31 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{AllMusic|id=mn0000001887|title=PMD}} *{{Discogs artist|artist=108619|name=PMD}} {{PMD}} {{EPMD}} {{BD|1968}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] 8o1rlssq1h7e9asenlqmnzlmy4a447s 0 241342 1575666 2026-06-21T04:15:59Z Muddyb 379 Muddyb alihamisha ukurasa wa [[PMD (rapper)]] hadi [[PMD (rapa)]] 1575666 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[PMD (rapa)]] qaezl21r0n5xv2mh0hi9ffejsq2c6na 10 241343 1575667 2026-06-21T04:19:21Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist | name = PMD | title = [[PMD (rapper)|PMD]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = solo_singer | above = | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Shade Business]]'' * ''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' * ''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | group2 = Albamu nyingine | list2 = * ''[[Underground Connection]]'' | group3 = Singo | list3 = * "I Saw It C...' 1575667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = PMD | title = [[PMD (rapper)|PMD]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = solo_singer | above = | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Shade Business]]'' * ''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' * ''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | group2 = Albamu nyingine | list2 = * ''[[Underground Connection]]'' | group3 = Singo | list3 = * "[[I Saw It Cummin']]{{-"}} * "[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" * "[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" * "[[It's the Pee]]" | group4 = Makala zinazohusiana | list4 = * [[EPMD]] * [[Hit Squad]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Rapper navigational boxes|PMD]] </noinclude> nphf9uuexzvmdjej54rnp3vptu4d8hm 1575669 1575667 2026-06-21T04:24:13Z Muddyb 379 1575669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = EPMD | title = [[EPMD]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | above = * '''[[Erick Sermon]]''' * '''[[PMD (rapper)|PMD]]''' | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Strictly Business (albamu ya EPMD)|Strictly Business albamu ya EPMD]]'' * ''[[Unfinished Business (albamu ya EPMD)|Unfinished Business albamu ya EPMD]]'' * ''[[Business as Usual (albamu ya EPMD)|Business as Usual albamu ya EPMD]]'' * ''[[Business Never Personal]]'' * ''[[Back in Business (albamu ya EPMD)|Back in Business albamu ya EPMD]]'' * ''[[Out of Business]]'' * ''[[We Mean Business (albamu ya EPMD)|We Mean Business]]'' | group2 = Singo | list2 = * "[[Strictly Business (wimbo wa EPMD)|Strictly Business wimbo wa EPMD]]" * "[[You Gots to Chill]]" * "[[I'm Housin]]" * "[[So Wat Cha Sayin']]" * "[[Gold Digger (wimbo wa EPMD)|Gold Digger wimbo wa EPMD]]" * "[[Rampage (wimbo)|Rampage wimbo wa EPMD]]" * "[[Give the People]]" * "[[Crossover (wimbo)|Crossover wimbo wa EPMD]]" * "[[Head Banger (wimbo wa EPMD)|Head Banger wimbo wa EPMD]]" * "[[Da Joint|The Joint]]" * "[[Symphony 2000]]" | group3 = Makala zinazohusiana | list3 = * [[EPMD discography|Diskografia]] * [[Hit Squad]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:United States hip-hop group navigational boxes|EPMD]] </noinclude> ooddvk8ju96q25niarmd2v1bzzbk0lz 10 241344 1575668 2026-06-21T04:20:24Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist | name = PMD | title = [[PMD (rapper)|PMD]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = solo_singer | above = | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Shade Business]]'' * ''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' * ''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | group2 = Albamu nyingine | list2 = * ''[[Underground Connection]]'' | group3 = Singo | list3 = * "I Saw It C...' 1575668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = PMD | title = [[PMD (rapper)|PMD]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = solo_singer | above = | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Shade Business]]'' * ''[[Business Is Business (PMD album)|Business Is Business]]'' * ''[[The Awakening (PMD album)|The Awakening]]'' | group2 = Albamu nyingine | list2 = * ''[[Underground Connection]]'' | group3 = Singo | list3 = * "[[I Saw It Cummin']]{{-"}} * "[[Swing Your Own Thing]]" * "[[Rugged-n-Raw]]" * "[[It's the Pee]]" | group4 = Makala zinazohusiana | list4 = * [[EPMD]] * [[Hit Squad]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Rapper navigational boxes|PMD]] </noinclude> nphf9uuexzvmdjej54rnp3vptu4d8hm 10 241345 1575671 2026-06-21T04:27:23Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '<span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude>' 1575671 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> jcxl30y8j2nu6970n0lnxk284xeawo0 0 241346 1575682 2026-06-21T05:34:27Z Nadiamuganga 79053 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237221945|Kadutu]]" 1575682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Commune de la République démocratique du Congo|nom=Commune de Kadutu|autres noms=[[Bukavu]]|statut=4|blason=|drapeau=|image=|taille image=|légende=|division=[[Sud-Kivu]]|nom de division=[[Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo|Province]]|maire=|mandat maire=|autorité=Munyole Bekao|titre autorité=[[Bourgmestre (République démocratique du Congo)|Bourgmestre]]|cp=|gentilé=|latitude=-2.5154752|longitude=28.8523980|altitude=|population=|année_pop=[[2001]]|superficie=10.1|population agglomération=|année_pop agglomération=|superficie agglomération=|position=|sites touristiques=|divers=[[Kiswahili]]|nom divers=[[Langue nationale]]|url=|nom site=}} Kadutu ni moja ya manispaa za jiji la Bukavu, lililoko katika mkoa wa Sud-Kivu, katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Linapatikana kusini mwa katikati ya jiji, na limegawanywa katika mitaa saba na lina jumla ya barabara hamsini na tisa. == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Bukavu]] sz0iw6r24kqvc1m3cpg9vqd3zk0xawe 1575684 1575682 2026-06-21T05:36:38Z Nadiamuganga 79053 1575684 wikitext text/x-wiki Kadutu ni moja ya manispaa za jiji la Bukavu, lililoko katika mkoa wa Sud-Kivu, katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Linapatikana kusini mwa katikati ya jiji, na limegawanywa katika mitaa saba na lina jumla ya barabara hamsini na tisa. == Marejeleo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Bukavu]] t71gax3oeqbmxla1hxi8rrok1go081s 1575713 1575684 2026-06-21T07:26:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadutu''' ni moja ya [[manispaa]] za [[jiji]] la [[Bukavu]], lililoko katika [[mkoa wa Kivu Kusini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Linapatikana kusini mwa katikati ya jiji, na limegawanywa katika [[Mtaa|mitaa]] saba na lina jumla ya [[barabara]] hamsini na tisa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Bukavu]] 51rrbod0phuo38ytubh3zl6mej4mu9v 3 241347 1575701 2026-06-21T07:14:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tafsiri */ mjadala mpya 1575701 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tafsiri == Ndugu, makala zako hazieleweki vizuri Tanzania, labda Kongo. Usitegemee tafsiri, hasa kutoka Kifaransa. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 3kha9gzipr8sq2is31sb4zyttg6ac2i 1575730 1575701 2026-06-21T08:53:54Z Dieumerci Muhindo 90406 /* Tafsiri */ Jibu 1575730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tafsiri == Ndugu, makala zako hazieleweki vizuri Tanzania, labda Kongo. Usitegemee tafsiri, hasa kutoka Kifaransa. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Jambo ndugu. Naomba abasi siku moja tena ili ni tengeneze makala yangu vizuri. Ina wezekana? '''[[Mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo|Dieumerci Muhindo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:53, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0i7cokmj3wq0mf7p1hos5rtkk3i20gv 1575756 1575730 2026-06-21T09:50:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575756 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tafsiri == Ndugu, makala zako hazieleweki vizuri Tanzania, labda Kongo. Usitegemee tafsiri, hasa kutoka Kifaransa. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Jambo ndugu. Naomba abasi siku moja tena ili ni tengeneze makala yangu vizuri. Ina wezekana? '''[[Mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo|Dieumerci Muhindo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:53, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 89dyvdvlzu91ud3nct0r504dfx633og 0 241348 1575706 2026-06-21T07:19:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Maporomoko ya Iskushuban]] hadi [[Iskushuban]]: usahihi wa jina 1575706 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Iskushuban]] g2cp7g52bm1vkgrmgjvj1gvvqdtpom5 0 241349 1575707 2026-06-21T07:20:08Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Brentwood''' ni kitongoji kilicho ndani ya [[Islip, New York|Mji wa Islip]], Wilaya ya Suffolk, kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]] katika [[Jimbo la New York]], Marekani. Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2020, idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 62,387, na kuifanya Brentwood kuwa eneo lenye wakazi wengi zaidi kati ya maeneo yaliyoteuliwa kwa sensa katika Wilaya ya Suffolk na Long Island nje ya [[Jiji la New York]]. == Historia == Eneo hili lilijulikana awali kama Thompson...' 1575707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brentwood''' ni kitongoji kilicho ndani ya [[Islip, New York|Mji wa Islip]], Wilaya ya Suffolk, kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]] katika [[Jimbo la New York]], Marekani. Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2020, idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 62,387, na kuifanya Brentwood kuwa eneo lenye wakazi wengi zaidi kati ya maeneo yaliyoteuliwa kwa sensa katika Wilaya ya Suffolk na Long Island nje ya [[Jiji la New York]]. == Historia == Eneo hili lilijulikana awali kama Thompson Station na Suffolk Station baada ya kuanzishwa kwa vituo vya reli mwaka 1844 wakati wa upanuzi wa reli ya Long Island Rail Road.<ref>Dyson (1950) Sura ya I = Kabla ya Brentwood, kurasa 1–23</ref> Mnamo tarehe 21 Machi 1851, eneo hilo lilianzishwa kama jamii ya majaribio ya kijamii iliyoitwa ''Nyakati za Kisasa'' (''Modern Times''), chini ya uongozi wa Josiah Warren na Stephen Pearl Andrews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Brentwood Historical Society » Homepage|url=https://www.brentwoodhis.org/homepage/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.brentwoodhis.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-14|title=Modern Times|url=http://www.headfirstadventures.com/2013/03/14/modern-times/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Head First|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420082033/http://headfirstadventures.com:80/2013/03/14/modern-times/ |archive-date=April 20, 2013 }}</ref> Jumuiya hiyo ilisisitiza uhuru na wajibu wa mtu binafsi, huku mali na matokeo ya kazi yakimilikiwa na wahusika wenyewe. Mwaka 1864, eneo hilo lilipewa jina la Brentwood kwa heshima ya Brentwood, Essex ya nchini Uingereza.<ref name=":0" /> Jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa ilidhoofishwa na [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]] pamoja na kuwasili kwa wakazi wapya waliokuwa hawafuati kanuni zake za awali. Leo, majengo machache tu ya kipindi hicho yamesalia, yakiwemo nyumba mbili za Octagon, jengo la shule ya awali na nyumba moja ya makazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/09/07/where-brentwood-is-today-once-stood-long-islands-own-utopia/|title=Where Brentwood Is Today Once Stood Long Island's Own Utopia|first=Spencer|last=Rumsey|work=Long Island Press|date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> Katika karne ya 20, Brentwood ilijulikana pia kwa kuwepo kwa Hospitali ya Jimbo la Pilgrim, ambayo zamani ilikuwa miongoni mwa taasisi kubwa zaidi za magonjwa ya akili duniani. Sehemu ya eneo lake iligeuzwa kuwa Hifadhi ya Jimbo la Brentwood, iliyofunguliwa mwaka 2009.<ref name=BSP_2009_opening>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124708/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2015 |title=Brentwood State Park Athletic Field Complex opens |website=Newsday |date=September 25, 2009 |author=Lauren Cioffi |access-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> Sherehe za miaka 100 ya Brentwood zilifanyika mwaka 1950, huku maadhimisho ya miaka 150 ya jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa yakifanyika mwaka 2007.<ref>Dyson (1953) kurasa 1–44 katika Nyongeza</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |title=Brentwood Bulletin; January 2007 |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174758/http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shule ya Upili ya Brentwood ilipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya timu yake ya soka ya wavulana kushinda ubingwa wa kitaifa mwaka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cacciatore|first=Sal|date=27 November 2019|title=Brentwood boys soccer ranked No. 1 public school team in nation|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128142950/https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=24 January 2021|website=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> == Jiografia == Kwa mujibu wa Ofisi ya Sensa ya Marekani, Brentwood ina eneo la jumla la {{Convert|11.0|mi2|km2}}, ambalo lote ni nchi kavu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brentwood CDP, New York Profile|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=data.census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725204607/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Miji ya Marekani]] pxnxku1n4qp0y6zh3cku9hhhiu6ev8v 1575714 1575707 2026-06-21T07:27:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brentwood''' ni kitongoji kilicho ndani ya [[Islip, New York|Mji wa Islip]], Wilaya ya Suffolk, kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]] katika [[Jimbo la New York]], Marekani. Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2020, idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 62,387, na kuifanya Brentwood kuwa eneo lenye wakazi wengi zaidi kati ya maeneo yaliyoteuliwa kwa sensa katika Wilaya ya Suffolk na Long Island nje ya [[Jiji la New York]]. == Historia == Eneo hili lilijulikana awali kama Thompson Station na Suffolk Station baada ya kuanzishwa kwa vituo vya reli mwaka 1844 wakati wa upanuzi wa reli ya Long Island Rail Road.<ref>Dyson (1950) Sura ya I = Kabla ya Brentwood, kurasa 1–23</ref> Mnamo tarehe 21 Machi 1851, eneo hilo lilianzishwa kama jamii ya majaribio ya kijamii iliyoitwa ''Nyakati za Kisasa'' (''Modern Times''), chini ya uongozi wa Josiah Warren na Stephen Pearl Andrews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Brentwood Historical Society » Homepage|url=https://www.brentwoodhis.org/homepage/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.brentwoodhis.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-14|title=Modern Times|url=http://www.headfirstadventures.com/2013/03/14/modern-times/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Head First|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420082033/http://headfirstadventures.com:80/2013/03/14/modern-times/ |archive-date=April 20, 2013 }}</ref> Jumuiya hiyo ilisisitiza uhuru na wajibu wa mtu binafsi, huku mali na matokeo ya kazi yakimilikiwa na wahusika wenyewe. Mwaka 1864, eneo hilo lilipewa jina la Brentwood kwa heshima ya Brentwood, Essex ya nchini Uingereza.<ref name=":0" /> Jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa ilidhoofishwa na [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]] pamoja na kuwasili kwa wakazi wapya waliokuwa hawafuati kanuni zake za awali. Leo, majengo machache tu ya kipindi hicho yamesalia, yakiwemo nyumba mbili za Octagon, jengo la shule ya awali na nyumba moja ya makazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/09/07/where-brentwood-is-today-once-stood-long-islands-own-utopia/|title=Where Brentwood Is Today Once Stood Long Island's Own Utopia|first=Spencer|last=Rumsey|work=Long Island Press|date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> Katika karne ya 20, Brentwood ilijulikana pia kwa kuwepo kwa Hospitali ya Jimbo la Pilgrim, ambayo zamani ilikuwa miongoni mwa taasisi kubwa zaidi za magonjwa ya akili duniani. Sehemu ya eneo lake iligeuzwa kuwa Hifadhi ya Jimbo la Brentwood, iliyofunguliwa mwaka 2009.<ref name=BSP_2009_opening>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124708/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2015 |title=Brentwood State Park Athletic Field Complex opens |website=Newsday |date=September 25, 2009 |author=Lauren Cioffi |access-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> Sherehe za miaka 100 ya Brentwood zilifanyika mwaka 1950, huku maadhimisho ya miaka 150 ya jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa yakifanyika mwaka 2007.<ref>Dyson (1953) kurasa 1–44 katika Nyongeza</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |title=Brentwood Bulletin; January 2007 |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174758/http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shule ya Upili ya Brentwood ilipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya timu yake ya soka ya wavulana kushinda ubingwa wa kitaifa mwaka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cacciatore|first=Sal|date=27 November 2019|title=Brentwood boys soccer ranked No. 1 public school team in nation|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128142950/https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=24 January 2021|website=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> == Jiografia == Kwa mujibu wa Ofisi ya Sensa ya Marekani, Brentwood ina eneo la jumla la {{Convert|11.0|mi2|km2}}, ambalo lote ni nchi kavu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brentwood CDP, New York Profile|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=data.census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725204607/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:jimbo la New York]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Marekani]] sk1lk14y8z0m6t3jkefhzswkh3sc0o1 1575716 1575714 2026-06-21T07:28:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1575716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brentwood''' ni kitongoji kilicho ndani ya [[Islip, New York|Mji wa Islip]], Wilaya ya Suffolk, kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]] katika [[Jimbo la New York]], Marekani. Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2020, idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 62,387, na kuifanya Brentwood kuwa eneo lenye wakazi wengi zaidi kati ya maeneo yaliyoteuliwa kwa sensa katika Wilaya ya Suffolk na Long Island nje ya [[Jiji la New York]]. == Historia == Eneo hili lilijulikana awali kama Thompson Station na Suffolk Station baada ya kuanzishwa kwa vituo vya reli mwaka 1844 wakati wa upanuzi wa reli ya Long Island Rail Road.<ref>Dyson (1950) Sura ya I = Kabla ya Brentwood, kurasa 1–23</ref> Mnamo tarehe 21 Machi 1851, eneo hilo lilianzishwa kama jamii ya majaribio ya kijamii iliyoitwa ''Nyakati za Kisasa'' (''Modern Times''), chini ya uongozi wa Josiah Warren na Stephen Pearl Andrews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Brentwood Historical Society » Homepage|url=https://www.brentwoodhis.org/homepage/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.brentwoodhis.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-14|title=Modern Times|url=http://www.headfirstadventures.com/2013/03/14/modern-times/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Head First|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420082033/http://headfirstadventures.com:80/2013/03/14/modern-times/ |archive-date=April 20, 2013 }}</ref> Jumuiya hiyo ilisisitiza uhuru na wajibu wa mtu binafsi, huku mali na matokeo ya kazi yakimilikiwa na wahusika wenyewe. Mwaka 1864, eneo hilo lilipewa jina la Brentwood kwa heshima ya Brentwood, Essex ya nchini Uingereza.<ref name=":0" /> Jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa ilidhoofishwa na [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani]] pamoja na kuwasili kwa wakazi wapya waliokuwa hawafuati kanuni zake za awali. Leo, majengo machache tu ya kipindi hicho yamesalia, yakiwemo nyumba mbili za Octagon, jengo la shule ya awali na nyumba moja ya makazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/09/07/where-brentwood-is-today-once-stood-long-islands-own-utopia/|title=Where Brentwood Is Today Once Stood Long Island's Own Utopia|first=Spencer|last=Rumsey|work=Long Island Press|date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> Katika karne ya 20, Brentwood ilijulikana pia kwa kuwepo kwa Hospitali ya Jimbo la Pilgrim, ambayo zamani ilikuwa miongoni mwa taasisi kubwa zaidi za magonjwa ya akili duniani. Sehemu ya eneo lake iligeuzwa kuwa Hifadhi ya Jimbo la Brentwood, iliyofunguliwa mwaka 2009.<ref name=BSP_2009_opening>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604124708/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/brentwood-state-park-athletic-field-complex-opens-1.1476225 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2015 |title=Brentwood State Park Athletic Field Complex opens |website=Newsday |date=September 25, 2009 |author=Lauren Cioffi |access-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> Sherehe za miaka 100 ya Brentwood zilifanyika mwaka 1950, huku maadhimisho ya miaka 150 ya jumuiya ya Nyakati za Kisasa yakifanyika mwaka 2007.<ref>Dyson (1953) kurasa 1–44 katika Nyongeza</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |title=Brentwood Bulletin; January 2007 |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208174758/http://www.brentwood.k12.ny.us/HTMLpages/BdofEd/Bulletin/Issues/Jan_07BrentBulletin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shule ya Upili ya Brentwood ilipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya timu yake ya soka ya wavulana kushinda ubingwa wa kitaifa mwaka 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cacciatore|first=Sal|date=27 November 2019|title=Brentwood boys soccer ranked No. 1 public school team in nation|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128142950/https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/boys-soccer/brentwood-boys-soccer-1.38967062 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=24 January 2021|website=[[Newsday]]}}</ref> == Jiografia == Kwa mujibu wa Ofisi ya Sensa ya Marekani, Brentwood ina eneo la jumla la {{Convert|11.0|mi2|km2}}, ambalo lote ni nchi kavu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brentwood CDP, New York Profile|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=data.census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725204607/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3608026 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-USA}} [[Jamii:New York]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Marekani]] mjxztja2l7nllhzn21mqqjls3u58css 0 241350 1575734 2026-06-21T09:21:34Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Andy Garcia | jina_halisi = Andrés Arturo García Menéndez | picha = Andy Garcia at the 2026 Cannes Film Festival 03.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Garcia mwaka 2026 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1956|4|12|df=y}}<ref name="biography.com">{{cite web|title=Andy Garcia Biography|website=Biography.com (FYI/A&E Networks)|access-date=May 17, 2021|url=https://www....' 1575734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Andy Garcia | jina_halisi = Andrés Arturo García Menéndez | picha = Andy Garcia at the 2026 Cannes Film Festival 03.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Garcia mwaka 2026 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1956|4|12|df=y}}<ref name="biography.com">{{cite web|title=Andy Garcia Biography|website=Biography.com (FYI/A&E Networks)|access-date=May 17, 2021|url=https://www.biography.com/actor/andy-garcia}}</ref> | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Havana, Kuba<ref name="biography.com"/> | uraia = Marekani<ref name="citizenship"/> | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Florida<ref name="Andy Garcia – Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/andy_garcia/index.shtml | title=Andy Garcia: Biography | access-date=December 19, 2010 | publisher=Net Glimpse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205055802/http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/andy_garcia/index.shtml|archive-date=December 5, 2004}}</ref> | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwigizaji * Mkurugenzi * Mtayarishaji * Mwanamuziki }} | kipindi = 1978–sasa | mwenzi = Marivi Lorido García (ndoa 1982–sasa) | watoto = 4 (akiwemo Dominik García-Lorido) | urefu = 175 cm }} '''Andrés Arturo García Menéndez''' (alizaliwa Aprili 12, 1956) ni mwigizaji, muongozaji, mtayarishaji, na mwanamuziki wa [[Marekani]]. Alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa kwa kuigiza katika filamu ya [[Brian De Palma]] iliyoitwa ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]'' (1987) akishirikiana na [[Kevin Costner]], [[Sean Connery]], na [[Robert De Niro]]. Aliendelea kuigiza katika filamu kama vile ''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' (1988), na ''[[Internal Affairs (film)|Internal Affairs]]'' (1990). Baadaye alishiriki katika filamu ya [[Francis Ford Coppola]] ya ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' (1990) kama [[Vincent Corleone|Vincent Mancini]], jambo lililomwezesha kuchaguliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Akademi (kama mwigizaji bora wa kiume anayesaidia) na kuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza kutoka Kuba kuchaguliwa kuwania tuzo za Oscar katika kategoria ya uigizaji. Aliendelea kuigiza katika filamu za [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] kama vile filamu ya [[Stephen Frears]] ya ''[[Hero (1992 film)|Hero]]'' (1992), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[When a Man Loves a Woman (film)|When a Man Loves a Woman]]'' (1994), na filamu ya mapambano na kusisimua ya ''[[Desperate Measures (film)|Desperate Measures]]'' (1998). Mnamo mwaka 2000, alitayarisha na kuigiza katika filamu ya televisheni ya [[HBO]] iliyoitwa ''[[For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story]]'' (2000), ambapo alichaguliwa kuwania Tuzo ya [[Primetime Emmy Award]] na Tuzo ya [[Golden Globe Award]]. Pia, alicheza katika filamu ya [[Steven Soderbergh]] ya ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]'' (2001) na muendelezo wake wa ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'' (2004) na ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]'' (2007). Mnamo mwaka 2005, Garcia aliongoza na kuigiza katika filamu ya ''[[The Lost City (2005 film)|The Lost City]]'' akishirikiana na [[Dustin Hoffman]] na [[Bill Murray]]. Alishiriki pia katika ''[[New York, I Love You]]'' (2008), filamu ya vichekesho na drama ya ''[[City Island (film)|City Island]]'' (2009), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[At Middleton]]'' (2013), na filamu ya kusisimua ya makosa ya jinai ya ''[[Kill the Messenger (2014 film)|Kill the Messenger]]'' (2014). Ameshika nafasi za usaidizi katika filamu za ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'', ''[[Book Club (film)|Book Club]]'', ''[[The Mule (2018 film)|The Mule]]'', filamu ya televisheni ya [[HBO]] ya ''[[My Dinner with Hervé]]'' (zote za mwaka 2018), na kucheza uhusika mkuu katika toleo jipya la filamu ya ''[[Father of the Bride (2022 film)|Father of the Bride]]'' (2022). Mnamo mwaka 2005, alishinda Tuzo ya [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] na Tuzo ya [[Latin Grammy Awards|Latin Grammy]] kwa kutayarisha rekodi ya mwanamuziki wa Kuba [[Cachao]] iliyoitwa ''¡Ahora Sí!''.<ref name="grammy">{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/andy-garcia/8864|title=Andy Garcia|publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="latin">{{cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/artistas/andy-garcia/20385-02|title=Andy García|publisher=[[The Latin Recording Academy]]|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] cijdobhyl07g2taei3bw7808nwims53 3 241351 1575739 2026-06-21T09:48:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575739 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0xnqxs66grr672sz9gs99hi2bo8tzom 3 241352 1575740 2026-06-21T09:48:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575740 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0xnqxs66grr672sz9gs99hi2bo8tzom 3 241353 1575741 2026-06-21T09:48:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575741 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0xnqxs66grr672sz9gs99hi2bo8tzom 3 241354 1575742 2026-06-21T09:48:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575742 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0xnqxs66grr672sz9gs99hi2bo8tzom 3 241355 1575743 2026-06-21T09:48:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575743 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0xnqxs66grr672sz9gs99hi2bo8tzom 3 241356 1575744 2026-06-21T09:49:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575744 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241357 1575745 2026-06-21T09:49:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575745 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241358 1575746 2026-06-21T09:49:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575746 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241359 1575747 2026-06-21T09:49:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575747 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241360 1575748 2026-06-21T09:49:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575748 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241361 1575749 2026-06-21T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575749 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) mtdlb1yn92lv89hz4ywgv3b5cz6ac4l 3 241362 1575751 2026-06-21T09:50:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575751 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) g1oc10q94vtyrnp1w6w6roeyw7bhidy 3 241363 1575752 2026-06-21T09:50:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575752 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) g1oc10q94vtyrnp1w6w6roeyw7bhidy 3 241364 1575753 2026-06-21T09:50:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575753 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) g1oc10q94vtyrnp1w6w6roeyw7bhidy 3 241365 1575754 2026-06-21T09:50:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575754 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) g1oc10q94vtyrnp1w6w6roeyw7bhidy 3 241366 1575755 2026-06-21T09:50:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575755 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) g1oc10q94vtyrnp1w6w6roeyw7bhidy 3 241367 1575757 2026-06-21T09:51:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575757 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 74mf8dn23089xxrx5mxdp3kv0lzarhj 3 241368 1575758 2026-06-21T09:51:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575758 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) 74mf8dn23089xxrx5mxdp3kv0lzarhj