Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1676 1575786 1559216 2026-06-21T12:15:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Kenya |jina_asili=''Republic of Kenya'' ([[en]]) |bendera=Flag_of_Kenya.svg |nembo=Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg |ukubwa_nembo=90 |kaulimbiu="[[Harambee]]" |wimbo="[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]"<br>[[File:National_anthem_of_Kenya,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav]] |ramani2=Kenya topographic map-sw.svg |ramani=Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |mji_mkuu=[[Nairobi]]|latd=1|latm=16|latNS=S|longd=36|longm=48|longEW=E |lugha_rasmi={{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} |lugha_taifa=[[Kiswahili]] |utaifa = Mkenya |kabila = {{plainlist| *17.13% [[Wakikuyu]] *14.35% [[Waluhya]] *13.37% [[Wakalenjin]] *10.65% [[Waluo]] *9.81% [[Wakamba]] *5.85% [[Wasomali]] *5.68% [[Wakisii]] *5.23% [[Mijikenda]] *4.15% [[Wameru]] *13.78% Wengine}} |mwaka_kabila = 2019 |dini ={{plainlist| *85.5% [[Ukristo]] *10.9% [[Uislamu]] *1.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *0.7% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika]] *1.3% Wengine }} |mwaka_dini = 2019 |serikali=[[Serikali ya kiraisi|Jamhuri ya kiraisi]] |vyeo_viongozi={{*}}[[Marais wa Kenya|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Naibu rais wa Kenya|Naibu Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Seneti ya Kenya|Spika wa Seneti]]<br>{{*}}[[Spika wa Bunge la Kenya|Spika wa Bunge]]<br>{{*}}Jaji Mkuu |majina_viongozi=[[William Ruto]]<br>[[Kithure Kindiki]]<br>[[Amason Kingi]]<br>[[Moses Wetangula]]<br>[[Martha Koome]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru Kutoka Uingereza ''' | tukio1 = [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili]] |tukio2 = Jamhuri |tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa |tukio1_tarehe= Karne ya 8 |tukio2_tarehe= 1963 |tukio3_tarehe= 2010 |eneo_jumla=580 367<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kenya|accessdate=2024-03-30|year=2023}}</ref>|maji=2.3 |watu_kadirio=52,428,290 <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Kenya population 2024|author=Knbs|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/#:~:text=The%20total%20population%20of%20Kenya,gender%20composition%20of%20the%20population. |accessdate=2025-04-02|lang=en}}</ref> |mwaka_kadirio=2024 |sensa=2019 |watu_sensa=47 564 296<ref name="Census2019a">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> |mwaka_pato=2025 |pato_halisi={{ongezeko}} $401.97 bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=April 2025 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref> |pato_halisi_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} $7,530<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |cheo_plt_ppp = 59 |pato={{ongezeko}} $131.67 Bilioni<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} $2,470<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> |mwaka_maendeleo=2025 |maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.628<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 March 2024|page=289|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>(ya 143)</br> {{kati}} |fedha=[[Shilingi ya Kenya]]|majira_saa=+3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) |tld=[[.ke]]|iso3166=KE |msimbo_simu=254 |udereva=Kushoto |muundo_tarehe=siku/mwezi/mwaka }} '''Kenya''' , rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] iliyopo [[Afrika Mashariki]] katika [[ikweta]], kando ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Kenya imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] upande wa magharibi, kisha [[Sudan Kusini]] upande wa kaskazini magharibi.Mnamo 2024 Kenya ina watu milioni 54 na kuwa nchi ya 26 kubwa duniani kwa Idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] wake mkuu na mkubwa ni [[Nairobi]], lakini [[Mombasa]] ni mji mashuhuri pia. Ukiwa kama mji kongwe zaidi na [[bandari]] kuu iliyopo katika [[Kisiwa cha Mombasa]]. Miji mingine ni pamoja na [[Nakuru]], [[Eldoret]], na [[Kisumu]]. Kenya ina [[Historia ya Kenya|historia ndefu]] inayojumuisha makazi ya awali ya binadamu, mitandao ya kale ya biashara ya pwani, [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza|utawala wa kikoloni]], na maendeleo ya taifa baada ya uhuru. Ugunduzi wa akiolojia katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] umechangia kuelewa maendeleo ya awali ya binadamu, ambapo baadhi ya mabaki ya kale zaidi ya jamii za hominidi yamepatikana katika eneo la Kenya ya sasa. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/History |author=Kenneth Ingham |title=History of Kenya |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kando ya pwani, miji kama [[Mombasa]] na [[Lamu]] ilikua vituo muhimu vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[Waswahili]] na [[biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyohusisha wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]], [[Wahindi]], na baadaye [[Wazungu]]. <ref name="UNESCO_Lamu">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 |title=Mji Mkongwe wa Lamu |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na baadaye ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1963 chini ya uongozi wa [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. <ref name="BBC_Kenya_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 |title=Wasifu wa Kenya |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ina [[mandhari]] mbalimbali kuanzia maeneo ya [[jangwa la Chalbi]] kaskazini, nyanda za juu zenye rutuba katikati, hadi [[msitu|misitu]] na [[pwani]] yenye mandhari ya kuvutia kusini mashariki. [[Mlima Kenya]], mlima wa pili kwa urefu barani [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], uko katikati ya nchi na ni kivutio kikubwa cha utalii. Zaidi ya hayo, mbuga za wanyama kama [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Amboseli|Amboseli]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki|Tsavo]], na [[Samburu]] huvutia watalii kutoka kote ulimwenguni kwa sababu ya wanyama pori kama [[simba]], [[tembo]], [[vifaru]], na pundamilia. [[Uchumi|Kiuchumi]], Kenya ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi katika eneo la bara ya [[Afrika Mashariki]], ikiwa na uchumi unaotegemea sekta za [[kilimo]], huduma, [[utalii]], na teknolojia. Kilimo, hasa uzalishaji wa [[chai]], [[kahawa]], [[maua]] na mboga, ni uti wa mgongo wa ajira na mapato ya kigeni. [[Teknolojia]] ya habari na mawasiliano pia imekua haraka, huku jiji la Nairobi likiitwa "''Silicon Savannah''" kwa mchango wake katika ubunifu wa kidijitali na kampuni za teknolojia kama [[Safaricom]] na huduma ya [[M-pesa]]. [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] ndizo lugha rasmi za Kenya, ambapo [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano baina ya makabila tofauti, na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika mandhari rasmi kama [[Shule]], [[bunge]] n.k Kenya ni jamhuri ya urais yenye udemokrasia wa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] uliowekwa chini ya Katiba ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilianzisha serikali za ugatuzi kupitia kaunti 47. <ref name="WFB_Kenya_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |title=Kenya - World Factbook: Serikali |website=cia.gov |publisher=Shirika la Ujasusi la Marekani (CIA) |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, huku mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yakitekelezwa na Bunge la mabunge mawili linalojumuisha [[Bunge la Kitaifa]] na [[Seneti]]. <ref name="Kenya_Parliament">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/ |title=Bunge la Kenya |website=parliament.go.ke |publisher=Serikali ya Kenya |date=2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kenya ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC), [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Madola]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], na ina nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda, biashara, na shughuli za kulinda amani katika [[Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="EAC_Kenya">{{cite web |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/republic-of-kenya |title=Wasifu wa Kenya kama Nchi Mwanachama wa EAC |website=eac.int |publisher=Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Jiografia== {{Main|Jiografia ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mlima Kenya ni kilele cha juu kabisa nchini. Kenya imepata jina lake kutoka mlima huo.]] Kenya ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 580,367 ([[maili mraba]] 224,081). Kutoka [[pwani]] ya Bahari ya Hindi, nyanda za chini zimeinuka hadi milima ya kati. Milima hii imetenganishwa na eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa]]; sehemu [[tambarare]] yenye [[rutuba]] upande wa [[mashariki]]. Milima ya Kenya ni kati ya iliyofaulu kwa [[kilimo]] barani Afrika. Eneo hili la milima ndilo la juu zaidi nchini Kenya (na la pili kwa urefu barani Afrika<ref name="annexation1">{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony|edition=15|volume=17|pages=801, 1b|year=2002|id=ISBN 0-85229-787-4}}</ref> [[Mlima Kenya]], unaofikia [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na ni eneo lenye [[mito]] ya [[barafu]]. Kusini mashariki [[milima ya Taita]] ndiyo mwanzo wa [[tao la Mashariki]], [[safu za milima]] zenye miaka zaidi ya [[milioni]] 100 ambazo zinaenea hasa nchini Tanzania. Upande huohuo wa [[kusini]] [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] ({{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) huweza kuonekana ukiwa ng'ambo ya mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{Cite map| publisher = Rough Guide| title = Rough Guide Map Kenya| edition =9| year = 2006 | cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> ===Halihewa=== Kenya ni nchi yenye [[jua]] kali na [[nguo]] za [[majira ya joto]] huvaliwa mwaka mzima. Hata hivyo, huwa na [[baridi]] [[usiku]] na pia [[asubuhi]] na mapema. [[Hali ya hewa]] ina [[joto]] na [[unyevu]] sehemu za pwani, joto kiasi sehemu za [[bara]] na ni [[Ukame|kame]] katika sehemu za kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki mwa nchi. Hata hivyo kuna [[mvua]] nyingi kati ya [[Machi]] na [[Aprili]], na mvua ya kadiri kati ya [[Oktoba]] na [[Novemba]]. [[Halijoto]] huwa juu zaidi miezi hii yote. Mvua ya [[masika]] hunyesha kuanzia Aprili hadi [[Juni]]. Mvua ya [[vuli]] nayo hunyesha kuanzia Oktoba hadi [[Desemba]]. Wakati mwingine mvua hii huwa nyingi na aghalabu hunyesha wakati wa [[alasiri]] na [[jioni]]. Majira ya joto jingi ni kuanzia [[Februari]] hadi Machi nayo ya baridi ni [[Julai]] hadi [[Agosti]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mji !Mwinuko ([[mita]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Free topographic maps, elevation, terrain|url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/|work=Topographic maps|accessdate=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> !Wastani wa Halijoto ([[°C]])<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/kenya|accessdate=2024-04-03|title=Climate in Kenya|language=en|author=Climates to Travel}}</ref> !Upeo wa juu ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> !Upeo wa chini ([[°C]])<ref name=":0" /> |- |Mombasa |50 |26.4 |30.4 |22.5 |- |Nairobi |1 795 |19.75 |25.7 |13.9 |- |Eldoret |2 111 |17.3 |23.6 |11.1 |- |Lodwar |509 |29.6 |35.3 |24 |- |Mandera |540 |29.4 |34.6 |24.3 |} ===Mazingira=== {{main|Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya}} Kenya ina maeneo makubwa wanapoishi [[wanyamapori]] likiwemo [[Masai Mara]], ambapo [[nyumbu]] na [[wanyama]] wengi [[walanyasi]] hushiriki katika [[uhamaji]] kila [[mwaka]]. Uhamaji huo, hasa uhamaji wa nyumbu, hutokea Juni hadi Septemba na hushirikisha mamilioni ya wanyama. Tukio hili huwavutia sana wapigaji [[picha]] za [[sinema]]. Takribani nyumbu 250,000 huangamia kila mwaka katika uhamaji huu wa kutafuta [[lishe]] wakati wa [[kiangazi]]. Wale wanyama wakubwa watano wa Afrika wanapatikana Kenya: [[simba]], [[chui]], [[nyati]], [[kifaru]] na [[ndovu]]. Wanyama wengine wengi wa [[pori]] na [[ndege]] hupatikana katika [[mbuga za taifa]] na [[hifadhi za wanyama]] hawa nchini. Mazingira ya Kenya yanahatarishwa na ongezeko kubwa la idadi ya watu na athari zake. [[Picha:A lone giraffe in Nairobi National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Twiga katika Mbuga ya wanyama ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi, na upeo wa macho wa Nairobi nyuma yake.]] [[Picha:African safari route.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Njia katika [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Mashariki]].]] ==Historia== {{Main|Historia ya Kenya}} === Historia ya awali === Eneo ambalo leo linajulikana kama Kenya lina ushahidi muhimu sana wa mwanzo wa mageuzi ya binadamu ndani ya Bonde la [[Ziwa Turkana]] na mfumo mpana wa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Ugunduzi wa visukuku katika maeneo kama [[Koobi Fora]], [[Nariokotome]], na [[Kanapoi]] umejumuisha mabaki ya hominini wa awali kama vile ''Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis'', na ''Homo erectus'', ikiwemo mifupa karibu kamili inayojulikana kama ''Turkana Boy'' kutoka [[Nariokotome]], ambayo imetoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu anatomia ya binadamu wa awali, ukuaji, na mabadiliko ya kimazingira. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.museums.or.ke/paleontology/ |title=Paleontology Section |website=museums.or.ke |publisher=National Museums of Kenya |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia|kiakiolojia]] pia umeonyesha zana za mawe za Oldowan zilizotumika zaidi ya miaka milioni 2.6 iliyopita pamoja na handaxe za Acheulean za baadaye, zikionyesha maendeleo ya awali ya teknolojia zilizotumika kwa kukata, kuwinda, na kusindika chakula. <ref name="Britannica_Kenya_History"/> Mabadiliko ya mazingira katika [[Bonde la Ufa]] kama vile kubadilika kwa viwango vya maziwa na hali ya hewa yanaonyesha kuwa kulikuwa na makazi ya muda mrefu ya binadamu na uwezo wa kuzoea mazingira katika eneo hilo kwa mamilioni ya miaka. <ref name="NM_Kenya_Prehistory"/> === Historia kabla ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Great Mosque of Gede.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Msikiti mkuu]] wa [[Gedi]] ambao ni wa kutoka [[karne ya 13]].]] Wakazi wa kwanza wa eneo linaloitwa Kenya walikuwa wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]]: hadi leo kuna makabila matatu madogo yenye asili hiyo, ingawa yanatumia [[lugha za Kikushi]]: [[Waata]], [[Waawer]] na [[Wadahalo]]. [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[kaskazini]] waliingia Kenya kati ya [[miaka ya 3200 KK]] na [[1300 KK]]<ref name="pbs.org">[http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm Wonders wa Afrika World - ]PBS</ref>. Mwaka [[500 KK]] hivi wazungumzaji wa [[lugha za Kinilo-Sahara]] na katika [[milenia ya kwanza KK]] wale wa [[lugha za Kibantu]] waliingia katika eneo hili, na sasa [[Waniloti]] ni 30% ya Wakenya wote. [[Wafanyabiashara]] [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika [[pwani]] ya Kenya [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]]. Ukaribu wa Kenya na Uarabuni ulirahisisha [[ukoloni]], hivyo Waarabu na [[Waajemi]] walianza kuishi eneo la pwani [[karne ya 8]]. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya walioitwa "Waarabu" katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki walikuwa ma[[chotara]], Waafrika-Waarabu. Pwani ya Kenya imekuwa makao ya jamii ya [[wahunzi]] na jamii ya [[wakulima]] wadogowadogo, [[wawindaji]] na [[wavuvi]] ambao walikuwa [[mhimili]] wa [[uchumi]] kwa kushiriki katika kilimo, uvuvi, utengenezaji chuma, na [[biashara]] na nchi za kigeni.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kuanzia [[karne ya 6]] au [[karne ya 9]], Kenya ilijihusisha na [[shughuli]] za u[[baharia]] kukuza [[uchumi]] ikaanza kutengeneza [[meli]] za kuabiria kusini hadi miji mingine yenye [[bandari]] kama [[Kilwa]] na [[Shanga]] iliyo katika pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. [[Mombasa]] ulikuwa [[mji]] wenye bandari wa nchi ya Kenya katika [[karne za kati]]. Bandari hiyo ilitumika kuendeleza [[biashara]] na miji mingine yenye bandari Afrika, [[Uajemi]], na wafanyabiashara Waarabu, [[Yemeni]] na hata [[Bara Hindi]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;lpg=PA22&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India&amp;source=web&amp;ots=KBr2nADf21&amp;sig=X9gvzWPMoRzXyLYW5YdQLVTHMpQ&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=eW2VSbTsKp6DtweemZScCw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=7&amp;ct=result Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad]</ref> [[Baharia]] [[Mreno]] [[Duarte Barbosa]] wa [[karne ya 15]] alidai kuwa "[Mombasa] ni bandari nzuri na yenye shughuli nyingi, [[mashua]] nyingi na hata meli kubwa ajabu, ambazo zote hutoka [[Sofala]] na nyingine kutoka [[Cambay]], [[Melinde]] na nyingine zinazoabiri hadi kisiwani [[Unguja]]."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&amp;pg=PA24&amp;lpg=PA24&amp;dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade&amp;source=web&amp;ots=4RAxkPTIWI&amp;sig=G9JDunc4cYFCp1kdp1ghtyPG9Q0&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=Tm2VSdKwING3twfUlKS0Cw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ct=result Dispersal Afrika katika Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali]</ref> Karne kadhaa kabla ya ukoloni, [[upwa]] wa Kenya wanakoishi [[Waswahili]] ulikuwa sehemu ya eneo la mashariki mwa Afrika lililofanya biashara, hasa ya [[watumwa]] na [[pembe za ndovu]] na Waarabu na [[Wahindi]]. Inasemekana kwamba [[kabila]] la [[Wameru (Kenya)|Wameru]] lilitokana na watumwa waliotoroka utumwa [[Uarabuni]] [[miaka ya 1700]]. Mwanzoni wafanyabiashara wengi walitokea [[milki]] za Uarabuni lakini baadaye wengine wakatokea Unguja (kama [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Kiswahili Coast.] {{Wayback|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=20071230022459 }} Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> [[Kiswahili]], ambacho ni [[lugha]] ya [[Kibantu]] iliyokopa [[misamiati]] ya [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiajemi]] na mingine kutoka [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Asia Kusini]], baadaye ilikua ikawa [[lingua franca]] ya biashara kwa jamii mbalimbali.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Kwa [[karne]] nyingi, upwa wa Kenya umekuwa mwenyeji wa wafanyabiashara na wasafiri. Kati ya miji iliyopo kwenye upwa wa Kenya , mji wa [[Malindi]] umebakia kuwa makazi muhimu ya Waswahili tangu [[karne ya 14]] na wakati mmoja ulishindana na Mombasa kwa ukuu pande hizi za Afrika Mashariki. Kwa kawaida, Malindi umekuwa mji na bandari ya kirafiki kwa [[serikali]] nyingine. Mwaka wa [[1414]], [[Sultani]] Mwarabu wa Malindi alianzisha uhusiano wa ki[[diplomasia]] na utawala wa [[Uchina]] wa [[Ming]], wakati wa safari za [[mchunguzi]] [[Zheng He]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html Sultani wa Malinda, PBS]</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1498]], utawala wa Malindi ulimkaribisha msafiri na [[mvumbuzi]] maarufu kutoka Ureno, [[Vasco da Gama]]. === Chini ya ukoloni === [[Picha:Kenya-relief-map-towns.jpg|thumb|left|360px| Seaport Mombasa, chini ya Malindi, ina reli ya Nairobi (kituo), kusini ya Naivasha &amp; Nyeri. (bonyeza ramani ilu kuipanua)]] [[Wareno]] walikuwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuzuru eneo la Kenya ya sasa: [[Vasco da Gama]] alikuwa amezuru Mombasa mwaka wa [[1498]]. Safari ya Vasco da Gama ilifaulu alipofikia huko [[India]], na jambo hilo liliwawezesha Wareno kufanya [[biashara]] moja kwa moja na [[Mashariki ya Mbali]] kupitia [[bahari]] na hivyo kutatiza mitandao ya kibiashara ya awali ya [[nchi kavu]] na baharini kama njia za biashara ya [[viungo]] zilizotumia [[Ghuba la Uajemi]], [[Bahari Nyekundu]] na misafara iliyofika hadi eneo la mashariki ya [[Bahari ya Kati|Mediterranea]]. [[Jamhuri ya Venisi]] ndiyo iliyotawala maeneo ya biashara kati ta [[Uropa]] na [[Asia]]. Baada ya njia za kawaida za nchi kavu hadi India kufungwa na [[Waturuki]] wa [[Waosmani|Ottoman]], Ureno ulitarajiwa kutumia njia ya baharini iliyotumiwa kwanza na Vasco da Ghama ili kuvunja [[ukiritimba]] wa [[Venice]]. Utawala wa Wareno huko Afrika Mashariki ulijihusisha hasa na pwani iliyokaribia Mombasa. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kulianza rasmi baada ya mwaka wa [[1505]], wakati [[manowari]] za Wareno, zikiongozwa na Don [[Francisco de Almeida]], zilipokishinda [[Kilwa]], [[kisiwa]] kilicho katika eneo ambalo sasa ni [[Tanzania]] kusini. Kuwepo kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki kuliwawezesha kudhibiti biashara katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], na kulinda njia za baharini zinazounganisha Uropa na Asia. Manowari zao za kivita zilikwamisha biashara za maadui wao magharibi mwa Bahari ya Hindi na walitoza [[kodi]] juu ya [[bidhaa]] zilizosafirishwa kupitia eneo hilo kwani walitawala [[bandari]] zote na njia kuu za [[meli]]. Kujengwa kwa [[ngome]] iliyoitwa [[Fort Jesus Mombasa]] mwaka wa [[1593]] kulikusudiwa kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo, lakini [[ushawishi]] wao ulikatizwa na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]], [[Waholanzi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]] katika eneo hilo [[karne ya 17]]. Waarabu kutoka Omani ndio waliokuwa [[tishio]] kuu la utawala wa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na waliizingira ngome ya Wareno, wakazishambulia meli zao za kivita, kisha kuwafukuza Wareno waliobaki kutoka pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania mwaka wa [[1730]]. Kufikia wakati huo, ufalme wa Ureno haukuwa na [[haja]] na njia ya bahari ya biashara ya viungo kwani [[faida]] yake ilikuwa imepungua sana. Utawala wa Wareno ulibakia tu katika bandari na maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Msumbiji]] hadi mwaka wa [[1975]]. Kutawaliwa kwa pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania na Waarabu kutoka Omani kuliifanya miji hii iliyojitawala hapo awali iwe chini ya uangalifu mkali wa wageni kuliko ilivyokuwa katika enzi za utawala wa Wareno. Waarabu wa Omani, kama Wareno waliowatangulia, waliweza kutawala eneo la pwani tu, si eneo la bara. Hata hivyo, kuanzishwa kwa ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya mi[[karafuu]], kuongezeka kwa [[biashara ya utumwa]] na kuhamishwa kwa [[makao makuu]] ya Waomani hadi [[Zanzibar]] mwaka wa [[1839]] na [[Seyyid Said]] kulisababisha Waomani kuimarisha utawala wao katika eneo hilo. Utawala wa Waarabu katika bandari kuu zote za pwani ya Afrika Mashariki uliendelea hadi [[Uingereza]] ilipoamua kumaliza biashara ya utumwa na uanzishaji wa [[utaratibu]] wa kufanya [[kazi]] kwa [[malipo]] ukaanza kushinikiza utawala wa Waomani. Kufikia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]], biashara ya watumwa katika bahari zote kuu ilikuwa imeharamishwa na Waingereza: Waarabu wa Omani hawakuwa na uwezo wa kupingana na [[jeshi la wanamaji]] la Uingereza lililokuwa likitekeleza amri hiyo. Waomani waliendelea kuwepo visiwani [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]] hadi [[mapinduzi]] ya mwaka wa [[1964]], lakini kuwepo kwa Waarabu wa Omani nchini Kenya rasmi kulisitishwa wakati Wajerumani na Waingereza walipozidhibiti bandari zote kuu na kuanzisha mahusiano ya kibiashara na viongozi mashuhuri waliokuwa wenyeji [[miaka ya 1880]]. Hata hivyo, [[urithi]] waliouacha Afrika Mashariki ungali unaonekana kupitia kwa vizazi vyao vipatikanavyo pwani ya Kenya na ambavyo vinaona kuwa asili yao ni Oman. Vizazi hivi hata leo humiliki [[utajiri]] mwingi na ndio wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa katika jamii za pwani ya Kenya. [[Picha:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|400 px|[[Reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] karibu na Mombasa, [[1899]] hivi]] Hata hivyo, [[wanahistoria]] wengi hushikilia kuwa [[historia]] ya [[ukoloni]] nchini Kenya ilianza wakati Wajerumani walipoanza kutawala [[mali]] ya [[Sultani wa Unguja]] iliyo pwani mwaka wa [[1885]], ikifuatwa na kuja kwa [[kampuni]] ya Imperial British East Africa Company mwaka wa [[1888]]. [[Uhasama]] wa kwanza baina ya ma[[bepari]] ulikatizwa wakati Ujerumani ulipouachia Uingereza sehemu ya pwani iliyomiliki. Hii ilifuatia kujengwa kwa [[reli]] iliyounganisha Kenya na [[Uganda]]. Baadhi ya ma[[kabila]] ya Kenya yalipinga [[ujenzi]] huo, hasa [[Wanandi]] wakiongozwa na ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' Koitalel Arap Samoei kwa miaka kumi, kuanzia [[1895]] hadi [[1905]] – lakini hatimaye Waingereza waliijenga reli hii. Inaaminika kuwa Wanandi walikuwa kabila la kwanza kuwekwa kwenye maeneo yaliyotengewa [[Waafrika]] ili kuwazuia kutatiza ujenzi wa reli. Wakati huo [[Wahindi]] wengi wenye [[ujuzi]] waliingia nchini ili kuchangia ujenzi. Wakati wa ujenzi wa reli kupitia [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Tsavo Magharibi]], Wahindi wengi na wenyeji Waafrika walivamiwa na [[simba]] wawili waliojulikana kama “[[wala watu wa Tsavo]]”. Wahindi hao na vizazi vyao baadaye walibakia nchini Kenya na kuunda [[kitovu]] cha [[jamii]] za Wahindi zijulikanayo kama [[Ismaili Muslim]] na [[Sikh]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103151208/http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |archivedate=2009-01-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html Sikh]</ref> Mnamo Agosti [[1914]], [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] vilipoanza, ma[[gavana]] wa [[British East Africa]] (kama eneo hilo lilivyojulikana) na [[German East Africa]] walifikia makubaliano ili kuepusha ma[[koloni]] yao machanga na uhasama. Hata hivyo, [[Luteni Kanali]] [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] alichukua [[mamlaka]] ya majeshi ya Ujerumani, akiwa na kusudi la kutwaa [[raslimali]] nyingi iwezekanavyo za Uingereza. Jeshi la Uingereza likiwa limemtenga na Ujerumani, von Lettow aliendesha [[kampeni]] iliyofaulu ya [[vita vya kuvizia]], wakila walichopata, wakiteka bidhaa za matumizi za Uingereza, na kuepuka kushindwa. Mwishowe alisalimu amri na akajisalimisha nchini [[Zambia]] siku kumi na moja baada ya mapatano ya kusimamisha vita kutiwa [[sahihi]] mwaka wa [[1918]]. Waingereza walitumia jeshi la Wahindi kumfukuza Lettow na walihitaji [[wachukuzi]] wengi ili kubeba vifaa vya matumizi hadi [[bara]] kwa [[miguu]] na hivyo kutatua [[shida]] kuu ya uchukuzi. Kundi la wanajeshi wachukuzi liliundwa na kuwajumuisha Waafrika 400,000, na kuchangia katika [[uhamasishaji]] wao wa muda mrefu kisiasa. Hadi mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya lilijulikana kama Himaya ya Uingereza ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="annexation">{{Rejea kitabu|title=British East Africa Annexed--Kenya Colony|author=Reuter|section=News|date=8 Julai 1920|page=13|issue=42457}}</ref> Mwaka huo, [[koloni]] la Kenya liliundwa na kupatiwa jina linalotokana na Mlima Kenya<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Foottit |first=Claire |title=Kenya |origyear=2004 |series=The Brade Travel Guide |year=2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd |isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>Waingereza walilitamka jina hilo kama {{pron-en|ˈkiːnjə}}<ref name="oed_kenya">{{OED|Kenya}}</ref> ingawa matamshi ya wenyeji na yaliyokusudiwa katika maendelezo asili, ''Kenia'' yalikuwa ˈkɛnja.<ref>''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P The Spelling ya Kenya.]'' BJ Ratcliffe. Journal ya Royal African Society, Vol. 42, Namba 166 (Januari 1943), uk. 42-44</ref> Enzi ya [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kuwa [[rais]] wa Kenya miaka ya [[1960]]-[[1969]], matamshi ya [[Kiingereza]], yaani {{IPA-en|ˈkɛnjə|}} yalikubalika na kutumiwa sana kwa sababu jina lake lilidumisha matamshi asilia ya wenyeji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last = Foottit | first = Claire | title = Kenya | origyear = 2004 | series = The Brade Travel Guide | year = 2006 | publisher = Bradt Travel Guides Ltd | isbn = 1-84162-066-1 }}</ref> Kumbe saa ya uhuru, mwaka [[1963]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.<ref name="castro">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Castro |first=Alfonso Peter |title=Facing Kirinyaga |url=https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast |year=1995 |publisher=Intermediat Technology Publications Ltd. |location=London |isbn = 1-85339-253-7}}</ref> Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kuikomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, {{pron-en|ˈkɛnjə}} Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], [[wakulima]] Waingereza na Wazungu wengine walituama katika [[nyanda za juu]] katika eneo la kati walikoondokea kuwa ma[[tajiri]] kwa kulima [[kahawa]] na [[chai]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "Tunataka nchi yetu"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html |date=20130723000220 }}. Wakati. 5 Novemba 1965.</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1930]], takribani [[walowezi]] 30,000 waliishi katika maeneo hayo na walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa wa kisiasa kwa sababu ya uwezo wao wa ki[[uchumi]]. Maeneo hayo yalikuwa makao ya watu [[milioni]] moja wa kabila la [[Wakikuyu]], na wengi wao hawakuwa na [[ithibati]] ya kumiliki mashamba kwa mujibu wa Waingereza (ingawa mashamba hayo yalimilikiwa na kabila hilo kabla ya Wazungu kufika), na waliishi kama wakulima wanaohamahama. Ili kuendeleza matakwa yao, walowezi waliwakataza kilimo cha kahawa na kuwalazimisha kulipa kodi ya [[nyumba]], na maskwota walipewa mashamba madogo baada ya kuwafanyia kazi. Wakikuyu wengi walihamia mijini kwani mashamba yao hayangeweza kutosheleza mahitaji yao. Mwaka wa [[1951]], [[Horace Hector Hearne]] akawa [[mkuu wa sheria]] nchini Kenya (alitoka [[Ceylon]] alikoshikilia [[wadhifa]] huohuo) na alifanya kazi katika [[Mahakama Kuu]] mjini [[Nairobi]]. Alihudumu katika wadhifa huo hadi mwaka [[1954]] alipoteuliwa kama [[Hakimu wa Rufaa]] katika [[Mahakama ya Rufaa]] ya [[Afrika Magharibi]]. [[Usiku]] wa tarehe [[5 Februari]] [[1952]], wakati [[Mfalme]] [[Mfalme George VI|George VI]] alipoaga dunia, Hearne alimsindikiza [[Malkia]] [[Elizabeth II]] na [[mume]]we Filipo [[mwanamfalme]] wa [[Edinburgh]], kwa dhifa ya kitaifa hotelini Treetops, ambayo sasa ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii. Hapa ndipo alipouanzia umalkia.<ref>[http://www.africagenweb.org/kenya/ Kenya, AfricaGenWeb]</ref> Alirudi Uingereza mara moja akiandamana na Hearne. Kuanzia Oktoba 1952 mpaka Desemba [[1959]], Kenya ilikuwa katika [[hali ya hatari]] kufuatia [[uasi]] wa [[Mau Mau]] dhidi ya utawala wa Uingereza. Gavana aliomba na kupata msaada wa wanajeshi Waingereza na Waafrika, pamoja na [[King's African Rifles]]. Mnamo Januari [[1953]], [[Meja Jenerali]] Hinde aliteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa oparesheni ya kuzima uasi. Hali hii haikuimarika kwa kukosa uchunguzi, kwa hivyo [[Jenerali]] [[George Erskine]] aliteuliwa kuwa [[kamanda]] msimamizi wa majeshi ya kikoloni mnamo Mei 1953, akiungwa mkono hasa na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kutiwa mbaroni kwa [[Warũhiũ Itote]] (aka [[General China]]) tarehe [[15 Januari]] 1954, na kuhojiwa kwake kulipelekea Waingereza kuuelewa vyema usimamizi wa Mau Mau. [[Oparesheni Anvil]] iliyoanzishwa tarehe [[24 Aprili]] 1954 ilipangwa na [[jeshi]] kwa [[wiki]] kadhaa baada ya kukubaliwa na kamati kuu ya vita. Wakati wa oparesheni hiyo, mji wa Nairobi ulidhibitiwa na wanajeshi na wakazi wake walihojiwa huku wafuasi wa Mau Mau wakikamatwa na kupelekwa vizuizini. Mnamo Mei 1953, walinzi wa nyumbani walitambulika rasmi kama [[askari wa usalama]]. Askari hao wa nyumbani ndio waliounda kikosi cha kupambana na mikakati ya Mau Mau kwani walikuwa Waafrika waaminifu, na si majeshi ya kigeni kama Jeshi la Uingereza na King's African Rifles. Kufikia mwisho wa hali ya hatari, askari hao walikuwa wamewaua Mau Mau 4886, ambao ni asilimia 42% ya waasi wote. Kukamatwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] huko [[Nyeri]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[1956]] kuliashiria kushindwa kwa Mau Mau kukamaliza vita. === Baada ya uhuru === [[Picha:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|260px|[[Sanamu]] ya Jomo Kenyatta mjini Nairobi.]] ====Utawala wa Kenyatta==== Waafrika walichaguliwa moja kwa moja katika [[bunge la uwakilishi]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1957]]. Licha ya Waingereza kutamani kuwakabidhi [[mamlaka]] wapinzani wasio na [[siasa kali]] ya Kiafrika, ni [[chama]] cha [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) kilichoongozwa na [[Jomo Kenyatta]] kilichounda [[serikali]] punde tu kabla ya Kenya kupata [[uhuru]] tarehe [[12 Desemba]] [[1963]]. Tarehe 12 Desemba [[1964]], Kenya ilipotangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]], Kenyatta akawa [[rais]] wa kwanza. Mwaka huohuo, [[jeshi la Kenya]] lilipigana na [[Vita vya Shifta]] dhidi ya kabila la [[Wasomali]] waliokusudia kuiona NFD imejiunga na [[Jamhuri ya Somalia]]. [[Mashifta]] walililemea jeshi la Kenya lakini baadaye walishindwa mwaka wa [[1967]]. Kenya ilitia [[saini]] [[mkataba]] na nchi ya [[Ethiopia]] mwaka wa [[1969]] unaodumu mpaka leo kwa kuhofia ma[[shambulizi]] kutoka kwa [[jeshi la Somalia]] lililokuwa na nguvu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm Post-Uhuru Low intensiteten Conflict Nchini Kenya]</ref> Eneo la NFD nchini Kenya halijaendelea kutokana na [[kiangazi]] na [[mafuriko]]. Hata hivyo, [[wakimbizi]] wafanyabiashara wa Kisomali waliotajirika wamebadilisha [[mtaa]] wa Eastleigh uliokuwa wa ma[[banda]] na kuufanya kuwa ngome ya kibiashara katika sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa mji wa Nairobi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=E. H.|first=Campbell|date=2006|title=Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/19/3/396/1571241|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=396|doi=10.1093/jrs}}</ref> ====Utawala wa Moi==== Mwaka wa [[1978]], Kenyatta alifariki na [[Daniel Arap Moi]] akawa rais. Moi alidumisha [[urais]] kwa kuchaguliwa bila kupingwa katika chaguzi za mwaka wa [[1979]], [[1983]] (uchaguzi wa [[dharura]]) na [[1988]], zote zikiwa zilifanyika chini ya [[katiba]] ya [[chama kimoja]]. Uchaguzi wa 1983 ulifanyika mwaka mmoja kabla ya wakati kutokana na [[njama]] ya [[kupindua serikali]] iliyokosa kufaulu tarehe [[1 Agosti]] [[1982]]. [[Mapinduzi]] hayo yaliyotibuka yalipangwa na [[askari]] [[mwanahewa]] wa [[cheo]] cha chini, Bwana [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] na kuendelezwa hasa na wanahewa. [[Jaribio]] hilo lilizimwa kwa haraka na wanajeshi waaminifu wakiongozwa na [[Jeshi la Nchi Kavu]], General Service Unit (GSU) - kikosi cha [[polisi]] wenye [[hadhi]] ya kijeshi - na baadaye polisi wa kawaida. Hata hivyo [[raia]] kadhaa walijeruhiwa na wengine kuuawa. [[Tukio]] hilo lilisababisha kuvunjwa kwa kikosi chote cha wanahewa, huku wengine wakiachishwa kazi na wengine wakishtakiwa kwenye [[mahakama ya kijeshi]]. Katika uchaguzi wa 1988 ''[[kura za mlolongo]]'' zilianzishwa, ambapo wapigakura walitakiwa kupiga [[foleni]] nyuma ya [[wagombea]] wanaowapenda, badala ya kutumia [[kura ya siri]]<ref>Wapiga kura wengi kukaa nyumbani kama Kenya Drops Secret Ballot katika Uchaguzi Parliamentary http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html |date=20110215084715 }}: The Washington Post Kifungu tarehe: 25 Februari 1988 Author: Blaine Harden</ref> Jambo hilo lilionekana kama [[kilele]] cha enzi ya [[ukiukaji]] mkubwa wa [[demokrasia]] likasababisha [[msukumo]] mkuu wa [[mageuzi]] ya kikatiba. Vipengele vilivyokuwa na utata, kikiwemo kile kilichoruhusu chama kimoja pekee cha kisiasa, vilibadilishwa miaka iliyofuata.<ref>religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu / rihand / Kenya.html</ref> Katika uchaguzi wa kidemokrasia wa vyama vingi wa miaka ya [[1992]] na [[1997]], Daniel Arap Moi alichaguliwa tena. ====Utawala wa Kibaki==== Kulingana na katiba, mwaka [[2002]] Moi hakuruhusiwa kuwania urais tena, na [[Mwai Kibaki]] wa [[chama cha upinzani]] cha "[[National Rainbow Coalition]]" — NARC akachaguliwa kuwa rais. Uchaguzi huo ulitambulikana kuwa wa kidemokrasia na [[wachunguzi]] wa humu nchini na wa kimataifa na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha mageuzi makubwa ya kidemokrasia nchini Kenya. Mnamo Desemba [[2002]], Wakenya walifanya uchaguzi uliokuwa wa kidemokrasia na uwazi ambao kwa kiasi kikubwa uliamuliwa kuwa huru na wa haki na wachunguzi wa kimataifa. Uchaguzi wa mwaka huo ulikuwa mwanzo mpya na uliiletea Kenya mabadiliko makuu ya kisiasa yaliyowezesha chama cha Kenya African National Union (KANU), kilichokuwa kimeitawala nchi tangu uhuru, kukabidhi kwa amani mamlaka kwa chama cha National Rainbow Coalition (NARK), uliokuwa muungano wa vyama vingi. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Mwai Kibaki, muungano wa vyama tawala ulihahidi kushughulikia ukuaji wa kiuchumi, kumaliza ufisadi, kuimarisha elimu na kuandika katiba mpya. Baadhi ya ahadi hizi zimeshatimizwa. Kuna elimu ya msingi ya bure. Mwaka wa 2007 serikali ilitangaza kuwa, kuanzia mwaka 2008 gharama ya masomo ya shule za upili itapunguzwa huku serikali ikilipia gharama zote za mafundisho. ====Uchaguzi wa 2007==== {{Main|Uchaguzi wa bunge nchini Kenya, 2007}} Katika uchaguzi mkuu uliofanyika tarehe 27 Desemba 2007, Rais Kibaki wa chama cha Party of National Unity (PNU) aliwania uchaguzi dhidi ya chama kikuu cha upinzani Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). Kulingana na wachunguzi wa kimataifa, uchaguzi huo ulikumbwa na udanganyifu na hivyo kutofikia kiwango kinachokubalika kimataifa. Chama cha ODM kilisambaratika na kupoteza 8 % ya kura zake kwa chama kipya cha Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM) - kikiongozwa na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]. Kinyang’anyiro kilikuwa kikali kati ya mgombea wa ODM, [[Raila Odinga]] na Kibaki wa PNU. Kuhesabiwa kwa kura na [[Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya]] kulionyesha Raila akiongoza kwa [[kura]] chache na baadaye kwa kura nyingi. Hata hivyo, kura zilipoendelea kuhesabiwa na Tume ya Uchaguzi, Kibaki alimkaribia [[mpinzani]] wake kwa kura, kisha akamshinda. Matokeo hayo yalisababisha [[maandamano]] na kulaumiwa kwa Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya kwa kumpendelea Kibaki, hivyo Oginga akajitangaza “rais wa watu” na kutaka kura zihesabiwe tena.<ref>ghasia za uchaguzi Kenya unatishia mafanikio yake ya kiuchumi http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm</ref> Maandamano hayo yalibadilika kuwa [[ghasia]] zilizosababisha kuharibiwa kwa [[mali]].<ref name="reuters">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715200529/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400}}</ref>. Viongozi mashuhuri wa Afrika, wakiongozwa na aliyekuwa [[katibu mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Kofi Annan]] walisuluhisha [[mzozo]] huo wa kisiasa. Kundi la Annan liliungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Jumuia ya Ulaya]], [[Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]], Serikali ya Marekani na nchi nyingine maarufu ulimwenguni kote. Kwa habari zaidi rejelea [[Ghasia nchini Kenya (2007-2008)]]. Annan aliomba usaidizi kwa [[kamati]] yake ya [[upatanishi]] kutoka kwa shirika la kushughulikia mizozo la [[Uswisi]] lijulikanalo kama Kituo cha Mazungumzo ya Kihisani yaani Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. ====Serikali ya muungano==== Tarehe [[12 Februari]] 2008 Kibaki na Odinga walitia sahihi mkataba wa kuunda [[serikali ya muungano]] ambapo Odinga angekuwa [[waziri mkuu]] wa pili nchini Kenya. Kulingana na mkataba huo, rais angeteua [[baraza la mawaziri]] kutoka pande zote mbili za PNU na ODM kulingana na wingi wa wabunge wa kila chama bungeni. Mkataba huo ulieleza kuwa baraza la mawaziri litajumuisha [[Makamu wa Rais]] na manaibu wawili wa Waziri Mkuu. Baada ya majadiliano bungeni ilipitishwa kuwa muungano huo utadumu hadi mwisho wa kipindi cha bunge, ama chama kimoja kikijitoa kwenye muungano kabla ya kipindi cha bunge kuisha. [[Wadhifa]] huo mpya wa waziri mkuu utakuwa na nguvu na mamlaka kuratibu na kusimamia shughuli za serikali. Vilevile itaongozwa na mbunge aliyechaguliwa ambaye pia atakuwa kiongozi wa chama au muungano wa vyama wenye idadi kubwa ya wabunge bungeni. Ulimwengu ulimshuhudia Annan na kamati yake iliyoungwa mkono na Umoja wa Mataifa na mwenye kiti wa muungano wa nchi za Afrika Jakaya Kikwete, walipowaleta pamoja wapinzani hawa sugu kwenye sherehe za kutia sahihi mkataba huu. Sherehe hizi zilionyeshwa moja kwa moja kwenya televisheni ya kitaifa kutoka kiingilio cha Jumba la Harambee mjini Nairobi. Wawakilishi wa PNU na ODM walianza majadiliano ya kina kuhusu ugavi wa mamlaka tarehe 29 Februari 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' kwa Kenya - CNN.com] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html |date=20080305205228 }} saa edition.cnn.com</ref> Wabunge wa Kenya, kwa pamoja, waliidhinisha mkataba wa ugawaji mamlaka tarehe 18 mwezi wa Machi 2008 ili kuiokoa Kenya iliyoaminika kama mojawapo ya nchi thabiti na iliyoendelea barani Afrika. Mkataba huu uliunganisha PNU iliyoongozwa na Kibaki na ODM ya Odinga kisha kupelekea kuundwa kwa serikali ya muungano, vyama vyote viwili vikiwa na mamlaka sawa.<ref>wabunge Kenya kupitisha sheria ya kugawana madaraka-english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera Kiingereza 18 Machi</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] 2008, Rais Kibaki aliitangaza baraza la mawaziri 41 wa serikali hii ya muungano ikijumuisha waziri mkuu na makamu wake wawili. Baraza hili lilijumuisha pia manaibu wa mawaziri 50 na lilitawazwa katika [[Ikulu]] ya Nairobi tarehe [[17 Aprili]] 2008 huku Kofi Annan na viongozi wengine mashuhuri wakishuhudia. Tarehe [[4 Novemba]] [[2008]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[sikukuu ya kitaifa]] kusherehekea [[ushindi]] wa [[Barack Obama]], ambaye [[baba]] yake alikuwa Mkenya, kama rais wa [[Marekani]]. Katika sehemu za mashambani, kama wilayani [[Kisii]], visa vya kuchoma watu wakidaiwa kuwa [[wachawi]] vinaongezeka.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8119201.stm Horror ya Kenya's 'Witch' lynchings]</ref> Waathiriwa hasa ni wanawake wakongwe. Mnamo Mei 2008, watu 11 waliuwa na nyumba 30 kuchomwa.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/22/2252041.htm Mob nzito kifo 11 Kenya 'witches']</ref> ==Siasa na Utawala== Tazama pia: [[Orodha ya vyama vya kisiasa nchini Kenya]] Kwa sasa Kenya ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] ya kiuwakilishi inayoongozwa na rais, ambaye ndiye mkuu wa taifa na kiongozi wa serikali, na yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]]. [[Serikali]] ndiyo yenye [[mamlaka]] ya juu. Utungaji wa [[sheria]] ni jukumu la serikali na la [[bunge]] la taifa. Idara ya Mahakama ni huru, na imejitenga na serikali kuu na bunge. Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na kutoridhika kwingi, hasa katika enzi ya rais mstaafu [[Daniel Arap Moi]], kuwa serikali iliingilia sana shughuli za mahakama. Kenya imedumisha uthabiti wa kutosha licha ya mabadiliko katika mifumo yake ya kisiasa na michafuko katika nchi kadhaa jirani. Bunge la mseto wa vyama vingi la [[1997]] lilianzisha [[mageuzi]] yaliyobadilisha sheria za kikoloni zenye [[dhuluma]] zilizotumika kuuzuia uhuru wa kuongea na kutangamana. Jambo hilo liliimarisha uhuru wa [[umma]] na kuchangia kiasi kuaminika kwa [[uchaguzi]] wa Desemba 1997. ===Kaunti na tarafa=== {{Main|Kaunti za Kenya|Wilaya, tarafa na kata za Kenya}} [[Picha:Map showing Counties underthe new kenyan constitution..gif|thumb|Kaunti za Kenya.]] Kenya ina [[kaunti]] 47, kila moja ikiongozwa na Mkuu wa Kaunti anayechaguliwa na watu ambao wanaishi kwenye hiyo kaunti. [[Serikali za mitaa]] huendelezwa kupitia mabaraza ya miji. Maeneo mengi ya mijini huwa ni [[mji]], [[manisipaa]] au baraza la mji. Serikali za mitaa katika maeneo ya [[Shamba|mashambani]] huitwa [[serikali]] za [[wilaya]]. Ma[[diwani]] wa mitaa hii huchaguliwa katika [[uchaguzi]] wa madiwani unaofanywa wakati mmoja na [[uchaguzi mkuu]]. Maeneo ya uwakilishi bungeni yamegawanywa kwa sababu ya upigaji [[kura]]. Kuna maeneobunge 210 nchini Kenya.<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency ufadhili chini ya RMLF] {{Wayback|url=http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php |date=20080113052023 }}</ref> == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Kenya}} === Miji === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Kenya}} Ukuaji wa miji nchini Kenya umeongezeka kwa kasi, huku ongezeko la idadi ya watu likijikita zaidi katika miji mikubwa. Kulingana na sensa ya mwaka 2019, [[Nairobi]] ndilo jiji kubwa zaidi lenye wakazi 4,397,073, likifuatiwa na [[Mombasa]] (1,208,333) na [[Nakuru]] (570,674). Miji mingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Eldoret]] (475,716) na [[Kisumu]] (397,957). Ukuaji wa miji ya karibu na [[Nairobi]], hasa katika [[Kaunti ya Kiambu]] kama [[Ruiru]], [[Kikuyu (mji)|Kikuyu]] na [[Thika]], unaonyesha kuendelea kwa upanuzi wa jiji hilo. {{Miji mikubwa | nchi = Kenya | stat_ref = Kulingana na sensa ya 2019 <ref name="Census2019">{{Rejea tovuti |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume III: Distribution of Population by Age and Sex |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200037/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iii-distribution-of-population-by-age-sex-and-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5729&ind=0tNSo67ECQDUWjzx5h0MYjfrww-Ec24S00Uu0My9291AsXaUorFJx1bFVmQ7L1yZcD3J2SdGI3QT4aKeCFb-DA |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Kaunti | div_link = Kaunti za Kenya{{!}}Kaunti | city_1 = Nairobi | div_1 = Kaunti ya Nairobi{{!}}Nairobi | pop_1 = 4 397 073 | img_1 = Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG | city_2 = Mombasa | div_2 = Kaunti ya Mombasa{{!}}Mombasa | pop_2 = 1 208 333 | img_2 = Mombasa skyline.jpg | city_3 = Nakuru | div_3 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_3 = 570 674 | img_3 = | city_4 = Ruiru | div_4 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_4 = 490 120 | img_4 = | city_5 = Eldoret | div_5 = Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu{{!}}Uasin Gishu | pop_5 = 475 716 | city_6 = Kisumu | div_6 = Kaunti ya Kisumu{{!}}Kisumu | pop_6 = 397 957 | city_7 = Kikuyu, Kenya{{!}}Kikuyu | div_7 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_7 = 323 881 | city_8 = Thika | div_8 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_8 = 251 407 | city_9 = Naivasha | div_9 = Kaunti ya Nakuru{{!}}Nakuru | pop_9 = 198 444 | city_10 = Karuri | div_10 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_10 = 194 342 | city_11 = Ongata Rongai | div_11 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_11 = 172 569 | city_12 = Garissa | div_12 = Kaunti ya Garissa{{!}}Garissa | pop_12 = 163 399 | city_13 = Kitale | div_13 = Kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia{{!}}Trans-Nzoia | pop_13 = 162 174 | city_14 = Juja | div_14 = Kaunti ya Kiambu{{!}}Kiambu | pop_14 = 156 041 | city_15 = Mlolongo | div_15 = Kaunti ya Machakos{{!}}Machakos | pop_15 = 136 351 | city_16 = Malindi | div_16 = Kaunti ya Kilifi{{!}}Kilifi | pop_16 = 119 859 | city_17 = Mandera | div_17 = Kaunti ya Mandera{{!}}Mandera | pop_17 = 114 718 | city_18 = Kisii, Kenya{{!}}Kisii | div_18 = Kaunti ya Kisii{{!}}Kisii | pop_18 = 112 417 | city_19 = Kakamega | div_19 = Kaunti ya Kakamega{{!}}Kakamega | pop_19 = 107 227 | city_20 = Ngong, Kenya{{!}}Ngong | div_20 = Kaunti ya Kajiado{{!}}Kajiado | pop_20 = 102 323 }} === Kabila/Asili === {{Main|Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya|Dini nchini Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye ma[[kabila]] mengi tofautitofauti, hasa ya [[Kibantu]] (67%) na ya [[Waniloti|Kiniloti]]. Wakenya wengi huzungumza [[lugha]] mbili, [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], na [[asilimia]] kubwa pia huzungumza [[lugha mama]] ya kabila lao. Makundi ya makabila ni kama ifuatavyo:17.13% [[Wakikuyu]], 14.35% [[Waluhya]], 13.37% [[Wakalenjin]], 10.65% [[Waluo]], 9.81% [[Wakamba]], 5.85% [[Wasomali]] 5.68% [[Wakisii]], makabila mengine ya Kiafrika 15%, wasio Waafrika ([[Wahindi]], [[Waingereza]] na [[Waarabu]]) 1% <ref name="worldfactbook"/> Kila kundi au kabila lina lugha yake na Kiswahili hutumika kama chombo cha kuwasiliana miongoni mwa makabila tofauti. ===Dini=== [[File:Catholic Church in Mombasa.JPG|thumb|250px|Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Mombasa]].]] Upande wa [[dini]], idadi kubwa ya Wakenya ni [[Wakristo]]: kulingana na [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2019]], [[asilimia]] 85.5 ya [[wakazi]] wa [[Kenya]] walikuwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] (asilimia 53.9 ni [[Waprotestanti]], asilimia 20.6 ni [[Wakatoliki]], asilimia 11.8 ni Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mengine mbalimbali, wakiwemo Waorthodoksi 621,200), asilimia 10.9 ni [[Waislamu]], asilimia 0.7 ni wafuasi wa [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], asilimia 1.7 ni wa makundi mengine ya dini (kuna [[Wahindu]] takribani 60,000, ambao wameingiliana vyema na Wakenya wengine na huchangia pakubwa uchumi wa nchi), na asilimia 1.6 wanadai hawana uhusiano na [[dini]] yoyote ile. {{bar box |float=right |title=Dini nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka 2019 |width=250px |bars= {{bar percent|[[Ukristo]]|DodgerBlue|85.5}} {{bar percent| [[Uislamu]]|Green|10.9}} {{bar percent|Wasio na dini|DodgerBlue|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Dini za jadi]]|grey|0.7}} |caption=Chanzo : KNBS (Sensa 2019) }} Waislamu wengi huishi katika kaunti za Kaskazini na Kaskazini Magharibi mwa nchi huku wengine wakiishi katika pwani. Wengi wa wanaoishi sehemu ya magharibi mkoani Pwani ni Wakristo. Eneo la kaskazini la Mkoa wa Mashariki ni makazi ya asilimia 10 ya jumla ya Waislamu nchini; hii ndiyo [[dini]] ya wakazi wengi wa hapa, na mbali na idadi ndogo ya [[Wasomali]] wanaoishi Nairobi, idadi kubwa ya Wakenya wengine ni Wakristo.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm US Department of State</ref> ==Sanaa na Utamaduni== === Utamaduni=== [[Picha:Maasai tribe.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Askari Wamasai]] [[Picha:Kenyan man.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|Mmasai katika mapambo ya jadi]] {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kenya|Muziki wa Kenya}} Kenya ni nchi yenye tamaduni anuwai. Tamaduni zinazotambulika ni pamoja na Waswahili walio katika eneo la pwani, jamii za wafugaji katika eneo la kaskazini na jamii nyingine mbalimbali katika maeneo ya kati na magharibi. [[Wajaluo]] wa Kenya ni wazawa wa [[jamii]] za [[wakulima]] na [[wafugaji]] walioishi magharibi mwa Kenya kabla ya ukoloni. Inafahamika kwamba asili ya Wajaluo na makabila mengine ya [[Waniloti]] ni kaskazini mwa Kenya, pengine maeneo ya Sudan Kusini ya sasa. Waniloti, kama wanavyoitwa, ni kikundi cha ki[[anthropolojia]] kilichotoka maeneo ya kaskazini mashariki mwa Afrika. Pengine walihamia kusini kutokana na [[vita]] vilivyosababishwa na ukuaji wa [[Kush]] na [[Misri]]. Waniloti nchini Kenya ni [[Wajaluo]], [[Waturkana]], [[Wakalenjin]] na [[Wamasai]]. Hili linadhihirika kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[lahaja]] zinazofanana kati ya makabila fulani nchini Sudan Kusini leo. Makabila haya ni pamoja na [[Akoli]] na [[Lwo]] (si sawa na Luo) wanaoishi katika eneo la [[Darfur]]. Kuna makabila mengine ya Waniloti yanayoishi nchini [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya Wajaluo kuvutiwa na [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambako wanapatikana katika nchi hizi tatu (Uganda, Tanzania na Kenya). Nchini Uganda, wanajulikana kwa kuanzisha [[himaya]] ya [[Waganda]] na ya himaya ya [[Watoro]]. Wajaluo nchini Kenya walipigana vita na majirani wao, hasa Wakalenjin, ili kulidhibiti ziwa hilo. Leo hii, utamaduni wa Wamaasai unajulikana sana kwa kuangaziwa vilivyo na utalii, hata hivyo Wamaasai ni asilimia ndogo ya idadi ya Wakenya kwa jumla. Wamaasai wanatambulika kwa kujipamba sehemu ya juu ya mwili na kwa vito. Kenya ina utajiri mwingi wa [[muziki]], vituo vya [[runinga]] na [[maonyesho ya sanaa]]. ===Fasihi=== {{Main|Fasihi ya Kenya}} [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] ni mmoja wa [[waandishi]] maarufu wa Kenya. [[Kitabu]] chake ''[[:en:Weep Not, Child]]'' ni ufafanuzi wa [[maisha]] yalivyokuwa Waingereza walipoitwaa Kenya. Hii ni [[hadithi]] kuhusu athari za Mau Mau katika maisha ya Wakenya asili. Kinavyochanganya maudhui - ukoloni, elimu, na mapenzi - kunakifanya kuwa kimojawapo kati ya vitabu bora vya hadithi barani Afrika. Kitabu cha hadithi cha [[M. G. Vassanji]] ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' kilishinda tuzo la Giller Prize mwaka 2003. Hii ni hadithi ya kubuni ya Mkenya mwenye asili ya Kihindi na [[familia]] yake wavyojizatiti na mabadiliko ya kisiasa wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni nchini Kenya. Kuanzia mwaka wa 2003, jarida la fasihi ''[[Kwani?]]'' limekuwa likichapisha fasihi ya kisasa ya Kenya. ==Elimu== {{Main|Elimu nchini Kenya}} Mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya unajumuisha elimu ya [[chekechea]], [[elimu ya msingi|ya msingi]], ya [[sekondari]] na ya [[vyuo]]. Elimu ya watoto wadogo aghalabu huchukua miaka mitatu, ya msingi miaka minane, sekondari minne na chuo kikuu miaka minne au sita kwa kutegemea kozi. Shule za chekechea, ambazo ni za watoto wa umri wa miaka mitatu hadi mitano, ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo huu wa elimu na ni kigezo muhimu kabla ya kusajiliwa katika darasa la kwanza (Gredi ya Kwanza). Mwishoni mwa elimu ya msingi wanafunzi hufanya mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Msingi Kenya (KCPE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na shule ya sekondari au vyuo vya ufundi. Umri wa shule ya msingi ni miaka 6/7 hadi 13/14. Wale wanaojiunga na shule ya upili hufanya mtihani wa taifa mwishoni mwa kidato cha nne - Mtihani wa Cheti cha Kuhitimu Masomo ya Shule ya Upili Kenya (KCSE), ambao huamua watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu, vyuo vya taatuma nyinginezo au kuajiriwa. Baraza Kuu la Usajili (JAB) ndilo lenye jukumu la kuwachagua wanafunzi watakaojiunga na vyuo vikuu vya umma. Mbali na shule za umma, kuna shule nyingi za binafsi nchini, hasa katika sehemu za miji. Vilevile, kuna shule kadhaa za kimataifa zinazofundisha mifumo mbalimbali ya elimu ya ng'ambo. === Historia ya elimu === Mfumo wa kwanza wa elimu nchini Kenya baada ya uhuru uliletwa na wakoloni Waingereza. Baada ya nchi kupata uhuru tarehe 12 Desemba 1963, Tume ya Ominde iliundwa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yaakisi matarajio ya taifa huru la Kenya. Tume hii ilimulika masuala ya usawa na umoja, ambayo yalikuwa muhimu hasa wakati huo. Mabadiliko ya kilichofundishwa katika historia na jiografia yalifanywa ili kuakisi umoja wa kitaifa. Kati ya miaka 1964 na 1985, mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 ulifuatwa (miaka saba masomo ya msingi, miaka minne sekondari ya daraja la chini, miaka miwili sekondari ya daraja la juu, na miaka mitatu masomo ya chuo kikuu). Shule zote zilifuata [[mtaala]] mmoja. Mwaka wa 1981, kamati iliyoteuliwa na rais kuratibu namna ya kuanzisha chuo kikuu cha pili nchini Kenya, na pia kuubadilisha mfumo wa elimu kwa jumla, ilianza kazi yake. Kamati hii ilipendekeza kuwa mfumo ule wa 7-4-2-3 ubadilishwe kuwa mfumo wa 8-4-4 (miaka minane shule ya msingi, miaka minne shule ya upili, miaka minne elimu ya chuo kikuu). Jedwali lililo katika Elimu ya Sasa Nchini Kenya linaonyesha muundo wa mfumo wa 8-4-4. Ingawa mfumo wa 7-4-2-3 kinadharia ulifikia kikomo mfumo wa 8-4-4 ulipoanzishwa mwaka wa 1985, kundi la mwisho la mfumo huo wa awali lilihitimu kutoka vyuo vikuu vya Kenya mwaka wa 1992. === Elimu nchini Kenya sasa === Mfumo wa sasa wa 8-4-4 ilizinduliwa Januari 1985. Ulitilia mkazo masomo ya kiufundi kwa matarajio kuwa, muundo huu mpya utawawezesha wanaoacha shule katika viwango mbalimbali aidha kujiajiri wenyewe au kupata ajira katika sekta ya juakali. Mnamo Januari 2003, Serikali ya Kenya ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa masomo ya shule za msingi bila malipo. Hili lilipelekea kuongezeka kwa wanafunzi waliojiunga na shule za msingi kwa asilimia 70. Hata hivyo, idadi ya waliojiunga na shule za upili na vyuo haikuongezeka sana kwa sababu malipo bado yalihitajika ili kuhudhuria masomo. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya msingi nchini Kenya (KCPE) hufanywa katika darasa la nane. Matokeo ya mtihani huu huhitajika ili kusajiliwa katika shule ya upili. Mtihani wa kuhitimu cheti cha masomo ya shule ya upili nchini Kenya (K.C.S.E.) hufanywa katika kidato cha nne. Wanafunzi hufanya mtihani katika masomo nane. === Ukosoaji === Mfumo wa elimu wa Kenya 8-4-4 umepitia mengi magumu katika kipindi kirefu ulichodumu. Punde tu baada ya kufuzu kwa kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa mfumo huu mwaka wa 1989, wananchi wengi walijitokeza kuilaumu na kuihukumu serikali kwa kuuanzisha mfumo huu. Wakosoaji hao walidai kuwa waliohitimu hawajaandaliwa vyema na hawangeweza kushindana na wenzao kutoka sehemu nyingine za [[ulimwengu]]. Wengine walihoji kuwa waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu walikuwa aidha wachanga sana au hawajaandaliwa vyema kwa nafasi za kazi zilizokuweko. Serikali haikusikiliza hayo yote pengine kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuubadilisha na kuuunda upya kungeigharimu pesa nyingi. Hata hivyo, kwa miaka mingi waliofuzu kupitia mfumo huu wamewaaibisha walioupinga kwa kufualu katika vyuo vya nchini na ng’ambo. Pia wasomi na wafanyakazi wa afya kuhamia [[nchi zilizoendelea]] ni dhihirisho tosha la hali hii. Mkazo uliotiliwa masomo ya ufundi umefifia na mabadiliko ya hivi juzi katika mtaala yanasisitiza [[teknolojia]] ya [[upashanaji habari]], [[sayansi]], [[hesabu]] na lugha. Kwa vyovyote vile, kazi ya kiakademia na kusisitizwa kwa kupita mitihani iliyoandikwa hakujaacha nafasi kwa [[useremala]], [[uashi]], [[upishi]] na mafunzo mengine ya [[ufundi]]. ==Michezo== {{Main|Michezo ya Kenya}} [[Picha:Icc Wcl Championship Nepal Vs Kenya Tu Ground Kathmandu @ Nepal 6.jpg|thumb|Timu ya kriketi ya Kenya]] [[Picha:Elgon Cup 2007.png|thumb|Timu ya rugby ya Kenya]] Kenya hushiriki katika [[michezo]] mbalimbali ikiwemo [[kriketi]], [[mbio za magari]], [[soka]], [[raga]] na [[ngumi]]. Lakini nchi hii inajulikana hasa kwa kutawala katika [[mbio za masafa ya kadiri]] na [[mbio za masafa marefu]]. Kenya, kwa muda mrefu, imetoa [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[Olimpiki]] na [[michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola]] katika nyanja mbalimbali, hasa katika mbio za mita 800, mita 1,500, mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji, mita 5,000, mita 10,000 na mbio za masafa marefu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya (hasa wa kabila la Wakalenjin) wanaendelea kutawala mbio za masafa ulimwenguni, ingawa ushindani kutoka nchi ya [[Moroko]] na Ethiopia umepunguza umaarufu huu. [[Wanariadha]] wa Kenya wanaosifika sana ni pamoja na mshindi mara nne wa mbio za masafa marefu za [[Boston]] kwa [[wanawake]] na mshindi mara mbili wa mbio za dunia [[Catherine Ndereba]], aliyeshikilia rekodi ya awali ya mbio za dunia [[Paul Tergat]], na [[John Ngugi]]. Wakati wa michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Beijing]] Kenya ilishinda [[medali]] 6 za [[dhahabu]], 4 za [[fedha]], 4 za [[shaba]] na kulifanya taifa lililofaulu sana barani Afrika katika michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. Wanariadha wapya walitambulikana, kama [[Pamela Jelimo]], mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za mita 800 kwa wanawake aliyejitahidi na kushinda tuzo la Golden League, na [[Samuel Wajiru]] aliyeshinda mbio za masafa marefu kwa wanaume. Bingwa mstaafu wa mbio za Olimpiki na za Jumuia ya Madola, [[Kipchoge Keino]], alisaidia kuanza ubingwa wa mbio za masafa marefu [[miaka ya 1970]] akafuatwa na bingwa wa michezo ya Jumuia ya Madola, [[Henry Rono]], aliyeshikilia rekodi kadhaa za dunia. Hivi majuzi, kumekuwa na mzozo wa wanariadha wa Kenya waliosaliti nchi yao na kuwakilisha nchi nyingine, hasa [[Bahrain]] na [[Qatar]]. [[Wizara ya michezo]] ya Kenya imejaribu kuzuia usaliti huu, lakini umeendelea tu, [[Bernard Lagat]] akiwa wa mwisho, akichagua kuiwakilisha [[Marekani]].Usaliti huu, kwingi unatokana na sababu za kiuchumi au kifedha ingawa pia wanariadha wazuri wasioweza kufaulu katika timu nzuri ya taifa huona ni rahisi kufaulu kwa kukimbilia nchi nyingine. Kenya pia imetawala [[voliboli]] ya wanawake barani Afrika, huku vilabu na [[timu ya taifa]] vikishinda mashindano kadhaa barani Afrika katika [[mwongo]] uliopita. Timu ya wanawake pia imeshiriki katika michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Ulimwengu ingawa haijafaulu vilivyo. Mchezo wa kriketi ni maarufu na pia ni mchezo wa timu ambao umefaulu sana. Kenya imeshiriki katika [[Kombe la Dunia la Kriketi]] tangu mwaka [[1996]]. Timu hii ilishinda baadhi ya timu maarufu ulimwenguni na kufikia [[semifainali]] katika mchuano wa mwaka [[2003]] na wachezaji kama vile [[Steve Tikolo]] na [[Maurice Odumbe]]. Walishinda ligi ya kriketi ya dunia daraja la 1 iliyofanyika Nairobi kwa mara ya kwanza, kisha wakashiriki katika mchuano wa ulimwengu wa T20. [[Nahodha]] wa sasa wa timu ni [[Collins Obuya]]. Kenya imejiundia jina katika muungano wa raga na wachezaji kama vile [[Collins Injera]] na [[Lucas Onyango]]. Mchezo huo ni maarufu nchini hasa kwa sababu ya mchuano wa kila mwaka wa Safari Sevens. Timu ya Kenya ya raga ya wachezaji [[saba]] kila upande ilikuwa nambari ya 9 katika michezo ya dunia ya wachezaji saba IRB katika msimu wa mwaka 2006. Kenya ilikuwa bingwa wa soka katika eneo hili lakini ubingwa huu umefifia kutokana na kutoelewana kwa maafisa wa Kamati ya Soka Nchini.<ref>New Vision, 3 Juni 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles ardhi Kenya utan fastställd FIFA marufuku] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=20080110015009 }}</ref> Mizozo hii ilipelekea Kenya kupigwa marufuku na FIFA, lakini marufuku hii iliondolewa mnamo Machi 2007. Kwa upande wa mbio za magari, Kenya ndio waandalizi wa mbio za magari maarufu za [[Safari Rally]] zinazotambulika kuwa ngumu zaidi ulimwenguni,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 Julai 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA Rally: Delecour inachukua pointi kumaliza tarehe Safari Rally kwanza]</ref> na ambazo ni sehemu ya Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari kwa miaka mingi hadi kuondolewa kwake baada ya mbio za 2002 kwa sababu ya matatizo ya kifedha. Baadhi ya [[dereva|madereva]] maarufu wa mbio za magari ulimwenguni walioshiriki na kushinda mbio hizi ni [[Bjorn Waldegard]], [[Hannu Mokkola]], [[Tommi Makinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] na [[Colin McRae]]. Ingawa mbio hizi bado huendelea kila mwaka kama sehemu ya kutafuta Bingwa wa Mbio za Magari Afrika, waandalizi wanatarajia kuruhusiwa kujiunga tena na Ubingwa wa Magari Ulimwenguni katika miaka michache ijayo. ==Uchumi== {{Main|Uchumi wa Kenya}} [[Picha:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Noti ya shilingi 20 ya mwaka 1994, ikimuonyesha Rais Daniel Arap Moi.]] Baada ya uhuru, Kenya iliendeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi haraka kupitia kwa uwekezaji wa umma, kuhimiza uzalishaji wa kilimo, na kushawishi uwekezaji wa watu binafsi na wageni katika viwanda. Pato la taifa lilikua kwa asilimia 6.6 kuanzia 1963 hadi 1973. Uzalishaji wa kilimo ulikua kwa asilimia 4.7 kila mwaka kwa kipindi hicho ukiwa umechochewa na ugawaji upya wa mashamba, kuanzishwa kwa kilimo cha mimea iliyoimarishwa, na kuanzisha mashamba mapya. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1974 na 1993 ukuaji wa uchumi wa Kenya ulipungua. Kupungua kwa kilimo kulisababishwa na sera za kilimo zisizofaa, mikopo isiyotosha na vikwazo visiyofaa vya biashara ya kimataifa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1993, Serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mpango mkuu wa kuimarisha uchumi na kuufanya huru. Waziri mpya wa fedha na gavana mpya wa Benki Kuu ya Kenya walianza mikakati iliyofuatana kuimarisha uchumi kwa usaidizi wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]). Kama sehemu ya mpango huu, serikali iliondoa usimamizi wa bei za bidhaa, leseni za uagizaji na uthibiti wa ubadilishaji fedha, kubinafsisha kampuni nyingi zilizomilikiwa na umma, kupunguza idadi ya wafanyi kazi wa serikali na kuanzisha sera madhubuti za kulinda fedha. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1994 hadi 1996 ukuaji halisi wa uchumi wa Kenya ulikadiriwa juu kidogo ya asilimia 4 kwa mwaka. Hata hivyo, kati ya 1997 na 2000, uchumi uliingia kipindi cha kupungua au kutoimarika, kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya anga na kupungua kwa shughuli za kiuchumi. Mwaka wa 2001 pato la taifa liliimarika kiasi kwani mvua ilirejea kunyesha karibu na viwango vya awali. Ukuaji wa kiuchumi uliendelea kuimarika kiasi mwaka wa 2002 na kufikia asilimia 1.4 mwaka wa 2003, asilimia 4.3 mwaka wa 2004, kisha asilimia 5.8 mwaka wa 2005. [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Jomo Kenyatta]], ambao ndio mkubwa zaidi na wenye shughuli nyingi zaidi katika eneo la Afrika Mashariki.]] Mnamo Julai 1997, Serikali ya Kenya ilikataa kutimiza makubaliano ya awali na IMF kuhusu mabadiliko ya utawala wake. Jambo hili lilisababisha kukatizwa kwa misaada kwa miaka 3, nayo Benki ya Dunia ikaubana mkopo wa dola milioni 90 za mpango wa kuufufua uchumi. Ingawa mabadiliko mengi ya kiuchumi yaliyofanywa kati ya 1993-94 yalibakia, wataalamu wa maswala ya kiuchumi wasiopendelea mabadiliko waliamini kuwa Kenya iliitaji mabadiliko zaidi, hasa ya kiutawala ili kuongeza ukuaji wa pato la taifa (GDP). Serikali ya Kenya ilichukua hatua yakini za mabadiliko, pamoja na kuunda Tume ya Kupambana na Ufisadi (KACA), kuanzisha hatua za kuimarisha uwazi wa katika mikakati ya serikali kupata bidhaa na kupunguza fedha inayotumiwa na serikali kulipia mishahara. Mnamo Julai 2000, shirika la IMF lilitia saini dola milioni 150 za Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), nayo Benki ya Dunia ilifuatia na mkopo wa dola milioni 157 kuimarisha uchumi na kuibadilisha sekta ya umma. Mwezi wa Desemba 2000, iliamuliwa kuwa tume ya kupambana na ufisadi haikuwa ya kikatiba na sehemu za juhudi za mabadiliko kukatizwa mwaka 2001. Shirika la IMF na Benki ya Dunia zilikatiza mipango yao. Juhudi zilizofanywa kuanzisha upya mipango hii katikati ya mwaka wa 2002 hazikufaulu. Chini ya uongozi wa Rais Kibaki, aliyechukua hatamu za uongozi tarehe 30 mwezi wa Desemba 2002, serikali ya Kenya ilianzisha mipango mipya na kabambe ya uimarishaji uchumi na imerejelea ushirikiano wake na Benki ya Dunia na IMF. Serikali mpya ya National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) iliidhinisha Sheria dhidi ya Ufisadi na Uhalifu wa Kiuchumi pamoja na Sheria ya Maadili ya Watumishi wa Umma mnamo Mei 2003 iliyolenga kupiga vita ufisadi katika ofisi za umma. Mabadiliko mengine, hasa katika idara ya sheria, kuagiza bidhaa za umma na kadhalika yamepelekea kurejelewa kwa misaada na matumaini ya kuimarisha uchumi. Kufuatia kupitishwa kwa sheria muhimu za kupambana na ufisadi na serikali mpya, wafadhili walirejelea ufadhili mwezi wa Novemba 2003 na IMF ikaidhinisha msaada wa miaka mitatu wa dola milion 250 ili kupunguza umaskini na kuimarisha uchumi. Wafadhili wakatoa dola bilioni 4.2 kama msaada wa miaka minnne. Kurejelewa kwa ufadhili na kujihusizisha upya kwao kumevutia imani ya wawekezaji. Mswada wa [[ubinafsishaji]] umeidhinishwa ingawa kuanzishwa kwa tume ya ubinafsishaji hakujakamilika, mabadiliko katika utendakazi wa umma yametekelezwa na mwaka wa 2007 Kenya ilishinda tuzo la Umoja wa Kimataifa la Utendakazi wa Umma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083024/http://www.7thglobalforum.org/Forum_Information/unpsa.htm |archivedate=2008-02-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2009-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324235927/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan026198.pdf }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kazi nyingi zinahitajika kufanywa ili kuiwezesha nchi hii kuyafikia mataifa yaliyoendelea sana kiuchumi, hasa yale ya Mashariki ya Mbali. Changamoto kuu ni pamoja na kuchukua hatua thabiti dhidi ya ufisadi, kupitisha sheria zinazoshughulikia ugaidi na biashara haramu, kutatua upungufu wa ufadhili wa bajeti kisha kurekebisha na kuunda miundo msingi. Inaaminika haya yatasaidia kudumisha sera za kimsingi za kiuchumi, na kuhakikisha ukuaji wa kasi wa kiuchumi uliofikia asilimia 7.2 mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2007, serikali ya Kenya ilizindua [[Ruwaza ya Kenya 2030|Ruwaza 2030]], ambao ni mpango wa kiuchumi wenye matumaini makuu na ambao ikiwa utatekelezwa kikamilifu, una uwezo wa kuifanya nchi hii kuwa katika kiwango sawa na mataifa yaliyoendelea kiuchumi ya Asia. Nairobi inaendelea kuwa kituo muhimu na cha kimsingi kwa mawasiliano na biashara cha Afrika Mashariki. Kinajivuna kuwa na miundo msingi ya uchukuzi na mawasiliano bora zaidi katika eneo hili, na wafanyi kazi wenye ujuzi. Makampuni mengi ya kigeni hudumisha matawi yao katika eneo hili ama ofisi za kuyawakilisha mjini Nairobi. Mnamo Machi 1996, Marais wa Kenya, Tanzania na Uganda waliifufua Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki (EAC). Shabaha za EAC ni pamoja na kusawazisha kodi na ada zinazotozwa bidhaa, utembeaji huru wa watu na kuimarisha miundo msingi katika eneo hili. Nchi hizi tatu za Afrika Mashariki zilitia saini mkataba wa Customs Union Agreement mwezi wa Machi 2004. {{wide image|Nairobi panorama from westlands.jpg|1400px|<center>Mji wa Nairobi</center>}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| <td>{{Resize|120%|Muhtasari wa uchumi wa nchi}}</td> |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la taifa | Dola bilioni 41.84 (2012) kwa bei ya sasa. Dola bilioni 76.07 (Uwezo wa kununua bidhaa usio sawa, 2012) Kuna pia uchumi mkubwa usio rasmi ambao haujawahi kujumuishwa kama sehemu ya pato la taifa. |- ! style="text-align:left"| Ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa mwaka | 5.1% (2012) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka | Pato la kila mtu kwa mwaka (PPP)= $1,800 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Malighafi ya kiasili | Wanyama wa pori, Ardhi (5% inayolimika) |- ! style="text-align:left"| Bidhaa za kilimo | Chai, kahawa, mahindi, ngano, miwa, mboga na matunda, pareto, bidhaa za maziwa, nyama na bidhaa za wanyama |- ! style="text-align:left"| Viwanda | Bidhaa za petroli, usagaji wa nafaka na miwa, saruji, pombe, vinywaji, nguo, uunganishaji magari, makaratasi, utengenezaji wa bidhaa za kimsingi, utalii |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |+ style="line-height:0.8em"| Biashara ya mwaka 2012 |- ! style="text-align:left"| Biasharanje | Dola bilioni 5.942 | chai, kahawa, bidhaa za mboga na matunda, bidhaa za petroli, saruji, samaki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Masoko muhimu (2012) <ref name="worldfactbook"/> | colspan="2"| Uganda, Tanzania, Uholanzi, Uingereza, Marekani, Misri, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo |- ! style="text-align:left"| Maduhuli | Dola bilioni 14.39 | mashine, magari, bidhaa za petroli, vyuma, resini na bidhaa za plastiki |- ! style="text-align:left"| Mataifa muhimu yaletayo bidhaa Kenya {{nbsp|2}} | colspan="2"| China, Uhindi, Muungano wa Falme za Kiarabu, Saudi Arabia, Afrika Kusini, Ujapani |} === Utafutaji wa mafuta === Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[2006]] Rais wa [[Uchina]], [[Hu Jintao]], alitia saini kandarasi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na Kenya. Haya ndiyo makubaliano ya hivi punde kati ya mfululizo wa mapatano yaliyopagwa kuelekeza maliasili ya Afrika huko Uchina ambako uchumi wake waendelea kukua kwa haraka. Kandarasi hii iliwezesha kampuni inayoongozwa na taifa la Uchina “offshore oil and gas company” CNOOC Ltd kutafuta mafuta Kenya, ambayo ilianza kuchimba visima vya kwanza mpakani mwa Sudan na Somalia na katika maji ya upwa wake.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel|date=10 Agosti 2006|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Athari za Ukoloni nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Kenya]] * [[Mito ya Kenya|Orodha ya mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Makabila nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya Hifadhi za Taifa nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya benki nchini Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Kenya}} ; Serikali * [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Spokeperson serikali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communication.go.ke/ |date=20081022110047 }} Ofisi Mnenaji wa Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Kenya. * [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Serikali ya Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.go.ke/ |date=20081113033437 }} Official site. * [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Legislation Kenya, Uchunguzi Sheria, Official Gazette Notices na kisheria Info. * [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ |date=20081105143157 }} Official site State House, Kenya. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Mkuu wa Nchi na Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html |date=20091026201734 }} ; Jumla * Maelezo ya nchi (Country Profile) kutoka BBC News * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] kutoka [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm |date=20091024050050 }} kutoka ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}} ; Vyombo vya habari * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Vyombo vya habari Kenya] orodha kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] ; Utalii * [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] * {{wikivoyage|Kenya}} ; Historia * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu ya Kenya Colony] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica juu wa 1908 Dermacation wa Ethiopia-Kenya Border] ; Nyingine * [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ Kenya Coast bibliography.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |date=20091108081958 }} ''Academic bibliography, hasa kwa Kiingereza, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.'' * {{Rejea kitabu | last = Kimaiyo | first = Towett J. | title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices&nbsp;— 1902–2004 | publisher = Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | pages = 127 pages + appendices | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ | access-date = 2009-12-07 | archive-date = 2007-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/ }} * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Who Owns Kenya?&nbsp;— What is the Queen Doing in Parliament? | date = 31 Machi 2007 | url = http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | accessdate = 2009-12-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/ | archivedate = 2008-03-18 }} * [http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/africa/ken/index.htm Vijijini umaskini katika Kenya] (IFAD) * [http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html Kenya View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenyanview.com/scenaries.html |date=20070726094957 }} Mandhari na uzuri wa Kenya katika pica *[https://www.georgenjogu.com/ Kenyan Money News] {{Wayback|url=https://www.georgenjogu.com/ |date=20190806051930 }} Mkusanyiko wa Kazi kutoka kenya. * [http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ UNESCO Nairobi Office - Sekta ya Elimu Clearinghouse] {{Wayback|url=http://www.education.nairobi-unesco.org/ |date=20100331001952 }} * [[Wikia:Solarcooking:Kenya|Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni ya kupikia nishati ya jua nchini Kenya]] * [https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ Plus Size Expert] {{Wayback|url=https://www.plussizeexpert.com/ |date=20180226115134 }} Mkusanyo wa habari kutoka Kenya. {{Hoja Kuhusu Kenya}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Kenya|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] satl7te1xm8b034ok035gq8syi6zw4j 0 1992 1575918 1542850 2026-06-22T02:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Mkoa wa Kagera <br> |settlement_type = [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Mkoa]] |native_name = |picha_ya_satelite = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg |ukubwawapicha = 100px |maelezo_ya_picha = [[Nembo ya Tanzania]] |nickname = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Tanzania Kagera location map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Mahali pa Mkoa wa Kagera katika [[Tanzania]] |coordinates_region = TZ |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Tanzania]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya za Tanzania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = 8 |subdivision_type2 = [[Mji mkuu]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Bukoba (mji)|Bukoba]] |leader_title = Mkuu wa Mkoa |leader_name = Mhe. Hajati Fatma Abubakar Mwasa |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 40838 |area_land_km2 = 28953 |area_water_km2 = 11885 |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 2022 |population_note = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 2,989,299 |latd=1|latm=55 |lats=|latNS=S |longd=31|longm=18 |longs=|longEW=E |elevation_m = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = http://www.kagera.go.tz/ |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Bugene_Bananen.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mandhari ya Kagera.]] '''Mkoa wa Kagera''' kati ya [[Mkoa|mikoa]] [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|31]] ya [[Tanzania]] ndio [[mkoa]] wa [[kaskazini]]-[[magharibi]] kabisa. Unapakana na [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Uganda]] upande wa [[Magharibi]] na [[Kaskazini]]. Upande wa [[Kusini]] na Mashariki umepakana na mikoa mingine ya Tanzania, yaani mkoa wa [[mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] na mkoa wa [[mkoa wa Geita|Geita]]. Eneo lake ni [[km²]] 28,953 za nchi kavu na km² 11,885 za [[maji ya ndani]], hasa ya [[Ziwa Viktoria|Viktoria Nyanza]], jumla km² 40,838. [[Jina]] lake linatokana na [[mto Kagera]] unaouzunguka. [[Sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] imeonyesha [[idadi]] ya wakazi kuwa 2,989,299 inayoendelea kuongezeka [[kasi]] <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. [[Makao makuu]] ya mkoa ni [[mji]] wa [[Bukoba]]. Kiutawala eneo la mkoa limegawiwa kwa [[wilaya]] [[nane]]: [[Wilaya ya Bukoba|Bukoba]], [[wilaya ya Misenyi|Misenyi]], [[wilaya ya Muleba|Muleba]], [[wilaya ya Karagwe|Karagwe]], [[wilaya ya Ngara|Ngara]], [[wilaya ya Biharamulo|Biharamulo]] na [[wilaya ya Kyerwa|Kyerwa]] pamoja na [[Bukoba (mji)|manisipaa ya Bukoba]]. Misenyi ni [[wilaya]] mpya iliyoanzishwa mwaka [[2007]] na Kyerwa ikafuata mwaka [[2012]]. Mkoa huu una [[Kabila|makabila]] makubwa manne ambayo ni [[Wahaya]], [[Wanyambo]], [[Wahangaza]] na [[Washubi]]. Wahaya huishi kwa wingi katika wilaya za Bukoba, Muleba na Misenyi, Wanyambo huishi kwa wingi katika wilaya za Kyerwa na Karagwe, Wahangaza huishi kwa wingi katika wilaya ya Ngara, na Washubi huishi kwa wingi katika wilaya ya Biharamulo. Makabila ya Wanyambo na Wahaya hupenda kula [[ndizi]] kwa wingi na [[asilimia]] kubwa wanafuata [[mila]] na [[desturi]] za mababu: zamani Wanyambo na Wahaya walikuwa hawawezi kuoana na hiyo bado sasa ipo kwa kiasi kidogo. Pia mkoa huo una [[wakimbizi]] wengi, kwa [[asilimia]] kubwa wanatokea nchi za Rwanda na Burundi wakipitia wilaya ya Ngara. Una [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''35000'''. ==Jiografia== Mkoa wa Kagera uko mnamo [[mita]] 1000 juu ya [[uwiano wa bahari]]. [[Hali ya hewa]] ni nzuri kwa kuishi, [[kilimo]], [[uvuvi]]. Mkoa huo ni maarufu kwa ulimaji wa [[kahawa]], [[ndizi]], [[miwa]] na [[chai]]. Pia una mbuga 3 za wanyama: [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Burigi-Chato|hifadhi ya Burigi-Chato]], [[hifadhi ya Ibanda-Kyerwa]], [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Rumanyika-Karagwe|hifadhi ya Rumanyika-Karagwe]]. ==Historia ya mkoa== Mkoa huu unapatikana ukanda wa ziwa Viktoria. Katika mkoa huu kuna mambo mengi ambayo yalitetemesha nchi ya Tanzania. Mambo hayo ni pamoja na [[vita ya Uganda na Tanzania]], [[vita]] ambavyo vilihusishwa na mkoa huu; ilikuwa mwaka [[1978]]. Ndipo [[Idd Amini|Idd Amin Dada]] aliyekuwa [[Rais]] wa Uganda alipoliamru [[jeshi]] lake kuvamia mkoa wa Kagera. Walianza kuvamia wilaya ya Missenyi. Hapo [[Julius K. Nyerere]] aliyekuwa rais wa Tanzania aliamuru jeshi lake kufukuza wavamizi hadi kuvamia nchi ya Uganda. Agizo hilo lilikuwa zuri lakini [[vijana]] wa mkoa wa Kagera walipata shida kwa sababu walilazimishwa kufuzwa [[Uanamgambo]] mara moja na kupelekwa vitani. Walipoanza tu vita hivyo [[raia]] wa Uganda walishirikiana na jeshi la Tanzania kufichua maficho ya jeshi la Uganda. Jeshi la Tanzania liliwapiga na kuwapora [[mali]] zao, vifaa vya kivita na kuwateka wanajeshi wao. Mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa [[1979]] Idd Amin Dada alikimbia na Tanzania kushinda vita hivyo. Mara baada ya vita hivyo Watanzania walichukua mali za Uganda, hasa mifugo, na walipofika nchini Tanzania walifurahia na kusherekea ushindi huo. Mwaka [[1996]] [[meli]] ya MV Bukoba ilizama ikisafirisha abiria kutoka mkoa wa Kagera kwenda [[Mwanza]]; watu wengi walikufa na lilikuwa pigo kwa [[serikali]], kwa [[ndugu]] na majonzi makubwa kwa Watanzania kwa ujumla. meli hiyo ilikuwa ina mkoani mwanza katika ziwa la victoria Katika mkoa huohuo mwaka [[2016]] lilitokea [[tetemeko la ardhi]] lililoleta maafa makubwa: watu walikufa, wengine walipoteza mali zao, hususani majumba yao. Uongozi wa mkoa wa Kagera uliomba kila Mtanzania kuchangia angalau [[shilingi]] 100 na kuwasaidia. ==Elimu== Katika mkoa huu [[elimu]] bado imeenea sehemu nyingi na ni mkoa wenye wasomi wengi ingawa kuna baadhi ya watu walioko [[kijiji|vijijini]] elimu haijawafikia vya kutosha. Elimu inakua kwa kasi ya wastani watu wengi wa mkoa huu ni wasomi, wengi wanafanya kazi ya kulima na biashara. ==Majimbo ya bunge== Wakati wa [[uchaguzi mkuu]] wa Tanzania mwaka 2025 mkoa huu ulikuwa na majimbo ya uchaguzi yafuatayo: * Biharamulo : mbunge ni [[Ezra Chiwelesa]] ([[CCM]]) * Bukoba Mjini : mbunge ni [[Johnston Johansen Mutasingwa]] ([[CCM]]) * Bukoba Vijijini : mbunge ni [[Rweikiza Jasson]] ([[CCM]]) * Karagwe : mbunge ni [[Innocent Luugha Bashungwa|Innocent Lugha Bashungwa]] ([[CCM]]) * Kyerwa : mbunge ni [[Khalid Mussa Nsekela]] ([[CCM]]) * Muleba Kaskazini : mbunge ni [[Adonis Bitegeko]] ([[(CCM]]) * Muleba Kusini : mbunge ni [[Oscar Kikoyo|Oscar Ishengoma Kikoyo]] ([[CCM]]) * Ngara : mbunge ni [[Dotto Jasson Bahemu]] ([[CCM]]) * Missenyi : mbunge ni [[Florent Laurent Kyombo]] ([[CCM]]) ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya milima ya mkoa wa Kagera]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Kagera]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.kagera.go.tz/ Tovuti ya Mkoa wa Kagera] {{sw}} * [http://www.kagera.org Kagera – Bukoba – the official webguide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kagera.org/ |date=20050411171943}} {{en}} * [http://www.kiroyeratours.com – Tourist Office Bukoba / Kagera] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716191436/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regions/kagera/index.html United Republic of Tanzania: Kagera Region] {{en}} * [http://www.kagera.org/culture/index.htm Utamaduni wa Kagera {{Wayback|url=http://www.kagera.org/culture/index.htm |date=20051221194701}} {{en}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-kagera}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Tanzania|K]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera| ]] hb7mm6z416lfm9o9maykzl95fko3fem 0 2762 1575944 1497682 2026-06-22T05:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = Republic of Namibia <br /> ''Jamhuri ya Namibia'' |common_name =Namibia |image_flag =Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat =Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg |image_map =LocationNamibia.png |national_motto =Unity, Liberty, Justice |national_anthem =[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]] (''Namibia, nchi ya mashujaa'') |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]]¹ |capital =[[Windhoek]] |latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Windhoek]] |government_type =Jamhuri |leader_titles =[[Rais wa Namibia|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Mkuu wa Namibia|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]]<br />[[Elijah Ngurare]] |area_rank = ya 34 |area_magnitude =1 E11 |area=825,615 |areami²=318,772 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =kidogo sana |population_estimate =2,777,232² |population_estimate_rank =ya 141 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2023 |population_census =3,092,816 |population_census_year =2025 |population_density = 3.7 |population_densitymi² = 9.6 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 235 |GDP_PPP = $30.66 billioni <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year= 2023 |GDP_PPP_per_capita =$11,603 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 114 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = <small>Kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]</small> |established_dates = [[21 Machi]] [[1991]] |HDI = 0.610 |HDI_rank = ya 142 |HDI_year = 2022 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency = [[Namibia dollar]] |currency_code =NAD |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.na]] |calling_code = 264 |footnotes = }} '''Namibia''', rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Namibia''', ni nchi iliyoko Kusini mwa [[Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Angola]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Zambia]] kaskazini-mashariki, [[Botswana]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Afrika Kusini]] upande wa kusini. Pia ina pwani kwenye [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi. Namibia ina idadi ya watu takriban milioni 2.6, na inashika nafasi ya 143 kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya watu duniani.Ina jumla ya eneo la takriban kilomita za mraba 825,615, na hivyo kuwa mojawapo ya nchi kubwa zaidi barani Afrika. Mji mkuu na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Windhoek]], ambalo ni kituo cha kisiasa, [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na kitamaduni cha nchi hiyo. ==Jiografia== Sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni kavu sana na [[jangwa]] za [[Namib]] na [[Kalahari]] zinafunika [[asilimia]] kubwa ya uso wa nchi. [[Jangwa la Namib]] liko upande wa [[magharibi]] likifuata pwani ya Atlantiki kuanzia Afrika Kusini hadi Angola. Upande wa mashariki kuna [[jangwa la Kalahari]] linalovuka [[mpaka]] wa Botswana. Katikati ya majangwa hayo kuna [[nyanda za juu]] zinazofikia [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1700 kwa [[wastani]]. ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Namibia}} ===Historia ya kale=== Wakazi wa kwanza huaminiwa kuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]] wa jamii ya [[Wasani]]. Katika [[karne ya 14]] hivi [[BK]] walifika wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] wenye [[ujuzi]] wa [[kilimo]] na [[uhunzi]] walioshika utawala na hatimaye kuwa wengi kuliko wenyeji. ===Chini ya ukoloni=== Namibia katika mipaka ya sasa ilianzishwa katika [[karne ya 19]] kama [[koloni]] la [[Ujerumani]] kwa [[jina]] la [[Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi ya Kijerumani]]. Maeneo yake yaliunganishwa mara ya kwanza kwenye [[mwaka]] [[1884]]. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ilivamiwa na [[Uingereza]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. Pamoja na makoloni mengine ya Ujerumani iliwekwa chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. Tangu mwaka [[1919]] ilikuwa [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kwa niaba ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] chini ya [[serikali]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. [[Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi]] (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''South-West Africa'') ilikuwa jina la eneo hilo kuanzia mwaka [[1922]] hadi [[uhuru]] wa nchi ya Namibia mwaka [[1990]]. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]], wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa Shirikisho la Mataifa mwaka [[1946]], [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulichukua [[jukumu]] la kuratibu maeneo ya kudhaminiwa. Afrika Kusini haikutambua badiliko hilo ikitangaza ya kwamba hali ya udhamini ilikuwa ya Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi tangu kuvunjwa kwa Shirikisho la Mataifa. Mwaka [[1949]] [[bunge]] la Afrika Kusini lilitangaza [[sheria]] ya kufanya eneo kuwa [[jimbo]] la [[tano]] la Afrika Kusini na kueneza [[siasa]] ya [[apartheid]] ([[ubaguzi wa rangi]]) hadi hukoikijaribu kulitendea eneo hilo kama sehemu kamili ya Afrika Kusini. Hii haikukubaliwa na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na nchi nyingi za [[dunia]]. Baadaye mfumo wa [[Bantustan|bantustans]] sawa na Afrika Kusini ulianzishwa pia huko ambako maeneo makubwa yenye [[rutuba]] yalitengwa kwa ajili ya [[Wazungu]] ilhali Waafrika walitakiwa kuwa na maeneo kadhaa tu kama "homeland" walipokuwa na [[haki]] ya kukaa, lakini katika maeneo mengine waliruhusiwa kukaa kama [[wafanyakazi]] kwa muda tu. Mfumo huo haukutekelezwa kwa ukali, tofauti na Afrika Kusini yenyewe. Hii haikukubaliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa ulioendelea kudai ya kwamba Afrika Kusini ilipaswa kuandaa eneo kwa uhuru. Mwaka [[1966]] [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Mkutano Mkuu]] wa [[UM]] uliamua kuondoa mamlaka ya Afrika Kusini na kuweka eneo moja kwa moja chini ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Azimio hilO halikuweza kutekelezwa kwa sababu Afrika Kusini ilikataa. Hapo [[wanamgambo]] wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[SWAPO]] walichukua [[silaha]] wakajaribu kupigania uhuru. Azimio la Mkutano Mkuu wa UM la mwaka [[1968]] lilibadilisha jina la eneo kuwa Namibia. Mwaka [[1971]] [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] ikaamua ya kwamba [[utawala]] wa Afrika Kusini si wa haki. Mwaka [[1978]] Umoja wa Mataifa uliamua ya kwamba Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi unapaswa kupewa [[uhuru]]. Hapo serikali ya Afrika Kusini ikaanza kuchukua hatua za kuandaa uhuru wa eneo hili, lakini [[vita]] kati ya [[jeshi]] lake, SWAPO na [[wanajeshi]] wa [[Angola]] na [[Kuba]] iliendelea. Baada ya miaka ya [[vita vya kupigania uhuru]], mchakato wa kimataifa wa kuelekea uhuru ulianza na kufikia mapatano ya kumpumzisha silaha mwaka [[1988]]. Hatimaye mwaka [[1990]] nchi ilipata uhuru wake kwa jina la Namibia. ==Watu== Wakazi wengi ni wa ma[[kabila]] ya [[Wabantu]], hasa [[Waovambo]] (49.5%). Pia wako wengi wa jamii ya [[Wakhoisan]], ambao wametokana na wenyeji wa nchi. Asilimia 4 - 7 wana asili ya Ulaya, hasa [[Makaburu]] na [[Wajerumani]], na asilimia 8 ni ma[[chotara]]. Upande wa [[lugha]], [[Oshiwambo]] ni [[lugha ya kwanza]] ya karibu nusu ya wakazi, lakini [[Kiingereza]] ndicho [[lugha rasmi]] ingawa ni [[lugha ya kwanza]] ya 3% pekee za wakazi. (Angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Namibia]].) 11.3% za wakazi wanatumia [[lugha za Kikhoisan]]. [[Kijerumani]] na [[Kiafrikaans]] zilikuwa lugha rasmi pamoja na Kiingereza hadi uhuru. Wakazi wengi hutumia Kiafrikaans kama [[lugha ya pili]], na 10.4% kama lugha ya kwanza. Wakazi wenye asili ya [[Ulaya]] huongea kama lugha ya kwanza Kiafrikaans (60%), lakini pia Kijerumani (32%) na [[Kireno]] (4-5%), hasa wenye asili ya Angola. Upande wa [[dini]], 87.9% za wakazi ni [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Walutheri]] ambao ni 43.7%; [[Wakatoliki]] ni 22.8%, [[Waanglikana]] ni 17%). Waliobaki kwa kawaida wanafuata [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (10.2%). == Picha za Namibia == <gallery> File:Welwitschia mirabilis.jpg|Welwitschia mirabilis File:Lion Twyfelfontein Namibia.JPG|[[Twyfelfontein]] File:Red sand dune in Namibia.jpg|[[Jangwa la Namib]] File:Road to Sossusvlei.jpg|[[Sossusvlei]] File:Windhoek aerial.jpg|[[Windhoek]] File:Luderitz.jpg|[[Lüderitz]] File:Namibie Fish River Canyon 02.jpg|Fish River Canyon File:Andersson Gate, Eingang zum Etosha-Nationalpark.JPG|Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Etosha </gallery> == Tazama pia == * [[Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi]] (chini ya Afrika Kusini) * [[Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi ya Kijerumani]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Mikoa ya Namibia]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] == Viungo vya nje == * {{CIA World Factbook link|wa|Namibia}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm |date=20160303221805 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * {{Wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] from [[International Futures]] ; Serikali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Tovuti rasmi] {{en}} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html |date=20081210072855 }} ; Elimu * [http://www.polytechnic.edu.na Polytechnic of Namibia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.polytechnic.edu.na/ |date=20090228194338 }} ; Rushwa *[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx Namibia Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/namibia/snapshot.aspx |date=20140220022104 }} from the [[Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] ; Utalii * [http://www.etoshanationalpark.org/ Etosha National Park] * [http://www.sossusvlei.org/ Sossusvlei] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sossusvlei.org/ |date=20141222071454 }} ; Kulinda amani * [http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf UN peacekeeping in Namibia] {{Wayback|url=http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf |date=20141217203716 }} {{Commons}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Namibia| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Nchi Kijerumani kinapotumika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 7nseu3i2fbonvpa20gjzpfkk86ebqrl 0 2772 1575919 1574195 2026-06-22T02:36:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|300px|Mlima Kenya.]] '''Mlima Kenya''' (kwa [[Kikuyu (lugha)|Kikuyu]]: ''Kĩrĩnyaga''; kwa [[Kiembu]]: ''Kirenia''; kwa [[Kimaasai]]: ''Ol Donyo Keri''; kwa [[Kimeru (Kenya)|Kimeru]]: ''Kirimara'') ndio mrefu zaidi nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Mlima]] huo una [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 5,199 na unatokana na [[volkeno]] zimwe, ikikadiriwa ya kwamba [[mlipuko wa volkeno|mlipuko]] wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka [[milioni]] 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kilele|Vilele]] vyake vya juu vinaitwa [[Batian]] (m 5,199), [[Nelion]] (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985). Kuna [[barafuto]] [[nane]] mlimani lakini zinapungua kila [[mwaka]] kutokana na kupanda kwa [[halijoto]] [[duniani]] na kupungua kwa [[usimbishaji]] kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa [[miti]] mingi<ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing snow of Mount Kenya|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-824732-ikm5mjz/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The vanishing glaciers of Mount Kenya|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-vanishing--glaciers-of--Mount-Kenya--/434746-3516298-12ef2p/index.html|work=The East African|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Dying gods: Mt Kenya's disappearing glaciers spread violence below|date=2017-08-02|url=http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/08/02/dying-gods-mt-kenyas-disappearing-glaciers-spread-violence/|work=Climate Home News|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>. Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno]] rusu iliyoumbwa takriban miaka milioni 3 baada ya kuumbika kwa [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki]].<ref name="Rift">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/15/90/18/PDF/These_P.Nonnotte_web.pdf |author=Philippe Nonnotte |title= ''Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan)'' - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines}}</ref> Umekuwa na [[theluji]] kwa maelfu ya miaka. Theluji hiyo hufanya kuwe na mmomonyoko unaosababishwa na barafuto na kutengeneza mabonde<ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida|last=Gregory|first=J. W.|date=1894-02-01|title=Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/50/1-4/515|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=50|issue=1-4|pages=515–530|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36|issn=0370-291X}}</ref>. Barafuto zimepungua kutoka 18 hadi 10<ref name=":0" />. Mlima huu ni [[chanzo]] muhimu cha [[maji]] kwa Kenya.<ref name="development" /> Habari kuhusu mlima zilifikishwa [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1849]] na [[Ludwig Krapf]],<ref name="dutton" /> lakini [[jamii]] ya [[wanasayansi]] walibaki na wasiwasi kuhusu uwepo wa [[theluji]] karibu na [[ikweta]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/greatriftvalleyb00greg|title=The Great Rift Valley : being the narrative of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo : with some account of the geology, natural history, anthropology and future prospects of British East Africa|last=Gregory|first=J. W. (John Walter)|date=1896|publisher=London : J. Murray|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> Uwepo wa Mlima Kenya ulithibitishwa mwaka [[1883]] na [[1887]]<ref name=":2">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/discoveryoflakes02hhne|title=Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888|last=Höhnel|first=Ludwig|last2=Teleki|first2=Samuel|last3=Bell|first3=Nancy R. E. Meugens|date=1894|publisher=London, Longmans, Green and Co.|others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref>. Ulipandwa na [[timu]] iliyoongozwa na Halford John Mackinder, mwaka [[1899]]<ref name=":3">{{Rejea jarida|last=Mackinder|first=H. J.|date=1900|title=A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=15|issue=5|pages=453–476|doi=10.2307/1774261}}</ref>. Leo Mlima Kenya hupandwa na [[Utalii|watalii]] na wanaopenda kupanda milima na [[miamba]].<ref name="map">{{cite map|publisher=EWP|title=Mount Kenya Map and Guide|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|edition=4th|year=2007|cartography=EWP|scale=1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset|series=EWP Map Guides|isbn=9780906227961|access-date=2009-12-11|archive-date=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133844/http://www.ewpnet.com/Kenyamap.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mfumo wa [[ekolojia]] wa Mlima Kenya una aina tofauti za [[mimea]] na [[wanyama]].<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37843815|title=Kirinyaga : a fable of Utopia|last=D.|first=Resnick, Michael|date=1998|publisher=Ballantine Pub. Group|isbn=0345417011|edition=1st ed|location=New York|oclc=37843815}}</ref> Mteremko hufunikwa na aina tofauti ya [[misitu]]. [[Spishi]] [[Asili|asilia]] ni kama vile [[Mwanzi (nyasi)|mianzi]], [[tai]] na [[pimbi]].<ref name="ecology" /> Kwa sababu hii, eneo la [[km2|<abbr>km²</abbr>]] 715 linalozunguka mlima ni [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya]] <ref name="uicn">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/800.pdf | title= World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)}}</ref> na liliorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[urithi wa dunia]] mwaka [[1997]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |title= Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations |authorlink= United Nations |year= 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061230202343/http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=800 |archivedate= 2006-12-30 }}</ref> Hifadhi hupokea [[wageni]] zaidi ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.<ref name="development" /> ==Etimolojia== Neno Kenya linaweza kuwa lilitokana na majina ambayo makabila wenyeji waliupatia Mlima Kenya. Wakikuyu; ''Kirinyaga'', Waembu; ''Kirenyaa'' na Wakamba''; Kiinyaa.'' Ludwig Krapf aliliandika jina kama Kenia na Kegnia, maneno ambayo yanaaminika kutoholewa kutoka neno la [[Kikamba]].<ref name="krapf_452">{{cite journal|last=Krapf|first=Johann Ludwig|authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf|date=13 Mei 1850|title=Extract from Krapf's diary|journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer|volume=i|pages=452}}</ref><ref name="foottit">{{cite book|title=Kenya|last=Foottit|first=Claire|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2006|isbn=1-84162-066-1|series=The Brade Travel Guide|origyear=2004}}</ref><ref name="Krapf" /> == Jiografia == ===Jiolojia=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion.JPG|thumb|Vilele vya Mlima kenya. Vinaaminika kuwepo baada ya mmomonyoko kwa njia ya barafuto.<ref name="geology">{{cite book|title=Geology of the Mount Kenya Area|last=Baker|first=B. H.|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources|year=1967|isbn=|series=Geological Survey of Kenya|doi=|authorlink=}}</ref>]] Mlima Kenya ni [[volkeno rusu]] iliyokuwa hai kati ya miaka milioni 2.6 na 3.1 iliyopita. [[Kasoko]] ya awali ilikuwa pengine katika urefu wa m 6,000, juu kuliko [[Kilimanjaro]]. Tangu izimike, kumekuwa na [[Kipindi cha barafu|vipindi viwili vya barafu]]. Barafuto za leo hazipiti m 4,650 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]]<ref name="map" />. Miteremko ya kitako cha mlima haijawahi kuwa na barafuto. Ni misitu na baadhi ya sehemu zikalimwa. Miteremko hiyo ina mabonde yenye umbo la V na [[Kijito|vijito]] vingi. Juu mlimani, katika eneo ambalo ni nyika, mabonde yenye umbo la U na vina vifupi. Mabonde hayo yaliumbwa na barafuto.<ref name="geology" /> Wakati volkeno ilipokuwa hai, kulikuwa na shughuli za kivolkeno mbali kiasi na mlima. Kaskazini mashariki, kando ya mlima kuna vizibo vingi vya volkeno na [[kreta]]. Kreta ya Ithanguni ndiyo kubwa zaidi. Inadhaniwa kuwa ilikuwa na theluji wakati huo. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa kuwa kilele kimelainika. Vilima vidogo huonekana hapo kama ishara ya kwamba vilikuwa vizibo.<ref name="geology" /> Miamba inayounda Mlima Kenya ni pamoja na [[basalt]], [[rhomb porphyrite]], [[phonolite]], [[kenyte]] na [[trachyte]].<ref name="geology" /> Kenyte iliripotiwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1900 na Gregory katika utafiti wake wa [[jiolojia]] ya Mlima Kenya.<ref name="gregory1900">{{cite journal | last= Gregory | first= J. W. | authorlink = John Walter Gregory | year=1900 | title = Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya | journal= Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | volume=56 | issue= | pages = 205–222 | url = | accessdate=4th June 2007 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12 }}</ref> [[Joseph Thompson]] alipendekeza utafiti ufanyiwe Mlima Kenya mara ya kwanza mwaka 1883. Aliona mlima kutoka [[Tambarare ya Laikipia]] akaandika ilikuwa volkeno zimwe, kizibo kikionekana.<ref name="thomson" /> Hata hivyo, maoni yake hayakuaminiwa na wanasayansi wa magharibi, hasa baada ya mwaka 1887, wakati [[Teleki]] na [[von Höhnel]] walikwea mlima na kueleza walichokatia kauli kuwa kreta.<ref name="gregory" /> Mwaka 1893 msafara wa Gregory ulifika Barafuto ya Lewis, m 5,000. Alithibitisha kuwa volkeno ilikuwa imezimwa na kuwa kulikuwa na barafuto.<ref name="gregory" /><ref name="gregory1900" /> ===Vilele=== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Summit photomap-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Vilele vikuu na barafuto kati mwa mlima.]] Asili ya vilele vingi ni shughuli za volkeno. Vilele vingi vimekaribia kati mwa mlima. Vinafanana na vilele vya [[Alpi]] kwa sababu ya mikunjo.<ref name="baker">[112]</ref> Kuvu, kuvumwani na mimea midogo ya milimani humea katika vilele vya kati.<ref name="ecology" /> Vizibo vya volkeno vimefunikwa kwa majivu ya volkeno na udongo.<ref name="speck">{{cite journal | last = Speck | first = Heinrich | coauthors = | title = Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance | journal = Mountain Research and Development | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–221 | publisher = | date = 1982 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0276-4741(198205)2%3A2%3C201%3ASOTMKA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | doi = 10.2307/3672965 | accessdate = 2007-06-21 | year = 1982 }}</ref> Vilele virefu zaidi ni Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985).<ref name="map" /> Vilele na vizibo vingine ni pamoja na Piggot (m 4,957), Dutton (m 4,885), John (m 4,883), John Minor (m 4,875), Krapf Rognon (m 4,800), Peter (m 4,757), Slade (m 4,750) na Midget (m 4,700). Vyote vina miinuko inayotengeneza umbo kama la piramidi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Vilele maarufu vilivyo katika viunga vya mlima ni Terere (m 4,714) and Sendeyo (m 4,704).<ref name="map" /> Vilele vya Batian, Nelion na Lenana vimepewa majina ya Laibon Mbatian na wanawe ambao walikuwa Wamasai.<ref name="dutton" /> Kilele cha Terere pia kilipatiwa jina la kiongozi Mmasai. Majina mengine yalitoka kwa majina ya Wazungu wapelelezi, k.v. Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton na Arthur. Kuna majina yaliyotoka kwa Wakenya na walowezi maarufu. Majina ya [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] John na Peter yalitolewa na Arthur, aliyekuwa [[mmisionari]].<ref name="mck">{{cite book|title=The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro|last=Allan|first=Iain|publisher=Mountain Club of Kenya|year=1981|isbn=978-9966985606|location=Nairobi}}</ref> <center><gallery> Picha:Batian Nelion and pt Slade in the foreground Mt Kenya.JPG|Batian (kushoto), Nelion (kulia), na Slade katika mandharimbele Picha:Pt Lenana Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha lenana ndicho kimeinuka zaidi Picha:Krapf rognon and glacier after snowstorm.jpg|Krapf Rognon (m 4800) na Barafuto ya Krapf Picha:Hut tarn 4500m and Midget Peak Mt Kenya.JPG|Kilele cha Midget kinaweza kukwewa kwa siku moja Picha:Terere and Sendeyo.jpg|Vilele vya Terere na Sendeyo viko katika kiunga cha mlima </gallery></center> ===Barafuto=== [[Picha:MtKenya gletscher.jpg|thumb|200px|Barafuto ya Lewis ndio kubwa zaidi.]] Barafuto zinazidi kudidimia kila mwaka.<ref name="web">{{cite web | url= http://www.mck.or.ke/ | author=Mountain Club | title= Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage | accessdate=2007-05-26 }}</ref><ref name="glafot">''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' ''[http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html A Photo Documentation,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sundogpublishing.com/Hastenrath/Announcement.html|date=20120214101403}}'' Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.</ref> Kila mwaka, theluji inayolimbikika katika [[majira ya baridi]] ni kidogo kuliko inayoyeyuka katika [[majira ya joto]]. Inabashiriwa kuwa hali ikiendelea hivyo, Mlima Kenya hautakuwa na theluji miaka 30 itakayokuja<ref name=":0" /><ref name="guide" />. Kupungua kwa barafuto kunasababishwa na kuongezeka kwa halijoto au kubadilika kwa tabia ya usimbishaji.<ref name="benn">{{cite book |last = Benn |first = Doug |last1 = David |first1 = Evans |title = Glaciers and Glaciation |publisher = Arnold |year = 1997 |isbn = 978-0340584316}}</ref> Eneo la barafuto lilipimwa rasmi mara ya kwanza mwaka 1980 na kubainika kuwa ni 0.7 km² <ref name="glacierfluctuations">{{cite journal|last=Karlén|first=Wibjörn|year=1999|title=Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa|url=http://www.ambio.kva.se|journal=Ambio|publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|volume=28|issue=5|pages=409–418|coauthors=James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg|month=Agosti|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-date=2005-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/}}</ref>. Majina ya barafuto za Mlima Kenya kwa mzunguko wa akrabu kutoka kaskazini ni ni: # Northey # Krapf # Gregory # Lewis # Diamond # Darwin # Forel # Heim # Tyndall # Cesar # Josef ===Miundo ya kingo za barafuto=== Jalidi usiku hufanya kuwe na miundo ya kingo za kingo za barafuto. Kuna sentimita chache ardhi jalidi chini ya uso wa ardhi.<ref name="map" /><ref name="baker" /> Kupanuka na kupunguka kwa ardhi kwa sababu ya halijoto, hufanya mimea isiweze kumea katika kingo.<ref name="mck" /> ===Mito=== Mlima Kenya ni eneo kuu la vyanzo vya maji vya mito miwili mikubwa nchini Kenya: [[Mto Tana]] na [[Mto Ewaso Ng'iro|Mto Ewaso Ngiro Kaskazini]].<ref name="development">{{cite journal | last = Gichuki | first = Francis Ndegwa | title = Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya | journal = Ambio | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 430–435 | publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | date = Agosti 1999 | url = http://www.ambio.kva.se | access-date = 2021-01-17 | archive-date = 2005-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ | dead-url = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051231095818/http://www.ambio.kva.se/ }}</ref> Mfumo wa ekolojia wa Mlima Kenya huwapatia maji watu zaidi ya milioni 2.<ref name="development" /> Wiani wa vijito ni kubwa hasa katika miteremko ambayo haijawahi kuwa na barafuto.<ref name="baker_map">{{cite map | publisher =Edward Stanford Ltd | title =Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area | url =http://eusoils.jrc.it/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm | edition =1st | year =1966 | cartography =B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya | scale =1:125000 | series =Geological Survey of Kenya | accessdate = | accessmonth = | accessyear = | archivedate =2011-08-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807171130/http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/maps/afr_kegmmka.htm }}</ref> Vijito na mito inayoanza Mlima Kenya humwaga maji ndani ya [[Mto Sagana (Kenya)|Mto Sagana]], Mto Tana na Mto Ewaso Ngiso Kaskazini moja kwa moja au kupitia mito mingine. <ref name="baker_map" /><ref name="mapandguide"> {{cite map|publisher=Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage|title=Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide|edition=1|year=1991|cartography=West Col Productions|scale=1:50000 with 1:25000 inset|isbn=0-906227-39-9}}</ref> ===Ekolojia=== Eneo la Mlima Kenya lina kanda tofauti za kiekolojia. Kila ukanda una sifa zake na spishi kuu ya mimea. Spishi nyingi zinazopatikana katika sehemu zilizo juu ya mlima zinapatikana pia katika maeneo mengine ya mlima na Afrika Mashariki.<ref name="ecology" /> Pia kuna tofauti kati ya kanda, kutegemea upande wa mlima na ukali wa mteremko. Kusini mashariki pa mlima ni sehemu nyevu kuliko kaskazini<ref name="glacierfluctuations" /> kwa hiyo, spishi nyingi za sehemu hiyo hutegemea unyevu kukua. Baadhi ya spishi, k.v. [[mianzi]], haziwezi kukua pande zote za mlima kwa sababu za tofauti za unyevu.<ref name="map" /> ====Kanda==== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Vegetation map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Kuna kanda tofauti mimea kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ambayo inatofautiana kulingana na urefu na kipengele.]] Tabianchi hubadilika kulingana na mwinuko. Katika kitako cha mlima, udongo una rutuba na hivyo ni mzuri kwa ukulima. Ukulima ulikuwa ukifanyika hapo kwa miaka.<ref name="castro" /> Mlima Kenya umezungukwa na misitu. [[Uoto asilia|Uoto]] katika misitu unategemea kiwango cha mvua, na spishi hutofautiana zaidi kusini na kaskazini mwa mteremko.<ref name="dutton" /> Misitu katika kitako cha mlima hutishiwa na binadamu wanaokata miti ili watengeneze mbao na wanyakuzi ardhi.<ref name="castro" /> Juu ya misitu ni ukanda wa mianzi asilia. Ukanda huu huzunguka mlima isipokuwa sehemu ya kaskazini ambapo kuna upungufu wa mvua<ref name="mck" />. Ni vigumu kupata spishi nyingine za mimea hapo kwa sababu uoto wa mianzi ni mzito na huzuia mimea mingine kumea.<ref name="map" /> [[Picha:Timberline forest with lichens.jpg|thumb|left|Msitu wa mpaka wamiti.]] Juu ya ukanda wa mianzi ni ukanda wa mpaka wa miti. Miti hapa mara nyingi ni midogo kuliko miti katika misitu ya kitako cha mlima.<ref name="zonation"> {{cite journal | last = Niemelä | first = Tuomo | coauthors = Petri Pellikka | title = Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya | journal = Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 14–20 | publisher = | date = | year = 2004 | ISBN = 952-10-2077-6 }} </ref> Mahali miti haiwezi kuota ni nyika ya mlima, m 3,000. Mimea ya jenasi ''[[Erica]]'' hupatikana katika sehemu ya magharibi ambayo huwa nyevu. Vichaka na nyasi hupatikana katika sehemu kame ambayo hushuhudia moto wa pori.<ref name="mck" /> <ref name="castro" /> Kimo kinapoongezeka, halijoto hupungua zaidi na hewa hupungua, katika ukanda unaojulikana kama Alpi ya Kiafrika. Mazingira ya ukanda huo yanafanana tu na yale ya [[Aberdare|Safu ya Aberdare]]. <ref name="ecology" /> Mimea mingi ya ukanda huo imejirekebisha ili kuweza kukabili halihewa.<ref name="rosette">{{cite journal | last = Beck | first = Erwin | coauthors = Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe | title = Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants | journal = Planta | volume = 162 | issue = | pages = 276–282 | publisher = | date = 1984 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1984-09_162_3/page/276 | doi = 10.1007/BF00397450 | accessdate = }}</ref> Ukanda ulio juu ni ambapo barafuto zimedidimia. Mimea bado haijaweza kuota hapo.<ref name="ecology" /> ====Flora==== [[Picha:Senecio keniodendron2.jpg|thumb|right|Mimea kama ''[[Dendrosenecio keniodendron]]'' hufanya marekebisho ili iweze kuota.]] Mimea ya mlima hutofautiana na mwinuko na mwelekeo wa mlima.<ref name="tropicalalpine" /> Mwinuko unapoongezeka, mimea huwa na marekebisho spesheli ili kuhimili [[jalidi]] na miale ya [[urujuanimno]].<ref name="mck" /><ref name="zonation" /> Kwa mfano, mimea ya jenasi ''[[Carduus]]'', katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika, hutumia majani kulinda jicho la ua kutokana na jalidi.<ref name="senecio">{{cite journal | last = Young | first = Truman P. | coauthors = Mary M. Peacock | title = Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya | journal = Journal of Ecology | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 141–148 | publisher = | date = 1992 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1992_80_1/page/141 | doi = | accessdate = }} </ref><ref name="rosette" /> [[Picha:Cape Hyrax Mt Kenya 1.JPG|left|thumb|[[Pimbi]] huweza kuishi katika maeneo yenye halihewa kali.]] ====Fauna==== Wanyama wengi hukaa katika kitako cha mlima penye halianga nzuri kidogo. Spishi za nyani, pimbi wa mitini, ndovu, nungunungu, nyati, fisi, mbuni, duma na simba huishi hapo.<ref name="map" /> Wanyama mamalia wachache, k.v. ''Sylvicapra grimmia'' na pimbi wa miamba wanaweza kuishi katika miinuko ya juu kidogo.<ref name="senecio" /><ref name="ecology" /> Spishi za ndege, k.v. chozi, kwenzi, tai na tumbusi hupatikana katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika. Ndege ni muhimu katika mfumo wa ekolojia hiyo kwa kuwa wao husaidia katika mchavusho.<ref name="tropicalalpine">{{cite journal | last = Smith | first = Alan P. | coauthors = Truman P. Young | title = Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 18 | pages = 137–158 | date = 1987 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033}}</ref> ===Tabianchi=== Tabianchi ya Mlima Kenya ni ya milima ya ikweta ambayo Hedberg alieleza kuwa ni 'majira ya baridi kila usiku, majira ya joto kila mchana'. <ref name="hedberg1969">{{cite journal | last =Hedberg | first =O. | title = Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 1 | pages = 135–148 | year = 1969 | doi =10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x }}</ref> Mlima Kenya mojawapo ya vituo vya uchunguzi wa angahewa vya Global Atmospheric Watch.<ref name="globalatmospherestation">{{cite journal | last = Henne | first = Stephan | coauthors = Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen | title = Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization | journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 2946–2962 | publisher = | date = Novemba 2008 | year = }}</ref> ====Misimu==== [[Picha:Sunrise over Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|right|Katika msimu wa joto, asubuhi huwa baridi na bila mawingu. Adhuhuri inapofika, mawingu huziba vilele]] Mlima Kenya hushuhudia misimu miwili tofauti, [[Msimu wa joto (tropiki)|misimu ya joto]] na [[Msimu wa mvua|misimu ya mvua]], kama maeneo mengine ya Kenya.<ref name="climate_article">{{cite journal | last =Thompson | first = B. W. | title = The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya | journal = Weather | volume = 21 | pages = 48–49 | date = 1966 }}</ref> Miteremko ya mashariki kaskazini hupata mvua kubwa zaidi kwa kuwa uko katika [[Upande wa upepo|upande wa pepo]] za [[kusi]] ambazo huleta mvua kutoka [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari Hindi]]. Mvua hii huwezesha msitu uliosongamana katika upande huo. Katika miinuko ya juu, [[usimbishaji]] hufanyika kama theluji na kutengeneza barafuto.<ref name="spink">{{cite journal | last = Spink | first = Lieut.-Commander P. C. | title = Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya | journal = Geographical Journal | volume = 106 | issue = 5/6 | pages = 210–216 | publisher = The Royal Geographical Society | date = 1945 | doi = }} </ref> Misimu ya Mlima Kenya ni kama ifuatavyo<ref name="castro">{{cite book | last = Castro | first = Alfonso Peter | title = Facing Kirinyaga | url = https://archive.org/details/facingkirinyagas0000cast | year = 1995 | publisher = Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. | location = London | isbn = 1-85339-253-7 }}</ref>: {|class="wikitable" |+ !Msimu !Wakati |- |Masika |Aprili-Juni/Julai |- |Vuli |Oktoba-Disemba |- |Joto/Kiangazi |Disemba/Januari-Februari<br>na<br>Julai/Agosti-Septemba |} ==Historia== ===Ugunduzi wa Wazungu=== [[Picha:Joseph Thomson.png|right|thumb|Joseph Thomson alithibitisha ugunduzi wa Krapf.]] Mlima Kenya ulikuwa kati ya vilele virefu [[Afrika]] kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza na [[Mpelelezi|wapelelezi]] kutoka Ulaya. Wa kwanza kuuona alikuwa [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], [[mmisionari]] [[Mjerumani]]<ref name="Krapf">{{cite book | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title= Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa | year=1860 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London | isbn= }}</ref>, [[tarehe]] [[3 Desemba]] [[1849]]<ref name="dutton">{{cite book | last=Dutton | first=E.A.T. | authorlink= | title= Kenya Mountain |year=1929 |publisher=Jonathan Cape | location= London}}</ref>, kutoka [[Kitui]], mji ulio km 160 kutoka mlima<ref name="rough_guide">{{cite map | publisher=Rough Guide | title= Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition=9 | year=2006 | cartography=World Mapping Project | scale=1:900,000 | series=Rough Guide Map |isbn=1-84353-359-6 }}</ref>, baada ya ugunduzi wa [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]]. Krapf aliambiwa na [[watu]] wa [[kabila]] la [[Waembu]] kwamba walikuwa wakiuzunguka mlima lakini hawakuwa wamepaa juu kwa sababu ya [[baridi]] na [[theluji]].<ref name="Krapf" /> [[Wakikuyu]] walithibitisha haya yametukia. [[Picha:Samuel Teleki.jpg|thumb|left|Samuel Teleki, Mzungu wa kwanza kuweka mguu juu ya Mlima Kenya.]] Krapf pia alibainisha kwamba [[mito]] inayotoka Mlima Kenya, na mingine katika eneo la milima, ilikuwa mito ya kudumu. Akagundua kuwa lazima kuna chanzo cha maji mlimani, katika umbo la barafuto.<ref name="Krapf" /> Aliamini ni chanzo cha [[Mto Nili Nyeupe|Nili Nyeupe]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf | title = Extract from Krapf's diary | date=13 Mei 1850 | journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer | volume=i | pages=345}}</ref> Mwaka [[1851]] Krapf akarudi Kitui. Yeye alisafiri km 65 karibu na mlima, lakini hakuweza kuuona tena. Mwaka 1877 Hildebrandt alikuwa katika eneo la Kitui na kusikia juu ya mlima, lakini pia hakuweza kuuona, hivyo watu walianza kumtuhumu Krapf.<ref name="gregory"> {{cite book | last=Gregory | first=John Walter |authorlink=John Walter Gregory | title=The Great Rift Valley | url=https://archive.org/details/greatriftvalley0000jwgr | origdate=1896 | year=1968 | publisher= Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka [[1883]], [[Joseph Thomson]] alipita upande wa magharibi wa mlima na Krapf alithibitisha madai yake.<ref name="thomson">{{cite book|title=Through Masai Land|url=https://archive.org/details/throughmasailand0000jose|last=Thomson|first=Joseph|publisher=Frank Cass & Co Ltd|year=1968|edition=3|location=London|authorlink=Joseph Thomson (explorer)|origdate=1885}}</ref> Hata hivyo, upelelezi rasmi wa kwanza ulifanyika mwaka 1887 na [[Samuel Teleki]] na [[Ludwig von Höhnel]]. Waliweza kufika mita 4,350 kwenye mteremko wa kusini magharibi<ref name=":2" />. Katika safari ya upelelezi huo, waliamini kuwa walikuwa wamegundua volkeno. Mwaka 1892, Teleki na von Höhnel walirudi upande wa mashariki, lakini hawakuweza kupitia msitu.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book | last=Coe | first=Malcolm James | title=The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya | url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofalpinez0017coem | year=1967 | publisher= Dr W. Junk | location=The Hague}}</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka 1893 timu ilisafiri kutoka pwani hadi [[Ziwa Baringo]] katika [[Bonde la Ufa]], ikiongozwa na [[John W. Gregory]], [[mwanajiolojia]] [[Mwingereza]]. Walikwea mlima hadi mita 4,730 na wakakaa masaa kadhaa katika Barafuto ya Lewis. Aliporudi [[Uingereza]], Gregory alichapisha [[majarida]] na [[hadithi]] ya mafanikio yake.<ref name="mck" /> George Kolb, [[daktari]] Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 <ref name="mck" /> na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika nyika ya mlima upande wa mashariki. Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,<ref name=":3" /> Halford John Mackinder aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka [[Ulaya]], 66 kutoka [[Uswahilini]], [[Wamaasai]] 2 na Wakikuyu 96<ref name=":3" />. Walipatana na matatizo mengi njiani<ref name=":3" />. Mackinder aliendelea kupanda mlima. Alikita kambi m 3,142<ref name=":3" /> katika Bonde la Höhnel. Alifanya jaribio la kwanza kufikia kilele tarehe [[30 Agosti]] pamoja na Brocherel na Ollier kupitia upande wa mashariki, lakini wakabakisha kupanda m 100 kutoka Kilele cha Nelion. Tarehe [[5 Septemba]], Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe [[11 Septemba]] Ollier na Brocherel walipanda Barafuto ya Darwin, lakini walilazimishwa kukatiza safari kutokana na [[dhoruba ya theluji]]<ref name=":3" />. Wakati Saunders alirudi kutoka Naivasha timu okozi, Mackinder, Ollier na Brocherel walijaribu kupanda kilele tena. Walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na walishuka kutumia njia ileile<ref name=":3" />. ===1900-1930=== Baada ya ukweaji wa kwanza, hakukuwa na safari nyingi za kukwea mlima. Upelelezi kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ulikuwa ukifanywa na [[walowezi]] nchini Kenya, ambao hawakufanya upelelezi wa kisayansi. Misheni ya Kanisa la Uskoti ilipofunguliwa Chogoria[[Chogoria,|Chogoria,]], wamishonari kadhaa walikwea mlima lakini hakuna aliyefanikiwa kufikia vilele vya Batian au Nelion.<ref name="mck" /> Miti ya misitu ilikatwa ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia vilele. Mwaka 1920, Arthur Fowell Buxton alijaribu kutengeneza njia kutoka kusini, na njia nyingine walikuja kutoka [[Nanyuki]] kaskazini, lakini njia iliyotumiwa zaidi ni ile ya Chogoria, kutoka mashariki, iliyotengenezwa na Ernest Carr.<ref name="mck" /> Mwishoni mwa Julai 1930, Shipton na Bill Tilman walikwea vilele vyote. Katika safari hii, Shipton na Tilman walijaribu kukwea vilele vingine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Petro, Dutton, Midget , Pigott na aidha Terere au Sendeyo.<ref name="cordee">{{cite book |last= Burns |first= Cameron |title= Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide |year= 1998 |publisher= Cordee |location= Leicester |isbn= 1-871890-98-5}}</ref> ===1931 hadi leo=== Katika miaka ya 1930 ziara zilifanyika zaidi katika nyika ya mlima. Raymond Hook na Humphrey Slade walikwea ili wachore ramani ya mlima na wakapeleka samaki. Februari mwaka 1938, C Carol na Mtu Muthara wakawa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika wa kwanza mtawalia kupaa Nelion, katika ziara na Noel Symington, mwandishi wa ''The Night Climbers of Cambridge'', na tarehe [[5 Machi]] Una Cameron akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kupaa Batian.<ref name="mck" /> Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ziara za kukwea mlima zilididimia zaidi. Watu maarufu waliokwea katika wakati huo walikuwa wafungwa wa vitani Waitaliano, ambao walikuwa wamefungwa jela Nanyuki. Walitoroka na kupanda mlima kabla ya kurejea kambini.<ref name="picnic">{{cite book | last= Benuzzi | first= Felice | authorlink= | title=No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb | origdate=1953 | year=2005 | publisher=The Lyons Press | location= | isbn=978-1592287246}}</ref> Mwaka 1949 eneo kupita m 3,400 lilifanywa [[Hifadhi ya taifa|hifadhi ya kitaifa]].<ref name="mck" /> Barabara ilijengwa kutoka [[Naro Moru]] ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia nika ya mlima. Mwaka 1963, katika siku ya uhuru wa Kenya, Kisoi Munayo alikita bendera ya Kenya juu ya mlima. Mwaka 1997, mlima Kenya uliteuliwa kuwa eneo la urithi wa dunia na UNESCO.<ref name="unesco"/> ==Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya== {{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya}} Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya, ilianzishwa mwaka [[1949]]. Inahifadhi eneo linalozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa [[hifadhi ya misitu]].<ref name="kws_website">{{cite web |url= http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |title= Mount Kenya National Park |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= Kenya Wildlife Service |authorlink= Kenya Wildlife Service |year= 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622045208/http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-06-22 }}</ref> Tangu [[Aprili]] [[1978]] eneo limeteuliwa kama Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya dunia UNESCO .<ref name="unep">{{cite web |url= http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |title= Protected Areas and World Heritage |accessdate= 2008-02-23 |author= United Nations Environment Programme |authorlink= United Nations Environment Programme |year= 1998 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070212211303/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html |archivedate= 2007-02-12 }}</ref> [[Serikali ya Kenya]] ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa inayozunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa [[utalii]] kwa [[uchumi]], kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi [[viumbe hai]] ndani yake, na kuhifadhi [[Chanzo cha maji|vyanzo vya maji]] vinavyozunguka eneo.<ref name="development"/> ==Utamaduni== [[Picha:Mount Kenya Population map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Makazi ya makabila kabla ya taifa la Kenya.]] Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni [[Wakikuyu]], [[Wameru]], [[Waembu]] na [[Wamaasai]]. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha [[tamaduni]] zao. ===Wakikuyu=== [[Picha:Batian and Nelion in the background cropped.JPG|thumb|Makabila kadhaa wanaishi katika kitako cha mlima.|alt=|left]] [[Wakikuyu]] wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.<ref name="ecology" /><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book |title= East African Explorers|url= https://archive.org/details/eastafricanexplo0000rich|last= Richards|first= Charles|authorlink= |coauthors= James Place|year= 1960|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= London}} </ref> Wao ni [[wakulima]] na hulima katika udongo mwekundu wa volkeno. Wakikuyu waamini kwamba Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' aliishi juu ya Mlima Kenya aliposhuka kutoka mbinguni.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=pPBtzgAACAAJ&dq=facing+mount+kenya&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwithfbKqbjdAhUD1BoKHWuEDS4Q6AEIJzAA|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|date=2011-04-05|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=9781846555527|language=en}}</ref> Wao wanaamini kuwa mlima ni kiti cha enzi cha Ngai duniani. Ni mahali ambapo Gikuyu, baba wa kabila, alitumia kukutana na Mungu wao, Ngai.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="guide">{{cite|author=Kenya Wildlife Service|title=Mount Kenya Official Guidebook|publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|year=2006|date=2006}}</ref> Jina kwa ajili ya Kikuyu Mlima Kenya ni ''Kĩrĩnyaga'' ([[Kirinyaga]]), tafsiri yake ikiwa ni mlima mweupe. Linatokana na weupe wa theluji<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Karangi|first=Matthew|date=2013-01-01|title=The gĩkũyũ religion and philosophy: A tool for understanding the current religio-political debates in Kenya|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291902121_The_gikuyu_religion_and_philosophy_A_tool_for_understanding_the_current_religio-political_debates_in_Kenya|volume=108|pages=612–622}}</ref>. Wazee wa Agikuyu husimulia kuwa Mlima Kenya uliundwa baada ya "Nyota" inayojulikana kama '''Riuki''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mount Kenya Formation – Yamumbi|url=https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/|accessdate=2023-08-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824204401/https://yamumbi.com/mount-kenya-formation/}}</ref>(kihalisi ikimaanisha -jiwe lililotoka angani) kugonga uso wa dunia. Athari hiyo ilizua mlipuko mkubwa na kufuatiwa na tetemeko la ardhi na mawimbi ya nje ya ulinganifu. Unyogovu ulioletwa na '''Riuki''' ulitoa ujiuji wa mawe (magma), majivu ya volkeno na uchafu wa ''riuki'' iliyosambaratika hadi juu. Riuki ikawa upachikaji wa miamba ya Mlima Kenya. Masimuliyi haya yanaambatana sambamba na maoni yaliyotolewa na wanajografia na wanajiolojia, ambao wamebatiza mawe ya mlima Kenya kwa jina '''[[:en:Kenyte|Kenyte]]'''. Kenyte inapatikana katika sehemu mbili tu duniani; kwenye Mlima Kenya na Antarctic katika Ncha ya Kusini. Kwa kupata '''Kenyte''' katika maeneo mawili tofauti, nadharia mpya ilisitawishwa, kwamba kimondo kikubwa kilipoingia kwenye angahewa ya dunia, kiligawanyika vipande viwili, kimoja kikigonga dunia kwenye ikweta katika Kenya ya kisasa na cha pili kilipiga Antaktika. ===Waembu=== [[Waembu]] wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,<ref name="ecology" /> na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, ''Ngai'' au ''Mwene Njeru''. Mlima ni takatifu, na walikuwa wakijenga nyumba zikiwa na milango iliyokuwa ikitazama mlima.<ref name="guide" /> Waembu wanauita ''kiri Njeru'', maana yake, mlima mweupe.<ref name="mck" /><ref name="cordee" /><ref name="guide" /> ===Wamasai=== [[Wamasai]] ni [[wahamahamaji]] ambao walitumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlima kulisha mifugo wao. Wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.<ref name="guide" /> Wamasai waliuita ''Ol Donyo Keri'', ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.<ref name="somjee">{{cite journal | last=Somjee | first=Sultan | year=2000 | title = Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience | journal= Research in African Literatures | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages = 97–103 | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.4somjee.html | accessdate=2008-02-21 | doi = 10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97 }}</ref> Sala moja ya Wamasai kuhusu Mlima Kenya: {{Quote|Mungu bariki watoto wetu, wawe kama mkuyu wa Morintat, wakue na wapanuke, wawe kama Vilima vya Ngong, kama Mlima Kenya, kama Mlima Kilimanjaro na waongezeke. (tafsiri)|Ilikusanywa na Francis Sakuda wa Makumbusho ya Amani ya Oloshoibor<ref name=somjee/>}} ===Wameru=== [[Wameru]] wanaishi Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima. Walilima na [[Ufugaji|kufuga]] katika sehemu yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa [[Kimeru]] ni ''Kirimara'' (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).<ref name="witchmen">{{cite book |title= When We Began There Were Witchmen|last= Fadiman|first= Jeffrey A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-08615-5|page= |pages= |url= http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/|accessdate= 2009-05-14}} </ref> ===Makabila mengine=== Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wao hawakuwa na uzoefu wa baridi, au kuwahi kuona theluji. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.{{Quote|Sifa nyingine ya wazanzibari ilionekana katika kambi ile ile. Asubuhi ilipofika, waume walikuja kuniarifu kwamba maji yale waliokuwa wamewacha ndani ya vyungu yalikuwa yamerogwa. Walisema kuwa ni meupe, na hayatikisiki; Fundi, aliyejulikana kuwa mwenye kuthubutu, alikuwa ameyagonga kwa kijiti na hayakutoka. Walinirai niyaangalie, nikawaambia wayaniletee. Wakakataa, hata hivyo, ili kuyagusa, wakanirai niende yalipokuwa. Kwa kweli, maji yalikuwa yameganda. Niliweka chungu juu ya jiko, nikatabiri kuwa yangegeuka kuwa maji tena. Tuliokuwa nao wakakaa karibu na kuyatazama; yalipoyeyuka, waliniambia kwa furaha kuwa shetani alikuwa amefukuzwa, na nikawaambia kuwa wangeweza kuyatumia maji tena; lakini punde nilipogeuka, waliyamwaga na kuchota mengine kutoka mto uliokuwa karibu. (tafsiri)|J W Gregory|''The Great Rift Valley''<ref name=gregory/>}} Ziara yake ya mwaka 1899, Mackinder alipatana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la [[Wadorobo]].<ref name="ecology" /> ==Ukweaji mlima== Kuna njia nane za kutembea zinazoelekea kwenye kilele cha juu. Ni, kwa mzunguko wa akrabu, kutoka kaskazini, njia za Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon na Timau<ref name="map" />. Pia kuna njia inayozunguka vilele inayotumiwa kuunganisha njia tofauti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm|title=Mount Kenya - Introduction and Trekking Guide|date=2007-12-17|accessdate=2018-09-16|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217091034/http://www.ewpnet.com/eaimg/Mount_Kenya_general.htm}}</ref> Kati ya hizi, Chogoria, Naro Moru na Sirimon ndio hutumika zaidi na zina malango. Njia nyingine zinahitaji idhini maalum kutoka kwa [[Shirika la Huduma kwa Wanyama Pori ya Kenya|Huduma ya Wanyamapori Kenya]] ili kuzitumia. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya milima ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya milima ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya milima]] * [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya volkeno nchini Kenya]] == Marejeo == *Sir Halford Mackinder, ''The First ujio wa Mlima Kenya'' [KM Barbour, ed.], (London, 1991); hadithi ya ujio wa kwanza Batian, pamoja Mackinder's diary na baadhi ya Expedition's picha. Barbour discusses sababu Mackinder, ambaye aliandika na kuchapisha vitabu vingine, hawakuwa kuchapisha maelezo ya akaunti ya Expedition.<ref name="firstascent">{{cite book |title= The First Ascent of Mount Kenya |last= Mackinder |first= Halford John |authorlink= Halford John Mackinder |coauthors= Kenneth Michael Barbour |year= 1991 |publisher= Ohio University Press |location= |isbn= 1850651027 |page= |pages=287 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *Dutton EAT, [[Kenya Mountain|''Kenya Mountain'']] (London, 1929); akaunti ya Expedition Mlima Kenya mwaka 1926; illustreras.<ref name="dutton" /> *Vivienne de Watteville, ''Mwambie Dunia - kuzunguka na Reflections kati Tembo na Milima'' (London & New York, 1935); akaunti ya mwandishi wa ugenini katika kibanda kidogo katika kanda ya Ziwa na Ellis explorations yake ya Gorges Valley; illustreras .<ref name="wanderings">{{cite book |title= Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains |last= de Watteville |first= Vivienne |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1986 |publisher= Methuen |location= |origyear= 1935 |edition= 2 |isbn= 0413602702 |page= |pages= 329 |url=https://archive.org/details/speaktoearthwand0000dewa_p9i0 |accessdate= }} </ref> *HW Tilman, theluji ''juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1937); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Shipton) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="snow">{{cite book |title= Snow on the Equator |last= Tilman |first= H. W. |authorlink= Bill Tilman |coauthors= |year= 1938 |publisher= The Macmillan Company |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 265 |url=https://archive.org/details/snowonequator0000hwti |accessdate= }} </ref> *Eric Shipton, juu ''ya kwamba Mlima,'' (London, 1943); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Tilman) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.<ref name="uponthatmountain">{{cite book |title= Upon that Mountain |last= Shipton |first= Eric |authorlink= Eric Shipton |coauthors= |year= 1945 |publisher= Readers Union |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 248 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *Felice Benuzzi, ''Fuga sul Kenya'' (Milano 1947) / [[No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya|''No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya'']] (London, 1952); a mountaineering classic, kuhusu wafungwa wa kivita tatu ambao kutoroka kutoka gerezani kambi yao mwaka 1943, hupanda mlima na sparse mgawo, improvised vifaa na hakuna ramani, na kisha ''kuvunja kurejea katika'' kambi yao gerezani.<ref name="picnic" /> *Roland Truffaut, ''Du Kenya au wa Kilimanjaro'' (Paris 1953) / ''Kutoka Kenya kwa Kilimanjaro'' (London, 1957); 1952 akaunti ya ujio wa Kifaransa N. uso wa Mt Kenya; illustreras.<ref name="dukenya">{{cite book |title=Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française wau Kenya |last= Truffaut |first= Roland |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1953 |publisher= Julliard |location= Paris |language= French |isbn= |page= |pages= 251 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *I. Allan, ''Guide to Mlima Kenya'' (1981; 1991; wengi updates); mamlaka ya kuongoza kwa njia ya peaks.<ref name="mck" /> *Hamish MacInnes, bei ''ya Adventure,'' (London, 1987); inajumuisha hadithi ya wiki-mrefu uokozi wa Gerd Judmeier baada yake kuanguka karibu na kilele cha Batian mapema katika miaka ya 1970.<ref name="priceofadventure">{{cite book | last= MacInnes | first= Hamish | authorlink= | title=The Price of Adventure | url= https://archive.org/details/priceofadventure0000maci | origdate= | year=1987 | publisher= Hodder & Stoughton | location= London | isbn=0340263237 }}</ref> *I. Allan, C. Kata, G. Boy, ''Snowcaps juu ya Ikweta'' (London, 1989); historia ya Afrika Mashariki milima na ascents yao, ikiwemo ya hivi karibuni zaidi pioneered njia; illustreras.<ref name="snowcaps">{{cite book |title= Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire |last= Ward |first= Clive |authorlink= |coauthors= Gordon Boy, Iain Allan |year= 1988 |publisher= Bodley Head |location= |isbn= 0370311264 |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }}</ref> *Yohana Msomaji, ''Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1989); akaunti ya ujio wa Nelion, pamoja na Iain Allan kama mwongozo; illustreras.<ref name="reader"> {{cite book|title=Mount Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/mountkenya0000read|last=Reader|first=John|publisher=Elm Tree Books|year=1989|ISBN=0-241-12486-7|location=London}} </ref> *M. Amin, D. Willetts, B. Tetley, ''On Mungu Mountain: The Story wa Mlima Kenya'' (London, 1991). A photographic maadhimisho ya mlima.<ref name="ongodsmountain">{{cite book |title= On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya |last= Amin |first= Mohamed |authorlink= |coauthors= Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley |year= 1991 |publisher= Moorland |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= 192 |url= |accessdate= }} </ref> *''Kirinyaga'', [[Mike Resnick]], (1989).<ref name=":4" /> *[[Facing Mount Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta,|''Facing Mount Kenya,'' Jomo Kenyatta]], (1938); kitabu kuhusu Kikuyu.<ref name="facingmtkenya">{{cite book|title=Facing Mount Kenya|last=Kenyatta|first=Jomo|publisher=Secker and Warburg|year=1961|location=London|authorlink=Jomo Kenyatta}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Mount Kenya|Mount Kenya}} * [http://www.mountkenya.org/ Mount Kenya homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mountkenya.org/ |date=20050906224754 }} * [http://www.mount-kenya.com/ Mount Kenya Information & Resource] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mount-kenya.com/ |date=20090319043845 }} * [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/800 UNESCO Mtindo Site Data Sheet juu ya Mlima Kenya] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.151405,37.312660&amp;spn=0.166014,0.234180&amp;t=k&amp;hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps] * [http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm Mount Kenya Jiolojia na Glasiolojia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kilimanjaro.cc/mkgeolog.htm |date=20100328152201 }} * [http://www.awf.org/section/safaris/samburu African Wildlife Foundation Safari Planner] * [http://www.mck.or.ke/ Mlima Club ya Kenya Homepage] * [http://www.mountkenyatrust.org/ Bill Woodley Mount Kenya Trust] * [http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org/ |date=20100613081648 }} * [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/ Wakati tulianza, kulikuwa Witchmen] ''An Oral History kutoka Mlima Kenya'' (1993) Jeffrey Fadiman * [http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf Vizuka juu ya Mlima Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.matthewpower.net/FEAT.KENYA.pdf |date=20070929194948 }} Kifungu kutoka [[National Geographic Adventure]] magazine (2007) Mathayo Power * [http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html Kenya Wildlife Service's page on Mount Kenya National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html |date=20070622045208 }} * [http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html Frontier Climbing nchini Kenya]{{Wayback|url=http://www.planetfear.com/articles/Frontier_Climbing_in_Kenya_446.html |date=20100430211911 }} Article on wawili wa kwanza juu ya Hekalu Ascents * [http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html Afrika Mashariki ubeberu photo insha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterApril2008photoessay.html |date=20080820084101 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya, Mlima}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mlima Kenya]] [[Jamii:Volkeno za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Kenya]] 8voqe97mqt0r7hmpwtqqsga3h2wejzd 0 4142 1575912 1503188 2026-06-22T01:35:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:MikeTysonSDCC2017.JPG|thumbnail|right|100px|Mike Tyson (2017)]] [[Picha:Mike_Tyson_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg|thumbnail|right|100px|Mike Tyson (2019)]] '''Michael Gerard Tyson''' (amezaliwa [[30 Juni]] [[1966]]) ni [[mpiga ngumi]] wa uzito wa juu duniani unaotambuliwa na [[Shirikisho la Ngumi Duniani]] (WBC). Ni bondia wa kwanza kuwahi kutwaa taji hilo akiwa na umri mdogo. Mike alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Brooklyn]] [[New York]]. Alikuwa mtoto mtukutu akijihusisha na matukio ya uporaji mitaani. Alipelekwa katika shule ya kurekebisha tabia (Jela ya watoto) huko New York. Akiwa huko alionekana mwenye kipaji na mwalimu wa ngumi Mmarekani aitwaye [[Cus D'Amato]] ambaye matunda yake mengine ni mwanamasumbwi aitwaye [[Floyd Petterson]] na kutwaa taji la ngumi 1956. == Viungo vya Nje == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.TysonTalk.com The Ultimate Mike Tyson Fan Website]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.michaeltyson.com A Mike Tyson Fan Website] * [http://jco.usfca.edu/boxing/ Joyce Carol Oates on Mike Tyson, 1986-1997] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070925210355/http://www.members.shaw.ca/kkylee/kid_dynamite.pdf] * [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/2005/06/13/tyson.history/content.1.html June 2005 SI Tyson Retrospective Photo Gallery] {{Wayback|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/2005/06/13/tyson.history/content.1.html |date=20090221233331 }} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyson, Michael}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu kutoka New York]] kkvei32y30a2yfk2riu4ueklqdbd5v4 0 7405 1575804 1405693 2026-06-21T13:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|kg||KG}} [[Picha:CGKilogram.jpg|thumb|Nakala ya kilogramu asilia]] '''Kilogramu''' ni kipimo sanifu cha [[Vipimo sanifu vya kimataifa|SI]] kwa ajili ya [[tungamo|masi]] ya gimba. Kifupi chake ni kg. Sehemu yake ndogo huitwa "gramu" kwa kifupi "g". Kuna gramu 1000 katika kilogramu moja. Hata kama kifizikia kuna tofauti kati ya masi na [[uzito]] kilogramu hutumiwa pia kama kipimo cha uzito. Kilogramu moja ni sawa na masi ya kilogramu asilia ambayo ni kipande cha [[metali]] kilichopo mjini [[Paris]] kwenye [[Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Vipimo]]. Nakala 40 za kilogramu asilia zilitengenezwa Paris na kutumwa penginepo [[Dunia|duniani]] penye ofisi za kutunza vipimo kitaifa au kikanda. Kilogramu ilikuwa kati ya vipimo vipya vilivyoanzishwa baada ya [[Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa]] pamoja na kipimo cha [[mita]]. Kwa jina la asili kilogramu huu unaitwa "gravu", kifupi chake ni "gv". Kiasili kilielezwa kuwa sawa na lita moja ya maji kwenye [[halijoto]] ya sentigredi 4 (kamili 3,98&nbsp;°C). Lakini elezo hili halikuridhika wataalamu wa kimataifa wa vipimo wakaendelea kutengeneza mfano wake wa metali ya [[platini]]-[[iridi]]. Nakala zake hutumiwa penginepo kuhakikisha mizani ya taifa fulani ni sahihi. Siku hizi wataalamu wanatafuta bado njia bora kwa sababu wengi hawaridhiki kutegemea gimba moja ambalo linaweza kuharibiwa au kupotea. * kilogramu: 1 kg = gramu: 1000 g = gravu: 1 gv * kilogramu: 1000 kg = megagramu: 1 Mg = kilogravu: 1 kgv = [[tani]]: 1 t == Marejeo == * [http://www.sizes.com/units/kilogram.htm Kilogramu kwenye tovuti ya www.sizes.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sizes.com/units/kilogram.htm |date=20230923213300}} {{en}} * [http://www.bipm.org/en/home Tovuti rasmi ya Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Vipimo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/home |date=20241219135221}} {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170628080449/http://www.bipm.org/fr/measurement-units/history-si/name-kg.html Gravu kwenye tovuti ya www.bipm.org] {{fr}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Vipimo vya uzito]] [[Jamii:Vipimo sanifu vya kimataifa]] jia94gmk2a86s6up4mgmng5vjuyf0bg 0 7571 1575822 1517426 2026-06-21T15:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuhusu|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Watu wa Korea|Jamhuri ya Korea|Korea Kusini}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Watu wa Korea | jina_asili = 조선민주주의인민공화국 ''Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk'' (Kikorea) | bendera = Flag of North Korea.svg | nembo = Emblem of North Korea.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = 애국가 ''Aegukka'' ("Wimbo wa Uzalendo") | ramani = North Korea (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = Pyongyang | majiranukta1 = 39°2′K | majiranukta2 = 125°45′M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kikorea]] (Munhwaŏ) </br>Chosŏn'gŭl (hati rasmi) | lugha_taifa = | kiongozi1 = Kim Jong Un | kiongozi2 = Pak Thae-song | cheo_kiongozi1 = Katibu Mkuu wa WPK na Rais wa Tume ya Mambo ya Serikali | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | muundo_uhuru = '''Historia''' | tukio1 = Uanzishwaji wa DPRK | tukio2 = Uhuru kutoka Japani kutangazwa | tukio3 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio4 = | tukio1_tarehe = 9 Septemba 1948 | tukio2_tarehe = 1 Machi 1919 | tukio3_tarehe = 27 Desemba 1972 | tukio4_tarehe = | eneo_jumla = 120,538 | cheo_eneo = 98 | maji = 0.11% | ardhi = | watu_kadirio = 26,298,666 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | msongamano = 212 | pato_ppp = $40 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = $1,800 | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = | plt = $16 bilioni | mwaka_pato = 2019 | plt_kwa_mtu = $640 | cheo_plt_kawaida = | cheo_plt_kawaida_kwa_mtu = | mwaka_maendeleo = 1995 | maendeleo = 0.766 {{kati}} | gini = 16.6 | mwaka_gini = 2020 | fedha = [[Won ya Watu wa Korea]] (₩ KPW) | majira_saa = UTC+09:00 (PYT) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = +850 | tld = .kp }} '''Korea Kaskazini''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Watu wa Korea''') ni nchi katika [[Asia ya Mashariki]], iliyoko katika [[Rasi ya Korea]]. Inapakana na [[China]] na [[Urusi]] kaskazini, [[Korea Kusini]] kusini, na imezungukwa na [[Bahari za China|Bahari ya China]] magharibi na [[Bahari ya Japani]] mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban milioni 26, ikiwa ya 54 duniani. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Pyongyang]]. Korea Kaskazini imegawanyika katika mikoa 9 na mji mkuu. Inajulikana kwa mfumo wake wa kisiasa wa [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] chini ya uongozi wa [[Mfumo wa chama kimoja|chama kimoja]], utawala wa [[Kim Jong-un]], na sera zake za kijeshi, ikiwa ni moja ya mataifa machache yenye mpango wa nyuklia ulioendelea. == Historia == {{Main|Historia ya Korea Kaskazini}} Historia ya Korea Kaskazini ni sehemu ya [[historia]] pana ya [[Rasi ya Korea]], ambayo imekaliwa na [[binadamu]] kwa maelfu ya miaka. === Kipindi cha Mwanzo na Uundaji wa Awali === Mwanzo wa [[ustaarabu]] wa Korea huhusishwa kijadi na kuanzishwa kwa Gojoseon mnamo mwaka [[2333 KK]], ikifuatiwa na kuibuka kwa [[Falme Tatu za Korea]]: ''[[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], na [[Silla]]'' katika [[karne]] za mwanzo [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. Falme hizo zilishindania [[mamlaka]] hadi Silla, kwa msaada wa [[nasaba ya Tang]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], ilipounganisha sehemu kubwa ya [[rasi]] hiyo katika [[karne ya 7]]. Katika kipindi hicho, jamii za awali zilijikita katika [[kilimo]] cha mwanzo, uundaji wa [[zana]] za [[chuma]], na [[maendeleo]] ya mifumo ya kijamii iliyochangia kuibuka kwa madola ya mwanzo na [[Utambulisho wa nchi|utambulisho]] wa kitamaduni wa Wakorea. === Nasaba za Goryeo na Joseon === Baadaye ilifuata nasaba ya [[Goryeo]] (918–1392), iliyotoa [[jina]] la kisasa la Korea, na [[nasaba ya Joseon]] (1392–1897), dola la muda mrefu lililotawaliwa kwa misingi ya [[Ukonfusio]] na kujulikana kwa mafanikio ya [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]], ikiwemo uundaji wa [[mwandiko]] wa [[Kikorea]], [[Hangul]]. Katika enzi hizo, kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa katika nyanja za [[elimu]], [[sayansi]], na [[fasihi]], pamoja na kuimarika kwa mfumo wa [[utawala]] wa kifalme uliotegemea [[Ofisa|maafisa]] wasomi, hali iliyosaidia kuunda [[jamii]] yenye mpangilio thabiti na [[urithi]] mkubwa wa kitamaduni. === Kipindi cha Mgogoro (kabla ya Ukoloni) === Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]] na mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], Korea ilikabiliwa na shinikizo kubwa kutoka kwa [[Taifa|mataifa]] ya kigeni, hasa [[Japani]]. Kipindi hicho kilishuhudia pia kuongezeka kwa ushawishi wa [[Ustaarabu wa magharibi|mataifa ya Magharibi]] na China katika [[siasa]] za ndani za Korea, hali iliyodhoofisha mamlaka ya kifalme na kusababisha mabadiliko ya kijamii na ya kiuchumi yaliyokuwa yakibadilisha muundo wa jamii ya Korea kwa kasi. === Kipindi cha Ukoloni (1910 – 1945) === Mwaka [[1910]], Korea iliunganishwa rasmi na Japani na kubaki chini ya utawala wa [[Ukoloni|kikoloni]] hadi mwisho wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] mwaka [[1945]]. Katika kipindi hicho, sera za ukoloni zililenga kuunganisha Korea kiutawala na kiuchumi na Japani, huku pia zikidhibiti utamaduni wa wenyeji, jambo lililosababisha upinzani wa kitaifa na [[harakati]] mbalimbali za kupigania [[uhuru]] miongoni mwa Wakorea. === Kipindi cha Mgawanyiko na Vita === Kwenye mwisho wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia [[jeshi]] la Urusi liliwafuata Wajapani [[kaskazini]] mwa [[rasi]] na [[Wamarekani]] waliingia [[kusini]]. Hivyo baada ya kushindwa kwa Japani, rasi hiyo iligawanywa katika mstari wa [[Latitudo|latitudo]] ya 38 kuwa Korea Kaskazini iliyoungwa mkono na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] na Korea Kusini iliyoungwa mkono na [[Marekani]]. Mgawanyiko huo ulisababisha [[Vita ya Korea|Vita vya Korea]] (1950–1953), [[vita]] vikali vilivyomalizika kwa makubaliano ya kusitisha mapigano badala ya [[mkataba wa amani]], na hivyo kuacha rasi hiyo ikiwa bado katika hali ya vita kisheria na kugawanyika katika mataifa mawili tofauti. Athari za vita zilikuwa kubwa, zikiathiri uchumi, [[miundombinu]], na maisha ya mamilioni ya watu katika pande zote mbili za rasi. Mwanzoni kulikuwa na majadiliano ya kuunganisha Korea tena lakini [[Vita Baridi]] ilileta uadui kati ya pande hizo mbili. Kila moja ilianzisha [[serikali]] ya pekee katika kanda la [[utawala]] wake kufuatana na [[itikadi]] yake. Warusi walitaifisha tasnia na [[ardhi]] wakaacha serikali ya [[ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] katika kaskazini na Wamarekani waliacha [[uchumi]] wa [[Ubepari|kibepari]] na serikali iliyochaguliwa katika kusini. ===Baada ya vita=== Katika vita hivyo Korea Kaskazini iliweza kudumu kwa sababu ya msaada msaada wa kijeshi wa China iliyomwaga [[askari]] [[milioni]] [[moja]] nchini. Kiongozi Mkomunisti [[Kim Il-Sung]] alishika [[mamlaka]] akatawala kama [[dikteta]] kwa [[msaada]] wa [[chama cha kikomunisti]] na [[jeshi]]. Alipokufa mwaka [[1994]] [[mwana]] wake [[Kim Jong-il]] alichukua nafasi yake hadi alipofariki tarehe [[17 Desemba]] [[2011]]. Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na [[mtoto]] wake [[Kim Jong-un]]. Kim Il-Sung aliunda itikadi ya "Juche"; inaitwa [[falsafa]] ya kuendeleza [[Umaksi]], lakini hali halisi ni itikadi inayotakiwa kutoa msingi kwa utawala wa kidikteta. Ingawa ilidai kutafuta [[maendeleo]] ya kujitegemea, Korea Kaskazini ilikuwa nchi iliyotegemea msaada kutoka Urusi kwa [[historia]] yake yote. Baada ya mwisho wa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] msaada huo ulikwisha na Korea Kaskazini iliingia katika kipindi kigumu sana ki[[uchumi]]. Leo hii nchi haiwezi kulisha watu wakeː hutegemea usaidizi wa [[vyakula]] kutoka jumuiya ya kimataifa. [[Udikteta]] katika Korea Kaskazini ni wa Kikomunisti kwa jina, lakini una [[tabia]] za ki[[dini]] ndani yake. Kim Il-Sung alitangazwa kuwa "rais wa milele"; Kim Jong-Il hakutumia [[cheo]] rasmi isipokuwa "mwenyekiti wa kamati ya utetezi wa taifa" kinachomaanisha kitu kama "mkuu wa jeshi". Katika mwaka [[2006]] Korea Kaskazini ilitekeleza [[mlipuko wa nyuklia]]. ==Demografia== Wakazi karibu wote ni Wakorea asilia, isipokuwa Wachina na Wajapani wachache. === Lugha === [[Lugha]] yao ni [[Kikorea]], kinachotumika hata Korea Kusini na katika maeneo kadhaa ya China. === Dini === Upande wa [[dini]], kuna [[dhuluma]] kubwa, ingawa [[katiba]] inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini|uhuru]]. Kwa jumla kumbukumbu za nchi katika kuheshimu [[haki za binadamu]] si nzuri hata kidogo. Pamoja na hayo, 13% wanafuata [[Uchondo]] (mchanganyiko wa dini za jadi, [[Ubuddha]], [[Utao]] na [[Ukatoliki]]), 12% wanafuata [[dini za jadi]], 1.5% ni Wabuddha na 0.5% [[Wakristo]] au wafuasi wa dini nyingine. ==Miji== {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Korea Kaskazini}} [[Mji]] mkubwa ni Pyongyang ambao, pamoja na [[rundiko la jiji]], una wakazi 3,702,757 ([[1 Januari]] [[2005]]) na hivyo [[asilimia]] 16 za [[taifa]] huishi katika mji mkuu. Miji mikubwa mingine haipitii [[nusu]] milioni ya wakazi. Watu wa Korea Kaskazini hawawezi kuhama kwa hiari yao kutoka mahali pamoja kwenda penginepo bila kibali.<ref>[www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,PRK,4562d8cf2,487ca236c0,0.html United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees] (July 2, 2008) "UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 - North Korea". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 2011-04-08</ref> ==Uchumi== ===Maendeleo mwanzoni chini ya mfumo wa Ukomunisti=== [[Picha:Korea wakati wa usiku 23 March 2017.png|400px|thumb|Picha ya Rasi ya Korea mnamo Machi 2017 kutoka angani wakati wa usiku inaonyesha upungufu wa umeme katika kaskazini; Korea Kusini inaonyesha nuru nyingi lakini Kaskazini iko gizani]] Uchumi wa pande zote mbili za Korea ulikuwa duni sana baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili]]. Mwanzoni nchi ilifuata mfano wa kutunga mipango ya miaka mitano kama [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] (Urusi). Viwanda, maduka na biashara yote vilitaifishwa na kuwekwa mkononi mwa dola. Siasa ililenga hali ya kujitegemea na biashara ya nje ilitekelezwa tu na nchi za kikomunisti. Pamoja na msaada kutoka Urusi na China kulikuwa na maendeleo ya haraka ya kiuchumi hadi mnamo 1960. Hapo tija ya mfumo wa uchumi unaopangwa ulianza kufikia misho wake na kuonyesha upungufu wa nguvukazi, ardhi ya kulima na vyombo vya usafiri na malengo ya mipango hayakufikiwa tena<ref>8http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf Country Study North Korea uk. 138]</ref>. Kuanzia 1980 Korea Kusini ilianza kupita mafanikio ya uchumi wa kaskazini. <ref>Country Study North Korea uk. 142</ref> Mwaka 1993 Korea Kaskazini iliacha kutangaza mipango ya uchumi.<ref>Country Study North Korea uk. 140</ref> ===Kuporomoka kwa uchumi tangu 1990=== Kuanzia mnamo 1991 kuporomoka kwa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] na nchi nyingine za kikomunisti kulileta kupotea kwa masoko ya nje na mwisho wa misaada kutoka nje. Uzalishaji wa vyakula ulipungua sana kwa sababu matrekta na mashine nyingine ziliharibika bila vipuli kupatikana, Viwanda vya mbolea vilikwama kutokana na uhaba wa mafuta na kuharibika kwa mashine. Baada ya mafuriko na [[maafa ya asilia]] mengine uchumi uliporomoka kabisa. Wananchi walianza kuona njaa iliyoua angalau nusu milioni katika kipindi cha 1994 hadi 2000 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://piie.com/publications/wp/99-2.pdf |title=Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics |accessdate=2017-04-23 |archivedate=2017-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808220715/https://piie.com/publications/wp/99-2.pdf }}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2000 msaada wa kimataifa ulileta msaada lakini uchumi ulibaki duni kwa sababu miundombinu iliyochakaa na uzalishaji mdogo wa umeme. Majaribio ya kulegeza uchumi wa kupangwa yalileta nafuu kwa sehemu za wananchi ilhali wanachama wa chama tawala, jeshi na wakazi wa miji mikubwa hasa Pyonyang walipewa kipaumbele lakini hali mbaya imeendelea hasa vijijini. Serikali bado inatwala karibu viwanda vyote na asilimia kubwa ya pato la taifa linatumiwa kwa jeshi ambalo ni jeshi kubwa duniani. <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322222/North-Korea/34929/Economy Economy North Korea, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, iliangaliwa 31 May 2014]</ref> Kuanzia mwaka [[1998]] [[soko|masoko]] madogo ya [[wakulima]] yaliruhusiwa. Serikali ilijaribu kuyabana tena tangu mwaka [[2009]] lakini ililazimishwa kuyaruhusu tena<ref>[http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk00400&num=7084 Kim Jong Eun's Long-lasting Pain in the Neck], TheDailyNK, 30 November 2010</ref>. Vyakula na makazi hutolewa kwa [[bei]] pungufu kwa misaada ya serikali, [[elimu]] na [[huduma za afya]] ni bure. <ref>[http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf North Korea: a country study] Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; edited by Robert L. Worden. 5th ed.p.cm. (Area handbook series) "Research completed October 2007." ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0 1. Korea (North). Uk. 8</ref> [[Kodi]] za mapato zilifutwa rasmi mwaka [[1974]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/dprk/2006/dprk-060321-kcna03.htm DPRK—Only Tax-free Country] Tovuti ya Globalsecurity, iliangaliwa 19 June 2009</ref> Kuna bidhaa katika [[duka|maduka]] ya Pyongyang lakini hali ni tofauti katika sehemu kubwa za nchi.<ref>[http://news.msn.com/world/pyongyang-glitters-but-most-of-north-korea-still-dark Pyongyang glitters but most of North Korea still dark] {{Wayback|url=http://news.msn.com/world/pyongyang-glitters-but-most-of-north-korea-still-dark |date=20140707152256 }} Taarifa ya AP / tovuti ya MSN News ya 28 Aprili 2013, iliangaliwa 15 Juni 2014</ref> ilhali wananchi wengi hutegemea masoko madogo. Hata hivyo hadi mwaka [[2017]] [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] hutoa taarifa kuwa watu 2 kati ya 5 (40[[%]]) hawana chakula cha kutosha, hali inayoathiri hasa [[watoto]]. Zaidi ya asilimia 70 za wakazi wa Korea kaskazini hutegemea msaada wa chakula. Wakati wa mwaka 2016 ugawaji wa [[nafaka]] na [[viazi]] ulipungua kutoka lengo la [[gramu]] 380 kwa mtu na siku hadi gramu 300 pekee kwa miezi kadhaa.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39349726 North Korea hunger: Two in five undernourished, says UN] (tovuti ya BBC 22 March 2017, iliangaliwa Aprili 2017</ref> ==Jeshi== [[Jeshi la Wananchi wa Korea]] ni jeshi la Korea Kaskazini lenye askari 1,106,000, kwa hiyo nchi hii iko kati ya nchi [[tano]] [[duniani]] zilizo na jeshi la kudumu lenye askari zaidi ya milioni. Kulingana na idadi ya wakazi wanajeshi ni wengi kabisa; kuna mwanajeshi 1 kwa raia 20<ref>[http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/North-Korea/Military North Korea Military Stats], tovuti ya Nation Master, iliangaliwa Aprili 2017</ref>. (kwa ulinganifu [[Uhindi]] uhusiano ni 1:865, [[Marekani]] 1:220). Pamoja na wanamgambo kuna watu milioni 4.7 waliotayarishwa kubeba silaha. Jeshi huwa na matawi matano: *Jeshi la ardhi *Jeshi la maji *Jeshi la anga *Jeshi la makombora *Jeshi la shughuli mahsusi Amri ya juu imo mikononi mwa kamati mbili: moja ni kamati ya ulinzi ya [[Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Korea]] na nyingine ni Kamati ya Kisiasa ya Dola inayosimamia pia [[wizara ya ulinzi]]. [[Wanaume]] wote wanakaguliwa na wanaweza kuandikishwa jeshini kwa miaka 10. Tangu mwaka 2015 pia [[wanawake]] wenye [[umri]] wa 17-20 waliomaliza [[shule]] ya [[sekondari]] wanaandikishwa kwa miaka 3. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/north-korea-mandatory-military-service-women North Korea introduces 'mandatory military service for women], The Guardian (UK), 31 January 2015, iliangaliwa Aprili 2017</ref> Jeshi huwa na idadi kubwa ya vifaa lakini kuna tatizo kubwa la kwamba [[Kifaru (jeshi)|vifaru]], [[ndege za kijeshi]] na [[manowari]] ni za kale sana na [[teknolojia]] ni ya [[miaka ya 1950]]-[[miaka ya 1970|1970]]. Hakuna uhakika kiasi gani zinafanya kazi kutokana na hali bovu ya tasnia na uhaba wa vipuli. Korea Kaskazini ilijitahidi kutengeneza makombora na vifaa vingine kwa kunakili sampuli kutoka Urusi na China lakini inaonekana idadi iliyoweza kutengenezwa ni ndogo. Imekadiriwa na watazamaji kuwa wanaanga wanakosa [[mafuta]] ya kufanya mazoezi ya kutosha. <ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/north.korea.capability/index.html North Korea's military aging but sizable] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/north.korea.capability/index.html |date=20140903021838 }} , taarifa ya CNN ya November 25, 2010 - iliangaliwa Aprili 2017</ref> Jitihada za kutengeneza [[silaha za nyuklia]] zilileta mlipuko wa kwanza wa kinyuklia mwaka [[2006]]. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa [[hofu]] za majirani pamoja, na Korea Kaskazini iliahidi mara kadhaa kusimamisha [[mradi]] huo. Baada ya kurudia milikuko ya majaribio [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa [[kura]] za wanachama wote lilitangaza [[adhabu]] dhidi ya nchi na kutakaza maendeleo ya programu hiyo lakini Korea Kaskazini imeendelea ikiaminiwa kuwa na akiba ndogo ya silaha hizi. Lakini hakuna uhakika kama kuna makombora yanayoweza kutegemewa kwa mashambulio. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Tanbihi== <references/> == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} ;Serikali * [http://kcna.kp/kcna.user.home.retrieveHomeInfoList.kcmsf?lang=eng http://kcna.kp/] {{Wayback|url=http://kcna.kp/kcna.user.home.retrieveHomeInfoList.kcmsf?lang=eng |date=20160304201221 }} – The website of the [[Korean Central News Agency]] * [http://naenara.com.kp/en/ naenara.com.kp/en/] {{Wayback|url=http://naenara.com.kp/en/ |date=20160527002656 }} – The official North Korean governmental portal [[Naenara]] * [http://www.korea-dpr.com/ Official webpage of The Democratic People's Republic of Korea] – maintained by the [[Korean Friendship Association]] ;Jeshi * [https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/110712_Cordesman_KoreaMilBalance_WEB.pdf The Korean Military Balance comparative korean forces and the forces of key neighboring states] {{Wayback|url=https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/110712_Cordesman_KoreaMilBalance_WEB.pdf |date=20170421230557 }}, tovuti ya CSIS ya Julai 2011, iliangaliwa Aprili 2017 ;Tovuti mbalimbali * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights] – Report by the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea * {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/North_Korea}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|kn|North Korea}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929 North Korea profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322222/North-Korea North Korea] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry * {{Wikiatlas|North Korea}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nkorea.htm North Korea] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nkorea.htm |date=20090612212909 }} – Link Collection ([[University of Colorado at Boulder]] Libraries GovPubs) *[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf Amnesty International: North Korea: Political Prison Camps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf |date=20120914120858 }} – Document on conditions in North Korean prison camps * [http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/ "Show and Tell Pyongyang"] {{Wayback|url=http://ashen-rus.livejournal.com/ |date=20140520165618 }} – A blog, often with images, in Russian * [http://nknews.org/2011/01/christmas-and-new-years-celebrations-in-the-dprk/ Article about Show and Tell Pyongyang] {{Wayback|url=http://nknews.org/2011/01/christmas-and-new-years-celebrations-in-the-dprk/ |date=20130405072735 }} in English on NK News * [http://www.dailynk.com/english/index.php The Daily NK: The Hub of North Korean News] – News about North Korea and human rights * The website of the [[Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries]] at [http://www.friend.com.kp/index.php?module=home&current_language=en friend.com.kp]{{Wayback|url=http://www.friend.com.kp/index.php?module=home&current_language=en |date=20190821220815 }} * [http://www.koredufund.org.kp/ Korea Education Fund]( {{Wayback|url=http://www.koredufund.org.kp/ |date=20151011102825 }}) * The website of the digital edition of the ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'' newspaper at [http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/ rodong.rep.kp] * Profiles of North Korean Cities [http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=north-korean-cities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=north-korean-cities |date=20160101084243 }} ;Picha * Flickr tags: [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/tags/northkorea/ North Korea]. Sets: [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157604812751507/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157627770809988/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157628202096001/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/samgellman/sets/72157627661307874/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/shining75/sets/72157631582514433/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157628202062371/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157628202040649/], [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/sets/72157628201763951/]. Groups: [https://secure.flickr.com/groups/dprk/pool/], [https://secure.flickr.com/groups/northkorea/pool/] * [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/45314,news-comment,news-politics,inside-north-korea-rare-insight-into-a-very-foreign-country Inside North Korea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/45314,news-comment,news-politics,inside-north-korea-rare-insight-into-a-very-foreign-country |date=20110812100145 }} – slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]'' * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/uriminzok/ North Korea's official flickr], uriminzok, 우리민족끼리 {{asia}} [[Jamii:Korea Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Asia ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] rynzoam7wk1o62tess0fqhjvlij0230 0 11457 1575965 1312582 2026-06-22T09:40:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Pietermaritzburg_City_Hall.JPG|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Pietermaritzburg]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Pietermaritzburg |picha_ya_satelite = PMB Town Hall.JPG |pushpin_map = Afrika Kusini |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Pietermaritzburg katika Afrika Kusini |pushpin_label_position = top |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Afrika Kusini]] |subdivision_type1 = [[:Jamii:Majimbo ya Afrika Kusini|Majimbo]] |subdivision_name1 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 857612 |latd=29 |latm=36 |lats=36 |latNS=S |longd=30 |longm=23 |longs=24 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ www.pietermaritzburg.co.za] }} [[Picha:UKZNPclocktower.jpg|thumb|200px|UKZN, Pietermaritzburg Chuo Kikuu]] '''Pietermaritzburg''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa jimbo la [[KwaZulu-Natal]] katika [[Afrika Kusini]]. Wenyeji huuita mji mara nyingi kwa kifupi "'''Maritzburg'''" au "'''PMB'''" (tamka:pi-em-bi). [[Mwaka]] [[2011]] ulikuwa na wakazi 223,000. Chuo Kikuu cha KwaZulu-Natal kina [[tawi]] moja Pietermaritzburg pamoja tawi la pili mjini [[Durban]]. == Historia == Mji ulianzishwa na [[walowezi]] [[makaburu]] mnamo mwaka [[1839]]. [[Jina]] lakumbusha majina ya [[viongozi]] wao [[Pieter Retief]] na [[Gerrit Maritz]]. Ilikuwa mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Natalia]] hadi kutwaliwa na [[Waingereza]] mwaka [[1843]] na kuwa mji mkuu wa [[koloni]] la Kiingereza la [[Natal (jimbo)|Natal]]. Baada ya [[uchaguzi]] huru wa mwaka [[1994]] Pietermaritzburg na [[Ulundi]] zilikuwa zote mbili miji mikuu ya KwaZulu-Natal. Baada ya [[ushindi]] wa ANC ([[African National Congress]]) jimboni mwaka [[2004]] Pietermaritzburg umekuwa mji mkuu pekee. ==Matukio mengine ya kihistoria== [[Gazeti]] la kwanza la Natal, Nakala wa Natal (sasa anajulikana kama The Witness), lilichapishwa mwaka wa [[1846]]. [[Hekta]] 46 za Bustani za Botani ziliundwa mwaka wa [[1872]] na Botanic Society ya Natal. [[Jumba]] la [[jiji]], ambalo ni [[jengo]] kubwa zaidi la [[matofali]] mekundu katika Ulimwengu wa Kusini, limeharibiwa na [[moto]] mwaka wa [[1895]], lakini lilijengwa tena mwaka wa [[1901]]. Lina [[nyumba]] kuu ya bomba iliyojengwa na [[kampuni]] ya jengo la chombo cha [[Sheffield]], Brindley & Foster. Waingereza walijenga kambi ya ukolezi hapa wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Kikaburu]] kwa [[wanawake]] na [[watoto]] [[Makaburu]]. Wakati wa [[Vita vikuu vya pili]], wafungwa [[Waitalia]] walipigana huko Pietermaritzburg. Wakati wa kukaa kwao, walijenga [[kanisa]], ambalo linasimama kama [[tovuti]] ya [[urithi]] leo. Mwaka wa [[1962]] [[Nelson Mandela]] alikamatwa katika mji wa karibu wa [[Howick]], [[kaskazini]] mwa Pietermaritzburg. Kukamatwa kwake kulikuwa mwanzo wa miaka 27 ya kifungo cha Nelson Mandela. [[Mchoro]] mdogo umejengwa mahali pa kukamatwa kwake. Mara baada ya kumatwa kwake Mandela alipelekwa katika Gereza la Kale huko Pietermaritzburg. Baada ya [[usiku]] [[jela]], alichukuliwa kwa [[ofisi]] ya Mahakimu J. Buys katika Jengo la Mahakama ya zamani katika barabara ya kibiashara (sasa ni Mtawala Mkuu wa Albert Luthuli), na alihukumiwa kwa jaribio huko Johannesburg. ==Barabara== Pietermaritzburg iko kwenye [[barabara kuu]] ya N3 ambayo ni [[njia]] kuu kati ya [[bandari]] ya Durban iliyoko [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 90 na miji ya [[Pretoria]]-[[Johannesburg]]-[[Witwatersrand]]. R33 inaunganisha Pietermaritzburg na [[Lephalale]] kupitia [[Greytown]], [[Paulpietersburg]], [[Carolina]], [[Belfast (Afrika Kusini)|Belfast]] na [[Vaalwater]] ikielekea [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]], wakati R56 inaunganisha Pietermaritzburg na [[Cape Town]] kupitia [[Ixopo]], [[Kokstad]], [[Mthatha]], [[East London]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[George]] na [[Mossel Bay]] [[kusini]] [[magharibi]]. [[Barabara]] ya R56 inakutana na barabara kuu ya N2 kwenye [[Post Stafford]]. == Viungo vya nje == * {{en}} [http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ pietermaritzburg.co.za Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pietermaritzburg.co.za/ |date=20100520003716 }} * [http://www.nmsa.org.za/ Makumbusho ya Natal] * [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ University of Kwazulu-Natal] * [https://www.pietermaritzburgtowingservice.com/ Pietermaritzburg Location] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pietermaritzburgtowingservice.com/ |date=20191212191241 }} {{mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:KwaZulu-Natal]] g4mr2yesf27f118js0e83euoiztyrm3 0 13796 1575825 1517540 2026-06-21T16:00:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Solar eclipse animate (2006-Mar-29).gif|thumb|<center>'''Kupatwa kwa Jua tar. 29 Machi 2006'''</center><br />Kupita kwa kivuli cha mwezi duniani wakati wa kupatwa kwa Jua. Watu katika eneo kubwa la giza waliona kupatwa kwa Jua kisehemu. Nukta nyeusi yaonyesha sehemu ya "[[umbra]]" ambako Jua lilipatwa kabisa. Duara kubwa zaidi ya kijivu linaonyesha maeneo katika "[[penumbra]]", yaani kivuli cha kando. <br /> "Central duration" inataja muda wa kupatwa kabisa kwenye kitovu cha kivuli; namba katika kona ya juu huonyesha saa za tarehe 29 Machi kupatwa kulipotokea.]] '''Kupatwa kwa Jua''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''solar eclipse'') ni hali ya [[Jua]] kutoonekana (au kuonekana kwa sehemu tu) [[Anga|angani]] wakati wa [[mchana]] kwa [[muda]] fulani hata pasipo [[mawingu]]. Kunatokea wakati [[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|mwezi]] unapita kati ya Jua na [[dunia]] na kufunika Jua. Tokeo lake ni kupungua kwa nuru ya Jua hadi kutoonekana kwa muda wa kufika kwa [[giza]] wakati wa mchana. Muda wa kufunikwa kabisa ni [[dakika]] chache tu. Kuna utofauti kati ya “Kupatwa kiasi” (ing. ''partial eclipse'') na “Kupatwa kikamilifu” (ing. ''total eclipse''). Kupatwa kwa Jua hutokea kila [[mwaka]], angalau mara [[mbili]] hadi mara [[tano]]. Lakini kupatwa kabisa kwa Jua hautokei zaidi kuliko mara mbili kwa mwaka.<ref>{{cite book | last = Littmann | first = Mark | coauthors = Fred Espenak, Ken Willcox | title = Totality: Eclipses of the Sun | url = https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses00litt_550 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2008 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/totalityeclipses00litt_550/page/n34 18]–19 | isbn = 0199532095}}</ref><ref>Kupatwa kwa Jua kulitokea mara tano katika mwaka 1935 {{Rejea kitabu|chapterurl=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE1901-2000.html|last=[[NASA]]|chapter=Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses |date=6 September, 2009|title=[http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html NASA Eclipse Web Site]|others=Fred Espenak, Project and Website Manager|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref>. Huonekana katika sehemu za Dunia pekee, si kote. == Misingi ya kupatwa kwa Jua == [[Picha:Kupatwa_kwa_Jua.png|thumb|left|]] Kupatwa kwa Jua kunatokea wakati Mwezi unapita kati ya Jua na Dunia. Hapo Jua, Mwezi na Dunia zinakaa kwenye mstari mmoja mnyoofu. Katika hali hiyo Mwezi hurusha [[kivuli]] chake kwenye uso wa Dunia. Kivuli hiki hakifuniki Dunia yote. Ni kama kinu kwenye uso wa Dunia. Nje ya kivuli hiki Jua linaonekana kwa sehemu au bila upungufu. Hali ya kupatwa kabisa kwa Jua inatazamwa kila mara kwenye mstari mwembamba kwenye uso wa Dunia, tena giza kabisa kwa muda mfupi. Mstari huu ni njia ya [[umbra]] au [[kitovu]] cha [[kivuli]] chake kwenye uso wa Dunia. Nje ya njia hii kupatwa kwa Jua kunaonekana kisehemu tu katika sehemu zinazoathiriwa na [[penumbra]] au kivuli cha kando cha Mwezi. Mbali na njia ya kivuli hiki Jua linaonekana kama kawaida. == Aina za kupatwa kwa Jua == Kuna aina mbalimbali za kupatwa kwa Jua. * kupatwa kikamilifu: Jua hupotea kabisa kwa dakika chache. Hali hii yaonekana kwenye ukanda mwembamba duniani pale ambako kitovu cha kivuli kinapita. * kupatwa kipete: mwezi huonekana mdogo kiasi kuliko Jua. Kwa hiyo [[duara]] la mwangaza wa Jua ni kubwa kuliko duara la Mwezi na [[mwanga]] wa Jua huonekana kama pete. * kupatwa kwa Jua kiasi: Katika eneo kubwa la kivuli cha kando watu huona upungufu wa mwanga; kiasi chake hutegemea [[umbali]] wa kitovu cha kivuli. Wakitazama Jua kwa kichujio, kwa mfano [[kioo]] kilichopakwa [[dohani]] kutoka [[moshi]] wa [[mshumaa]], huwa wanaona sehemu ya duara ya Jua imefunikwa. ==Mpito wa sayari== <small>angalia [[Mpito wa Zuhura]]</small> Wakati [[sayari]] inapita kati ya Jua na Dunia inafunika sehemu ya Jua. Tofauti haionekani kwa [[macho]] lakini inaweza kutazamwa kwa kutumia [[darubini]]. Kuna sayari mbili zinazoweza kupita mbele ya Jua kwa macho ya mtazamaji duniani, ni [[Utaridi]] ''(Mercury)'' na [[Zuhura]] ''(Venus)''. ==Tazama pia== *[[Kupatwa kwa Mwezi]] ==Marejeo== <references/> == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} *[http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2010.html#SE2010Jan15A Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010], [[Fred Espenak]], NASA *[http://www.hermit.org/Eclipse/ Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions], Hermit Eclipse *[http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/ Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/ |date=20210309153121 }} * [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths]{{Wayback|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEatlas/SEatlas.html |date=20080305090426 }}, Fred Espenak * [http://www.bareket-astro.com/eclipse/Camera2.html Solar eclipse time sequence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bareket-astro.com/eclipse/Camera2.html |date=20170929020754 }} * [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/ NASA's Eclipse Home Page]{{Wayback|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/ |date=20050605080054 }}, Fred Espenak * [http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/2009%200722%20SOLAR%20ECLIPSE/July%2022%202009%20Total%20Eclipse%20of%20the%20Sun.html Animated maps of past and future solar eclipses] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shadowandsubstance.com/2009%200722%20SOLAR%20ECLIPSE/July%2022%202009%20Total%20Eclipse%20of%20the%20Sun.html |date=20090530152142 }} * [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html Search among the 11,898 solar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps] {{Wayback|url=http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html |date=20220604083837 }} *[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070610.html Looking Back at an Eclipsed Earth] 1999 August 11 from [[Mir]] EO-27 - Astronomy Picture of the Day 10 June 2007 * [http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html ''Animated explanation of the mechanics of a solar eclipse''] {{Wayback|url=http://alienworlds.glam.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html |date=20110821085259 }}, University of Glamorgan <!--*[http://www.pierpaoloricci.it/eventi/eclissi15-01-2010_eng.htm Solar eclipse 15 January 2010]--> * [http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1 Eclipse Image Gallery at The World at Night] {{Wayback|url=http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1 |date=20161015033303 }} === Usalama wa macho wakati wa kuangalia === *[http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses]{{Wayback|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/safety.html |date=20080218101633 }}, F. Espenak (NASA [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]) *[http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely] {{Wayback|url=http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/objects/eclipses/article_609_1.asp |date=20060316153544 }}, A. M. MacRobert (Sky & Telescope magazine) *[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7208/469 UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse], British Medical Journal, August 21, 1999, p.&nbsp;319–469 {{mfumo wa jua}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:matukio ya angani]] 81pnyeyrozsh24gb04d2lacvtmr4kpm 0 13947 1575797 1438947 2026-06-21T13:23:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Stroke | Image = MCA Territory Infarct.svg | Caption = [[CT scan]] of the brain showing a right-[[brain hemisphere|hemispheric]] [[ischemic]] stroke. | DiseasesDB = 2247 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|61||i|60}}-{{ICD10|I|64||i|60}}ner | ICD9 = {{ICD9|434.91}} | OMIM = 601367 | MedlinePlus = 000726 | eMedicineSubj = neuro | eMedicineTopic = 9 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|558}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|557}} {{eMedicine2|pmr|187}} | MeshID = D020521 }} '''Kiharusi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''stroke'') ni [[ugonjwa]] unaoleta hali ya [[mwili]] kupooza kutokana na matatizo kwenye [[mishipa ya damu]] inayolisha [[ubongo]]. Katika [[tiba]] kiharusi ni upotevu wa uwezo wa ubongo unaoendelea haraka. Sababu yake ni [[tatizo]] katika [[mshipa|mishipa]] inayopeleka [[damu]] kwenda ubongo. Matatizo hayo ni ama kuzibwa ama kupasuka kwa mishipa ya damu. [[Seli]] za ubongo hufa haraka zisipopata [[oksijeni]] na [[lishe]] ya kawaida ambayo yote haya hufika kwa njia ya damu. Kiharusi ni hali ya dharura inayoweza kutibiwa kama tatizo linatambuliwa na kutibiwa haraka. Lisipotibiwa husababisha viwango mbalimbali vya kipooza mwilini. [[Shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kisukari]], [[chakula]] chenye [[mafuta]] mengi au kuvuta [[sigara]] huongeza hatari ya kupatwa na kiharusi. ==Ufasiri na dalili== Kiharusi, ambacho pia hujulikana kama '''ajali ya ubongo na mishipa''' ('''CVA'''), '''chukizo la ubongo na mishipa''' chukizo ('''CVI'''), au '''shambulizi la ubongo''', ni pale ambapo hali duni ya [[mfumo wa usambazaji|mtiririko wa damu]] kwenye [[ubongo]] husababisha kufa kwa [[kiini uhai (biolojia)|kiini uhai]].<!-- <ref name=HLB2014W/> --> Kuna aina mbili za kiharusi: [[kiharusi cha iskemia|cha iskemia]] kufuatia ukosefu wa mtiririko wa damu na [[cha kuvuja damu]] kufuatia kuvuja damu.<!-- <ref name=HLB2014W/> --> Hali hizi husababisha kutofanya kazi vyema kwa sehemu ya ubongo.<ref name=HLB2014W>{{cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|accessdate=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Dalili zinaweza kujumuisha [[hemiplejia|ukosefu wa uwezo wa kusogeza viungo]] au [[hemiparesisi|ukosefu wa hisia kwenye sehemu moja ya mwili]], ugumu wa [[afasia ya usikivu|kufahamu]] au [[afasia ya uwasilishaji|kuzungumza]], hisia za [[kizunguzungu|kana kwamba dunia inazunguka]] au [[hemianopsia sawia|ukosefu wa uwezo wa kuona katika sehemu moja]] na kadhalika.<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/> Kwa kawaida, lakini si kila mara, dalili hutokea haraka.<!-- <ref name=HLB2014S/> --> Dalili zikidumu chini ya saa moja au mbili, hali hii hujulikana kama [[shambulizi la muda mfupi la iskemia]] (TIA).<ref name=HLB2014S>{{cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Kiharusi cha kuvuja damu pia kinaweza kuhusishwa na hali kali ya [[maumivu ya kichwa]].<ref name=HLB2014S/> Dalili za kiharusi zinaweza kuwa za kudumu.<ref name=HLB2014W/> Matatizo ya muda mrefu yanaweza kujumuisha [[niumonia]] au kupoteza uwezo wa kudhibiti kibofu.<ref name=HLB2014S/> == Visababishi, utambuzi na pathofisiolojia == [[Kipengele cha hatari]] kikuu cha kiharusi ni [[shinikizo la juu la damu]].<ref name=HLB2014C>{{cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Vipengele vingine vya hatari ni pamoja na [[kvuta tumbako]], [[unene]], [[hipakolesterolemia|wingi wa kolesteroli ya damu]], [[kisukari tamu |kisukari]], TIA ya awali, na [[mipigo ya moyo isiyo ya kawaida]] na kadhalika.<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/> Kiharusi cha iskemia kwa kawaida husababishwa na kuzibwa kwa mshipa wa damu.<ref name=HLB2014T/> Kiharusi cha kuvuja damu husababishwa na kuvuja damu moja kwa moja kwenye ubongo au kwenye [[mwanya wa fuvu la kichwa|mwanya unaozunguka ubongo]].<ref name=HLB2014T>{{cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Feigin05>{{cite journal | author = Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS | title = Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies | journal = Stroke | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 2773–80 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16282541 | doi = 10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8 | url = http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/12/2773 }}</ref> Damu inaweza kuvuja kufuatia [[kuvimba kwa msihipa ya ubongo]].<ref name=HLB2014T/> Kwa kawaida utambuzi hufanywa kwa [[upigaji picha wa kimatibabu]] kama vile [[mchanganuo wa CT]] or [[mchanganuo wa MRI]] pamoja na [[uchunguzi wa kimwili]].<!-- <ref name=HLB2014D/> --> Vipimo vingine kama vile [[elektrokadiogramu]] (ECG) na vipimo vya damu hufanywa ili kubaini vipengele vya hatari na kuondoa visababishi tarajiwa.<!-- <ref name=HLB2014D/> --> [[Viwango vya chini vya damu]] vinaweza kusababisha dalili sawa.<ref name=HLB2014D>{{cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> == Kinga na tiba == Kinga inajumuisha kupunguza vipengele vya hatari na pengine kutumia [[aspirin]], [[dawa za kupunguza kolesteroli]], [[upasuaji wa kupunguza uwezekano wa kiharusi|upasuaji wa kufungua mishipa ya ubongo]] kwa wagonjwa walio na matatizo ya [[kupunguka kwa wembamba wa mishipa ya ubongo|kupunguka kwa wembamba]], na [[warfarin]] kwa watu walio na hali ya [[mipigo ya moyo isiyo ya kawaida]].<ref name=Donnan2008/> Kwa kawaida kiharusi huhitaji matibabu ya dharura.<ref name=HLB2014W/> Kiharusi cha iskemia kikitambuliwa katika saa tatu hadi nne na nusu kinaweza kutibiwa kwa dawa inayooweza [[thrombolysisi|kuvunjavunja tone gumu la damu]].<!-- <ref name=Donnan2008/> --> Aspirin inapaswa kutumiwa.<!-- <ref name=Donnan2008/> --> Baadhi ya matukio ya kiharusi cha kuvuja damu yanaweza kutibiwa kwa [[upasuaji wa niuroni|upasuaji]].<!-- <ref name=Donnan2008/> --> Matibabu ya kujaribu kurejesha utendakazi hujulikana kama [[urekebishaji wa kiharusi]] na kwa kawaida hufanywa katika [[kitengo cha kiharusi]]; hata hivyo, vitengo hivi ni vichache katika sehemu nyingi duniani.<ref name=Donnan2008>{{cite journal | author = Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM | title = Stroke | journal = Lancet | volume = 371 | issue = 9624 | pages = 1612–23 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18468545 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60694-7 }}</ref> == Uenezi == Mwaka [[2010]], takriban watu milioni 17 walipata kiharusi na watu milioni 33 walikuwa wamepata kiharusi awali na walikuwa wangali hai.<!-- <ref name=Fei2013/> --> Kati ya 1990 na 2010, idadi ya visa vya kiharusi vilivyotokea kila mwaka vilipungua kwa takriban 10% katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi]] na kuongezeka kwa 10% katika [[mataifa yanayostawi]].<ref name=Fei2013/> Mwaka wa 2013, kiharusi kilikuwa cha pili kikuu cha kifo baada ya [[ugonjwa wa ateri ya moyo]], kikisababisha vifo milioni 6.4&nbsp; (12% ya idadi jumla).<ref name=GDB2013/> Takriban vifo milioni 3.3 vilisababishwa na kiharusi cha iskemia huku vifo milioni 3.2 vikisababishwa na kiharusi cha kuvuja damu.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> Takriban nusu ya idadi ya watu walio na kiharusi huishi kwa muda wa chini ya nusu mwaka.<ref name=Donnan2008/> Kwa kijumla, thuluthi tatu ya visa vya kiharusi vilitokea kwa watu wa umri wa zaidi ya miaka 65.<ref name=Fei2013>{{cite journal | author = Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C | title = Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9913 | pages = 245–54 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24449944 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4 }}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/stroke.htm Stroke]{{Wayback|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/stroke.htm |date=20090908023050 }}'' * [http://www.canadianstrokenetwork.ca Canadian Stroke Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.canadianstrokenetwork.ca/ |date=20210414211148 }} * [http://www.rcsn.org Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rcsn.org/ |date=20060527010447 }} * [http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/strokengine/ StrokEngine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/strokengine/ |date=20060213210917 }} (McGill University, [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada) Focuses on stroke rehabilitation and interventions * [http://www.doctorslounge.com/primary/articles/stroke_risk/index.htm Cerebrovascular disease and risk of stroke] {{Wayback|url=http://www.doctorslounge.com/primary/articles/stroke_risk/index.htm |date=20080517055949 }} * {{cite web | title=What Happens During a Stroke | url=http://health-net-now.blogspot.com/2007/04/stroke-what-happens-during-stroke.html | publisher=NLM | accessdate=2007-04-15 | archivedate=2007-12-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142119/http://health-net-now.blogspot.com/2007/04/stroke-what-happens-during-stroke.html }} video * [http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200037 American Stroke Association] {{Wayback|url=http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200037 |date=20091021203912 }} * [http://www.stroke.org/home National Stroke Association] * [http://www.heartandstroke.ca Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada] * [http://www.stroke.org.uk The Stroke Association] UK * [http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053 "Heart Attack, Stroke and Cardiac Arrest Warning Signs," from the American Heart Association] * [http://www.nasam.org National Stroke Association of Malaysia] ==Marejeo== <references /> [[Category:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Ubongo]] [[Jamii:Damu]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] q39pdag6cejenra10o6oicpv8bbcuu8 0 14086 1575951 1501262 2026-06-22T06:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:President Nicolas Sarkozy.jpg|thumb|250px|Sarkozy tar. 16 Mei 2007 alipokuwa rais]] '''Nicolas Sarkozy''' (kwa jina kamili '''Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa'''; * [[28 Januari]] [[1955]] [[Paris]]) ni mwanasiasa aliyekuwa [[Orodha ya Marais wa Ufaransa|Rais]] wa [[Ufaransa]] tangu [[16 Mei]] [[2007]]. Sarkozy ni mtoto wa baba mkimbizi kutoka [[Hungaria]] na mama wa asili ya Kiyahudi. Alijiunga na siasa akawa mwenyekiti wa chama cha UMP cha rais [[Jacques Chirac]] akateuliwa kuwa mgombea wa chama hiki. Chini ya rais Chirc akawa waziri wa mambo ya ndani kwa miaka mingi. Akajipatia sifa ya kuwa mkali dhidi ya wageni na wahamiaji waliovunja sheria akidai kuwarudisha katika nchi walipotoka au hata nchi za mababu. Tangu kuwa rais alishangaza watazamiaji wengi kwa kuingiza mawaziri kutoka chama cha upinzani (parti socialiste) katika serikali yake pamoja na mawaziri wenye asili ya Kiafrika na Kiarabu kati yao [[Rachida Dati]] (waziri wa sheria), [[Fadela Amara]] (waziri msaidizi wa nyumba na maendeleo ya miji) na [[Rama Yade]] (waziri msaidizi wa mambo ya nje kwa haki za binadamu). Mwezi wa Oktoba 2007 Sarkozy alitangaza talaka na mke wake Cécilia Sarkozy atakayeendelea kulea mtoto wao wa pamoja. === Viungo vya Nje === * [http://www.sarkozy.fr/home/ Nicolas Sarkozy Construire Ensemble—Official web site of the presidential campaign] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sarkozy.fr/home/ |date=20070607202819 }} * [http://www.u-m-p.org/ Website of the UMP, Sarkozy's party] {{Wayback|url=http://www.u-m-p.org/ |date=20150521010650 }} * [http://www.sarkozy.fr/ Nicolas Sarkozy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sarkozy.fr/ |date=20210305064720 }}–Official Website * [http://www.supportersdesarkozy.com/ Supporters de Sarkozy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.supportersdesarkozy.com/ |date=20180309045539 }}–Official Website of Nicolas Sarkozy's supporters === Magazeti === * [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x15n50_charlie-roses-interview-02022007 ''Charlie Rose show 02.02.07''] (video interview at [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Place Beauvau]], Paris with [[PBS]] journalist [[Charlie Rose]], 30.01.07) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4048917.stm ''Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party''] (BBC) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3673102.stm ''Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy''] (BBC) * [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articleshow.asp?ID=713&cid=3&sid=9 ''Nicolas Sarkozy: French Choose the American Way?''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/articleshow.asp?ID=713&cid=3&sid=9 |date=20160804112548 }} by [[David Storobin]] * [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/SuzanneFields/2006/09/18/vive_this_difference Vive this difference] {{Wayback|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/SuzanneFields/2006/09/18/vive_this_difference |date=20120503081026 }} by [[Suzanne Fields]] * [http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9005216 France's chance], ''[[Economist]]'', [[12 Aprili]] [[2007]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929062015/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/23/070423fa_fact_kramer Letter From Europe- Round 1] Jane Kramer, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 23 Aprili 2007 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkozy, Nicolas}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Ufaransa]] g02cdk6ye6yacdeuqd9k4cljzf8b44g 0 14301 1575925 1293535 2026-06-22T03:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Morgan Freeman | picha = Morgan Freeman Deauville 2018.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Morgan Freeman, mnamo 2018. | jina la kuzaliwa = Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr. | alizaliwa = [[1 Juni]] [[1937]], [[Memphis, Tennessee]], [[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji, Mowngozaji, Mtunzi | miaka ya kazi = 1964-hadi leo | ndoa = Jeanette Adair Bradshaw (1967-1979) Myrna Colley-Lee (1984-2010) | rafiki = | watoto = 4 | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Morgan Freeman''' (amezaliwa [[1 Juni]] [[1937]]) ni mshindi wa [[Academy Awards|tuzo ya Oscars]] (Academy Award) kama [[mwigizaji]], mwongozaji na mtunzi bora wa [[filamu]]. Morgan alikuja kufahamika zaidi kuanzia [[miaka ya 1990]], baada ya kuonekana katika mfululizo wa filamu zenye mafanikio huko [[Hollywood]]. == Filamu alizoigiza Morgan == # The Electric Company # Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry # Brubaker # The Marva Collins Story # Teachers # Marie # That Was Then... This Is Now # Street Smart # Fight for Life # Glory # Driving Miss Daisy # Lean on Me # The Bonfire of the Vanities # Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves # Unforgiven # The Power of One # Bopha, mwongozaji tu. # The Shawshank Redemption # Se7en # Outbreak # Chain Reaction # Moll Flanders # Amistad # Kiss the Girls # Deep Impact # Hard Rain # Nurse Betty # Under Suspicion # Along Came a Spider # The Sum of All Fears # High Crimes # Bruce Almighty # Dreamcatcher # Million Dollar Baby # The Hunting of the President # The Big Bounce # An Unfinished Life # War of the Worlds # March of the Penguins # Batman Begins # Danny the Dog # Edison Force # The Contract # Lucky Number Slevin # 10 Items or Less # Evan Almighty # The Feast of Love # Gone, Baby, Gone # The Bucket List # Wanted # The Dark Knight # The Code # The Lonely Maiden # Rendezvous With Rama # The Human Factor # The Last Full Measure == Tuzo == * [[Academy Awards]]. * Crystal Globe award for. * Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. * Cairo International Film Festival. == Marejeo == # http://www.filmreference.com/film/24/Morgan-Freeman.html # http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/morganfreeman/{{Wayback|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/morganfreeman/ |date=20071221023744 }} # http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/morgan_freeman_biog/3 {{Wayback|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/morgan_freeman_biog/3 |date=20070403125911 }} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons}} * {{IMDb name|0000151|Morgan Freeman}} * [http://www.cstar.com/ ClickStar] headed by Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary * [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:90514 Morgan Freeman] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:90514 |date=20200108090712 }} katika All Movie Guide * [http://www.revelationsent.com/ Revelations Entertainment] Production company co-founded by Freeman * [http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/morgan_freeman_biog.html A detailed biography of his history as an actor] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/morgan_freeman_biog.html |date=20060217195229 }} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Freeman, Morgan}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 1117tocaqexqr8tv3cvf8f2kb8cm7mu 0 14398 1575949 1411615 2026-06-22T05:57:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575949 wikitext text/x-wiki <i>{{about|Jimbo la New York|jiji|New York}}</i> {{Infobox jimbo | jina_refu_rasmi = Jimbo la New York | jina_la_asili = New york state ([[en]]) | majina_ya_kawaida = | kauli_mbiu = Excelsior ([[Kilatini]]) </br> Daima Juu ([[sw]]) Ever upward | picha_ya_bendera = Flag of New York.svg | picha_ya_nembo = Seal of New York.svg | picha_ya_ramani = New York in United States.svg | maelezo_ya_ramani = Eneo la New York Marekani. | nchi = [[Marekani]] | ilijiunga = Julai 26, 1788 (11) | jiji_kubwa = [[New York]] | mji_mkuu = [[Albany]] | aina_ya_lugha1 = Lugha Zinazozungumzwa | lugha1 = [[Kiingereza]] 69.6% </br> [[Kihispania]] 15.2% </br> [[Kichina]] 3.1%</br> [[Kitagalog]] 2.5% | aina_ya_lugha2 = | lugha2 = | kabila = | kiongozi_jina1 = Kathy Hochul (D) | kiongozi_kichwa1 = Gavana | kiongozi_jina2 = Antonio Delgado (D) | kiongozi_kichwa2 = Naibu Gavana | bunge = Bunge la Jimbo | idadi_ya_watu_makisio = {{increase}} 19,867,248 | orodha_ya_watu_makisio = 4th | msongamano = 165.51 | eneo_jumla_km2 = 141298 | eneo_ardhi_km2 = 122057 | eneo_maji_km2 = 19240 | pato_la_taifa = {{increase}} $2.28 Trillioni | pato_la_taifa_capita = {{increase}} 117,332 | orodha_ya_pato_la_taifa = 3 | pato_la_taifa_mwaka_wa_makisio = 2022 | mapato_ya_kaya = $82,100 | mwaka_wa_mapato_ya_kaya = 2023 | orodha_ya_mapato_ya_kaya = 14 | hdi = 0.937 | mwaka_wa_hdi = 2022 | orodha_ya_hdi = 13 | eneo_la_saa = UTC– 05:00 (EST | tovuti = http://www.ny.gov/ | utaifa = New yorker ([[en]]) }} '''Jimbo la New York''', ni jimbo lililoko kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Marekani]]. Linapakana na [[New England]] upande wa mashariki, [[Canada]] upande wa kaskazini, na [[Pennsylvania]] na [[New Jersey]] upande wa kusini, na eneo lake linaenea mpaka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na Maziwa Makuu. New York ni jimbo la nne kwa idadi ya watu nchini Marekani, likiwa na takriban wakazi milioni 20, na jimbo la 27 kwa ukubwa kwa eneo, likiwa na jumla ya eneo la maili za mraba 54,556 (kilomita za mraba 141,300). Mji mkuu ni [[Albany, New York|Albany]] lakini mji mkubwa ni [[New York]]. Jimbo lina wakazi 19,254,630 kwenye eneo la 141,205 km². Mto mkubwa ni [[Mto Hudson]]. Ilikuwa moja ya koloni 13 asilia za [[Uingereza]] zilizoasi dhidi ya nchi mama tangu mwaka [[1776]] na kuanzisha [[Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika]]. == Demografia== ===Idadi ya Watu=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mwaka !! Idadi ya Watu |- | 1790 || 340,120 |- | 1800 || 589,051 |- | 1810 || 959,049 |- | 1820 || 1,372,812 |- | 1830 || 1,918,608 |- | 1840 || 2,428,921 |- | 1850 || 3,097,394 |- | 1860 || 3,880,735 |- | 1870 || 4,382,759 |- | 1880 || 5,082,871 |- | 1890 || 6,003,174 |- | 1900 || 7,268,894 |- | 1910 || 9,113,614 |- | 1920 || 10,385,227 |- | 1930 || 12,588,066 |- | 1940 || 13,479,142 |- | 1950 || 14,830,192 |- | 1960 || 16,782,304 |- | 1970 || 18,236,967 |- | 1980 || 17,558,072 |- | 1990 || 17,990,455 |- | 2000 || 18,976,457 |- | 2010 || 19,378,102 |- | 2020 || 20,201,249 |- | '''2024 (Makadirio)''' || '''19,867,248''' |} '''Chanzo:''' <ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=28 Januari 2025 |archive-date=29 Aprili 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=New York QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/ |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=28 Januari 2025 }}</ref> === Msongamano katika Jimbo la New York === [[File:New York Population Map.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Kati ya wakazi milioni 19.5 wa jimbo la New York, milioni 11, sawa na asilimia 56, wako katika [[Jiji la New York]] au Kisiwa cha Long Island]] == Marejeo == [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=&_state=04000US36&_county=&_cityTown=&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph New York census data kutoka Factfinder.census.gov]{{Wayback|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=&_state=04000US36&_county=&_cityTown=&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph |date=20080203200119 }} {{commonscat}} {{Majimbo ya Marekani}} {{mbegu-jio-new-york}} [[Jamii:New York| ]] [[Jamii:Majimbo ya Marekani]] mi7t4udo4e3qr7ke9s600bellwacfu9 0 14566 1575907 1544053 2026-06-22T00:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Mel Gibson | picha = Mel Gibson Cannes 2011 - 2.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mel Gibson kwenye ''2011 Cannes Film Festival'' | jina la kuzaliwa = Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson | alizaliwa = [[3 Januari]] [[1956]] <br />[[Marekani]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji<br />Mwongozaji<br />Mtaarishaji | miaka ya kazi = 1976 - hadi leo | ndoa = Robyn Moore Gibson <br />(1980–2011) | rafiki = | watoto = Hannah (b. 1980)<ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/mel-gibson-welcomes-third-grandchild-2011143 "Mel Gibson Welcomes Third Grandchild"], US Weekly, 14 Machi 2011. Retrieved 7 Oktoba 2012. Excerpt: "Gibson's daughter Hannah, 30, gave birth to a baby boy..."</ref><br /> Edward (b.1982)<br /> Christian (b.1982)<br /> William (b. 1985)<br /> Louis (b.1988)<br /> Milo (b. 1990)<br /> Thomas (b. 1999)<br /> Lucia (b. 2009)<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-11-03/mel-gibson-names-new-daughter-lucia/1127068 "Mel Gibson names new daughter Lucia"], ABC News Online, 3 Novemba 2009. Retrieved 9 Oktoba 2012.</ref> | wazazi = Hutton Gibson<br />Anne Patricia | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson''' (amezaliwa tar. [[3 Januari]] [[1956]]) ni mzaliwa wa [[Marekani]]-mwigizaji wa filamu, mwongozaji na pia mtayarishaji. Gibson alihamia [[Australia]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 12 na baadaye alisomea maswala ya uigizaji katika Taasisi ya Sanaa na Maigizo ya Taifa (kwa Kiing.: ''National Institute of Dramatic Art'') iliyopo mjini [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. Gibson baada ya kujiimarisha mwenyewe kama jina la mwenye kijiji katika mfululizo wa filamu ya Mad Max na Lethal Weapon. Gibson vile vile alikwenda kushiriki katika ugawaji wa tuzo ya [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] na akabahatika kuwa mshindi wa tuzo hiyo kama mwigizaji na mwongozaji bora wa filamu (filamu ilikuwa: Braveheart). Kuongoza kwake filamu ya Braveheart kume mfanya awe nyota wa sita wa filamu aliegeuka kuwa mtengenezaji wa filamu kwa kupokea [[Tuzo za Oscars|tuzo ya Oscar]] kama mwongozaji bora. Mnamo mwaka 2004, aliongoza na kuitaarisha filamu ya The Passion of the Christ, filamu yenye mafanikio makubwa, iliyoonyesha saa na maisha ya mwisho ya [[Yesu]]. Gibson ni Ofisa mwamrishi wa Australia na vile vile alipewa cheo na gazeti la Forbes (Forbes magazine) kwa kuwa kama mmoja wa watu mashuhuri wenye nguvu duniani mnamo mwaka [[2004]]. == Filamu alizoigiza/Kuongoza na kutunga == * ''Mad Max'' (1979) * ''Mad Max 2'' (1981) * ''Gallipoli (1981 film)Gallipoli'' (1981) * ''The Year of Living Dangerously'' (1982) * ''The Bounty'' (1984) * ''Mrs. Soffel'' (1984) * ''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome'' (1985) * ''Lethal Weapon'' (1987) * ''Tequila Sunrise (film)Tequila Sunrise'' (1988) * ''Lethal Weapon 2'' (1989) * ''Hamlet (1990 film)Hamlet'' (1990) * ''Air America (film)Air America'' (1990) * ''Bird on a Wire (film)Bird on a Wire'' (1990) * ''Forever Young'' (1991) * ''Lethal Weapon 3'' (1992) * ''Maverick (film)Maverick'' (1994) * ''Ransom (film)Ransom'' (1996) * ''Conspiracy Theory'' (1997) * ''Lethal Weapon 4'' (1998) * ''Payback (film)Payback'' (1999) * ''Chicken Run'' (2000) * ''The Patriot (2000 film)The Patriot'' (2000) * ''What Women Want'' (2000) * ''We Were Soldiers'' (2002) * ''Signs (film)Signs'' (2002) === Kama mwigizaji/ mwongozaji === * ''The Man Without a Face'' (1993) * ''Braveheart'' (1995) === Kama mwongozaji na mtunzi-mshiriki === * ''The Passion of the Christ'' (2004) * ''Apocalypto'' (2006) === Kama nyota mwalikwa === * ''The Simpsons'' (1999) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} # http://www.filmsite.org/aa95.html # http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=passionofthechrist.htm # http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/17/news/newsmakers/forbes_stars/index.htm {{Wayback|url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/17/news/newsmakers/forbes_stars/index.htm |date=20071201035435 }} # http://www.wargs.com/other/gibson.html == Viungo vya Nje == {{commons|Mel Gibson}} * {{imdb name|id=0000154|name=Mel Gibson}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211125656/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1174684,00.html Time Magazine: Apocalpto Now] * {{dmoz|Arts/People/G/Gibson,_Mel/}} * [http://www.notstarring.com/actors/gibson-mel Roles turned down by Mel Gibson] {{Wayback|url=http://www.notstarring.com/actors/gibson-mel |date=20071002214537 }} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson, Mel}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji Filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] dql6ikcjm36f1gr900sc6b4ht0elrql 0 15690 1575820 1534593 2026-06-21T15:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Simone_Martini_047.jpg|thumb|right|Mt. Klara katika sehemu ya mchoro wa ukutani ([[1312]]–[[1220]]) wa [[Simone Martini]] katika [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Assisi, [[Italia]].]] '''Klara wa Asizi''' ([[Assisi]], [[Umbria]], [[Italia]] [[16 Julai]] [[1193]] - Assisi, [[11 Agosti]] [[1253]]) ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kujiunga na [[tapo la toba]] la [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] tena ni mwanamke wa kwanza kutunga [[kanuni ya kitawa]] katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Huyo [[bikira]], anayehesabika kuwa [[mwanzilishi]] mwenza wa [[Waklara|Mabibi Fukara]] wa [[Utawa]] wa [[Ndugu Wadogo]], alipenda kujiita [[mche]] mdogo wa Fransisko, akimfuata kiroho kwa kuishi katika [[mji]] wao [[toba]] kali iliyojaa matendo ya [[upendo]] na [[ibada]]. Akipenda kwa namna ya pekee [[ufukara wa hiari]], hakukubali kamwe kuachanishwa nao, hata alipopatwa na hali ya kuhitaji na kuugua sana<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24000</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] na msimamizi wa [[televisheni]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Nafasi ya wanawake katika Kanisa la zama za kati Ulaya == Kuanzia [[karne ya 11]] wanawake wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na [[Kanisa]], wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata tapo lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata Klara, hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya [[ukoma|wakoma]], bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[uchawi|wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. == Miaka ya kwanza ya Klara == Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda wa [[kanisa kuu]] ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na [[Papa]] n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya [[Ndugu Wadogo]], akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Anyesi wa Asizi|Anyesi]] baada ya wiki mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza wajibu wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa ushahidi wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na [[ufukara]] wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate kisingizio cha kufanya hivyo. == Kiongozi kwa watawa wa kike == [[File:SDamiano-Clara og søstre.jpg|thumb|250px|Mchoro wa ukutani unaowaonyesha Mt. Klara na masista wake; unapatikana katika kikanisa cha monasteri yao asili, [[San Damiano, Assisi]].]] Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi [[wito]] wake wa [[utume|kitume]]. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya wanaume: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu [[ufukara mkuu]] na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu”, yaani [[Yesu]] alivyowaagiza [[mitume]] waende (Math. 10:5-15), aliwaelekeza [[Waklara]] kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na hotuba nzima ya mlimani (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa [[Askofu]] [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya [[Wafransisko]] yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula jasho lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya [[kazi]] hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina dada kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana udhaifu wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia kanuni fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua jukumu la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na [[udugu]] katika monasteri ya kike. == Baada ya kifo cha Fransisko == Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Fransisko, akina Klara waliweza kushuhudia [[madonda ya Yesu]] katika mikono, miguu na ubavu wa mtakatifu huyo. Halafu wakaendelea kupigania ufukara mkuu dhidi ya mashauri ya watu mbalimbali. Ni kwamba baada ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]] (1215) kukataza [[kanuni]] mpya iliwabidi wapokee mojawapo ya zamani ili wakubaliwe na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama watawa. Basi wakaichagua ile ya [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], wakiifuata katika mambo kadhaa kadiri yalivyopatana na mtindo wao mpya, bila ya nia ya kuwa [[Wabenedikto]]. Hapo ilimpasa Klara kuitwa [[abesi]], jina alilolikubali tu kwa kumtii [[mwanzilishi]], ingawa akaendelea kujiita “mtumishi wa Kristo na wa akina dada fukara”. Hasa Klara hakutosheka na uhalali wa monasteri yake mbele ya Kanisa, bali kwa njia ya Fransisko aliomba akapewa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] “fadhili ya ufukara” (1216), yaani ruhusa ya kuishi bila ya mali hata kijumuia, kama jambo la msingi katika wito wake wa “kuishi kadiri ya [[ukamilifu]] wa [[Injili]] takatifu”, kwa kuungana na [[Yesu]] fukara kama bibiarusi fukara. [[Kardinali]] Ugolino, akiona [[monasteri]] za namna hiyo zinavyoongezeka huko na huko, alizitungia [[katiba]] ([[1219]]) iliyopitishwa na [[Papa Honori III]] ([[1216]]-[[1227]]) ambayo ikawa msingi wa kanuni zote zilizoandikwa baadaye kwa Utawa II. Lengo lake lilikuwa kukinga monasteri hizo dhidi ya upinzani na kuzipa mtindo wa kimonaki zaidi bila ya kuondoa [[usahili]] wake maalumu, ziwe muundo mpya wa aina moja chini ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] moja kwa moja. Katika juhudi zake za kurekebisha [[umonaki]] alielekeza hata monasteri kadhaa za zamani zifuate mtindo wa Mt. Damiano. Desturi kali alizoziagiza humo hazikumtisha Klara, ambaye alijishinda tayari na kujitesa kwa [[ushujaa]] mkubwa (katika kula, kuvaa, kulala n.k.) mpaka akakatazwa asizidishe. Wala hakuogopa ukali wa [[ugo]] ulioagiwa na katiba hiyo, ili kutunza mazingira ya sala. Wasiwasi wake ulihusu ufukara mkuu akiona hautajwi na katiba hiyo. Mwanzoni Ugolino alitaka msimamo huo udumu katika monasteri kadhaa, ila alipochaguliwa kuwa [[Papa]] akaanza kuzipatia mali nyinginyingi, labda kisha kung’amua matatizo yaliyojitokeza. Lakini Klara hakukubali kabisa akamuomba amtibitishie “fadhili ya ufukara” akakubaliwa (1228), lakini si kwa monasteri zote. Suala lingine lililojitokeza mapema, halafu likaendelea kusababisha migogoro, ni nani awajibike kuwasaidia Waklara upande wa roho na upande wa [[riziki]]. Fransisko alipokuwa [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Filipo Longo]] aliteuliwa msimamizi wao, lakini mwanzilishi aliporudi uteuzi huo ukafutwa, masista wakasimamiwa tena na wasio Wafransisko, mpaka Ugolino, kisha kuchaguliwa awe [[Papa Gregori IX]] ([[1227]]-[[1241]]) alipowalazimisha Ndugu Wadogo kuwajibika ([[1221]]). Klara alipoona [[wito]] wake wa Kiinjili upo hatarini upande wa [[sheria]], kwa kuwa kanuni na katiba hazikuwa za Kifransisko, akaanza kuomba aweze kuahidi kushika kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo badala ya ile ya Benedikto. Mwaka 1234 akaja kumuunga mkono [[Anyesi wa Praha]], binti mfalme ambaye alikataa kuolewa na mfalme mkuu [[Federiko II]] wa [[Ujerumani]] akaanzisha monasteri yake iliyokubaliwa “fadhili ya ufukara”. Alitunga kanuni mpya kwa kuchanganya “mtindo wa maisha” alioandika Fransisko na katiba ya Ugolino, akamuomba Gregori IX, halafu [[Papa Inosenti IV]] (1243-1254) waithibitishe, lakini akakataliwa. Kumbe Inosenti IV akathibitisha katiba ya Ugolino (1245) na kusisitiza ifuatwe kanuni ya Benedikto kwa sababu ina sifa nyingi. Wakati huohuo alijaribu kusuluhisha mgogoro wa uhusiano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo na Waklara. Klara alikuwa akiendelea kudai kwa nguvu msaada wa kiroho wa ndugu hao kulingana na ahadi ya mwanzilishi. Kumbe Mtumishi mkuu [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]] (1244-1247) aliomba shirika liondolewe mzigo liliobebeshwa na Gregori IX, yaani himizo la kuanzisha [[konventi]] ndogo karibu na kila monasteri ya Waklara. Basi, Inosenti IV aliamua Waklara wawe chini ya uongozi na [[mamlaka]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, akapendekeza masista waunganishwe na Utawa I. Lakini shirika likazidi kuona litalemewa na wingi wa monasteri. Mwaka [[1247]] Inosenti IV akatunga katiba mpya badala ya ile ya Ugolino iliyokwishaenea katika monasteri zote za Kifransisko, ikitumika pengine pamoja na desturi maalumu za mahali. Katiba hiyo ilifanya kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo kuwa msingi wa sheria za Waklara bila ya kuwadai waishike katika yote, ila katika [[utiifu]], utovu wa mali na [[useja mtakatifu]]. Katiba hiyo ilimuondolea [[Kardinali mlinzi]] mamlaka juu ya Waklara, ambao wakawekwa moja kwa moja chini ya viongozi wa Utawa I. Kwa katiba hiyo Waklara wakaja kutambulikana Wafransisko kisheria, lakini ndani mlikuwa na pigo kubwa kwa Klara, yaani iliandikwa wazi kuwa monasteri zao zinaruhusiwa kuwa na mali za kujitegemea. Ndiyo sababu monasteri chache tu zikaipokea katiba hiyo. Vilevile Ndugu Wadogo wakazidi kulalamika hadi Kardinali mlinzi akajitwalia polepole mamlaka yao na hatimaye ([[1250]]) aliwaandikia wasithubutu kujiingiza katika uongozi wa Waklara. Hivyo kwa muda mfupi katiba hiyo ikashindikana pande zote. Klara, mgonjwa toka siku nyingi, alipoona kifo kinamkaribia, aliandika wasia wake ambamo alimuiga Fransisko katika kukumbusha asili ya wito wake na wa jamaa yake, na kutamka kwa msisitizo mkubwa nia imara ya kufuata ufukara mkuu “aliouahidi kwa Mungu na kwa Mt. Fransisko” pamoja na kuhimiza sana [[umoja]] wa dada zake. Lakini pia, upande wa sheria, aliona haja ya kutunga upya “mtindo wa maisha” kwa kulinganisha kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo na masharti ya maisha ya ndani tu. Humo aliingiza pia maandishi mawili mafupi ya Fransisko kwao, kuhusu ufukara mkuu na kuhusu ahadi ya kwamba yeye na Ndugu Wadogo watawahudumia Waklara sawa na wenzao wa kiume. Upande wake Klara aliahidi kuwatii waandamizi wa mwanzilishi. Kiini cha huo “mtindo wa maisha” kinasisitiza kwa nguvu nia ya kuishi bila ya mali yoyote, isipokuwa monasteri na bustani. Jambo lingine linalokazwa ni [[udugu]]: humo neno “dada” linapatikana mara 66! Udugu huo unatimizwa siku kwa siku chini ya “abesi na mama” kwa umoja wa mioyo pasipo [[ubaguzi]] wowote (tofauti pekee ni kati ya wanaojua na wasiojua kusoma kuhusu [[Sala ya Kanisa]]). Hata dada “wa nje” (yaani “wanaohudumia nje ya monasteri” bila ya kubanwa na ugo) washiriki maisha ya jumuia sawa na wenzao. Hao ni kundi maalumu la mtindo wa Kiklara, linalohitajika kadiri wenzao wanavyojifungia ndani: ni “akina Marta” kwa “akina Maria” kadiri Fransisko alivyowapangia Ndugu Wadogo wanaoishi upwekeni. Udugu huo unajitokeza hata katika mikutano, ambayo inatakiwa kufanyika kila wiki kwa mchango wa wote, kupanga shughuli za maana na kuteua watakaoshika nyadhifa mbalimbali. Abesi mwenyewe, ingawa anachaguliwa kwa maisha yake yote, kadiri ya mapokeo ya kimonaki, anaweza kubadilishwa na dada zake wakiona hawezi kutimiza vizuri kazi zake. Uhusiano na Utawa I unasisitizwa tena kwa kudai msimamizi wa monasteri awe daima Ndugu Mdogo, pamoja na kuomba Utawa huo uipatie monasteri mapadri 2 na ma[[bradha]] 2 kwa huduma za kiroho na za kimwili. Huo “mtindo wa maisha” ukakubaliwa na Kardinali mlinzi ([[1252]]) halafu na Inosenti IV ([[1253]]). Klara akapewa hati yake kitandani akaibusu; siku mbili baadaye akafa akiishika mikononi, wakihudhuria [[Leo]], [[Anjelo]] na [[Yunipero]], “[[wenzi watatu]]” wa Fransisko; pia alijaliwa faraja za [[Bikira Maria]] na wanawake watakatifu kadhaa. == Baada ya kifo chake == [[Mazishi]] yalihudhuriwa na Papa, Makardinali, Ma[[askofu]] na wengineo. Inosenti IV alitaka ziimbwe sala za watakatifu ma[[bikira]] badala ya zile za wafu, ila akakubali shauri la Kardinali mlinzi la kufuata taratibu zilizopangwa kabla mtu hajatangazwa mtakatifu. Miaka miwili baadaye, Kardinali huyo akiwa amechaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Aleksanda IV]] ([[1245]]-[[1261]]), akamtangaza rasmi kuwa [[mtakatifu]] ([[1255]]). Mwaka [[1260]] [[masalia]] yake yakahamishiwa mjini Asizi katika kanisa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake. == Maandishi yake == Pamoja na kanuni na wasia, Klara ametuachia walau barua nne (kwa [[Anyesi wa Praha]]). Maandishi hayo ndiyo chemchemi ya kwanza ambamo tuchote utajiri wa [[roho]] yake na wa [[utu]] wake. Hasa ya mwisho inatuonyesha alivyogeuka ndani ya Yesu kwa kuzidi kumkazia macho kama kioo chake na kujifunza toka kwake hasa ufukara, [[unyenyekevu]] na [[upendo]] wa ajabu, vilivyong’aa katika hatua mbalimbali za maisha yake kuanzia [[Bethlehemu]] hadi [[Kalivari]]. Klara alimfikia Mungu kwa kumfuata Yesu kama [[bibiarusi]] mwaminifu katika hatua hizo za maisha yake halisi, kama alivyoelekezwa na Fransisko, kadiri ya [[karama]] yake mpya katika kumtazama Yesu na kuelewa [[Injili]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo kwa [[Kiswahili]] == * MTAKATIFU KLARA WA ASIZI – Maandishi yake – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – [[Ndanda]] 1994 – ISBN 9976-63-414-5 * WAHUDUMU WAKUU WA FAMILIA NNE ZA KIFRANSISKO, Klara wa Asizi, Mwanamke Mpya – ed. Familia za Kifransisko – [[Roma]] 1991 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 280-283 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 256-280 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 275-276 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 505-507 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 64 == Marejeo kwa lugha nyingine== * Bartoli, Marco. ''Chiara d'Assisi''. Rome 1989: Instituto Storico dei Cappucini. * Mooney, Catherine M.. "''Imitatio Christi'' or ''Imitatio Mariae''?: Clare of Assisi and Her Interpreters," in ''Gendered Voices: Medieval Saints and Their Interpreters'', ed. Catherine M. Mooney (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), pp. 52–77 (text), pp. 207–220 ([http://monasticmatrix.usc.edu/commentaria/article.php?textId=4 notes] {{Wayback|url=http://monasticmatrix.usc.edu/commentaria/article.php?textId=4 |date=20100702184215 }}) ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-claire-of-assisi-saint-and-virgin-of-the-holy-catholic-church.html The Life, Miracles and Death of St. Claire of Assisi, Saint and Virgin of the Catholic Church] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-claire-of-assisi-saint-and-virgin-of-the-holy-catholic-church.html |date=20120805231216 }} {{Catholic Encyclopedia poster|St. Clare of Assisi}} * [http://www.clarians.net/ St. Clare's Sr. Sec. School Agra] {{Wayback|url=http://www.clarians.net/ |date=20130602020219 }} Built On the Name Of St. Clare Of Assisi * [http://www.klarabaum-bautzen.de.vu The pear-tree of St. Clare]{{Wayback|url=http://www.klarabaum-bautzen.de.vu/ |date=20140812205523 }} in the [http://www.netzwerk-eucharistie.de.vu Convent of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration in Bautzen ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.netzwerk-eucharistie.de.vu/ |date=20160304075728 }} *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=215 St. Clare of Assisi] * [http://www.mirrorsforeternity.com/ Musical Theatre about St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mirrorsforeternity.com/ |date=20120421231156 }} * [http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc03.htm Saint Clare of Assisi] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc03.htm |date=20120201153730 }} in Patron Saints Index * [http://www.linetjornhoj.dk/Anorexia_Sacra.html Anorexia Sacra] {{Wayback|url=http://www.linetjornhoj.dk/Anorexia_Sacra.html |date=20120331101409 }} An opera using Clare's texts on asceticism and its connections with anorexia nervosa. * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/clare.html St. Clare page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/clare.html |date=20120930190912 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/clare.htm Caxton's life of St. Clare] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/clare.htm |date=20121020184306 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1193]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1253]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Waklara]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] d65rr36si8hxekk68vk1027lhksg2f4 0 16304 1575894 1534769 2026-06-21T22:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Picha:Martin Luther King Jr with medallion NYWTS.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964)]] '''Dr Martin Luther King, Junior''' ([[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]], [[15 Januari]] [[1929]] – [[Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], [[4 Aprili]] [[1968]]) alikuwa [[Mkristo]] mwenye asili ya [[Afrika]], [[mchungaji]] wa [[Kibaptisti]] na [[mwanaharakati]] mashuhuri kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]] aliyepigania [[haki]] za [[binadamu]], hasa [[Wanegro]], wakati nchi hiyo ilipokuwa bado na [[sheria]] za [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] ya Marekani, hasa [[Waanglikana]] na [[Walutheri]], yanamheshimu kama [[mtakatifu]] [[mfiadini]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa au ya kuuawa. == Maisha == Martin alizaliwa mjini [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]], [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mtoto wa mzee Martin Luther King Sr. ambaye pia alikuwa mchungaji na kiongozi wa kupigania [[haki za binadamu]]. Baba yake alimwita [[Martin Luther]] ili amheshimu huyu [[mtaalamu]] [[Mjerumani]] wa [[karne ya 16]]. Aliwaongoza Waamerika Weusi kupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] uliokuwepo katika sehemu za USA mpaka [[miaka ya 1960]]. Katika mapambano hayo alifuata mapokeo ya [[Agostino wa Hippo|Mt. Agostino]] katika [[Kanisa]]. Alieleza ya kuwa kila [[mtu]] amepewa na [[Mungu]] [[heshima]] yake, hivyo [[sheria]] za nchi na [[serikali]] zinazovunja heshima hiyo si za haki. "Imetupasa kumtii Mungu kuliko wanadamu" ([[Mdo]]. 5:29). Aliwaita watu kupinga [[ubaguzi]] hata dhidi ya serikali na [[polisi]] lakini bila kutumia mabavu. Watu waliongozwa na M. L. King [[maandamano|waliandamana]] mahali pengi wakanyamaza wakipigwa na kukamatwa. Wakaingia katika [[hoteli]], [[shule]] na [[vyombo vya usafiri]] vilivyotengwa kisheria kwa watu weupe, wakasubiri mpaka polisi ilipoitwa na kuwakamata. Wakapokea [[adhabu]] na mapigo. Baada ya miaka kadhaa mapambano kwa silaha hizo za [[amani]] yalishinda. [[Mahakama kuu]] ya Marekani na serikali kuu zilitangaza ya kuwa ubaguzi wa rangi katika mikoa mbalimbali hauruhusiwi kuendelea. Mwaka [[1964]] alipokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel|Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] kwa sababu ya kutetea haki bila ya kutumia mabavu. Hata hivyo aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi na mteteaji wa ubaguzi wa rangi mwaka 1968. Baada ya hapo [[ujumbe]] wake ulizidi kukubalika na sheria mbalimbali zilibadilishwa. Anahesabika kama mmoja wa watu wakubwa wa [[Mungu]] katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/martin-luther-king-index.html Martin Luther King, Jr. - The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. A permanent section of the newspaper dedicated to the life of Dr. King] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/martin-luther-king-index.html |date=20080516204630 }} * [http://www.politicalassassinations.com The Coalition on Political Assassintions] {{Wayback|url=http://www.politicalassassinations.com/ |date=20080505215706 }}, A research and lobby group that also organize a conference on the assassination of Dr King. * [http://www.africanaonline.com/civil_rights.htm This black history resource offers a biography of MLK and links to other related articles.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanaonline.com/civil_rights.htm |date=20090217153843 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110072033/http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2006/martin_luther_king/ Photo Essay: The Last Days of Martin Luther King Jr.] Dr. King's life and death recalled in images on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine) * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/ The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/ |date=20101030010732 }} * [http://www.thekingcenter.org/ The King Center] * [http://www.civilrightsmuseum.org/ National Civil Rights Museum] * [http://www.mlkonline.net MLK Online] Martin Luther King Jr. Speeches, Pictures, Quotes, Biography, Videos, Information on MLK Day and more! * [http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html Martin Luther King Jr.'s, ''A New Sense of Direction (1968)'' article] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html |date=20100425144822 }} published in [[WorldView]] magazine. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810035002/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/king.htm Martin Luther King Jr.'s FBI file] * [http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/mlk/part1.htm Department of Justice investigation on King assassination] * [http://manhattan.about.com/od/famousnewyorkers/a/mlknewyork.htm/ Martin Luther King in New York] {{Wayback|url=http://manhattan.about.com/od/famousnewyorkers/a/mlknewyork.htm/ |date=20080424010649 }} * [http://www.groupm35.com/fernandez/cdte/ Martin Luther King Jr. Photographs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.groupm35.com/fernandez/cdte/ |date=20070402154245 }} Photos by Benedict J. Fernandez * [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/mlk/ The Seattle Times: Martin Luther King Jr.] * [http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1964/index.html Winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Peace] * [http://usliberals.about.com/od/patriotactcivilrights/a/MLKWords.htm About.com's Lesser Known Wise and Prophetic Words of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.] {{Wayback|url=http://usliberals.about.com/od/patriotactcivilrights/a/MLKWords.htm |date=20071210100044 }} * [http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/political/martin_luther_king_talks/ Speeches of Martin Luther King] * [http://www.sp-usa.org/literature/mlking-flyer.pdf Pamphlet on King and Socialism from the Socialist Party USA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sp-usa.org/literature/mlking-flyer.pdf |date=20071031020719 }} (PDF) * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2269 "The MLK you don't see on TV" from FAIR] * [http://www.martin-luther-king-zentrum.de The Martin Luther King Center (German)] * {{gutenberg author| id=Martin+Luther+Jr.+King | name=Martin Luther King, Jr.}} * [http://www.ep.tc/mlk/ 1956 Comic Book: "Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story"] * Kirk, John A. [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y New Georgia Encyclopedia Short Biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y |date=20091224184100 }} * [http://www.oilempire.us/cointelpro.html Declassified document], FBI's letter urging him to commit suicide. * Dyson, Michael Eric. [http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featdyson_mlk.shtml No Small Dreams: The Radical Evolution of MLK's Last Years]. [[LiP Magazine|LiP Magazine, Januari 2003]] * Wise, Tim. [http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featwise_mlk.shtml Misreading the Dream: The Truth About Martin Luther King Jr. and Affirmative Action]. [[LiP Magazine]], Januari 2003 * [http://www.famousplagiarists.com/theologyandreligion.htm#mlk Summary of plagiarism controversy] * [http://register.shelby.tn.us/mlk/ Shelby County Register of Deeds documents on the Assassination Investigation] {{Wayback|url=http://register.shelby.tn.us/mlk/ |date=20090104203757 }} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-84324}} * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html Transcript of interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark]{{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html |date=20130728161318 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Wabaptisti]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] [[Jamii:Atlanta, Georgia]] jg6q0u1qr22y85kecxbufj96k9bjd8f 0 17051 1575923 1423494 2026-06-22T03:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Pierre Mignard - Portrait de Jean-Baptiste Poquelin dit Molière (1622-1673) - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Jean-Baptiste Poquelin]] '''Molière''' ilikuwa jina la kisanii la '''Jean-Baptiste Poquelin''' ([[15 Februari]] [[1622]] - [[17 Februari]] [[1673]]) aliyekuwa mwandishi mashuhuri nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa maarufu kama mwigizaji na mwandishi wa tamthiliya. Alizaliwa mjini Paris kama mtoto wa mfanyabiashara wa vitambaa. Mama alikufa mapema akalelewa na bibi yake akakaa muda mwingi kwenye shule ya [[Wajesuiti]] alipopata elimu nzuri. Pamoja na bibi yake alitembelea maigizo ya tamthiliya akawa mpenzi wa tamthiliya. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 21 alianzisha kampuni ya tamthiliya iliyoshindwa kiuchumi lakini akaendelea kuwa mwigizaji akazunguka kote Ufaransa akijulikana kwa jina la kisanii Moliere. Tangu 1655 alitunga tamthiliya alizoonyesha na kundi lake la waigizaji. Mwaka 1658 mfalme kijana [[Louis XIV]] aliona maaigizo yake akampenda akamwita kuendelea kwenye makao makuu ya mfalme. Katika miaka iliyofuata sifa za Moliere zikaongezeka; watu wengine hasa viongozi wa kanisa katoliki walichukia tamthiliya zake lakini mfalme alisimama upande wake na Moliere alizidi kufaulu na kuwa maarufu. Kati ya tamthiliya maarufu ni "Tartuffe" inayosimulia habari za mnafiki wa kidini aliyejionyesha kama mcha Mungu lakini hali halisi alitafuta tu pesa akamdanganya mtajiri aliyemkubali kama mume kwa binti yake. Tamthiliya yake ya mwisho ilikuwa "Le Malade Imaginaire" (Mgonjwa kunyong'onyevu). Humo Moliere aliagiza mwenyewe akafa uwanjani wakati wa maonyesho ya nne ya tamthiliya hii. == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons}} * [http://www.toutmoliere.net Molière's works online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.toutmoliere.net/ |date=20200906013530 }} at toutmoliere.net (Kifaransa) * [http://www.site-moliere.com/pieces/ Molière's works online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.site-moliere.com/pieces/ |date=20021106064927 }} at site-moliere.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140227005227/http://www.inlibroveritas.net/auteur30.html Molière's works online] at InLibroVeritas.net * [http://www.classicistranieri.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=4546 Molière's works online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.classicistranieri.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=4546 |date=20070314091106 }} at classicistranieri.com * [http://www.biblioweb.org/-MOLIERE-.html Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060114150958/http://www.biblioweb.org/-MOLIERE-.html |date=2006-01-14 }} at biblioweb.org (in French) * [http://www.theatre-classique.fr Moliere's Verses Plays] Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French) * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbGqsquB0Bw Professional quality parody - "The Life & Times of Moliere"] at YouTube.com {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1622|1673|}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1622]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1673]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] 9sm7b7gv6r71wa6wxc2935uc97wdbxf 0 17298 1575922 1301222 2026-06-22T02:56:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | jinalamchezaji = Muhamed Zidan | picha = [[File:Mohammed zidan.jpg|150px]] | jinakamili = Muhamed Abdulla Zidan | tareheyakuzaliwa = [[11 Desemba]] [[1981]] | mjialiozaliwa = [[Port Said]] | nchialiozaliwa = [[Misri]] | urefu = | nafasi = Mshambuliaji | klabuyasasa = [[Borussia Dortmund]] | nambayaklabu =10 | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = [[El-Masry]] | miaka = vilabu = [[Borussia Dortmund]] | magolialioshinda = 5 (1) | miakayataifa = [[2005]] | timuyataifa = [[Timu ya Taifa ya Misri|Misri]] | nationalcaps(goals) = 2 (0) | pcupdate = [[18 Juni]] [[2008]] | ntupdate = [[18 Juni]] [[2008]] }} '''Mohamed Abdulla Zidan''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: محمد عبدالله زيدان‎) (amezaliwa [[11 Desemba]],[[1981]] katika [[mkoa wa Port Said]], [[Misri]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka katika nchi ya [[Misri]], ambae ni mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[Ujerumani]] ya [[Borussia Dormund]] na pia katika timu ya taifa ya [[Misri]]. Mohamed Zidan ni miongoni mwa wachezaji nyota wa Kimisri wanaocheza Ulaya, alianza kucheza mpira wa miguu akiwa katika umri wa myaka mi 8 katika Klabu ya Al-Misri Port Said huko Misri. == Maswala ya mpira == === Kuanza kwake kucheza mpira === Mohamed Zidan alianza kucheza mpira katika klabu ya mkoa inayoitwa Al-Misri Port Said mwaka 1998-1999, lakini uchezaji wake haukuwakenaisha wakuu wa klabu hiyo ya Port Said, wakamuacha akiwa na miaka 16, akafika anajiunga na Klabu ya Jamarek (Katika Klabu za Ligi ya pili) na akaweza kuthibitisha nafsi yake kidogo kidogo nakuonekana kuwa mchezaji mzuri na akasaidia klabu yake kushika nafasi ya pili katika Ligi hiyo kwa mara ya kwanzi katika historia ya klabu hiyo nakuchukua ubingwa wa mfungaji magoli mengi katika ligi hiyo, japo kupendelea kwao. Wakuu wa klabu hiyo ili Zidan kuendelea kuchezea klabu hiyo na ili waweze kuweka saini nae ili kuwa mchezaji wakulipwa ispokua matatizo ya kifamilia yaliharibu ili kijana aendelee kuchezea klabu hiyo, akahama yeye na familia yake katika nchi ya Denmark(Ulaya). Katika maajabu yaliyotokea kwa Muhamed Zidan ni kujiunga katika Ligi ya Denmark, ni kuwa miongoni mwa makocha wa klabu ya AB Kopenhagen walimwona akicheza mechi zinazo kusanya watu wa tano huku na kule katika kauwanja kadogo wakampenda nakumchukua. Akajiunga na klabu hiyo manmo mwaka 1999 hadi mwaka 2003 alishiriki Zidan na timu yake ya Kidenmark katika mechi 48 na akafunga magoli yapatayo 12. Hiyo ilimsaidia kabisa kuweza kujulikana Zidan katika ulimwengu wa mpira wa Ulaya. Katika mwaka 2003 alihamia katika klabu nyingine huko huko Denmark inaitwa FC Midtjylland 2004, kwa hapo ndiyo akapata umashuhuri zaidi baada yakupata zawadi ya mchezaji bora katika Ligi ya Denmark katika mwaka wake wa kwanza alioshiriki na timu yake hiyo. Alishiriki Zidan na FC Midtjylland katika mechi 47 alifunga magoli 30, kabla yakujiunga kwa kununuliwa kwa pesa nyingi katika klabu mashuhuri barani ulaya na ulimwengu ya huko Ujerumani ya SV Werder Bremen kwa njia ya kuazimwa kwa mwaka moja, na baadaye klabu hiyo ya Ujerumani ilimnunua moja kwa moja. Alishiriki na klabu hiyo katika mechi 10 na alifunga magoli 2,baadaye klabu hiyo ikamwuza kwa njia yakuazima katika klabu ya Ujerumani nyingine inayoitwa 1. FSV Mainz 05 kunzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2006. Katika klabu hiyo alifunga magoli 10 katika mechi 30 na alionekana kuwa mchezaji mzuri tena alipendwa na washabiki wa timu hiyo hadi walitamani abaki ila haikuwezekana kwani Werder Bremen ikamuomba arudie kutokana na uchezaji wake mzuri ulionekana katika klabu hiyo ya Mainz. Kutokufahamiana na kocha wa Werder Bremen: Zidan alikua hana uhusiano mzuri na kocha wa Bremen bwana Thomas Schaaf kutokana na kutokumshirikisha mara nyingi katika mechi baada ya kocha huyo kufadhilisha washambuliaji maarufu duniani kama vile Miroslav Klose (Mshambuliaji wa timu ya Taifa ya Ujerumani) na Hugo Almeida (Mshambuliaji wa timu ya Taifa ya Ureno)na Ivan Klasnic (Mshambuliaji wa timu ya taifa ya Kroatia). Wakati huo Zidan alishiriki katika mechi 8 tu na akafunga magoli mawili katika kipindi cha mwaka 2006-2007 na ndio ikatokea timu ya Bremen kutangaza kumuuzisha,klabu ya Mainz ikafika inamnunua moja kwa moja kwa kiwango cha pesa milioni mbili na nusu za kizungu (Euro), na likua ni pesa nyingi kabisa tangu klabu hiyo kununua mchezaji. Zidan alicheza vizuri katika klabu hiyo na alifunga magoli 13 katika mechi 15 lakini hakuwezi kuiokoa timu yake kutoteremka katika Ligi ya pili. Katika 30 Mei 2007 alijiunga na klabu ya Borussia Dormund (Ujerumani) kwa kiwango cha milioni tano za kizungu(Euro), akaendelea kuonekana uchezaji wake mzuri katika viwanja vya Ulaya. Kwa upande wa Timu ya Taifa: == Misri 2006 == Zidan hakushiriki katika timu ya Taifa ya Misri katika kombe la aina yoyote kwa mustawa wa kibara, hakucheza katika kombe la Afrika (mwaka 2006 Misri) kwa matatizo ya uumiaji, kama namna ulivyokua uchezaji wake wakucheza kwakujionyesha katika mechi za kirafiki ambazo alikua akishiriki na timu yake ya Taifa, jambo ambalo kocha wa Misri Hassan Shehata alifadhilisha wachezaji wengine ambao wanaocheza mpira wakipamoja kuliko kucheza kibinafsi. == Ghana 2008 == Ispokua Zidan alifuta kumbu kumbu zote ambazo sio nzuri kwa upande wa timu yake ya Taifa, katika kushiriki kwake kwa mara ya kwanza na timu yake ya taifa katika kombe la Afrika huko Ghana 2008, alisaidia sana timu yake ya taifa katika kuifunga Kameruni katika mechi hiyo alifunga magoli mawili katika magoli ma 4 kwakutumia umahiri na uchezaji wa pamoja. Jezi anayovaa katika timu ya taifa ni 9 katika klabu yake ni 10 nanikipenzi cha washabiki Misri. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.zidaneg.com Tovuti Rasmi ya Mchezaji Huyu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zidaneg.com/ |date=20080725001330 }} * {{YouTube|FRilpPRTQuc|Video kompilesheni za Mohamed Zidan}} * [http://www.egyptianplayers.com/Zidan/MohamedZidan-page.htm EgyptianPlayers news items] {{Wayback|url=http://www.egyptianplayers.com/Zidan/MohamedZidan-page.htm |date=20060902140941 }} * [http://www.socceregypt.com/socceregypt/socceregypt.php/2006/04/24/egyptian_player_abroad_playeras_profile SoccerEgypt profile]{{Wayback|url=http://www.socceregypt.com/socceregypt/socceregypt.php/2006/04/24/egyptian_player_abroad_playeras_profile |date=20080228224800 }} * [http://resol.dr.dk/sportservice_person.aspx?personid=319846 Danish career statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://resol.dr.dk/sportservice_person.aspx?personid=319846 |date=20040823000330 }} at [[Danmarks Radio]] * [http://fussballdaten.de/spieler/zidanmohammed/ Profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Zidan, Mohamed "Abdullah?}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ck585wgdd4ruakn0h09jexfcxxm1q9e 0 18520 1575957 1500451 2026-06-22T06:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Nyangumi | picha = Humpback stellwagen edit.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Nyangumi kibyongo akiruka baharini karibu na [[Boston]], [[Marekani]] | domeni = | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | ngeli_ya_chini = [[Eutheria]] | oda_ya_juu = [[Laurasiatheria]] | oda = [[Artiodactyla]] | nusuoda = [[Whippomorpha]] <small>([[Kiboko|Viboko]] na [[nyangumi]])</small> | oda_ndogo = [[Cetacea]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[nyangumi]])</small> | bingwa_wa_oda_ndogo = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762 | subdivision = '''Makundi 3:''' * †[[Archaeoceti]] * [[Mysticeti]] <small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1891 (Nyangumi-chujio)</small> * [[Odontoceti]] <small>[[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1867 (Nyangumi-meno)</small> }} '''Nyangumi''' ni [[wanyama]] wa [[bahari]], na pengine wa [[maji matamu]], katika [[oda]] [[Cetacea]] wanaofanana na [[samaki]], lakini ni [[mamalia]]: kwa hivyo hawatagi ma[[yai]] kama samaki bali huzaa watoto kama mamalia wote na huwanyonyesha. Pamoja na [[nguva]], wanyama hawa ni mamalia pekee wanaoishi kwenye [[maji]] tu. Oda yao ina [[spishi]] 80 hivi. Spishi ndogo huitwa [[pomboo]] kwa kawaida na spishi kadhaa za pomboo huishi kwenye maji matamu ya [[mito]] mikubwa kama [[Ganges]] au [[Amazonas]]. [[Mwili]] wote unalingana na maisha ya majini. Nyangumi wanaotupwa kwenye [[nchi kavu]] wanakufa haraka: wanakauka, [[uzito]] wa mwili unagandamiza [[mapafu]] kwa sababu wanakosa [[ueleaji]] wa maji. Hata hivyo muundo wa mwili ni sawa na mamalia wengine: * [[mfumo wa upumuaji|wanapumua]] kwa kutumia mapafu; kutegemeana na spishi zinaweza kuzama na kukaa chini ya maji kuanzia [[dakika]] kadhaa hadi masaa mawili. * Huwa na [[moyo]] wenye vyumba vinne unaoweza kusambaza [[oksijeni]] mwilini mwote. * Nyangumi huwa na [[damu moto]] yaani wanaweza kutunza [[halijoto]] ya [[wastani]] mwilini, tofauti na samaki wanaobadilika halijoto ya mwili kulingana na halijoto ya [[mazingira]]. * Wanazaa watoto waliokamilika tayari na kuwanyonyesha [[maziwa]] yenye [[mafuta]] mengi kwa kutumia [[viwele]] vyao. [[Mimba]] hukua mwilini mwa [[mama]] hadi kuwa mnyama kamili jinsi ilivyo kwa mamalia wengi. [[Picha:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg|thumb|Nyangumi mama na mtoto wake.]] Spishi nyingi za nyangumi ni kubwa sana. [[Nyangumi Buluu|Nyangumi buluu]] ([[w:Blue whale|Blue whale]]) anaweza kufikia uzito wa [[tani]] 200 na [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 33. Nyangumi wadogo ni hasa [[familia]] ya pomboo ambao wale wadogo wanafikia urefu wa mita na nusu tu. Mara nyingi spishi za nyangumi zinatofautishwa kutokana na [[meno]] yao: * wale wanaowinda samaki au wanyama wakubwa wengine wa bahari wana meno ya kawaida. * wale wanaokula [[planktoni]] ([[viumbe hai]] vidogo sana baharini) hawana meno, bali [[mifupa]] ya [[kinywa]]ni ambao si mifupa ya kweli, ila inaundwa na kitu kinachofanana na [[kucha]] za [[vidole]]. Mifupa hiyo inakaa kama meno ya [[chanuo]] na inafanya kazi ya [[filta]]; nyangumi huyo anafungua [[mdomo]] na kujaza nafasi maji pamoja na yote yaliyomo kama [[uduvi]] wadogo sana; [[ulimi]] unasukuma maji kupitia chanua ya mifupa ya kinywani na [[windo]] unabaki ndani kama chakula. Nyangumi ni jina la jumla la mamalia wa majini wa oda ya Cetacea. Neno nyangumi wakati fulani humaanisha wanyama wote wa oda ya Cetacea, lakini katika lugha ya kawaida huwaacha wanyama wa familia ya Delphinoidea, kama vile pomboo. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-0] Spishi ndogo hizi huwa ndani ya [[oda ndogo]] ya [[Odontoceti]] (nyangumi wenye meno), ambayo hujumuisha nyangumi kadhaa. Oda nyingine ndogo ya Cetacea ni [[Mysticeti]], ambayo hujumuisha nyangumi wa bluu, ambaye ndiyo mnyama mkubwa kuliko wote aliyeripotiwa kuishi, nyangumi mwenye nundu, na wanyama wengine wanaokula kutoka kwenye maji ya baharini kutumia [[michirizi]] mirefu iliyopo badala ya meno, ambayo ndiyo walikopatia jina lao. == Viungo vyake == Kama mamalia wengine, nyangumi hutumia mapafu kupumua, wana damu joto, wananyonyesha watoto wao kwa kutumia viwele, wana vinyweleo, japo kidogo sana. Mwili wa nyangumi umeungana. Miguu ya mbele, imekaa muundo wa kasia. Mwishoni mwa mkia kuna tiara, au pezi la mkia, ambalo lina saidia kwenye mwendo hasa wima tofauti na kwa mwendo mlalo wa samaki. Japokuwa nyangumi hawana miguu ya nyuma, lakini baadhi yao wanamiguu isiyokamilika; iliyojificha ndani ya miili yao. Spishi nyingi za nyangumi wana pezi migongoni mwao inayojulikana kama pezi la mgongoni. Chini ya ngozi yao wana utando wa mafuta. Mafuta haya ni kwaajili ya kuhifadhi nishati na kuzuia upotevu wa joto. Nyanguumi pia wana moyo wenye vyumba vinne. Nao pia wana uti wa mgongo japo pingili za shingoni pia zimeungana kwaajili ya kuimarisha uwezo wa kuogelea na kuongeza uhuru wa kufanya hivyo. Wanao pia mfupa wa nyonga usiokuwa na kazi maaluum. Nyangumi wanapumua kutumia matundu ya hewa, yaliyo juu ya vichwa vyao ili kuwawezesha kupumua huku wakiwa wamezama majini. Nyangumi wa baleen wanayo mawili; na nyangumi wenye meno wana moja tu. Kupumua hujumuisha kutoa maji zaidi kutoka kwenye matundu hayo ya hewa na, na kuunda bubujiko la maji. Bubujiko hizi huwa na maumbo mbalimbali na wakati mwingine hutumika kuwatofautisha na hatimaye kuwatambua baadhi ya nyangumi. Nyangumi wa bluu ndiye mamalia mkubwa zaidi aliyepata kuishi, na pia mnyama mkubwa, kufikia mpaka mita 35 kwa urefu na uzito wa tani 150. Nyangumi kwa wastani wanaishi miaka 40 mpaka 90, kulingana na aina zao na mara chache hufanikiwa kiushi zaidi ya karne moja. Hivi karibuni kipande cha kamba kilichokuwa kinatumiwa na wavuvi wa nyangumi wa [[karne ya 19]], kilipatikana kwa nyangumi huko [[Alaska]], na kuonesha kuwa nyangumi yule alikuwa na umri kati ya miaka 115 na 130. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-6] kwa kutumia mbinu ya kupima umri kwa kuangalia kiwango cha aspatiki asidi kwenye macho ya nyangumi, pamoja na kipande cha chusa, vilionesha umri wa miaka 211 kwa nyangumi mmoja, na kuwafanya nyangumi pia kuwa wanyama wanaoishi kwa muda mrefu zaidi. .[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-7][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-8] [[Mkia]] wa nyangumi unaweza kuwa pia kama alama ya kuwatambua, kama ilivyo kwa nyangumi wenye [[nundu]] mgongoni. Meno ya nyangumi wenye meno kama vile nyangumi aitwaye sperm, yana seli za sementamu zilizo juu ya seli za dentaini. Tofauti na binadamu wenye meno yenye kiasi kikubwa cha enameli kwenye sehemu ya nje ya jino, nyangumi wana sementamu nje ya fidhi. Ni kwa nyangumi wakubwa pekee ambao enameli yao huonesha pale ambapo sementamu ilipotoka kwenye sehemu ya jino[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-9] == Tabia == [[Picha:DSC 7334.JPG|thumb|left|Nyangumi kibyongo akijitokeza.]] Nyangumi huonwa kama ni wawindaji mara zote, lakini chakula chao ni kuanzia plankitoni mpaka samaki wakubwa kabisa, na wakati mwingine wanyama wengine wa baharini, hata nyangumi wengine. Nyangumi hasa wale wenye nundu mgongoni na wale wa bluu wanakula tu kwenye maji ya aktiki, ambapo humeza vitoweo vyao pamoja na maji mengi, na baadae kutoa maji kupitia baleen huku wakibakiza vitoweo vyao kinywani. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-po-11] Nyangumi hawanywi maji ya baharini na badala yake hutengeneza maji kutoka kwenye chakula chao kwa metabolizimu ya mafuta. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-po-11] Nyangumi wengi huonesha tabia nyingi za majini kama vile kujitokeza juu na kupigiza mkia. Kulingana na mazingira yao (tofauti na na wanyama wengine), nyangumi hupumua kwa hiari yao, wanaamua ni wakati gani wa kupumua. Mamalia wote hulala lakini nyangumi hawawezi kulala kwa muda mrefu sababu wanaweza zama majini na kufa. Husemekana ni nusu tu ya ubongo wa nyangumi hulala na sehemu nyingine hufanyakazi, hivyo nyangumi huwa halali moja kwa moja lakini hupumzika vya kutosha. Mara nyingi nyangumi hulala huku jicho moja tu likiwa limefungwa. Baadhi ya nyangumi huwasiliana kwa sauti za kimuziki, zikijulikana kama nyimbo za nyangumi. Sauti hizi zaweza kuwa kubwa sana kutegemeana na spishi zao. Nyangumi waitwao sperm husikika wakitoa sauti za kugonga gonga tu, kwasababu wao wana meno na hutoa pia mwangwi unaoweza kusikika kwa maili nyingi. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-12] Nyangumi jike huzaa ndama mmoja tu. Muda wa kumkuza ndama huyo ni zaidi ya mwaka mmoja kwa spishi nyingi na hujumuisha uhusiano mkubwa kati ya mama na ndama. Nyangumi huwa tayari kuzaa wakiwa na miaka saba mpaka kumi. Mtindo huu huruhusu watoto wachache tu lakini wakiwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuishi. Viungo vya uzazi vya nyangumi huzama na kujificha ndani ya nafasi za mwili wakati wa kuogelea, kuongeza mwendo kasi na kuzuia majeraha. Nyangumi wengi hawana wenzi wa aina moja; na majike wengi hubadilisha madume kadhaa kila msimu. Watoto wa nyangumi huzaliwa kwa kutoa mkia kwanza utaratibu unaopunguza hatari ya kufa maji. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-po-11] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-13] Nyangumi pia hujulikana kwa uwezo wao wa kufundisha na kujifunza, pamoja na kushirikiana na hata kuonekana kuhuzunika. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-wwwu-14] ==Uwindaji wa nyangumi== Kwa [[karne]] nyingi nyangumi wamekuwa wakiwindwa kwa ajili ya [[nyama]] na [[malighafi]]. Kati ya [[karne ya 20]], hata hivyo, [[viwanda]] vingi vya nyangumi vilisababisha kuwa hatarini kwa spishi nyingi za nyangumi, na [[uwindaji wa nyangumi]] ukakomeshwa mara moja katika nchi nyingi isipokuwa chache. Mashirika kadhaa yameanzishwa kwa ajili ya kuzuia uwindaji wa nyangumi na hatari nyingine kwa maisha ya nyangumi. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-1][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-2] == Asili na uainishaji == Cetacea wote, kujumuisha na nyangumi na pomboo, ni [[kizazi]] kilichotokana na mamalia wa nchi kavu wa oda ya [[Artiodactyl]]. Kwa pamoja cetacea na artiodactyls sasa wanaainishwa chini ya oda moja ya Cetartiodactyla inayojumuisha [[viboko]] na nyangumi. Kimsingi, nyangumi wana ukaribu mkubwa na viboko; wote ni [[chimbuko]] la [[uzao]] mmoja, [[Indohyus]], miaka takriban [[milioni]] 48 iliyopita na wanyama wenye [[kwato shufwa]] kutoka [[Kashmir]], [[India]], karibu miaka milioni 54 iliyopita. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-science_news-3][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-Ancestors_Tale-4] Nyangumi waliingia majini karibia miaka milioni 50 iliyopita. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale#cite_note-5] Cetacea wamegawanywa kwenye makundi mawili: * Nyangumi-chujio ([[Mysticeti]]) wanaotambuliwa kwa aina ya [[chujio]] katika domo lao iliyoundwa kwa [[keratini]] na ambayo hutumika kwa kuchujia [[planktoni]] kutoka majini. Hawa ndio nyangumi wakubwa kuliko wote. * Nyangumi-meno ([[Odontoceti]]) wanaotumia meno yao kwa kuwinda [[samaki]] na [[ngisi]], na pengine ([[nyangumi mwuaji]]) mamalia wengine wa maji kama [[sili]] na [[simba-bahari]] na hata nyangumi wengine. == Spishi za Afrika == * '''Mysticeti''' ** ''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'', [[Nyangumi-ndita wa Kawaida]] ([[w:Common minke whale|Common Minke Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera bonaerensis'', [[Nyangumi-ndita wa Antakitiki]] ([[w:Antarctic minke whale|Antarctic]] au Southern Minke Whale) ** ''Balaenoptera borealis'', [[Nyangumi-ndita Kaskazi]] ([[w:Sei whale|Sei Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera brydei'', [[Nyangumi-ndita wa Bryde]] ([[w:Bryde's whale|Bryde's Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera edeni'', [[Nyangumi-ndita wa Eden]] ([[w:Eden's whale|Eden's Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera musculus'', [[Nyangumi Buluu]] ([[w:Blue whale|Blue Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera physalus'', [[Nyangumi Pezimgongo-refu]] ([[w:Fin whale|Fin]] au Finback Whale, Razorback au Common Rorqual) ** ''Caperea marginata'', [[Nyamgumi Kibete]] ([[w:Pygmy right whale|Pygmy right Whale]]) ** ''Eubalaena glacialis'', [[Nyangumi wa Atlantiki]] ([[w:North Atlantic right whale|North Atlantic Right Whale]]) ** ''Eubalaena australis'', [[Nyangumi Kusi]] ([[w:Southern right whale|Southern Right Whale]]) ** ''Megaptera novaeangliae'', [[Nyangumi Kibyongo]] ([[w:Humpback whale|Humpback Whale]]) * '''Odontoceti''' ** ''Berardius arnuxii'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Arnoux]] ([[w:Arnoux's beaked whale|Arnoux's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Cephalorhynchus heavisidii'', [[Pomboo wa Haviside]] ([[w:Haviside's dolphin|Haviside's Dolphin]]) ** ''Delphinus capensis'', [[Pomboo Domo-refu]] ([[w:Long-beaked common dolphin|Long-beaked Common Dolphin]]) ** ''Delphinus delphis'', [[Pomboo Domo-fupi]] ([[w:Short-beaked common dolphin|Short-beaked Common Dolphin]]) ** ''Delphinus tropicalis'', [[Pomboo Arabu]] ([[w:Arabian common dolphin|Arabian Common Dolphin]]) ** ''Feresa attenuata'', [[Nyangumi Muuaji Mdogo]] ([[w:Pygmy killer whale|Pygmy Killer Whale]]) ** ''Globicephala macrorhynchus'', [[Pomboo Kichwa-tufe Mapezi-mafupi]] ([[w:Short-finned pilot whale|Short-finned Pilot Whale]]) ** ''Globicephala melas'', [[Pomboo Kichwa-tufe Mapezi-marefu]] ([[w:Long-finned pilot whale|Long-finned Pilot Whale]]) ** ''Grampus griseus'', [[Pomboo wa Risso]] ([[w:Risso's dolphin|Risso's Dolphin]]) ** ''Hyperoodon planifrons'', [[Nyangumi Pua-chupa Kusi]] ([[w:Southern bottlenose whale|Southern Bottlenose Whale]]) ** ''Indopacetus pacificus'', [[Nyangumi Pua-chupa wa Tropiki]] ([[w:Tropical bottlenose whale|Tropical Bottlenose Whale]]) ** ''Kogia breviceps'', [[Nyangumi-nta Mdogo]] ([[w:Pygmy sperm whale|Pygmy Sperm Whale]]) ** ''Kogia sima'', [[Nyangumi-nta Kibete]] ([[w:Dwarf sperm whale|Dwarf Sperm Whale]]) ** ''Lagenodelphis hosei'', [[Pomboo wa Fraser]] ([[w:Fraser's dolphin|Fraser's]] or Sarawak Dolphin) ** ''Lagenorhynchus obscurus'', [[Pomboo Mweusi]] ([[w:Dusky dolphin|Dusky Dolphin]]) ** ''Lissodelphis peronii'', [[Pomboo Bila-pezimgongo]] ([[w:Southern right whale dolphin|Southern Right Whale Dolphin]]) ** ''Mesoplodon densirostris'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Blainville]] ([[w:Blainville's beaked whale|Blainville's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon europaeus'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Gervais]] ([[w:Gervais' beaked whale|Gervais's]], Antillian, Gulf Stream au European Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon ginkgodens'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu ???]] ([[w:Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale|Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon grayi'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Gray]] ([[w:Gray's beaked whale|Gray's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon hectori'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Hector]] ([[w:Hector's beaked whale|Hector's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon layardii'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Layard]] ([[w:Strap-toothed whale|Strap-toothed]] au Long-toothed Whale au Layard's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon mirus'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa True]] ([[w:True's beaked whale|True's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Orcinus orca'', [[Nyangumi Muuaji]] au Orka ([[w:Killer whale|Killer Whale]], Orca Whale au Orca) ** ''Peponocephala electra'', [[Pomboo Kichwa-tikiti]] ([[w:Melon-headed whale|Melon-headed Whale]], Electra Dolphin au Many-toothed Blackfish) ** ''Phocoena phocoena'', [[Pomboo-bandari]] ([[w:Harbour porpoise|Harbour Porpoise]]) ** ''Physeter macrocephalus'', [[Nyangumi-nta Mkubwa]] ([[w:Sperm whale|Sperm Whale]]) ** ''Pseudorca crassidens'', [[Nyangumi Muuaji Mdanganyifu]] ([[w:False killer whale|False Killer Whale]]) ** ''Sousa plumbea'', [[Pomboo Mgongo-nundu Hindi]] ([[w:Indian humpback dolphin|Indian Humpback Dolphin]]) ** ''Sousa teuszi'', [[Pomboo Mgongo-nundu wa Atlantiki]] ([[w:Atlantic humpback dolphin|Atlantic Humpback Dolphin]]) ** ''Stenella attenuata'', [[Pomboo-madoa wa Tropiki]] ([[w:Pantropical spotted dolphin|Pantropical Spotted Dolphin]]) ** ''Stenella clymene'', [[Pomboo Clymene???]] ([[w:Clymene dolphin|Clymene Dolphin]]) ** ''Stenella coeruleoalba'', [[Pomboo-milia]] ([[w:Striped dolphin|Striped Dolphin]]) ** ''Stenella frontalis'', [[Pomboo-madoa wa Atlantiki]] ([[w:Atlantic spotted dolphin|Atlantic Spotted Dolphin]]) ** ''Stenella longirostris'', [[Pomboo Mzunguka]] ([[w:Spinner dolphin|Spinner Dolphin]]) ** ''Steno bredanensis'', [[Pombo Meno-mikwaruzo]] ([[w:Rough-toothed dolphin|Rough-toothed Dolphin]]) ** ''Tursiops aduncus'', [[Pomboo Pua-chupa wa Bahari ya Hindi]] ([[w:Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin|Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin]]) ** ''Tursiops truncatus'', [[Pomboo Pua-chupa wa Kawaida]] ([[w:Common bottlenose dolphin|Common Bottlenose Dolphin]]) ** ''Ziphius cavirostris'', [[Nyangumi Domo-refu wa Cuvier]] ([[w:Cuvier's beaked whale|Cuvier's Beaked Whale]]) == Spishi za mabara mengine == * '''Mysticeti''' ** ''Balaena mysticetus'' ([[w:Bowhead whale|Bowhead Whale]]) ** ''Eubalaena japonica'' ([[w:North Pacific right whale|North Pacific Right Whale]]) ** ''Balaenoptera omurai'' ([[w:Omura's whale|Omura's Whale]]) ** ''Eschrichtius robustus'' ([[w:Gray whale|Grey Whale]]) * '''Odontoceti''' ** ''Berardius bairdii'' ([[w:Baird's beaked whale|Baird's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Cephalorhynchus commersonii'' ([[w:Commerson's dolphin|Commerson's Dolphin]]) ** ''Cephalorhynchus eutropia'' ([[w:Chilean dolphin|Chilean Dolphin]]) ** ''Cephalorhynchus hectori'' ([[w:Hector's dolphin|Hector's Dolphin]]) ** ''Delphinapterus leucas'' ([[w:Beluga|Beluga]]) ** ''Hyperoodon ampullatus'' ([[w:Northern bottlenose whale|Northern Bottlenose Whale]]) ** ''Inia boliviensis'' ([[w:Bolivian river dolphin|Bolivian River Dolphin]]) ** ''Inia geoffrensis'' ([[w:Amazon river dolphin|Amazon River Dolphin]]) ** ''Lagenorhynchus acutus'' ([[w:Atlantic white-sided dolphin|Atlantic White-sided Dolphin]]) ** ''Lagenorhynchus albirostris'' ([[w:White-beaked dolphin|White-beaked Dolphin]]) ** ''Lagenorhynchus australis'' ([[w:Peale's dolphin|Peale's Dolphin]]) ** ''Lagenorhynchus cruciger'' ([[w:Hourglass dolphin|Hourglass Dolphin]]) ** ''Lagenorhynchus obliquidens'' ([[w:Pacific white-sided dolphin|Pacific White-sided Dolphin]]) ** ''Lipotes vexillifer'' ([[w:Baiji|Baiji]]) '''imekwisha sasa''' ** ''Lissodelphis borealis'' ([[w:Northern right whale dolphin|Northern Right Whale Dolphin]]) ** ''Mesoplodon bidens'' ([[w:Sowerby's beaked whale|Sowerby's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon bowdoini'' ([[w:Andrews' beaked whale|Andrews's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon carlhubbsi'' ([[w:Hubbs' beaked whale|Hubbs's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon perrini'' ([[w:Perrin's beaked whale|Perrin's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon peruvianus'' ([[w:Pygmy beaked whale|Pygmy Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon stejnegeri'' ([[w:Stejneger's beaked whale|Stejneger's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Mesoplodon traversii'' ([[w:Spade-toothed whale|Spade-toothed Whale]]) ** ''Monodon monoceros'' ([[w:Narwhal|Narwhal]]) ** ''Neophocaena phocaenoides'' ([[w:Finless porpoise|Finless Porpoise]]) ** ''Orcaella brevirostris'' ([[w:Irrawaddy dolphin|Irrawaddy Dolphin]]) ** ''Orcaella heinsohni'' ([[w:Australian snubfin dolphin|Australian Snubfin Dolphin]]) ** ''Phocoena dioptrica'' ([[w:Spectacled porpoise|Spectacled Porpoise]]) ** ''Phocoena sinus'' ([[w:Vaquita|Vaquita]]) ** ''Phocoena spinipinnis'' ([[w:Burmeister's porpoise|Burmeister's Porpoise]]) ** ''Phocoenoides dalli'' ([[w:Dall's porpoise|Dall's Porpoise]]) ** ''Platanista gangetica'' ([[w:Ganges river dolphin|Ganges River Dolphin]]) ** ''Platanista minor'' ([[w:Indus river dolphin|Indus River Dolphin]]) ** ''Pontoporia blainvillei'' ([[w:La Plata dolphin|La Plata Dolphin]]) ** ''Sotalia fluviatilis'' ([[w:Tucuxi|Tucuxi]]) ** ''Sotalia guianensis'' ([[w:Costero|Costero]]) ** ''Sousa chinensis'' ([[w:Pacific humpback dolphin|Pacific Humpback Dolphin]]) ** ''Tasmacetus shepherdi'' ([[w:Shepherd's beaked whale|Shepherd's Beaked Whale]]) ** ''Tursiops australis'' ([[w:Burrunan dolphin|Burrunan Dolphin]]) == Marejeo == * "The Whales' Navy: In Defense of Whales Worldwide". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. [[http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/ |date=20080210002034 }}. Retrieved 2009-09-20.]] * "Save the Whales, founded in 1977". Save The Whales. [[http://www.savethewhales.org/. Retrieved 2009-09-20.]] * Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy. "Whales Descended From Tiny Deer-like Ancestors". ScienceDaily. [[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071220220241.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-21.]] * Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00583-8. * "How whales learned to swim". BBC News. 2002-05-08. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1974869.stm. Retrieved 2006-08-20.]] * Conroy, Erin (Juni 2007). "Netted whale hit by lance a century ago". Associated Press. [[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19195624/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19195624/ |date=20100613040928 }}. Retrieved 2009-10-05.]] * "Bowhead Whales Mei Be the World's Oldest Mammals". 2008-02-15. [[http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF15/1529.html |date=20091209053409 }}. Retrieved 2008-03-25.]] * George, J.C. et al. (1999). "Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) via aspartic acid racemization". Can. J. Zool. 77 (4): 571–580. doi:10.1139/cjz-77-4-571. * "How is that whale listening?". [[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-02/iop-hit020108.php. Retrieved 2008-02-04.]] * "Table of sound decibel levels". [[http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt. Retrieved 2006-09-14.]] * "Milk". Modern Marvels. The History Channel. 2008-01-07. * Siebert, Charles (8 Julai 2009). "Watching Whales Watching Us". New York Times Magazine. [[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/magazine/12whales-t.html?pagewanted=all.]] * [[http://www.whaling.jp/english/history.html]] * Whale. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. * "Sonar may cause Whale deaths". BBC News. 2003-10-08. [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3173942.stm. Retrieved 2006-09-14.]] * Piantadosi CA, Thalmann ED (2004-04-15). "Pathology: whales, sonar and decompression sickness". Nature 428 (6894): 716–718. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Cetacea}} * [http://www.arkive.org/ ARKive - images and movies of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises]{{Wayback|url=http://www.arkive.org/ |date=20160427162729 }} * [http://www.acsonline.org/ American Cetacean Society] * [http://www.crru.org.uk/ British Cetacean Site] especially interesting is [http://www.crru.org.uk/education/factfiles/taxonomy.htm taxonomy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.crru.org.uk/education/factfiles/taxonomy.htm |date=20070204002925 }} * [http://www.cetacea.org/ Cetacea.org homepage] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cetacea.org/ |date=20080703212945 }} * [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/cetacea/cetacea.html#genera Walker's Mammals of the World Online - Cetaceans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/cetacea/cetacea.html#genera |date=20041011223526 }} * [http://www.tursiops.org/ Tursiops.org: Current Cetacean-related news] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tursiops.org/ |date=20090105203734 }} * [http://whaleofatime.com/forum Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises and Cetaceans Forum] {{Wayback|url=http://whaleofatime.com/forum |date=20081210203137 }} * [[http://www.acsonline.org/education/taxonomy.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.acsonline.org/education/taxonomy.html |date=20100613012920 }}]] [[Jamii:Nyangumi na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Biblia]] amdwsxl1zz4l2r3iezcm20gh0kupbqs 0 19262 1575824 1449329 2026-06-21T16:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575824 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Temperature_reconstruction_last_two_millennia-sw.svg|thumb|350px|Grafu hii inaonyesha tofauti za halijoto za dunia za kihistoria na wastani wa miaka 1850-1900. Eneo lililotiwa rangi linawakilisha nafasi ya 68% ya kuamini ya makadirio kutoka kwa tafiti zilizotumiwa kwa makadirio haya.]] ''' Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani''' ([[ing.]] '''global warming''') ni mchakato wa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yaliyotambuliwa na [[wataalamu]] tangu miaka kadhaa. Mchakato huo ulianza pamoja na [[usambazaji]] wa [[viwanda]] [[duniani]]. Unaonekana kwa kulinganisha vipimo vya [[halijoto]] vinavyopatikana tangu miaka 150. Kupanda huku kunaleta mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]] yaliyoanza tayari kuathiri [[maisha]] ya [[watu]] na [[uhai]] kwa ujumla. Kuna [[hofu]] ya kwamba mabadiliko hayo yataleta [[hatari]] kubwa kwa [[jamii]]. Kati ya [[wanasayansi]] kulikuwa na majadiliano kama [[sababu]] za mabadiliko hayo ni [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]] tu au kama kuna [[uasilia|sababu asilia]]. Siku hizi wataalamu karibu wote hukubaliana ya kwamba sababu kuu ni kuchoma kwa [[makaa]] na [[mafuta]] katika [[viwanda]], ma[[gari]] na vituo vya [[umeme]] kunakopuliza [[Hewa|hewani]] [[gesijoto]] kama [[dioksidi kabonia]]. == Vipimo na data == Duniani kuna [[upimaji]] wa ki[[sayansi]] wa [[halijoto]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[1860]]. Kabla ya hapo kuna [[kumbukumbu]] ya hali ya hewa katika [[karne]] zilizopita kutoka mahali mbalimbali ambazo hazikusanifishwa wakati ule. Leo hii [[wanasayansi]] wanatumia vipimo na [[taarifa]] za kale wakipiga ma[[kadirio]] juu ya hali ya hewa katika [[historia]]. Hapo wanatumia pia [[mbinu]] kama kulinganisha miviringo kwenye ma[[shina]] ya [[miti]] inayoonyesha miaka yenye [[mvua]] nyingi au kidogo au wanapima [[kiwango]] cha dioksidi kabonia kwenye [[barafu]] ya chini nchani yenye [[umri]] wa miaka 10,000 na zaidi. Makadirio ya hali ya hewa hutofautiana, lakini kwa jumla kuna [[picha]] juu ya miaka 1,000 iliyopita. Watalaamu wanakubaliana ya kwamba mnamo mwaka [[1000]] kulikuwa na kipindi cha [[joto]] kiasi, tena kipindi cha [[baridi]] kiasi kuanzia mnamo mwaka [[1600]]. Lakini hakuna [[hakika]] bado juu ya [[athira]] duniani kwa sababu sehemu kubwa ya [[data]] ni kutoka upande wa [[kaskazini]] ya dunia. Vipimo vya kisayansi vinavyopatikana vinaonyesha ya kwamba halijoto ya wastani duniani imepanda [[sentigredi]] 0.7 kati ya [[1906]] na [[2005]]. Hii si kiwango kidogo; wakati wa [[zama za barafu]] kubwa miaka 100,000 iliyopita halijoto ilikuwa tu 6&nbsp;°C chini ya wastani ya leo na hii ilitosha kufunika sehemu kubwa za [[Ulaya]], [[Asia]] na [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] kwa mabapa manene ya [[barafu]]. [[Dalili]] zote zinadokeza ya kwamba kupanda kwa halijoto kuliharakishwa tangu mwaka [[1970]] na kunaelekea kupanda zaidi. == Sababu za kuongezeka kwa halijoto == Katika majadiliano kuhusu asili ya kupanda kwa halijoto wataalamu walijadiliana sababu mbalimbali zilizotajwa. Kuna idadi ya sababu za kiasili ambazo zilizowahi kuathiri tabianchi ya Dunia katika kistoria ya miaka mamilioni kama vile mabadiliko katika kiwango cha [[mnururisho]] wa [[Jua]] unaofika duniani au milipuko ya volkeno. Lakini ilionekana sababu hizi zote hazikuweza kuathiri tabianchi kiasi cha kueleza mabadiliko yanayopimwa. Siku hizi karibu wataalamu wote hukubaliana kwamba sababu ni kuongezeka kwa [[gesi]] kama [[dioksidi kabonia]] hewani kutokana na shughuli za binadamu hasa kuchoma [[makaa]] na [[mafuta ya petroli]] tangu mwanzo wa [[mapinduzi ya viwandani]] katika [[karne ya 19]].<ref>https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ {{Wayback|url=https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/ |date=20190507113313 }} Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report, tovuti ya '''Wuebbles''', D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, B. DeAngelo, S. Doherty, K. Hayhoe, R. Horton, J.P. Kossin, P.C. Taylor, A.M. Waple, and C.P. Weaver, 2017: Executive summary. In: ''Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I'' [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 12-34, doi: 10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.</ref> == Matokeo yanayotazamiwa == Wataalamu wanaonya ya kwamba kupanda kwa halijoto kunaweza kuleta mabadiliko kama yafuatayo: * kuongezeka kwa halijoto ya [[angahewa]] kutaongeza pia halijoto ya [[bahari]] na kusababisha [[uvukizaji]] mkubwa utakaoleta ma[[wingu]] na [[mvua]] za nyongeza duniani * [[mikondo ya bahari]] itabadilika na kubadilisha hali ya hewa katika nchi nyingi * sehemu kadhaa zenye [[jangwa]] zitapokea mvua lakini maeneo mengine yatakosa mvua, hivyo kuleta ma[[tatizo]] kwa [[kilimo]] na [[njaa]] kwa watu * barafu kwenye [[ncha za dunia]] itaendelea kuyeyuka. Hii itasababisha kupanda kwa [[uwiano wa bahari]], kuleta [[mafuriko]] kwenye [[pwani]] za dunia na kuhatarisha [[makazi]] ya watu karibu na bahari, hasa [[miji]] ya [[bandari]] na [[nchi za visiwani]]: nchi kadhaa kama [[Maldivi]] zitazama baharini na kupotea kabisa * kwa jumla [[upepo]] na [[tufani]] zitaongezeka na kuwa kali zaidi * [[magonjwa]] kama [[malaria]] yataongezeka kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaopitisha [[ugonjwa]] watapata [[nafasi]] mpya katika sehemu zilizokuwa baridi mno kwao ==Juhudi za kimataifa== Kutokana na hatari zinazotazamiwa na karibu wataalamu wote wa [[elimu]] ya tabianchi duniani [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulifanya jitihada za kuanzisha hatua za kisiasa za kupambana na hatari hizi. Tokeo lake ni [[Kongamano la Mfumo wa UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (''[[:en:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]'') ya mwaka [[1993]] ambayo nchi 194 zilijiunga nayo. Nchi wanachama ziliendelea kupatana hatua mbalimbali katika [[Itifaki ya Kyoto]] na [[Mapatano ya Paris kuhusu Tabianchi]] ya mwaka [[2015]] ambayo nchi wanachama ziliahidi kuchukua hatua maalumu ya kupakana kupanda kwa halijoto kwa kiwango chini ya angalau 2[[°C]] kwa wastani au hata 1.5°C ikiwezekana. == Tazama pia == * [[Madhara ya ongezeko la joto Duniani]] == Viungo vya nje == === Vipimo na data === * [http://earth.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Global Warming Wikia] * [http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccgg/iadv/ NOAA CMDL CCGG - Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization] NOAA CO₂ data * [http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/13.htm UNEP - The present carbon cycle - Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/13.htm |date=20080915231431 }} carbon levels and flows * [http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/ Temperature data] Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Philip D. Jones and other. * [http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/obsdata/globaltemperature.html Hadley Centre: Global temperature data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/obsdata/globaltemperature.html |date=20051104005338 }} ==== Suala la dioksidi kabonia ==== * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html International Energy Annual: Reserves] * [http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 IEA Publications Bookshop - Key World Energy Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iea.org/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 |date=20060306190844 }} * [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/carbon.html International Energy Annual 2002: Carbon Dioxide Emissions] === Tovuti za kisayansi === * [http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghcc_home.html NASA's Global Hydrology and Climate Center] {{Wayback|url=http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghcc_home.html |date=20061214054334 }} * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/observe/surftemp/ NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/observe/surftemp/ |date=20050105010643 }} (GISS) — Global Temperature Trends. * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/paleo/ NASA's GISS paleoclimate site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/paleo/ |date=20100714014633 }} * [http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] {{Wayback|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html |date=20090119143902 }} — [[NOAA]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] — Global Warming FAQ * [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleostory.html NOAA's paleoclimate site] * [http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/ MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change] * [http://www.realclimate.org Real climate] a blog where scientists discuss the science of global warming === Habari za ziada === * [http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/ New Scientist: Climate Change] — Latest news, articles and FAQ on climate change from New Scientist magazine. * [http://www.aip.org/history/climate Discovery of Global Warming] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate |date=20090213161322 }} — An extensive introduction to the topic and the history of its discovery * [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/ Science of Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/ |date=20060628031932 }} — [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/ Meteorological Service of Canada] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/ |date=20051125084514 }}, a guide to understanding the science behind climate change with a thorough [http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/FAQ/index_e.html FAQ section] {{Wayback|url=http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/FAQ/index_e.html |date=20060615141646 }}. * [http://www.abelard.org/briefings/global_warming.htm Global warming - a briefing document] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abelard.org/briefings/global_warming.htm |date=20090106110154 }}, summarising current arguments concerning global warming. They present various points of view and some of the basic problems in following the science. * [http://www.acoolerclimate.com How To Help Prevent Global Warming Articles And Newsletter] * [http://www.yerbilimleri.com/kuresel-isinma-gercekler-ve-belirsizlikler Karaca, M. Şen, Ö.L. 2007. Küresel Isınma: Gerçekler ve Belirsizlikler, Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yerbilimleri.com/kuresel-isinma-gercekler-ve-belirsizlikler |date=20090615133041 }} * http://www.sunnyvalecool.org/ {{Wayback|url=http://www.sunnyvalecool.org/ |date=20090114161450 }} We are a team of Sunnyvale, California, residents and friends. === Mengine === * [http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/globalwarming.html A large compendium of links to sites with information on global warming] {{Wayback|url=http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/globalwarming.html |date=20051204091402 }} * [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Science and Technology Librarianship: Global Warming and Climate Change Science] — Extensive commented list of Internet resources — Science and Technology Sources on the Internet. * [http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=120 Activist Magazine: Carbon Activism for Beginners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=120 |date=20090113221218 }} * [http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=category&sectionid=9&id=230&Itemid=80 Stop Climate Chaos ~ ACT for the Earth] {{Wayback|url=http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&task=category&sectionid=9&id=230&Itemid=80 |date=20090113213429 }} [[Jamii:Metorolojia]] [[Jamii:Madhara ya mazingira]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] kzs3gh7s03c937y1mknfluicqiozbtd 0 19670 1575950 1336564 2026-06-22T06:05:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Santi di Tito - Niccolo Machiavelli's portrait headcrop.jpg|thumb|right|Taswira ya Macchiavelli ilivyochorwa na [[Santi di Tito]]]] '''Niccolo Machiavelli''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]]: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Macchiavelli) ([[3 Mei]] [[1469]] – [[21 Juni]] [[1527]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwanafalsafa]] nchini [[Italia]]. Machiavelli anajulikana [[duniani]] kwa [[maandishi]] yake ambamo alieleza [[siasa]] kama mbinu ya kutafuta na kutetea [[utawala]] bila kujali [[maadili]] au tofauti kati ya mema na mabaya. ==Maisha== Machiavelli alizaliwa mjini [[Firenze]] akaendelea kuishi huko. Alijiunga na [[utumishi]] wa [[serikali]] ya [[jamhuri]] ya Firenze wakati [[watemi]] wa [[ukoo]] wa [[Medici]] walipofukuzwa mjini. Akawa [[katibu]] wa serikali na [[balozi]] wake katika [[safari]] mbalimbali za kutembelea [[watawala]] wa nje. ==Maandishi== [[Kitabu]] chake ambacho kimekuwa maarufu kinaitwa "Il Principe" (''tamka: il prin-chi-pe'') au "Mtawala". Humo alieleza masharti ya [[utawala]] kwa [[kiongozi]] wa kisiasa. [[File:Niccolo Machiavelli uffizi.jpg|right|thumb|177px|[[Sanamu]] ya Niccolo Machiavelli katika Jumba la Uffizi, Firenze.]] Aliandika ya kwamba kuna vipindi vigumu katika [[maisha]] ya [[mataifa]] na [[madola]] ambapo anahitajika kiongozi wa kisiasa atakayeshika utawala na kutengeneza upya misingi ya dola. Katika utekelezaji wa [[kazi]] hiyo anapaswa kushinda kwa namna yoyote akiondoa vizuizi na kila upinzani. Hatakiwi kubanwa na masharti wala [[sheria]] za maadili. Machiavelli aliandika ya kwamba ni afadhali kama mtawala anapendwa na kuhofiwa na wananchi kwa wakati uleule. Ila, kama anapaswa kuchagua kati ya kupendwa au kuhofiwa kwa sababu haiwezekani kuwa na pande zote mbili wakati mmoja, ni heri akihofiwa. Pia ni ushauri wa Machiavelli kwamba matendo ya kinyama yatekelezwe haraka na vikali kwa sababu yatasahauliwa; lakini mema yatolewe polepole na kidogokidogo ili yakumbukwe kwa [[muda]] mrefu. Mtawala anatakiwa kutetea [[kanuni]] za mema mbele ya watu hata kama yeye mwenyewe atatenda kinyume chake lakini ikiwezekana kwa [[siri]]. Haya yote yanatakiwa [[macho|machoni]] pa Machiavelli kwa shabaha ya juu ambayo ni [[heri]] ya [[umma]]. Utawala wa kiongozi mmoja uwe kipindi tu na shabaha iwe [[jamhuri]] inayofuata sheria zake. Ila tu katika vipindi vya matatizo uongozi mkali unapaswa kuwepo. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/ Machiavelli: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] *[http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=3801&Itemid=28 full text books from the Liberty Fund, a conservative think tank] {{Wayback|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=3801&Itemid=28 |date=20130520134931 }} *[http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/macv.htm Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)] *[http://www.earlymoderntexts.com Site containing The Prince, slightly modified for easier reading] *{{gutenberg author|id=Machiavelli|name=Machiavelli}} *[http://marxists.org/reference/archive/machiavelli/ Machiavelli] at the [[Marxists Internet Archive]], including some of his works *[http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut242.HTM Works by Niccolò Machiavelli]: text, concordances and frequency list *[http://www.timoroso.com/philosophy/machiavelli/ Machiavelli on the Net] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timoroso.com/philosophy/machiavelli/ |date=20090112221907 }}, a Machiavelli webliography with a short introduction. *[http://digilander.libero.it/il_machiavelli/index.html Works of Machiavelli] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/il_machiavelli/index.html |date=20081204021939 }}: Italian and English text *[http://hua.umf.maine.edu/Reading_Revolutions/Machiavelli.html Machiavelli and Power Politics] {{Wayback|url=http://hua.umf.maine.edu/Reading_Revolutions/Machiavelli.html |date=20081201030708 }} *[http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&person=3801 Machiavelli on the Online Library Of Liberty] {{Wayback|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&person=3801 |date=20130520134604 }} *[http://www.rain.org/~karpeles/macfrm.html Digitized Italian Letter, Machiavelli, Karpeles Manuscript Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rain.org/~karpeles/macfrm.html |date=20180302140450 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p004y26p/In_Our_Time_Machiavelli_and_the_Italian_City_States Machiavelli and the Italian City on the BBC's In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p004y26p/In_Our_Time_Machiavelli_and_the_Italian_City_States |date=20120323233113 }}; with Quentin Skinner, Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge; Evelyn Welch, Professor of Renaissance Studies at Queen Mary, University of London; Lisa Jardine, Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London * Wight, Martin. ''Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini'' (2005), ch. 1 [http://www.questia.com/read/110131848?title=Four%20Seminal%20Thinkers%20in%20International%20Theory%3a%20%20Machiavelli%2c%20Grotius%2c%20Kant%2c%20and%20Mazzini online edition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.questia.com/read/110131848?title=Four%20Seminal%20Thinkers%20in%20International%20Theory%3a%20%20Machiavelli%2c%20Grotius%2c%20Kant%2c%20and%20Mazzini |date=20090619144906 }} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Machiavelli, Niccolo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1469]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1527]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] nlcji0t8wg6zi8mpu7dx32z55s3f632 0 20337 1575924 1300837 2026-06-22T03:11:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mor-mattai.png|thumb|Monasteri iliyoanzishwa na [[Mar Mattai]] aliyekimbilia [[Amid]] ([[Mesopotamia]]) wakati wa [[dhuluma]] za [[kaisari]] [[Juliano Mwasi]] ([[363]]).]] [[File:Sumela From Across Valley.JPG|thumb|Monasteri ya [[Sumela]], kusini kwa [[Trabzon]], [[Uturuki]], ilijengwa katika [[karne ya 4]] (labda [[386]]).]] [[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|thumb|Monasteri ya [[Mt. Katerina wa Aleksandria]] juu ya [[Mlima Sinai]], mwanzo wa [[karne ya 6]].]] [[Picha:Monasterio Paular.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Monasteri ya [[Bikira Maria]] huko El Paular, karibu na [[Madrid]], [[Hispania]].]] [[File:Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg|thumb|Monasteri ya Mt. Nilus katika [[kisiwa]] [[Stolbnyi]] kwenye [[Ziwa Seliger]] karibu na [[Ostashkov]], [[Russia]], [[1910]] hivi.]] '''Monasteri''' (kutoka [[Kiingereza]] "monastery") katika [[Ukristo]] ni [[jengo]] au majengo ya pamoja ambapo inaishi [[jumuia]] ya [[wamonaki]], chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya [[abati]]. Kila moja inaweza kujitegemea, ingawa pengine yameundwa [[mashirikisho]] ili kusaidiana na kuratibu [[malezi]] na masuala mengine ya pamoja. Monasteri ni tofauti na [[konventi]], zilizoanzishwa na [[mashirika ya ombaomba]], ambayo wanajumuia wake si wamonaki bali wanaitwa "ndugu". Monasteri za Kikristo zilianza kujengwa baada ya kwisha kwa [[dhuluma]] za [[Dola la Roma]] dhidi ya Ukristo, ingawa hata kabla ya hapo kulikuwa na waamini wanaoishi namna fulani ya [[Utawa|maisha ya kitawa]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi monasteri zilikuwa kama [[mji]] mdogo unaojitegemea [[Uchumi|kiuchumi]] pia kutokana na mkazo uliowekwa katika [[Sala na kazi|kusali na kufanya kazi]]. Kuna monasteri hata katika ya baadhi ya [[dini]] nyingine, hasa [[Ubuddha]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Monasteries}} * [http://www.sumela.org Sumela Monastery] * [http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monastics.html Public Domain photographs and texts, and information regarding medieval monasteries.] * [http://www.vaticanoweb.com/monasteri/initalia.asp Monastery Italy] * [http://monasteries.org.ua/en/searchmonasteries Monasteries Search]{{Wayback|url=http://monasteries.org.ua/en/searchmonasteries |date=20160529005444 }} — UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries * [http://monasteries.org.ua/en/geomaps/gmap Google-map]{{Wayback|url=http://monasteries.org.ua/en/geomaps/gmap |date=20160229114835 }} — UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Wamonaki]] h5nsey84rijue1h42itjjf206odyla1 0 26377 1575938 1333751 2026-06-22T04:52:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575938 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muziki wa video''' (pia: '''muziki wa kuona''' au '''video ya muziki''') ni aina ya maudhui ya [[muziki]] katika taswira mjongeo. [[Video]] nyingi za muziki huonyesha [[msanii]] akiwa anaimba [[wimbo]] aliorekodi au akionekana akiinuainua [[mdomo]] kupitia kwenye [[skrini]] ya [[runinga]]. [[Mtandao|Mitandao]] ya [[TV]] na izaya maarufu zinazopiga sana muziki wa video ni pamoja na [[MTV]], [[VH1]], [[BET]], na [[CMT]]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.musicvideobum.com Music Video Bum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musicvideobum.com/ |date=20141218050220 }} An open user managed music video collection * [http://museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/musicontele/musicontele.htm Music on Television] {{Wayback|url=http://museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/musicontele/musicontele.htm |date=20090225191521 }} A brief history of Music Videos * [http://diggievision.blogspot.com Diggievision] Video artists & directors * [http://www.famousmusicvideos.com]{{Wayback|url=http://www.famousmusicvideos.com/ |date=20121123213052 }} Famous Music Videos * [http://www.audiotube.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.audiotube.com/ |date=20210223193954 }} Discover New Music {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Filamu]] ogutazsejvs93lkcimeuxaz8hn7t7cy 0 30433 1575867 1570953 2026-06-21T21:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|250px|thumb|Injini ya [[Mvuke ya Watt]], [[Injini ya Mvuke]] iliyoendeshwa hasa kutumia [[makaa]] ambayo ilisukuma Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini [[Uingereza]]na Duniani.<ref>[[Watt steam engine]] image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the UPM ([[Madrid]])</ref>]] '''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani''' yalikuwa kipindi kutoka [[karne ya 18]] hadi [[karne ya 19]] ambapo yalitokea mabadiliko makubwa katika [[kilimo]], [[utengenezaji]] wa [[bidhaa]], [[uchimbaji]] wa [[madini]] na [[uchukuzi]] yakiwa na matokeo makubwa kwa hali ya [[kiuchumi]], ya kijamii na ya [[kitamaduni]]. Yalianzia [[Uingereza]] na hatimaye kuenea [[Ulaya]] nzima, [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na mwishowe [[duniani]] kote. Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya viwanda ulidokeza mabadiliko muhimu katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]]; karibu kila kipengele cha maisha ya kila siku hatimaye yaliathirika kwa njia fulani. Mwanzo wa wakati wa mwisho wa karne ya 18 mabadiliko katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[Uingereza]] yalianza na kazi ambazo hapo awali zilikuwa za mkononi na uchumi uliotumia wanyama kuendesha kazi kulibadilishwana uundaji bidhaa uliotegemea [[mashine]]. Ilianza na utumizi wa [[mashine]] katika viwanda vya [[nguo]], uundaji kwa mbinu za kutengeneza chuma na kuzidi kutegemea makaa ya mawe yaliyosafishwa.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beck B. | first = Roger | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = World History: Patterns of Interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | date = 1999 | location = Evanston, Illinois | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Upanuzi wa biashara uliwezeshwa na kuanzishwa kwa [[mifereji]], uboreshaji wa barabara na [[reli]]. Kuvumbuliwa kwa [[nguvu za mvuke]] kuliowezeshwa hasa na makaa ya mawe, utumizi mwingi wa [[gurudumu la maji]] na mashine za nguvu (hasa katika [[kutengeneza nguo]]) kulisisimua kuongezeka kukubwa wa uwezo wa uzalishaji.<ref>Business and Economics. ''Leading Issues in Economic Development'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511589-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0195115899&id=CX9kBaVx4JkC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=V0eO27c7koD8rrIV2EKv6-guB5s Read it]</ref> Kuundwa kwa [[vifaa vya mashine]] ambavyo vilikuwa vya chuma pekee katika miongo miwili ya kwanza ya karne ya 19 kuliwezesha kutengenezwa kwa mashine zaidi za kuunda vifaa katika viwanda vingine. Matokeo yalienea kote katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]] na [[Marekani ya Kaskazini]] wakati wa karne ya 19, na hatimaye kuathiri karibu Dunia yote, mchakato ambao unaendelea katika [[kuenea kwa viwanda]]. Athari ya matokeo kwa jamii ilikuwa kubwa sana.<ref>Russell Brown, Lester. ''Eco-Economy'', James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-904-3 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN1853839043&id=5aCyfUsHM6kC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&sig=1dsUat9P_-9dWWVRMpPt1udT8DQ Read it]</ref> Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ya Kwanza, ambayo yalianza katika karne ya 18, yaliingia katika [[Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwanda]] mnamo mwaka wa 1850, ambapo maendeleo ya teknolojia na uchumi yalizidi kwa [[meli]] zinazotumia mvuke, reli, na baadaye katika karne ya 19 [[injini ya mwako ya ndani]] na [[uzalishaji wa nguvu za umeme]]. Urefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda unatofautisha wanahistoria mbalimbali. [[Eric Hobsbawm]] anasisitiza kwamba 'yalianza' nchini [[Uingereza]] katika miaka ya 1780 na hayakuonekana kikamilifu hadi miaka ya 1830 au 1840,<ref>Eric Hobsbawm, ''The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. ISBN 0-349-10484-0</ref> ilhali [[T. S. Ashton]] anaamini kwamba ilifanyika, kwa kukadiria, kati ya miaka 1760 na 1830. Baadhi ya wanahistoria wa karne ya 20 kama vile [[John Clapham]] na [[Nicholas Crafts]] wamedokeza kuwa mchakato wa mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kijamii yalifanyika hatua kwa hatua na kuwa neno ''[[mapinduzi]]'' halifai kuelezea yaliyofanyika. Hii bado ni mada inayojadiliwa na wanahistoria.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2598327 |title=Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_1992-02_45_1/page/24 |year=1992 |author=Berg, Maxine |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=45 |pages=24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.julielorenzen.net/berg.html |date=20061109022755 }} by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved Novemba 2006.</ref> [[Mapato ya Kijumla ya Nchi]] ya kila mtu kwa upana yalikuwa imara kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani na kuibuka kwa uchumi wa kisasa wa [[ubepari]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | publisher = Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution | accessdate = 2007-11-14 | author = [[Robert Lucas, Jr.]] | year = 2003 | quote = it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita [[real income|incomes]] in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year. | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Mapinduzi ya viwanda yalianzisha zama za [[ustawi wa kiuchumi]] na kulenga mapato ya kila mtu katika nchi zenye uchumi wa kibepari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url = http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm | title = The Industrial Revolution ''Past and Future'' | first = Robert | last = Lucas | year = 2003 | quote = [consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century | accessdate = 2010-01-14 | archivedate = 2008-05-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516211911/http://minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm }}</ref> Wanahistoria wanakubaliana kwamba Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa mojawapo ya matukio muhimu sana kihistoria.<ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics], Library of Economics and Liberty</ref> == Historia ya jina == [[Arnold Toynbee]] ndiye anayetambulika kuyafanya maneno ''Mapinduzi ya Viwandani'' kuwa maarufu, na ambaye hotuba zake zilizotolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1881 zilikuwa na maelezo ya kina. Matumizi ya kwanza kabisa ya maneno "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani", ambayo ushahidi wake bado haujapatikana, kulingana na mwanahistoria [[David Landes]], yalikuwa katika barua ya tarehe 6 Julai 1799 iliyoandikwa na mjumbe wa Ufaransa Louis-Guillaume Otto. Maneno hayo yalitumika kumaanisha mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia yaliyokuwa yanazidi kuwa ya kawaida katika miaka ya mwisho ya 1830, kama katika maelezo ya [[Louis-Auguste Blanqui]] ya 1837 ya ''la révolution industrielle''. [[Friedrich Engels]] katika ''[[Hali ya Daraja la Watu Linalofanya Kazi nchini Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1844]]'' alizungumzia "mapinduzi ya viwandani, mapinduzi ambayo katika wakati mmoja yalibadilisha jamii nzima ya kiraia." Katika kitabu chake ''[[Maneno muhimu: Msamiati wa Utamaduni na Jamii]]'', [[Raymond Williams]] anataja katika sehemu ya [[Viwanda]]: ''Wazo la utaratibu mpya wa kijamii wenye msingi katika mabadiliko makubwa ya viwandani yalikuwa wazi katika [[Robert Southey|Southey]] na [[Robert Owen|Owen]], kati ya mwaka wa 1811 na mwaka wa 1818, na ulikuwa wazi pia wakati wa mapema wa malenga [[William Blake|Blake]] katika miaka ya mapema ya 1790 na katika mashairi ya [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] kufikia mwisho wa karne.'' == Vyanzo == [[Picha:World GDP Capita 1-2003 A.D.png|300px|thumb|Mapato ya Kijumla ya kila mtu katika maeneo mbalimbali hayakubadilika sana katika historia ya binadamu kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. (sehemu tupu zinamaanisha kuwa hakuna data, si viwango vidogo sana. Kuna data ya miaka 1, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, 1900, and 2003)]] Vyanzo vya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ni vigumu kuelezea na vinabaki kuwa swala la kujadiliwa, huku baadhi ya wanahistoria wakiamini kuwa Mapinduzi hayo yalikuwa sehemu ya mabadiliko ya kijamii na kitaasisi yaliyosababishwa na kuisha kwa [[Ubwana]] nchini [[Uingereza]] baada ya [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa Wwenyewe vya Uingereza]] katika karne ya 17. Kadiri udhibiti wa mipaka ya kitaifa ulivyozidi kufanikiwa, kuenea kwa magonjwa kulipunguzwa, hivyo basi kuzuia [[pandemia]] zilizokuwa kawaida katika nyakati zilizotangulia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml |title=BBC – Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> Asilimia ya watoto ambao waliishi kuzidi miaka ya utotoni iliongezeka pakubwa, kupelekea kuwa na wafanyikazi wengi. Harakati ya [[nyumba]] na [[Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Uingereza]] yalifanya uzalishaji wa chakula kuwa rahisi zaidi na kutotegemea wafanyakazi wengi, hivyo kulazimisha idadi ya watu ambao hawengeweza kupata kazi katika kilimo wajiunge na [[viwanda vya karakana]],kwa mfano [[ushonaji]], na baada ya kipindi kirefu wakajiunga na miji na [[viwanda]] vilivyokuwa vimejengwa upya wakati huo.<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England]</ref> [[Upanuzi wa kikoloni]] wa karne ya 17 ulioambatana na maendeleo ya biashara ya kimataifa, kuundwa kwa [[masoko ya kifedha]] na kukusanywa kwa [[mtaji]] pia zinatajwa kama sababu, kama tu [[mapinduzi ya kisanyansi]] ya karne ya 17.<ref>"[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html Scientific Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509067/Scientific_Revolution.html |date=20091028110638 }}". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-10-31.</ref> Hadi miaka ya 1980, iliaminika Ulimwenguni kote na wasomi wa kihistoria kuwa uvumbuzi wa kiteknolojia ulikuwa chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda ni kuwa teknolojia msingi iliyowezesha haya ilikuwa uundaji na uboreshaji wa [[injini ya mvuke]].<ref>Hudson, Pat. ''The Industrial Revolution'', Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-7131-6531-6</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti wa hivi karibuni kuhusu [[zama ya Masoko]] imeibua changamoto dhidi ya tafsiri ya jadi ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda inayotegemea usambazaji.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Fullerton | first = Ronald A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era" | journal = The Journal of Marketing | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 108–125 | publisher = [[American Marketing Association]] | location = New York City, NY | date = Januari 1988 | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marketing_1988-01_52_1/page/108 | doi = 10.2307/1251689 | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> [[Lewis Mumford]] amependekeza kuwa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yana asili yao katika [[Zama za Mapema za Kati]], mapema zaidi kuliko makadirio mengi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/015688254X/ref=sib_fs_top?ie=UTF8&p=S00Q&checkSum=udoW5CVmUdy3Y45ns0wtGk7Wesh6yWx220dcukbd7VE%3D#reader-link |title=Technics & Civilization |publisher=Lewis Mumford |accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> Anaelezea kuwa mfano wa mfumo huo wa [[uzalishaji mkubwa]] kwa kawaida ulikuwa [[mashine ya uchapishaji]] na kuwa "dhana ya mfano wa zama za viwanda ulikuwa ni saa". Pia anasisitiza kuhusu msisitizo wa [[kimonastiki]]kuhusu mpangilio mwema na kuweka-wakati, na pia ukweli kwamba katika [[miaka ya karne ya 13]] katikati ya miji kulikuwa na kanisa ambapo kengele kilipigwa baada ya saa chache kama mahitaji muhimu ya mambo kufanyika kwa mpangilio maalum uliohitajika baadaye kwa, vifaa vya kimwili zaidi, vilivyoweza kudhihirika, maka vile injini ya mvuke. Kuwepo kwa soko kubwa la ndani pia unapaswa kutiliwa maanani kama chanzo muhimu cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani , hasa katika kuelezea mbona yakafanyika nchini Uingereza. Katika mataifa mengine, kama vile Ufaransa, masoko yalipasuliwa na kimkoa, mikoa ambayo mara nyingi ilituza ushuru na [[kodi]] kwa bidhaa zilizouzwa miongoni mwao.<ref>Deane, Phyllis. ''The First Industrial Revolution'', Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29609-9 [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0521296099&id=eMBG_soDdNoC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&sig=xzXl17mm0GYiH80TH-V0lR7JVAk Read it]</ref> Serikali kuwapa wavumbuzi [[uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza]] ambao ulipimwa chini ya mfumo uliokuwa ukiendelezwa wa [[patenti]] ( [[Katiba ya Uwezo wa Kipekee wa Kuuza 1623]]) inatambulika kama sababu muhimu.Matokeo ya patenti, mabaya na mazuri, ya maendeleo ya viwanda yanaonyeshwa wazi katika historia ya injini ya mvuke, teknolojia muhimu ya kuwezesha mapinduzi hayo. Kama malipo ya kuonyesha wazi mbele ya umma jinsi kifaa kilichovumbuliwa kilivyofanya kazi mfumo wa patenti uliwalipa wavumbuzi kama [[James Watt]] kwa kuwaruhusu kuwa na uwezo wa kipekee wa kuunda injini za kwanza za mvuke, hivyo basi kuwalipa wavumbuzi na kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo ya kiteknolojia. Hata hivyo uwezo wa kipekee wa kuuza kawaida husababisha madhara yanayoweza kuondoa, au hata kuzidi kwa umbali, matokeo mazuri ya kufanya uvumbuzi uwe wazi mbele ya umma na kuwalipa wavumbuzi.<ref>Eric Schiff, ''Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907'', [[Princeton University]] Press, 1971.</ref> Uwezo wa kipekee wa Watt wa kuunda injini za mvuke huenda kulizuia wavumbuzi wengine, kama vile [[Richard Trevithick]], [[William Murdoch]] au [[Jonathan Hornblower]], kuunda injini za mvuke bora zaidi, hivyo basi kuchelewesha maendeleo ya mapinduzi ya viwandani kwa takriban miaka 16.<ref>Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstfinal.htm Against Intellectual Monopoly], {{PDFlink|[http://www.dklevine.com/papers/imbookfinal01.pdf Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008]|55&nbsp;KB}}, page 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN-13: 9780521879286</ref> === Sababu za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kutokea Ulaya === [[Picha:Vereinigte Ostindische Compagnie bond - Middelburg - Amsterdam - 1622.jpg|thumb|A 1623 [[Hundi (Kifedha)|Hundi]] ya [[Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya Uhindi Mashariki]].<br /> Upanuzi wa kikoloni wa Ulaya wa karne ya 17, biashara ya kimataifa, na kuundwa kwa masoko ya kifedha yalizalisha mazingira mapya ya kisheria na kifedha, ambayo yaliwezesha kuendelea kwa viwanda katika karne ya 18.]] Swali moja linalowasumbua sana wanahistoria ni mbona mapinduzi ya viwanda yakafanyika Barani Ulaya lakini si sehemu zingine za Dunia katika karne ya 18, hasa [[Uchina]], [[Uhindi]], na [[Mashariki ya Kati]], au katika zama zingine kama [[zama za Kale za Kihistoria]]<ref>[http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/movable_type/archives/000891.html |date=20110927042849 }} J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 Septemba 2002. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> au [[Zama za Kati]].<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England] | The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 Oktoba 2006 – Accessed Januari 2007</ref> Sababu nyingi zimependekezwa, ikiwemo elimu na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia<ref>Jackson J. Spielvogel (2009). "''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Western Civilization: Since 1500]''". p.607.</ref> (angalia [[Mapinduzi ya Kisayanis]] barani Ulaya), serikali ya "kisasa", mitazamo ya "kisasa" ya kikazi, kiikolojia, na utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Causes |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202030217/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zama za Kutaalamika]] hazikumaanisha tu idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu walioelimika lakini pia mitazamo ya kisasa kuhusu kazi. Hata hivyo, wanahistoria wengi wanakataa madai kuwa Ulaya na Uchina zilikuwa karibu sawa kwa sababu makadirio ya kisasa ya mapato ya wastani ya kila mtu katika Ulaya ya magharibi katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 18 ni takriban dola 1,500 za [[nguvu sawa za ununuzi]] (na Uingereza ilikuwa na [[mapato ya wastani ya kila raia]] ya takriban dola 2,000<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.iisg.nl/research/jvz-cobbdouglas.pdf Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growth]|254&nbsp;KB}} Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. Mei 2005. Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref>) huku Uchina, kwa kulinganisha, ikiwa na dola 450 pekee. Pia, [[kiwango cha riba]] cha wastani kilikuwa karibu 5% nchini Uingereza na zaidi ya 30% nchini Uchina, jambo linaloonyesha jinsi mtaji ulivyokuwa mwingi zaidi nchini Uingereza.{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2009}} Baadhi ya wahistoria kama vile [[David Landes]]<ref name=Landes>{{cite book | last = Landes | first = David | authorlink = David Landes | coauthors = | title = The Wealth and Poverty of Nations | publisher = Abacus | date = 1999 | location = London | pages = [https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi/page/38 38]–9 | url =https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn0000davi | doi = | id = | isbn = 0349111669}}</ref> na [[Max Weber]] wanaashiria mitazamo mbalimbali nchini Uchina na Ulaya na kuamuru mahali ambapo mapinduzi yalitokea. Dini na imani za Ulaya zilikuwa haswa chanzo cha [[Ukristo wa Kiyudea]], na dhana za Kigiriki. Jamii ya Kichina ilikuwa na msingi wake katika watu kama vile [[Confucius]], [[Mencius]], [[Han Feizi]] ([[Matendo bila Imani]]), [[Lao Tzu]] ([[Utao]]), and [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] ([[Ubudha]]). Watu wa Ulaya walipoamini kuwa ulimwengu ulitawaliwa na sheria za kimantiki na za milele, watu wa Mashariki, waliamini kuwa ulimwengu ulibadilika kila uchao na, kwa Wabudha na Watao, haungeweza kueleweka kimantiki. {{Citation needed|tarehe=Oktoba 2009}} Kuhusu Uhindi, mwanahistoria wa Kimaksi [[Rajani Palme Dutt]] alisema: "Mtaji wa kuyawezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uhindi yalitumika kuwezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda nchini Uingereza kifedha."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121101154852/http://india_resource.tripod.com/colonial.html South Asian History] -Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent: British rule and the legacy of colonisation. Rajni-Palme Dutt ''India Today'' (Indian Edition published 1947). Retrieved Januari 2007.</ref> Ikitofautishwa na Uchina, nchi ya Uhindi iligawanywa katika milki mbalimbali zilizokuwa zikishindana, huku milki tatu kuu zikiwa [[Marathas]], [[Sikhs]] na [[Mughals]]. Isitoshe, uchumi ulitegemea pakubwa—kilimo cha nyumbani na pamba, na kunaonekana kuwa na uvumbuzi mchache sana wa kiufundi. Inaaminika kuwa idadi kubwa ya mali mara nyingi ilifichwa katika hazina za makasri na wafalme au malkia ambao waliendesha serikali za kiimla kabla ya Uingereza kuchukua mamlaka. Uongozi wa [[Kiimla]] nchini Uchina, Uhindi, na Mashariki ya Kati kulishindwa kusisimua utengenezaji wa bidhaa na uuzaji wa bidhaa nje ya nchi, na kulionyesha nia kidogo ya kuwajali waliotawaliwa. === Sababu ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda kufanyika nchini Uingereza === [[Picha:graph rel share world manuf 1750 1900 02.png|300px|thumb|Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalivyoendelea ndivyo idadi ya vyombo vilivyoundwa Uingereza ilivyopanda na kushinda vya uchumi wa nchi zingine]] Mjadala kuhusu mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwanda pia unahusisha jinsi [[Uingereza]] ilivyozitangulia inchi zingine na kuzishinda kwa mbali. Kuna watu ambao wamesisitiza umuhimu wa rasilimali za kiasili au za kifedha ambazo Uingereza ilipokea kutoka nchi nyingi za nje [[ilizozitawala]] au faida kutokana na [[biashara ya utumwa]] ya Uingereza, kati ya Afrika na eneo la Karibiani, iliyosaidia kuendesha uwekezaji wa viwandani. Imedokezwa kuwa, mbali na hayo, kuwa biashara ya Utumwa na mashamba makubwa ya Uhindi ya Magharibi yalitoa 5% pekee ya mapato ya kitaifa ya Uingereza wakati wa miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |title=Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025327/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm |archivedate=2012-05-13 }}</ref> Ingawa utumwa ulikuwa chanzo cha faida cha kiasi kidogo cha kiuchumi nchini Uingereza wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, mahitaji kutoka eneo la Karibiani yaliambatana na 12% ya pato la viwanda vya Uingereza.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Bh7HVl92bVMC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Industrial+Revolution,+slavery&source=bl&ots=zBje8eBxGe&sig=vEZVgz3EL-kzaYWVZAkmRqenBho&hl=en&ei=lTIxSoTdMoOyNP6h1LcH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=12#PPA198,M1 The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198]</ref> Kwa upande mwingine, biashara kufanywa huru zaidi kutokana na msingi mkubwa wa wabepari huenda ikawa uliruhusu ncgi ya Uingereza kutengeneza na kutumia maendeleo ya kisayansi na kiteknolojia vizuri zaidi kuliko nchi zilizokuwa na milki zenye nguvu zaidi, hasa Uchina na Urusi. Uingereza iliinuka kutoka [[Vuta vya Kinapolioni]] kama taifa pekee Ulaya ambalo halikuwa limeharibiwa na utumizi mbaya wa fedha na kuharibika kwa uchumi, na ikiwa meli za kibiashara kubwa za kipekee (Meli za kibiashara za Ulaya zilikuwa zimeharibiwa katika kipindi cha vita na [[Jeshi la Uingereza la Wanamaji]]<ref>The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced ever 4 to 5 years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be see as a similar factor.</ref>). Viwanda vingi vya Uingereza vya kuunda bidhaa ndogo ndogo na kuziuza pia zilihakikisha kuwa masoko yalikuwa tayari kwa aina nyingi ya bidhaa zilizokuwa za kwanza kuundwa.Mgogoro ulisababisha vita vingi vilivyohusisha nchi ya Uingereza kufanywa katika nchi geni, hivyo basi kupunguza madhara mabaya ya utekaji wa maeneo zaidi, jambo lililoaliadhiri inchi nyingi Barani Ulaya. Jambo hili liliwezeshwa zaidi na maumbile ya Kijiografia ya Uingereza—kwani Uingereza ni kisiwa kilichotengwa na nchi zingine Barani Ulaya. Nadharia nyingine ni kuwa Uingereza iliweza kufanikiwa katika Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kwa sababu ya kuwa na rasilimali muhimu. Nchi ya Uingereza Ilikuwa na idadi kubwa ya wakazi katika kila eneo mraba ikilinganishwa na umbo lake ndogo la kijiografia. [[Kupimwa]] kwa ardi iliyotumika na kila mtu na mapinduzi ya kilimo yanayohusiana na hili kulisababisha kupatikana kwa wafanyikazi kuwe rahisi. Kulikuwa na bahati ya kupata maliasili katika maeneo ya [[Kasakazini mwa Uingereza]], [[Maeneo ya Kati ya Uingereza]], [[Wales ya Kusini]] na [[maeneo tambarare ya Scotland]]. Usambazaji wa makaa ya mawe, chuma, risasi, shaba, bati, chokaa mawe na nguvu za maji, kulisababisha mazingira bora ya kuendeleza na kupanua viwanda. Pia, hali za hewa ya unyevunyevu, na hali ya hewa isiyo kali ya eneo la Kaskazini Magharibi mwa Uingereza zilikuwa mazingira bora ya kuzungusha pamba, huku zikiwapatia Waingereza sehemu ya kimaumbile ya kuanza kuanzisha kiwanda cha nguo. Hali tulivu ya kisiasa nchini Uingereza tangu miaka ya 1688, na nia zaidi ya jamii ya Kiingereza kukubali mabadiliko (ikilinganishwa na nchi zingine za Ulaya) inaweza pia kusemwa kuwa sababu iliyowezesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Kwa sehemu kubwa, kwa sababu ya Harakati ya Kufungiwa, watu maskini waliangamizwa kama chanzo kubwa cha upinzani dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda, na watu wa madaraja ya juu waliendesha maslahi ya biashara yaliyosababisha watu wa kwanza katika kuondoa vikwazo dhidi ya ukuaji wa ubepari.<ref>[[Barrington Moore, Jr.]], ''Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World'', pp. 29-30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.</ref> (Wazo hili pia limedokezwa katika kitabu cha [[Hilaire Belloc]], [[Nchi ya Kitumishi]].) ==== Maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti ==== Nadharia nyingine ni kwamba mafanikio ya Waingereza yalikuwa kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa daraja la [[Kijasiriamali]] ambalo liliamini kuwa kulikuwa na maendeleo, teknolojia na kazi ngumu.<ref> {{Rejea kitabu|title=Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalinnovatio0000char|last=Foster|first=Charles|publisher=Arley Hall Press|year=2004|isbn=0951838245|location=Northwich}} Argues that capital accumulation and [[wealth concentration]] in an entrepreneurial culture following the [[commercial revolution]] made the industrial revolution possible, for example.</ref> Kuwepo kwa daraja hili mara nyingi huusishwa na maadili ya kazi ya Kiprotestanti (tazama [[Max Weber]]) na hasa hadhi ya [[Wabatizi]] na madhehebu yanayopingana nao ya Kiprotestanti, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kidini ya Marafiki|Wakweka]] na [[Wapresbiteri]] ambazo zilikuwa zimenawiri wakati wa [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Uingereza]]. Kuimarishwa kwa imani ya watu katika utawala wa sheria, ambao ulifuata kuundwa kwa mfano wa Milki ya Kikatiba nchini Uingereza katika [[Mapinduzi ya Kitukufu]] ya 1688, na kuibuka kwa soko dhabiti la kifedha nchini Uingereza lililokuwa na msingi katika usimamizi wa [[deni la kitaifa]] na [[Benki ya Uingereza]], kulichangia katika uwezo wa, na hamu ya, uwekezaji wa kibinafsi wa kifedha katika biashara za viwanda. [[Wapingamizi wa Kiingereza|Wapingamizi]] walijipata wakiwa wamekatzwa au kukatishwa tamaa kutoka ofisi karibu zote za umma, au elimu katika [[Oxbridge|vyuo vikuu viwili vywa kipekee]] nchini Uingereza wakati huo (ingawa wapingamizi bado walikuwa huru kusoma katika [[Vyuo Vikuu vya Jadi vya Scotland|vyuo vinne vikuu]]) vya Scotland. Marejesho ya milki yalipofanyika na uanachama katika [[Kanisa la rasmi la Kianglikana]] ulipofanywa lazima kwa sababu ya [[Sheria ya Jaribio]], wao baada ya hapo walijibidiisha na shughuli za kibenki, viwanda na elimu. [[Wanaumoja]], haswa, walihusika sana katika elimu, kwa kuwa na Mashule ya Wapingamizi, ambapo, ikitofautishwa na vyuo vya Oxford na Cambridge na mashule kama Eton na Harrow, kipaumbele kilipewa kwa masomo ya hisabati na sayansi—taaluma muhimu kwa maendeleo ya teknolojia ya utengenezaji bidhaa. Wanahistoria wakati mwingine hutazama kipengele hiki cha kijamii kuwa muhimu sana, pamoja na hali ya uchumi wa mataifa yanayohusika. Ingawa wanachama wa madhehebu haya walitengwa mbali na duru fulani za kiserikali, walitazamwa na Waprotestanti wenzao kama, kwa kiwango kidogo, na wengi katika [[daraja la kati]], wakopaji pesa wa jadi au wanabiashara wengine. Kutokana na kuvumilia huku, kiasi na usambazaji wa mtaji, njia ya kimaumbile ya watu wenye nia ya ujasirimali ya haya madhehebu ingekuwa kutafuta nafasi mpya katika teknolojia zilizoundwa wakati wa mapinduzi ya kisayansi ya karne ya 17. == Maendeleo ya uvumbuzi == [[Picha:Mule-jenny.jpg|thumb|Mfano wa kipekee ambao bado unaweza kupatikana wa kifaa cha Farasi mdogo cha kushona kilichojengwa na mvumbuzi Samuel Crompton]] Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kunahusishwa kwa karibu na idadi ndogo ya maendeleo ya uvumbuzi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |title=The Industrial Revolution – Innovations |accessdate=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2011-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906051618/http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> yaliyofanywa katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18: * '''Vitambaa''' – [[Uzungushaji]] wa [[pamba]] kwa kutumia [[mashine ya maji]] ya [[Richard Arkwright]], mashine ya [[Punda Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya James Hargreaves, na mashine ya [[Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha]] ya Samuel Crompton (machanganyiko wa mashine za Farasi Mdogo wa Kuzungusha na Mashine ya Maji). Hii ilisajiliwa chini ya patenti mnamo mwaka wa 1769 na kwa hivyo patenti hiyo iliisha mnamo mwaka wa 1783. Mwisho wa patenti ulifuatwa kwa haraka na ujenzi wa viwanda vingi vya [[Kutengeneza pamba]]. Teknolojia sawa mwishowe ilitumika kwa kushona [[nyuzi]] za [[worsted]] kwa nguo mbalimbali na [[lin]] badala ya [[sanda]]. * '''Nguvu za Mvuke''' – [[Injini ya mvuke]] iliyoboreshwa na kuvumbuliwa na [[James Watt]] hapo awali ilitumika kwa kusukumia nje [[migodi]], lakini tangu miaka ya 1780 ilitumika kwa mashine za nguvu. Jambo hili liliwezesha maendeleo ya haraka ya viwanda vilivyofanya kazi vizuri na vilivyotumia mashine kufanya baadhi ya kazi katika kiwango ambacho hapo awali hakingewezekana katika mahala ambapo [[nguvu za maji]] hazikuwepo. * '''Kutengeneza Chuma''' – katika [[kiwanda cha Chuma]], [[koki]] mwishowe ilitumika kwa hatua zote za [[kufua chuma]], huku zikikomesha utumizi wa [[makaa]]. Hili lilikuwa limefanywa mapema zaidi kwa [[risasi]] na [[shaba]] na pia kwa kutengeneza [[chuma ya nguruwe]] ndani ya [[tanuri]], lakini hatua ya pili ya uzalishaji [[kipande-chuma]] ilitegemea matumizi ya [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kufinyilia]] (ambayo [[patenti]] yake ilikuwa imekwisha mnamo mwaka wa 1786) au [[Kupudulu]] (Kulipatentiwa na [[Henry Cort]] mnamo mwaka wa 1783 na 1784). Haya yanawakilisha maeneo ''matatu ya mbele'', yaliyokuwa na maendeleo muhimu ya uvumbuzi, na ambayo yaliruhusu kuinuka kiuchumu ambao ndio sehemu maalum ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda. Huku si kupuuza uvumbuzi mwingine mwingi, hasa katika kiwanda cha [[nguo]]. Bidhaa zingine za mapema, kama vile [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] na [[kifaa cha kupaa]] katika kiwanda cha nguo na kuyeyushwa kwa chuma ya nguruwe na koki, mafanikio haya yote hayangewezekana. Uvumbuzi wa baadaye kama vile [[mashine ya ushonaji]] ya nguvu na [[injini ya mvuke]] wenye shinikizo ya [[Richard Trevithick]] pia yalikuwa muhimu katika kuenea kwa viwanda nchini Uingereza. Kutumika kwa injini za mvuke katika uendeshaji wa [[viwanda vya kutengeneza pamba]] na katika [[kazi za kuunda vifaa vya chuma]] kuliwezesha vifaa hivi kujengwa katika maeneo yaliyofaa zaidi kwa sababu rasilimali zingine zilipatikana hapo kwa urahisi, badala ya mahali ambapo ingelazimika maji yapatikane ili kuwezesha [[mashine ya kusaga maji]] ifanye kazi. Katika sekta ya viwanda ya nguo, mashine kama hizo zilikuwa mfano wa mpangilio wa ajira ya binadamu katika viwanda, iliyoonyeshwa bayana na [[“Cottonopolis”]], jina lilopewa idadi kubwa ya [[viwanda vya pamba]], [[viwanda vya kawaida]] na ofisi za usimamizi zilizopatikana mjini [[Manchester]]. Pia mfumo wa kuunda vifaa vilivyosonga mstarini uliboresha sana kazi, katika kiwanda hiki na viwanda vinginevyo. Huku wanaume wengi wakipewa mafunzo ya kufanya huduma moja bidhaa Fulani, halafu kufanya bidhaa hiyo isongeshwe mbele hadi kwa mfanyikazi mwingine, idadi ya bidhaa zilizomalizika iliongezeka pakubwa. Jambo lingine muhimu lilikuwa uvumbuzi wa [[kokoto]] mnamo mwaka wa 1756 (iliyoundwa kwa kutumia [[Chokaa ya kujenga iliyofinyiliwa]]) na mhandisi Mwingereza [[John Smeaton]], ambayo ilikuwa imepotea kwa muda wa karne 13.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2008) "Building construction: the reintroduction of modern concrete"</ref> === Uhamishaji wa maarifa === [[Picha:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mwanafalsafa akitoa hotuba katika eneo la Orrery]] (ca. 1766)<br />iJamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa na muundo maalum ziliendeza uvumbuzi wa kisayansy]] Maarifa kuhusu undelezaji wa uvumbuzi ulienezwa kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali. Wafanyikazi ambao walipewa mafunzo katika mbinu fulani huenda walisonga kwenda kwa mwajiri mwingine au wakachukuliwa na mwajiri fulani kumfanyia kazi. Mbinu ya kawaida ilikuwa mtu kutembea na kujifunza, huku akikusanya taarifa kila mahali lipoweza. Wakati wa Mapinduzi yote ya Viwanda na kwa karne ya awali, nchi zote za Ulaya na Marekani zilitumia mbinu ya masomo ya kutembea; nchi fulani, kama [[Uswidi]] na Ufaransa, ziliweza hata kuwapa watumishi wa umma au mafundi kufanya masomo hayo kama sera ya kiserikali. Katika nchi zingine, hasa Uingereza na Marekani, mwenendo huu ulifanywa na watengenezaji bidhaa wa kibinafsi waliokuwa na wasiwasi na kwa hivyo waliotaka kuboresha mbinu zao. Kusafiri ili kuyapata masomo kulikuwa maarufu wakati huo, kama ilivyo maarufu siku za leo kwa watu kuandika kumbukumbu za safari zao mbalimbali. Kumbukumbu zilizoandikwa na waanzishaji viwanda na mafundi wa wakati huo ni chanzo kisichoweza kulinganishwa na chochote kingine kuhusu mbinu zao. Njia nyingine ya kueneza uendelezaji wa uvumbuzi ilikuwa mtandao wa jamii za kifalsafa ambazo hazikuwa rasmi, kama vile [[Jamii ya Kimwezi]] ya [[Birmingham]], ambapo wanachama walikutana kuzijadili 'falsafa za kimaumbile' (''yaani sayansi'') na mara kwa mara jinsi ingeweza kutumika katika utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Jamii ya Kimwezi ilinawiri kutoka mnamo mwaka wa 1765 hadi mwaka wa 1809, na imesemekana hivi kuhusu wanachama wa jamii hiyo, "Walikuwa, ukipenda, kamati ya kimapinduzi ya mapinduzi makubwa zaidi ya karne ya 18, ambayo ni Mapinduzi ya Viwandani".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207075746/http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/morelunar.htm The Lunar Society] at Moreabout, the website of the ''Birmingham Jewellery Quarter'' guide, Bob Miles.</ref> Jamii zingine kama hii zilivichapisha vitabu vingi vya mikutano yao na biashara. Kwa mfano, [[Jamii ya Kimilki ya Sanaa]] iliyokuwa na makao yake mjini London, ilichapisha kitabu chenye picha za vifaa vipya vilivyovumbuliwa, na majarida kuhusu vifaa hivyo katika mikutano yao ya kila mwaka ya ''Kibiashara''. Kulikuwa na vitabu walivyovichapisha vilivyoelezea kuhusu teknolojia. [[Kamusi elezo]] kama vile ''[[Lexicon Technicum]]'' (1704) ya Harris na ''[[Cyclopaedia]]'' ya Daktari Abraham Rees (1802-1819) zina vitu vingi vya maana. ''Cyclopaedia'' inayo idadi kubwa ya taarifa kuhusu sayansi na teknolojia ya nusu ya kwanza ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, zinazoambatana na picha nzuri za kuchongwa. Vyanzo toka nchi geni kama vile ''[[Descriptions des Arts et Métiers]]'' na ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' ya Diderot zilielezea mbinu za kigeni zikitumia picha kwenye vijisahani vya kuchongwa. Kulikuwa na machapisho mengi ya mara kwa mara kuhusu utengenezaji wa bidhaa na teknolojia yaliyoanza katika muongo wa mwisho wa karne ya 18, na mara kwa mara yalihusisha taarifa kuzihusu patenti mpya. Machapisho ya nchi geni, kama vile [[Annales des Mines]], zilizichapisha taarifa kuhusu safari zilizofanywa na wahandisi wa Kifaransa ambao walitazama mbinu za Kiingereza walipokuwa katika safari zao za kujifunza. === Maendeleo ya kiteknolojia nchini Uingereza === ==== Utengenezaji wa nguo ==== [[Picha:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|right|Mfano wa mashine ya [[punda mdogo wa kuzungusha]] katika makavazi mjini [[Wuppertal]],Ujerumani. Mashine ya punda mdogo wa kuzungusha ilikuwa mojawapo ya uvumbuzi ulioanzisha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda]] Mapema katika karne ya 18, utengenezaji nguo wa Kiingereza ulitegemea [[sufu]] ambayo ilitengenezwa na [[mafundi]] wa kibinafsi, [[waliozungusha]] na [[kushona]] nyumbani mwao. Mfumo huu unajulikana kama [[karakana ndogo]]. [[Lin]] na [[pamba]] pia zilitumika kutengeneza vitambaa laini, lakini njia ya kuunda ilikuwa gumu, kwa sababu ya shughuli iliyohitajika kufanyika kabla ya kuunda, na kwa sababu hiyo bidhaa zilizotengenezwa na vifaa hivi zilichangia sehemu ndogo tu ya pato. Utumizi wa [[gurudumu la kuzungusha]] na [[mashine ya mkono ya kushona]] uliweka vikwazo dhidi ya uwezo wa uzalishaji wa kiwanda hicho cha nguo, lakini maendeleo yaliyozidi kufanyika yaliongeza uzalishaji hadi kufikia kiwango ambapo bidhaa za kutengenezwa zikawa bidhaa zenye umuhimu zaidi zilizouzwa katika nchi geni kufikia miongo ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Uhindi iling’olewa kama muuzaji mkuu wa bidhaa za pamba. [[Lewis Paul]] aliandikisha patenti ya mashine ya kuzungusha ya kubingiria na mashine ya mfumo wa [[“flyer and bobbin”]] ya kutengeneza sufu iwe na umbo laini, iliyoundwa na usaidizi wa John Wyatt mjini [[Birmingham]]. Paul and Wyatt walifungua kiwanda cha nguo mjini Birmingham ambacho kilitumia mashine yao mpya ya kubingiria iliyoendeshwa na [[punda]]. Mnamo mwaka wa 1743, kiwanda kilifunguliwa mjini [[Northampton]] kikiwa na mbao za kushona hamsini katika kila moja kati ya mashine tano za Paul na Wyatt. Upanuzi huu uliendelea hadi mwaka wa 1764. Kiwanda sawa cha nguo kilijengwa na [[Daniel Bourn]] katika mji wa [[Leominster]], lakini kilichomeka. Lewis Paul na Daniel Bourn wote walipatenti mashine za [[kadi]] mnamo mwaka wa 1748, zIkitumia mipangilio miwili ya mibingirio ambayo ilizunguka kwa mbio tofauti, baadaye zilitumika katika kiwanda cha kwanza cha pamba kuzungushia pamba. Uvumbuzi wa Lewis baadaye uliendelezwa na kuboreshwa na [[Richard Arkwright]] katika [[fremu ya maji]] na [[Samuel Crompton]] katika mashine yake ya [[farasi mdogo wa kuzungushia]]. Wavumbuzi wengine waliboresha kila hatua ya uzungushaji (hatua ya kadi, kusuka and kuzungusha, na kubingirisha) na kuwezesha ugavi wa [[uzi]] kuongezeka vilivyo, jambo lililowezesha kiwanda cha ushonaji kilichokuwa kikizidi kuendelea kuboresha [[mashine ya kushona ya shato]] na lumu au 'fremu'. Uzalishaji bidhaa wa kila mfanyikazi mmoja uliongezeka vilivyo, na kusababisha mashine hizo mpya kuonekana kama tisho kwa ajira, na wavumbuzi wa awali walivamiwa na vifaa walivyokuwa wamevumbua kuharibiwa. Ili kuchukua fursa ya kupata faida kutokana na maendeleo haya, ilikuwa ni zamu ya daraja la [[wajasiriamali]], maarufu kwa wote akiwa ni [[Richard Arkwright]]. Arkwright anatambulika kwa orodha kubwa ya uvumbuzi, lakini vifaa hivyo si yeye aliyevivumbua bali ni watu kama [[Thomas Highs]] na [[John Kay]]; Arkwright aliwakuza wavumbuzi hawa, akasajili patenti za mawazo yao, akawapa usaidizi wa kifedha kwa wale waliojitolea kuvumbua vifaa, na akalinda mashine. Aliunda [[kiwanda cha pamba]] ambacho kilileta hatua za untengenezaji hadi viwandani kutoka manyumbani, na alitengeneza utumizi wa nguvu—kwanza [[nguvu za farasi]] kisha [[nguvu za maji]]— uliofanya utengenezaji wa pamba uambatane na utumizi wa mashine viwandani. Baada ya kipindi kifupi [[nguvu za mvuke]] zilitumika kuendesha mashine za viwanda vya nguo. ==== Ufuaji wa Chuma ==== [[Picha:Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg d. J. 002.jpg|left|thumb|[[mji wa Coalbrookdale wakati wa usiku]], 1801, [[Philip James de Loutherbourg|Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg mdogo]]<br />Tanuri kubwa zinawasha mji wa kufua chuma wa [[Coalbrookdale]]]] [[Picha:Reverberatory furnace diagram.png|thumb|right|Tanuri hii ya kirevaberatori ingeweza kuunda [[chuma nzito]] ikitumia makaa ya mawe yaliyochimbwa kutoka ardhini. Makaa ya mawe yalibaki kando na chuma iliyofuliwa ma kwa hivyo hayakuchafua chuma na uchafu kama vile madini ya kiberiti. Jambo hili liliwezesha ufuaji mwingi zaidi wa chuma.]] Mabadiliko makuu katika viwanda vya chuma wakati wa zama za Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalikuwa kukoma kutumia kuni ya vitu vilivyokuwa hai hapo awali kama vile [[mbao]] na badala yake kutumia [[kuni za kifosili]] zilizopatikana kutoka makaa ya mawe. Mengi kati ya haya yalifanyika kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, yakitumia maendeleo ya kiuvumbuzi ya [[Clement Clerke]] na wengine tangu mwaka wa 1678, kwa kutumia [[tanuri za kireveberatori]] za makaa ya mawe zilizojulikana kama kupola. Hizi ziliendeshwa kwa kutumia mioto, ambayo ilikuwa na [[kaboni monoksaidi]], ikiingia ndani ya [[mawe ya madini]] na [[kupunguza]] [[oksaidi]] ili iwe chuma. Hii ina faida ya kutohamisha uchafu (kama vile madini ya kiberiti) yanayopatikana ndani ya makaa ya mawe hadi yaiingie ndani ya chuma. Teknolojia hii ilitumika na [[risasi]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1678 na [[shaba]] kuanzia mwaka wa 1687. Pia ilitumika katika kazi ya kuunganisha vifaa vya chuma katika miaka ya 1690, lakini tanuri ya kireveberatori ilijulikana kama tanuri ya hewa. Kupola la kuunganisha chuma ni maendeleo ya uvumbuzi (ya baadaye) na tofauti. [[Abraham Darby]] alifuata na kufanya maendeleo makubwa kwa kutumia koki kama kuni ya [[tanuri za kulipua]] katika mji wa [[Coalbrookdale]] mnamo mwaka wa 1709. Hata hivyo, [[chuma ya nguruwe]] aliyotengeneza na koki ilitumika hasa kwa utengenezaji wa vifaa vigumu vya chuma kama vile masufuria na mabirika. Alikuwa amewashinda washirika wake kwani sufuria zake, zilizoundwa na mchakato wa patenti, zilikuwa konde zaidi na za bei rahisi kuliko zingine. Chuma ya nguruwe ya koki ilitumika nadra sana kutengeneza vipande vya chuma kwa kuchomelea hadi miaka ya kati ya 1750, mwanawe [[Abraham Darby II]] alipojenga tanuri za [[“Horsehay”]] na [[Ketley]] (karibu na Coalbrookdale). Kufikia wakati huo, chuma ya koki ya nguruwe ilikuwa ikiuzwa kwa bei rahisi kuliko chuma ya nguruwe ya makaa. [[Chuma ya Kipande]] iliyotumiwa na wafua chuma ili kutengeneza bidhaa za kutumika bado iliundwa katika [[viwanda vya kuchoma]], kama ilivyokuwa ikifanyika tangu jadi. Hata hivyo, mbinu mpya zilianza kutumika katika miaka iliyofuata. Ya kwanza hivi leo inajulikana kama [[kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga]], lakini mbinu hii ilipitwa na wakati na baadaye mbinu ya [[Henry Cort]] ya [[“kupudulu”]] ikawa maarufu. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, labda kwa sababu mchakato huu ulioboreshwa wa kuweka ndani ya chungu na kukanyaga ulikuwa karibu kuachwa kulindwa chini ya patenti, upanuzi mkubwa katika pato la kiwanda cha chuma cha Uingereza ulianza. Mchakato mpya haukutegemea [[makaa]] na kwa hivyo watu hawakudhibitiwa na kutoweza kupata makaa. Hadi wakati huo, watengenezaji chuma wa Uingereza walikuwa wametumia idadi kubwa ya chuma kutoka nchi geni kuongozea ile iliyopatikana nchini. Chuma hii hasa ilitoka [[Uswdi]] kutoka miaka ya kati ya karne ya 17 na baadayeilitoka hata Urusi kuanzia mwisho wa miaka ya 1720. Hata hivyo, kuanzia mwaka wa 1785, idadi ya bidhaa za kuagizwa ilipungua kwa sababu ya teknolojia mpya ya kutengeneza chuma, na Uingereza ikawa muuzaji nje wa chuma ya vipande vipande na pia mtengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya matumizi vya nyumbani]] vya [[chuma nyepesi]]. Kwa sababu chuma ilikuwa inazidi kuuzwa kwa bei nafuu and kuongezeka zaidi, pia iliifanya kuwa nyenzo muhimu ya ujenzi kufuatia ujenzi wa kibunifu wa [[daraja la chuma]] [[Abraham Darby III]]mnamo mwaka wa 1778. [[Picha:Ironbridge 6.jpg|thumb|[[Daraja la Chuma]], [[Shropshire]], Uingereza]] Uboreshaji ulifanywa katika uzalishaji wa [[stili]], ambayo ilikuwa kifaa cha bei ghali kilichotumika tu ambapo chuma haingefaa, kama vile makali ya vifaa na spring’i. [[Benjamin Huntsman]] alitengeneza mbinu yake ya [[chungu cha stili]] katika miaka ya 1740. Mali ghafi kwa ajili ya kufanya hivi yalikuwa stili ya kijipu, iliyoundwa kwa [[machakato wa kuongeza simiti]]. Usambazaji wa chuma ya bei nafuu zaidi na stili kulisaidia mapipa ya kuchemsha na injini za mvuke yatengenezwe vizuri zaidi, na hatimaye kukawezesha kuundwa kwa barabara za reli. Kuboreshwa kwa [[vyombo vya mashinel]] kuliruhusu chuma na stili kutumika kufanyiwa kazi vizuri na kuliongeza zaidi ukuaji wa viwanda wa Uingereza. ==== Uchimbuzi wa madini ==== [[Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe]] nchini uingereza, hasa katika eneo la [[Wales ya Kusini]] ulianza mapema. Kabla ya injini ya mvuke, [[mashimo]] yalikuwa mafupi na yalifuata maeneo lenye makaa ya mawe juu ya ardhi, ambayo yaliwacha kutumika kadiri makaa ya mawe yalivyochimbwa. Wakati mwingine, ikiwa jiolojia ilikuwa nzuri, makaa ya mawe yalichimbuliwa kwa kutumia [[mgodi wa kiaditi]] au [[mgodi wa kusonga]] uliochimbwa katika upnde wa mlima. [[uchimbuzi wa madini kutoka mashimo yaliyochimbwa]] ulifanywa katika maeneo kadhaa, lakini kikwazo kilukuwa kuyatoa maji. Ingefanywa kwa kutumia ndoo kuyachota maji kutoka mashimo hayo au kwa [[“sough”]] (shimo lililochimbwa katika upande wa mlima ili kutoa mawe yenye madini kutoka kwa mgodi). Kwa kutumia mbinu yoyote ile, maji lazima yangeelekezwa kwa mkondo au chimbuko ambapo yangeweza kutiririka yakitumia mvuto. Kuanzishwa kwa utumizi wa injini ya mvuke kuliwezesha pakubwa kuondoa maji na kuliwezesha mashimo kuchimbwa kwa undani zaidi, na pia kuwezesha makaa ya mawe zaidi kutolewa. Haya yalikuwa maendeleo ambayo yalikuwa yameanza kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini yalitumika kwa injini ya mvuke ya James Watt iliyokuwa bora zaidi kuanzia miaka ya 1770 ambapo yalipunguza bei ya kuni ya injini, na kufanya migodi iwe yenye faida zaidi. Uchimbuzi wa makaa ya mawe ulikuwa wa kihatari sana kwa sababu ya kuwepo kwa [[motonyevunyevu]] katika maeneo mengi yenye makaa ya mawe ardhini. Usalama kidogo ulipatikana kwa kutumia [[taa ya usalama]] iliyovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1816 na [[Humphry Davy]] na kuvumbuliwa na [[George Stephenson]] akiwa peke yake. Hata hivyo, taa hizo hazikusaidia sana kwani zilisababisha hatari kwa haraka sana na pia zilitoa mwanga dhaifu. Milipuko ya Motonyevunyevu iliendelea, na kuwezesha wakati mwingine [[milipuko]] ya [[vumbi ya makaa ya mawe]], kwa hivyo idadi majeruhi ilizidi kupanda katika kipindi chote cha karne ya kumi na nane. Mazingira ya kikazi yalikuwa mabaya sana, huku kukiwa na visa vingi vya majeruhi kutokana na mawe kuanguka. ==== Nguvu za mvuke ==== [[Picha:Savery-engine.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''Injini ya Savery'' ya mwaka wa 1698– [[Injini]] ya kwanza iliyojengwa na [[Thomas Savery]] kwa mujibu wa picha za [[Denis Papin]].]] Utengenezaji wa [[injini ya mvuke isiyosonga]] ilikuwa kipengele muhimu cha wakati wa mapema cha Mapinduzi ya Viwanda; hata hivyo, kwa muda wa kipindi kirefu wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, viwanda vingi bado vilitegemea nguvu za upepo na maji na hata nguvu za farasi na binadamu ili kuendesha mashine ndogo. Jaribio halisi la kwanza la kutumia nguvu za mvuke lilifanywa na [[Thomas Savery]] mnamo mwaka wa 1698. Alijenga na kupatenti mjini London pampu ya kuinua maji kwa kiwango kidogo iliyojumuisha utupu na shinikizo, na iliyoweza kutoa karibu [[nguvu za farasi]] (HP kwa Kiingereza) moja na iliyotumika katika kazi nyingi zilizohusisha maji na katika migodi michache (ambapo ilipata "jina la kimaarufu", ''Rafiki wa mchimba mgodi''), lakini haikufanikiwa kwa sababu haikuweza kuyapeleka maji juu zaidi ya urefu fulani na sehemu yake ya kuchemshia maji ililipuka kwa urahisi. [[Picha:Newcomens Dampfmaschine aus Meyers 1890.png|thumb|upright|[[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] ilikuwa injini ya kwanza iliyoweza kufanya kazi vyema. Injini zilizofuata za mvuke ndizo ambazo zingeendesha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani]] Kituo cha kwanza salama ambacho kilizalisha nguvu kutokana na mvuke kilianzishwa na [[Thomas Newcomen]] kabla ya mwaka wa 1712. Newcomen inaonekana aliunda [[Injini ya mvuke ya Newcomen]] bila kumtegemea Savery, lakini kwa sababu Savery alikuwa na patenti pana sana, ilimbidi Newcomen na na washirika wake kufanya mpango naye, wakiitafutia soko injini hiyo pamoja hadi mwaka wa 1733 chini ya patenti moja.<ref>Hulse, David H: The Early Development of the Steam Engine; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, U.K., 1999 ISBN 1-85761-107-1</ref><ref>L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, ''The Steam engine of Thomas Newcomen'' (Landmark, Ashbourne, 1997), 44.</ref> Injini ya Newcomen inaonekana ni kana kwamba iliundwa kwa kuyafuata majaribio ya [[Denis Papin|Papin]] yaliyokuwa yamefanywa miaka 30 hapo awali, na ilitumia pistoni na mtungi, sehemu moja ya mwisho ikiwa imewachwa wazi na anga juu ya pistoni. Mvuke ambao ulikuwa juu ya shinikizo la anga (ambalo ndilo kiasi pekee ambacho mtungi wa kuchemshia maji ungeweza kuhimili) uliingizwa chini nusu ndani ya mtungi ikilaliwa na pistoni wakati wa kusonga kwenda juu kuliowezeshwa na mvuto; mvuke hapo ulikuwa baridi na maji baridi yaliyoingizwa katika nafasi ya mvuke ili kutengeneza nafasi tupi; tofauti ya shinikizo kati ya anga na nafasi tupu katika pande mbili za pistoni ziliifanya pistoni kusonga chini na kuingia katika mtungi, hivyo basi kuinua sehemu ya mwisho ya kifaa kilichokuwa kikisonga juu na chini ambacho kilikuwa kimeunganishwa na pampu nyingi za nguvu zilizotumia mvuto zilizokuwa ndani ya kifaa maalum. Kusonga chini kwa kifaa fulani cha nguvu ndani ya injini, kuliilanisha na kuitayarisha kwa hatua ya kutengeneza shinikizo. Mwanzoni hatua hizo zilifanywa kwa kutumia mkono, lakini baada ya miaka mikumi eneo la kutorosha lilikuwa limetengezwa na lilitumia ''mti wa kuziba'' uliosimama wima ukishikiliwa kichuma fulani ambacho kilifanya injini kufanya kazi peke yake. Injini nyingi za Newcomen zilifanikiwa kutumika nchini Uingereza kwa kutoa maji katika migodi ambayo hapo awali haingeweza kuchimbwa, huku injini ikiwa juu; hizi zilikuwa mashine kubwa, zilihitaji mtaji mengi kujenga na zilizalisha takriban nguvu 5 za farasi (kilowati 3.7). Zilikuwa zinapoteza nguvu nyingi zikilinganishwa na mashine za kisasa, lakini katika maeneo ambapo makaa ya mawe yalikuwa yanapatikana kwa virahisi katika sehemu za mwisho za mashimo, ziliwezesha upanuzi wa uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe kwa kuruhusu migodi kuenda chini zaidi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara zao, injini za Newcomen zilikuwa za kutegemewa na rahisi kudumisha na ziliendelea kutumika katika migodi ya makaa ya mawe hadi miaka ya mwanzo ya karne ya kumi na tisa. Kufikia mwaka wa 1729, Newcomen alipokufa, injini zake kwanza zilikuwa zimeenea (kwanza) hadi nchini [[Hungary]] mnamo mwaka wa 1722 , Ujerumani , [[Austria]], na [[Uswidi]]. Jumla ya mashine hizo 110 zinajulikana kujengwa kufikia mwaka 1733 ambapo patenti ya pamoja ilipokwisha, 14 kati ya mashine hizo zote zilikuwa katika nchi geni. Katika miaka ya 1770, mhandisi [[John Smeaton]] alijenga mifano mikubwa sana na kuanzisha maboresho. Jumla ya injini 1,454 zilikuwa zimejengwa kufikia mwaka wa 1800.<ref>Rolt and Allen, 145</ref> [[Picha:Watt James von Breda.jpg|thumb|upright|James Watt]] Mabadiliko makubwa katika kanuni za kufanya kazi yalifanywa na [[James Watt]]. Akishirikiana kwa karibu na [[Matthew Boulton]], kufikia mwaka wa 1778 alikuwa amefanikiwa kuboresha [[injini ya Watt ya mvuke|injini yake ya mvuke]], iliyokuwa na mabadiliko mengi makubwa, hasa kufungwa kwa sehemu ya juu ya mtungi hivyo basi kufanya kiendeshaji mvuke kiwe juu ya pistoni badala ya anga, matumizi ya kifungo cha mvuke na chumba maarufu cha kupoesha mvuke. Haya yote yalimaanisha kuwa kiwango cha joto sawa zaidi kingeweza kudumishwa ndani ya mtungi na kuwa kufanya kazi kwa injini kuliwacha kutegemea hali ya anga. Maboresho haya yaliongeza ufanisi wa injini kwa karibu mara tatu, na hivyo kuokoa 75% ya gharama ya makaa ya mawe. Injini ya kianga haingeweza kutumika kwa urahisi kuendesha gurudumu lizunguke, ingawa Wasborough na Pickard walifanikiwa kufanya hivyo kufikia mwaka wa 1780. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1783 injini ya mvuke ya Watt yenye kuokoa pesa zaidi ilikuwa imetengenezwa kikamilifu kuwa aina ya kuzungusha katika sehemu mbili, jambo ambalo lilimaanisha kuwa ingeweza kutumika kuendesha moja kwa moja mashine za kuzunguka za viwanda. Aina zote mbili za injini msingi za Watt zilifanikiwa kununuliwa kwa wingi, na kufikia mwaka wa 1800, kampuni ya [[Boulton na Watt]] ilikuwa imejenga injini 496, zikiwa na pampu 164 za kubadilishana, [[tanuri za kulipuka]] 24 , na mashine 308 za kuwezesha viwanda vya nguo; injini nyingi zilitoa kati ya nguvu za farasi 5 na 10 (kilowati 7.5) Utengenezaji wa [[vifaa vya mashine]], kama vile mashine za lethi, randa na kutengeneza maumbo ziliwezeshwa na injini hizi, zilifanya sehemu zote za chuma za injini kukatwa kwa urahisi na umakini na hivyo basi zikafanya kujenga injini kubwa na zenye uwezo mkubwa kuwezekane. Hadi mwaka wa 1800, muundo wa kawaida sana wa injini ya mvuke ulikuwa [[injini ya boriti]], iliyojengwa kama sehemu muhimu ya nyumba ya mawe au matofari injini, lakini baada ya muda mfupi miundo mbalimbali ya injini ambazo zilizokuwa za kijitegemea za kusongezwa (zilizoweza kutolewa kwa urahisi lakini ambazo hazikuwa na magurudumu) ziliundwa, kama vile [[injini ya meza]]. Kuelekea mwisho wa karne ya 19, mhandishi wa Kikorni [[Richard Trevithick]], na Mumarekani, [[Oliver Evans]] walianza kujenga injini zenye shinikizo nyingi ambazo hazikubadilisha maji kuwa mvuke, na kutoa mvuke kinyume na anga. Kufanya hivi kuliruhusu injini na mtungi wa kuchemsha kujumuishwa pamoja katika kitengo kimoja kilichokuwa kidogo kiasi cha kutumika katika [[garimoshi]] zilizotumia reli na barabara na [[meli za mvuke]]. Katika karne ya mapema ya 19 baada ya patenti ya Watt kumalizika, injini ya mvuke ilipitia mabadiliko mengi yaliyofanywa na wavumbuzi wengi na wahandisi. ==== Kemikali ==== [[Picha:Thamestunnel.jpg|right|thumb| [[Shimo la Thames]] (lililofunguliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1843)<br />Simiti ilitumika katika shimo la kwanza Duniani la chini ya maji]] Uzalishaji mkubwa wa kemikali ulikuwa mojawapo ya maendelo muhimu wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Ya kwanza kati yao ikiwemo uzalishaji wa [[asidi sulfuriki]] kupitia [[mchakato wa chumba cha risasi]] iliyovumbuliwa na Muingereza [[John Roebuck]] (mwenziwe wa kwanza wa James Watt) mnamo mwaka wa 1746. Aliweza kuongeza pakubwa kiwango cha utengenezaji kwa kuondoa mitungi ghali ya vioo iliyotumika hapo awali na vyumba vikubwa, na ambavyo havikuwa ghali vilivyoundwa na vipande vya [[risasi]]. Badala ya kutengeneza kiasi kidogo kila wakati, aliweza kutengeneza karibu paundi 100 (kilo 50) katika kila chumba, ongezeko la angalau mara kumi. Uzalishaji wa [[alkali]] kwa kiasi kikubwa ulikuwa lengo muhimu pia, na [[Nicolas Leblanc]] alifanikiwa mnamo waka wa 1791 kuanzisha njia ya kuzalisha [[sodiamu kabonati]]. [[Machakato wa Leblanc]] ulikuwa mmenyuko wa asidi sulfiriki na sodiamu kloridi ili kupata sodiamu salfeti na [[asidi haidrokloriki]]. [[Sodiamu salfeti]] ilichomwa na [[chokaa mawe]] ([[kalsiamu kaboneti]]) na makaa ya mawe ili kupata mchanganyiko wa [[sodiamu kaboneti]] na [[kalsiamu salfaidi]]. Kuongeza maji kulitenganisha sodiamu kaboneti mmunyifu kutoka kwa kalsiamu salfaidi. Mchakato ulisababisha idadi kubwa ya mchafuko wa mazingira (asidi kloriki wakati wa kwanza ilitolewa hewani, na kalsiamu salfaidi ilikuwa bidhaa taka ya bure). Hata hivyo, hii, [[jivu ya kisoda]] ilionekana kuwa yenye gharama ndogo ya kiuchumi ikilinganishwa na kuchomwa kwa mimea maalum ([[barilla]]) au kutoka kwa [[kelp]], ambazo zilikuwa vyanzo vikuu vya hapo awali vya jivu ya kisoda,<ref name="Clow52">{{cite |last1=Clow|first1=Archibald |last2=Clow|first2=Nan L. |date=Juni 1952 |title=Chemical Revolution |publisher=Ayer Co |pages=65–90 |isbn=0-8369-1909-2}}</ref> Na pia kwa [[potashi]] ([[potasiamu kaboneti]]) iliyotolewa kwa majivu ya miti migumu. Kemikali hizi mbili zilikuwa muhimu sana kwa sababu ziliwezesha kuanzishwa kwa uvumbuzi mwingi zaidi, zikichukua mahala pa oparesheni nyingi zilizofanywa kwa maeneo madogo na michakato yenye kuokoa pesa na kudhibitiwa kwa urahisi zaidi. Sodiamu kaboneti ilikuwa na matumizi mengi katika viwanda vya vioo, nguo, sabuni na karatasi. Matumizi ya mapema ya asidi sulfuriki ni kama vile usafishaji wa chuma na stili, na [[kufanya vitambaa kwa vieupe zaidi]]. Kutengenezwa kwa poda ya kufanya vifaa view vieupe zaidi ([[kalsiamu haipoklorati]]) na mwanakemia wa Kiskoti [[Charles Tennant]] karibu mwaka wa 1800, ulikuwa na msingi katika uvumbuzi wa mwanakemia wa Kifaransa [[Claude Louis Berthollet]], na ulisababisha mapinduzi katika mchakato wa kufanya vifaa kuwa viupe zaidi kwa kuupunguza muda uliohitajika (kutoka miezi hadi masiku) ikilinganishwa na mbinu ya kijadi iliyokuwa ikitumika wakati huo, iliyohitaji mfiduo unaorudiwa kwa jua katika mashamba maalum baada ya kulowesha nguo na alkali pamoja na maziwa yaliyoganda. Kiwanda cha Tennant kilichokuwa katika mji wa St Rollox, [[Glasgow]] ya kaskazini, kikawa kiwanda kikubwa zaidi cha kemikali duniani kote. Mnamo mwaka wa 1824 [[Joseph Aspdin]], muwekaji matofari katika nyumba aliyebadilika kuwa mjenzi, alipatenti mchakato wa kikemikali wa kutengeneza [[simiti ya aina ya “Portland”]] ambayo ilikuwa muhimu katika ujenzi. Mchakato huu unahusisha [[kuchoma]] mchanganyiko wa matope na makaa ya chokaa hadi kipimo joto cha 1400&nbsp;°C, alafu kusaga hadi kutengeza vumbi laini inayochanganishwa na maji, mchanga na changarawe ili kuzalisha [[konkreta]]. Simiti ya Portland ilitumika na mhandisi mashuhuri wa Kiingereza [[Marc Isambard Brunel]] miaka mingi baadaye alipokuwa akiunda [[Shimo la Thames]].<ref>[http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf ''Properties of Concrete''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf |date=20100628235936 }} Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2007-10-17.</ref> Simiti pia ilitumika vilivyo katika katika ujenzi wa [[mfumo wa kupitishia maji machafu wa London]] kizazi baadaye. ==== Vifaa vya mashine ==== [[Picha:Joseph whitworth.jpg|thumb|left|upright| Joseph Whitworth]] Mapinduzi ya viwanda hayangewezekana bila [[vifaa vya mashine]], kwani viliwezesha vifaa vya utengenezaji bidhaa kuundwa. Vina asili katika vifaa vilivyoundwa katika karne ya 18 na waundaji saa na waundaji wa vyombo vya kisayansi kuwawezesha kuzalisha mashine ndogo ndogo. Sehemu za ufundi za mashine za mwanzo za nguo wakati mwingine ziliitwa “kazi ya saa” kwa sababu ya vyuma na vijigurudumu vilivyokuwa ndani. Uundaji wa mashine za nguo ulitumia mafundi wa kazi za saa na ndiyo asili ya viwanda vya kihandisi vya kisasa. Mashine zilijengwa na mafundi mbalimbali—[[maseremala]] walitengeneza vizingiti vya mbao, na wafua vyuma na wapindushaji walitengeneza sehemu za vyuma. Mfano mzuri kuhusu jinsi vifaa vya mashine vilivyobadilisha utengenezaji bidhaa ulifanyika mjini Birmingham, Uingereza, mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Uvumbuzi wa mashine mpya na [[Joseph Gillott]], [[William Mitchell]] na [[James Stephen Perry]] uliwezesha kuunda kwa wingi kwa sehemu za mbele za kalamu dhabiti kwa bei nafuu; mchakato huo hapo awali ulikuwa mgumu na ghali. Kwa sababu ya ugumu wa kufanya kazi na chuma na ukosefu wa vifaa vya mashine, utumizi wa chuma ulikuwa mdogo. Vizingiti vya mbao vilikuwa na hasara ya kubadilisha vipimo kulingana na kiwango cha kipimo joto na unyevunyevu, na viungo mbalimbali mara nyingi viliharibika. Kadiri Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalivyoendelea, mashine zenye vizingiti vya chuma vilikuwa nyingi zaidi, lakini vifaa vya mashine vilihitajika ili kuvinda kwa njia ambayo ingeokoa pesa. Kabla ya ujio wa zana za chuma, chuma ilitumika kazini na mikono na vifaa vya kimsingi kama vile nyundo, faili, vigwaruzo, misumeno na vifaa vya kuchonga. Sehemu ndogo za chuma zilitengenezwa kwa urahisi kwa kutumia mbinu hii, lakini si sehemu kubwa za mashine, uzalishaji ulikuwa mgumu sana na ghali. [[Picha:Lathe.PNG|thumb|right|Lethi ya mwaka wa 1911. Hii ni zana ya mashine inayoweza kutumika kuunda mashine zingine]] Mbali na [[lethi]] za maduka ya kiufundi zilizotumika na mafundi, zana ya kwanza ya mashine ilikuwa [[mashine ya mtungi ya kutoboa mashimo]] iliyotumika kutoboa mashimo makubwa katika mitungi ya awali ya injini za mvuke. [[Mashine ya randa]], [[mashine ya kutoboa mashimo]] na mashine ya [[kutengeneza maumbo]] zilivumbuliwa katika miongo ya kwanza ya karne ya 19. Ingawa [[mashine ya kusaga]] ilivumbuliwa wakati huu, haikutengenezwa kama zana ya maana Katika maduka ya kiufundi hadi Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani. Uzalishaji wa kijeshi ulikuwa muhimu katika maendeleo ya zana za mashine. [[Henry Maudslay]], ambaye aliipa mafunzo shule ya watengenezaji wa zana za mashine mapema katika karne ya 19, aliajiriwa katika eneo la [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]], kama kijana ambapo aliona mashine kubwa za mbao zilizoendeshwa na farasi za kutoboa [[kanoni]] zikitengenezwa na [[Waverbruggans]]. Baadaye alifanya kazi kwa [[Joseph Bramah]] kuunda vifuli vya chuma, na baadaye alianza kufanya kazi peke yake. Alikuwa akijibidiisha kuunda mashine za kujenga vifaa vya meli vya kuvutia vitu vya [[Wajeshi Wanamaji]] katika kiwanda cha ufundi cha [[Portsmouth]]. Hizi zote zilikuwa chuma na zilikuwa mashine za kwanza [[kutengenezwa kwa wingi]] na za kutengeza sehemu zenye uwezo wa [[kubadilika]]. Maudslay aliyatumia mafunzo aliyoyapata kuhusu haja ya kuwa na utulivu na umakini kwa kutengeneza zana za mashine, na katika maduka yake ya kiufundi alikipa mafunzo kizazi cha watu wengi kuendeleza kazi yake, kama vile [[Richard Roberts (mhandisi)|Richard Roberts]], [[Joseph Clement]] na [[Joseph Whitworth]]. [[James Fox (mhandisi)|James Fox]] wa [[Derby]] alikuwa na biashara nzuri ya kuuza nje bidhaa za zana za mashine katika theluthi ya kwanza ya karne, kama tu [[Matthew Murray]] wa Leeds. Roberts alikuwa muundaji wa zana za mashine za hali ya juu na mwanzilishi wa kutumia jigi na vipimaji kwa mapimo ya ufasaha katika maduka ya ufundi. ==== Taa ya gesi ==== Kiwanda kingine kikubwa cha kipindi cha baadaye cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kilikuwa cha [[taa ya gesi]]. Ingawa wengine waliweza kubuni vifaa sawa kwingeneko, kuanzishwa kwa kazi hii katika eneo kubwa kulifanywa na [[William Murdoch]], mfanyikazi wa [[Boulton na Watt]], waanzilishaji wa [[injini ya mvuke ya Watt|injini za mvuke]] za [[Birmingham]]. Mchakato ulihusu kupitisha gesi kwa tanuri kubwa zenye makaa ya mawe, kuisafisha gesi (kutoa kiberiti, amonia na haidrokaboni nzito), kisha uhifadhi na usambazaji wake. Vifaa vya kwanza vilivyowashwa na gesI vilianzishwa mjini London kati ya miaka ya 1812 na 1820. Baadaye vilikuwa mojawapo ya watumiaji wakubwa wa makaa ya mawe nchini Uingereza. Taa ya gesi ilisababisha mabadiliko makubwa katika mipango ya kijamii na ya viwanda kwa sababu iliviruhusu viwanda na maghala kubaki wazi kwa muda mrefu zaidi kuliko kupitia mishumaa na mafuta taa. Kutumika kwake kuliwezesha maisha ya usiku kunawiri mijini kwa sababu miji na maeneo ya ndani ya manyumba yaliweza kumulikwa kwa njia kubwa sana ambayo haikuwezekana miaka ya awali. ==== Kuunda Vioo ==== [[Picha:Crystal Palace interior.jpg|thumb|Kasri la Vioo lilikuwa na [[Maonyesho Makuu]] ya mwaka wa 1851]] Mbinu pmya ya kuzalisha vioo, iliyojulikana kama mchakato wa mtungi, ilitengenezwa Barani Ulaya katika karne ya 19. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mchakato huu ulitumika na [[Mandugu wa Chance]] kutengeneza vioo vyembaba. Walikuwa wwazalishaji wakuu wa vioo vya dirisha na kijisahani. Maendeleo haya yaliruhusu vioo vikubwa kutengenezwa bila usumbufu, hivyo basi kukomboa nafasi ya kupanga ndani na pia kuundwa kwa majengo yenye vioo vingi. [[Kasri ya Vioo]] ndioyo mfamo mkuu wa utumiaji wa vioo vyembamba katika njia mpya na ujenzi wa kibunifu. ==== Mapinduzi yalivyoathiri kilimo ==== [[Picha:JohnFowlerTractionEngine.JPG|thumb| Injini ya kulima ya [[John Fowler na Kampuni yake.]]]] Uvumbuzi wa mitambo kulisaidia pakubwa katika kuendesha mbele Mapinduzi ya Kilimo ya Kiingereza. Uboreshaji wa kilimo ulianza katika karne chache kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwanda yalipoanza na huenda ilisaidia kwa kukomboa ajira kutoka ardhi ili ifanye kazi katika viwanda vipya vya karne ya kumi na nane. Kadiri mapinduzi katika viwanda yalipoendelea mfululizo wa mitambo ulipatikana na kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula kwa kutumia wafanyikazi wachache kuliko hapo awali. [[Kitoboaji mbegu]] cha [[Jethro Tull]] kilichovumbuliwa mnamo mwaka wa 1731 kilikuwa kifaa cha kupanda mbegu ambacho kilizisambaza mbegu vizuri katika ardhi. Jembe ya Rotherham ya [[Joseph Foljambe]] ya mnamo mwaka wa 1730, ndiyo iliyokuwa jembe ya chuma ya kwanza kufanikiwa kibiashara. [[mashine ya kupura]] ya [[Andrew Meikle]] ya 1784 ilikuwa ndiyo mwisho kwa wafanyikazi wengi wa mashamba, na ilisababisha uasi wa kilimo wa [[Maandamano ya Swing]] ya mnamo mwaka 1830. Katika miaka ya 1850 na 1860 [[John Fowler (mhandisi wa kilimo)|John Fowler]], aliyekuwa mhandisi na mvumbuzi, alianza kutafuta uwezekano wa kutumia injini za mvuke kwa kulima na kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji. Mfumo aliovumbua ulihusisha injini moja ambayo haikusonga katika sehemu moja ya shamba ikivuta majembe kwa kutumia kamba au injini mbili ziliwekwa katika pande mbili za mwisho za shamba zinazovuta jembe mbele na nyuma. Mfumo wa kulima wa Fowler ulipunguza gharama ya kulima mashamba pakubwa ikilinganishwa na majembe yaliyovutwa na farasi. Pia, mbinu yake ya kilimo , ilipotumika kuchimba mifereji ya kupitishia maji, ilifanya ardhi yenye maji mengi ambayo haingeweza kutumika hapo awali iweze kutumika. [[Injini ya kuvutwa]] baadaye ilikuwa inaonekana kwa wingi ikitumika pamoja na [[mashine za kupura]] wakati wa kutengeneza nyasi ya mifugo na wakati wa kuyalima mashamba. === Uchukuzi nchini Uingereza === Katika mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Kilimo, mapinduzi ndani ya nchi yalitumia mito na barabara za kuoitika, huku vyombo vya pwani vikitumika kusafirisha bidhaa nzito baharini. Reli ilitumika kusafirisha makaa ya mawe hadi mitoni ili yasafirishwe tena, lakini mifereji bado haikuwa imejengwa. Wanyama ndio walisaidia katika kusafiri ardhini, na mashua zikisaidia katika usafiri majini. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yaliboresha miundombinu ya usafiri huku ikewezesha kuwepo kwa mtandao wa mabarabara, mfereji na mtandao wa majini na hata mtandao wa reli. Malighafi na bidhaa zilizokamilika zingewezwa kusongeshwa haraka na kwa bei nafuu kuliko hapo awali. Kuboreshwa kwa uchukuzi pia kuliruhusu mawazo mapya kuenea haraka. ==== Coastal sail ==== Vyombo vya majini kwa muda mrefu vilikuwa vimetumika kwa kusafirisha bidhaa katika eneo la pwani ya Uingereza. Biashara ya kusafirisha makaa ya mawe kutoka London hadi Newcastle ilikuwa imenaza katika [[Zama za Kati]]. Usafirishaji wa biashara katika pwani kwa kutumia bahari nchini Uingereza ulikuwa jambo la kawaida wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, kama ilivyokuwa karne nyingi za awali. Hili lilizidi kuwa jambo la maana reli zilipokuwa katika mwisho wa kipindi. ==== Mito inayoweza kupitika ==== Mito yote mikubwa nchini Uingereza iliweza kupitika wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Mingine iliweza kupitika katika zama za kale, hasa mto wa [[Severn]], [[Thames]], and [[Trent]]. Mito mingine iliboreshwa, au urambazaji uliweza kufanyika katika maeneo fulani, lakini katika kipindi kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, bali si wakati wa kipindi hicho. Mto Severn, haswa, ulitumika kwa usafirishaji wa bidhaa hadi maeneo ya kati ambazo zilikuwa zimeagizwa hadi Bristol kutoka nje, na kwa uuzaji wa bidhaa nje kutoka vituo vya uzalishaji mjini [[Shropshire]] (kama vile bidhaa za chuma kutoka [[Coalbrookdale]]) na [[Nchi Nyeusi]]. Uchukuzi ulitumia [[trowi]]—vyombo vidogo vya maji ambavyo vingeweza kupita katika katika maeneo mbalimbali ambayo na madaraja katika mito. Trowi zingeweza kupita Mto wa Bristol na kuingia katika bandari za Wales na Somerset Kusini, kama vile [[Bridgwater]] na hata maeneo ya mbali kama vile Ufaransa. ==== Mifereji ==== [[Picha:WalesC0047.jpg|thumbnail|[[Daraja la Pontcysyllte]], [[Llangollen]], [[Wales]]]] Mifereji ilianza kujengwa mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane kuunganisha maeneo makubwa ya utengenezaji bidhaa katika Maeneo ya kati na kaskazini na bandari za bahari na mji wa London, amabyo wakati kuo ilikuwa kituo kikubwa zaidi cha utengenezaji bidhaa nchini. Mkifereji ndiyo iliyokuwa teknoljia ya kwanza kuruhusu vifaa vikubwa kusafirishwa kwa urahisi kote nchini. Farasi mmoja wa mfereji angeweza kuvuta mzigo mkubwa mara nyingi kuliko mkokoteni haraka zaidi. Kufikia miaka ya 1820, mtandao wa kitaifa ulikuwepo. Ujenzi wa mifereji ulikuwa kama mfano wa mipango na mbinu ambazo baadaye zilitumika katika ujenzi wa reli. Hatimaye mifereji ilipitwa kama biashara yenye faida na ujenzi wa reli kuanzia miaka ya 1840 na kuendelea. Mtandao wa mifereji wa Uingereza, pamoja na majengo yaliyobaki ya viwanda vya kinu vilivyobaki, ndiyo mojawapo ya dhihirisho bayana la zama za mapema za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yanayoweza kuonekana nchini Uingereza. ==== Barabara ==== Barabara nyingi za awali za mfumo wa barabara za Uingereza zilitunzwa vibaya na maelfu ya maparokia ya mitaa, lakini kuanzia miaka ya 1720 (na mara chache mapema zaidi) mashirika ya kifedha ya [[turnpike]] yaliundwa kutozwa kodi ili na kudumisha baadhi ya barabara. Kuongezeka kwa idadi ya barabara kuu ziliwekewa vituo vywa “turnpike” kuanzika miaka ya 1750 hadi kiwango ambacho kila barabra kuu ya Uingereza na Wales ilikuwa jukumu la [[shirika la kifedha la “turnpike”]]. Barabara mpya zilizotengenezwa na wahandisi zilijengwa na [[John Metcalf (mhandisi wa kiraia)|John Metcalf]], [[Thomas Telford]] na [[John Loudon McAdam|John Macadam]]. “Turnpike” zilitoka katika katika eneo la mji wa London na zilikuwa mbinu iliyotumika na huduma za Kimiliki za posta kufikia nchi yote. Usafirishaji wa bidhaa nzito katika barabara hizi ulitumia mikokoteni iliyoenda polepole, na yenye miguu pana iliyovutwa na farasi. Bidhaa nyepesi zilisafirishwa kwa kutumia mikokoteni midogo zaidi au kwa kutumia [[farasi]] wengi. Farasi zenye kuvuta majigari madogo yalibeba matajiri, na wale ambao hawakuwa matajiri wangeweza kulipa kuendeshwa katika [[kikokoteni ya kubebewa]]. ==== Njia za reli ==== Njia za reli za mikokoteni za kubeba makaa ya mawe katika maeneo ya uchimbuzi wa madini ulikuwa umenaza kaika karne ya 17 na mara kwa mara yalihusishwa na mifumo ya mifereji au mito kwa usafirishaji zaidi wa makaa ya mawe. Hizi zote zilivutwa na farasi au zilitegemea mvuto , huku zikiwa na injini ya mvuke ambayo haikusonga ya kuivuta mkokoteni maalum juu hadi kilele cha mlima. Matumizi ya kwanza ya [[garimoshi]] ya mvuke yalikuwa katika mkokoteni maalum au njia za sahani (zilivyoitwa mara kwa mara wakati huo kwani ziliundwa na mfano wa vijisahani vya chuma nzito). Reli za umma zilizovutwa na farasi hazikuanza hadi miaka ya mapema ya karne ya 19. Reli za umma zilizovutwa na mvuke zilianza na Reli ya [[Stockton na Darlington]] na mnamo mwaka wa 1825 na reli za [[Liverpool na Manchester]] mnamo mwaka wa 1830. Ujenzi wa reli kuu ukiunganisha miji mikubwa ulianza katika miaka ya 1830 lakini ilizidi kwa kasi katika mwisho kabisa wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani. Baada ya wafanyikazi wengi kumaliza reli, hawakurudi katika maisha yao ya vijijini lakini badala yake walibaki katika miji, wakitoa nyongeza zaidi ya wafinyikazi katika viwanda vya uundaji wa bidhaa. Barabara za reli ziliusaidia uchumi wa nchi ya Uingereza pakubwa, kwa kutoa njia rahisi nay a haraka ya uchukuzi na niia rahisi ya kusafirisha barua na habarii. == Athari za kijamii == Kwa mujibu wa muundo wa kijamii, Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalishuhudia ushindi wa watu wa [[daraja la kati]] ya wanaviwanda na wafanyabiashara ambao waliwashinda daraja la watu lenye ardhi ya mabwana wakubwa. Watu wa kawaida walipata fursa nyingi zaidi za kufanya kazi katika viwanda vipya vya kutengeneza bidhaa, lakini hizi zilikuwa chini ya mazingira magumu ya kikazi yakiwa na masaa marefu ya kazi yaliyotawaliwa na mbio za kufanya kazi za mashine. Hata hivyo, hali ngumu za kikazi yalikuwa miaka mingi kabla ya ujio wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kufanyika. Jamii ya kabla ya viwanda haikuwa na mabadiliko mengi na mara nyingi ilikuwa na uhasama mwingi—[[watoto kufanya kazi]], hali hafu za maisha, na masaa marefu yalikuwa kwa wingi hata kabla ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth'', Methuen and Co., 1971, page 339-341 ISBN 0-416-19500-8</ref> === Viwanda na upanuzi wa miji === [[Picha:Cottonopolis1.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, Uingereza ("[[Cottonopolis]]"), katika picha ya mwaka wa 1840, ikionyesha idai kubwa ya vifaa vya kutoa moshi katika viwanda vya untegenezaji wa bidhaa]] Ueneaji wa viwanda ulisababisha kuanzishwa kwa [[kiwanda cha kuuza bidhaa]]. Cha kwanza ilikuwa ya [[John Lombe]] ya [[Makavazi ya Derby Viwanda|kiwanda cha kuunda nduo kwa kutumia maji]] mjini [[Derby]], kilichoanza mnamo mwaka wa 1721. Hata hivyo, kuibuka kwa kiwanda cha kuunda bidhaa ulifanyika baadaye kidogo wakati uzungushaji wa pama ulipoanza kutumia mitambo maalum. Mfumo wa viwandani uliwajibika pakubwa katika kuibuka kwa [[mji]] wa kisasa, kwani idadi kubwa ya wafanyikazi walihamia miji wakitafuta ajira katika viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa. Hili halikuwa dhahiri popote pengine kama ilivyokuwa katika viwanda vya kinu na viwanda vilivyohusika na kiwanda cha aina hii mjini [[Manchester]], ikipewa jina "[[Cottonopolis]]", na kuwa mji wa kwanza wa viwanda duniani. Kwa kipidindi kikubwa cha karne ya 19, uzalishaji ulifanywa katika viwanda vidogo vya kinu, ambavyo kwa kawaida, vilitumia [[maji]] kufanya kazi na ambavyo vilijengwa kutumikia mahitaji ya mitaa. Baadaye kila kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa kilikuwa na injini yake ya mvuke na kifaa cha kupitishia moshi kuiufanya mtungi wa kuchemshia maji uweze kufanya kazi bora zaidi. Mpito wa kuingia zama za upanuzi wa viwanda haukukosa shida. Kwa mfani, kikundi cha wafayikazi wa Kiingereza kilichojulikana kama [[Waludaiti]] kiliundwa ili kuandamana dhidi ya upanuzi wa viwanda na wakati mwingine [[kuharibu]] viwanda. Katika viwanda vingine mpito wa kuingia katika zama ya viwanda haukuibua mgawanyiko. Baadhi ya wanaviwanda wenyewe walijaribu kuboresha maish katika viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na hali ya maisha ya wafanyikazi wao. Mmmoja wa watu aliyeanazisha mabadiliko viwandani alikuwa [[Robert Owen]], aliyejulikana kwa jitihada zake za kwanza za kuboresha maisha ya wafanyikazai katika [[Viwanda vya kinu vya New Lanark]], na mara kwa mara yeye hutazamwa kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wa [[Uyutopia wa Kisosholista|harakati ya mapema ya kisosholista]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 1746, kiwanda cha kujumuishwa cha kinu cha brasi kilikuwa kikifanya kazi katika mji wa [[Warmley]] karibu na [[Bristol]]. Malighafi yaliingia katika upande mmoja, yakafuliwa kuwa brasi na kubadilishwa kuwa pani, oinim waya na bidhaa nyingenezo. Makazi yalipewa kwa wafanyikazi katika kiwanda. [[Josiah Wedgwood]] na [[Matthew Boulton]] walikuwa wanaviwanda wengine maarufu, amaboa waliotumia mfumo wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa. === Ajira ya watoto === [[Picha:coaltub.png|right|frame|"Mvutaji"mwenye umri mdogo anavuta sanduku la makaa ya mawe katika shimo la kuchimba madini]] Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalisababisha ongezeko la idadi ya watu, lakini uwezekano wa kuishi kupita miaka ya utotoni haukuboreshwa kupitia kipindi chote cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani (ingawa vifo vya ''watoto wachanga'' vilipungua sana).<ref name = "Buer"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation|year=2007|accessdate=2007-11-05|url=http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|first1=Michael last1 = Bar|first2=Oksana|format=PDF|last2=Leukhina|quote=The decrease [in mortality] beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5-10, 10-15, and 15-25 began in the mid 19th century, while that for the age group 0-5 began three decades later|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127160733/http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf|archivedate=2007-11-27}}. Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the [[Demographics|average Briton was about as old]] in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, page 28). Population size statistics from [http://www.mortality.org/ mortality.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mortality.org/ |date=20110228152143 }} put the mean age at about 26.</ref> Bado kulikuwa na nafasi ndogo ya elimu, na watoto walitarajiwa kufanya kazi. Waajiri waliweza kumplipa motto kiasi kidogo kuliko mtu mzima ingawa uzalishaji wao ulikawa sawa; hakukuwa na haja ya nguvu katika utumizi wa mashine za viwandani, na kwa sababu mfumo wa viwandani ulikuwa mpya kabisa vibarua waliokuwa watu wazima wenye uzoefu hawakuwepo. Jambo hili lilifanya ajira ya watoto kupendwa katika awamu za kwanza za Mapinduzi ya Viwandani kati ya karne za 18 na 19. [[Ajira ya watoto]] ilikuwa kabla ya miaka ya Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, lakini kufuatia ongezeko la idadi ya watu na elimu iliweza kuwa dhahiri zaidi. Watoto wengi walilazimishwa kufanya kazi katika mazingira mabaya na kulipwa kiasi kidogo kuliko watu wazima.<ref>"[http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/victorian/history/workers1.html The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England]".</ref> Ripoti ziliandikwa zikielezea kuhusu dhuluma iliyofanywa, hasa katika migodi ya mawe ya makaa<ref>{{cite web | title = Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html}}</ref> na viwanda vya nguo <ref>{{cite web | title = The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England | year = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22 | url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html}}</ref> na ripoti kama hizi zilisaidia watu kujua zaidi kuhusu mateso waliyofanyiwa watoto. Malalamiko ya umma, hasa katika watu wa daraja la kati na daraja la juu, kulisaidia kufanya mabadiliko katika ustwai wa wafanyikazi. Wanasiasa na serikali zilijaribu kukomesha ajira ya watoto kisheria, lakini wamiliki wa viwanda walikataa; wengi walihisi kuwa walikuwa wakiwasaidia watoto maskini kwa kuwapa pesa za kununua chakula ili kujiepusha na [[kufa njaa]], na wengine walikaribisha tu wafanyikazi wa bei nafuu. Mnamo mwaka wa 1833 na 1844, sheria za kwanza za jumla dhidi ya ajira ya watoto, [[Sheria za viwanda vya Utengenezaji wa Bidhaa]], zilipitishwa nchini Uingereza: Watoto wenye umri mdogo kuliko miaka tisa hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kufanya kazi, watoto hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kazi usiku, na siku ya kazi kwa kijana mwenye umri wa chini ya miaka 18 ulikuwa usizidi masaa kumi na mawili.Wasimamizi wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa walihakikisha sheria hiyo imetekelezwa. Miaka kumi baadaye, utumiaji wa watoto na wanawake ulipigwamarufuku. Sheria hizi zilipunguza idadi ya vibarua waliokuwa watoto; hata hivyo, ajira ya watoto ilibaki Barani Ulaya na nchini Marekani hadi karne ya 20.<ref>"[http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/ Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor]". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 1900, kulikuwa na watoto milioni 1.7 walioripotiwa katika viwanda vywa Marekani chini ya umri wa miaka kumi na mitano.<ref>"[http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%7Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm The Industrial Revolution]". The Web Institute for Teachers.</ref> === Makazi === [[Picha:YCBA London a Pilgrimage 06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|''Juu ya mji wa London kwa Reli''. Picha iliyochorwa na [[Gustave Doré]] katika miaka ya 1870. Inaonyesha mazingira yenye watu wengi na yaliyochafuliwa yaliyoibuka katika miji mipya ya viwanda]] Hali ya maisha wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitofautiana kutoka kwa mapambo ya manyumba ya wenye viwanda hadi ufukara wa maisha ya wafanyikazi. [[Cliffe Castle]], [[Keighley]], ni mfano mzuri wa jinsi walikuwa wametajirika wakati huo walichagua kuishi. Hii ni nyumba kubwa inayofanana na kasri ikiwa na minara na nyuta za bustani. Nyumba yenyewe ni kubwa sana na imezingirwa na bustani kubwa, Kasri la sasa limefunguliwa kwa umma kama makavazi. Watu masikini waliishi katika nyumba ndogo sana katika vitongji vilivyosongamana. Makazi haya yangetumia vyoo kwa kushiriki, kuwa na mitaro ya uchafu na iliyokuwa wazi na iliyokuwa katika hatari ya [[unyevunyevu]]. Magonjwa yalienezwa kupitia mfumo wa kusambaza maji uliochafuliwa. Hali hii iliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kadiri sheria za umma za afya zilivyoanzishwa kushughulikia mambo kama vile mitaro ya maji machafu, usafi na kutengeneza kwa vizuizi fulani kuhusu ujenzi wa nyumba. Si watu wote walioishi katika nyumba kama hizi. Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalitengeneza idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wa daraja la kati katika kazi kama vile mawakili na madakitari. Hali ya maisha za watu masikni ziliboreshwa katika kipindi cha karne ya 19 kwa sababu ya mipango ya serikali nay a mitaa iliyosababisha miji kuwa maeneo masafi zaidi, lakini maisha ya maskini hayakuwa rahisi kwa watu masikkini kabla ya kuenea kwa viwanda. Hata hivyo, kama chanzo cha Mapinduzi ya viwandani, watu wengi wa daraja la kufanya kazi walikufa kwa sababu ya magonjwa yaliyoenea kupitia hali ya maisha ya msongamano. Magonjwa ya kifua, [[kipi ndupindu]] kutoka maji machafu na homa ya kuharisha yalikuwa kawaida, kama tu ugonjwa wa “smallpox”. Ajali katika viwanda vya kutengeneza bidhaa zilizohusisha wafanyikazi watoo na wanawake yalikuwa mengi. Riwaya za [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] zinaashiria hili; hata baadhi ya vongozi wa kiserikali walistaajabishwa na kile walichokiona{{Citation needed|date=Oktoba 2008}}. Migomo na maandamano ya wafanyikazi yalikuwa pia yalikuwa kawaida. === Waludaiti === {{Main|Uludaiti}} [[Picha:Luddite.jpg|thumb|right|''Kiongozi wa Waludaiti'', picha ya kuchongwa ya mnamo mwaka wa 1812]] Kukuwa kwa haraka kwa uchumi wa Uingereza kuliwagharimu wafanyikazi wengi wa rejareja kazi zao. Harakati ilianza kwanza na wafanyikazi wa [[lesi]] and [[kofia]] karibu na mji wa [[Nottingham]] na kuenea hadi pande zingine za viwanda vya nguo kwa sababu ya kuibuka kwa viwanda mapema. Washonaji wengi pia walijipata kighafla bila ajira kwa sababu hawangeweza kushindana na mashine ambazo zilihitaji tu kuhudumiwa kidogo ( na bila kuhitaji uzoefu) ili kuzalisha nguo zaidi kuliko mshonaji mmoja. Wafanyikazi wengi wa aina hiyo waliokuwa wamepoteza kazi zao, waligeuza hasira yao kwa mashine ambazo zilikuwa zimnyakua kazi zao na wakaanza viwanda vywa utengenezaji bidhaa na mitambo. Washambuliaji hawa walijulikana kama Waludaiti, wafuasi wa aliyesemekana kuitwa [[Ned Ludd]], ambaye alikuwa mtu wa kihadithi tu. Mshambulizi ya kwanza ya harakati ya Waludaiti yalianza mnamo mwaka wa 1811. Waludaiti walipata umaarufu haraka, na serikali ya Uingereza ilichukua hatua kubwa kwa kutumia [[wanamigambo]] au [[majeshi]] kuvilinda viwanda. Waandamanaji waliokamatwa walifikishwa kotini na kuyongwa, au [[hukumu ya kusafirishwa|kusafirishwa]] kwa maisha. Migogoro iliendelea katika sekta myingi kadiri zilivyozidi kuongeza viwanda, kama vile vibarua wa kilimo katika miaka ya 1830, ambapo idadi kubwa ya Uingereza ya kusini iliadhiriwa na usumbufu wa [[Kapteni Swing]]. Mashine za upuraji ndizo zilizolengwa haswa, na kuchoma riki za mashine kulikuwa maarufu. Maandamano hayo hata hivyo, yalisababisha kuundwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa [[vyama vya wafanyikazi]], na shinikizo zaidi la kufanya mabadiliko. === Mpangilio wa ajira === {{See also|Vyama vya wafanyakazi}} [[Picha:Chartist meeting, Kennington Common.jpg|thumb|Mkutano Mkuu wa Wachatisti iliyofanywa katika eneo la Kennington Common, mnamo mwaka wa 1848]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani yalifanya ajira kukolea katika viwanda vya vinu, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa bidhaa na migodi, hivyo basi kuwezesha mipango ya ''mchanganyiko'' au [[vyama vya wafanyikaz]] ili kusaidia kuendeleza maslahi ya watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi. Nguvu za vyama vya wafanyikazi ungeweza kudai msharti bora kwa kuondoa ajira yote na kusababisha kukomeshwa kwa uzalishaji. Iliwabidi waajiri kuamua kati ya kukubali matakwa ya vyama vya wafanyikazi ambapo wangelipa gharama au kupitia gharama ya uzalishaji uliopotea. Ilikuwa vigumu kupata wafanyikazi wengine wenye ujuzi wa kufanya kazi ya wale ambao walikuwa wamekataa kufanya kazi, na hivi vilikuwa vikundi vya kwanza kufanikiwa kutetea haki zao kupitia mbinu hii. Njia kuu iliyotumika na vyama vya wafanyikazi kufanya mabadiliko zilikuwa [[hatua za migomo]]. Migomo mingi ilikuwa chanzo cha uchungu mwingi kwa pande zote mbili, vyama vywa wafanyikazi na wasimamizi. Nchini Uingereza, [[Sheria ya Pamoja]] iliwazuia wafanyikazi wasitengeneza aina yoyote ile ya chama cha wafanyikazi kuanzia mwaka wa 1799 hadi ilipofutiliwa mbali mnamo mwaka wa 1824. Hata baada ya hili, vyama vya wafanyikazi bado viliwekewa vikwazo vingi. Mnamo mwaka wa 1832, mwaka wa [[Sheria ya Mageuzi]] ambayo iliendeleza kura nchini Uingereza lakini haikuwezesha upigaji kura kwa wote, wanaume sita kutoka mtaa wa [[Tolpuddle]] mjini Dorset walianzisha Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo kupinga kupungua kwa kiwango cha mishahara katika miaka ya 1830. Walikataa kufanya kazi kwa kiasi kilichopungua shilingi 10 kila wiki, ingawa kufikia wakati huu mishahara ilikuwa imepunguzwa hadi shilingi saba na zilikuwa zimepangwa kupungzwa zaidi hadi shilingi sita. Mnamo mwaka wa 1834 James Frampton, mwenye ardhi wa mtaa, alimandikia Waziri mkuu, [[Bwana Melbourne]], kulalamika kuhusu chama cha wafanyikazi, na kusababisha kutumika kwa sheria ya zamani ya 1797 iliyowakataza watu kula viapo kati yao, jambo ambalo wanachama wa Jamii ya Kirafiki ya Vibarua wa Kilimo walikuwa wamefanya. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, James Loveless ndugu yake George, ndugu yake George kisheria Thomas Standfield, na John Standfield mwanawe Thomas walikamatwa, wakapatikana na hatia, na kusafirishwa hadi nchini Australia. Walikuja kujulikana kama [[Mameta wa Tolpuddle]]. Katika miaka ya 1830 na 1840 harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ilikuwa mkutano wa kwanza mkubwa wa kupangwa wa wafanyikazi wa kisiasa uliofanya kampeni za kutetea usawa wa kisiasa na haki ya kijamii. Mkataba wake wa mageuzi ulipokea zaidi ya saini milioni tatu lakini ilikatiliwa na Bunge bila kuzingatiwa. Watu waliokuwa wakifanya kazi pia waliunda [[Jamii ya Kirafiki|jamii za kirafiki]] na [[Shirika|mashirika ya kijamii]] kama vikundi vya kutoa usaidizi dhidi ya wakati mgumu wa kiuchumi. Wanaviwanda waliotaalamika, kama vile [[Robert Owen]] pia waliunga mkono mashirika haya ili kuboresha hali za watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi. Vyama vya wafanyikazi polepole vilishinda vikwazo vya kisheria dhidi ya haki ya kugoma. Mnamo mwaka wa 1842, [[Mgomo wa Kijumla]] uliohusisha wafanyikazi wa pamba na wafanyikazi wa kuchimba mawe ya makaa ulipangwa kupitia harakati ya [[Kimkataba]] ambayo ilikomesha uzalishaji wa bidhaa kote nchini Uingereza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204531/http://www.chartists.net/General-Strike-1842 General Strike 1842] From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 Novemba 2006.</ref> Hatimaye mpango wa kisiasa wneye unfanisi kwa watu wenye kufanya kazi ulifikiwa kupitia vyama vya wafanyikazi ambavyo, baada ya upanuzi wa kibiashara mnamo mwaka wa 1867 na mwaka wa 1885, ulianza kuunga mkono vyama vya kisiasa vya kisosholista ambavyo viliibuka baadaye ili kuwa [[Chama cha Kavi (Uingereza)|Chama cha Kazi]] cha Uingereza. === Athari nyingine === Utumizi wa nguvu za mvuke katika michakato ya viwandani ya [[uchapashaji]] uliwezesha upanuzi mkubwa wa uchapishaji wa magazeti na vitabu maarufu, jambo ambalo liliwezesha kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu wenye uwezo wa kusoma na mahitaji ya kushiriki kukubwa kwa watu kisiasa. Wakati wa Upanuzi wa Viwandani, [[urefu wa maisha]] wa watoto uliongezeka pakubwa. Asilimia ya watoto waliozaliwa mjini London waliokufa kabla ya kutimiza umri wa miaka ilipunguka kutoka 74.5% mnamo mwaka wa 1730–1749 hadi 31.8% mnamo mwaka wa 1810–1829.<ref name="Buer">Mabel C. Buer, ''Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution'', London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1</ref> Pia, kulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa la mishahara ya wafanyikzai wakati wa kipindi cha mwaka 1813 hadi mwaka 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/exeh.1994.1007 |title=Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750-1913 |year=1994 |author=Crafts, N |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=31 |pages=176}}</ref><ref>[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living] From www.econlib.org, downloaded 17 Julai 2006.</ref><ref>R.M. Hartwell, ''The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850'', Economic History Review, 1963, page 398 ISBN 0-631-18071-0</ref> Kulingana na Robert Hughes katika kitabu chake ''The Fatal Shore'', [[idadi ya wakazi wa Uingereza]] na Wales, ambayo ilikuwa imebaki katika kiwango bila kusonga cha milioni 6 kutoka mwaka wa 1700 hadi mwaka wa 1740, kiliongezeka pakubwa baada ya mwaka wa 1740. Idadi ya watu wa Uingereza ilikuwa imeongezeka kwa zaidi ya mara mbili kutoka milioni 8.3 mnamo mwaka wa 1801 hadi milioni 16.8 mnamo mwaka wa 1851 na, kufikia mwaka wa 1901, ilikuwa imeongezeka karibu mara mbili hadi milioni 30.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060215211500/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/01_FOPM_Population.pdf The UK population: past, present and future]" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk</ref> Kadiri hali ya maisha na huduma za kiafya zilivyoboreka wakati wa karne ya 19, ndivyo idadi ya watu nchini Uingereza ilivyoongezeka maradufu kila miaka 50.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-portrait-of-britain-in-2031-395231.html A portrait of Britain in 2031]". The Independent. 24 Oktoba 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_medicine_01.shtml BBC - History - Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory]. Published: 2002-02-01.</ref> Idadi ya watu ya Bara [[Ulaya]] iliongezeka maradufu wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 18, kutoka takriban milioni 100 hadi karibu milioni 200, na kuongezeka maradufu tena wakati wa kipindi cha karne ya 19, hadi karibu milioni 400.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change Modernization - Population Change]". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Ukuaji wa sekta ya kisasa ya viwanda tangu kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 18 kuendelea kulisababisha [[kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa]] na kuibuka kwa [[mji|miji]] mipya mikubwa, kwanza Barani Ulaya na baadaye katika maeneo mengine, kwani fursa mpya zilileta idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji kutoka jamii za mashambani hadi maeneo mjini. Mnamo mwaka wa 1800, 3% tu ya idadi ya watu duniani iliishi katika miji,<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx Human Population: Urbanization] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx |date=20091026040409 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> takwimu ambayo imeongezeka hadi 50% kufikia kipidindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya 21.<ref>"[http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer] {{Wayback|url=http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth/QuestionAnswer.aspx |date=20130406023303 }}". Population Reference Bureau.</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1717 [[Manchester]] ilikuwa mji mdogo wa kibiashara tu wa takriban watu 10,000, lakini kufikia mwaka wa 1911 mji wa Manchester ulikuwa na idadi ya watu milioni 2.3.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361363/Manchester Manchester (England, United Kingdom)]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Sababu ya vifo vingi zaidi katika miji ilikuwa ni [[kifua kikuu]].<ref>"[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm Diseases in industrial cities in the Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm |date=20100106010412 }}". Historylearningsite.co.uk.</ref> Kufikia kipindi cha mwisho cha karne ya 19, kati ya 70 hadi 90% ya wakazi wa miji wa Ulaya na Amerika ya Kaskazini walikuwa wameambukizwa ugonjwa wa ''M. tuberculosis'', na karibu 40% ya vifo vya watu wa daraja la kufanya kazi katika maeneo ya mijini yalisababishwa na kifua kikuu.<ref>"[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/tuberculosis.html Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922]". ''The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.''</ref> == Bara la Ulaya == Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika maeneo yanayopatikana katika Bara la [[Ulaya]] yalifanyika muda mchache baada ya kufanyika nchini [[Uingereza]]. Katika viwanda vingi, jambo hili lilihusisha matumizi ya teknolojia iliyokuwa na asili yake nchini Uingereza ambapo iliendelezwa katika maeneo mapya. Mara nyingi teknoljia hiyo ilinunuliwa kutoka nchini Uingereza au wahandisi wa Uingereza na wajasiriamali walihamia nchi za ng’ambo wakitafuta fursa mpya. Kufikia mwaka wa 1809 sehemu ya [[Eneo la Ruhr|Bonde la Ruhr]] katika jimbo la Westphalia liliitwa 'Uingereza Ndogo' kwa sababu ya kufanana na maeneo ya viwanda nchini Uingereza. Serikali za Kijerumani, Kirusi na Kibegiji zote zilitoa fedha ili kukuza viwanda vipya. Kwa baadhi ya bidhaa (kama vile [[chuma]]), upatikanaji tofauti wa rasilimali nchini kulimaanisha kuwa nit u baadhi ya vipengele vya teknolojia ya Uingereza vilivyotumika. === Wallonia, Ubelgiji === [[Picha:Houding1.jpg|thumb| [[Vifaa vya kuinua meli katika Mfereji mzee wa Canal du Centre]]mwaka wa 1900 [[Eneo la Kitamaduni la Dunia]]]] [[Picha:Bois-du-Luc CM3JPG.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya wafanyikazi katika eneo la Bois-du-Luc (1838-1853) katika [[La Louvière]]]] Maarufu kwa makaa yake ya mawe na chuma yake ya aina ya stili, [[Wallonia]] imekuwa na uzoefu mkubwa wa viwanda tangu Zama za Kati. Kwa miaka mingi, viwanda vya kuunda bidhaa nzito nzito ndivyo vilivyokuwa kiendeshaji cha uchumi wa kanda hiyo. Hakika, mji wa Wallonia ndio uliokuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani katika Bara la Ulaya: <blockquote>Kabla ya ujenzi wa reli katika Bara Ulaya lilihitaji idadi kubwa ya chuma iliyoweza kuchomwa na kufanywa kuwa umbo lolote kwa urahisi ili kuunda chuma za reli, ambapo chuma dhaifu za bei ya rejareja zilitumika, Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kipekee Barani Ulaya kufanikiwa katika kuufuata mfano wa Uingereza. Tangu miaka ya kati ya 1820, vifaa vingi vilivyojumuisha tanuri za kulipua za koki na hata viwanda vya vinu vya “puddling” na kubingirisha zilijengwa katika maeneo ya kuchimba makaa ya mawe karibu na miji ya [[Liège]] na [[Charleroi]]. Ikishinda vingine vyote, viwanda vya [[John Cockerill]] katika mji wa [[Seraing]] vilijumisha hatua zote za uzalishaji, kuanzia uhandisi hadi utoaji wa malighafi, kufikia mwaka wa 1825.<ref>Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, ''The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Ninenteenth-Century Europe'' Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham2005, pp. 37-38 ISBN 0-7546-3390-X.</ref></blockquote> Mji wa Wallonia ulikuja kutazamwa kama mfano wa mabadiliko makuu ya upanuzi wa viwandani. Kwa sababu ya makaa ya mawe (jina la Kifaransa "houille" lilibuniwa mjini Wallonia),<ref>a word from [[Walloon language|Walloon]] origin</ref> kanda hiyo ilijitayarisha kuwa nguvu ya pili katika eneo la kiwandani baada ya Uingereza. Lakini pia inadokezwa na watafiti wengi kuwa, pamoja na ''[[Sillon industriel]]'' yake, haswa katika maeneo la [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na Bonde la [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], (...) kulikuwa na maendeleo makubwa ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe na utengenezaji wa chuma...'<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M.Beyen and I.Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in ''Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine'', XXXI, 2001, 3-4, pages 347-359 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160338/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2031,%202001,%203-4,%20inhoud.pdf]</ref>. Philippe Raxhon aliandika kuhusu kipindi hicho baada ya mwaka wa 1830: "Haikuwa propaganda lakini ukweli kuwa maeneo ya Walloon yalikuwa yakielekea kuwa nguvu za pili za viwandandani nchini kote baada ya Uingereza."<ref>Philippe Raxhon, ''Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794-1914)'', in B.Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), ''Histoire de la Wallonie'', Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pages 233-276, p. 246 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6</ref> "Kituo cha pekee cha viwandani nje ya migodi ya mawe ya makaa na tanuri za kulipuka za Walloon yalikuwa kijiji cha zamani za kutengeneza nguo cha [[Ghent]]."<ref>[European Route of Industrial Heritage http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 {{Wayback|url=http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114 |date=20130731024244 }}]</ref> Michel De Coster, Profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Liège]] pia aliandika: "Wanahistoria na wanauchumi wanasema kuwa Ubelgiji ilikuwa nchi ya pili duniani ya nguvu viwandani, kulingana na na wakazi wake na wilaya yake(…) Lakini safu hii ni ile ya Wallonia ambapo migodi ya mawe ya makaa, tanuri za kulipua, viwanda vya utengenezaji wa chuma na zinki. Kiwanda cha sufu, kiwanda cha vioo, kiwanda cha silaha ... vyote vilikolea " <ref>Michel De Coster, ''Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques'', L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-0339-8 , pages 122-123</ref> ==== Matokeo ya Kidemografia ==== [[Picha:Belgium resources 1968.jpg|thumb| [[Sillon industriel]] ya mji wa [[Wallonia]] tilia maanani eneo la buluu katika pande ya kaskazini]] [[Picha:Chassis à molette de Crachet à Frameries vue large.JPG|thumb| ''Gallow frame'' ya ''Crachet'' katika [[Frameries]] katika lugha ya Kifaransa ya Wallonia ''Châssis à molettes''au ''Belfleur'' (Kifaransa ''Chevalement'' ]] [[Picha:Affiche 1905.jpg|thumb|Picha rasmi ya maonyesho ya Dunia ya [[Liège]] ya mwaka wa 1905]] Wallonia ilikuwa eneo la kuzaliwa kwa chama chenye nguvu cha Kisosholista na vyama vyenye nguvu vya wafanyikazi katika mandhari fulani ya kijamii. Kushoto, kuna ''Sillon industriel'', ambayo inapatikana kutoka eneo la [[Mons]] katika eneo la Magharibi, hadi [[Verviers]] katika eneo la mashariki (isipokuwa sehemu ya Flanders ya Kaskazini, katika kipindi kingine cha Mapinduzi ya Viwandani, baada ya mwaka wa 1920). Hata kama Wallonia ndiyo nchi ya pili ya viwandani baada ya Uingereza, athari ya mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalikuwa tofauti. Katika kitabu cha 'Kuvunja dhana za Kiakili', Muriel Beven na Isabelle Devos wanasema: <blockquote>Mapinduzi ya Viwandani yalibadilisha jamii iliyokuwa ya mashambani kuwa jamii ya mjini, lakini kukiwa na tofauti kubwa kati ya [[Ubelgiji]] ya kaskazini nay a kusini. Wakati wa [[Zama za Kati]] na Kipindi cha Mapema cha Kisasa, eneo la Flanders lilikuwa na sifa ya kuwa na vituo vikubwa vya mji (...) katika kipindi cha mwanzo cha karne ya kumi na tisa eneo hili (Flanders), likiwa na kiwango cha muwa mji cha asilimia 30, kilibaki kuwa mojawapo ya maeneo yenye miji mikubwa zaidi duniani. Kwa kulinganisha, uwiano huu ulifikia asilimia 17 katika eneo la Wallonia, na chini ya asilimia 10 katika maeneo mengi ya Ulaya ya Magharibi, 16 nchini Ufaransa na asilimia 25 nchini Uingereza. Kuenea kwa viwanda katika karne miundomsingi ya kijadi ya miji, isipokuwa katika mji wa [[Ghent]] (...) Pia, katika mji wa [[Wallonia]] mtandao wa mji wa kijadi haukuathiriwa pakubwa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda, hata ingawa uwiano wa wakazi wa miji ulipanda kutoka asilimia 17 hadi asilimia 45 kati ya mwaka wa 1831 na mwaka wa 1910. Hasa katika maeneo ya [[Haine]], [[Sambre]] na mabonde ya [[Mto Meuse|Meuse]], kati ya [[Borinage]] na [[Liège (mji)|Liège]], ambapo palikuwa na maendleo mengi ya viwandani yaliyotegemea uchimbuzi wa migodi ya makaa na uundaji wa chuma, kuenea kwa miji kulikuwa haraka. Katika miaka hii themanini idadi ya manisipaa zenye zaidi ya wakazi 5,000 ilipanda kutoka 21 tu hadi zaidi ya mia, huku zikijaza zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya watu wa Kiwaluni katika eneo hili. Hata hivyo, kuenea kwa viwanda ulibaki kuwa wa aina ya kijadi hakukusababisha kukuwa kwa miji mikubwa ya kisasa, lakini kuishi kwa watu wengi katika vijiji vyenye viwanda na miji kulifanyika karibu na mgodi wa makaa ya mawe au kiwanda cha utengenezaji wa bidhaa. Njia za mawasiliano kati ya vito hivi vidogo zilikuja tu kuwa na watu wengi baadaye na ziliunda umbo dogo zaidi la mji, kwa mfano, eneo linalozingira Liège ambapo mji mzee ulikuwa kuelekeza mitiririko ya wahamiaji.<ref>Muriel Beven and Isabelle Devos, ''Breaking stereotypes'', art. cit., pages 315-316</ref></blockquote> ==== Matokeo ya kisiasa na kijamii ==== Wallonia ilikuwa nchi ya [[mgomo wa kijumla]]. Mgomo wwa kijumla ni wakati ambapo wafanyikzi wengi wanawacha kufanya kazi katika viwanda vyote katika eneo fulani au nchi fulani. Kuwacha kufanya kazi kwa namna hii ni wa kiuchumi ikiwa lengo lake ni kurekebisha shida fulani au kumsukuma mwajiri mfululizo wa madai ya kiuchumi. Ni wa kisiasa ikiwa umeitwa kwa lengo kuilazimisha serikali kufanya jambo fulani au ikiwa lengo ni kuipindua serikali iliyopo. Mgomo wa aina ya kisiasa umeungwa mkono na wasindiketi na kwa kiwango fulani na harakati za kianakisti".<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-generals.html The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008]</ref> Migomo ya kijumla ilifanyika katika eneo la Wallonia mnamo mwaka wa 1885 (mgomo huu ulianza kusherehekea [[Commune de Paris]]), 1902, 1913 (ili kuweza kupata haki ya kupiga kura kwa wote), 1932, 1936 (ili kupata likizo ambapo wafanyikazi wanalipwa), 1950 (dhidi ya [[Leopold III wa Ubelgiji|Leopold III]]), katika majira ya baridi ya 1960-1961 ili kupata uhuru wa eneo la Wallonia, wakati kushuka kwa uchumi wa Walloon ulipokuwa wazi na wkati ilipokuwa (au wakati ilipoonekana) wazi kwa baadhi ya viongozi wa vyama vya wafanyikazi, kuwa serikali uya Ubelgiji haingeweza kufanya chochote kusaidia uchumi wa Wallonia usaidike. === Ufaransa === [[Picha:Barricade18March1871.jpg|thumb|Kufungwa kwa barabara katika Commune de Paris—ilifanywa mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 1885 katika eneo la Wallonia kupitia mgomo wa kijumla wa tarehe 18 Machi, mwaka wa 1871.]] Mapinduzi ya viwandani nchini Ufaransa ulikuwa mchakato fulani kwani haukufuata mtindo mkuu uliofuatwa na nchi nchi zingine.Haswa, wahistoria wengi wa Kifaransa huwa na mtazamo kuwa Ufaransa haikupitia enzi ''ya kupanda''<ref>Jean Marczewski, « Y a-t-il eu un "''take-off''" en France ? », 1961, dans les ''Cahiers de l'ISEA''</ref>.Badala yake, kukuwa kwa uchumi wa Ufaransa na mchakato wa upanuzi wa viwanda ulikuwa polepole na wa makini katika karne za kumi na nane na kumi na tisa. Hata hivvyo, hatua fulani zilitambuliwa na Maurice Lévy-Leboyer : * Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa na Vita vya Napolia (1789-1815), * Upanuzi wa viwanda, pamoja na Uingereza (1815-1860), * Uchumi kukuwa polepole (1860-1905), * marekebisho ya ukuaji baada ya 1905. == Marekani == [[Picha:SlaterMill.JPG|thumb|left|Kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater]] Awali, Marekani ilitumia mashine zilizotumia farasi kwa mahitaji ya nguvu katika viwanda vyake, lakini mwishowe ilianza kutumia nguvu za maji, na matokeo yakasababisha upanuzi wa viwandani kimsingi ulibaki katika eneo la [[Uingereza Mpya]] na upande uliosalia wa [[Kaskazini-mashariki mwa Marekani]], ambapo mito yenye maji yaliyosonga kwa kasi yanapatikana. Uzalishaji unaotegemea farasi kuvuta vitu ilionekana kuwa yenye changamoto nyingi na mbinu ya mbadala iliyokuwa gumu zaidi kuliko mbinu mpya ya kuunda bidhaa viwandani iliyotumia maji. Hata hivyo, malighafi (pamba) ilitoka eneo la [[Marekani Kusini]]. Haikuwa hadi baada ya [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Marekani|Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe]] katika miaka ya 1860 ambapo utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia mvuke ulipita utengenezaji bidhaa uliotumia maji, hivyo basi kuruhusu kiwanda kuenea nchini kote. [[Samuel Slater]] (1768–1835) ni maarufu kama mwanzilishi wa sekta ya pamba nchini Marekani. Kama kijana mwanafunzi katika mji wa [[Derbyshire]], Uingereza, alijifunza mbinu mpya za kiwanda cha nguo na alizipuuza sheria dhidi ya uhamiaji wa wafanyikazi wenye ujuzi kwa kuelekea mji wa New York mnamo mwaka wa 1789, akitumaini kupata pesa na maarifa yake. Slater, alijiunga na [[Mandugu wa Cabot]] na wawekezaji, ma kuanzisha [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]] mjini [[Beverly, Massachusetts]]. Hiki kilikuwa kiwanda cha kinu cha kwanza cha pamba nchini Marekani. Kiwanda hichi cha kinu kiliundwa kutumia nguvu za farasi. Wafanyikzai wa kinu walijifunza haraka kuwa utulivu wa kiuchumi wa kifaa chao kilichovutwa na farasi haukuwa dhabiti, na walikuwa na maswala ya kifedha miaka mingi baada ya ujenzi. Ijapokuwa ya hasara, kiwanda hicho kilikuwa kama eneo la kukuza ubunifu, kwa kutengeneza idadi kubwa ya pamba na pia kwa kutengeneza muundo wa kinu wa kutengeneza pamba uliotumika katika kinu cha pili cha Slater<ref>"Made In Beverly-A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.</ref>, [[Kinu cha Slater]] katika eneo la [[Pawtucket, Kisiwa cha Rhode]], mnamo mwaka wa 1793. Alizidi na kuendelea ambapo alikuwa na vinu kumi na vitatu vya nguo.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1998): ''Samuel Slater''</ref> [[Daniel Day]] alianzisha kinu cha kukadi katika [[Bonde la Blackstone]] mjini [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]] mnamo mwaka wa 1810, kinu cha sufi cha tatu kilichoanzishwa nchini Marekani (Cha kwanza kilikuwa katika mji wa [[Hartford, Connecticut]], na cha pili katika mji wa [[Watertown, Massachusetts]].) makavazi ya [[John H. Chafee]] ya [[Bonde la Mto Blackstone la Kitamaduni]] inafuata historia ya "Mto wa Marekani uliofanya Kazi Nyingi Zaidi', Mto Blackstone. [[Mto Blackstone]] na vijito vyake, vinavyopita katika eneo la zaidi ya maili 45 (kilomita 72) kutoka [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] hadi [[Providence, Kisiwa cha Rhode|Providence]], ilikuwa eneo ambapo Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Amerika yalifanyika. Katika kilele chake cha vuwanda vya vinu 1100 vilivyofanya kazi katika bonde hilo, ikiwemo kiwanda cha kinu cha Slater, na pamoja nayo mwanzo wa mapema kabisa wa Maendeleo ya Kiteknolojia na Viwanda ya Amerika. Wakati aliposafiri kwenda Uingereza mnamo mwaka wa 1810, Mfanyibiashara [[Francis Cabot Lowell (mfanyibiashara)|Francis Cabot Lowell]] wa [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]] aliruhusiwa kutembelea viwanda vya [[nguo]] vya Uingereza, lakini bila ya kuandika chochcote. Alipogundua kuwa [[Vita vya mwaka 1812]] vilkuwa vimeharibu biashara yake ya uagizaji bidhaa kuttoka nchi geni lakini soko la vitambaa vilivyokamilika vya nyumbani lilikuwa likiibuka nchini Marekani, alikumbuka muundo wa mashine za nguo, na aliporudi nchini Marekani, alianzisha [[Kampuni ya Utengenezaji]] bidhaa. Lowell na wenziwe walijenga kiwanda cha pili cha kinu cha Marekani cha kubadilisha pamaba iwe kitambaa katika eneo la [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], ikija nafasi ya pili baada ya [[Kiwanda cha Utengenezaji Pamba cha Beverly]]. Baada ya kifo chake mnamo mwaka wa 1817, wenzake wa kibiashara walijenga mji wa kwanza Marekani wa viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa vua kupangwa, ambao waliupa jina lake. Biashara hii ilipata mtaji wake kutoka [[Utoaji Hisa kwa Umma]], mojawapo ya matumizi yake ya awali nchini Marekani. [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], ikitumia maili 5.6 (kilomita 9) za mifereji na nguvu za farasi elfu kumi iliyosafirishwa na [[Mto Merrimack]], hutazamwa kuwa kama is considered the 'Mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani nchini Marekani'. [[Mfumo wa Lowell]] uliofanana Yutopia na uliokaa kwa kipindi muda mchache ulitengeneza, kama jibu la moja kwa moja la hali duni za kikazi za Uingereza. Hata hivyo, kufikia mwaka wa 1850, hasa kufuatia [[Ukame wa Viazi wa nchi ya Ireland]], mfumo huo ulikuwa umebadilishwa na ajira ya wahamiaji maskini. Kuundwa katika viwanda kwa saa pia kulianza katika mwaka wa 1854 pia katika eneo la Waltham, Massachusetts, katika [[Kampuni ya Saa ya Waltham]], pamoja na maendeleo ya zana za mashine, zana, vipimaji, na mbinu za kuunda bidhaa zilizotumiwa katika ufasaha mdogo unaohitajika kuunda saa. == Ujapani == {{Main|Matengenezo ya Meiji}} Mnamo mwaka wa 1871 kikundi cha wanasiasa wa Kijapani waliojulikana kama [[Mishoni ya Iwakura]] walitembelea nchi ya Ulaya na Marelani kujifunza mbinu za magharibi. Chanzo kilikuwa sera uundaji wa viwanda za kimakusudi zilizoanzishwa na serikali zilizonuiwa kuzuia Ujapani isachwe nyuma. [[Benki ya Ujapani]], iliyoanzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1877, ilitumia kodi kulipia mifano ya viwanda vya utengenezaji wa stili na nguo. Elimu ilipanuliwa na wanafunzi wa Kijapani walitumwa magharibi kusoma. == Mapinduzi ya Pili ya Viwandani na mabadiliko ya baadaye == [[Picha:ConverterB.jpg|thumb|Kibadilishaji cha Bessemer]] Mahitaji makubwa ya barabara za reli ya reli ambayo ingeweza kudumu zaidi ilisababisha kuvumbuliwa kwa mbinu za kuzalisha kwa bei nafuu idadi kubwa ya stili. Stili mara nyingi hutajwa kama eneo ya kwanza kati ya maeneo mengi ya uzalishaji wa kiasi kikubwa viwandani, ambazo zinasemekana kuwa sifa ya "Mapinduzi ya Viwandani ya Pili ", kuanzia mwaka wa 1850, ingawa mbinu ya kutengeneza [[stili]] kwa kiwango kikubwa haikuvumbuliwa hadi mnamo miaka ya 1860, wakati ambapo [[Henry Bessemer]] aliundwa tanuri mpya ambayo ingeweza kutengeneza [[chuma nzito]] na stili kwa kiwango kikubwa. Hata hivyo, iliweza tu kupatikana kwa wingi katika miaka ya 1870. Mapinduzi haya ya pili ya Viwandani yalikua ya polepole na ya kujumuisha [[kiwanda cha kemikali|viwanda vywa kemikali]], usafishaji na usambazaji wa [[mafuta]], [[viwanda vya umeme]], na, katika karne ya ishirini, [[kiwanda cha magari|viwanda vya magari]], na ilikuwa na mpito ya uongozi wa kiteknolojia kutoka nchi ya Uingereza hadi nchi Mrekani na Ujerumani. Kuanzishwa kwa kizazi cha [[nguvu za umeme za maji]] katika milima ya [[Alps]] kuliwezesha kuenea kukubwa kwa eneo la kaskazini la Italy ambalo halikuwa na viwanda, kuanzia miaka ya 1890. Kuzidi kongezeka kwa bidhaa za mafuta za bei nafuu pia kulipunguza umuhimu wa makaa ya mawe na kulipanua zaidi uwezo wa kuwa na viwanda zaidi. [[Marshall McLuhan]] aliyachambua matokeo ya kijamii na kitamaduni ya [[zama za umeme]]. Ingawa zama ya awali ya [[mashine]] ilikuwa imeeneza wazo la kugawa kila mchakato uwe mtiririko, hili lilimalizwa na kuanzishwa kwa kasi ya mara moja ya umeme ambayo iliwezesha mambo kufanyika mara moja. Jambo hili lilileta mabadiliko ya kitamaduni kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kuangalia "maeneo maalum " (kushikilia mtazamo maalum), hadi kwa dhana ya "kujua mara moja kwa kuhisi kuhusu yote", na umakini kwa "eneo jumla", "hisia ya muundo mzima". Ilifanya iwe dhahiri na dhana ya "umbo na umoja", an "dhana muhimu ya muundo na kufanya kazi". Hii ilikuwa na athari kubwa katika masomo ya uchoraji (na [[ukiubi]]), fizikia, ushairi, mawasiliamo na [[nadharia ya elimu]].<ref>[[Marshall McLuhan]] (1964) ''[[Understanding Media]]'', p.13 [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218071224/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/irvinem/theory/McLuhan-Understanding_Media-I-1-7.html]</ref> Kufikia miaka ya 1890, kuenea kwa viwanda katika maeneo haya ulikuwa umeunda mashirika ya kwanza makubwa yaliyokuwa na maslahi ya kimataifa, kama vile kampuni kama vile [[Shrika la Marekani la Stili|U.S. Steel]], [[General Electric]],na [[Bayer|Bayer AG]] yaliyojiunga kampuni za njia za reli katika [[masoko ya hisa]] ya Dunia. == Dhana za kielimu na ukosoaji == === Ubepari === {{Main|Ubepari}} Ujio wa [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] ulitoa miundomsingi ya kitaaluma ambayo iliambayo ilikaribisha kutumika bayana kwa mwili wa maarifa ya kisayansi—chanzo kinachothibitika wazi maendeleo ya kimfumo ya injini ya mvuke, iliyoongzwa kwa kutumia uchunguzi wa kisayansi, na maendeleo katika uchunguzi wa kisiasa na katika [[elimu ya kijamii]], iliyofikia upeo wake katika kitabu cha [[Adam Smith]] kilichoitwa ''[[Utajiri wa Mataifa]]''. Mojawapo ya hoja za kuunga mkono ubepari, iliyoandikwa katika kitabu ''[[Kuboresha Hali ya Dunia]]'', ni kuwa kuenea kwa viwanda kunaongezea kila mtu utajiri, kama inavyothibitishwa na kuongezeka kwa urefu wa maisha ya watu, kupunguka kwa masaa ya kazi, na watoto na watu wazee kutofanya kazi. === Umaksi === {{Main|Umaksi}} Umaksi ulianza kimsingi kama mmenyuko wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandani.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae4_1_5.pdf Karl Marx: Communist as Religious Eschatologist]|3.68&nbsp;MB}}</ref> Kulingana na [[Karl Marx]], kuenea kwa viwanda kulifanya jamii kutengana na kuwa [[“bourgeoisie”]] (wale ambao wanamiliki [[mbinu za uzalishaji]], viwanda vya utengenezaji bidhaa na ardhi) na kundi la [[“proletariat”]] lenye watu zaidi (watu wanaofanya kazi na amabo hufanya kazi [[ajira (uchumi)|ajira]] inayotakikana kutoa kitu cha thamani kutoka kwa mbinu za uzalishaji). Aliona mchakato wa kuenea kwa viwanda kama umantiki wa [[dialectics|dialectical]] progression of feudal economic modes, necessary for the full development of capitalism, which he saw as in itself a necessary precursor to the development of [[socialism]] and eventually [[communism]]. ===Uromantiki===<!-- This section is linked from [[And did those feet in ancient time]] --> {{Main|Uromantiki}} Wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Viwandanu uadui dhidi wa kitaaluma na kisanii dhidi ya kuenea kwa viwanda kulitokea. Jambo hili lilijulikana kama harakati ya Kiromantiki. Baadhi ya Wafuasi wake nchini Uingereza walikuwa msanii na malenga [[William Blake]] na malenga [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Keats]], [[Byron]] na [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. Harakati ilizisitiza umuhimu wa "maumbile" katika sanaa na lugha, ikitofautishwa na mashine na viwanda vya "kizimwi"; "Viwanda vyenye giza" katika shairi la Blake "[[Na hiyo miguu ilifanya katika muda wa kale]]". Riwaya ya [[Mary Shelley]] ya ''[[Frankenstein]]'' iliangazia wasiwasi kuwa maendeleo ya kisayansi yanaweza kuwa mwenye pande mbili za kukata. == Tazama pia == * [[Karatasi]] * [[Viwanda]] * [[Historia]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Soma zaidi == * {{cite |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1 |accessdate=2009-07-26}} * {{cite |last=Ashton|first=Thomas S. |authorlink=T. S. Ashton |title=The Industrial Revolution (1760-1830) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1948 |isbn10=0195002520 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77198082 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |editor-last=Berlanstein|editor-first=Lenard R. |title=The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London and New York |date=1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=J. H.|last=Clapham |title=An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1926 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=83597738 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Clark|first=Gregory |title=A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2007 |isbn10=0691121354 }} * {{cite |first=M. J.|last=Daunton |title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700-1850 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1995 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100599398 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Dunham|first=Arthur Louis |title=The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815-1848 |publisher=[[Exposition Press]] |publication-place=New York |date=1955 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14880719 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x |title=Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2004-11_57_4/page/794 |year=2004 |author=Gatrell, PETER |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=57 |pages=794 }} * {{cite |first=Margaret C.|last=Jacob |title=Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=Oxford, UK |date=1997 }} * {{cite |first=Herbert|last=Kisch |title=From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1989 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78932320 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Paul|last=Mantoux |authorlink=Paul Mantoux |title=The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century |date=First English translation 1928, revised 1961 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |first=Constance|last=McLaughlin Green |title=''[[Holyoke, Massachusetts]]: A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |publication-place=New Haven, CT |date=1939 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8893044 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Mokyr|first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Mokyr |title=The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective |date=1999 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=More|first=Charles |title=Understanding the Industrial Revolution |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London |date=2000 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 online edition |accessdate=2009-04-17 }} * {{cite |first=Sidney|last=Pollard |title=Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760-1970 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1981 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |authorlink=Neil Smelser |last=Smelser|first=Neil J. |title=Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1959 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55370383 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1998 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2010-04-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 }} * {{cite |first=Vaclav |last=Smil |title=Energy in World History |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |date=1994 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2007-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718112416/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 }} * {{cite |last=Snooks|first=G.D. |title=Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? |publication-place=London & New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 }} * {{cite |last=Szostak|first=Rick |title=The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |publication-place=[[Montréal]] |date=1991 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * {{cite |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Toynbee |title=Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England |url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |year=1884 |publication-place=[[Whitefish, Montana]] |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |9=edition-paperback edition 2004 |isbn10=1-4191-2952-X |accessdate=2009-07-26 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182004/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev }} * {{cite |last=Uglow|first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Uglow |title=The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730-1810 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |publication-place=London |date=2002 }} * {{cite |last=Usher|first=Abbott Payson |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |date=1920 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |pages=529 |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00224415&id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1- online edition |accessdate=2009-07-26 }} * Chambliss, William J. (editor), ''Problems of Industrial Society'', Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Desemba 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Industrial revolution|{{PAGENAME}}}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/}} * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html |date=20090831051624 }} * [http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 |date=20130118112031 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtml BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities] {{Wayback|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ |date=20091012185400 }} * [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html ''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living''] by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. * [http://www.galbithink.org/fw.htm Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution] * [http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=20060308154827 }} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Mapinduzi]] [[Jamii:Historia]] 4x22ubxvwcavr9y34p1yyxqp9bdgf3b 0 32383 1575943 1546984 2026-06-22T05:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Mathenge''' (amezaliwa Agosti [[1976]]), anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii '''Nameless,''' ni msanii wa kapuka nchini [[Kenya]]. == Taawasifu == Yeye alipata umaarufu mwaka 1999 kupitia Ushindani wa "Star search" uliofanywa na stesheni ya radio ya [Capital(98.4 fm) http://www.capitalfm.co.ke {{Wayback|url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/ |date=20091124010759 }}], ambayo alishinda kwa wimbo wake wa awali "Megarider" Wimbo huu unaongelea m kijana ambaye hana pesa na ilhali anajaribu kumpata kipusa.Fedha alizonazo zinatosha tu tiketi ya Kenya Bus , na si maisha ambayo msichana huyo anataka. Alifanya wimbo huo na na mtayarishaji [[Tedd Josiah]] na ulikaa kwenya kwenye chati kwa wiki kadhaa Alitia saini na [[Ogopa Deejays]] mnamo mwaka wa 2001.katika Ogopa DJ's alikuwa pamoja na wasanii kama vile marehemu [[E-Sir]] amabaye walifanya wimbo wa "Boomba Train," na [[Amani]] : "Ninanoki" mwaka wa 2002 wimbo ambao ulivunja rekodi kwenya chati nchini [[Kenya]] kwa kusalia siku 110 nambari moja Amekwenda kwenye ziara kaadhaa [[Afrika Mashariki]] , Marekani na pia Uingereza Alitoa albamu yake ya "on fire mwaka wa"2004. Pia mwaka huo huo wa 2004 Mathenge alimuoa msanii mwenzake [[Wahu]] Kagwe waliyekuwa wakirekodi pamoja katika Ogopa DJ's. Wana mtoto mmoja, binti ambaye alizaliwa mwaka 2006. Yeye pia ni mbunifu na alfuzu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi.]] Kikundi cha 'pop' kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ; Jamali walitoa wimbon wimbo wa "nigger" na ilisemekana kwamba waliuiba wimbo huo kutoka kwa Nameless. Lakini baadaye Jamali walikubali kumshirikisha Nameless kama Mwandishi wa "maisha" kwenye albamu yao ya "Yours Fatally" Yeye alikuwa miongoni mwa orodha ya watu mia moja (100) wenya ushawishi mkubwa sana nchini Kenya kama iliyotolewa na gazeti la [[The Standard]] Agosti 2007 <ref>The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [http://web.archive.org/web/20071013111103/http://eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&amp;img_topic=376 100 mest ushawishi Wakenya]</ref><ref>The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050258/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143973204 100 mest ushawishi Wakenya - Entertainment]</ref> == Tuzo == * [[Kisima Music Awards 2004]] - Mwanamziki wa Boomba Bora * [[Kisima Music Awards 2006]] - Mwanamziki Mwanaume Bora kwenya Afro Fusion & Video Bora ''(Sinzia)'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners |title=Kisima Awards winners 2006 |accessdate=2009-11-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408174146/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners |archivedate=2009-04-08 |https://web.archive.org/web/20090408174146/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408174146/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners }}</ref> * 2006 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] (PAM Awards) - Mwanaume Bora (Kenya) <ref>Ugandaonline.net: [http://www.ugandaonline.net/2006 PAM Awards 2006 Winners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/2006 |date=20120226155529 }}</ref> * 2007 [[Tanzania Music Awards]] (Kilimanjaro Music Awards) - Wimbo Bora Afrika Mashariki ''(Sinzia)'' <ref>Tanzania Music Awards: [http://www.kilitimetz.com/awards/2007/winners/index.html 2007 winners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kilitimetz.com/awards/2007/winners/index.html |date=20081002055743 }}</ref> * 2007 [[Channel O Music Video Awards]] - Mwanaume Bora( "Sinzia") <ref>Museke: [http://museke.com/index.php?q=node/1534 Channel O Music Video Awards 2007 winners] {{Wayback|url=http://museke.com/index.php?q=node%2F1534 |date=20160304094232 }}</ref> * 2008 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Mwanaume mwanamziki Bora Kenya <ref>Museke: [http://museke.com/en/node/2396 PAM Awards Winners 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://museke.com/en/node/2396 |date=20090418144712 }}</ref> * [[Kisima Music Awards 2008]] - Mwanamzikin Mwanaume wa Mwaka & Video Bora ( "Salari") <ref>Kisima Music Awards: [http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 2008 Kisima Music Awards] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners08 |date=20091212182824 }}</ref> * Tanzania Music Awards 2009 - Wimbo Bora Afrika Mashariki ( "Salari") <ref>Daily Nation, Buzz Magazine, 12 Aprili 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/magazines/buzz/-/441236/559564/-/item/2/-/8vn5m2z/-/index.html The Kilimanjaro Awards 2009: The Highs na Lows] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/magazines/buzz/-/441236/559564/-/item/2/-/8vn5m2z/-/index.html |date=20120227044343 }}</ref> * [[2009 MTV Africa Music Awards]] - Msanii wa Mwaka, Chaguo la Wasikilizaji <ref>Museke: [http://lyrics.fienipa.com/en/node/4273 MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMAs) 2009 winners] {{Wayback|url=http://lyrics.fienipa.com/en/node/4273 |date=20091013220354 }}</ref> === Kuchaguliwa === * [[Tanzania Music Awards]] 2005 - Albamu Bora Afrika Mashariki ( "On Fire") <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kilitimetz.com/2005/awards/vote.html |title=Tanzania Music Awards - Nominees 2005 |accessdate=2006-05-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515123130/http://www.kilitimetz.com/2005/awards/vote.html |archivedate=2006-05-15 }}</ref> * [[2006 MTV Europe Music Awards 2006]] - Mwanamziki Bora Afrika * [[2009 MTV Africa Music Awards]] - Mwanamziki Bora <ref>Museke: [http://www.museke.com/en/node/3989 MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMAs) 2009 nominees] {{Wayback|url=http://www.museke.com/en/node/3989 |date=20091014215232 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viunganish vya nje == * [http://www.bernsoft.com/ogopa/ Ogopa DJs Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bernsoft.com/ogopa/ |date=20060620105803 }} * [http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&amp;id=30119465 MTV Base Afrika profile: Nameless] {{Wayback|url=http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&id=30119465 |date=20070310224918 }} * [http://www.museke.com/node/103 Nameless 'profile, lyrics, audio, video, nk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.museke.com/node/103 |date=20080708135754 }} * [http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/Redio ya Capital]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mathenge, David}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Kisima Music Award winners]] pcvgdxwu4wif1rly3dr5l9s27iik1fh 0 33370 1575932 1472652 2026-06-22T04:34:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mungiki''' ni [[kundi]] la [[Siasa|kisiasa]]-[[dini]] lililopigwa marufuku nchini [[Kenya]], linalojulikana pia kama [[shirika]] la kihalifu. Jina "Mungiki" linatokana na [[lugha]] ya [[Kikuyu]], likimaanisha "umoja wa watu" au "[[umati]]." Kundi hili, lililoibuka hasa katika miaka ya [[1980]], linafanya kazi kwa siri na linahusisha misingi ya dini yenye mafumbo, hivyo asili yao na mafundisho yao hayaeleweki kikamilifu.<ref name="DailyNationMungiki2015">Daily Nation (2015). "The Mungiki Sect in Kenya: History and Activities". https://www.nation.co.ke/news/mungiki-sect-kenya-history/1056-2939870-1n8o2p/index.html</ref> Kinachojulikana ni kwamba Mungiki hupendekeza kurudi kwa [[desturi]] za [[Afrika|Kiafrika]], ikiwemo kulazimisha tohara kwa wanawake. Pia, kundi hili linapinga [[mila]] za kizungu na mambo yote yanayochukuliwa kuwa urithi wa [[ukoloni]], ikiwemo ukristo. Itikadi ya Mungiki inahusisha mapinduzi ya kijamii na kisiasa, ikijumuisha kuendeleza mila za Kikuyu na kupinga baadhi ya mfumo wa kisiasa wa Kenya ambao wanauona kama rushwa au wizi. Kwa mtindo wa uunganishaji na ushirika, Mungiki mara nyingi hulinganishwa na makundi ya kihalifu ya kimataifa kama Cosa Nostra, Yakuza, au Mafia, hivyo kupata jina la "Mafia ya Kenya." ==Historia== Kulingana na mmoja wa [[Mwanzilishi|waanzilishi]] wa Mungiki, kikundi hiki kilianzishwa mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]] kama wanamgambo waliokuwa katika maeneo ya milima ili kulinda wakulima wa Kikuyu katika migogoro ya [[ardhi]] na vikosi vya [[Wamasai]] vilivyokuwa watiifu kwa [[serikali]]. Wakati huo, serikali ilikuwa inayoongozwa na kabila la Wakenjin.<ref name="Stanley2014">Stanley, J. (2014). *Mungiki: A Socio-Political Analysis*. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press. ISBN 978-9966-1-2345-6.</ref> Mungiki wanadai kuwa mizizi yao inatokana na kutoridhika kunasababishwa na ukosefu wa [[ajira]] na upungufu wa ardhi kutokana na ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu. Hali hii ilisababisha vijana wengi kutokuwa na ajira, na hivyo kuwapa hisia za kusudi, utambulisho wa kiutamaduni na kisiasa, na hata njia za kupata mapato yao. Waanzilishi walianzisha Mungiki kwa kuzingatia wapiganiaji wa [[Mau mau|Mau Mau]] waliopigana na utawala wa kikoloni wa [[Uingereza]]. Katika miaka ya [[1990]], kikundi hiki kilipanua shughuli zake hadi [[Nairobi]], kikipata kukubalika na serikali ya [[Daniel arap Moi]], na kuanza kudhibiti sekta ya ''matatu'' (teksi za kibinafsi). Kuhamia Nairobi kulileta maendeleo katika muundo wa kiutendaji wa kikundi. Kila seli ilikuwa na wanachama 50, na kila kiini kiligawanywa katika ''platoons'' tano. Kwa kutumia matatu kama kisingizio, kikundi hiki kilipanua shughuli zake hadi katika maeneo mengine ya [[biashara]], ikiwemo ukusanyaji wa [[taka]], [[ujenzi]], na hata utoaji wa huduma za [[ulinzi]]. Hatimaye, vitendo vya kikundi hiki vilisababisha [[wanasiasa]] kuhusika kwa dhana ya kupata wafuasi zaidi. ==Uwanaji na ghasia za kikabila== Mungiki wanaonekana sana katika mtaa wa Mathare, mtaa mkubwa wa vibanda wa pili katika Nairobi, ambapo umaskini na uhalifu vimeenea kwa wingi. Kila mkazi wa mtaa huu hulipa sehemu ya fedha kwa kundi hilo, kwa lengo la kupata ulinzi dhidi ya wizi na uharibifu wa mali. Aidha, Mungiki huendesha usimamizi wa vyoo vya umma na hulipiza ada kwa ajili ya kutumia vifaa hivyo. Zaidi ya watu 50 waliuawa mwaka wa [[2002]] katika mapigano yaliyojihusisha na wamiliki wa ''[[matatu]]'' na wafuasi wa Mungiki katika sehemu za Nairobi peke yake. Mnamo [[Februari]] [[2003]], kundi hilo lilipigwa marufuku, lilipokuwa limeanza kuvuma katika vyombo vya habari baada ya mapigano ya siku mbili na polisi mjini Nairobi, ambapo maafisa wawili waliuawa na wafuasi 74 wa Mungiki walitiwa mbaroni. Mnamo [[Juni]] [[2007]], Mungiki walihusishwa na mauaji yaliyolenga kueneza hofu, ikiwemo kukatwa vichwa vya madereva wa ''matatu'', watumishi wa ''matatu'', na wasaliti wa kundi hilo. Shughuli hizi zilisababisha vikosi vya usalama kuingilia kati katika eneo la Mathare, na takriban watu 100 waliuawa katika oparesheni hiyo.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/22/world/africa/22mungiki.html|title=Might Drink Your Blood, but Otherwise Not Bad Guys|first=Jeffrey|last=Gettleman|date=22 June 2007|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> == Itikio la polisi == Mnamo [[Novemba]] 2007, shirika la [[haki za binadamu]] la ''Oscar Foundation Free Legal Aid Clinic-Kenya'' liliripoti kuwa katika kipindi cha miaka mitano hadi [[Agosti]] 2007, [[polisi]] wa Kenya walikuwa wamewaua watu 8,000 katika oparesheni dhidi ya kundi la Mungiki, na zaidi ya watu 4,000 walikuwa hawajulikani walipo. Madai haya yalitokana na mahojiano, ripoti za polisi, na yalienea sana kote nchini Kenya, pia yalikuwapo katika mawasilisho katika [[Mahakama]] ya Kimataifa ya Uhalifu. Wakati huo huo, Tume ya Taifa ya Haki za Binadamu Kenya ilihusisha polisi katika utekelezaji wa mauaji ya wanachama 500 wa Mungiki ndani ya kipindi cha miezi mitano. Polisi walikanusha madai haya, wakisema kuwa yalikuwa si sahihi. Tarehe [[5 Machi]] [[2009]], Mkurugenzi wa shirika la Oscar, [[Oscar Kamau Kingara]], na Mratibu wa Programu, John Paul Oulo, walipigwa risasi na kuuawa wakiwa wakienda kwenye mkutano katika afisi za Tume ya Taifa ya Kenya ya [[Haki za binadamu|Haki za Binadamu]] mjini Nairobi. Mapema siku hiyo, msemaji wa serikali, Alfred Mutua, alidai hadharani na kukemea vuguvugu hilo kwa kuhusiana na uhusiano wake na kundi la Mungiki. Baada ya matukio hayo, Mwenyekiti wa Mungiki, Maina Njenga, aliachiliwa huru tarehe [[27 Oktoba]] [[2009]], kutokana na uhaba wa ushahidi wa kutosha kuhusiana na mauaji dhidi yake. Baada ya wiki chache, msemaji wa Mungiki, David Gitau Njuguna, alipigwa risasi na kuuawa mjini Nairobi na mtu asiyetambulika.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120960480112658147|title=Kenyan Gang Revives Amid Political Disarray|first=Sarah|last=Childress|work=Wall Street Journal|date=1 May 2008|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> == Vita vya mngawanyiko == Mnamo mwaka wa 2007, Mungiki ilidaiwa kugawanyika katika makundi mawili. Mauaji ya kushangaza ya viongozi wakuu wa kundi hilo yalitokea, licha ya ishara za amani kutoka kwa Waziri Mkuu wa kipindi icho [[Raila Odinga]], huku polisi wakikanusha kuhusika na matukio hayo. Mwenyekiti na Mweka Hazina wa Kenya National Youth Alliance (KNYA), Maina Njenga, alipigwa risasi na kuuawa katika eneo la Uplands baada ya mgongano wa magari katika njia kuu ya Nairobi–[[Naivasha]]. Kenya National Youth Alliance ni mrengo wa kisiasa wa Mungiki. Charles Ndung'u Wagacha na Naftali Irungu waliripotiwa wakiwa njiani kuelekea Gereza la Naivasha, ambapo kiongozi wa Mungiki, Maina Njenga, alikuwa akitumikia kifungo chake cha kifungo cha jela. Familia za wanachama hao wa KNYA ziliwalaumu maafisa wa polisi kwa mauaji hayo. Hata hivyo, msemaji wa polisi, Eric Kiraithe, alikanusha madai hayo. Polisi walisema kuwa mauaji ya hivi karibuni ya viongozi wa Mungiki yalichangiwa na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya makundi tofauti juu ya udhibiti wa fedha na migongano ya kisiasa. Uongozi wa Mungiki, hata hivyo, unakanusha taarifa za mgawanyiko ndani ya safu zao. Kulingana na familia ya Wagacha na Irungu, wawili hao walikuwa wakielekea Gereza la Naivasha kushauriana na Maina Njenga juu ya uwezekano wa mazungumzo na serikali, yaliyoendeshwa na Waziri Mkuu Odinga. Familia hiyo inadai kwamba baadhi ya vipengele vya serikali vilitumia polisi kuhakikisha mazungumzo hayo hayafanyiki, na hivyo kusababisha mauaji. Taarifa pia zinaonyesha kuwa miili ya takriban wanachama 500 wa Mungiki imegunduliwa katika vichaka nje ya Nairobi katika mwaka uliopita. == Idara ya Ulinzi == Mapema mwaka 2003, mara baada ya Mwai Kibaki kuchukua uongozi, serikali iliipa shaba ya juu ya kijeshi siku tatu kuelezea kwa nini landrovers 10 za kijeshi zilipewa kudi lililopingwa marufuku la mungiki. katika kufuatilia uchaguzi mkuu aliyekua kamanda wa kijeshi joseph kibwana aliulizwa kuchunguza kashfa yeye binafsi na kupeana matokeo yake katika ofisi ya rais. Ripoti ingehusisha kwa undani thamani ya magari, nani aliyepeana na kwa sababu gani. kwa wakati huo vyanzo vya kijeshi vilisema kuwa amri ilikua imetolewa na waziri wa Usalama wa Taifa Chris Murungaru alipokutana na jenerali kibwana katika makao makuu ya Idara ya Ulinzi mjini Nairobi. Suala la magari ya landRovers lilianza wakati waziri alifanya ziara yake ya kwanza ya kujijuza kuhusu DoD, mwezi mmoja baada ya NARC kuingia madarakani. Dr Murungaru, ambaye alikuwa waziri wa usalama aliyeajibikika kwa ajili ya kijeshi, alishtuswa na ripoti kuwa baadhi ya maafisaa wa juu huenda walihusika katika kuwapatia mungiki magari ya landrovers, kama ilivyokiniwa katika ripoti juu ya kashfa hizo zilizoripotiwa na gazeti la daily nation. wanachama wa juu wa DoD waliohusika inasemekana walifanya mazungumzo ya siri muda mfupi kabla ya Dr Murungaru kuwasili kupanga la kufanya baadaye. Ripoti na matokeo yake haijawahi kuelizewa umma. Idara ya Ulinzi ilibandilishwa na kuwa Wizara ya Ulinzi na inaongozwa na hon Yusuf Haji. ==Ripoti ya Waki== Kulingana na tume iliyoanziswa 2008 kuchunguza ghasia za baada ya uchanguzi iliripotiwa kuwa wanachama wa mungiki walihusika na uchochezi wa ghasia. Ripoti ya Waki inasema kwamba mkutano ulifanyika kwenye ikulu kuratibu kisasi dhidi ya Wajaluo na Wakalenjin. Ripoti pia inapendekeza kwamba watu waliochochea, wakiwemo pamoja na mawaziri, wabunge na wafanyabiashara maarufu kushitakiwa katika mahakama ya nchini au [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Uhalifu]] (ICC). ==Uhamishoni== Inasemekana kwamba wanachama wa zamani wa mungiki wametoroka nchini na kutafuta maficho kwa sababu dhehedu hilo halikubali usaliti Pia kulikuwa na matukio mengi ya kulazimishwa kujiunga na kundi hilo ambayo ilipanda vikubwa baada ya uchaguzi wa rais wa 2007. ==Sintofahamu== * Kumekuwa na madai yasiyodhibitiswa kwamba Mungiki ina viungo katika serikali ya KANU ya zamani na baadhi ya wabunge katika serikali ya sasa. ama kwa hakika , kwa sababu ya ibada ya usiri uliokithiri, ni machache yanajulikana kuhusu uanachama wake au uongozi wake. * Wanaokubali bini hii humaliza kwa kuapa kiapo "nitakufa nikilisaliti au kufichua siri" * Wanachama wengi wanahisi ya kuwa katika urefu wa ushawishi wake, kikundi kinaweza kudai kuwa uwanachama wake ni 500000 na hupokea kiasi cha pesa. wakenya wengi wanajadili kama ushawishi wa kundi hili unadidimia au unaongezeka mjini nairobi. ==Tazama pia== * Kenya National Youth Alliance - mrengo wa kisiasa wa Maina Njenga wa Mungiki. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=76896 "Armed and Dangerous: Kenya's armed groups, IRIN, 22 February 2008"] * [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kenyan-women-beaten-for-unafrican-behaviour-634871.html Kenyan women beaten for 'unAfrican' behaviour] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2721249.stm Kenyan women protest at 'trouser police'] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2745421.stm BBC News, "Profile: Kenya's Secretive Mungiki Sect", 11 February 2003] * [http://hss.fullerton.edu/comparative/africa_mungiki.htm Dr James Santucci's Mungiki site] {{Wayback|url=http://hss.fullerton.edu/comparative/africa_mungiki.htm |date=20080202171142 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070524070851/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/05/22/kenya.beheadings.reut/index.html CNN.com, "6 beheadings blamed on sect shock Kenyans", 22 May 2007] * [http://www.eastandard.net/archives/?mnu=details&amp;id=1143969601&amp;catid=4 The Standard (Nairobi), "Kenya: It's Bloodbath As Police Strike Back At Mungiki", 6 June 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112938/http://www.rickross.com/groups/mungiki.html RICKROSS and MUNENE on Mungiki] * [http://www.saferaccess.org/documents/The%20Mungiki%20-%20Cult%20Street%20Gang%20or%20Political%20Force.pdf The Mungiki - Cult, Street Gang or Political Force?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saferaccess.org/documents/The%20Mungiki%20-%20Cult%20Street%20Gang%20or%20Political%20Force.pdf |date=20070928071823 }} * [http://sky1.sky.com/ross-kemp-a-kenya-special Ross Kemp: A Kenya Maalum] [[Jamii:Historia ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Ugaidi]] 7r11huqjimovi4mm08aha6h9wt407ga 0 34029 1575902 1531368 2026-06-21T23:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makambi ya KZ|Kambi]] la [[Buchenwald]] walipouawa [[halaiki]] ya watu kwa [[amri]] ya [[Adolf Hitler]].]] '''Mauaji ya kimbari''' ni ma[[angamizi]] ya [[mpango]] ya [[kundi]] zima la watu au ya [[sehemu]] yake kwa msingi wa [[taifa]], [[kabila]], [[rangi]] au [[dini]]. ==Ufafanuzi== Ingawa [[ufafanuzi]] fasaha haujapatikana, kutokana na tofauti kati ya [[wataalamu]] wa mauaji ya kimbari, ufafanuzi wa ki[[sheria]] hupatikana katika [[Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari]] (unaofupishwa "CPPCG" katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]]) wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] wa [[mwaka]] wa [[1948]]. [[Ibara]] ya 2 ya [[mkataba]] huo inayafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "Tendo lolote kati ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika kwa nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au cha kidini, kama vile: ma[[uaji]] ya watu wa kikundi hicho; kusababisha [[athari]] kubwa upande wa [[mwili]] au wa [[akili]] kwa watu wa kikundi hicho; kutwika kwa ma[[kusudi]] juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta [[uharibifu]] wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili; kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia [[wanawake]] wasijifungue katika kikundi hicho; [na] kuhamisha [[watoto]] wa kikundi hicho hadi kikundi kingine kwa lazima.<ref name=CPPCG>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. ''[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]'' <!--Retrieved 2008-10-22--></ref> Utangulizi wa CPPCG unasema kuwa matukio ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanyika tangu [[jadi]],<ref name=CPPCG/> lakini haikuwa hadi [[Raphael Lemkin]] alipoyatunga maneno hayo na wahusika wa [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi]] waliposhtakiwa katika [[kesi za Nuremberg]]; ndipo Umoja wa Mataifa ulipokubaliana na CPPCG ambayo iliufafanua [[uhalifu]] wa mauaji ya kimbari ya watu chini ya [[sheria ya kimataifa]]. Kulikuwa na zaidi ya miaka 40 kati ya CPPCG kukamilika na ma[[shtaka]] ya kwanza chini ya ma[[sharti]] ya mkataba kufanywa. Hadi leo mashtaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari, hasa ya [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]], na [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Srebrenica]], yamefanywa kupitia mahakama ya dharura ya kimataifa.<ref>Verdirame, Guglielmo "The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the ''Ad Hoc'' Tribunals", ''International & Comparative Law Quarterly'' (2000), 49 : 578-598 Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/S002058930006437X. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072 Abstract] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072 |date=20110604115350 }}</ref> [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] iliundwa mwaka wa [[2002]] ikiwa na [[mamlaka]] ya kuwahukumu watu kutoka nchi ambazo zimetia [[saini]] mkataba huo, lakini hadi sasa haijamhukumu yeyote. Tangu CPPCG ianze kutumika mnamo Januari [[1951]], takriban [[nchi]] 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inayajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG ndani ya sheria za nchi yao, na baadhi ya wahusika wa mauaji ya kimbari wamepatikana na [[hatia]] chini ya sheria za namna hizo, kama vile [[Nikola Jorgic]], ambaye alipatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari katika [[Bosnia]] na mahakama ya [[Ujerumani]] (Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani). Wakosoaji wa CPPCG wameangazia uwepo wa ufafanuzi finyu wa makundi yanayolindwa chini ya mkataba, hasa ukosefu wa [[ulinzi]] kwa makundi ya kisiasa, jambo ambalo linajulikana kama Mauaji ya watu wa kundi fulani la kisiasa (Mauaji hayo yamejumuishwa na mauaji ya kimbari katika baadhi ya nchi).<ref>Naomi Klein. ''The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism'', Macmillan, 2007 ISBN 0-8050-7983-1, 9780805079838. [http://books.google.com/books?id=b1uQNYbE8DkC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101 p. 101], see footnote</ref> [[Tatizo]] moja ni kwamba hadi mkusanyiko wa [[kesi]] za sheria kutoka mashtaka upatikane, ufafanuzi fasaha wa kile ambacho mkataba ulimaanisha haukuwa umepimwa [[mahakama]]ni, kwa mfano, ni nini hasa maana ya maneno "katika sehemu"? Kadiri wahalifu wanavyozidi kufikishwa mahakamani chini ya mfumo wa mahakama ya kimataifa na kesi za mahakama za nchi, ndivyo [[mkusanyo]] wa [[hoja]] za kisheria na [[tafsiri]] za kisheria unavyosaidia kuyashughulikia ma[[suala]] haya. [[Ukosoaji]] mwingine wa CPPCG ni kwamba wakati vifungu vyake vimetumiwa na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]], vimetumiwa tu kuwaadhibu wale ambao tayari wametenda mauaji ya kimbari na wamekuwa wapumbavu kiasi kwamba wameacha [[ishara]] fulani iliyoandikwa. Ilikuwa ukosoaji huo uliosababisha kuundwa kwa [[Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ya 1674]] na [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] tarehe [[28 Aprili]] [[2006]], ambayo inahimiza Baraza lichukue hatua ya kuwalinda [[raia]] katika [[vita]] na kulinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, [[utakaso wa kikabila]] na uhalifu dhidi ya u[[binadamu]]. Wasomi wa mauaji ya kimbari, kama vile [[Gregory Stanton]], wamedadisi kwamba masharti na vitendo ambavyo mara nyingi hutokea kabla, wakati na baada ya mauaji ya kimbari - kama vile vikundi vya wahasiriwa kunyimwa [[utu]], [[upangaji]] kabambe katika makundi yanayofanya mauaji ya kimbari, na kukana kwa mauaji ya kimbari na wahusika wake - yanaweza kutambuliwa na hatua kuchukuliwa kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kabla ya kutokea. Wakosoaji wa [[mbinu]] hii, kama vile [[Dirk Moses]], wamedai kwamba haya hayafafani na mambo jinsi yalivyo na kwamba, kwa mfano, ''"[[Michafuko ya Darfur]] itakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo"''. ==Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide"== Maneno "mauaji ya kimbari" yalianzishwa na Lemkin Raphael ([[mwanachuoni]] wa kisheria mwenye asili ya [[Myahudi|Kiyahudi]] aliyezaliwa [[Polandi]] [[1900]]-[[1959]]), mnamo mwaka wa [[1944]], kwanza kutoka [[Kilatini]] "gens, gentis," kumaanisha "kuzaliwa, kabila, ukoo, aina" au mzizi wa [[Kigiriki]] "génos" (γένος) (maana sawa); pili kutoka Kilatini -"cidium" (kukata, na kuua) kupitia [[Kifaransa]] -"cide".<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, second edition draft entry 2004. "genocide".</ref><ref>Raphael Lemkin ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress'' [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm Chapter IX: ''Genocide a new term and new conception for destruction of nations''], (Washington, D.C.: [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], 1944), pages 79 - 95</ref> Mwaka wa [[1933]], Lemkin aliitayarisha [[insha]] yenye kichwa: ''[[Uhalifu wa Kinyama]]'' ambapo mauaji ya kimbari yalionyeshwa kuwa uhalifu dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa. Dhana ya uhalifu, ambayo baadaye ilibadilika na kuwa wazo la mauaji ya kimbari, ilitokana na [[mang'amuz]]i ya [[Waashuri]] <ref name="Euro">[http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm Raphael Lemkin] - EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001</ref> waliouawa kinyama nchini [[Iraq]] tarehe [[11 Agosti]] 1933. [[Tukio]] la Iraq lilimpa Lemkin "kumbukumbu ya kuchinjwa kwa [[Armenia|Waarmenia]]" kwa mikono ya [[Waturuki]] miaka [[1915]]-[[1916]], wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu Vya Kwanza Vya Dunia]].<ref name="Euro" /> Aliliwakilisha [[pendekezo]] lake la kwanza la kuyafanya "matendo kama hayo ya kinyama" yawe hatia kwa Baraza la Sheria la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] mjini [[Madrid]] mwaka huohuo. Pendekezo lilishindikana, na kazi yake haikuifurahisha [[serikali]] ya Polandi, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa ikiifuata [[sera]] ya [[upatanisho]] na [[Ujerumani]] wa [[Nazi (siasa)|Kinazi]].<ref name="Euro" /> Mwaka wa 1944, [[Taasisi ya Carnegie kwa Amani ya Kimataifa]] ilachapisha maandishi muhimu zaidi ya Lemkin, yaliyoitwa ''[[Utawala wa Kiaksisi Katika Ulaya Iliyokuwa si Huru]]'', nchini [[Marekani]]. [[Kitabu]] hicho kilikuwa na [[uchambuzi]] wa kina wa kisheria wa [[utawala]] katika nchi zilizosimamiwa na Ujerumani wa Kinazi wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu Vya Pili Vya Dunia]], pamoja na ufafanuzi wa maneno ''mauaji ya kimbari''.<ref>"By 'genocide', we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'', ix. 79. As quoted in the 3rd ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.</ref> Wazo la Lemkin la mauaji ya kimbari kama [[kosa]] dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa lilikubalika na [[jamii]] ya kimataifa na lilikuwa mojawapo kati ya [[sheria msingi]] za [[Mashitaka ya Nuremberg]] (mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinazi) iliyotilia mkazo katika sehemu ya 3 kuwa watuhumiwa "walifanya mauaji ya kimbari kwa makusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, kuviaangamiza vikundi vya rangi na vya kitaifa ..." <ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' "Genocide" citing ''Sunday Times'' 21 Oktoba 1945.</ref>) Lemkin aliiwasilisha [[rasimu]] ya [[azimio]] la Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa nchi kadhaa katika [[jitihada]] za kuzishawishi zilidhamini azimio hilo. Kupitia msaada wa Marekani, azimio liliwekwa mbele ya Mkuu wa Bunge lizingatiwe. Akiyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari mwaka wa [[1943]], Lemkin aliandika: {{quotation|Kiujumla, mauaji ya kimbari si lazima yamaanishe uangamizaji wa taifa mara moja, isipokuwa yanapofuatwa na mauaji ya halaiki ya watu wote wa taifa hilo. Inanuiwa kuashiria mpango wa hatua mbalimbali zenye nia ya kuangamiza misingi muhimu ya maisha ya vikundi vya kimataifa, zikiwa na nia ya kuviangamiza vikundi hivi vyenyewe. Lengo la mpango kama huo utakuwa kubomoa miundo-msingi ya kisiasi na kijamii, ya tamaduni, lugha, hisia za kitaifa, dini na kuwepo kwa vikundi vya kitaifa kiuchumi, na uharibifu wa usalama wa kibinafsi, uhuru, afya, heshima na hata maisha ya watu binafsi katika vikundi hivyo.<ref>Raphael Lemkin, [http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm Axis Rule in Occupied Europe] (Wash., D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), p. 79.</ref>}} ==Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu== === Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa === Kufuatia mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi, Lemkin alifanikiwa katika kampeni za kukubalika ulimwenguni kote kwa [[sheria za kimataifa]] zilizoyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari na kuyapinga. Mnamo mwaka wa 1946, kikao cha kwanza cha Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] kilipitisha azimio la Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Sheria 96 "lililosisitiza" kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa, lakini ambalo halikutoa ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa uhalifu huo. Mnamo mwaka 1948, Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliukubali "Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhabu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari" ambao ulifafanua kisheria kwa mara ya kwanza mauaji ya kimbari. "CPPCG" ilipitishwa na Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 9 Desemba 1948 na ikawa rasmi mnamo 12 Januari 1951 (Sheria nambari 260 (III)). Inayo ufafanuzi unaotambulika kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari ambao uliingizwa kwenye sheria ya jinai ya kitaifa ya nchi nyingi, na ilikubalika na Katiba ya [[Roma]] ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, mkataba ambao ulianzisha [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] (ICC kwa lugha ya Kiingereza). Mkataba (katika ibara ya 2) unafafanua mauaji ya kimbari: {{quotation|...tendo lolote kutoka ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika na nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au kundi la kidini, kama vile : (a) mauaji ya watu wa kikundi hicho; : (b) kusababisha athari kubwa ya kimwili au kiakili kwa watu wa kikundi hicho; : (c) kuzitwika kimakusudi juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta uharibifu wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili; : (d) kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia wanawake wasijifungue) katika kikundi hicho; : (e) kuhamisha watoto wa kikundi hicho hadi kundi lingine kwa lazima.|Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Hualifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari, Ibara ya II }} Rasimu ya kwanza ya Mkataba iliyajumuisha mauaji ya kisiasa, lakini [[Muungano wa Jamhuri za Kisosholisti za Kisovyeti]] <ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2003|isbn=0521527503 | pages= 267 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ay76mYBLU3sC&pg=PA267&dq=where+Stalin+was+presumably+anxious+to+avoid+his+purges+being+subjected+to+genocidal+scrutiny&ei=spQHR_3wH4PupwLX9JCgDQ&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=suohkDH9HmLiBxpySx1tf8bEOn8}}</ref> pamoja na baadhi ya mataifa mengine yalikataa hatua dhidi ya makundi yaliyotambuliwa kuwa na maoni sawa ya kisiasa au hali ya kijamii yatambulike kama mauaji ya kimbari,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |author=Staub, Ervin |title=The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages= 8|isbn=0-521-42214-0 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=genocide+political+economic+groups+soviet+union&source=web&ots=uDb44sHgNn&sig=p3cz359teRaU5hdnZD7bImddDP4#PPA8,M1}}</ref> kwa hivyo, masharti haya hatimaye yaliondolewa katika maelewano ya kisiasa na kidiplomasia. {{quotation| Mkataba ulionekana kukubalika kwa minajili ya kuwasaidia watu katika taabani na raia. Malengo yake ni kulinda kuwepo kuwa vikundi fulani vya watu na kutilia mkazo na kusisitiza zile kanuni za kimsingi za utu na maadili. Kulingana na haki zilizopo, majukumu ya kisheria ya kujiepusha na mauaji ya kimbari yanafahamika kama ''[[erga omnes]]'' </br></br> Wakati mkataba uliporasimiwa kwa mara ya kwanza, tayari ilitarajiwa kuwa haungetumika tu kwa kwa aina ya mauaji ya kimbari ya wakati huo, bali ungetumika "kwa mbinu yoyote ambao huenda ingeundwa siku za usoni kwa madhumuni ya kuangamiza kikundi fulani".<ref>From a statement made by Mr. Morozov, representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on 19 Aprili 1948 during the debate in the Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide (E/AC.25/SR.12).</ref> Jinsi ilivyosisitizwa katika utangulizi wa Mkataba, mauaji ya kimbari yameadhiri enzi zote za kihistoria, na ni kwa kulifahamu swala hili la kusikitisha ambapo dhana hii inapewa hali yake ya kubadilika ya kihistoria. </br></br> Mkataba lazima utafsiriwe kwa nia nzuri, kulingana na maana ya kawaida ya maneno yake, katika muktadha wa maneno hayo, na kwa mujibu wa chombo na lengo lake. Isitoshe, nakala ya Mkataba inafaa itafsiriwe kwa namna itakayowezesha sababu na maana ipewe kwa kila neno. Hakuna neno au sehemu nyeti ambayo inafaa kupuuzwa au kufanywa kana kwamba imetumia maneno mengi bure, labda tu ikiwa kufanya hivi kunahitajika kutupea maana kwa maswala yatakaposomwa kikamilifu.<ref>See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature on 23 Mei 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. I-18232.</ref> </br></br> Mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa bila kujali "ikiwa makosa yalitendwa katika kipindi cha amani au vita" (ratiba ya I). Kwa hivyo, muktadha ambapo jambo lilitokea haujalishi (kwa mfano, wakati wa amani, wakati wa migogoro ndani ya kitaifa, migoro ya kimataifa ya silaha au kiujumla yoyote yanayoendela) mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia ya kimataifa inayoadhibika. – |Kamati ya Wataalamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa iliyochunguza ukiukaji wa sheria ya kimataifa ya kibinadamu katika eneo la Yugoslavia ya zamani.<ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I Mandate, structure and methods of work: Genocide I] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I |date=20070621223751 }} of the [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm UN Commission of Experts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm |date=20071113130411 }} to examine violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, created by [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 780|Security Council resolution 780]] (1992) of 6 Oktoba 1992.</ref>}} ==== Nia ya kuharibu ==== Mnamo mwaka wa 2007 Mahakama ya Ulaya ya [[Haki za Kibinadamu]] (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza), ilibainisha katika uamuzi wake wa kesi ya ''Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani'' kuwa mnamo mwaka wa 1992 wasomi wengi wa kisheria walikuwa na mtazamo finyu kwamba "nia ya kuharibu" katika CPPCG ilimaanisha uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia wa kundi lenye ulinzi na kwamba haya bado yalikuwa maoni ya wengi. Lakini ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wachache walikuwa na mtazamo mpana na hawakufikiri uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia ulikuwa muhimu kwani dhamira ya kuharibu kundi la kitaifa, kirangi, kidini au kikabila ilitosha kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>European Court of Human Rights [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)] paragraphs 18, 36,74</ref> Katika hukumu iyo hiyo ECHR ilipitia uamuzi wa mahakama kadhaa ya kimataifa na ya kimanisipaa na Ilibainisha kuwa Mahakama ya Kimataifa la Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani na Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki yalikuwa yamekubali kupitia ufafanuzi finyu, kwamba uharibifu wa kibaiolojia na kimwili ulikuwa muhimu kwa tendo kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari. ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wakati wa uamuzi wake, mbali na mahakama nchini Ujerumani ambayo yalikuwa na mtazamo mpana, kulikuwa na kesi chache za mauaji ya kimbari chini katika nchi zingine zilizokuwa miongoni mwa [[sheria]] manisipaa za nchi zilizokuwa zimetia sahini mkataba na kwamba "Hakuna kesi zilizoripotiwa ambapo mahakama ya nchi hizo yamefafanua aina ya uharibifu wa kikundi ambao lazima mhalifu awe amekusudia ili kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari".<ref>European Court of Human Rights [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)] paragraphs 43-46</ref> ==== Katika sehemu ==== Maneno "kikamilifu au katika sehemu" yamejadaliwa kwa kina na wasomi wa sheria ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa.<ref>[http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 What is Genocide?] {{Wayback|url=http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 |date=20070505161753 }} McGill Faculty of Law (McGill University)</ref> Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani yalibainisha katika kesi la "Mwendesha mashitaka dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Kesi I - uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 Agosti 2001)" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |title=Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525111049/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa yametendeka. Katika "Mwendesha dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Rufaa - Uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 Aprili 2004) " <ref name=PvRKappel>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |title=Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archive-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823231159/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> aya za 8, 9, 10, na 11 zilifumbua suala la "katika sehemu" na zilipata kuwa "sehemu lazima iwe sehemu muhimu ya kundi. Lengo la Mkataba wa Mauaji ya Kimbari ni kuzuia uangamizaji wa kimakusudi wa makundi zima ya binadamu, na sehemu iliyolengwa lazima iwe muhimu kiasi cha kuadhirisha kundi zima." Mahakama ya Rufaa inapeana maelezo zaidi ya kesi zingine na maoni ya wachambuzi wa kuheshimika kuhusu Mkataba wa Mauaji ya kimbari kuelezea jinsi walivyolifikia hitimisho hili. Waamuzi wanaendelea katika aya ya 12, “Uamuzi wa ikiwa wakati sehemu inayolengwa inatosha kukidhi mahitaji haya unabidi maswala mengi yazingatiwe. Ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu ya kikundi inayolengwa ndiyo sehemu muhimu na inayofaa kuanzia, ingawa sio mwisho wa uchunguzi katika matukio yote. Idadi ya watu binafsi wanaolengwa lazima inakiliwe si tu kwa ujumla, lakini pia kwa uhusiano na ukubwa wa kijumla wa kundi zima. Bali na ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu inayolengwa, umuhimu wake katika kundi unaweza kuwa wazo muhimu. Ikiwa sehemu maalum ya kikundi inaweza kuliwakilisha kundi lote kiujumla, au ni muhimu kwa uhai wake, hilo linaweza kuunga mkono wazo kuwa sehemu hiyo inahitimu kama muhimu kulingana na maana ya Ibara ya 4 [ya Katiba ya Mahakama].” <ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |date=20140823231159 }} See Paragraph 6: "Article 4 of the Tribunal's Statute, like the Genocide Convention, covers certain acts done with "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such."</ref><ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/statute.html Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991], U.N. Doc. S/25704 at 36, annex (1993) and S/25704/Add.1 (1993), adopted by Security Council on 25 Mei 1993, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).</ref> Katika aya ya 13 ya waamuzi wanaangazia suala la wahalifu kuweza kuwafikia waathirika: “mifano ya kihistoria ya mauaji ya kimbari pia inaonyesha kwamba eneo la wahalifu, wanalojishughulisha nalo na kulidhibiti, na pia kiwango wanachoweza kufikia, yanafaa kutiliwa maanani... Dhamira ya kuharibu inayoundwa na mhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari daima itakomeshwa na upungufu wa nafasi inayopatikana kwake. Ingawa sababu hii pekee haitaonyesha kama kundi linalolengwa ni la kutosha, inaweza - ikihusishwa pamoja na mambo mengine - kusaidia katika uchambuzi.” <ref name=PvRKappel /> ==== CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria ==== Baada ya nchi chache 20 zilizohitajika kuupitisha Mkataba kutia sahihi, ulifanywa kuwa sheria ya kimataifa mnamo tarehe 12 Januari 1951. Hata hivyo wakati huo, wanachama wawili pekee kati ya wanachama tano wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNSC kwa Kiingereza) walikuwa wametia sahini mkataba: [[Ufaransa]] na [[Jamhuri ya Uchina]]. Hatimaye [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] ulitia sahini mnamo mwaka wa 1954, [[Uingereza]] mnamo mwaka wa 1970, [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina]] mnamo mwaka wa 1983 (Ikiwa imeingia badala ya Jamhuri ya Uchina yenye makao Taiwan katika UNSC mnamo mwaka wa 1971), na [[Marekani]] mnamo mwaka wa 1988. Kukawia huku kurefu kuunga mkono Mkataba wa mauaji ya Kimbari na mataifa yenye nguvu duniani kulisababisha Mkataba kutotumika kwa zaidi ya miongo minne. Ni tu katika miaka ya 1990 ndipo sheria ya kimataifa ya uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari ilipoanza kutekelezwa. ==== Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda ==== [[Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] nambari 1674, iliyopitishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 28 Aprili 2006, "inatilia mkazo masharti ya aya za 138 na 139 za Nyaraka ya Matokeo ya Mkutano wa Dunia wa mwaka 2005 kuhusu wajibu wa kuwalinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, utakaso wa kikabila na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef!OpenDocument |title=Resolution 1674 (2006) |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154915/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef%21OpenDocument |archivedate=2009-02-23 }}</ref> [[Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa|azimio]] linapea Baraza jukumu la kuchukua hatua kuwalinda raia wakati wa vita. === Chini ya sheria ya nchi === Tangu Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari (CPPCG kwa Kiingereza) ulipofanywa kuwa sheria mnamo Januari mwaka wa 1951 zipatazo nchi 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG katika [[sheria]] zao za kimanispaa. ==Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari== William Schabas amependekeza kuwa kuwepo kwa mwili wa kudumu kama ilivyopendekezwa katika Ripoti ya Whitaker kufuatilia utekelezaji wa Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari, na kuhitaji nchi kutoa ripoti kuhusu jinsi zinavyoufuata mkataba (kama zile zilizojumuishwa ndani ya Itifaki Isiyo ya Lazima ya Mkataba dhidi ya Mateso ya Umoja wa Mataifa) , kutaufanya mkataba uwe na ufanisi zaidi.<ref>William Schabas ''War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability'', Cameron May, 2008 ISBN 1-905017-63-4, 9781905017638. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SPhGSg_5Go0C&pg=PA791&dq=Whitaker+Report+Sub+commision&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA791,M1 p. 791] </ref> Wakiandika mnamo mwaka wa 1998 Kurt Jonassohn na Karin Bjørnson walisema kuwa CPPCG ilikuwa chombo cha kisheria kilichotokana na maafikiano ya kidiplomasia. Kwa hivyo, maneno ya mkataba hayafai kuwa ufafanuzi ufaao kutumika kama zana ya utafiti, na ingawa inatumika kwa kusudi hili, kwani ina hadhi ya kisheria ya kimataifa ambayo nyingine hazina, ufanunuzi mbalimbali pia umedadisiwa. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanazidi kusema kwamba hakuna fafanuzi mbadala kati ya hizi ambazo zilizopata msaada mwingi kwa sababu mbalimbali.<ref name=Jonassohn-133-135>Kurt Jonassohn & Karin Solveig Björnson, ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective: In Comparative Perspective'', Transaction Publishers, 1998, ISBN 0-7658-0417-4, 9780765804174. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES pp. 133-135]</ref> Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanadadisi kuwa sababu kuu ya ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kiujumla wa mauaji ya kimbari kuibuka ni kuwa wasomi wameurekebisha mtazamo wao ili kuvisisitiza vipindi tofauti na wamepata kuwa ni afadhali kutumia fafanuzi zinazotofautiana kidogo ili kuwasaidia kuyatafsiri matukio. Kwa mfano Frank Chalk na Kurt Jonassohn waliichunguza historia yote ya binadamu, ilhali Leo Kuper na R.J. Rummel katika maandishi yao ya hivi karibuni waliupea uzito karne ya 20, na Helen Fein, Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr wameyaangalia matukio yaliyofuata Vita Vya Pili Vya Duniani. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wameyakosoa baadhi ya matokeo ya utafiti huu wakisema kuwa ni mapana sana na wanahitimisha kwamba nidhamu ya kielimu ya masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari ni changa mno kuwa na msingi ambapo dhana ya kitaaluma itaweza kujengwa.<ref name=Jonassohn-133-135/> Kuondolewa kwa makundi ya kijamii na kisiasa kama malengo ya mauaji ya kimbari katika ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa CPPCG umekosolewa na baadhi ya wanahistoria na wataalamu wa kijamii, kwa mfano M. Hassan Kakar katika kitabu chake "Uvamizi wa Kisovyeti na Jibu la Kiafghani, 1979-1982" <ref>M. Hassan Kakar ''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982] [[University of California]] press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</ref> anadokeza kuwa ufafanuzi wa kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari una vikwazo vingi sana,<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan: 13. Genocide Throughout the Country]</ref> na kwamba ni lazima ujumuishe makundi ya kisiasa au kikundi chochote kinachofafanuliwa hivyo na mhalifu na anawanukuu Chalk na Jonassohn: "Mauaji ya kimbari ni mauaji ya aina ya kihalaiki kwa upande mmoja ambapo nchi au wenye mamlaka wanakusudia kuangamiza kundi, kwani kundi na uanachama katika kundi hilo linafafanuliwa na mhalifu." <ref>Frank Chalk, Kurt Jonassohn ''The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies'', Yale University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-300-04446-1</ref> Ingawa kuna ufafanuzi mbalimbali wa hayo maneno, Adam Jones anasema kwamba wasomi wengi wa mauaji ya kimbari hufikiria kuwa "nia ya kuharibu" ni sharti iwe kwa kitendo chochote kuitwa mauaji ya kimbari, na kwamba kuna makubaliano yanayozidi kuongezeka kuhusu kujumuisha swala la uharibifu wa kimwili.<ref>Jones, Adam. ''[http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_excerpts.htm Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction]'', Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-415-35385-8. [http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf Chapter 1: The Origins of Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf |date=20171010110108 }} pp.20-21</ref> Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr waliyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "ukuzaji na utekelezaji wa sera na nchi au mawakala wake ambazo husababisha vifo vya sehemu muhimu ya kundi ... [wakati] makundi yanayoteswa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa." <ref>[http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 What is Genocide?] {{Wayback|url=http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2 |date=20070505161753 }} McGill Faculty of Law ([[McGill University]]) source cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr ''Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides,'' International Studies Quarterly, 37:3, 1988</ref> Harff na Gurr pia wanatofautisha mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya kundi la kisiasa kupitia sifa ambazo wanachama wa kundi hilo wanajitambulisha kwa serikali. Katika mauaji ya kimbari, makundi yanayodhulumiwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa. Katika mauaji ya kisiasa makundi ya wahasiriwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia nafasi ya kihierarkia au upinzani wa kisiasa dhidi ya utawala au vikundi muhimu.<ref name=HG-2>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/9496/Genocide-Origins-Evolution-Concept.html Origins and Evolution of the Concept] {{Wayback|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/9496/Genocide-Origins-Evolution-Concept.html |date=20201201061126 }} in the Science Encyclopedia by Net Industries. states "Politicide, as [Barbara] Harff and [Ted R.] Gurr define it, refers to the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of shared ethnic or communal traits, but because of 'their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups' (p. 360)". But does not give the book title to go with the page number.</ref><ref>Staff. ''[http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm There are NO Statutes of Limitations on the Crimes of Genocide!] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm |date=20150728203923 }}'' On the website of the American Patriot Friends Network. Cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr "Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides," International Studies Quarterly 37, 3 [1988].</ref> Daniel D. Polsby na Don B. Kates, Jr. wanasema ya kuwa "... sisi tunafuata mbinu ya Harff inayotofautisha kati ya mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya wapinzani wa kisiasa ambayo anaelezea kuwa 'hasira ya halaiki isiyokawia kwa muda mrefu, ambayo, ingawa mara nyingi inaruhusiwa na wenye mamlaka, ni nadra kuendelea. ' Kama ghasia itaendelea kwa muda fulani, basi, anasema Harff, tofauti kati ya kuruhusu na kushiriki itaisha. "<ref>Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. ''[http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1 of Holocaust and gun control] {{Wayback|url=http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1 |date=20080115232405 }}'', [[Washington University]] Law Quarterly 1997, (Cite as 75 Wash. U. L.Q. 1237). Article cites Citing Barbara Harff, ''Recognizing Genocides and Politicides'', in GENOCIDE WATCH 27 (Helen Fein ed., 1992) pp.37,38</ref> Kulingana na R.J. Rummel, mauaji ya kimbari yana maana tatu tofauti. Maana yake ya kawaida ni mauaji ya watu na serikali kutokana nao kuwa wanachama wa kundi fulani la kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi, au kidini. Maana ya kisheria ya mauaji ya kimbari inahusu mkataba wa kimataifa, ''Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari''. Hii pia ni pamoja na kutoua ambao mwishowe kunaangamiza, kama vile kuzuia kuzaliwa au kuhamisha watoto kwenda kundi lingine kwa lazima. Maana ya kiujumla ya mauaji ya kimbari ni sawa na maana ya kawaida lakini pia inajumuisha mauaji ya kiserikali ya wapinzani wa kisiasa au vinginevyo mauaji ya kimakusudi. Ni kwa minajili ya kuepuka utata kuhusu maana inayolengwa ndio Rummel akayatunga maneno mauaji ya idadi ya wakazi kwa ile maana ya tatu.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM Domocide versus genocide; which is what?]</ref> Ukosoaji mkuu wa jinsi jumuiya ya kimataifa ilivyokabiliana na Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda ni kuwa ilikuwa tendaji, si makini. Jamii ya kimataifa imeanzisha mfumo kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashtaka dhidi ya wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari lakini bado haijaunda nia au mifumo ya kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari wakati yanapotokea. Wakosoaji wanaashiria [[mgogoro wa Darfur]] na kupendekeza kwamba ikiwa yeyote atapatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari baada ya mgogoro huo iwe kupitia mashtaka mbele ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai au Mahakama ya ''kidharura'' ya Jinai, hili litauthibitisha mtazamo huu. {{Marejeo yanahitajika|date=Februari 2007}} ==Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari== === Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura === Nchi zote zilizotia saini mkataba wa CPPCG zinafaa kuzuia na kuadhibu vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari, katika wakati wa amani na vita, ingawa vizuizi kadhaa hufanya hili liwe jambo gumu kutekeleza. Hasa, baadhi ya watia sahini &mdash yaani, [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Uhindi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Singapore]], [[Marekani]], [[Vietnam]], [[Yemen]], na [[Yugoslavia]] &mdash zilitia saini na maafikiano kwamba hakuna madai ya mauaji ya kimbari yangeoweza kuletwa dhidi yao katika [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] bila idhini yao.<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/treaty1gen.htm United Nations Treaty Collection (As of 9 October 2001): Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide] on the web site of the [http://www.ohchr.org/english/ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]</ref> Licha ya maandamano rasmi ya watia sahini wengine (hasa [[Kupro]] na [[Norway]]) kuhusu maadili na uaminifu wa kisheria wa kinga wanayojipa, kinga hiyo dhidi ya mashitaka imetumika mara kadhaa, kama wakati Marekani ilipokataa kuruhusu madai ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanywa dhidi yao na [[Yugoslavia]] kufuatia vita vya 1999 vya [[Kosovo]].<ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm (See for example the submission by Agent of the United States, Mr. David Andrews to the ICJ Public Sitting, 11 May 1999] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm |date=20070817233454 }})</ref> Kawaida imekubalika kwamba, angalau tangu [[Vita Vikuu Vya Pili vya Dunia]], mauaji ya kimbari yamekuwa haramu chini ya [[sheria]] ya kimila ya kimataifa kama kinga na vilevile chini ya [[sheria]] ya kawaida ya kimataifa. Kwa ujumla, ni vigumu kuyaanzisha mashtaka dhidi ya matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari, kwa sababu mfululizo wa uwajibikaji lazima ufahamike. Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai hutumika haswa kwa sababu nchi husika haziwezi kuyashitaki au hazina nia ya kuushitaka uhalifu wenye ukubwa wa kiasi hiki zenyewe. ==== Kesi za Nuremberg ==== {{Main|Kesi za Nuremberg}} Kwa sababu kukubalika kwa [[sheria za kimataifa]] ulimwenguni kote, zinazoyafafanua na kuyapinga mauaji ya kimbari kulitimika mnamo mwaka wa 1948, pamoja na kupitishwa kwa ''Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu kwa Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari'' (CPPCG), wale wahalifu ambao walishitakiwa baada ya vita katika mahakama ya kimataifa, kwa ajili ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi walipatikana na hatia ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia zingine maalum kama vile mauaji. Hata hivyo mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi yanatambuliwa duniani kote kuwa mauaji ya kimbari, na maneno ambayo yalikuwa yameundwa mwaka wa awali na Raphael Lemkin,<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]]: 1944 R. Lemkin ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'' ix. 79 "By 'genocide' we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group."</ref> yalionekana katika mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinaksi, shitaka la 3, lilisema kuwa watuhumiwa wote walikuwa "wameua kimakusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, uangamizaji wa vikundi vya kirangi na vya kitaifa ... " <ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]] "Genocide" citing Sunday Times 21 Oktoba 1945</ref> ==== Rwanda ==== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda}} [[Picha:Rwandan Genocide.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vifuvu vya waadhiriwa wa [[mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] katika makavazi ya makumbusho]] [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda]] ('''ICTR''' kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ni mahakama chini ya mwavuli wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kwa ajili ya kushitaki makosa yaliyotokea nchini [[Rwanda]] wakati wa mauaji ya kimbari yaliyotokea pale katika kipindi cha Aprili 1994, kilichoanza tarehe 6 Aprili. ICTR iliundwa tarehe 8 Novemba 1994 na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ili kuhukumu wale watu waliofanya vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari na ukiukaji mwingine mbaya wa sheria za kimataifa nchini Rwanda, au kwa raia wa Rwanda katika majimbo jirani , kati ya tarehe 1 Januari na tarehe 31 Desemba 1994. Kufikia wakati wa sasa, ICTR imekamilisha kesi kumi na tisa na kuwahukumu washitakiwa ishirini na watano. Kesi za watu wengine ishirini na watano bado zinaendelea. Kumi na watisa wanasubiri kesi zao kizuizini. Kumi bado hawajakamatwa. Kesi ya kwanza, ya Jean-Paul Akayesu, ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Jean Kambanda, Waziri Mkuu wa mpito, aliyakubali mashtaka.<ref>These figures need revising they are from the [[ICTR]] page which says see [http://www.ictr.org/ www.ictr.org]</ref> ==== Yugoslavia ya Zamani ==== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia}} Maneno '''Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia''' hutumika kurejelea mauaji ya kimbari yaliyofanywa na vikosi vya Kisabi pale Srebrenica mnamo mwaka wa 1995,<ref>Staff. ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1907122.stm Bosnian genocide suspect extradited]'', [[BBC]], 2 Aprili 2002</ref> au kwa utakaso wa kikabila ambao ulifanyika wakati wa [[Vita nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina|Vita vya Kibosnia]] vya mwaka 1992 hadi 1995 (mtazamo unaokataliwa na wasomi wengi).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182616/http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ European Court of Human Rights] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight= Jorgic v. Germany Judgment], 12 Julai 2007. § 47</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2001 Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani (ICTY kwa Kiingereza) yaliamua kuwa mauaji ya Srebrenica yaliyotendeka mwaka wa 1995 yalikuwa kitendo cha mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] found in [http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html |date=20240731131748 }} that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). It was upheld in ''[http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html |date=20140823231159 }}''</ref> Mnamo tarehe 26 Februari mwaka wa 2007 [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki]] (ICJ), katika '' kesi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Kibosnia'' yaliuunga mkono uamuzi wa awali wa ICTY kwamba mauaji ya Srebrenica yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari, lakini yalipata kuwa serikali ya Kisabia haikuwa imeshiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari mapana zaidi katika eneo la Bosnia na Herzegovina wakati wa vita, jinsi serikali ya Kibosnia ilivyokuwa ikidai.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics|title=Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules|date=2007-02-26|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091849/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL&type=politics|archivedate=2007-08-10|accessdate=2021-01-17}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 12 Julai 2007, [[Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu]] (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ikiikataa rufaa ya Nikola Jorgic dhidi ya kushitakiwa kwake kwa mauaji ya kimbari na mahakama ya Kijerumani (Kesi ya Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani) ilibainisha kuwa tafsiri pana ya mahakama ya Kijerumani kuhusu mauaji ya kimbari imekataliwa na mahakama ya kimataifa yanapozingatia kesi sawa.<ref>ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 Agosti 2001, §§ 580</ref><ref>ECHR ''Jorgic v. Germany Judgment'', 12 Julai 2007. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 Januari 2000), § 751. In 14 Januari 2000 the ICTY ruled in the [[Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others]] case that the killing of 116 Muslims in order to expel the Muslim population from a village, was persecution, not of genocide.</ref><ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 ICJ press release 2007/8] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 |date=20100213065153 }} 26 Februari 2007</ref> ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa katika [[karne ya 21]] "Miongoni mwa wasomi, wengi wana maoni kwamba utakaso wa kikabila, haswa jinsi ulivyotendwa na vikosi vya Kisabi katika Bosnia na Herzegovina ili kuwafukuza Waislamu na Wakroati kutoka makazi yao , haukuwa mauaji ya kimbari. Hata hivyo, kuna idadi kubwa ya wasomi pia ambao wamependekeza kuwa matendo haya yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari"<ref>ECHR ''Jorgic v. Germany Judgment'', 12 Julai 2007. § 47</ref> Watu wapatao 30 wameshitakiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari wakati wa miaka ya mapema ya 1990 nchini [[Bosnia na Herzegovina|Bosnia]]. Hadi wa leo baada ya maombi mengi maalum mbele ya koti na hukumu chache ambazo zilifanikiwa kutupiliwa mbali baada ya rufaa Radislav Krstic tu ndiye aliyekuwa amepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika mahakama ya kimataifa. {{Marejeo yanahitajika|date=Desemba 2008}} Wengine watatu wamepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari nchini Bosnia na mahakama ya Kijerumani, mmoja wao akiwa Nikola Jorgic ambaye alishindwa katika rufaa dhidi ya hukumu yake katika Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Binadamu. Kesi za mashtaka zinaendelea nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina dhidi ya wanachama wengi wa zamani wa vikosi vya usalama vya Kibosnia na Kisabi kwa mashitaka mengi yakiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. [[Slobodan Milosevic]], alikuwa Rais wa zamani wa Serbia na [[Yugoslavia]] na alikuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa kisiasa kuwahi kufikishwa mbele ya ICTY. Alifariki tarehe 11 Machi 2006 wakati kesi yake ambapo alituhumiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika maeneo ndani ya Bosnia na Herzegovina ilipokuwa ikiendelea, kwa hivyo hakuna uamuzi uliorudishwa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1995 ICTY ilitoa kibali kwa ajili ya kukamatwa kwa Wasabia wa Kibosnia Radovan Karadzic na Ratko Mladic kwa mashitaka kadhaa ikiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. Mnamo tarehe 21 Julai 2008 Karadzic alikamatwa Belgrade, na kwa sasa yuko katika gereza la Hague akisubiri kesi yake. Ratko Mladic bado hajakamatwa. === Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai === Hadi wa leo mashitaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanywa katika mahakama maalum ya kimataifa. Tangu mwaka 2002, Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai yamepewa uwezo wa kushitaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake ikiwa mahakama ya kitaifa hayana nia au hayawezi kuchunguza au kushitaka wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari, hivyo kufanywa kuwa "mahakama ya mwisho," na kuliachia mchi binafsi jukumu la kimsingi la kushtaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake wanaodaiwa kuwa wahalifu. Kutokana na wasiwasi wa Marekani kuihusu ICC, Marekani inaonelea heri kuendelea kutumia mahakama ya kimataifa maalum kwa uchunguzi wa namna hiyo na mashitaka yatakayoibuka.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.amicc.org/docs/U.S.%20statement%20on%20ICC%20draft%20resolution_23Nov051.pdf Statement by Carolyn Willson, Minister Counselor for International Legal Affairs, on the Report of the ICC, in the UN General Assembly]|123&nbsp;KB}} 23 Novemba 2005</ref> ==== Darfur, Sudan ==== {{Main|Vita katika eneo la Darfur}} Mgogoro unaoendelea katika eneo la [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 2003, ulitangazwa kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari" na Katibu wa Nchi ya [[Marekani]] [[Colin Powell]] tarehe 9 Septemba, mnamo mwaka wa 2004 katika ushahidi mbele ya [[Kamati ya Seneti ya Marekani ya Uhusiano wa Nje|Kamati ya Seneti ya Uhusiano wa Nje]].<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html POWELL DECLARES KILLING IN DARFUR 'GENOCIDE'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html |date=20040911045335 }}, [[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]], 9 Septemba 2004</ref> Hata hivyo tangu wakati huo, hakuna mwanachama mwingine wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ambaye ameufuata mfano huo. Kwa kweli, mnamo Januari mwaka wa 2005, Tume ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi wa Darfur, iliyoidhinishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa Sheria nambari 1564 ya 2004, ilitoa taarifa kwa Katibu Mkuu ikisema kwamba "Serikali ya Sudan haijafuata sera ya mauaji ya kimbari." <ref name=un-org-Januari-25-2005>{{PDFlink|[http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General]|1.14&nbsp;MB}}, 25 Januari 2005, at 4</ref> Hata hivyo, tume hiyo ilionya kwamba "hitimisho kwamba hakuna sera za uangamizaji zilizofuatwa na kutekelezwa katika eneo la Darfur na wenye mamlaka serikalini, moja kwa moja au kupitia wanamgambo chini ya udhibiti wake, haipaswi kueleweka kwa njia yoyote ile kama kutoashiria ukubwa wa hatia zilizofanywa katika kanda hiyo. Hatia za kimataifa kama vile hatia dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia za kivita zilizofanywa katika eneo la Darfur zinaweza kuwa na uzito sawa na mauaji ya kimbari." <ref name=un-org-Januari-25-2005/> Mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 2005, Baraza la Usalama lilipeleka kirasmi swala la Darfur kwa mwendesha mashitaka wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, huku likiizingatia ripoti ya Tume lakini bila kuutaja uhalifu wowote maalum.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005)]|24.8&nbsp;KB}}</ref> Wanachama wawili wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama, [[Umoja wa Marekani]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina|Uchina]], hawakupiga kura kuhusu azimio la sheria ya kushtaki.<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm SECURITY COUNCIL REFERS SITUATION IN DARFUR, SUDAN, TO PROSECUTOR OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT], UN Press Release SC/8351, 31 Machi 2005</ref> Kwa mujibu wa ripoti yake ya nne kwa Baraza la Usalama, Mwendesha mashitaka amepata "uwezekano wa kuweko na misingi ya kuamini kwamba watu waliotambulishwa katika Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa nambari 1593] wamefanya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita," lakini hakupata ushahidi wa kutosha kuwashitaki kwa mauaji ya kimbari.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf Fourth Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the Security Council pursuant to UNSC 1593 (2005)]|597&nbsp;KB}}, Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, 14 Desemba 2006.</ref> Mnamo Aprili mwaka wa 2007, Waamuzi wa ICC walitoa vibali vya kukamatwa kwa ya aliyekuwa Waziri wa Nchi kwa ajili ya Mambo ya Ndani, Ahmad Harun, na kiongozi wa wanamigambo wa Janjaweed, Ali Kushayb, kwa uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080813022926/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf Statement by Mr. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the United Nations Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005)], [http://www.icc-cpi.int/ International Criminal Court], 5 Juni 2008</ref> Mnamo tarehe 14 Julai mwaka 2008, waendesha mashitaka katika [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai]] (ICC), waliyaandikisha mashtaka kumi ya uhalifu wa kivita dhidi ya Rais wa Sudan [[Omar al-Bashir]]: matatu ya makosa ya mauaji ya kimbari, matano ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na mawili ya mauaji. Waendesha mashitaka wa ICC wamedai kwamba al-Bashir "aliongoza upangaji na utekelezaji wa mpango wa kuharibu sehemu kuu" ya makundi tatu ya kikabila katika eneo la Darfur kwa sababu ya makabila yao. Mnamo tarehe 4 Machi mwaka wa 2009 ICC ilitoa hati ya kukamatwa kwa Omar Al Bashir, Rais wa Sudan kadri Chumba cha utangulizi cha I cha ICC kilipohitimisha kuwa cheo chake kama mkuu wa nchi yake si kinga dhidi ya mashitaka mbele ya ICC. Hati ya kukamatwa ilikuwa kwa sababu ya uhalifu wa kivita na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu. Haikujumuisha uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya waliokuwa katika Chumba cha utangulizi cha ICC hawakuona kama waendesha mashitaka walikuwa wametoa ushahidi wa kutosha kulijumuisha kosa hilo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090306001121/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan] (ICC-CPI-20090304-PR394), ICC press release, 4 Machi 2009</ref> ==Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia== {{Main|Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia }} Utangulizi wa CPPCG hausemi tu kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari ni kosa chini ya sheria za kimataifa, kinyume na roho na malengo ya Umoja wa Mataifa na linalokashifiwa na dunia iliyostaarabika", bali kwamba "katika vipindi vyote vya kihistoria mauaji ya kimbari yameleta hasara kuu kwa ubinadamu ". Kuamua matukio ya kihistoria ambayo ni mauaji ya kimbari na ambayo ni tabia za kiuhalifu au unyama tu si jambo rahisi na wazi. Isitoshe, katika kesi zote ambapo shutuma za mauaji ya kimbari zimesambazwa, wanaotoka katika pande mbalimbali wanakana vikali tafsiri na maelezo ya tukio hilo, na hata mara nyingi huwa na maoni mbalimbali kuhusu ukweli. Mashitaka ya mauaji ya kimbari hayachukuliwi kimzaha na mara nyingi huzua utata. Majaribio ya wanaoangalia [[historia]] upya kuyakana mauaji ya kimbari (hasa mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi) ni, katika nchi chache, kinyume na sheria. ==Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia== {{quotation|Ili mauaji ya kimbari yatokee, mambo fulani yanafaa kuwepo. Kwanza kabisa ni utamaduni wa kitaifa ambao hauheshimu maisha ya kibinadamu inavyotakiwa. Jamii yenye uongozi wa kiimla, na itikadi zake zinazodaiwa kuwa bora kuliko zingine, ni jambo lingine linalofaa kuwepo kwa matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanyika.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 9. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 14.</ref> Isitoshe, watu wa kundi linaloonekana kuwa na umuhimu mwingi lazima liwaangalie watu ambao huenda wakawa waathiriwa wa ukatili wao kama wao si binadamu kamili: kama “makafiri,” “watenda-unyama,” “watu ambayo hawajastaarabika,” “wasiomchamungu,” “waliokosa nidhamu,” “waliopingwa na miko,” “walio duni kirangi,” “watu wanaonuia kuharibu mpangilio wa kijamii,” “wanaopinga-mapinduzi,” na kadhalika.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 10. Citing For details, see Carlton, ''War and Ideology.''</ref> Hali hii pekee haitoshi kwa wahusika kufanya mauaji ya kimbari. Kufanya hivyo — yaani, kufanya mauaji ya kimbari — wahalifu wanahitaji wenye mamlaka wawe na nguvu na muungano na mpango wa ukiritimba na pia kuwe na watu wenye maradhi ya kiakili na wahalifu. Pia kampeni za wahusika za kuwawekea shutuma na kuwakosea utu waathiriwa zinahitajika, ambazo kwa kawaida huwa majimbo au serikali mpya zinazojaribu kulazimisha watu kuzifuata itikadi mpya na mipango yao ya kijamii.<ref>M. Hassan Kakar [[#Rererences|References]] Chapter [http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol 4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan] Footnote 11. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 13.</ref>|M. Hassan Kakar<ref>M. Hassan Kakar , ,''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982]'', [[University of California]] Press, 1995.</ref> }} Mnamo mwaka wa 1996 Gregory Stanton rais wa shirika la kulinda dhidi ya mauaji ya kimbari aliwasilisha jarida kwa jina "Hatua 8 za mauaji ya kimbari" katika Idara ya Jimbo nchini [[Marekani]].<ref name=GSGW-1996>Gregory Stanton. [http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html The 8 Stages of Genocide], [[Genocide Watch]], 1996</ref> Katika jarida hilo alipendekeza kuwa mauaji ya kimbari hufanyika katika hatua nane ambazo ni za "kutabiriwa lakini ambazo haziwezi kuepukika kikamilifu".<ref name=GSGW-1996/><ref>The [[FBI]] has found somewhat similar stages for [[Hate groups#Psychopathology of hate groups|hate groups]].</ref> Jarida la Stanton liliwasilishwa katika Idara ya Jimbo, muda mfupi baada ya mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda na uchambuzi mwingi umejikita katika sababu iliyoyafanya mauaji hayo ya kimbari kufanyika. Hatua ya kinga alizozipendekeza, kulingana na shabaha ya awali ya watu ambao utafiti huo ulilenga, zilikuwa zile ambazo Marekani ingeweza kutekeleza moja kwa moja au ingeweza, kwa kutumia ushawishi, wake kufanya serikali nyingine kutekeleza. {| class="wikitable" ! Hatua ! Sifa ! Hatua Zuilifu |- ! 1.<br /> Uainishaji | Watu hugawanywa katika makundi ya "sisi na wao". | "Hatua kuu zuilifu wakati huu wa mapema ni kuendeleza taasisi zitakazowafikia wote na ambazo zitapunguza ...utengano." |- ! 2.<br /> Kufanya Mifano | "Ikijumuishwa na chuki, mifano inaweza kusukumwa kwa lazimi kwa wanachama wa vikundi vilivyotengwa ..." | "Ili kukabiliana na kufanywa kwa mifano, mifano ya chuki inaweza kufanywa kuwa haramu kisheria hasa hotuba za chuki." |- ! 3.<br /> Kunyima watu Utu | "Kundi moja linakana ubinadamu wa kundi lingine. Wanachama wa kundi hilo wanafananishwa na wanyama, viumbe viharibifu, wadudu au magonjwa. " | "Viongozi wa nchi na wa kimataifa wanapaswa kushutumu matumizi ya hotuba za chuki na kufanya hotuba hizo zisikubalike kitamaduni. Viongozi wanaochochea mauaji ya kimbari wanafaa kupigwa marufuku wasisafiri kimataifa na wanafaa kunyimwa fedha walizohifadhi katika nchi geni." |- ! 4.<br /> Mipangilio | "Mauaji ya kimbari daima hupangwa ...Vikundi maalum vya kijeshi au wanamgambo mara nyingi hupewa mafunzo na silaha ..." | "Umoja wa Mataifa unapaswa kuanzisha vikwazo vya kisilaha dhidi ya serikali na raia wa nchi zinazoshiriki katika michafuko ya mauaji ya kimbari, na kuunda tume ili kuchunguza ukiukaji wa sheria" |- ! 5.<br /> Ubaguzi | "Vikundi vya kueneza chuki hueneza matangazo ya [[kipropaganda]] yenye ubaguzi..." | "Kuzuia kunaweza kumaanisha viongozi wa wastani kupewa ulinzi wa kisalama au msaada kwa vikundi vya [[haki za binadamu]] ...Upinduzi wa serikali na makundi haramu lazima yashutumiwe kupitia vikwazo vya kimataifa." |- ! 6.<br /> Maandalizi | "Wahasiriwa hutambuliwa na kutengwa nje kwa sababu ya kabila au dini wanayojitambulisha nao..." | "Katika hatua hii, ni lazima Hali ya Dharura dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari itangazwe..." |- ! 7.<br /> Uangamizaji | "Ni "uangamizaji" katika fikira za wauaji kwani hawaamini waathirika kuwa binadamu kamili." | "Katika hatua hii, ni hatua ya dharura pekee yenye kutumia nguvu na silaha inayoweza kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari. Maeneo bayana ya salama au maeneo ya kuwawezesha wakimbizi kutorokea lazima yaundwe na yawe na ulinzi imara wa kimataifa wenye silaha." |- ! 8.<br />Kukana mauaji ya kimbari | "Wahalifu ... hukana kwamba walifanya uhalifu wowote ..." | "Jibu la kukana ni adhabu kupitia mahakama ya kimataifa" |} Katika jarida la Baraza la Utafiti wa [[Sayansi ya Jamii]] Dirk Moses anazikosoa mbinu za Stanton akihitimisha: {{quotation|Kutokana na mazoea haya yasiyoridhisha katika kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari, swali linalofaa kuulizwani mbona dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari" ishindwe kutazamia na kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kwa ufasaha wa kutegemewa. Dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari," hasa jinsi yanavyoendeshwa katika eneo la Marekani ya Kaskazini, yana nguvu na udhaifu. Ingawa ujasiri wa kimadili na mikakati ya umma inafaa kupongezwa, dhana yenyewe inaonekana pofu kimaana katika miradi ya kiimpiriali ambayo ni sehemu ya shida na pia sehemu ya suluhisho. Serikali ya Marekani iliita Darfur mauaji ya kimbari ili kuyafurahisha mashirika ya kindani yanayotetea haki, na kwa sababu matamshi hao hayana umuhimu wowote. Machafuko ya Darfur yatakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo. |Dirk Moses<ref>Dirk Moses [http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/ Why the Discipline of "Genocide Studies" Has Trouble Explaining How Genocides End?] {{Wayback|url=http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/ |date=20171018082403 }}, [[Social Science Research Council]], 22 Desemba 2006</ref>}} ==Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari== Mnamo Tarehe 8 Desemba mwaka wa 2008, tume ya utenda kazi ya kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari, iliyosimamiwa na [[Madeline Albright]], Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Marekani kama wenyekiti msimamizi, na William Cohen, Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Ulinzi wa [[Marekani]], ilitoa ripoti yake ya mwisho ambayo ilihitimisha kwamba serikali ya Marekani inaweza kuyazuia mauaji ya kimbari na ukatili mkubwa dhidi ya binadamu katika siku usoni.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1209/p03s07-usgn.html Christian Science Monitor 9 December 2008]</ref> Katika mujibu wa maneno ya Bw. Kohen, “Ripoti hii inatoa mwongozo ambao unaweza kuiwezesha Marekani kuichukua hatua ya kuzuia, ikifanya kazi pamoja na washirika wa kimataifa, ili kuchelewesha mazingaombwe ya kesi za mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili katika siku za usoni.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html |title=PGTF press release |accessdate=2009-12-26 |archivedate=2009-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509044009/http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html }}</ref> Kati ya mapendekezo ni: * jukumu la utendaji kwake rais wa Marekani ambalo litaonyesha Marekani na Dunia yote kwamba kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili ni kipaumbele cha taifa kitaifa * kuujenga mwili ndani ya Baraza la Usalama wa Taifa la Marekani kuchambua vitisho na kuwaza juu ya hatua za kinga * kuanzisha mfuko wa dola milioni 250 wa kuizuia migogoro kuzuia na kukabiliana na machafuko * kusaidia kujenga mtandao wa kimataifa kwa ajili ya kubadilishana habari na uratibu wa hatua za kinga<ref>[http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf Report of the Prevention of Genocide Task Force] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |date=20090509043828 }} pp. 111-114</ref> ==Angalia pia== {{Wiktionary}} * [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi]] * [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda]] * [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Wasomi wa Mauaji ya Kimbari]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Marejeo== * Kakar, M. Hassan. ''[http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982]''. Berkeley: [[University of California]] Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-08591-4. ==Marejeo zaidi== ;Books * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Andreopoulos |first=George J., ed. |title=Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location= |isbn=0812232496 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Chalk |first=Frank |title=The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal |authorlink= |coauthors=Kurt Jonassohn |year=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=0300044461 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Charny |first=Israel W. |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide |authorlink=Israel Charny |coauthors= |date=1 Desemba 1999|publisher=ABC-Clio Inc |location= |isbn=0874369282 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Conversi |first= Daniele |title=Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |chapter=Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and nationalism |authorlink= |editor=Gerard Delanty, Krishan Kumar (eds) |volume=vol. 1 |year=2005 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |isbn= 1412901014 |pages=319–333}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Goldhagen |first=Daniel |title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity |url=https://archive.org/details/worsethanwargeno00gold |authorlink=Daniel Goldhagen |year=2009 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=1586487698 |pages=672}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Harff |first=Barbara |title=Early Warning of Communal Conflict and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=Agosti 2003 |publisher=Westview Press |location= |isbn=0813398401 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Hochschild |first=Adam |title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsgho000hoch |authorlink=Adam Hochschild |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location= |isbn=0395759242 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Horowitz |first=Irving |title=Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power |url= https://archive.org/details/takinglivesgenoc0000horo_r4z3 |authorlink=Irving Louis Horowitz |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location= |isbn=0765800942 |pages= |edition=5th}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Jonassohn |first=Kurt |title=Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidegrosshum0000jona |authorlink= |coauthors=Karin Björnson |year=1998 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location= |isbn=1560003146 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Kelly |first=Michael J. |title=Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide & the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein |url=https://archive.org/details/nowheretohidedef0000kell |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Peter Lang |location= |isbn=0820478350 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kiernan |first=Ben |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |url= https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |authorlink=Ben Kiernan |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=0300100981 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Laban |first=Alexander |title=Genocide: An Anthropological Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/genocideanthropo0000unse |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location= |isbn=063122355X |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Lemarchand |first=René |title=Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide |authorlink=René Lemarchand |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0521566231 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=MacKinnon |first=Catharine A. |title=Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues |url=https://archive.org/details/arewomenhumanoth00mack |authorlink=Catharine MacKinnon |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= |isbn=0674025555 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Power |first=Samantha |title=[[A Problem from Hell|"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide]] |authorlink=Samantha Power |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Harper Perennial |location= |isbn=0060541644 |pages= }} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |authorlink=Gavriel David Rosenfeld |coauthors= |year=1999 |title=The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship |journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=28–61 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= | doi= 10.1093/hgs/13.1.28 }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Rotberg |first=Robert I. |title=From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises |authorlink= |coauthors= Thomas G. Weiss |year=1996 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location= |isbn=0815775903 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Rummel |first=R.J. |title=Death by Government |authorlink=R.J. Rummel |coauthors= |date=Machi 1997 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location= |isbn=1560009276 |pages= |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Shaw |first=Martin |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisgenocide0000shaw |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0745631827 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |title=The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation |url=https://archive.org/details/emergingsystemof0000sung |authorlink=Lyal S. Sunga |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher= Kluwer |location= |isbn=9041104720 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Sunga |first=Lyal S. |title=Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1992 |publisher=Springer |location= |isbn=0792314530 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Totten |first= Samuel |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |authorlink= |coauthors=William S. Parsons, and [[Israel W. Charny]] |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0415990858 |pages= |edition=3rd}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Valentino |first=Benjamin A. |title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location= |isbn=0801439655 |pages= }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Weitz |first=Eric D. |title =A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit/page/n368 360] |isbn=0691122717}} * {{PDFlink|{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Preventing Genocide and Mass Killing: The Challenge for the United Nations |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100816/http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2009-12-26 }}|366&nbsp;KB}}, report by Minority Rights Group International, 2006 <!-- *{{Rejea kitabu |last= |first= |title= |authorlink= |coauthors= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |pages= }} --> ;Muhtasari * {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/ |title=Aegis Trust (genocide prevention trust) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404004937/http://www.aegistrust.org/ |archivedate=2007-04-04 |accessdate=2009-12-26 }} An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1701562.stm BBC on defining genocide] * [http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/ Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]; Responding to Threats of Genocide * [http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide at Law-Ref.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html |date=20100106103304 }} - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents * [http://www.warcrimes.info/ Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.warcrimes.info/ |date=20091224150610 }} * [http://www.facinghistory.org/ Facing History and Ourselves] * [http://www.genocideintervention.net/ Genocide Intervention Network] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070618100356/http://www.genocidewatch.org/eightstages.htm Genocide Watch] stages of genocide * [http://www.inogs.com International Network of Genocide Scholars (INoGS)] * [http://www.isg-iags.org/ Institute for the Study of Genocide/International Association of Genocide Scholars] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isg-iags.org/ |date=20040923231859 }} * [http://www.neveragaininternational.org/ Never Again] International youth genocide prevention organization; organized the 2004 Rwanda Forum at the Imperial War Museum in London. * [http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/ Never Again Wiki] {{Wayback|url=http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/ |date=20090829094131 }} * [http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide OneWorld Perspectives Magazine: Preventing Genocide (April/May 2006)] {{Wayback|url=http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide |date=20081224180448 }}- global human rights and development network looks at genocide from a variety of perspectives * Staff, ''[http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/ The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes]'', [http://www.preventgenocide.org/aboutus/ Prevent Genocide International] * [http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html Voices of the Holocaust] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html |date=20220315171005 }} - a learning resource at the British Library * [http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/dictat.html Worst Genocides of the 20th Century] - a list of the some of the worst genocides in the 20th century. Listing from the most amount of victims to the least amount. * [http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity] {{Wayback|url=http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm |date=20090705205205 }} - a learning resource, highlighting the cases of Myanmar, Bosnia, the DRC, and Darfur * [http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/ Whitaker Report] ;Rasilimali * [http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/ Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation] * [http://www.unrefugees.org/ USA for UNHCR Web site] * [http://warcrimes.tv/ War Crimes TV Videos and Communities against War Crimes and Genocide] {{Wayback|url=http://warcrimes.tv/ |date=20190331160507 }} ;Mipango ya Utafiti * [http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/ Centre for the Study of Genocide and Mass Violence, Sheffield, United Kingdom] {{Wayback|url=http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/ |date=20080929002017 }} * [http://www.chgs.nl/ Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, the Netherlands] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chgs.nl/ |date=20100202192215 }} * [http://www.chgs.umn.edu/ Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota] * [http://www.yale.edu/gsp/ Genocide Studies Program, Yale University] * [http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/genodynamics/index.htm GenoDynamics: Understanding Genocide Through Time and Space] by Christian Davenport (University of Maryland) and Allan Stam (Dartmouth University) * [http://migs.concordia.ca/ Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, Concordia University] {{Wayback|url=http://migs.concordia.ca/ |date=20201207143916 }} * [http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/ Minorities at Risk project at the University of Maryland] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/ |date=20081204090551 }} * [http://www.inforce.org.uk/ The Inforce Foundation (International Forensic Centre of Excellence), UK] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inforce.org.uk/ |date=20091227130604 }} [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:Mauaji ya kimbari|*]] s6oy8y1cq22ohkehe15tt3n5v8ib49c 0 34050 1575915 1520709 2026-06-22T01:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575915 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Milo''' [[(IPA]] / maɪləʊ /) ni [[kinywaji]] kilicho na [[maziwa]], [[chokoleti]] na [[malt]], zilizotayarishwa na [[kampuni]] ya [[Nestlé]] na [[asili]] yake ni [[Australia]]. Ilitengenezwa mara ya kwanza na [[Thomas Mayne]] mwaka [[1934]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203022027/http://www.nestle.com.ph/milo/about.htm Historia ya Milo @ Nestle] 2 Februari 2007</ref> Milo pia inatayarishwa katika nchi nyingine zikiwemo [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Vietnam]], [[New Zealand]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Jamaika]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad na Tobago]], [[Chile]], [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]], [[Nigeria]], [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]] , [[Papua Guinea Mpya]], [[Afrika ya Kusini]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Syria]], [[Taiwan]] na [[Uingereza.]] [[Jina]] lilitokana na [[Mgiriki]] [[mwanamichezo]] maarufu [[Milo wa Croton]] kwa sababu ya [[nguvu]] yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.milo.com.my/milomalaysia/milostory/default |title=Milo energyCity |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511211451/http://www.milo.com.my/milomalaysia/milostory/default |archivedate=2008-05-11 }}</ref> ==Historia== [[File:1940s Nestlé Milo tin.jpg|thumb|1940 Milo bati]] Mwaka wa 1934, Thomas Mayne alitengeneza Milo na kuionyesha katika {0Onyesho la Sydney Royal Easter .{/0} <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/ |title=Nutrition - Mambo ya kufurahisha kuhusu Milo |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archivedate=2010-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128185304/http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/ }}</ref> Milo ilianza kuundwa katika kiwanda kilichokuwa [[Smithtown]], karibu [[Kempsey, South Wales Mpya, Australia]] ==Matumizi== Milo huongezwa katika maji ya moto au baridi ili kutoa maziwa, ili kukupatia ladha ya chokoleti. Wakati inachanganywa na maji ya baridi, inabaki na ile hali yake ya ubichi. Milo inaweza kukorogwa ndani ya maji yanayochemka au maji moto ili kuunda kinywaji sawa na chokolate au kakao moto. Sukari inaweza kuongezwa katika kinywaji cha Milo, lakini watu wengi hufurahia bila ya kuongezea utamu,na kufahamu ladha yake ya chokoleti. Njia nyingine ya matumizi ni kutengeneza kikombe cha kawaida cha Milo na kuweka katika microwave takriban sekunde takriban 40-60. Hii inapatia kinyawaji cha Milo safu ya kibiskuti. Matumizi mengine maarufu ni kunyunyizia juu malai, hasa ya. Milo pia zinaweza anafanyika breakfast nafaka. Milo kwa mara nyingi huwa kinywaji kilichopendekezwa cha [[Tim Kamili Slam]]. Pia maarufu sana ni "Milo Miujiza" ambayo inahusu kuongeza Milo kwa kiasi kidogo cha sukari na maziwa pamoja na kuigoroga ili kuongeza kiwango cha hewa katika maziwa, ambapo kiwango chake kinaongezeka. Kisha unaongeza maji moto na maziwa kiasi kwa safu na kukoroga kila safu kwa nguvu ili kudumisha uepesi wake. Safu ya mwisho ni ya malai na ilito na Milo au vinyunyuzi vya chokoleti. Hii nmi zaidi ya kinyaji kilicho na 'joto' kuliko kilicho 'moto' na ni maarufu zaidi kama toleo la Milo moto kwa watoto. Milo iliyotengenezwa nje ya [[Australia]] hutengenezwa tofauti ili kutumika kwa urahisi. Nchini Ghana, Malaysia, Ufilipino, Singapore na Indonesia, inachanganywa na maji moto au baridi badala ya maziwa, pamoja na maelekezo "Ongeza sukari na maziwa kama wataka." [[File:Australian milo.jpg|thumb|Kikombe cha moto cha Milo.]] Katika [[Australia]] na nchi zingine nyingi, pakiti huwa ya rangi ya kijani na watu wanaocheza michezo. Kuna shirika linaloiywa "Milo Cricket" ambalo maeneo mengi ni watu wa kujitolea wanaendesha shughuli za kampuni hii. Watoto wadogo wanaoshiriki wanapewa pakiti za Milo za kula au kunywa. Mistari ya utangazaji ni "Nenda na kwenda na kwenda pamoja na Milo" na katika tangazo hili kuna vizazi 4 vya wanawake wanaorukla kambakuimba "na mama yangu alinipa Milo ili niende na kwenda na kwenda" na mstari "Nina haja ya Milo leo", kwa sababu ina [[glycemic index]] kiasi Ufungaji wa Milo katika mikebe katika [[Singapore]] pia ina watu wanaocheza michezo katika mikebe hiyo. Katika [[Kolombia]], Milo imehusishwa na [[mpira wa miguu]] (kadanda), na msemo ambao vizazi kadhaa vimeimba ni "Milo te da Energia, la meta la pones tú" (Milo inakupa nishati, weka laini ya kumalizia). Milo ni maarufu sana nchini [[Malaysia]], ambapo jin lake ni sawa na vinywaji vilivyo na chokoleti: Milo ina asilimia 90% katika soko la Malaysia (sio matumizi ya Milo duniani iliyo asilimia 90% ) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=9EE4B633-5B80-4CC6-9CF1-F61EFD87A1CA |title=Nestle: nafasi yetu ya kubadilika |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archivedate=2010-12-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205175937/http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=9EE4B633-5B80-4CC6-9CF1-F61EFD87A1CA }}</ref> na wakazi wa Malaysian ndio watumiaji wakubwa wa Milo duniani. <ref>[5] ^ [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/2/24/nation/3333128&amp;sec=nation: Shahrir aomba mahoteli kupunguza bei ya Milo] {{Wayback|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F2%2F24%2Fnation%2F3333128&sec=nation%3A |date=20130120165248 }}</ref> Hii ni kwa sababu Milo iliwahi kutumiwa kama virutubishi wakati ilianzishwa nchini hiyo, na kupata sifa kama kinywaji cha 'lazima' kwa wazee na wadogo. Milo inayotengenezewa [[Malaysia]] imeundwa kuchanganywa vizuri na maji chokoleti ya kunywa iliyo laini, au na kuongeza barafu kwa vinywaji baridi. Milo ya Malaysia inauzwa katika vibanda vya [[kopitiam]]na[[mamak]]vikiuza mitindo kama "Milo [[Dinosau"]] (kikombe cha milo na ziada ya kijiko kilichojaa cha poda ya Milo iliyoongezwa), "Milo [[Godzilla"]] (kikombe cha Milo na barafu ya malai ) na "Neslo" (imechanganywa na [[Nescafe]], poda ya kahawa). Milo pia ilipata umaarufu katika Singapore. "Magari ya Milo" kwa mara nyingi yalihusika katiak michezo ya shule ya msingi ambapo wanafunzi walipanga laini kuchukua vikombe ya milo yao vinywaji kutumia kuponi. Milo iliyoongezwa barafu inajulikana kama [["Milo Peng"]] (kwa jina lingine, "Ping"), "peng" (冰) maana barafu katika [[Kikantonisi]] na [[Hokkien]]. Katika [[Japan]] Milo inauzwa kama kinywaji cha nishati kilicho kwenya mikebe, ambayo inapatikana katika mashine za kuuza. Katika Hong Kong, Milo huwa katika [[Cha chaan teng.]] Milo pia ni kinywaji maarufu katika [[duka]] za [[Waslimu]] [[Wahindi]] zinazojulikana kama duka kama [[Mamak]] huko Malaysia. Pia wakati mwingine hutumiwa katika mkate badala jam au pia kama kiungo katika [[Roti Canai.]] Katika [[Trinidad na Tobago]] na eneo nyingine za [[Karibi]], Milo ni maarufu kama kinywaji moto badala ya chai au kahawa. ==Milo B-Smart== Katika Australia, toleo la Milo mpya litwalo ''Milo B-Smart'' lilitolewa mwaka wa 2008 (Milo ya awali na Milo Malt bado zimebakia); ambayo ni nyororo na imeongezwa vitamini B na madini. Ina ladha tofauti na Milo ya zamani na inauzwa kama chakula cha afya kwa watoto. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/b-smart/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-27 |archivedate=2009-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030109/http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/b%2Dsmart/ }}</ref> ==Habari za Afya== Milo inakusudiwa kuwa [[nishati]] kwa sababu kinywaji hiki, kina [[KJ]] 1760 katika kila 100 [[g]] ya kinywaji hiki. Pia hii ndiyo sababu ya , kuuzwa kama ''"Kinywaji cha nishati".'' Pia inafaa kuwa na [[Glycemic Index]] 1}(GI), iliyo chini {kwamba ni, "ikiundwa na maziwa pekee, 36 ikitengenezwa na maziwa yaliyotolewa mafuta". Hii inaruhusu nishati katika Milo kuachiliwa polepole. Tovuti ya Milo inasema kuwa kinywaji hiki "kina kalsiamu kiwango cha juu, chuma na vitamini B1, 2, 6, 12." ==Upatikanaji katika masoko mengine== [[File:Nestlé Milo Comparison.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Milo hutofautiana kati ya mikoa, kama ni kuonekana katika ubavu kwa upande ulinganifu wa Milo kutoka New Zealand na Ghana.]] [[File:Canned Milo In Store.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Milo packaged katika cans zinauzwa katika Hong Kong Food Market katika Northwest Houston.]] Upatikanaji wa Milo katika Amerika ya Kaskazini ni mdogo na badala yake ni bidhaa zinazoingia tu. Inaweza kupatikana kwenye masoko ya Latino na Asia ambayo ina idadi kubwa ya Wamerika kutoka Asia Mashariki kama vile [[California, New York, Filadelfia, Washington]] na [[New Jersey.]] Inaweza pia kupatikana katika maeneo mashuhuri ya wakazi wa Latino &amp; India Magharibi. Maduka makubwa ya [[Publix]] Florida Kusini huwa na Milo ya Colombia ya changanya vilevile mikebe ya Milo iliyotengenezewa nchini Malaysia. Hivi karibuni, imekuwa pia ikipatikana katika Wal-Mart na majumba ya kuhifadhi chakula katika Hispanic. Nestle sasa ilianzisha toleo la Milo la kikanidia. Imetengenezwa Kanada. Inachanganya haraka kama Nesquik, pengine kutokana na matarajio ya soko, lakini bado imebaki na ladha ya Malt. Pia ni tamu kuliko aina nyingine. Tol imekuwa tangu 2006 na ni mapema sana inapatikana katika maduka zilizotajwa hapo juu na vilevile [[Superstore, Kinga ya ziada ya Vyakula]] na [[Madawa London.]] Baadhi ya maduka makubwa ya Asia ya Mashariki (kama [[T &amp; T Supermarket]] katika Edmonton, Vancouver, Toronto na Calgary) hubeba toleo hilo iliyoagizwa kutoka [[China]] au [[Hong Kong]]. Katika miaka ya 1980 rajamu hii iliuzwa katika Meksiko na kusambazwa na Nestle. Ilipata mafanikio sana lakini kupotelea baada ya Nestle kuanzisha [[Nesquik]] huko. Inaweza pia kupatikana nchini [[Uingereza]] katika baadhi ya maduka makubwa ya Sainsbury na Tesco , ambayo huagiza kutoka Kenya au Uganda. Wataalamu wa Chakula , kama vile Mini Siam Oriental Foods na pia Hoo Hing huuza. Kuna bidhaa iitwayo [[Ovaltine]] ambayo ni sawa na Milo ni maarufu kwa walaji Uingereza. Hapo awali Milo ilipatikana katika [[Ureno]] na [[Brazili.]] Nestle Brazili ilikoma katika utengenezaji wa Milo nchini Brazili ili kuzingatia bidhaa zilizokuwa maarufu kama Nescau na Nesquik. Toleo la Chile la Milo bado liko katika uzalishaji na ni sawa katika ladha na iliyotengenezewa nchini Brazili. Toleo la [[Uhindi]] halitengenezwi kwa sababu ya ushindani mkali kutokana na vinywaji vingine. ==Bidhaa nyingine za Milo== [[File:MILOChocolateBar.jpg|right|100px|thumb|Milo chocolate bar]] Kuna bidhaa ambazo zimetokana na Milo , kama vile nafaka, mtindi, barafu malai na chokoleti (nuggets). Mbali na toleo la poda, kuna toleo la Milo lililochanganywa tayari linalokuja katika mikebe au visanduku vya kunywia. Nchini Australia, Milo inapatikana pia katika ladha ya malt; Mkebe huo una rangi ya burgundy. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.nestle.com/Brands/BrandInfo.htm?brandGuid=B849A387-FE76-4077-B7FB-BC1AEC36BE32&amp;BrandName=Milo Nestlé: Milo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nestle.com/Brands/BrandInfo.htm?brandGuid=B849A387-FE76-4077-B7FB-BC1AEC36BE32&BrandName=Milo |date=20090410053514 }} * [http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/ Nestlé Australia: Milo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/ |date=20100128185304 }} * [http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/milohistory/ Milo's Historia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nestle.com.au/milo/milohistory/ |date=20090222111812 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120628175021/http://www.nestle.com.ph/milo/ Nestle Filipino: Milo] au http://www.milo.com.ph * [http://www.milo.com.my Nestlé Malaysia: Milo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.milo.com.my/ |date=20100106163548 }} * [http://www.milo.com.my/nutrition ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.milo.com.my/nutrition |date=20100212102935 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Milo (kinywaji)}} [[Category:Vinywaji]] hc7ydp2g6at8c2ybx3p80ir6zsc7n1e 0 34464 1575920 1521004 2026-06-22T02:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mohammed bin Ali Al Abbar, Davos.jpg|thumb|right|Alabbar katika foramu ya Kiuchumi ya Dunia ya mwaka 2007]] '''Mohammed bin Amer Al Abbar''' (pia: '''Amer''' [[Kiarabu]]: '''محمد بن علي العبار''') ni raia mashuhuri wa [[Falme za Kiarabu]], kutoka Emirate ya [[Dubai]]. Yeye ni msaidizi mkuu wa mtawala Dubai na Makamu wa Rais / Waziri Mkuu wa UAE, Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]. Alabbar anatumikia kama ''Mkurugenzi Mkuu'' wa [http://www.dubaided.gov.ae/main Idara ya Maendeleo ya Uchumi ya Dubai] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dubaided.gov.ae/main |date=20040623154626 }}, na ''Mwenyekiti'' wa [[Emaar]] moja ya makampuni kubwa zaidi duniani ya kuuza manyumba na ploti. Alabbar pia ni mwanachama wa [[Baraza la Watendaji ya Dubai]]. ==Kazi== Kama Mwenyekiti wa [[Emaar Properties]], amechangia pahala pakubwa katika maendeleo ya sekta ya mali isiyohamishika ya Dubai. [[Emaar]], Kampuni ya hisa za pamoja za umma iliyoanzishwa mwaka [[1997]], imetajwatajwa kwenye [[Soko la Hisa la Dubai]] na asilimia kubwa inamilikiwa na Serikali. [[Emaar Properties]] kampuni kubwa zaidi miongoni mwa makampuni ya ujenzi na maendeleo katika [[Uarabuni]] na imejenga majengo ya makazi na ofisi zaidi ya elfu moja wakati wa ujenzi mwingi sana ulikuwa ukifanyika Dubai. Emaar pia ndiyo iko na wajibu wa kujenga [[Burj Dubai]], ambayo itakuwa muundo mrefu zaidi duniani baada ya kukamilika. Chini ya Alabbar, Idara ya Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi imeanzisha sera za umma za kuimarisha biashara Dubai na kuanzisha uwazi mkubwa zaidi. Alabbar pia amechangia katika ukuaji wa sekta zisizo za mafuta Dubai kama ''Makamu Mwenyekiti'' wa [http://www.dubal.ae/ Dubai Aluminium Company Ltd] (DUBAL) 1992-2003. Kutoka 1992-2002 yeye aliwahi kuwa ''Makamu Mwenyekiti'' wa [[Dubai World Trade Centre]] (DWTC), akiendeleza Dubai kama kitovu cha maonyesho na mikutano. Alabbar pia ni mwenyekiti wa [http://www.emcredit.com Emcredit] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emcredit.com/ |date=20081219142627 }}, kampuni ya kwanza ya habari ya mikopo ya kujitegemea katika [[UAE]]. Mwaka 2007 Alabbar alienda [[Korea Kaskazini]] kuchunguza fursa za uwekezaji huko.<ref>[0] ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024213909/http://www.forbes.com/2007/09/06/dubai-alabbar-korea-face-cx_jc_0906autofacescan04.html Tajiri wa Dubai atembelea Pyongyang] ''[[Forbes]],'' 9 Septemba 2006</ref> ==Elimu== Alabbar alipata shahada yake ya kwanza katika Fedha na Utawala wa Biashara kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Albers na Uchumi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Seattle]] mwaka 1981. Yeye pia alipata [[shahada]] ya [[udaktari]] katika humanities kutoka shule aliyokuwa mwaka 2007 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-14028.htm|title=Emaar Chairman receives honorary doctorate from Seattle University|publisher=''Eye of Dubai''|date=20 Juni 2007|accessdate=18 Juni 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004205556/http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-14028.htm|archivedate=2011-10-04}}</ref> ==Ushiriki katika vikao== Alabbar amesema katika vikao kadhaa vya kimataifa, akiwakilisha [[United Arab Emirates]] mara kadhaa katika [[World Economic Forum]] mjini [[Davos]], [[Uswisi]]. Yeye pia huandika mara kadhaa katika foramu za Hammersmad na Westhamfans. ==Anachopenda kufanya== Kama mwanamishezo shadidi, Alabbar alikuwa ''Mwenyekiti'' wa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ugagolf.com/ |title=Shirika la Gofu la UAE |accessdate=2010-01-05 |archivedate=2013-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726023727/http://www.ugagolf.com/ }}</ref> Chama cha gofu cha UAE (sasa Shirikisho la Gofu la Emirates)], ambayo inakuza mashindano ya kila mwaka ya gofu ya PGA [[Dubai Desert Classic]]. Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na HE Sheikh Fahim Al Qassimi. Alabbar alitajwa hivi karibuni kama wachezaji gofu wenye haiba kumi bora duniani na <ref>[4] ^ [http://www.golfworld.com Dunia ya Gofu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.golfworld.com/ |date=20010702065447 }}</ref> [[Golf World magazine]] . Atakuwa mwenyeji wa toleo la Kiarabu la progralu la televisheni la [[The Apprentice|''The Apprentice'']] iitwayo ''el idara jadara'' . ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya raia wakuu wa UAE]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.alabbar.info/ Tovuti rasmi ya Alabbar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alabbar.info/ |date=20080820021108 }} * [http://www.dubaided.gov.ae/main Idara ya Maendeleo ya Kiuchumi ya Dubai] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dubaided.gov.ae/main |date=20040623154626 }} * [http://www.emaar.ae/ Tovuti ya Emaar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emaar.ae/ |date=20071004235052 }} * [http://www.ugagolf.com/ Chama cha Gofu cha UAE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugagolf.com/ |date=20130726023727 }} * [http://albers.seattleu.edu/ Shule ya Biashara na Uchumi ya Albers ya Chuo kikuu cha Seattle] {{Wayback|url=http://albers.seattleu.edu/ |date=20090221115316 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbar, Mohammed bin Ali Al}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Dubai]] 9h38f3ihruyy3qyjb0y5bhf5gvr25q4 0 35355 1575893 1425099 2026-06-21T22:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Mark Schultz | Asili yake = [[Colby]], [[Kansas]], [[Marekani]] {{Flag icon|USA}} | Img = | Img_capt = | Background = solo_singer | Jina la kuzaliwa = Mark Schultz | Aina = [[Kikristo]], [[Nyimbo za Kikristo za Kisasa]] | Ala za muziki = [[Mwimbaji|Sauti]], [[Gitaa]],[[Piano]] | Studio = Word Entertainment | Kazi yake = [[Mwanamuziki]] | Tovuti = [http://www.markschultzmusic.com/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Mark Schultz] }} '''Mark Schultz''' (alizaliwa [[16 Septemba]] [[1970]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Kikristo]] nchini [[Marekani]]. ==Historia== Mark Schultz ni mwimbaji wa muziki ya kisasa ya Kikristo na pia ni mtunzi wa nyimbo. Yeye alikulia katika [[Colby,[[Kansas]] na kufuzu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Kansas]] na shahada ya digrii katika somo la masoko. Alipokuwa Chuo Kikuu.Mark alikuwa mwanachama wa Lambda Chi Alpha. Alihamia [[Nashville]],Tennessee alipohudumia miaka minane kama kiongozi wa kundi la vijana katika Kanisa la First Presbyterian(PCUSA) hapo [[Nashville]]. Amechaguliwa kuwa mshindani katika tuzo za Dove huku akishinda yake ya kwanza katika Tuzo za Dove za mwaka wa 2006 ambapo CD/DVD yake ''Mark Schultz Live: A Night of Stories & Songs'' ilishinda tuzo ya Muziki Mrefu katika Video ya Mwaka. Yeye sasa anaishi katika eneo la [[Chapel Hill]], [[North Carolina]]. ==Ziara== Marko Schultz na wasanii mahiri ,[[Point of Grace]] walizuru pamoja kwa mara ya kwanza katika ziara ya miji 30 .Ziara hii iliitwa ''Come Alive'' mnamo Septemba hadi Novemba 2009. Mark Schultz alicheza na kuimba nyimbo mpya kutoka albamu yake ya studio ya tano,''Come Alive'', na Point of Grace wataimba nyimbo kutoka albamu yao iliyosifiwa,''How You Live''. <ref>http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.givmusic.com%2F2009%2F08%2Ffree-mark-schultz-download%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEBaNQ1-Sk_APXFgAZzrAdfigLudw</ref> ==Mark avuka Marekani== Hapo 6 Mei 2007, Mark Schultz alianza kuendesha baiskeli kutoka [[California]] hadi [[Maine]] akipanga kusimama njiani na kuimba katika matamasha na kushiriki katika matukio maalum. <ref>[http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markacrossamerica.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGqRr2TinJh5p5fgDGmxqhfbTdOzQ]</ref> Hapo awali, ziara ilipangwa kufikia mwisho katika eneo la [[New Hampshire]], lakini ziara ilimalizika tarehe 8 Julai 2007 katika [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]], [[Maine]]. Kulingana na Marko Schultz, motisha ya kufanya jambo hilo la kuvuka Amerika kwa baisikeli ilitoka kwa mke wake ,Kate Celauro, alipozuru vituo vya mayatima nchini [[Mexico]]. Katika mwaka wa 2006, wakaenda katika safari pamoja <ref>[http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesfund.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNF1sTcAUERrCCZ_4MwXMzgHBD-lgg ''The James Fund'']</ref>,shirika lisilofanya biashara au shughuli ya kifaida lilioanzishwa na Family Christian Stores. Madhumuni ya safari hii ilikuwa kusaidia wajane na mayatima katika dhiki kupata mahitaji yao. Mark ,aliyekuwa amechukuliwa na familia nyingine akiwa mtoto na hakuishi na wazazi wake waliomzaa,alijihusisha sana katika kazi hii na amejihusisha na msaada kkwa The James Fund. ==Bibliografia== * Mark Schultz; J.L. Bibb (2005). Stories Behind The Songs. ==Diskografia== ==Albamu za studio== {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Maelezo ya albamu ! colspan="5"| # ya juu kabisa kwenye chati |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="40"| Billboard 200 ! width="40"| Albamu Bora za Kikristo Marekani ! width="40"| Chati ya Heatseekers ! width="40"| Albamu Bora za Mtandao |- | 2000 | '''''Mark Schultz''''' <small> * Ilitolewa: 28 Machi 2000 * Studio: Word Entertainment |align="center"| 180 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| 6 |align="center"| - |- | 2001 | '''''Song Cinema''''' <small> * Ilitolewa: 17 Oktoba 2001 * Studio: Word Entertainment |align="center"| - |align="center"| 15 |align="center"| 11 |align="center"| - |- | 2003 | '''''Stories & Songs''''' <small> * Ilitolewa: 14 Oktoba 2003 * Studio: Word Entertainment |align="center"| - |align="center"| 12 |align="center"| 11 |align="center"| - |- | 2006 | '''''Broken & Beautiful''''' <small> * Ilitolewa: 26 Septemba 2006 * Studio : Word Entertainment |align="center"| 79 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| - |align="center"| 79 |- | 2009 | '''''Come Alive''''' <small> * Ilitolewa: 25 Agosti 2009 * Studio: [[Word Records]] |align="center"| 62 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| - |align="center"| - |- | align="center" colspan="8"| <small>"&mdash;" inaashiria albamu ambayo haikutokea kwenye chati.</small> |} == Albamu zilizorekodiwa katika matukio == {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="1"| Mwaka ! rowspan="1"| Albamu |- | 2005 | '''''Mark Schultz Live: A Night of Stories and Songs''''' <small> * Albamu iliyorekodiwa kwa tukio * Ilitolewa : 27 Septemba 2005 |- |} == Video ya Muziki == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mwaka ! Video ! Albamu ! Mwandalizi |- | 2001 | "I Have Been There" | ''Song Cinema'' | - |- | 2003 | "Letters From War" | ''Stories & Songs'' | rowspan=2|Marc Dobiecki |- | 2006 | "Everything to Me" | ''[[Broken & Beautiful (Mark Schultz album)|Broken & Beautiful]]'' |- |} == Nyimbo == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! rowspan="2"| Wimbo ! colspan="6"| # ya juu kwenye chati ! rowspan="2"| Albamu |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="30"| Nyimbo Bora za Kisasa za Watu Wazima ! width="30"| Nyimbo za Kikristo ! width="30"| American Forces Network ! width="30"| 2009<br/>50<br/>Kristo ! width="30"| 2000<br/>50<br/>Kristo ! width="30"| 2006<br/>5<br/>Kristo |- | rowspan="2"| 2001 | align="left"| "He's My Son" | 22 | - | - | - | - | - | align="left"| ''Mark Schultz'' |- | align="left"| "I Have Been There" | - | - | - | - | - | - | align="left"| ''Song Cinema'' |- | 2003 | align="left"| "[[Letters From War]]" | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | align="left"| ''Stories & Songs'' |- | rowspan="3"|2006 | align="left"| "I Am" | - | 3 | - | - | 33 | 4 | align="left"| ''Live: A Night of Stories & Songs'' |- | align="left"|"Broken & Beautiful" | - | 16 | - | - | - | - | align="left" rowspan="2"| ''Broken & Beautiful'' |- | align="left"|"Everything to Me" | - | - | - | - | - | - |- | rowspan="2"|2009 | align="left"| "Live Like You're Loved" | - | - | - | - | - | - | align="left" rowspan="2"| ''Come Alive'' |- | align="left"| "He Is" | - | 14 | - | 31 | - | - |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:8pt"| "—" inaashiria nyimbo ambzo hazikutokea kwenye chati |- |} == Kompilesheni == {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="1"| Mwaka ! rowspan="1"| Albamu |- | 2007 | '''''Broken & Beautiful: Expanded Edition''''' <small> * Albamu ya kompilesheni * Ilitolewa: 25 Septemba 2007 |- |} == Tuzo == {| class="wikitable" ! Mwaka !Tuzo !Jamii !Matokeo |- | 2005 |Tuzo za Dove |Muziki Mrefu Video ya Mwaka |[http://www.metrolyrics.com/mark-schultz-awards-featured.html Alishinda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/mark-schultz-awards-featured.html |date=20100102045623 }} |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://markschultzmusic.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] *[http://blog.givmusic.com/2009/08/ ziara ya ''Come Alive''] *[http://www.markacrossamerica.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya Mark Avuka Marekani] *[http://www.wespreadtheword.net/musicnewsarticles/markschultzmeetsorphansthroughagencyfromwherehewasaadoptedappearsliveoncnnthissundayonlineauctionstartstoday.html Mark Schultz Meets Orphans Through Agency From Where He was Adopted Appears LIVE on CNN] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wespreadtheword.net/musicnewsarticles/markschultzmeetsorphansthroughagencyfromwherehewasaadoptedappearsliveoncnnthissundayonlineauctionstartstoday.html |date=20110720152014 }} *[http://www.billboard.com/#/album/mark-schultz/mark-schultz/415784. "Mark Schultz - Mark Schultz".] *[http://www.billboard.com/#/album/mark-schultz/stories-songs/601361. "Mark Schultz - Stories & Songs".] *[http://www.billboard.com/#/album/mark-schultz/come-alive/1277425. "Mark Schultz - Come Alive".]*[https://archive.today/20120729145607/www.billboard.com/charts-year-end/hot-christian-songs?year=2009%23/charts-year-end/hot-christian-songs?year=2009&begin=21&order=position] * {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/album/mark-schultz/come-alive/1277425. |date=20260615023003 }} *[http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/mark-schultz/chart-history/272780?f=355&g=Singles. "Mark Schultz Singles Chart History".] *[http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/mark-schultz/chart-history/272780?f=355&g=Singles. "Mark Schultz Singles Chart History". ] *http://www.metrolyrics.com/mark-schultz-awards-featured.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Schultz, Mark}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] qiv5l0e3gdnr9qni2yye79rxfihiqii 0 35552 1575900 1519960 2026-06-21T23:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Group of Twenty Ministers Foreign (#Finance) Ministers and Central Bank Governors | image = | image_border = | size = | caption = | map = G20.svg | msize = 250px | mcaption = Nchi zenye rangi ya buluu nzito ni wanachama wa G-20; zenye rangi ya samawati ni wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] wasio na uwakilishi wa pekee. | abbreviation = G-20.(1/2.) | motto =One Family;&Future;& Planet.: | formation =1989* | extinction = | type = | status = | purpose = Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership FAQ #5: What are the criteria for G-20 membership?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership |date=20130506133049 }} from the official G-20 website</ref>. | headquarters: = BJN.:. | locations: = NYC:.: | locations: = LNDN.:. | locations: = DLHY:.:. | region_served = WWW!.:. | membership =[[#01.]]{{ARG}}<Br>[[#02.]]{{AUS}}<Br>[[#03.]]{{USA}}"MRC"<Br>[[#04.]]{{FRA}}<Br>[[#05.]]{{ITA}}<Br>[[#06.]]{{MEX}}<Br> [[#07.]]{{RUS}}<Br>[[#08.]]{{CHN}}“PRCH”<BR>[[#09.]]{{IDN}}<Br>[[#10.]]{{CAN}}”<br>.<br>[[#10.]]{{JPN}}<Br>[[#09.]]{{KOR}}<Br>.::.<br>[[#08.]]{{DEU}}”<Br>[[#07.]]{{IND}}“BHRT'”<Br>[[#06.]]{{BRA}}<Br>[[#05.]]{{SAU}}<Br>[[#04.]]{{ESP}}“EU!”<Br>[[#03.]]{{TUR}}’OT3!”<BR>[[#02.]]{{ZAF}}<Br>[[&@.]]<Br>[[#01.]]{{UK}}[[%#^.]]<S>.: |language = FOUR-FIV3TE3N*LANGUAG3S’.: | leader_title = G-20’+1/2”*: Chairman.: | leader_name = Chairman; President ,etc.: | main_organ= UNITED NATIONs.; | affiliations= European Union’s.: | num_staff = ''351’Million +PR,China=1.453+ Billion.:'' | num_volunteers = GROUP OF SEV3N & BRICS Group.: | website = http://www.g20.org/ }} [[File:20 Largest economies pie chart.pdf|211px|thumb|Jedwali la nchi 20 tajiri zaidi duniani.]] '''Kundi la Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu Ishirini ''' (linalojulikana kama '''G-20''', '''G20''' au '''Group of Twenty)''' ni [[kundi]] la ma[[waziri wa fedha]] na [[Gavana|magavana]] wa [[benki kuu]] kutoka nchi zenye [[uchumi]] mkubwa [[duniani]]: nchi 20, kuongezea [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Kwa pamoja, uchumi wa G-20 unajumuisha 85[[Asilimia|%]] ya<ref name="Industrial Nations 2009"> "No Clear Accord on Stimulus by Top 20 Industrial Nations." ''The New York Times,'' ukurasa A1, 15 Machi 2009.</ref> bidhaa jumla zinazotoka katika nchi<ref name="Industrial Nations 2009"/> ulimwenguni, 80% ya [[biashara]] duniani (pamoja na biashara ya EU ya ndani) na [[theluthi]] [[mbili]] ya [[idadi]] ya [[Binadamu|watu]] [[duniani]].<ref> [http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx Uanachama wa G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |date=20110504233459 }} kutoka tovuti rasmi ya G-20</ref> G-20 ni kama [[ukumbi]] wa ushirikiano na kushauriana kuhusu masuala ya [[mfumo wa fedha]] wa [[kimataifa]]. Husoma, kupitia upya, na kukuza majadiliano kati ya nchi muhimu za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[soko]] zinazoibukia kuhusu masuala ya sera zinazohusu uendelezaji wa udhibiti wa [[pesa|fedha]] kimataifa, na hutaka kushughulikia masuala ambayo yako juu ya [[Wajibu|majukumu]] ya shirika lolote.!! Kwa G-20 kuongeza nguvu tangu kongamano la [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] la [[mwaka]] [[2008]], [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wake walitangaza [[tarehe]] [[25 Septemba]] [[2009]], kwamba kundi hilo lingechukua pahala pa [[G8]] kama [[halmashauri]] kuu ya kiuchumi ya mataifa tajiri.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html|title=Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council |publisher=CNN|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref> Viongozi wa mataifa wanachama wa G-20 hukutana kila mwaka mara mbili katika '''Kongamano la G-20.''' ==Mpangilio== G-20 hufanya kazi bila sekretarieti ya kudumu wala wafanyakazi. Uenyekiti huzunguka kila mwaka kati ya wanachama na huchaguliwa kutoka kwa kambi tofauti za nchi. Mwenyekiti ni mmoja wa memba wa kundi la usimamizi la watatu la zamani, sasa na wenyekiti wa baadaye lifahamikalo kama [[Troika]]. Mwenyekiti wa sasa huunda sekretarieti ya muda kwa wakati wake, ambayo inaratibu kazi ya kikundi na kupanga mikutano yake. Jukumu la Troika ni kuhakikisha mwendelezo wa kazi za G-20 na usimamizi katika miaka ijayo. Ifuatayo ni orodha ya nchi wenyekiti wa G-20:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233459/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-04 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233459/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Nchi Mwenyekiti |- |2001 ||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- ||2001 ||'''[[Kanada]]''' |- |2002 ||'''[[Uhindi]]''' |- |2003 ||'''[[Meksiko]]''' |- |2004 ||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- |2005 ||'''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]''' |- |2006||'''[[Australia]]''' |- |2007||'''[[Ufaransa]]''' |- |2008||'''[[Marekani]]''' |- |2009||'''[[Uingereza]]''' |- |2010||'''[[Korea Kusini]]''' |- |2011||'''[[Ufaransa]]''' |- |2012||'''[[Meksiko]]''' |- |2013||'''[[Urusi]]''' |- |2014||'''[[Australia]]''' |- |2015|| '''[[Uturuki]]''' |- |2016||'''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]''' |- |2017||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- |2018||'''[[Argentina]]''' |- |2019||'''[[Japani]]''' |- |2020||'''[[Saudia]]''' |- |2021||'''[[Italia]]''' |- |2022 ||'''[[Indonesia]]''' |- |2023 ||'''[[Uhindi]]''' |} Mwanachama wa 20 ni [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ambao unawakilishwa na [[Rais wa Baraza la Ulaya]] na [[Benki Kuu ya Ulaya]] Kuongezea wanachama hawa 20, vikao na taasisi zifuatazo, zikiwakilishwa na [[maofisa watendaji wakuu]], hushiriki katika mikutano ya G-20: * [[Shirika la Fedha la kimataifa]] * [[Benki ya Dunia]] * Shirika la Fedha na Kamati ya Fedha * Kamati ya Maendeleo ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia ==Uanachama== Uanachama wa G-20 unajumuisha: * mawaziri wa fedha na magavana wa benki kuu wa [[G7]], nchi zingine muhimu 12, na Rais wa [[Umoja]] wa [[Ulaya]] (kama si mwanachama G7) * [[Benki Kuu]] ya [[Ulaya]] * Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] * Mwenyekiti wa IMF * Rais wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Maendeleo Uanachama hauonyeshi kabisa nchi 19 zenye uchumi mkubwa duniani katika mwaka. Shirika hili linasema:<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership FAQ # 5: Je, nini vigezo vya uanachama wa G-20?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership |date=20130506133049 }} kutoka tovuti rasmi ya G-20</ref> {{Cquote|kwa ukumbi kama wa G-20, ni muhimu hasa kwa nchi wanachama kuzuiuwa na kufuata kanuni kuhakikisha kuenda vyema na uendelevu kwa shughuli zake. Hakuna vigezo rasmi vya kujiunga na G-20 na mtungo wa kikundi hiki umekuwa haujabadilika tangu kilipoanzishwa. Kwa kuangalia malengo ya G-20, ilifikiriwa ni muhimu kuwa nchi na kanda zenye umuhimu kwenye mfumo wa fedha wa kimataifa zijumuishwe. Mambo kama vile usawa wa Jiografia and kuwakilishwa kwa umma pia yalichangia pakubwa.}} Mataifa yote wanachama 19 ni kati ya [[chumi bora 32 kama ilivyo pimwa katika Pato la Taifa kwa bei nomino]] katika orodha iliyochapishwa na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] (IMF) mwaka 2008.<ref>World Economic Outlook Database-Oktober 2008, Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa.</ref> Nchi ambazo hazijawakilishwa katika G-20 ni [[Uswisi]] (19), [[Norway]] (25), [[Taiwan]] (26), [[Iran]] (28) na [[Venezuela]] (31), hata ingawa wako juu ya orodha kuliko baadhi ya wanachama. [[Uhispania]] (9), [[Uholanzi]] (16), [[Polandi]] (18), [[Ubelgiji]] (20), [[Uswizi]] (22), [[Austria]] (24), [[Ugriki]] (27) na [[Denmark]] (29) wanawakilishwa tu kama memba wa EU, wala si memba kamili. Wakati Pato la Taifa linapimwa kwa [[viwango vya nguvu za ununuzi (PPP)]], wanachama wote 19 ni kati ya bora 24 duniani katika mwaka 2008, kulingana na IMF.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=45&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= World Economic Outlook Database, Aprili 2009,] [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]</ref> [[Iran]] (17), [[Taiwan]] (19) na [[Thailand]] (23) si wanachama wa G-20, huku [[Uhispania]] (12), [[Uholanzi]] (19) na [[Polandi]] (20)wakijumuishwa tu katika kipengele cha EU. Hata hivyo, katika orodha ya wastani wa Pato la Taifa, iliyokadiriwa kwa miaka tangu kuundwa kwa kundi hili (1999-2008) kwa viwango vyote vya nomino na vya PPP, [[Uhispania, Uholanzi, Taiwan]], na [[Polandi]] tu ndiyo wanaonekana juu ya mwanachama yeyote wa G-20 katika orodha zote mbili mtawalia.<ref> [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=24&amp;pr.y=6&amp;sy=1999&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a= GDP (Nominal).] [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&amp;pr.y=9&amp;sy=1999&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= GDP (PPP)] World Economic Outlook Database, Aprili 2009, [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]</ref> Mara nyingi inasemekana kwamba G20, ingawa inatoa uwakilishi mpana zaidi kuliko [[G8]], haina haki ya kufanya maamuzi yanayoathiri dunia nzima, kwa sababu wanachama wake wanachaguliwa bila kanuni zozote. G20 haina mkataba na mijadala yake si ya faraghani, hivyo kuifanya "taasisi isiyo yakidemokrasia." <ref>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion G20 yapaswa kuongezwa hadi Bilioni 6] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion |date=20100121165534 }} Daniele Archibugi, Opendemocracy.net</ref> Wakosoaji wanapendekeza mbadala kama vile [[Baraza la Usalama wa Kiuchumi]] katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ambapo wajumbe wanapaswa kuchaguliwa na [[Mkutano Mkuu]] kufuatia umuhimu wao katika uchumi wa dunia na mchango walio tayari kutoa kwa maendeleo ya uchumi wa dunia.<ref> [http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf Baraza la uchumi na Usalama wa Jamii la Umoja wa Mataifa] Frances Stewart na Sam Daws, Oxford University, Machi 2001</ref> ==Historia== [[Picha:Cumbre de Washington.jpg|thumb|250px|G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets na Uchumi Duniani mjini [[Washington, D.C.]] tarehe Novemba 2008]] G-20, ambayo ilichukua pahala pa [[G-33]], ambayo pia ilikuwa imechukua pahala pa [[G22]], ilitajwa katika mkutano wa G7 mjini [[Köln|Cologne]] mnamo Juni 1999, lakini ilianzishwa rasmi katika Mkutano wa [[G7]] wa mawaziri wa fedha mnamo tarehe 26 Septemba 1999. Mkutano wa uzinduzi ulifanyika mnamo tarehe 15-16 Desemba 1999 mjini [[Berlin]]. Mwakani 2008 [[Uhispania]] na [[Uholanzi]] waliongezwa kwa mwaliko wa Ufaransa katika Mkutano wa G-20 wa Viongozi kuhusu masoko ya fedha na Uchumi Duniani. Mnamo 2006, kaulimbiu ya mkutano wa G-20 ilikuwa "Kujenga na Kuendeleza mafanikio. Masuala yaliyojadiliwa ni pamoja na mageuzi ya ndani ili kufikia "ukuaji endelevu", nishati ulimwenguni na masoko ya rasilimali, 'marekebisho' ya Benki ya Dunia na IMF, na athari za mabadiliko demografiki kutokana na idadi ya wanaozeeka. [[Trevor A. Manuel]], Mbunge, Waziri wa Fedha, [[Afrika ya Kusini]], alikuwa mwenyekiti wa G-20 wakati wa Afrika ya Kusini ilikuwa mwenyeji wa [[wikt:secretariat|Sekretarieti ya]] mwaka 2007. [[Guido Mantega]], Waziri wa Fedha, [[Brazili]], alikuwa mwenyekiti wa G-20 mwaka 2008; Brazili ilipendekeza mazungumzo juu ya ushindani katika masoko ya fedha, [[nishati safi]] na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na vipengele vya fedha vya ukuaji na maendeleo. Katika taarifa kufuatia mkutano wa G7 mawaziri wa fedha tarehe 11 Oktoba 2008, Rais wa Marekani [[George W. Bush]] alisema kuwa mkutano ujao wa G-20 utakuwa muhimu katika kutafuta jawabu la (uliyoitwa kwa wakati huo) [[mgogoro wa kiuchumi]] wa 2008. Mpango wa Rais wa Ufaransa [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] na Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Gordon Brown]] ulipelekea kuweko kwa mkutano maalum wa G-20, [[Kongamano la Viongozi wa G-20 kuhusu masoko ya fedha na uchumi wa dunia]], mnamo tarehe 15 Novemba 2008.<ref> [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/1027_governance_rieffel.aspx Kongamano la G-20: je, linahusu nini?,] Kutoka [[Taasisi ya Brookings]]</ref> Viongozi wa G20 walikutana tena mjini [[London]] mnamo tarehe 2 Aprili 2009.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page17594 Uingereza kuwa wenyeji wa mkutano G-20 wa kifedha "Novemba] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081209192235/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page17594 |date=2008-12-09 }} 26, 2008 kutoka Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza</ref> Kongamano lingine la G20 yalifanyika mnamo 24-25 Septemba 2009 mjini [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.]] <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm Marekani kuwa mwenyeji wa mkutano wa G20 unaofuata] BBC News, 28 Mei 2009</ref> === Mikutano ya G-20 === Kongamano la G-20 lilianzishwa kama itikio kwa [[tatizo]] wa [[kifedha la 2007-2010]] na pia kwa kuonekana kwamba [[nchi zinazostawi]] hazikuwa zimejumuishwa vya kutosha katika majadiliano ya kiuchumi duniani na utawala. Makongamano ya G-20 ya [[wakuu wa nchi]] au [[serikali]] yalifanyika mbali na Mikutano ya G-20 ya Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu ambao waliendelea kukutana kuandaa Kongamano la wakuu wa nchi na pia kutekeleza maamuzi yao. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Tarehe!! ! Nchi mwenyeji ! Jeshi mji |- | [[1]] <ref name="G20Toronto">[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/g20leadersbook/index.html Kongamano la viongozi wa G-20 kuhusu Masoko ya hisa na Uchumi Duniani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/g20leadersbook/index.html |date=20161109130323 }} kutoka senta ya habari za G-20 I katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]]</ref> |Novemba 2008 | {{Flag country|United States}} | [[Washington]], DC, USA |- | [[2]] <ref name="G20Toronto"/> |Aprili 2009 | {{Flag country|United Kingdom}} | [[London]], England, UK |- | [[3]] <ref name="G20Toronto"/> |Septemba 2009 | {{Flag country|United States}} | [[Pittsburgh]] |- | [[4]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-to-host-transition-summit-in-2010/article1301423/ |title=Kanada kuwa mwenyeji wa kongamano 'mpito' la mwaka 2010 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2011-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203235954/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-to-host-transition-summit-in-2010/article1301423/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Juni 2010 | {{Flag country|Canada}} | [[Vancouver]] |- | 5 <ref> [http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/mediacenter/129639.htm Pointi ya 31 kutoka tamko la viongozi katika kongamano la Pittsburgh 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/mediacenter/129639.htm |date=20110514163742 }}</ref> |Aprili 2011 | {{Flag country|France}} | [[Toulouse]] |- | [[6]] <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/11/123_55021.html|title=Korea to Host G20 in November|publisher=The [[Korea Times]]|date=25 Septemba 2009|accessdate=26 Septemba 2009}}</ref> |Novemba 2011 | {{Flag country|Japani}} | [[Busan]] |} Mikutano ya Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu: {{Col-begin}} * 2008: [[Washington]], [[Marekani]],'''[[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]'''` {{Col-break}} * 2009: [[Birmingham]], [[Uingereza]] '''[[Europe]]'''` * 2010: [[Incheon]], [[Korea ya Kusini]] * 2011: [[Angers]], [[Ufaransa]], ''[[Europe]]''` * 2012: [[Mexico (mji)]], [[Meksiko]],''[[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]''` * 2013: [[Sankt Peterburg]], '''[[Urusi]]''', '''[[Asia]]'''` * 2014: [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] * 2015: [[Antalya]], [[Uturuki]],'''[[Mashariki ya Kati]]''' * 2016: [[Hamburg]], [[Ujerumani]], '''[[Europe]]'''` * 2017: [[Shenzhen]], '''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]'''` {{Col-break}} * 2018: [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] * 2019: [[Osaka]], [[Japani]] * 2020: [[Jeddah]], [[Saudia]],''[[Mashariki ya Kati]]'' * 2021: [[Naples]], [[Italia ]], '''[[Europe]]'''` {{Col-break}} {{Col-end}} === Mmenyuko wa Umma === Tangu mwaka 1999, G-20 mikutano mingi ya G-20 imekuwa ikipingwa. Maandamano mengi huanza kwa amani, lakini mingi hugeuka vurugu na watu wengi hujeruhiwa na uharibifu wa mali katika maeneo ya mitaa. Sababu hasa za maandamano hubadilika kutoka mkutano hadi mwingine, na hata maandamano mengi wakati wa mkutano mmoja. Hata hivyo, hisia tele na kuguna kwa waandamanaji hakujabadilika. Kama ilivyodhahiri,ukweli ni kwamba maandamano hayo yamekuwa yakiendelea tangu mwaka 1999, na yamendelea kuisha kwa vurugu. Habari zaidi kuhusu maandamano ya mikutano hasa inaweza kupatikana kwenye kurasa za mikutano hiyo katika sehemu ya Angalia Pia.: ==Angalia Pia== * [[G7]] * [[G-20]] * [[OECD]] .: [[File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png |350px|Maeneo ya dunia kwa utajiri (idadi ya dola trilioni).]] ==Maelezo== {{Marejeo}} <Ref>https://caliber.az/en/post/saudi-arabia-china-pull-out-of-g20-summit-in-kashmir</Ref>.: ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|G20}} * [http://www.g20.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/ |date=20110208153614 }} * [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20 Senta ya Habari ya G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20 |date=20130216181533 }} kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]] * [http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/groups.htm A Mwongozo wa Kamati, makundi, Na Vilabu] kutoka [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:G-20}} [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] 7eais8acyyxjgrj7zzfezwbam7ffr0r 1575959 1575900 2026-06-22T07:00:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Group of Twenty Ministers Foreign (#Finance) Ministers and Central Bank Governors | image = | image_border = | size = | caption = | map = G20.svg | msize = 250px | mcaption = Nchi zenye rangi ya buluu nzito ni wanachama wa G-20; zenye rangi ya samawati ni wanachama wa [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] wasio na uwakilishi wa pekee. | abbreviation = G-20.(1/2.) | motto =One Family;&Future;& Planet.: | formation =1989* | extinction = | type = | status = | purpose = Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership FAQ #5: What are the criteria for G-20 membership?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership |date=20130506133049 }} from the official G-20 website</ref>. | headquarters: = BJN.:. | locations: = NYC:.: | locations: = LNDN.:. | locations: = DLHY:.:. | region_served = WWW!.:. | membership =[[#01.]]{{ARG}}<Br>[[#02.]]{{AUS}}<Br>[[#03.]]{{USA}}"MRC"<Br>[[#04.]]{{FRA}}<Br>[[#05.]]{{ITA}}<Br>[[#06.]]{{MEX}}<Br> [[#07.]]{{RUS}}<Br>[[#08.]]{{CHN}}“PRCH”<BR>[[#09.]]{{IDN}}<Br>[[#10.]]{{CAN}}”<br>.<br>[[#10.]]{{JPN}}<Br>[[#09.]]{{KOR}}<Br>.::.<br>[[#08.]]{{DEU}}”<Br>[[#07.]]{{IND}}“BHRT'”<Br>[[#06.]]{{BRA}}<Br>[[#05.]]{{SAU}}<Br>[[#04.]]{{ESP}}“EU!”<Br>[[#03.]]{{TUR}}’OT3!”<BR>[[#02.]]{{ZAF}}<Br>[[&@.]]<Br>[[#01.]]{{UK}}[[%#^.]]<S>.: |language = FOUR-FIV3TE3N*LANGUAG3S’.: | leader_title = G-20’+1/2”*: Chairman.: | leader_name = Chairman; President ,etc.: | main_organ= UNITED NATIONs.; | affiliations= European Union’s.: | num_staff = ''351’Million +PR,China=1.453+ Billion.:'' | num_volunteers = GROUP OF SEV3N & BRICS Group.: | website = http://www.g20.org/ }} [[File:20 Largest economies pie chart.pdf|211px|thumb|Jedwali la nchi 20 tajiri zaidi duniani.]] '''Kundi la Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu Ishirini ''' (linalojulikana kama '''G-20''', '''G20''' au '''Group of Twenty)''' ni [[kundi]] la ma[[waziri wa fedha]] na [[Gavana|magavana]] wa [[benki kuu]] kutoka nchi zenye [[uchumi]] mkubwa [[duniani]]: nchi 20, kuongezea [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Kwa pamoja, uchumi wa G-20 unajumuisha 85[[Asilimia|%]] ya<ref name="Industrial Nations 2009"> "No Clear Accord on Stimulus by Top 20 Industrial Nations." ''The New York Times,'' ukurasa A1, 15 Machi 2009.</ref> bidhaa jumla zinazotoka katika nchi<ref name="Industrial Nations 2009"/> ulimwenguni, 80% ya [[biashara]] duniani (pamoja na biashara ya EU ya ndani) na [[theluthi]] [[mbili]] ya [[idadi]] ya [[Binadamu|watu]] [[duniani]].<ref> [http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx Uanachama wa G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |date=20110504233459 }} kutoka tovuti rasmi ya G-20</ref> G-20 ni kama [[ukumbi]] wa ushirikiano na kushauriana kuhusu masuala ya [[mfumo wa fedha]] wa [[kimataifa]]. Husoma, kupitia upya, na kukuza majadiliano kati ya nchi muhimu za [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[soko]] zinazoibukia kuhusu masuala ya sera zinazohusu uendelezaji wa udhibiti wa [[pesa|fedha]] kimataifa, na hutaka kushughulikia masuala ambayo yako juu ya [[Wajibu|majukumu]] ya shirika lolote.!! Kwa G-20 kuongeza nguvu tangu kongamano la [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] la [[mwaka]] [[2008]], [[Kiongozi|viongozi]] wake walitangaza [[tarehe]] [[25 Septemba]] [[2009]], kwamba kundi hilo lingechukua pahala pa [[G8]] kama [[halmashauri]] kuu ya kiuchumi ya mataifa tajiri.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/09/24/us.g.twenty.summit/index.html|title=Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council |publisher=CNN|date=2009-09-25|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref> Viongozi wa mataifa wanachama wa G-20 hukutana kila mwaka mara mbili katika '''Kongamano la G-20.''' ==Mpangilio== G-20 hufanya kazi bila sekretarieti ya kudumu wala wafanyakazi. Uenyekiti huzunguka kila mwaka kati ya wanachama na huchaguliwa kutoka kwa kambi tofauti za nchi. Mwenyekiti ni mmoja wa memba wa kundi la usimamizi la watatu la zamani, sasa na wenyekiti wa baadaye lifahamikalo kama [[Troika]]. Mwenyekiti wa sasa huunda sekretarieti ya muda kwa wakati wake, ambayo inaratibu kazi ya kikundi na kupanga mikutano yake. Jukumu la Troika ni kuhakikisha mwendelezo wa kazi za G-20 na usimamizi katika miaka ijayo. Ifuatayo ni orodha ya nchi wenyekiti wa G-20:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-01-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233459/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-04 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504233459/http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Nchi Mwenyekiti |- |2001 ||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- ||2001 ||'''[[Kanada]]''' |- |2002 ||'''[[Uhindi]]''' |- |2003 ||'''[[Meksiko]]''' |- |2004 ||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- |2005 ||'''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]''' |- |2006||'''[[Australia]]''' |- |2007||'''[[Ufaransa]]''' |- |2008||'''[[Marekani]]''' |- |2009||'''[[Uingereza]]''' |- |2010||'''[[Korea Kusini]]''' |- |2011||'''[[Ufaransa]]''' |- |2012||'''[[Meksiko]]''' |- |2013||'''[[Urusi]]''' |- |2014||'''[[Australia]]''' |- |2015|| '''[[Uturuki]]''' |- |2016||'''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]''' |- |2017||'''[[Ujerumani]]''' |- |2018||'''[[Argentina]]''' |- |2019||'''[[Japani]]''' |- |2020||'''[[Saudia]]''' |- |2021||'''[[Italia]]''' |- |2022 ||'''[[Indonesia]]''' |- |2023 ||'''[[Uhindi]]''' |} Mwanachama wa 20 ni [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ambao unawakilishwa na [[Rais wa Baraza la Ulaya]] na [[Benki Kuu ya Ulaya]] Kuongezea wanachama hawa 20, vikao na taasisi zifuatazo, zikiwakilishwa na [[maofisa watendaji wakuu]], hushiriki katika mikutano ya G-20: * [[Shirika la Fedha la kimataifa]] * [[Benki ya Dunia]] * Shirika la Fedha na Kamati ya Fedha * Kamati ya Maendeleo ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia ==Uanachama== Uanachama wa G-20 unajumuisha: * mawaziri wa fedha na magavana wa benki kuu wa [[G7]], nchi zingine muhimu 12, na Rais wa [[Umoja]] wa [[Ulaya]] (kama si mwanachama G7) * [[Benki Kuu]] ya [[Ulaya]] * Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] * Mwenyekiti wa IMF * Rais wa [[Benki ya Dunia]] * Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Maendeleo Uanachama hauonyeshi kabisa nchi 19 zenye uchumi mkubwa duniani katika mwaka. Shirika hili linasema:<ref>[http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership FAQ # 5: Je, nini vigezo vya uanachama wa G-20?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/about_faq.aspx#5_What_are_the_criteria_for_G-20_membership |date=20130506133049 }} kutoka tovuti rasmi ya G-20</ref> {{Cquote|kwa ukumbi kama wa G-20, ni muhimu hasa kwa nchi wanachama kuzuiuwa na kufuata kanuni kuhakikisha kuenda vyema na uendelevu kwa shughuli zake. Hakuna vigezo rasmi vya kujiunga na G-20 na mtungo wa kikundi hiki umekuwa haujabadilika tangu kilipoanzishwa. Kwa kuangalia malengo ya G-20, ilifikiriwa ni muhimu kuwa nchi na kanda zenye umuhimu kwenye mfumo wa fedha wa kimataifa zijumuishwe. Mambo kama vile usawa wa Jiografia and kuwakilishwa kwa umma pia yalichangia pakubwa.}} Mataifa yote wanachama 19 ni kati ya [[chumi bora 32 kama ilivyo pimwa katika Pato la Taifa kwa bei nomino]] katika orodha iliyochapishwa na [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] (IMF) mwaka 2008.<ref>World Economic Outlook Database-Oktober 2008, Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa.</ref> Nchi ambazo hazijawakilishwa katika G-20 ni [[Uswisi]] (19), [[Norway]] (25), [[Taiwan]] (26), [[Iran]] (28) na [[Venezuela]] (31), hata ingawa wako juu ya orodha kuliko baadhi ya wanachama. [[Uhispania]] (9), [[Uholanzi]] (16), [[Polandi]] (18), [[Ubelgiji]] (20), [[Uswizi]] (22), [[Austria]] (24), [[Ugriki]] (27) na [[Denmark]] (29) wanawakilishwa tu kama memba wa EU, wala si memba kamili. Wakati Pato la Taifa linapimwa kwa [[viwango vya nguvu za ununuzi (PPP)]], wanachama wote 19 ni kati ya bora 24 duniani katika mwaka 2008, kulingana na IMF.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=45&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= World Economic Outlook Database, Aprili 2009,] [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]</ref> [[Iran]] (17), [[Taiwan]] (19) na [[Thailand]] (23) si wanachama wa G-20, huku [[Uhispania]] (12), [[Uholanzi]] (19) na [[Polandi]] (20)wakijumuishwa tu katika kipengele cha EU. Hata hivyo, katika orodha ya wastani wa Pato la Taifa, iliyokadiriwa kwa miaka tangu kuundwa kwa kundi hili (1999-2008) kwa viwango vyote vya nomino na vya PPP, [[Uhispania, Uholanzi, Taiwan]], na [[Polandi]] tu ndiyo wanaonekana juu ya mwanachama yeyote wa G-20 katika orodha zote mbili mtawalia.<ref> [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=24&amp;pr.y=6&amp;sy=1999&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a= GDP (Nominal).] [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&amp;pr.y=9&amp;sy=1999&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a= GDP (PPP)] World Economic Outlook Database, Aprili 2009, [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]]</ref> Mara nyingi inasemekana kwamba G20, ingawa inatoa uwakilishi mpana zaidi kuliko [[G8]], haina haki ya kufanya maamuzi yanayoathiri dunia nzima, kwa sababu wanachama wake wanachaguliwa bila kanuni zozote. G20 haina mkataba na mijadala yake si ya faraghani, hivyo kuifanya "taasisi isiyo yakidemokrasia." <ref>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion G20 yapaswa kuongezwa hadi Bilioni 6] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/the-g20-ought-to-be-increased-to-6-billion |date=20100121165534 }} Daniele Archibugi, Opendemocracy.net</ref> Wakosoaji wanapendekeza mbadala kama vile [[Baraza la Usalama wa Kiuchumi]] katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], ambapo wajumbe wanapaswa kuchaguliwa na [[Mkutano Mkuu]] kufuatia umuhimu wao katika uchumi wa dunia na mchango walio tayari kutoa kwa maendeleo ya uchumi wa dunia.<ref> [http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/RePEc/qeh/qehwps/qehwps68.pdf Baraza la uchumi na Usalama wa Jamii la Umoja wa Mataifa] Frances Stewart na Sam Daws, Oxford University, Machi 2001</ref> ==Historia== [[Picha:Cumbre de Washington.jpg|thumb|250px|G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets na Uchumi Duniani mjini [[Washington, D.C.]] tarehe Novemba 2008]] G-20, ambayo ilichukua pahala pa [[G-33]], ambayo pia ilikuwa imechukua pahala pa [[G22]], ilitajwa katika mkutano wa G7 mjini [[Köln|Cologne]] mnamo Juni 1999, lakini ilianzishwa rasmi katika Mkutano wa [[G7]] wa mawaziri wa fedha mnamo tarehe 26 Septemba 1999. Mkutano wa uzinduzi ulifanyika mnamo tarehe 15-16 Desemba 1999 mjini [[Berlin]]. Mwakani 2008 [[Uhispania]] na [[Uholanzi]] waliongezwa kwa mwaliko wa Ufaransa katika Mkutano wa G-20 wa Viongozi kuhusu masoko ya fedha na Uchumi Duniani. Mnamo 2006, kaulimbiu ya mkutano wa G-20 ilikuwa "Kujenga na Kuendeleza mafanikio. Masuala yaliyojadiliwa ni pamoja na mageuzi ya ndani ili kufikia "ukuaji endelevu", nishati ulimwenguni na masoko ya rasilimali, 'marekebisho' ya Benki ya Dunia na IMF, na athari za mabadiliko demografiki kutokana na idadi ya wanaozeeka. [[Trevor A. Manuel]], Mbunge, Waziri wa Fedha, [[Afrika ya Kusini]], alikuwa mwenyekiti wa G-20 wakati wa Afrika ya Kusini ilikuwa mwenyeji wa [[wikt:secretariat|Sekretarieti ya]] mwaka 2007. [[Guido Mantega]], Waziri wa Fedha, [[Brazili]], alikuwa mwenyekiti wa G-20 mwaka 2008; Brazili ilipendekeza mazungumzo juu ya ushindani katika masoko ya fedha, [[nishati safi]] na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na vipengele vya fedha vya ukuaji na maendeleo. Katika taarifa kufuatia mkutano wa G7 mawaziri wa fedha tarehe 11 Oktoba 2008, Rais wa Marekani [[George W. Bush]] alisema kuwa mkutano ujao wa G-20 utakuwa muhimu katika kutafuta jawabu la (uliyoitwa kwa wakati huo) [[mgogoro wa kiuchumi]] wa 2008. Mpango wa Rais wa Ufaransa [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] na Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Gordon Brown]] ulipelekea kuweko kwa mkutano maalum wa G-20, [[Kongamano la Viongozi wa G-20 kuhusu masoko ya fedha na uchumi wa dunia]], mnamo tarehe 15 Novemba 2008.<ref> [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/1027_governance_rieffel.aspx Kongamano la G-20: je, linahusu nini?,] Kutoka [[Taasisi ya Brookings]]</ref> Viongozi wa G20 walikutana tena mjini [[London]] mnamo tarehe 2 Aprili 2009.<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page17594 Uingereza kuwa wenyeji wa mkutano G-20 wa kifedha "Novemba] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081209192235/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page17594 |date=2008-12-09 }} 26, 2008 kutoka Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza</ref> Kongamano lingine la G20 yalifanyika mnamo 24-25 Septemba 2009 mjini [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.]] <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072894.stm Marekani kuwa mwenyeji wa mkutano wa G20 unaofuata] BBC News, 28 Mei 2009</ref> === Mikutano ya G-20 === Kongamano la G-20 lilianzishwa kama itikio kwa [[tatizo]] wa [[kifedha la 2007-2010]] na pia kwa kuonekana kwamba [[nchi zinazostawi]] hazikuwa zimejumuishwa vya kutosha katika majadiliano ya kiuchumi duniani na utawala. Makongamano ya G-20 ya [[wakuu wa nchi]] au [[serikali]] yalifanyika mbali na Mikutano ya G-20 ya Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu ambao waliendelea kukutana kuandaa Kongamano la wakuu wa nchi na pia kutekeleza maamuzi yao. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Tarehe!! ! Nchi mwenyeji ! Jeshi mji |- | [[1]] <ref name="G20Toronto">[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/g20leadersbook/index.html Kongamano la viongozi wa G-20 kuhusu Masoko ya hisa na Uchumi Duniani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/g20leadersbook/index.html |date=20161109130323 }} kutoka senta ya habari za G-20 I katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]]</ref> |Novemba 2008 | {{Flag country|United States}} | [[Washington]], DC, USA |- | [[2]] <ref name="G20Toronto"/> |Aprili 2009 | {{Flag country|United Kingdom}} | [[London]], England, UK |- | [[3]] <ref name="G20Toronto"/> |Septemba 2009 | {{Flag country|United States}} | [[Pittsburgh]] |- | [[4]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-to-host-transition-summit-in-2010/article1301423/ |title=Kanada kuwa mwenyeji wa kongamano 'mpito' la mwaka 2010 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2011-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203235954/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-to-host-transition-summit-in-2010/article1301423/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Juni 2010 | {{Flag country|Canada}} | [[Vancouver]] |- | 5 <ref> [http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/mediacenter/129639.htm Pointi ya 31 kutoka tamko la viongozi katika kongamano la Pittsburgh 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/mediacenter/129639.htm |date=20110514163742 }}</ref> |Aprili 2011 | {{Flag country|France}} | [[Toulouse]] |- | [[6]] <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/11/123_55021.html|title=Korea to Host G20 in November|publisher=The [[Korea Times]]|date=25 Septemba 2009|accessdate=26 Septemba 2009}}</ref> |Novemba 2011 | {{Flag country|Japani}} | [[Busan]] |} Mikutano ya Mawaziri wa Fedha na Magavana wa Benki Kuu: {{Col-begin}} * 2008: [[Washington]], [[Marekani]],'''[[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]'''` {{Col-break}} * 2009: [[Birmingham]], [[Uingereza]] '''[[Europe]]'''` * 2010: [[Incheon]], [[Korea ya Kusini]] * 2011: [[Angers]], [[Ufaransa]], ''[[Europe]]''` * 2012: [[Mexico (mji)]], [[Meksiko]],''[[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]''` * 2013: [[Sankt Peterburg]], '''[[Urusi]]''', '''[[Asia]]'''` * 2014: [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] * 2015: [[Antalya]], [[Uturuki]],'''[[Mashariki ya Kati]]''' * 2016: [[Hamburg]], [[Ujerumani]], '''[[Europe]]'''` * 2017: [[Shenzhen]], '''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]]'''` {{Col-break}} * 2018: [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] * 2019: [[Osaka]], [[Japani]] * 2020: [[Jeddah]], [[Saudia]],''[[Mashariki ya Kati]]'' * 2021: [[Naples]], [[Italia ]], '''[[Europe]]'''` {{Col-break}} {{Col-end}} === Mmenyuko wa Umma === Tangu mwaka 1999, G-20 mikutano mingi ya G-20 imekuwa ikipingwa. Maandamano mengi huanza kwa amani, lakini mingi hugeuka vurugu na watu wengi hujeruhiwa na uharibifu wa mali katika maeneo ya mitaa. Sababu hasa za maandamano hubadilika kutoka mkutano hadi mwingine, na hata maandamano mengi wakati wa mkutano mmoja. Hata hivyo, hisia tele na kuguna kwa waandamanaji hakujabadilika. Kama ilivyodhahiri,ukweli ni kwamba maandamano hayo yamekuwa yakiendelea tangu mwaka 1999, na yamendelea kuisha kwa vurugu. Habari zaidi kuhusu maandamano ya mikutano hasa inaweza kupatikana kwenye kurasa za mikutano hiyo katika sehemu ya Angalia Pia.: ==Angalia Pia== * [[G7]] * [[G-20]] * [[OECD]] .: [[File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png |350px|Maeneo ya dunia kwa utajiri (idadi ya dola trilioni).]] ==Maelezo== {{Marejeo}} <Ref>https://caliber.az/en/post/saudi-arabia-china-pull-out-of-g20-summit-in-kashmir</Ref>.: ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|G20}} * [http://www.g20.org/ Tovuti rasmi ya G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g20.org/ |date=20110208153614 }} * [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20 Senta ya Habari ya G-20] {{Wayback|url=http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20 |date=20130216181533 }} kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]] * [http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/groups.htm A Mwongozo wa Kamati, makundi, Na Vilabu] kutoka [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] {{DEFAULTSORT:G-20}} [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] jv53lxd7uynumfjlz2670n64krppkqq 0 35561 1575948 1568989 2026-06-22T05:56:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Downtown LA Sunset.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Jiji la [[Los Angeles]] katika Jimbo la [[California]].Katika jiji hili,gazeti la New Times LA lilichapishwa na kuuzwa.]] '''New Times LA''' ni [[gazeti]] lakitambo lililokuwa likichapishwa kila wiki katika eneo la [[Los Angeles]],[[California]].Lilichapishwa na Shirika la New Times Media tangu mwaka wa 1996 hadi mwaka wa 2002. Mhariri mkuu wa muda wake wa kuchapishwa alikuwa Rick Barrs. Mwandishi Jill Stewart ndiye aliyekuwa anaandika makala ,yaliyoleta utata, ya kisiasa. Katika mwaka wa 2002,New Times Media iliingia mkataba wa kutoshindana na shirika la [[Village Voice Media]], shirika jingine cha uchapishaji magazeti ya kila wiki. Mkataba wao ulikuwa: [[kampuni]] hizo zingewacha kuchapisha magazeti ya New Times LA na Cleveland Free Times(gazeti la Village Voice Media) ili zisikuwe zikishindana katika [[mji]] wowote ule. Gazeti lililoshindana na New Times LA lilikuwa ''[[LA Weekly]]''. New Times Media inaendelea kuchapisha majarida mengine mbalimbali kama ''Miami New Times,New Times Broward-Palm Beach'' na ''Phoenix New Times''. Mkataba huu ulifuatwa na upelelezi kutoka idara ya Haki ya [[Marekani]]. Uchunguzi ulisababisha malipo kutoka kampuni zote mbili,zikialazimishwa kuuza mali zao na magazeti yao ya kitambo kwa washindani wao. Mali zao zilihusu vitu kama "samani ya ofisi, mifumo ya simu","haki zote za uchapishaji wa magazeti kwenye karatasi na pia ya kielektroniki", "leseni na vibali vya vituo vya usambazaji"na "orodha zote za wateja,mikataba,akaunti na rekodi za mikopo." [1] Mali zote za New Times LA zilinunuliwa na kampuni ya [[Southland Publishing,Inc]] ambayo huchapisha magazeti kadhaa ya kila wiki ya mitaa. Kutoka kwa mali walizopata,Southland iliweza kuanzisha magazeti mawili: Los Angeles CityBeat na ValleyBeat. [2] ==Angalia Pia== * [[Village Voice Media]] ==Marejeo== * [http://www.laweekly.com/ink/02/46/news-blume.php Howard Blume, ''The End of New Times'', LA Weekly, Oktoba 4, 2002] {{Wayback|url=http://www.laweekly.com/ink/02/46/news-blume.php |date=20050824183349 }} * [http://www.sfbg.com/37/18/news_newtimes.html Savannah Blackwell, ''New Times Nailed: SF Weekly's Parent Company Charged with Violating Antitrust Law'', San Francisco Bay Guardian, Januari 29, 2003]{{Wayback|url=http://www.sfbg.com/37/18/news_newtimes.html |date=20090809013334 }} * [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070716/wiener ^ End of an Era at the LA Weekly,[ Jon Wiener 27 Juni 2007, The Nation * [http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f200600/200674.htm ^ Hold Separate Stipulation and Order : U.S. v. Village Voice Media, LLC and NT Media,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070716/wiener |date=20081123061701 }} LLC from US DOJ. * [http://www.aan.org/alternative/Aan/ViewArticle?oid=oid%3A117944 ^ Southland Won't Compete Head-to-Head With LA Weekly from the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies's website,] by John Ferri, 1 Julai 2003 ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.newtimes.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya New Times Media] * [http://www.villagevoicemedia.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Village Voice Media] [[Category:Magazeti ya Los Angeles]] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070716/wiener |date=20081123061701 }} [[Category:Magazeti ya Marekani]] 0og5ymj5d525z9h5chll7ey2z2n15d8 0 35600 1575940 1521622 2026-06-22T04:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = My Heart Will Go On | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Celine Dion]] | Cover = MHWGOcd2.JPG | Kutoka = Albamu ya [[Let's Talk About Love]]. | Imetolewa = 8 Desemba 1997 | Imerekodiwa = | Aina = [[muziki wa pop|pop]] | Urefu = 4:40 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtayarishaji = [[James Horner]], [[Will Jennings]] | Thibitisho = Diamond <small>(France)</small><br />4x platinum <small>(Germany)</small><br />3x platinum <small>(Belgium)</small><br />2x platinum <small>(Australia, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK)</small><br />Platinum <small>(Greece)</small><br />Gold <small>(Austria, U.S.)</small> |Single iliyopita = "[[The Reason (Celine Dion song)|The Reason]]" <br />(1997) |Single ya sasa = "'''My Heart Will Go On'''" <br />(1997) |Single ijayo = "[[Immortality (Celine Dion song)|Immortality]]" <br />(1998) }} "'''My Heart Will Go On'''" ni wimbo unaotoka kwa filamu ya ''Titanic''. Ilitayarishwa na James Horner na Will Jennings na kurekodiwa na Celine Dion. Ilikuwa namba 1 kote duniani, ikiwemo nchini [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Australia]]. ''My Heart Will Go On'' ilitolewa nchini Australia na Ujerumani mnamo 8 Desemba 1997; na kote duniani mnamo Januari/Februari 1998. == Historia == James Horner alipomaliza kuandika maneno ya wimbo huu, alimchagua [[Celine Dion]] kuimba wimbo huu. Hapo awali, Dion alikataa, lakini mumewe, Rene Angelil, alimsihi akubali kuimba wimbo huu. == Mafanikio kwenye chati == "My Heart Will Go On" ni wimbo ambao ulivuma sana. Nchini [[Marekani]], ilikuwa namba 1 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard Hot 100'' na ilibaki papo hapo kwa wiki mbili. Ilibaki namba 1 kwa muda ya wiki 10 kwenye ''Billboard Hot 100 Airplay'' na pia ilikuwa namba 1 kwa muda ya wiki 2kwenye ''Hot 100 Singles Sales''. Mwishowe, ilithibitishwa gold. Ilikuwa namba 1 kote duniani, zikiwemo: wiki 15 nchini [[Uswizi]], wiki 13 nchini [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ujerumani]], wiki 11 chini Netherlands na Sweden, wiki 10 nchini Belgium, wiki 4 nchini Australia na Austria, wiki2 nchini Spain na Uingereza, na wiki 1 nchini Finland. Nchini Ujerumani, "My Heart Will Go On" iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 2 na ikathibitishwa 4x platinum.<ref>[http://www.musicline.de/de/charts_alltimefav Musicline.de Die beliebtesten Hits! Gemessen von KW 27/1959 bis KW 2/2010. Chartposition und -wochen werden miteinander verrechnet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/charts_alltimefav |date=20040831123424 }} ''Musicline.de'' Retrieved 2010-01-11</ref> Imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja nchini Uingereza na Ufaransa. Thibitisho nyingine ni kama: 3x platinum in Belgium (150,000), 2x platinum nchini Australia (140,000), Netherlands (150,000), Norway (40,000), Sweden (40,000), Switzerland (100,000), platinum nchini Greece (40,000) na gold nchini Austria (25,000). == Orodha ya wimbo == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''European CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "[[Because You Loved Me]]" – 4:33 '''European CD single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Tony Moran]] mix) – 4:21 '''French CD single''' # "[[The Reason (Celine Dion song)|The Reason]]" – 5:01 # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 '''French CD single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Southampton" – 4:02 '''French CD single #3''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 '''Japanese CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]" – 4:04 '''UK cassette single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "I Love You" – 5:30 '''U.S. CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Rose" (instrumental) – 2:52 '''Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Because You Loved Me" – 4:33 # "[[When I Fall in Love#Céline Dion and Clive Griffin version|When I Fall in Love]]" – 4:19 # "Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04 {{col-2}} '''Australian CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "[[Misled (Celine Dion song)|Misled]]" (The Serious mix) – 4:59 # "[[Love Can Move Mountains]]" (Underground vocal mix) – 7:10 '''Brazilian CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Cuca's radio edit) – 4:22 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem edit) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable edit) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41 '''European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12" single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 '''Japanese/Korean CD maxi single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53 '''UK CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11 # "[[Have a Heart]]" – 4:12 # "[[Nothing Broken But My Heart]]" – 5:55 # "[[Where Does My Heart Beat Now]]" – 4:32 {{col-end}} == Toleo rasmi == # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Richie Jones]] mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones love go on mix) – 4:58 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones go on beats) – 5:10 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Riche Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Tony Moran]] mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Soul Solution]] bonus beats) – 3:31 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution percapella) – 4:16 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution drama at the sea) – 8:54 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Matt & Vito]]'s penny whistle dub) – 3:23 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Cuca]]'s radio edit) – 4:22 # "My Heart Will Go On" (movie dialogue) – 4:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11 # "My Heart Will Go On" (alternate orchestra version) – 5:51 # "My Heart Will Go On" (TV track) – 3:12 # "My Heart Will Go On" (no lead vox) – 4:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" (album version) – 4:40 == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chart (1997) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion%2CCeline/?type=single |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2012-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412043143/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion,Celine/?type=single }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !align="left"|Chart (1998) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D |title=Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart |accessdate=2021-03-21 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183042/http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Danish Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitlisterne.dk/ Danish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1998/1998-08.txt |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311082216/http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1998/1998-08.txt |archivedate=2005-03-11 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |title=Greek Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227040940/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |archivedate=2008-12-27 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909035749/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php |title=Italian Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2013-03-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130309164613/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |archivedate=2012-05-25 |https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |=https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |title=Billboard Hot 100 |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2008-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106162106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2008-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091521/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Pop Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Latin Pop Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Tracks<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Hot Latin Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Latin Tropical Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Latin Tropical Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |title=Rhythmic Top 40 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529041006/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Mainstream<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Top 40 Mainstream]</ref> |align="center"|1 |} == Tuzo == {{start box}} {{succession box | before = "[[You Must Love Me]]" from ''[[Evita (soundtrack)|Evita]]'' | title = ''Academy Award for Best Original Song'' | years = 1998 | after = "[[When You Believe]]" from ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' }} {{succession box | before = "[[You Must Love Me]]" from ''[[Evita (soundtrack)|Evita]]'' | title = ''Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song'' | years = 1998 | after = "[[The Prayer (Céline Dion and Andrea Bocelli song)|The Prayer]]"<br /> from ''[[Quest for Camelot]]" }} {{succession box | before = "[[Sunny Came Home]] by [[Shawn Colvin]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Record of the Year'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Smooth (song)|Smooth]] by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob_Thomas_(musician)|Rob Thomas]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[Sunny Came Home]] by [[Shawn Colvin]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Song of the Year'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Smooth (Santana song)|Smooth]] by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob_Thomas_(musician)|Rob Thomas]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[Building a Mystery]] by [[Sarah McLachlan]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[I Will Remember You]] by [[Sarah McLachlan]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[I Believe I Can Fly]] by [[R. Kelly]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Beautiful Stranger]] by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] }} {{end box}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1997]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Celine Dion]] j8jgqwpn083x77ppium1tmkk105zfjq 1575963 1575940 2026-06-22T07:45:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox single | Jina = My Heart Will Go On | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Celine Dion]] | Cover = MHWGOcd2.JPG | Kutoka = Albamu ya [[Let's Talk About Love]]. | Imetolewa = 8 Desemba 1997 | Imerekodiwa = | Aina = [[muziki wa pop|pop]] | Urefu = 4:40 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Epic Records|Epic]] | Mtayarishaji = [[James Horner]], [[Will Jennings]] | Thibitisho = Diamond <small>(France)</small><br />4x platinum <small>(Germany)</small><br />3x platinum <small>(Belgium)</small><br />2x platinum <small>(Australia, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK)</small><br />Platinum <small>(Greece)</small><br />Gold <small>(Austria, U.S.)</small> |Single iliyopita = "[[The Reason (Celine Dion song)|The Reason]]" <br />(1997) |Single ya sasa = "'''My Heart Will Go On'''" <br />(1997) |Single ijayo = "[[Immortality (Celine Dion song)|Immortality]]" <br />(1998) }} "'''My Heart Will Go On'''" ni wimbo unaotoka kwa filamu ya ''Titanic''. Ilitayarishwa na James Horner na Will Jennings na kurekodiwa na Celine Dion. Ilikuwa namba 1 kote duniani, ikiwemo nchini [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Australia]]. ''My Heart Will Go On'' ilitolewa nchini Australia na Ujerumani mnamo 8 Desemba 1997; na kote duniani mnamo Januari/Februari 1998. == Historia == James Horner alipomaliza kuandika maneno ya wimbo huu, alimchagua [[Celine Dion]] kuimba wimbo huu. Hapo awali, Dion alikataa, lakini mumewe, Rene Angelil, alimsihi akubali kuimba wimbo huu. == Mafanikio kwenye chati == "My Heart Will Go On" ni wimbo ambao ulivuma sana. Nchini [[Marekani]], ilikuwa namba 1 kwenye chati ya ''Billboard Hot 100'' na ilibaki papo hapo kwa wiki mbili. Ilibaki namba 1 kwa muda ya wiki 10 kwenye ''Billboard Hot 100 Airplay'' na pia ilikuwa namba 1 kwa muda ya wiki 2kwenye ''Hot 100 Singles Sales''. Mwishowe, ilithibitishwa gold. Ilikuwa namba 1 kote duniani, zikiwemo: wiki 15 nchini [[Uswizi]], wiki 13 nchini [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ujerumani]], wiki 11 chini Netherlands na Sweden, wiki 10 nchini Belgium, wiki 4 nchini Australia na Austria, wiki2 nchini Spain na Uingereza, na wiki 1 nchini Finland. Nchini Ujerumani, "My Heart Will Go On" iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 2 na ikathibitishwa 4x platinum.<ref>[http://www.musicline.de/de/charts_alltimefav Musicline.de Die beliebtesten Hits! Gemessen von KW 27/1959 bis KW 2/2010. Chartposition und -wochen werden miteinander verrechnet] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/charts_alltimefav |date=20040831123424 }} ''Musicline.de'' Retrieved 2010-01-11</ref> Imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja nchini Uingereza na Ufaransa. Thibitisho nyingine ni kama: 3x platinum in Belgium (150,000), 2x platinum nchini Australia (140,000), Netherlands (150,000), Norway (40,000), Sweden (40,000), Switzerland (100,000), platinum nchini Greece (40,000) na gold nchini Austria (25,000). == Orodha ya wimbo == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''European CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "[[Because You Loved Me]]" – 4:33 '''European CD single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Tony Moran]] mix) – 4:21 '''French CD single''' # "[[The Reason (Celine Dion song)|The Reason]]" – 5:01 # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 '''French CD single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Southampton" – 4:02 '''French CD single #3''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 '''Japanese CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]" – 4:04 '''UK cassette single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "I Love You" – 5:30 '''U.S. CD single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Rose" (instrumental) – 2:52 '''Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "Because You Loved Me" – 4:33 # "[[When I Fall in Love#Céline Dion and Clive Griffin version|When I Fall in Love]]" – 4:19 # "Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04 {{col-2}} '''Australian CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "[[Misled (Celine Dion song)|Misled]]" (The Serious mix) – 4:59 # "[[Love Can Move Mountains]]" (Underground vocal mix) – 7:10 '''Brazilian CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Cuca's radio edit) – 4:22 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem edit) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable edit) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41 '''European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12" single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 '''Japanese/Korean CD maxi single''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53 '''UK CD maxi single #2''' # "My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11 # "[[Have a Heart]]" – 4:12 # "[[Nothing Broken But My Heart]]" – 5:55 # "[[Where Does My Heart Beat Now]]" – 4:32 {{col-end}} == Toleo rasmi == # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Richie Jones]] mix) – 4:15 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones love go on mix) – 4:58 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones go on beats) – 5:10 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Riche Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Tony Moran]] mix) – 4:21 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Soul Solution]] bonus beats) – 3:31 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution percapella) – 4:16 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution drama at the sea) – 8:54 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Matt & Vito]]'s penny whistle dub) – 3:23 # "My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53 # "My Heart Will Go On" ([[Cuca]]'s radio edit) – 4:22 # "My Heart Will Go On" (movie dialogue) – 4:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11 # "My Heart Will Go On" (alternate orchestra version) – 5:51 # "My Heart Will Go On" (TV track) – 3:12 # "My Heart Will Go On" (no lead vox) – 4:41 # "My Heart Will Go On" (album version) – 4:40 == Chati == {|class="wikitable sortable" !align="left"|Chart (1997) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Australian Singles Chart<ref>[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Australian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion%2CCeline/?type=single |title=German Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2012-04-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412043143/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Dion,Celine/?type=single }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !align="left"|Chart (1998) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Austrian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Belgian Flanders Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Belgian Flanders Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Belgian Wallonia Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/SINGLES.html Canadian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |align="left"|Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D |title=Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart |accessdate=2021-03-21 |archivedate=2015-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183042/http://www.bdsradio.com/pdweb/pdweb.dll/login?GUID=%7B5B9A8C32-7D8D-4ADC-B5EB-F5AD075BC376%7D }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Danish Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitlisterne.dk/ Danish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Dutch Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|European Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1998/1998-08.txt |title=European Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311082216/http://thunder.prohosting.com/~euro100/archive/1998/1998-08.txt |archivedate=2005-03-11 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Finnish Singles Chart<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Greek Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |title=Greek Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227040940/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm |archivedate=2008-12-27 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909035749/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart01.htm }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php |title=Italian Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2013-03-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130309164613/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_digital.php }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Japanese Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/ Japanese Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |title=New Zealand Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |archivedate=2012-05-25 |https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s |=https://archive.today/20120525114516/http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s }}</ref> |align="center"|34 |- |align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Norwegian Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Singles Chart |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=C%E9line+Dion&titel=My+Heart+Will+Go+On&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.everyhit.co.uk/ UK Singles Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 |title=Billboard Hot 100 |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2008-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106162106/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks |title=Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks |accessdate=2010-01-22 |archivedate=2008-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621091521/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Adult+Top+40+Tracks }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Pop Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Latin Pop Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Tracks<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Hot Latin Tracks]</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Latin Tropical Airplay<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentsingles.jsp Latin Tropical Airplay]</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Rhythmic Top 40<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |title=Rhythmic Top 40 |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529041006/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/top40_index.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top 40 Mainstream<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/celine-dion/my-heart-will-go-on/1114833 Top 40 Mainstream]</ref> |align="center"|1 |} == Tuzo == {{start box}} {{succession box | before = "[[You Must Love Me]]" from ''[[Evita (soundtrack)|Evita]]'' | title = ''Academy Award for Best Original Song'' | years = 1998 | after = "[[When You Believe]]" from ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' }} {{succession box | before = "[[You Must Love Me]]" from ''[[Evita (soundtrack)|Evita]]'' | title = ''Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song'' | years = 1998 | after = "[[The Prayer (Céline Dion and Andrea Bocelli song)|The Prayer]]"<br /> from ''[[Quest for Camelot]]" }} {{succession box | before = "[[Sunny Came Home]] by [[Shawn Colvin]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Record of the Year'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Smooth (song)|Smooth]] by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob_Thomas_(musician)|Rob Thomas]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[Sunny Came Home]] by [[Shawn Colvin]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Song of the Year'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Smooth (Santana song)|Smooth]] by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Rob_Thomas_(musician)|Rob Thomas]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[Building a Mystery]] by [[Sarah McLachlan]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[I Will Remember You]] by [[Sarah McLachlan]] }} {{succession box | before = "[[I Believe I Can Fly]] by [[R. Kelly]] | title = ''Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media'' | years = 1999 | after = "[[Beautiful Stranger]] by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] }} {{end box}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za 1997]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Celine Dion]] icjauevkbs3xrw3q76oq5zwhf9un702 0 35812 1575855 1243985 2026-06-21T20:06:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox kampu | jina = United Cigar Stores | jina la kampuni = United Cigar Stores | picha = | ilianzishwa = [[1901]] | mwanzilishi = | huduma = Uuzaji wa sigara na bidhaa mbalimbali | makaomakuu = | bidhaa = | nchi = {{Flag icon|USA}}[[Marekani]] | ilikwisha = | tovuti = }} [[File:United-Cigar-Wake-Up-America.jpeg|thumb|200px|Mnamo 1917-04-19 jengo la Flatiron Building United Cigar Store lilibadilishwa kuwa jumba la sherehe ya "Wake up America Day"]] [[File:Victory-Cigar-Congress-Passes-DST.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|United Cigar Stores inafurahia sheria mpya ya 1918 ya ufanyikazi]] '''United Cigar Stores''' ilikuwa mtandao mkubwa kabisa wa [[Duka|maduka]] ya [[sigara]] huko [[Marekani]]. Ingawa mwanzoni maduka hayo yalikuwa ya kuuza sigara tu, walianza kuuza [[bidhaa]] nyingine mbalimbali, kama [[saa]] za aina ya Mickey Mouse na [[viatu]]. Mtandao huu wa maduka ulianzishwa katika mwaka wa 1901. Ingawa wengi walikana, mnyororo huu uliwakilisha maslahi ya kampuni ya Consolidated Tobacco Company, shirika la tumbaku lililosimamia kampuni nyingine za tumbaku kama American Tobacco Company na nyinginezo. Mnamo Septemba 1903, mkataba uliundwa na washindani wa mnyororo huo na huu ukafanya mnyororo huo kutokuwa na upinzani au ushindani wowote katika biashara yao. Ulipofika mwaka wa 1926, mnyororo huo ulikuwa na maduka takriban 3000 ya rejareja. Kampuni hii iliongozwa na Whelan-Schulte lakini usimamizi ukaenda kwa George Kenan na Frederick Morrow katika mwezi wa Agosti 1929. Kampuni hii pia ilikuwa imejihusisha katika biashara ya mali isiyohamishika. Shida za kiuchumi zilipopata [[Marekani]] katika miaka ya 1929 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1930, sehemu ya mali isiyohamishika ilileta hasara kubwa. Hivyo basi, katika mwezi wa Septemba 1932 kampuni yenyewe ikatangaza kuwa haina pesa. Kabla ya kuwa fukara, kampuni hii ilikuwa na maduka 975 ya sigara na maduka 219 ya dawa, lakini mali yake nyingi ilikuwa mali isiyohamishika. Mtandao ulinawiri tena ukawa umefungua maduka 1300 kabla ya mwaka wa 1951 kuisha. United Cigar Stores ikawa sehemu ya Shirika la United Cigar-Whelan Stores lililobadilika likawa Shirika la United Whelan: katika miaka ya 1960 iliungana na Shirika la Perfect Film & Chemical, kampuni ya kusindika filamu na kuuza dawa na vitamini. Perfect Film & Chemical ilibadilisha jina ikawa Cadence Industries katika mwaka wa 1973. Labda sehemu yake maaarufu kabisa ni [[Marvel Comics]], ilimiliki Marvel tangu 1968 hadi 1986. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://worldcat.org/oclc/255149441 Walter S. Hayward; Percival White; John S. Fleek; H. Mac Intyre. Chain Stores: Their Management and Operation. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1922. OCLC 255149441.] * [http://worldcat.org/oclc/255149441] * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758501,00.html Schulte & Specialties.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758501,00.html |date=20161025205605 }} 1937-11-29. * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,931998,00.html Milestones.]{{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,931998,00.html |date=20101122165519 }} 1941-12-22. * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moody_(financial_analyst) John Moody. The Truth About The Trusts: A Description and Analysis of the American Trust Movement.] New York: Moody Publishing; 1904. OCLC 1832950. Consolidated Tobacco Company and affiliated corporations. 'The Tobacco Trust.' p.&nbsp;69–96ff. * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711536,00.html Salesmen. 1926-12-20.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711536,00.html |date=20180522211155 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737772,00.html Two Morrows. 1929-09-02.]{{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737772,00.html |date=20101027195508 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841264,00.html Cigar Stores. 1932-09-05.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841264,00.html |date=20110524001941 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815565,00.html United Cigar. 1951-10-15.]{{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815565,00.html |date=20101123133329 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841264,00.html New Man for Curtis. 1968-05-03.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841264,00.html |date=20110524001941 }} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Biashara]] pig93wr1uxvgale8cc4guwdq7cnobo8 0 35914 1575890 1519445 2026-06-21T22:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Mariah Carey | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Cover = 200px-MariahCarey-MCcover.jpg | Imetolewa = 12 Juni 1990 <small>{{Flag icon|US}}</small><br />17 Julai 1990 <small>{{Flag icon|UK}}</small> | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 46:45 | Imerekodiwa = Desemba 1988 &ndash; Aprili 1990 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]<br /><small>CK-45202</small> | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Rhett Lawrence]], [[Ric Wake]], [[Narada Michael Walden]], [[Ben Margulies]], [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Tommy Mottola]] <small>(executive)</small> | Review = *[[About.com]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://top40.about.com/od/reviews/gr/mcareyfirst.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/mariah-carey-r3320 link] * [[Robert Christgau]] (C) [http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=877 link] | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Mariah Carey'''''<br />(1990) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Emotions]]''<br />(1991) |}} '''''Mariah Carey''''' ni albamu kutoka kwa Mariah Carey yenye jina lake mwenyewe, iliyotoka nchini [[Marekani]] tarehe 12 Juni 1990, kupitia katika studio za [[Columbia Records]]. Japokuwa mauzo ya albamu hii kwa kiasi fulani yalikuwa madogo, lakini yalimafanya Carey kuwa nyota nyumbani kwao. Albamu hii ilifanikiwa kufikisha nyimbo kadhaa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard]].ya single bora 100, huku albamu yenyewe ikikaa kwa kipindi cha majuma kumi na moja katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard 200]]. Albamu hii inashika nafasi ya ttu kwa upande wa mauzo ya albamu za Carey nchini Marekani, ikija baada ya ile ya ''[[Daydream]]'' ya mwaka 1995 na ile ya ''[[Music Box]]'' ya mwaka 1993. Albamu hii imefanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 15 dunia nzima, .<ref>[http://www.ticketspecialists.com/concerts/mariah_carey_tickets.htm About Mariah Carey]</ref> == Mapokezi == Albamu ya ''Mariah Carey'' ilifanikiwa kufanya vizuri katika chati ya nchini Marekani ya [[Billboard 200]] na kufika hadi nafasi ya 80, na kuingia katika nyimbo ishirini bora katika juma la nne tangu iwe katika chati hiyo na hatimaye ilifika katika nfasi ya kwanza katika juma la arobaini na tatu, na kushikilia nafasi hio kwa kupindi cha majuma kumi na moja mfululizo. Hadi hii leo ,hii ndio albamu ya Carey iliyowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi. wimbo huu uliendelea kukaa katika nyimbo ishirini bora kwa kipindi cha majuma sitini na tano, na kukaa katika nyimbo mia moja bora za Billboard kwa kipindi cha mjuma 113. Kwa mujibu wa shiria la[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] Albamu ya hii kutoka kwa Carey ni moja ya albamu zilizowahi kupata mauzo mazuri zaidi nchini Maekani, na hadi kufikia mwezi Machi mwaka 2006,albamu hii ilikuwa tayari imekwisha kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni nane nchini Maekani. <ref>Frere-Jones, Sasha. "On Top: Mariah Carey’s record-breaking career". ''[[The New Yorker]]''. 3 Aprili 2006. <!-- http://www.newyorker.com/critics/music/?060403crmu_music --></ref> Pia ilikuwa albamu iliyoongoza kwa mauo kwa mwaka 1991 chini Marekani =.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1991 |title=The Billboard 200 1991 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211064035/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1991 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Lakini mafanikio ya albamu hii nje ya Marekani yalikwa ya wastani, lakini kwa uchache iliweza kupata mafanikio katika nchi za [[Canada]] ambapo ilikaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa wiki moja. .Albamu hii ilifika katika nafasi ya ita nchini Uingereza na Australia. Single kutoka katika albam ya ''Mariah Carey'' hazikupata mafanikio katika masoko mengi tofauti na masoko ya Marekani, na kumafanya Carey kung'aa katika maeneo hayo == Orodha ya nyimbo == <small>Nyimbo zote ziliandikwa na Carey kwa kushirikiana na [[Ben Margulies]], isipokuwa baadhi.</small> #"[[Vision of Love]]" – 3:30 #"[[There's Got to Be a Way]]" <small>(Carey, [[Ric Wake]])</small> – 4:54 #"[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]" <small>(Carey, [[Narada Michael Walden]])</small> – 4:49 #"[[Someday (Mariah Carey song)|Someday]]" – 4:08 #"Vanishing" – 4:12 #"All in Your Mind" – 4:46 #"Alone in Love" – 4:12 #"You Need Me" <small>(Carey, [[Rhett Lawrence]])</small> – 3:52 #"Sent from up Above" <small>(Carey, Lawrence)</small> – 4:05 #"Prisoner" – 4:25 #"[[Love Takes Time]]" – 3:49 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chart !Ilipata<br>nafasi !Certification !Sales/shipments |- |align="left"|Australian Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 Australian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2x Platinum |align="center"|140,000<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm ARIA]</ref> |- |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canadian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|7x Platinum |align="center"|700,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php/ |title=CRIA |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063331/http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |archivedate=2016-01-11 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=a Dutch Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|100,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |title=NVPI |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |title=Finnish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903045220/http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |archivedate=2009-09-03 }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/albums.php French Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts |title=German Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2012-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316041103/http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts }}</ref> |align="center"|24 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista |title=Hungarian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2008-12-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031040/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista }}</ref> |align="center"|35 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |title=Italian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2007-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200247/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 }}</ref> |align="center"|24 |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|50,000<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/ FIMI]</ref> |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ Oricon Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|13 |align="center"|Million |align="center"|1,000,000<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ RIAJ]</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |align="center"|4x Platinum |align="center"|60,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |title=RIANZ |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACPUiNu?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Spanish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|35 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitlistan.se/ Swedish Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|100,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |title=IFPI Sweden |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217054255/http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |archivedate=2007-02-17 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a Swiss Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|25,000<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2009 IFPI Switzerland]</ref> |- |align="left"|UK Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_albums.php UK Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|300,000<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ BPI]</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200 |title=U.S. Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2010-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504062334/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=albums&f=the+billboard+200 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|9x Platinum |align="center"|9,000,000<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH RIAA]</ref> |} == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Albamu za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Albamu za 1990]] jpp8i0yk75r2udw2c3sdhqmvhf2dmik 1575956 1575890 2026-06-22T06:57:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Mariah Carey | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Mariah Carey]] | Cover = 200px-MariahCarey-MCcover.jpg | Imetolewa = 12 Juni 1990 <small>{{Flag icon|US}}</small><br />17 Julai 1990 <small>{{Flag icon|UK}}</small> | Aina = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] | Urefu = 46:45 | Imerekodiwa = Desemba 1988 &ndash; Aprili 1990 | Studio = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]<br /><small>CK-45202</small> | Mtayarishaji = Mariah Carey, [[Rhett Lawrence]], [[Ric Wake]], [[Narada Michael Walden]], [[Ben Margulies]], [[Walter Afanasieff]], [[Tommy Mottola]] <small>(executive)</small> | Review = *[[About.com]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://top40.about.com/od/reviews/gr/mcareyfirst.htm link] * [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/mariah-carey-r3320 link] * [[Robert Christgau]] (C) [http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=877 link] | Albamu iliyopita = | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Mariah Carey'''''<br />(1990) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[Emotions]]''<br />(1991) |}} '''''Mariah Carey''''' ni albamu kutoka kwa Mariah Carey yenye jina lake mwenyewe, iliyotoka nchini [[Marekani]] tarehe 12 Juni 1990, kupitia katika studio za [[Columbia Records]]. Japokuwa mauzo ya albamu hii kwa kiasi fulani yalikuwa madogo, lakini yalimafanya Carey kuwa nyota nyumbani kwao. Albamu hii ilifanikiwa kufikisha nyimbo kadhaa katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard]].ya single bora 100, huku albamu yenyewe ikikaa kwa kipindi cha majuma kumi na moja katika nafasi ya kwanza katika chati ya [[Billboard 200]]. Albamu hii inashika nafasi ya ttu kwa upande wa mauzo ya albamu za Carey nchini Marekani, ikija baada ya ile ya ''[[Daydream]]'' ya mwaka 1995 na ile ya ''[[Music Box]]'' ya mwaka 1993. Albamu hii imefanikiwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 15 dunia nzima, .<ref>[http://www.ticketspecialists.com/concerts/mariah_carey_tickets.htm About Mariah Carey]</ref> == Mapokezi == Albamu ya ''Mariah Carey'' ilifanikiwa kufanya vizuri katika chati ya nchini Marekani ya [[Billboard 200]] na kufika hadi nafasi ya 80, na kuingia katika nyimbo ishirini bora katika juma la nne tangu iwe katika chati hiyo na hatimaye ilifika katika nfasi ya kwanza katika juma la arobaini na tatu, na kushikilia nafasi hio kwa kupindi cha majuma kumi na moja mfululizo. Hadi hii leo ,hii ndio albamu ya Carey iliyowahi kukaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi. wimbo huu uliendelea kukaa katika nyimbo ishirini bora kwa kipindi cha majuma sitini na tano, na kukaa katika nyimbo mia moja bora za Billboard kwa kipindi cha mjuma 113. Kwa mujibu wa shiria la[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] Albamu ya hii kutoka kwa Carey ni moja ya albamu zilizowahi kupata mauzo mazuri zaidi nchini Maekani, na hadi kufikia mwezi Machi mwaka 2006,albamu hii ilikuwa tayari imekwisha kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni nane nchini Maekani. <ref>Frere-Jones, Sasha. "On Top: Mariah Carey’s record-breaking career". ''[[The New Yorker]]''. 3 Aprili 2006. <!-- http://www.newyorker.com/critics/music/?060403crmu_music --></ref> Pia ilikuwa albamu iliyoongoza kwa mauo kwa mwaka 1991 chini Marekani =.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1991 |title=The Billboard 200 1991 |accessdate=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211064035/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&g=Year-end+Albums&year=1991 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Lakini mafanikio ya albamu hii nje ya Marekani yalikwa ya wastani, lakini kwa uchache iliweza kupata mafanikio katika nchi za [[Canada]] ambapo ilikaa katika nafasi ya kwanza kwa wiki moja. .Albamu hii ilifika katika nafasi ya ita nchini Uingereza na Australia. Single kutoka katika albam ya ''Mariah Carey'' hazikupata mafanikio katika masoko mengi tofauti na masoko ya Marekani, na kumafanya Carey kung'aa katika maeneo hayo == Orodha ya nyimbo == <small>Nyimbo zote ziliandikwa na Carey kwa kushirikiana na [[Ben Margulies]], isipokuwa baadhi.</small> #"[[Vision of Love]]" – 3:30 #"[[There's Got to Be a Way]]" <small>(Carey, [[Ric Wake]])</small> – 4:54 #"[[I Don't Wanna Cry]]" <small>(Carey, [[Narada Michael Walden]])</small> – 4:49 #"[[Someday (Mariah Carey song)|Someday]]" – 4:08 #"Vanishing" – 4:12 #"All in Your Mind" – 4:46 #"Alone in Love" – 4:12 #"You Need Me" <small>(Carey, [[Rhett Lawrence]])</small> – 3:52 #"Sent from up Above" <small>(Carey, Lawrence)</small> – 4:05 #"Prisoner" – 4:25 #"[[Love Takes Time]]" – 3:49 ==Chati== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chart !Ilipata<br>nafasi !Certification !Sales/shipments |- |align="left"|Australian Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 Australian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2x Platinum |align="center"|140,000<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm ARIA]</ref> |- |align="left"|Canadian Albums Chart<ref>[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html Canadian Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|7x Platinum |align="center"|700,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php/ |title=CRIA |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063331/http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |archivedate=2016-01-11 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=a Dutch Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|5 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|100,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |title=NVPI |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5mlJ5UrTg?url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |archivedate=2010-01-13 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |title=Finnish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903045220/http://pop.yle.fi/lista/albumit |archivedate=2009-09-03 }}</ref> |align="center"|13 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/charts/albums.php French Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|17 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts |title=German Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2012-03-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316041103/http://www.musicload.de/officialcharts }}</ref> |align="center"|24 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Hungarian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista |title=Hungarian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2008-12-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208031040/http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=top_40_album_es_valogataslemez_lista }}</ref> |align="center"|35 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 |title=Italian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2007-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506200247/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=1 }}</ref> |align="center"|24 |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|50,000<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/ FIMI]</ref> |- |align="left"|Japanese Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ Oricon Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|13 |align="center"|Million |align="center"|1,000,000<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ea/w/ RIAJ]</ref> |- |align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=New Zealand Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5PkfqxTDF?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=2007-06-21 |=https://www.webcitation.org/5wChHAS9r?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |align="center"|4x Platinum |align="center"|60,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |title=RIANZ |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66ACPUiNu?url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_homepage.asp |archivedate=2012-03-14 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |title=Norwegian Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122648/http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_charts.htm |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> |align="center"|4 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Spanish Albums Chart<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://promusicae.es/english.html |title=Spanish Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316035943/http://promusicae.es/english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|35 |align="center"| |align="center"| |- |align="left"|Swedish Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitlistan.se/ Swedish Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|8 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|100,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |title=IFPI Sweden |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217054255/http://www.ifpi.se/goldplatinum.aspx |archivedate=2007-02-17 }}</ref> |- |align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a Swiss Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|15 |align="center"|Gold |align="center"|25,000<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2009 IFPI Switzerland]</ref> |- |align="left"|UK Albums Chart<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_albums.php UK Albums Chart]</ref> |align="center"|6 |align="center"|Platinum |align="center"|300,000<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/ BPI]</ref> |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200 |title=U.S. Albums Chart |accessdate=2010-01-27 |archivedate=2010-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504062334/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=albums&f=the+billboard+200 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |align="center"|9x Platinum |align="center"|9,000,000<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH RIAA]</ref> |} == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} {{Mariah Carey}} {{Mariah Carey singles}} [[Jamii:Albamu za Mariah Carey]] [[Jamii:Albamu za 1990]] e83ufh2fykwz7x45gja8qhk385ihnge 0 36010 1575816 1517221 2026-06-21T14:43:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|40.95|-112.21|display=title}} [[File:Antelope Island State Park Map.jpg|thumb|left|Ramani ya Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope]] [[File:Bison On Antelope Island.jpg|thumb|right|Kundi la baisani katika kisiwa cha Antelope]] [[File:Fielding Garr Ranch on Antelope Island.jpg|thumb|right|Shamba la Fielding Garr katika kisiwa cha Antelope .]] [[File:Coast of Antelope Island as seen from the causeway.jpg|thumb|right|Pwani ya kisiwa cha Antelope kutoka kwenye njia iliyo juu ya maji.]] [[File:WaveCutPlatformsAntelopeIslandUT.jpg|thumb|right|Maeneo ya mawimbi kutoka Ziwa Bonneville (Pleistocene) katika kisiwa cha Antelope , ziwa kuu la chumvi, Utah.]] '''Kisiwa cha Antelope''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Antelope Island''') ni [[kisiwa]] cha [[Marekani]]. Kipo ndani ya [[Ziwa Kuu la Chumvi]] (Great Salt Lake) katika [[Utah|Jimbo la Utah]]. Hili ni [[ziwa la chumvi]] kubwa zaidi katika [[Marekani]] <ref>Czerny, Peter G. (1976). ''Ziwa kuu la chumvi.'' Provo, Utah: Kundi la uchapishaji la chuo kikuu cha Brigham. ISBN 0-8425-1073-7</ref> na [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[maji ya chumvi]] katika [[Amerika|Bara la Amerika]] <ref>www.utah.com / stateparks / great_salt_lake.htm</ref>. Eneo la kisiwa ni {{Convert|42|sqmi|km2|0}}. Kiutawala kisiwa hiki kiko ndani ya [[Kata ya Davis]], katika sehemu ya [[kusini]] ya ziwa na kuwa eneo linalostawi wakati ziwa liko katika kiwango cha chini. Kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na [[Paa (Bovidae)|paa]], [[nungunungu]], [[melesi]], [[koyote]], [[linxi mkia-mfupi]], [[kondoo pembe-kubwa]], [[baisani]] wa Amerika 600 na [[milioni|mamilioni]] ya [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] wa maji. Baisani alikaribishwa katika kisiwa hiki mwaka wa [[1893]], na kuwa na kudhibitishwa kuwa eneo la uzalishaji wa baisani kwa makusudi ya kuhifadhi. ==Mbuga ya Jimbo== [[Mbuga ya jimbo katika kisiwa cha Antelope]] ni [[mbuga]] iliyo kwenye kisiwa hicho, iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa [[1981]], kama sehemu ya mfumo wa Mbuga za jimbo la [[Utah]]. Kisiwa hiki kinaweza kufikiwa kwa njia ya [[maili]] 7 (11&nbsp;km) kutoka [[Syracuse]] katika [[Kata ya Davis]]. Uwezo wa kufikia kisiwa hiki kutoka [[1-15]] ni kupitia 332,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html |title=UDOT mradi wa Milepost: Maelezo ya uendelezaji mimi-15 |accessdate=2010-01-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018233021/http://www.udot.utah.gov/mileposts/progress_i15.html |archivedate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> njia ya Antelope (SR-108). [[Pwani]] ya kisiwa huwa (kote isipokuwa magharibi ya kisiwa hiki) sawa na fukwe na tambarare katika wigo wa milima katika kisiwa hiki. Milima huonekana kutoka kaskazini ya [[Wasatch Front]], kufikia upeo wa mwinuko wa {{Convert|6596|ft|m|0}} ambayo ni takriban {{Convert|2500|ft|m|0}} juu ya ngazi ya ziwa. Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na stesheni ya 10-watt ya habari kwa wasafiri ya katika 530 [[kHz AM.]] Mtandao huu huwa kusini ya njia iliyo juu ya maji karibu na kisiwa hiki. Kituo kinaweza kusikizwa katika jirani [[Ogden]] na kamakusini hadi katika [[Jiji la ziwa la maji ya chumvi.]] <ref>[7] ^ [http://www.ubstudios.com/slcdx.html Jiji la ziwa la chumvi DX Ingia]</ref> Huwa na habari kuhusu masaa ya kazi katika mbuga hii, na pia kutangaza matukio ambayo huendezwaa mamlaka ya mbuga hii.<ref>[8] ^ [http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php WPWA752 Eneo la mtandao wa stesheni ya wasafiri ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smeter.net/antelope-island/wpwa752-transmitter.php |date=20100611234530 }}</ref> Katika upande wa mashariki wa kisiwa hiki, {{Convert|11|mi|km|0}} kusini ya njia iliyo juu ya maji ni shamba la Fielding Garr. Hapa mtu anaweza kuona jengo kongwe (Anglo) katika Utah ambalo liko juu ya misingi wake wa awali. ==Viumbe vya mwituni== [[File:AntelopeIsland jackrabbit.JPG|thumb|left]] Kisiwa cha Antelope huwa na safu ya pekee ya wanyamapori na ni maarufu kwa wingi wa bisoni. Kundi hili hubadilika kati ya 550 na 700 na ni moja kubwa linalomilikiwa hadharani katika taifa hili. Mamalia wengine hupatikana katika kisiwa hiki ni pamoja na [[Kulungu (Cervidae)|kulungu]], koyote, linxi mkia-mfupi, melesi, nungunungu, [[sungura]] na aina kadhaa ya [[panya]]. Kisiwa cha Antelope na Ziwa kuu la chumvi huvutia ndege mbalimbali wa viota. Kando ya mkondo wa pwani huwa na , mbao zenye shingo nyeusi, sanderlings zinaweza kutazamwa. Maeneo ya nyasi katika eneo hili huwa makao ya ndege wenye miguu refu, bundi, chuckars na aina kadhaa ya rapta. ==Angalia pia== * [[Kisiwa cha Fremont]] * [[Kisiwa cha Stansbury]] ==Maelezo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Antelope Island}} *[http://stateparks.utah.gov/stateparks/parks/antelope-island/ Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] *[http://curiouscat.com/travels/2007/great_salt_lake/ Picha za Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] *[http://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/AIFT/home.htm Kurasa wa nyumbani wa matembezi katika kisiwa Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/AIFT/home.htm |date=20100804040214 }} Chuo kikuu cha Weber Idara ya mimea *[http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm Njia ya baiskeli ya kisiwa cha Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utah.com/bike/trails/antelope_island.htm |date=20080921041334 }} Utah.com *[http://www.scenicutah.com/antelope-island/antelope-island.php Picha za kisiwa cha Antelope ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scenicutah.com/antelope-island/antelope-island.php |date=20100529015703 }} *[http://www.frankstehno.com/sagemesa/destinations/utah/antelopeislandsp/aispintro.htm Kitabu cha maelezo ya kupiga kambi katika nchi ya Canyon : Mbuga ya kisiwa cha Antelope] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frankstehno.com/sagemesa/destinations/utah/antelopeislandsp/aispintro.htm |date=20080602195924 }} [[Jamii:Utah]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Marekani]] myv2j6vzybyemrmt4eue3bhsp76zt84 0 36771 1575945 1521941 2026-06-22T05:37:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Jina = Naughty by Nature | Img = Naughty Bye Nature.JPG | Img_capt = DJ Kay Gee, Vin Rock na Treach | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = group_or_band | Pia anajulikana kama = '''The New Style''' | Asili yake = [[East Orange, New Jersey|East Orange]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States|U.S.]] | Aina = [[Hip Hop]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1988&ndash;mpaka sasa | Studio = [[MCA Records]]<br>[[TVT Records]]<br>[[Tommy Boy Records|Tommy Boy]]/[[Warner Bros. Records]]<br>[[Arista Records|Arista]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG Records]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Queen Latifah]]<br>[[Tupac Shakur]]<br>[[Apache]]<br>[[Rottin Razkals]] <br> [[Eazy-E]] | Tovuti = [http://www.naughtybynature.com/ NaughtyByNature.com] | Wanachama wa sasa = [[Treach]]<br>Vin Rock <br>DJ Kay Gee }} '''Naughty by Nature''' ni kundi mshindi wa [[Grammy Award]]-wakiwa kama kundi bora la [[muziki wa hip hop]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Kundi lilitamba sana wakati wa kuanzishwa kwake kunako mwaka wa 1989. Kundi linaunganishwa na msanii kama vile [[Treach]], Vin Rock, na DJ Kay Gee. Kundi lilianzishwa mjini [[East Orange, New Jersey]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/naughty_by_nature/artist.jhtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-03-01 |archive-date=2010-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308042006/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/naughty_by_nature/artist.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> (kimazungumzo hutajwa kama "Illtown" kunako miaka ya 1980). Kundi lilianza kuonekana kawa mara ya kwanza kwenye uwanja wa muziki mnamo 1989 kwa kutoa albamu yao iliyoitwa ''[[Independent Leaders]]'' wakiwa chini ya jina lao la awali la New Style. Albamu ikalizalisha kibao ambacho kimepata sifa chache cha "Scuffin' Those Knees". Baada ya kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza, kundi likashauriwa na mzaliwa mwenzao wa huko mjini New Jersey - [[Queen Latifah]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mp3.com/artist/naughty-by-nature/summary/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-03-01 |archivedate=2010-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629033916/http://www.mp3.com/artist/naughty-by-nature/summary/ }}</ref> na baadaye wakabadilisha jina lao na kuwa '''Naughty by Nature'''. ==Historia== Kibao chao cha kwanza Naughty by Nature kuwa maarufu ni wimbo ulioitwa "[[O.P.P.]]," ambacho kilichukua samapuli ya kibao cha [[Jackson 5]], "[[ABC (wimbo)|ABC]]", na kilitolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1991 kutoka katika albamu yao yenye-jina-sawa na lao, ''[[Naughty by Nature (albamu)|Naughty by Nature]]''. Wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya #6 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]] <ref name="allmusic.com">http://www.allmusic.com/artist/naughty-by-nature-p78</ref>, ina-kifanya kuwa moja kati ya vibao vilivyopata mafanikio katika historia ya nyimbo za rap kufikia kiwango hicho. Wimbo umepata kujuliakana sana katika tamaduni mashuhuri, kwa kutajwa kwenye vipindi vya TV na filamu kama vile ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'', ''[[Malibu's Most Wanted]]'', ''[[Monk]]'', na ''[[The Office]]''. "O.P.P." pia imepata sifa za juu mno, kwa kutajwa kuwa moja kati ya single bora 100 za rap za muda wote mnamo 1998 na jarida la ''[[The Source]]''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/source.htm#singles |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-03-01 |archive-date=2017-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807103112/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/source.htm#singles |url-status=dead }}</ref>, na kupewa nafasi ya 20 kama singo bora za miaka ya 90 na jarida la ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]].''<ref>http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/spin100.html#Various</ref> Albamu imezalisha kibao kingine kikali cha "Everything's Gonna be All Right" (kibao hiki pia kiliitwa "Ghetto Bastard" katika baadhi ya matoleo kamilifu). Wimbo huo umeelezea maendeleo ya [[Treach]] kukulia katika umaskini, na sasa anaishi katika maisha yaliyobora. Nguvu ya mafanikio ya kibao hicho na cha "O.P.P.", imepekea kusukuma albamu kwenda katika [[platinamu]]. Kwa kufuatia mzaliwa mwenzi wao wa New Jersey, [[Tony D]], kuwashataki Naughty by Nature kwa kuiba sampuli ya biti ya albamu yake ya ''Music Makes You Move'' na kuitumia kwenye kibao chao cha "O.P.P." Mpango mzima ulikuja kuwekwa sawa mahakamani. Baina ya maalbamu, kundi pia limepata ushindi kabambe na kibao chao cha "[[Uptown Anthem]]", kutoka katika kibwagizo cha filamu ya mwaka wa 1992 ya ''[[Juice (filamu)|Juice]]''. Treach pia amepata kuuza sura kwenye filamu hiyo, ndiyo mara yake ya kwanza kucheza filamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432607/19990210/naughty_by_nature.jhtml |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-03-01 |archive-date=2009-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114045224/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432607/19990210/naughty_by_nature.jhtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rapa mwenzao [[2Pac]] pia amepata kucheza kwenye filamu hiyo, na Treach akawa rafiki yake. Hii ilimwongoza zaidi kutaka kucheza filamu kwa Treach na urafiki mkubwa na [[2Pac]]. Pale 2Pac alipokufa mnamo mwaka wa 1996, Treach ametengeneza wimbo wa kumuenzi 2Pac, ulioitwa "Mourn You Till I Join You". Baadaye, kundi likawa na vibao kedekede kutoka katika albamu yao ya tatu ilioitwa ''[[19 Naughty III]]'' na ''[[Poverty's Paradise]]'' pekee. Albamu zote mbili zimefikia #1 kwenye chati za R&B/Hip-Hop Charts. "[[Hip Hop Hooray]]" ulikuwa wimbo wenye mafanikio kutoka katika albamu ya ''[[19 Naughty III]]''. Video yake iliongozwa na [[Spike Lee]] na imehusisha wasanii wengine maarufu wa hip hop wa mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Queen Latifah]], [[Eazy-E]], [[Run-D.M.C.]], na [[Da Youngstas]]. ''[[Poverty's Paradise]]'' imeshinda tuzo ya Grammy Award mnamo mwaka wa 1996 ikiwa kama Albamu Bora ya Rap<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/artist/naughty-by-nature-p78</ref>, na kibao kikali kutoka humo kilikuwa "[[Feel Me Flow]]" ambacho kimeshika nafasi ya #17 kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100]]. ==Diskografia== {{Main|Diskografia ya Naughty by Nature}} *''[[Independent Leaders]]'' (1989) *''[[Naughty by Nature (albamu)|Naughty by Nature]]'' (1991) *''[[19 Naughty III]]'' (1993) *''[[Poverty's Paradise]]'' (1995) *''[[Nineteen Naughty Nine: Nature's Fury]]'' (1999) *''[[IIcons]]'' (2002) Albamu mpya ya Naughty by Nature iitwayo Anthem Inc. itaachiwa wakati wa kiangazi cha 2010. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.naughtybynature.com/ Naughty by Nature (official site)] *[http://www.music-city.org/Naughty-by-Nature/discography/ Naughty by Nature discography at Music City]{{Wayback|url=http://www.music-city.org/Naughty-by-Nature/discography/ |date=20100816020144 }} *[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/naughty-by-nature-p78 Naughty by Nature] at [[Allmusic]] *[http://twitter.com/naughty118 Naughty By Nature] at [[Twitter.com]] {{Naughty by Nature}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya hip hop ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Washindi wa Tuzo za Grammy]] 9xjyyrgii0zlu4wdcicz0geg8ahwz1o 0 45628 1575848 1120413 2026-06-21T19:28:44Z EUPBR 70404 1575848 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Gradska vijećnica, Šibenik 20240113 48.jpg |thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya mji wa Šibenik]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Šibenik |picha_ya_satelite = Sibenik3 (js).jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Kitovu cha mji wa Šibenik |picha_ya_bendera = Vlag sibenik.gif |ukubwa_ya_bendera = 100px |picha_ya_nembo = Sibenik coat of arms.jpg |ukubwa_ya_nembo = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Šibenik katika [[Kroatia]] |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kroatia]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya za Kroatia|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 37,060 |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=N |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = }} '''Šibenik''' ni [[mji]] nchini [[Kroatia]]. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 37,060. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kroatia]] {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Kroatia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kroatia|Sibenik]] 8dsuiingmbbzs0kh59jjbmaxvbt955n 1575982 1575848 2026-06-22T11:44:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Šibenik |picha_ya_satelite = Sibenik3 (js).jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Kitovu cha mji wa Šibenik |picha_ya_bendera = Vlag sibenik.gif |ukubwa_ya_bendera = 100px |picha_ya_nembo = Sibenik coat of arms.jpg |ukubwa_ya_nembo = |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Šibenik katika [[Kroatia]] |settlement_type = Mji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kroatia]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Wilaya za Kroatia|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 37,060 |latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=N |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha: Gradska vijećnica, Šibenik 20240113 48.jpg |thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya mji wa Šibenik.]] '''Šibenik''' ni [[mji]] nchini [[Kroatia]]. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 37,060. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kroatia]] {{commonscat}} {{mbegu-jio-Kroatia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kroatia|Sibenik]] gcihrlwlgvrsk3kre1m9u1bmwlnehwt 0 62749 1575791 1285417 2026-06-21T13:14:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifali-Kaskazini''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Kamerun]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wafali]]. Mwaka wa 1982 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kifali-Kaskazini imehesabiwa kuwa watu 16,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kifali-Kaskazini iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/fll lugha ya Kifali-Kaskazini kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/fll makala za OLAC kuhusu Kifali-Kaskazini]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/fll |date=20150930123332 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2770 lugha ya Kifali-Kaskazini katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fll {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fali}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Kamerun]] 1k83imd9ccws3lmv6wndgr4mtx43ubt 0 62918 1575808 1287801 2026-06-21T14:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimom-Jango''' (pia '''Kivere''') ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wamom-Jango]]. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kimom-Jango nchini Nigeria imehesabiwa kuwa watu 104,000. Pia kuna wasemaji 6520 nchini [[Kamerun]]. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kimom-Jango iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/ver lugha ya Kimom-Jango kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/ver makala za OLAC kuhusu Kimom-Jango]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/ver |date=20150930130005 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/momj1237 lugha ya Kimom-Jango katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ver {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mom-Jango}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kamerun]] 1dk2b8tgawfj7xkjq0umz5gfhzfblfv 0 63102 1575806 1287276 2026-06-21T13:59:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kima''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wama]]. Mwaka wa 1977 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kima imehesabiwa kuwa watu 4700. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kima iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/msj lugha ya Kima kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/msj makala za OLAC kuhusu Kima]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/msj |date=20170205012153 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/made1252 lugha ya Kima katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/msj {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ma}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] rx8okvarsd4gm3u3rzuys4dv58kejzu 0 63117 1575811 1288186 2026-06-21T14:21:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingbaka-Ma'bo''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wangbaka]]. Mwaka wa 1996 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kingbaka-Ma'bo nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati imehesabiwa kuwa watu 88,000. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kingbaka-Ma'bo nchini Jamhuri ya Kongo imehesabiwa kuwa watu 90,600. Pia kuna wasemaji 11,000 nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kingbaka-Ma'bo iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/nbm lugha ya Kingbaka-Ma'bo kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/nbm makala za OLAC kuhusu Kingbaka-Ma'bo]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/nbm |date=20150923193120 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngba1284 lugha ya Kingbaka-Ma'bo katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nbm {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngbaka-Ma'bo}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2dqtvdy2igjc2muqk3yzzp9na6zhlcz 0 64834 1575789 1301083 2026-06-21T12:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kibade''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wabade]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kibade imehesabiwa kuwa watu 250,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kibade iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/bde lugha ya Kibade kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/bde makala za OLAC kuhusu Kibade]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/bde |date=20140525214050 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bade1248 lugha ya Kibade katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bde {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bade}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 2kut40uszwkikru2wo4cekcvlchsqb7 0 64971 1575790 1301223 2026-06-21T13:10:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiduwai''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Waduwai]]. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiduwai imehesabiwa kuwa watu 11,400. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiduwai iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/dbp lugha ya Kiduwai kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/dbp makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiduwai]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/dbp |date=20140525214048 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/duwa1244 lugha ya Kiduwai katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dbp {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duwai}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] bzajz3jrfx434616ahanws7z9wb5jsp 0 65255 1575793 1300976 2026-06-21T13:17:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kigalambu''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wagalambu]]. Mwaka wa 2006 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kigalambu imehesabiwa kuwa watu 25,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kigalambu iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/glo lugha ya Kigalambu kwenye Multitree] *[http://llmap.org/languages/glo.html ramani ya Kigalambu] {{Wayback|url=http://llmap.org/languages/glo.html |date=20100626001412 }}*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/glo makala za OLAC kuhusu Kigalambu]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/glo |date=20160305195155 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gala1264 lugha ya Kigalambu katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/glo {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galambu}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 6j9j7l0ojumv2fnknw0wr5ofaisc6xq 0 65267 1575794 1301120 2026-06-21T13:19:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kigengle''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wagengle]]. Idadi ya wasemaji wa Kigengle imehesabiwa kuwa watu 4000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kigengle iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/geg lugha ya Kigengle kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/geg makala za OLAC kuhusu Kigengle]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/geg |date=20170509161747 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/geng1243 lugha ya Kigengle katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/geg {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gengle}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] k6dxvhdsleo7rvxczci7jfod6bwhdcm 0 65269 1575795 1300999 2026-06-21T13:20:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kigeruma''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wageruma]]. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kigeruma imehesabiwa kuwa watu 9030. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kigeruma iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/gea lugha ya Kigeruma kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/gea makala za OLAC kuhusu Kigeruma]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/gea |date=20161220162821 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/geru1240 lugha ya Kigeruma katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gea {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Geruma}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] cfg72545gm6r0w6nluki3pkrgn49bil 0 65297 1575796 1301116 2026-06-21T13:22:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiguruntum-Mbaaru''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Waguruntum]] na [[Wambaaru]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiguruntum-Mbaaru imehesabiwa kuwa watu 15,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiguruntum-Mbaaru iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/grd lugha ya Kiguruntum kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/grd makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiguruntum]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/grd |date=20170509161927 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/guru1271 lugha ya Kiguruntum katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/grd {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guruntum-Mbaaru}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] i5pdcs07klpfa3v341qkizs9izvid34 0 65410 1575798 1300929 2026-06-21T13:31:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kijorto''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wajorto]]. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kijorto imehesabiwa kuwa watu 17,300. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kijorto iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/jrt lugha ya Kijorto kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/jrt makala za OLAC kuhusu Kijorto]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/jrt |date=20160305203740 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jort1240 lugha ya Kijorto katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/jrt {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jorto}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] t9t78etthdzrvjhwm3uot5dzgadrzk0 0 65411 1575799 1301161 2026-06-21T13:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiju''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Waju]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kiju imehesabiwa kuwa watu 900 tu. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kiju iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/juu lugha ya Kiju kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/juu makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiju]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/juu |date=20161201015414 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/juuu1243 lugha ya Kiju katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/juu {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ju}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] c2f8sor3w7h8bt1dc82dr2chf4ie36b 0 65489 1575800 1286746 2026-06-21T13:45:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikpasam''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wakpasam]]. Idadi ya wasemaji wa Kikpasam imehesabiwa kuwa watu 3000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kikpasam iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/pbn lugha ya Kikpasam kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/pbn makala za OLAC kuhusu Kikpasam]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/pbn |date=20160305204705 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kpas1242 lugha ya Kikpasam katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbn {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kpasam}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] kvvpsezsd9nenezpd1n8cmnki3mf92c 0 65497 1575801 1286776 2026-06-21T13:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikugama''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wakugama]]. Mwaka wa 1995 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kikugama imehesabiwa kuwa watu 5000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kikugama iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/kow lugha ya Kikugama kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/kow makala za OLAC kuhusu Kikugama]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/kow |date=20170206003256 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kuga1239 lugha ya Kikugama katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kow {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kugama}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 8pqp6ml63y03hrgylu3wdpwi6bketlp 0 65506 1575802 1301150 2026-06-21T13:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikumba''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wakumba]]. Mwaka wa 2000 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kikumba imehesabiwa kuwa watu 3420. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kikumba iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/ksm lugha ya Kikumba kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/ksm makala za OLAC kuhusu Kikumba]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/ksm |date=20170206003320 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kumb1238 lugha ya Kikumba katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ksm {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumba}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 7i6kn4eccd7hokvtbreoyy4kjfrv850 0 65572 1575807 1301038 2026-06-21T14:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimiship''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wamiship]]. Mwaka wa 1976 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kimiship imehesabiwa kuwa watu 6000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kimiship iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/mjs lugha ya Kimiship kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/mjs makala za OLAC kuhusu Kimiship]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/mjs |date=20151006101646 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mish1244 lugha ya Kimiship katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mjs {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miship}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] dr8kra45r81t05vodjjkepkrl4gc6vc 0 65580 1575809 1300905 2026-06-21T14:11:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimumuye''' ni [[Lugha za Kiniger-Kongo|lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wamumuye]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kimumuye imehesabiwa kuwa watu 400,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kimumuye iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/mzm lugha ya Kimumuye kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/mzm makala za OLAC kuhusu Kimumuye]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/mzm |date=20170206012150 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1240 lugha ya Kimumuye katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzm {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mumuye}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] h0apw97rwbgjy3cq04t512xjoe860xr 0 65603 1575810 1300819 2026-06-21T14:20:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingamo''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wangamo]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kingamo imehesabiwa kuwa watu 60,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kingamo iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/nbh makala za OLAC kuhusu Kingamo]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/nbh |date=20160305203759 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngam1282 lugha ya Kingamo katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nbh *[http://multitree.org/codes/nbh lugha ya Kingamo kwenye Multitree] {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngamo}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 4s0kkyv4fs35j5u9gd9u0b36j6djkjl 0 65606 1575812 1300994 2026-06-21T14:22:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingizim''' ni [[Lugha za Kiafrika-Kiasia|lugha ya Kiafrika-Kiasia]] nchini [[Nigeria]] inayozungumzwa na [[Wangizim]]. Mwaka wa 1993 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kingizim imehesabiwa kuwa watu 80,000. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kingizim iko katika kundi la Kichadiki. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://multitree.org/codes/ngi lugha ya Kingizim kwenye Multitree] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/ngi makala za OLAC kuhusu Kingizim]{{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/ngi |date=20160305200205 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngiz1242 lugha ya Kingizim katika Glottolog] *http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ngi {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngizim}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Nigeria]] 6koiwupg481ueplddfd5uhz14ck3lpx 0 66182 1575787 1479090 2026-06-21T12:25:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenya National Congress''' ni chama cha [[siasa]] nchini [[Kenya]] kilichoanzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1992]] siku wakati wa siku za kwanza ya kurudi kwa [[Demokrasia]] ya vyama vingi kama matokeo ya mgawanyiko katika FORD-Asili.<ref> Making of a Nation, ep. A Divided House 1992-1997, Hillary Ngweno </ref> Mara kwa mara, imekuwa ikiwajumuisha wagombea katika uchaguzi mkuu tangu [[mwaka]] [[1992]] katika ngazi ya Ubunge. Chama hichi kilimdhamini mbunge wa [[Gatanga]] Peter Kenneth, ambaye alionyesha jitihada zake za urais kwenye tiketi ya chama,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201211070210.html|title=Kenya: Kenneth Delivered Genuine Manifesto|publisher=allAfrica.com|date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghettoradio.co.ke/peter-kenneth-launches-presidential-bid/|title=Peter Kenneth launches presidential bid|publisher=Ghettoradio.co.ke|date=5 November 2012|accessdate=2022-03-16|archivedate=2013-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718184445/http://www.ghettoradio.co.ke/peter-kenneth-launches-presidential-bid/}}</ref> pamoja na muungano kati yake na Raphael Tuju wa Chama cha Action<ref>http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-98303/kenneth-signs-pact-tuju {{Wayback|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-98303/kenneth-signs-pact-tuju |date=20250219121440 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=December 2021}}</ref> Malengo yaliyowekwa na KNC kwa mujibu wa [[tovuti]] yake rasmi, ni ''''Kenya kama taifa lenye ufahari na mafanikio ambalo linatunza [[raia]] wake wote na mali zao matumaini ni kujiamini na kufanikiwa miongoni mwa Wakenya wote ndani na nje ya [[nchi]]''''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenyanationalcongress.com/index.php?Itemid=49|title=Kenyanationalcongress.com|accessdate=2022-03-16|archive-date=2012-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822225638/http://www.kenyanationalcongress.com/index.php?Itemid=49|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== {{mbegu-siasa}} {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] 3vp13dw6nf0es9ntw45wco5j7382jc4 0 66326 1575840 1536459 2026-06-21T18:27:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:03973jfCubao Cathedral Interior Quezon Cityfvf 09 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mt. Lorenzo katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]], [[Quezon City]].]] '''Lorenzo Ruiz''' (kwa [[Kichina]]: 李樂倫; [[Binondo]], [[Manila]], [[Ufilipino]] [[1600]] hivi – [[Nagasaki]], [[Japani]] [[29 Septemba]] [[1637]]),<ref>http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20020527_saints-jp-ii_it.html</ref> ni [[Ufilipino|Mfilipino]]<ref>Ila [[baba]] yake alikuwa [[China|Mchina]].</ref> wa kwanza kutangazwa [[mtakatifu]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki]]<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/72250</ref>. [[Mlei]] huyo alifia [[dini]] ya [[Ukristo]] kisha kukataa kuhama [[Japani]] na kukana [[imani]] yake wakati wa [[dhuluma]] za watawala wa [[Edo]] (leo [[Tokyo]]) kutoka [[ukoo]] wa [[Tokugawa]] katika [[karne ya 17]]. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mfiadini]] [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[18 Februari]] [[1981]], halafu mtakatifu tarehe [[18 Oktoba]] [[1987]]. Pamoja naye walitangazwa watakatifu na wanaheshimiwa kama [[wafiadini wa Japani]] ([[1633]]–1637):<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19871018_ruiz-compagni_en.html Biography] at the Vatican website</ref><ref>USCCB (Office of Media Relations) – [http://www.nccbuscc.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/beatify.shtml Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nccbuscc.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/beatify.shtml |date=20110519161337 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19871018_ruiz-compagni_en.html Lawrence Ruiz and companions] from the Vatican website</ref> * [[Antonio Gonzalez (mfiadini)|Antonio Gonzalez]] * [[Dominiko Ibáñez de Erquicia]] * [[Yakobo Kyushei Tomonaga]] * [[Fransisko Shoyemon]] * [[Jordano Ansalone]] * [[Lazaro wa Kyoto]] * [[Luka Alonso]] * [[Marina wa Omura]] * [[Magdalena wa Nagasaki]] * [[Mathayo Kohioye]] * [[Mikaeli wa Aozaraza]] * [[Mikaeli Kurobioye]] * [[Thomas Rokuzayemon]] * [[Vinsenti Shiwozuka]] * [[William Courtet]] [[Sikukuu]] yao huadhimishwa tarehe [[28 Septemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== *[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000EE1BX Carunungan, Celso Al. To Die a Thousand Deaths: A Novel on the Life and Times of Lorenzo Ruiz, Social Studies Publications, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1980, 198 pages and Amazon.co.uk] *Delgado, Antonio C. The Making of The First Filipino Saint, The Ala-Ala Foundation, 1982 *''Lorenzo de Manila, The Proto-Martyr of The Philippines and his Companions'' - Fr. [[Fidel Villarroel]], O.P., 1988 * Constantino Alvares, Jose Garcia, Pedro Tejero, Witnesses of the faith in the Orient: Dominican Martyrs of Japan, China, and Vietnam, Manila, Life Today Publications, 1989, ISBN 971-8596-03-8 ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.stlorenzo.org Saint Lorenzo Parish Community, Walnut, California, StLorenzo.org] *[http://bluepanjeet.net/402/how-many-pinoys-do-you-know/ Cause for Beatification]{{Wayback|url=http://bluepanjeet.net/402/how-many-pinoys-do-you-know/ |date=20090321163559 }} *[http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Altars/CrucifixionStPeter/CrucifixionStPeter.htm Mosaic in Saint Peter's Basilica] *[http://www.olacathedral.org/zoom/ts12.html St. Lorenzo Ruiz in the Communion of Saints Tapestries] {{Wayback|url=http://www.olacathedral.org/zoom/ts12.html |date=20120220025137 }} *[http://www.lgpolar.com/page/read/61 St. Lorenzo Ruiz Prayer in times of adversity. Translated into Spanish by José Tlatelpas, traditional version in English and Tagalog. Published in the Canadian Hispanic webzine "La Guirnalda Polar".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lgpolar.com/page/read/61 |date=20120923155111 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruiz, Lorenzo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1600]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1637]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufilipino]] ho5aeua2lwwne5fh1u4o29butwbtwgg 0 66586 1575955 1522257 2026-06-22T06:34:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mother and child during the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 1.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Mama]] na [[mtoto]] wenye njaa wakati wa njaa kuu ya [[Mlima Lebanoni]] chini ya [[Waturuki]], 1915–1918.]] '''Njaa''' ni hali ya kukosa [[chakula]] kinachohitajiwa na [[mwili]] ili kujimudu. Sababu zake zinaweza kuwa mbalimbali, kama vile [[vita]], [[ukame]], [[maradhi]] ya [[mimea]], [[wadudu]] waharibifu, utovu wa [[ustadi]] katika [[uzalishaji]] na [[utunzaji]] wa [[mazao]], ugumu wa [[mawasiliano]] n.k. Kila [[bara]] liliwahi kupatwa na hali hiyo katika [[historia]], na bado hiyo ni tishio kwa nchi mbalimbali, pia kutokana na sababu mpya, kama vile [[utandawazi]], matumizi ya mazao kwa ajili ya kuendesha [[mashine]] ki[[ekolojia]]. == Marejeo == * Asimov, Isaac, ''Asimov's New Guide to Science'', pp.&nbsp;152–153, Basic Books, Inc. : 1984. * Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd. * {{Rejea kitabu | title = Agrarian power and agricultural productivity in South Asia | volume = 1 |first1 = B. B |last1 = Chaudhari |editor1-first = Meghnad |editor1-last = Desai |editor2-first = Susanne Hoeber |editor2-last = Rudolph |editor3-first = Ashok |editor3-last = Rudra |publisher = University of California Press |year =1984 |isbn= 978-0-520-05369-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LlGQhpgcTmEC&dq=food+availability+decline |accessdate=1 Oktoba 2010 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * Davis, Mike, ''Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World'', London, Verso, 2002 ([http://maximumred.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_maximumred_archive.html Excerpt] online.) * Dutt, Romesh C. ''Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India'', first published 1900, 2005 edition by Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series, ISBN 1-4021-5115-2. * Dutt, Romesh C. ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', first published 1902, 2001 edition by [[Routledge]], ISBN 0-415-24493-5 * {{Rejea tovuti | title = Food-availability decline | last=Encyclopaedia Britannica | year=2010 | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1481493/food-availability-decline | accessdate = 1 Oktoba 2010 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * Ganson, Nicholas, The Soviet Famine of 1946-47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. (ISBN 0-230-61333-0) * Genady Golubev and Nikolai Dronin, ''Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000)'', Report of the International Project on Global Environmental Change and Its Threat to Food and Water Security in Russia (Februari 2004). * Greenough, Paul R., ''Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal. The Famine of 1943-1944'', Oxford University Press 1982 * Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,''Famine'', Oxford University Press, 1988. * LeBlanc, Steven, ''Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage'', St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since [[paleolithic]] times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7 * Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html |date=20090216132415 }}. 3 Julai 2006. * Li, Lillian M. ''Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3. * Mead, Margaret. “The Changing Significance of Food.” American Scientist. (Machi–Aprili 1970). pp.&nbsp;176–189. * {{Rejea kitabu | title = Harmonic Wealth: The Secret of Attracting the Life You Want | first1 = James Arthur | last1 = Ray | first2 = Linda |last2 = Sivertsen | publisher = Hyperion | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-4013-2264-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=uRZwUGpeHcAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }} * Middlebrook, Peter, [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3838306724 When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia], [[Lambert Academic Publishing]]. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8 * Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712070718/http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1 |date=2012-07-12 }} * [[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]], ''Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85190755 via Questia] [http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780198284635/toc.html via Oxford Press] * Shipton, Parker, ''African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives'', Annual Review of Anthropology, volume 19, pages 353–394 * Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968. * Sommerville, Keith. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2449527.stm Why famine stalks Africa], BBC, 2001 * Webb, Patrick. Famine. In Griffiths, M (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of International Relations and Global Politics''. London: Routledge, 2005, pp.&nbsp;270–72. * Woo-Cumings, Meredith, {{PDFlink|[http://www.adbi.org/files/2002.01.rp31.ecology.famine.northkorea.pdf ''The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons'']|807&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 827001 bytes -->}}, ADB Institute Research Paper 31, Januari 2002. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} * [http://hdl.handle.net/10822/552550 1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://www.morningstarfishermen.org Relief in Malawi with sustainable living] {{Wayback|url=http://www.morningstarfishermen.org/ |date=20200707184047 }} * [http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 Morning Star Fishermen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 |date=20171019142757 }} And The Race Against Hunger * [http://www.wfp.org/ United Nations World Food Programme] Hunger relief against poverty and famine * [http://www.ifpri.org/ International Food Policy Research Institute] Sustainable solutions for ending hunger * [http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ Article] {{Wayback|url=http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ |date=20120302133333 }} from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2006/africa_food_crisis/default.stm In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis], [[BBC News]] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)]|1.48&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1558625 bytes -->}} ([[Peter Middlebrook]]) * [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?ex=1301461200&en=a95f9eb19c751f1f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times] * [http://foodshortage.wordpress.com The blog about the upcoming food shortage crisis] * [http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)]{{Wayback|url=http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html |date=20081222003226 }} * [http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf Famine Crimes in International Law] {{Wayback|url=http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf |date=20080817165709 }}. David Marcus, [[The American Journal of International Law]], 2003. * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html |date=20120912154033 }} {{Mbegu}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Afya]] 6fa9za3i5iovg79wv8720larkwztyta 0 66815 1575815 1545369 2026-06-21T14:32:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Уваскрэсенне_–_Сыходжанне_ў_пекла._Канец_XVII_ст._З_Дзісны_Віцебскай_вобл._Нацыянальны_мастацкі_музей.jpg|thumb|Kristo mfafuka alivyochorwa.]] {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} [[Picha:Mwaka wa kanisa.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Kipindi cha Pasaka katika mwaka wa Kanisa kinaonyeshwa na [[rangi]] ya [[njano]].]] '''Kipindi cha Pasaka''' ni kipindi maalumu cha [[mwaka wa Kanisa]] katika [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]]. Kinatanguliwa na [[Kwaresima]], kinaanza katika [[Dominika]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]] na kukamilishwa na [[Pentekoste]]<ref>''Normae Universales de Anno Liturgico et de Calendario'' (''NUALC''), 22</ref><ref name="SWA2013">{{cite web |title=Saints Will Arise: So which Sunday in Eastertide is it? Take your pick! |url=https://saintsshallarise.blogspot.com/2013/04/so-which-sunday-in-eastertide-is-it.html |publisher=Saints Will Arise |access-date=2 May 2019 |language=en |date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>''NUALC'', 23</ref> au pengine [[Kupaa Bwana]]. Kinaadhimishwa kama [[sikukuu]] moja tu <ref>Saint [[Athanasius]], ''Epist. fest.'' I: [[Patrologia Graeca]] 26, 1366</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ascension Day: Ascension of Our Lord|url=https://www.catholic.org/lent/ascension.php}}</ref>, ingawa siku nane za kwanza zinaunda [[Oktava]]. Ni kwamba [[Wayahudi]] wanaadhimisha [[Pasaka]] [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi|ya kale]], [[ukumbusho]] wa kuvuka pakavu kati ya [[bahari]], kutoka [[utumwa]]ni kuelekea [[uhuru]]. Kumbe [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wanaadhimisha Pasaka mpya, ukumbusho wa [[sadaka]] ya [[Agano Jipya]] la [[milele]] ambayo pamoja na [[Yesu]] wanavuka toka [[dunia]] hii kwenda kwa [[Baba]]: [[Kristo]] asingefufuka [[imani]] hiyo ingekuwa bure. Maelezo yafuatayo yanatokana na mpango wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], lakini kwa kiasi kikubwa yanafaa pia kwa madhehebu mengine, kama vile [[Anglikana]]. ==Adhimisho== Kile cha Pasaka, kikiwa na [[siku]] [[hamsini]], ndicho kirefu zaidi kati ya vipindi vikuu vinne vya [[mwaka]] wa [[Kanisa]] (vingine vikiwa [[Majilio]], [[Kipindi cha Noeli|Noeli]] na [[Kwaresima]]). Wakati wa Pasaka [[Agano la Kale]] halisomwi kwa kuwa yaliyotabiriwa nalo yameshatimia katika Kristo. Badala yake yanasomwa karibu mfululizo [[Matendo ya Mitume]] yanayoelekeza [[safari]] yote ya [[Kanisa]]. Masomo mengine, [[sala]] na [[nyimbo]] vinasema hasa juu ya Kristo kufufuka na kuwa na watu wake kwa namna mpya, pia juu ya [[paji]] la [[Roho Mtakatifu]] alilowapatia. Katika [[maisha]] ya kawaida watu wanafanya [[sherehe]] mbalimbali, si za [[dini]] tu. [[Sikukuu]] yoyote inatokeza [[furaha]] ya kuishi: usipokuwa na mtazamo wa kuridhika na maisha, kumwaga [[pesa]] katika [[anasa]] hakuondoi [[huzuni]] ya kukata tamaa. Sikukuu yoyote ni [[adhimisho]] la pamoja: inatokana na watu kukubaliana katika kujali mambo fulanifulani au walau kuheshimiana; pia inajenga [[jamii]] kwa kurudisha furaha ya kuwa pamoja. Kwa Wakristo sherehe kuu kuliko zote ni Pasaka: ndiyo sikukuu yenyewe ambayo inadumu siku hamsini mfululizo hadi [[Pentekoste]] na inaitwa Dominika kubwa. Kwa kweli Pasaka si sherehe mojawapo tu wala kipindi kimojawapo tu katika [[mwaka wa liturujia]], bali ndiyo [[kiini]] chake, kama vile Dominika (Pasaka ndogo ya kila wiki) ilivyo kiini cha [[juma]] zima. Ni adhimisho la [[uzima mpya]] na wa [[milele]] ambao Kristo mfufuka anaushirikisha kwa njia ya [[sakramenti]]: [[ubatizo]] na [[kipaimara]] kwa Wakristo wachanga, [[kitubio]] kwa waliobatizwa zamani, hasa [[ekaristi]] kwa wote; humo Yesu hakumbukwi tu, bali waaminu wanakutana naye, hai tena mtukufu. Adhimisho hilo ni la pamoja kwa sababu wamekuwa [[moyo]] mmoja na [[roho]] moja katika Kristo kwa kumiminiwa Roho Mtakatifu. Kwa [[kumega mkate]] mmoja wanaimarisha [[ushirika]] wao na kuwajibika kumtambua Yesu katika wale wote wanaokutana nao, hasa [[maskini]]. [[Mang’amuzi]] hayo ya [[imani]] yanachochea kuimba mfululizo [[Aleluya]]! Bila [[shaka]] inaimbwa na watu wakiwa njiani kuelekea kwao: hawajafikia pale watakapoimba katika [[heri]] ya [[starehe]] ya milele. Wanaimba wasije wakalemewa na mzigo wa [[maisha]]. [[Augustino wa Hippo]] alionya: “Imba anavyofanya [[msafiri]]. Imba lakini tembea, usahau [[uchovu]] wako kwa kuimba, lakini jihadhari na [[uvivu]]. Imba na tembea”. Aleluya inatokeza vizuri furaha na [[tumaini]]: ndiyo sababu ikaririwa sana. Pamoja na hayo, uhuru wa Kikristo unawadai waamini wAUshuhudie kwa matendo na hasa kwa kuwakomboa [[ndugu]] zao wanaodhulumiwa. Kristo amefufuka kweli na atawafufua wote pia: waamini wake wataishi naye kwa [[Baba]] katika [[umoja]] wa Roho Mtakatifu. Hata sasa yu pamoja nao (ndiyo maana ya [[mshumaa wa Pasaka]]). Wakiwa naye maisha yanawanogea, kwa kuwa yote yameinuliwa tena na kufanywa mapya. Wanaamini wamekombolewa kutoka utumwa wa [[dhambi]] na [[mauti]], wamekuwa [[wana wa Mungu]] na kuishi kwa uhuru wa [[upendo]] wakiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu. Kristo amekuwa [[Bwana]] na anaendelea kueneza ufalme wake. Hawawezi kuogopa chochote tena kwa kuwa [[historia]] ni yake yeye aliye [[Alfa na Omega]]. ==Nje ya liturujia== Katika [[utamaduni]] wa Kikristo kipindi cha Pasaka kina [[desturi]] mbalimbali kadiri ya madhehebu na nchi, kama vile [[Pambo|mapambo]] <ref name="FGMC2021">{{cite web |title=The Flowering of the Cross |url=https://www.firstmethodistforney.org/2021/the-flowering-of-the-cross-easter-sunday/ |publisher=First Global Methodist Church of Forney |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=English |date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410055158/https://www.firstmethodistforney.org/2021/the-flowering-of-the-cross-easter-sunday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Friedman2016">{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Sally |title=Easter bonnets top at Burlington City shop |url=https://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/story/lifestyle/2016/03/27/easter-bonnets-top-at-burlington/17612366007/ |publisher=[[Burlington County Times]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=English |date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198607663.001.0001/acref-9780198607663-e-201 | title=clipping the church | publisher=Oxford University Press | work=Oxford Reference|access-date=30 March 2013| doi=10.1093/acref/9780198607663.001.0001 | year=2003 | last1=Simpson | first1=Jacqueline | last2=Roud | first2=Steve | isbn=9780198607663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Easter Lily Tradition and History|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/04/easter-lily-tradition-and-history/|last=Collins|first=Cynthia|date=19 April 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=20 April 2014|quote=The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817151814/https://guardianlv.com/2014/04/easter-lily-tradition-and-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schell|first=Stanley |title=Easter Celebrations|url=https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations |date=1916 |publisher=Werner & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations/page/n96 84]|quote=We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Luther League Review: 1936–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GDTAAAAMAAJ|date=1936|publisher=Luther League of America|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094720/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GDTAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>, na hasa upande wa [[chakula]], kwa mfano [[Yai|mayai]] ya Pasaka <ref name="Jordan2000">{{cite book |author=Anne Jordan |title=Christianity |url=https://archive.org/details/christianity0000jord |date=5 April 2000 |publisher=Nelson Thornes |quote=Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb. The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life, which is going to break out... Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to make red Easter eggs that represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world.}}</ref><ref name="Harbaugh1878">{{cite book|title = The Guardian, Volume 29|publisher=H. Harbaugh|quote=Just so, on that first Easter morning, Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb, and left it, as it were, an empty shell. Just so, too, when the Christian dies, the body is left in the grave, an empty shell, but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God. Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a stone, yet it really has life in it; and also it is like Christ's dead body, which was raised to life again. This is the reason we use eggs on Easter.|year=1878}}</ref><ref name="GeddesGriffiths2002">{{cite book|title = Christian belief and practice|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]]|author= Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths|quote=Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy. They crack their eggs against each other's. The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ's resurrection.|date=22 January 2002|isbn = 9780435306915}}<!--|access-date =14 March 2016--></ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The Church Standard, Volume 74|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|quote=In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day.|author=Vicki K. Black|date=1 July 2004|isbn = 9780819225757}}<!--|access-date =7 April 2012--></ref><ref name=Davis>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/happy-easter-whats-with-the-bunny-and-the-eggs/|title=Easter Traditions Explained|last=Davis|first=David|date=20 April 2014|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Eastertide}} *[http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_category/8/Easter_Season.html Easter Season Resource Library – Crossroads Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011075152/http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_category/8/Easter_Season.html |date=2012-10-11 }} *[http://www.binetti.ru/collectio/liturgia/missale_files/deanno3ed.htm ''Normae Universales de Anno Liturgico et de Calendario''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201145/http://www.binetti.ru/collectio/liturgia/missale_files/deanno3ed.htm |date=2017-04-15 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027095634/http://geocities.com/hashanayobel/christwrit/liturdays.htm Writings on Easter, Eastertide and Lent liturgical days] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020750/http://victorcauchi.fortunecity.com/laudslent/easter0.htm Liturgy of Hours of Eastertide] *[https://www.kidsgen.com/events/easter/eastertide.htm Eastertide: How It's Celebrated in the Americas and Across Europe] *[http://www.ceremoniaire.net/depuis1969/missel_2002/nual_1.html French translation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ceremoniaire.net/depuis1969/missel_2002/nual_1.html |date=20050315183340 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Liturujia]] [[Category:Mwaka wa Kanisa]] 907tqi72clz0cgaivjf0znzeavvw8vu 0 75252 1575946 1444304 2026-06-22T05:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Navassa ISS014.jpg|thumb|right|Navassa kutoka [[anga]]ni.]] '''Navassa''' ni [[kisiwa]] cha [[bahari ya Karibi]] karibu na [[Haiti]] ambacho kinadaiwa na nchi hiyo tangu mwaka [[1801]] kuwa ni chake lakini kinatawaliwa na [[Marekani]] tangu mwaka [[1857]].<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-680247 An America Territory in Haiti] {{Wayback|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-680247 |date=20150202231414 }}, Posted September 29, 2011, CNN iReport</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/navassa.shtml |date = October 1998 |title = Navassa Island: Haiti and the U.S. – A Matter of History and Geography |author = Serge Bellegarde |publisher = windowsonhaiti.com |accessdate = February 6, 2008 |archive-date = 2007-10-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029194027/http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/navassa.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oas.org/juridico/MLA/en/hti/en_hti-int-const.html | title = Haiti: Constitution, 1987 (English translation)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/haiti/rock.htm |title=Whose Rock Is It? Yes, the Haitians Care |first=Larry |last=Rohter |authorlink= |date=October 19, 1998 |work=Port-au-Prince Journal |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 28, 2012 |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}</ref> Kisiwa kina eneo la [[kilometa mraba]] 5.4 lakini hakina wakazi wa kudumu. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * [http://www.archive.org/details/navassaislandrio00gali ''The Navassa Island Riot. Illustrated. Published by the National Grand Tabernacle, Order of Galillean Fishermen, Baltimore, Md.''] * {{cite web| url = http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=195| year = 2001| title = ''Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?''| author = Fabio Spadi| publisher = IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin| accessdate = | archivedate = 2011-01-22| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110122224655/http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=195}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Navassa Island}} * {{Wikiatlas|Navassa Island}} * [http://www.estadodenavaza.galeon.com/ State Of Navaza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.estadodenavaza.galeon.com/ |date=20110711063304 }} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio-Karibi}} [[Category:Visiwa vya Karibi|N]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Amerika Kaskazini|N]] 0pc42f46lrvgyegi19y3lcixqrdw5f2 0 81561 1575792 1419035 2026-06-21T13:16:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kifriuli''' (kwa [[lugha]] hiyo '''Furlan'''; kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Friulano''') ni mojawapo ya [[lugha za Kirumi]], [[tawi]] la [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]] inayotumiwa na watu 600,000 hivi, ambao kati yao 300,000 ndiyo [[Lugha ya kwanza|lugha mama]] yao, wakiwemo hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]] wa [[mkoa]] wa [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[rasi ya Italia]]. == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Friulian language}} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXQOXCGdrRk Short video showing bilingual Italian/Friulian road signs] * [http://www.ondefurlane.eu/ Radio Onde Furlane] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ondefurlane.eu/ |date=20200511022116 }}. ''Radio in Friulian language.'' * [http://www.arlef.it/documents/grafie-uficial-de-lenghe-furlane Grafie uficiâl de lenghe furlane — Agjenzie regjonal pe lenghe furlane (different other language resources)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arlef.it/documents/grafie-uficial-de-lenghe-furlane |date=20110925132159 }} * Dante in furlan: [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/languages/fur] * [http://ebookbrowse.com/search/grafie-lenghe-furlane?match=on eBooks: different language resources)] * [http://www.provincia.udine.it/Pages/default.aspx Provincie di Udin-Provincia di Udine: La lingua friulana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.provincia.udine.it/Pages/default.aspx |date=20110303013710 }} * [http://www.lapatriedalfriul.org/ La Patrie dal Friûl; Magazine and News in Friulian language since 1946] * [http://www.lenghe.net/ Lenghe.net – Online bilingual magazine in Friulian language (2004–2010)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lenghe.net/ |date=20121212234430 }} * [http://www.friul.net/ Online magazine and resources] {{Wayback|url=http://www.friul.net/ |date=20060201230803 }} * [http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/wp4-def-ang.PDF The juridical defence of Friulian (in English)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/wp4-def-ang.PDF |date=20060228235418 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091020104437/http://geocities.com/CollegePark/Union/1702/course.html Course of Friulian] * [http://www.siencis-par-furlan.net/ Friulian Journal of Science] {{Wayback|url=http://www.siencis-par-furlan.net/ |date=20080408195607 }}&nbsp;– an association to foster the use of Friulian in the scientific world * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091018202239/http://geocities.com/athens/styx/9982/index.htm ''Fogolâr furlan'' of Toronto] * [http://www.fogolar.com/ ''Fogolâr Furlan'' of Windsor] * [http://www.filologicafriulana.it/ Societat Filologjiche Furlane] * [http://web.uniud.it/cirf/furlan/welcome.htm Centri interdipartimentâl pe ricercje su la culture e la lenghe dal Friûl "Josef Marchet"]{{Wayback|url=http://web.uniud.it/cirf/furlan/welcome.htm |date=20060106214749 }} * [http://www3.sympatico.ca/rpontisso/firefoxfurlan.htm Friulian version of Firefox browser] {{Wayback|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/rpontisso/firefoxfurlan.htm |date=20060203053520 }} * [http://www.cfl2000.net/ Centri Friûl Lenghe 2000, Online bilingual dictionary (Italian/Friulian) with online tools] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfl2000.net/ |date=20180821121541 }} * [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Furlan-english/ Furlan English Dictionary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Furlan-english/ |date=20120223164907 }} from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ Webster's Online Dictionary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=20120223164907 }} – [[The Rosetta Edition]] * [http://www3.sympatico.ca/rpontisso/c-evo-furlan.html C-evo Furlan] {{Wayback|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/rpontisso/c-evo-furlan.html |date=20160303191646 }} – a computer game in Friulian * [http://www.friul.net/dizionario_nazzi/nazzi_italiano_friulano.php Italian-Friulian Dictionary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.friul.net/dizionario_nazzi/nazzi_italiano_friulano.php |date=20160303035918 }} * [http://www.friul.net/multilingue/index.php Friulian-Italian-Slovenian-German-English-Spanish-French Multilingual Dictionary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.friul.net/multilingue/index.php |date=20160113064653 }} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Friulian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Wayback|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100%5Cier%5Crom&first=0 |date=20200601111649 }} * [http://www.sangiorgioinsieme.it/Diz-friulan-english%20.htm Friulian-English English-Friulian dictionary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sangiorgioinsieme.it/Diz-friulan-english%20.htm |date=20110722053136 }} – ''uses the [[Faggin-Nazzi alphabet]]'' {{mbegu-lugha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friuli}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Kirumi]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Italia]] [[Jamii:Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] 7vck8g3f7mlgzrudyek287ltabi2e7v 0 82744 1575826 1300809 2026-06-21T16:07:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bischheim Temple38.JPG|thumb|300px|Kristo Kuzimu.]] [[File:Harrowing of hell Christ leads Adam by the hand. On scroll in border, the motto 'Entre tenir Dieu le viuelle' (f. 125) Cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Yesu]] akimshika [[mkono]] [[Adamu]], mwaka [[1504]] hivi.]][[Image:Harrowhell.jpg|frame|right|''Kushukia kuzimu'', [[mchoro]] wa [[karne ya 14]] katika ''[[Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry|Petites Heures de Jean de Berry]]''.]] '''Kushukia kuzimu''' ni fundisho la [[imani]] ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]] la kwamba [[Yesu Kristo]], baada ya [[msalaba wa Yesu|kufa msalabani]] siku ya [[Ijumaa kuu]] na kabla ya [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] kwa [[utukufu]] [[usiku]] wa [[Pasaka]], alishukia [[kuzimu]] kwa nguvu ili kutoa [[roho]] za [[waadilifu]] zilizokuwa zikisubiri [[ukombozi]] kutoka kwake.<ref name="warren">{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07143d.htm |title= Harrowing of Hell |first=K. M. |last=Warren|work=Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1910 |accessdate=29 March 2013}}</ref> Msingi katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] ni hasa dondoo la [[1 Pet|Waraka wa kwanza wa Mtume Petro]] 3:18-22 na [[Ef|Waraka wa Mtume Paulo kwa Waefeso]] 4:9<ref>http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a5p1.htm| Section 631</ref> This near-absence in Scripture has given rise to controversy and differing interpretations.<ref>[http://64.33.81.65/ancient/descendit.htm D. Bruce Lockerbie, ''The Apostle's Creed: Do You Really Believe It'' (Victor Books, Wheaton, IL) 1977:53–54, on-line text] {{Wayback|url=http://64.33.81.65/ancient/descendit.htm |date=20100525225112 }}.</ref>. Katika [[karne]] za kwanza za [[Kanisa]], imani hiyo inakiriwa na [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume]] ([[Italia]]) na Ungamo la Imani la [[Atanasi wa Aleksandria|Atanasi]] ([[Misri]]). Ilifundishwa pia na [[Melito wa Sardi]], [[Tertuliani]], [[Hipoliti wa Roma]], [[Origen]], [[Ambrosi]] n.k. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * Trumbower, J. A., "Jesus' Descent to the Underworld," in Idem, ''Rescue for the Dead: The Posthumous Salvation of Non-Christians in Early Christianity'' (Oxford, 2001) (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology), 91-108. * Brinkman, Martien E., "The Descent into Hell and the Phenomenon of Exorcism in the Early Church," in Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen and Hendrik M. Vroom (eds), ''Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies'' (Amsterdam/New York, NY, 2007) (Currents of Encounter - Studies on the Contact between Christianity and Other Religions, Beliefs, and Cultures, 33). * Alyssa Lyra Pitstick, ''Light in Darkness: Hans Urs von Balthasar and the Catholic Doctrine of Christ's Descent into Hel''l (Grand Rapids (MI), Eerdmanns, 2007). * Gavin D'Costa, "Part IV: Christ’s Descent into Hell," in Idem, ''Christianity and World Religions: Disputed Questions in the Theology of Religions'' (Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), * Georgia Frank, "Christ’s Descent to the Underworld in Ancient Ritual and Legend," in Robert J. Daly (ed), ''Apocalyptic Thought in Early Christianity'' (Grand Rapids (MI), Baker Academic, 2009) (Holy Cross Studies in Patristic Theology and History), 211-226. * Hilarion Alfayev, Christ the Conqueror of Hell: The Descent into Hades from an Orthodox Perspective. St Vladimirs Seminary Pr (November 20, 2009) == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category|Harrowing of Hell}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07143d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Harrowing of Hell] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HAN_HEG/HARROWING_OF_HELL.html Encyclopædia Britannica: Harrowing of Hell] {{Wayback|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HAN_HEG/HARROWING_OF_HELL.html |date=20121226145043 }} * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/actspilate.html ''Gospel of Nicodemus'': Descensus Christ ad inferos]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071211142319/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelnicodemus.html The Gospel of Nicodemus] including the Descent into Hell * [http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_18.html Harrowing of Hell] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_18.html |date=20120314020352 }} in the [[Chester Mystery Plays|Chester Cycle]] * [http://www.patzinakia.ro/libri/Harrowing.html Le Harrowing of Hell dans les Cycles de York, Towneley et Chester] {{Wayback|url=http://www.patzinakia.ro/libri/Harrowing.html |date=20060506000017 }}'', by Alexandra Costache-Babcinschi (ebook, French) * [http://www.vatican.va/spirit/documents/spirit_20010414_omelia-sabato-santo_en.html Lord's Descent into Hell, The] * [http://www.icon-art.info/topic.php?lng=en&top_id=70&mode=img Russian Orthodox iconography of the Harrowing of Hell] * [http://www.newadvent.org/summa/405200.htm Summa Theologica: Christ's descent into hell] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/405200.htm |date=20070930005617 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Yesu Kristo]] [[Category:Teolojia]] fk0p5ddosfaa2pmae66ou9jxuvnpvw4 0 89068 1575926 1300812 2026-06-22T03:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map of Mosul.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya Mosul.]] [[Faili:Collage of Mosul.png|alt=Mji wa Iraq wa Mosul|thumb|Mji wa Iraq wa Mosul]] '''Mosul''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]] الموصل, al-Mawṣil, el-Mōṣul; kwa [[Kikurdi]] مووسڵ, kwa [[Kiaramu]] ܡܘܨܠ, Māwṣil) ni [[mji]] wa [[Iraq]] [[kaskazini]], [[kilometa]] 400 hivi mbali na [[Baghdad]], kwenye ukingo wa [[magharibi]] wa [[mto]] [[Tigris]], mkabala wa mji wa kale [[Ninawi]] uliokuwa kwenye ukingo wa [[mashariki]]. [[Jiji]] lina wakazi 1,846,500 ([[2004]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Mosul.aspx |title=Mosul |publisher=''Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa'' |date=1 January 2004}}</ref>wa [[Kabila|makabila]], [[dini]] na [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali<ref>Soane, E.B. ''To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise.'' John Murray: London, 1912. p. 92.</ref><ref>Rev. W.A. Wigram (1929). ''The Assyrians and Their Neighbours.'' London.</ref><ref>Unrepresented Nations and People Organization (UNPO). ''Assyrians the Indigenous People of Iraq'' [1]</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Vyanzo== * {{cite book|last1=Nasiri|first1=Ali Naqi|last2=Floor|first2=Willem M.|title=Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration|date=2008|publisher=Mage Publishers|isbn=978-1933823232|page=309}} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = AFŠĀR | last = Oberling| first = P. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afsar-one-of-the-twenty-four-original-guz-turkic-tribes-t | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 | pages = 582–586 | location = | publisher = | year = 1984 | isbn = |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Rothman|first1=E. Nathalie|title=Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul|date=2015|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801463129|ref=harv}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Mosul}} {{wikivoyage|Mosul}} * [http://ninava-explorer.com/ ninava-explorer] {{Wayback|url=http://ninava-explorer.com/ |date=20170622092141 }} * [http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Mosul.html Iraq Image – Mosul Satellite Observation]{{Wayback|url=http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Mosul.html |date=20120622025800 }} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/mosul_2003.jpg Detailed map of Mosul] by the [[National Imagery and Mapping Agency]], from lib.utexas.edu * {{cite web |author=ArchNet.org |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1944 |title=Mosul |accessdate=2017-03-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210073507/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1944 |archivedate=2012-12-10 }} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Category:Miji ya Iraq]] qobtrnb1bnhp6s44ncjvkv9ronahr25 0 91063 1575896 1300972 2026-06-21T23:01:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mother Jones 1902-11-04.jpg|1,041 × 1,536px|thumb|'''Mama Mary Harris Jones''']] '''Mary Harris''''' Mama '''''Jones''' ([[30]] [[Novemba]] [[1930]]) alikuwa mzaliwa wa Ireland na baadae akawa Mmarekani [[Mwalimu|mwalimu wa shule]] na mtengeneza mavazi, akawa maarufu na kupangwa mwakilishi wa taasisi za kazi na mipango jamii. Yeye alisaidia kuratibu migomo mikubwa na mwanzilishi wa Wafanyakazi wa Viwanda Duniani. Jones alifanya kazi kama mwalimu na mtengeneza mavazi, lakini baada ya mume wake na watoto wanne wote kufariki kwa [[homa ya manjano]] mnamo mwaka 1867 na duka lake la mavazi liliharibiwa na moto mkubwa, Chicago mwaka 1871, yeye alianza kufanya kazi kama mratibu kwa ajili ya Knights wa Kazi na Umoja wa Mgodi na Wafanyakazi wa muungano. Kutoka 1897, alikuwa na umri wa miaka 60, yeye alikuwa anajulikana kama Mama Jones. Mwaka 1902 alijulikana na kuitwa "mwanamke hatari katika Amerika" kwa ajili ya mafanikio yake katika maandalizi ya mgodi na wafanyakazi na familia zao dhidi ya wamiliki wa migodi. Mwaka 1903, na maandamano ya lax utekelezaji wa mtoto na sheria za kazi katika Pennsylvania migodi na hariri mills, yeye alipanga "[[watoto machi]]" kutoka Philadelphia nyumba ya Rais [[Theodore Roosevelt]] kuelekea (Marekani) New York. == Mwanzo wa maisha yake == [[Picha:Mother_Jones_Memorial_in_Cork_Ireland.jpg|alt=The Mother Jones Memorial near her birthplace in Cork Ireland.|left|thumb|Mama Jones Memorial karibu na watani wake katika Cork Ireland.]] Mary Harris Jones alizaliwa upande wa kaskazini wa mji wa [[Cork]], Ireland, binti wa [[Kanisa Katoliki|Roman Katoliki]] mpangaji wakulima Richard Harris na Ellen (nee Cotter) Harris. Yake halisi tarehe ya kuzaliwa haifahamiki, alibatizwa tarehe 1 Agosti 1837. Mary Harris na familia yake walikuwa waathirika wa Ukame wa Eire|Njaa Kubwa, kama zilivyokuwa familia nyingine nyingi za Ireland. Hii njaa ilifukuza zaidi mamlilioni ya familia, ikiwa ni pamoja na familia ya Harris, kuhamia Amerika ya Kaskazini. Kutokana na vifo vilivyosababishwa na njaa mkubwa na uhamaji wa familia, idadi ya watu Ireland ilipungua kwa wastani wa 20-25%. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.motherjonesmuseum.org DVD na virtual makumbusho kuhusu Mama Jones] * [http://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/mary-harris-mother-jones/ Mama Jones: wasifu na Sarah K. Horsley] * [http://www.pathfinderpress.com/s.nl/it.A/id.553/.f Mama Jones Anaongea: Hotuba na Maandiko ya kufanya Kazi Darasa Fighter] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pathfinderpress.com/s.nl/it.A/id.553/.f |date=20180125020156 }} * [http://www.angelfire.com/nj3/RonMBaseman/mojones.htm Free eBook wa Tawasifu ya Mama Jones] * {{Librivox author|id=4197}}LibriVox{{Librivox author|id=4197}} * {{Find a Grave|552}}Kupata Kaburi{{Find a Grave|552}} * [http://www.guidepostusa.com/Listing.aspx?9093 Mama Jones Monument katika GuidepostUSA]{{Wayback|url=http://www.guidepostusa.com/Listing.aspx?9093 |date=20070929032016 }} * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/saptel/sets/72157602372485589/ Mama Jones Plaque katika Adelphi, MD] * [http://motherjones175.wordpress.com Mama Jones Tamasha, Cork, Ireland] * http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/0702/1224319184340.html [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1837]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1930]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] pd1ilqroiqusn2mxy4t7ypfoizdr969 0 92847 1575937 1449463 2026-06-22T04:49:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Graduale Aboense 2.jpg|thumb|[[Wimbo wa mwanzo]] ''Gaudeamus omnes'', ulioandikwa kwa [[nota]] maalumu za mraba katika [[karne ya 14]] au [[karne ya 15|15]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Muziki wa Kigregori''' ni aina nyofu ya [[muziki wa Kikristo]] inayotumia [[sauti]] [[moja]] tu tena bila ya kusindikizwa na [[ala]] yoyote. Ndio muziki rasmi wa [[Kanisa la Kilatini]]<ref name=Catholic>[http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v8.html The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, Second Vatican Council] {{Wayback|url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v8.html |date=20170908060338 }}; [[Pope Benedict XVI]]: [http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=44963 Catholic World News 28&nbsp;June&nbsp;2006] both accessed 5&nbsp;July&nbsp;2006</ref> ambao ulistawi [[Ulaya magharibi]] na [[Ulaya ya Kati|ya kati]] katika [[karne ya 9]] na [[Karne ya 10|ya 10]]. [[Jina]] linatokana na [[hadithi]] ya kwamba [[Papa Gregori I]] ndiye aliyeagiza utumike [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * ''Graduale triplex'' (1979). Tournai: Desclée& Socii. ISBN 2-85274-094-X * ''Graduale Novum'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2011 ISBN 978-3-940768-15-5 * ''Graduale Lagal'' (1984 / 1990) Chris Hakkennes, Stichting Lagal Utrecht ISBN 90-800408-2-7 * ''Liber usualis'' (1953). Tournai: Desclée& Socii. * [http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/liberusualis.pdf Liber Usualis (1961) in PDF format] (115 MB) * {{cite book |last=Apel |first=Willi |year=1990 |title=Gregorian Chant |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-20601-4}} * {{cite web |last=Chew |first=Geoffrey |last2=Szendrei |first2=Richard Rastall, David Hiley and Janka |url=http://www.grovemusic.com |title=Notation |work=Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy |accessdate=27 June 2006 |archivedate=2007-07-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVcssKES?url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ }} * {{cite book |last=Crocker |first=Richard |title=The Early Medieval Sequence |url=https://archive.org/details/earlymedievalseq0000croc |publisher=University of California Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-520-02847-3 }} * {{cite web |last=Dyer |first=Joseph |url=http://www.grovemusic.com |title=Roman Catholic Church Music |pages=Section VI.1 |work=Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy |accessdate=28 June 2006 |archivedate=2007-07-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVcssKES?url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ }} * {{cite book |last=Grout |first=Donald |title=A History of Western Music |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0000grou_r4s8 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |location=New York |year=1960 |isbn=0-393-09537-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Hiley |first=David |year=1990 |chapter=Chant |title=Performance Practice: Music before 1600 |url=https://archive.org/details/performancepract0000unse_y1a4 |editor-first=Howard Mayer |editor-last=Brown |editor2-first=Stanley |editor2-last=Sadie |pages=[https://archive.org/details/performancepract0000unse_y1a4/page/n52 37]–54 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-02807-0}} * {{cite book |last=Hiley |first=David |title=Western Plainchant: A Handbook | publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-816572-2}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Hoppin |title=Anthology of Medieval Music |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1978 |isbn=0-393-09080-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Hoppin |first=Richard |title=Medieval Music |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmusic00hopp |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1978 |isbn=0-393-09090-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Le Mée |first=Katharine |title=Chant: The Origins, Form, Practice, and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant |url=https://archive.org/details/chantoriginsform0000leme |publisher=Harmony |year=1994 |isbn=0-517-70037-9 }} * {{cite web |last=Levy |first=Kenneth |url=http://www.grovemusic.com |title=Plainchant |pages=Section VI.1 |work=Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy |accessdate=20 January 2006 |archivedate=2007-07-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVcssKES?url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ }} * {{cite journal |last=Mahrt |first=William P |title=Gregorian Chant as a Paradigm of Sacred Music |journal=Sacred Music |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=5–14 |url=http://www.musicasacra.com/publications/sacredmusic/133/1/1_1.html }} *{{cite book |last=Mahrt |first=William P. |year=2000 |chapter=Chant |title=A Performer's Guide to Medieval Music |editor-first=Ross |editor-last=Duffin |pages=1–22 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33752-6}} * {{cite book |editor-last=McKinnon |editor-first=James |title= Antiquity and the Middle Ages |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1990 |isbn=0-13-036153-4}} * {{cite web |last=McKinnon |first=James W |url=http://www.grovemusic.com |title=Christian Church, music of the early |work=Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy |accessdate=11 July 2006 |archivedate=2007-07-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QVcssKES?url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Neuls-Bates |editor-first=Carol |year=1996 |title=Women in Music |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmusicanth0000neul |publisher=Northeastern University Press |location=Boston |isbn=1-55553-240-3 }} * {{cite web |last=Novum |first=Canticum |url=http://interletras.com/canticum/Eng/index1_Eng.html |title=Lessons on Gregorian Chant: Notation, characteristics, rhythm, modes, the psalmody and scores |accessdate=11 July 2006 }} * {{cite book |last=Parrish |first=Carl |year=1986 |title=A Treasury of Early Music |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc. |location=Mineola, New York |isbn=0-486-41088-9}} * {{cite book |editor-last= Robinson |editor-first=Ray |title= Choral Music |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=1978 |isbn=0-393-09062-0}} * {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Peter |year=1911 |title=Einführung in die Gregorianischen Melodien. Ein Handbuch der Choralwissenschaft |url=https://archive.org/details/einfhrungindie02wagn |language=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=Breitkopf & Härtel }} * {{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Justine Bayard |title=The Reform in Church Music |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |date=April 1906 |volume=97 |pages=455-463}} [http://www.musicasacra.com/publications/sacredmusic/pdf/ward.pdf Reprint] at MusicaSacra.com website (accessed 20 January 2014). * {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=David |title= Music of the Middle Ages | publisher=Schirmer Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-02-872951-X}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Gregorian chant}} * [http://interletras.com/canticum/Eng/index1_Eng.html Canticum Novum, Lessons on Gregorian Chant] – Notation, characteristics, rhythm, modes, the psalmody and scores * "[http://musicasacra.com/communio/ Sheet Music, Chant Books, Hymns for download]" from musicasacra.com ([[Church Music Association of America]]) * The [https://archive.org/details/TheLiberUsualis1961 1961 ''Liber Usualis''] compares, ''inter alia'', modern and chant notations. It is also a handy reference for all the types of neumes. * [http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/music/Gregorian%20Chant/greg_chant.pdf Singing Gregorian Chant: Pitch and Mode] {{Wayback|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/music/Gregorian%20Chant/greg_chant.pdf |date=20160305092130 }} * [http://www.thecatholicchoirbook.com/ Free Gregorian Chant School Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thecatholicchoirbook.com/ |date=20170913102708 }} * [http://sites.google.com/site/gregorianicantus/Home Gregoriani Cantus. Gregorian Chant Free Fonts under Creative Commons License (Spanish)] * [http://www.communityofjesus.org/worship/gregorian-chant/ The Divine Office in Latin at the Community of Jesus] {{Wayback|url=http://www.communityofjesus.org/worship/gregorian-chant/ |date=20140626111609 }} * [http://gregoriano.Paulinyi.com Course for Gregorian Chant in Brasília] * [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/logrono Spanish Chant Manuscript] – A collection of Gregorian chants, hymns and psalms (Spain, 1575–1625) from the UBC Library Digital Collections * Concertzender Gregoriaans Radio – [http://streams.greenhost.nl:8080/gregoriaans.m3u live stream] * [http://www.gregor-und-taube.de/index.html] Website of Anton Stingl jun. including articles and editions of Sankt Gallen notations * [http://www.aiscgre.de German speaking section of AISCGre] * [http://www.aiscgre.it Italian section of AISCGre] * [https://verbumchanting.wixsite.com/main "The living textbook" on the choral notation of the Gregorian chant] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] bj7gpuibc6x768px9gy36h6fweyl134 0 94446 1575931 1521398 2026-06-22T04:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg|thumb|[[Beseni]] la mto Ogowe.]] [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Mto Ogooué.]] [[File:Fan women and child, banks of the Ogoway.jpg|thumb|[[Wanawake]] na [[watoto]] mtoni (1890-1893).]] '''Mto Ogowe''' (au '''Ogooué''') ndio [[mto]] muhimu zaidi wa [[Gabon]], na ni wa [[nne]] kwa wingi wa [[maji]] [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] (baada ya [[mto Kongo]], [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Zambezi]])<ref name="readersnatural">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/275 275]|quote=|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.|via=}}</ref>. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake ni katika [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[delta]] yake kubwa ni kwenye [[ghuba ya Guinea]] ([[bahari ya Atlantiki]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} * Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 10-13. Paris, France: Edicef. * Petringa, Maria. ''Brazza, A Life for Africa''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. {{ISBN|9781-4259-11980}}. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin. * [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]. 2003. ''African Adventure Atlas'' Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. * Gardinier David. 1994. ''Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2nd Edition''. USA: The Scarercrow Press, Inc. * Direction General de L'Environnement.1999. ''Stratégie nationale et Plan D'action sur la biodiversité biologique du Gabon''. * ''The Atlas of Africa''. Pg 201. by Regine Van Chi-Bonnardel. Jeune Afrique Editions. * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14-15. Paris, France: Edicef. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm World Resources Institute map of Ogooué watershed] {{Wayback|url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm |date=20031110014559 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Ogoué River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108125758/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html Maria Petringa's 1997 "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza: Brief Life of a Lover of Africa" about Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin] * [http://www.mokelembembe.com/ Website about the dinosaur hunt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mokelembembe.com/ |date=20031020230344 }} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} {{coord|2|40|S|14|30|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Atlantiki| ]] [[Category:Mito ya Gabon|O]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika|O]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo|O]] 0jqtld2n2e7d1i7tj4oqzvygu1b3dad 0 96137 1575821 1536906 2026-06-21T15:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Izbornik.jpg|thumb|174px|Konstantino akiwa kijana nyuma ya wazazi wake mwaka 1073.]] '''Konstantino wa Murom''' (kwa [[Kirusi]]: Святой Блаженный [[Knyaz|Князь]] Константин; alifariki [[mwaka]] [[1129]]) alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa [[mfalme]] [[Svyatoslav II]] wa [[Kiev]] na [[mjukuu]] wa [[Vladimir I]]. Alimuomba [[baba]] yake atawala [[mji]] wa [[Murom]], ili kuingiza katika [[Ukristo]] [[wazazi]] wake waliokuwa [[Wapagani]].<ref name=Walsh>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8mUJ58SMMhEC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Constantine+of+Murom&source=bl&ots=ZSxHumYGHj&sig=gSn79HqFoLSy1XsW-aw9prKetjQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKrc6nuPjNAhWIFh4KHQjlAUAQ6AEINzAI#v=onepage&q=Constantine%20of%20Murom&f=false Walsh, Michael J., "Constantine of Murom", ''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West'', Liturgical Press, 2007] {{ISBN|9780814631867}}</ref> Kazi hiyo ilishindikana mpaka alipowaonyesha [[picha takatifu]] ya [[Mama wa Mungu]]: hapo walisujudu.<ref>[http://www.icon.lt/list/murom.htm Murom-Ryazan icon of the Mother of God]</ref> Kwa msaada wake, mwanae Fyodor aliendeleza umisionari katika eneo lote la kandokando. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[21 Mei]].<ref> ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3302/sxsaintinfo.aspx Οἱ Ἅγιοι Κωνσταντίνος, Μιχαὴλ καὶ Θεόδωρος οἱ Πρίγκιπες καὶ Θαυματουργοί].'' 21 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061257/http://www.days.ru/Life/life1117.htm A reference in Russian Orthodox Calendar] * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=101454 Life of the saint] from the website of the [[Orthodox Church in America]]. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 11]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1129]] [[Category:Wamisionari]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Urusi]] 5npth9u4f4ysusigvqgkpe8wobt4lb4 0 96495 1575817 1301091 2026-06-21T14:45:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (au '''Bukara''') ni [[kisiwa]] kimojawapo cha [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa, [[kilometa]] 10 [[kaskazini]] kwa [[kisiwa cha Ukerewe]] ambacho ndicho kikubwa kuliko vyote vya [[Ziwa|ziwani]] katika [[bara]] la [[Afrika]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] * [[Wakara]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://uta.uwazi.com/index.php?id=map Detailed map of Ukerewe and Ukara islands]{{Wayback|url=http://uta.uwazi.com/index.php?id=map |date=20120315174022 }} * [http://www.mwanza-guide.com/jpg/gallery/ukara/galley1.htm Mwanza Guide commented photo gallery of Ukara Island] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mwanza-guide.com/jpg/gallery/ukara/galley1.htm |date=20110714141310 }} * [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C13FE3E5E1B728DDDA90A94DE405B808EF1D3 "Bukara"], [[New York Times]], June 20, 1920. Article on Ukara Island's economy. * [https://mises.org/library/lesson-ukara "The Lesson of Ukara"], E. Berton Spence, ''The Free Market'' ([[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] monthly), December 1999. * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] jfw5emx0r2rb8ij27yneicytj4ic1zs 0 99326 1575964 1574199 2026-06-22T08:00:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} {{Infobox university |jina = Osh Uzbek Music na Drama Theater |native_name = {{lang-uz|Бобур номли Ўш Давлат академик ўзбек мусиқали драма театри}} |jina_la_picha = Ош өзбек театры.jpg |ukubwa_wa_picha = 300px |picha_alt = |maelezo_ya_picha= Jengo hilo |jina_la_kilatini= History Theatrum Osh Uzbecorum Musica<br />et in eius nomine nuncupetur Babur |wito = |wito_sw = |kimeanzishwa = [[1914]] |mwanzilishi = Rakhmonberdi Madazimov |wito = |picha = |aina = Theater |wakfu = |undergrad = |postgrad = 500 |chansela = |vice_chancellor = |kampasi = |mji = [[Osh]] |affiliations = |jimbo = |nchi = [[Kirgizia]] |tovuti = }} '''Osh Uzbek Music na Drama Theater''' ni uwanja wa kale wa wataalamu huko [[Kyrgyzstan]], uwanja wa pili wa ukumbi wa michezo huko [[Asia ya Kati]]. ==Historia== Mwaka wa [[1914]], chini ya uongozi wa Rakhmonberdi Madazimov, pamoja na mwalimu wa shule ya Urusi ya asili ya Osh, Baltykhodzhoy Sultanov kilianzisha kikundi cha maonyesho. Mkurugenzi wa kwanza wa sanaa ya uwanja wa michezo Madazimov Rakhmonberdi alikuwa mwanzilishi wa kwanza na mratibu wa harakati ya maonyesho huko [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Theatre ya Babur huko Osh ni ukumbusho wa zamani zaidi katika [[Asia ya Kati]], baada ya Theatre National Academic Drama Theatre iliyoitwa baada ya Hamza huko [[Tashkent]] (iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa [[1913]]-27 mwaka [[1914]]). == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310012811/http://ru.sputnik.kg/culture/20160117/1021630041.html Спектакль "Барсбек" будет представлять Кыргызстан на международном фестивале в Турции] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202215028/http://www.echoosha.narod.ru/March07/deti.htm <small>Актёрская династия</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202205819/http://www.echoosha.narod.ru/December08/teatr.htm <small>Они стояли у истоков</small>] * [http://www.alliance-press.kg/ru/news/view/717 <small>27 марта – Всемирный день театра</small>] * [http://rus.kg/news_rus/interesno_rus/50898-k-100-letiyu-stareyshego-teatra-kyrgyzstana.html <small>К 100 летию старейшего театра Кыргызстана</small>]{{Wayback|url=http://rus.kg/news_rus/interesno_rus/50898-k-100-letiyu-stareyshego-teatra-kyrgyzstana.html |date=20180606231549 }} * [http://slovo.kg/?p=96889 <small>Старейшему театру Кыргызстана — 100 лет</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://slovo.kg/?p=96889 |date=20180426064100 }} * [https://daryo.uz/k/2018/03/30/markaziy-osiyodagi-eng-keksa-professional-teatr-100-yoshga-toldi/ <small>Марказий Осиёдаги энг кекса профессионал театр 100 ёшга тўлди</small>] * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/60162_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ Люди, которые меняли мир] * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/77551_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ <small>Люди, которые меняли мир</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403110620/https://www.peoplelife.ru/174413 Биографии известных людей] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091305/http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ky-kg/39812?cl=ru-ru <small>Указ Президента Кыргызстана №354 от 14.10.2004 года</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151001122051/http://www.knews.kg/culture/39275_osh_stareyshiy_teatr_respubliki_otmetil_svoe_95-letie/ <small>Ош старейший театр республики отметил своё 95-летие</small>] * [http://www.24kg.org/kultura/2757/ <small>В Кыргызстане Ошскому узбекскому театру музыкальной драмы 95 лет</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://www.24kg.org/kultura/2757/ |date=20160425211706 }} * [http://www.osh.turmush.kg/ru/news:93883 <small>Ошский академический узбекский музыкально-драматический театр имени Бабура 29 ноября отметит своё 95-летие</small>] * [http://www.for.kg/news-298789-ru.html <small>В Ошском театре имени Бабура за 95-летний период работы поставлено около 600 спектаклей</small>] {{Wayback|url=http://www.for.kg/news-298789-ru.html |date=20180826150333 }} * [http://www.ozodlik.org/content/article/26717554.html <small>Ўш ўзбек академик театри 95-йиллигини нишонлади</small>] * [http://moodle.pharmi.uz/library/books/ensiklopediya/O'zbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20O'%20harfi.pdf <small>Национальная энциклопедия Узбекистана</small>]{{Wayback|url=http://moodle.pharmi.uz/library/books/ensiklopediya/O%27zbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20O%27%20harfi.pdf |date=20180712190834 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705040903/https://www.open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/art/theater/115-teatr-kyrgyzstana-v-20-80-godah.html <small>Театр Кыргызстана в 20-80 годах</small>] * [https://ru.sputnik.kg/culture/20170120/1031370028/vice-premer-uzbekistana-poobeshchal-50-tys-starejshemu-teatru-kr.html <small>Директор ошского театра: вице-премьер Узбекистана пообещал нам $50 тыс.</small>] * [http://slovo.kg/?p=52879 "Барсбек" покажут на международном фестивале] {{Wayback|url=http://slovo.kg/?p=52879 |date=20190402181655 }} * [http://uza.uz/ru/culture/demonstratsiya-druzhby-i-sotrudnichestva-16-02-2017 <small>Демонстрация дружбы и сотрудничества</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023421/http://teatrbabur.kg/index.php/ru/istoriya-2 <small>Официальный сайт театра</small>] * [http://www.alliance-press.kg/uz/news/view/35 <small>Открылся 97-сезон театра</small>] * [http://www.nlkg.kg/ru/society/grimasy-i-kaprizy-obezyany <small>Гримасы и капризы Обезьяны</small>] * [http://tyup.net/page/babur-atyndagy-osh-mamlekettik-akademik-oacutecopyzbek-muzykaluu-drama-teatry Бабур атындагы Ош Мамлекеттик академик өзбек музыкалуу драма театры] {{Wayback|url=http://tyup.net/page/babur-atyndagy-osh-mamlekettik-akademik-oacutecopyzbek-muzykaluu-drama-teatry |date=20180810210123 }} * [https://24.kg/obschestvo/60162_segodnya_vbishkeke_informatsionnaya_karta/ Люди, которые меняли мир] * [http://www.bbc.com/uzbek/uzbekistan-40191001 "Жайдари келин" чегара оша томоша кўрсатди] * [https://centre1.com/kyrgyzstan/v-oshe-postavili-dushevnye-smyateniya-babura-s-pomoshhyu-uzbekistana/ <small>В Оше поставили «Душевные смятения Бабура» с помощью Узбекистана</small>] {{Wayback|url=https://centre1.com/kyrgyzstan/v-oshe-postavili-dushevnye-smyateniya-babura-s-pomoshhyu-uzbekistana/ |date=20180828203242 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180210202307/http://www.alliance-press.kg/ru/news/view/614 <small>Пред юбилейный сезон театра имени Бабура</small>] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171028185017/http://vlast.kg/art/teatr-imeni-babura-100-let-na-sluzhbe-u-mul-tikul-turalizma-i-polie-tnichnosti/ <small>Театр имени Бабура: 100 лет на службе у мультикультурализма и полиэтничности</small>] * [https://newspaperarchive.com/frunze-sovetnik-kyrgyzstan-aug-29-1972-p-4/ <small>Газета "Советтик Киргизстан" №203 29.08.1972 г. стр.4</small>] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=264L-aepbFQ <small>Документальный фильм студия "Кыргызтелефильм" "Ошский государственный узбекский музыкально-драматический театр имени Бабура"</small>] {{coord|40.5331|72.7967|type:landmark|display=inline}} [[Jamii:Majengo ya Kirgizia]] acff1swntz8k1sddf7bac38v5gw8ghy 0 108184 1575838 1191252 2026-06-21T18:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lokichokio.jpg|thumb|Lokichogio]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Lokichogio |picha_ya_satelite = Un c-130 food delivery rumbek sudan.jpg |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Lokichokio katika Kenya |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Turkana|Turkana]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=4 |latm=12 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=34 |longm=21 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} '''Lokichogio''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Kenya]] [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]], [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[Eneo bunge la Turkana Magharibi]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. Una wakazi 20,878. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://bergen.katolsk.no/kenyaweb/kenya.jpg The town on Kenya map] * [http://robrooker.com/photos?album=1&gallery=12 Photos of Lokichokio from Rob Rooker] {{Wayback|url=http://robrooker.com/photos?album=1&gallery=12 |date=20220819071012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406020411/http://vader.mindtel.com/users/davew/images-00/1a/lokichoggio/ Photos of Loki by Dave Warner] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022534/http://www.jimwitt.ca/gallery2/main.php/ Photos of Loki by James Witteveen] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] 6ak51m1q8n27kvlfri8vn6392adltxf 0 109298 1575837 1301224 2026-06-21T18:16:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lodja''' ni [[mji]] ulio [[makao makuu]] ya [[mkoa wa Sankuru]], katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (zamani ilijulikana kama [[Zaire]]). Makadirio ya [[idadi]] ya [[watu]] ni 70,555 ([[2006]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gpro&lng=de&gln=xx&des=gamelan&dat=500&geo=-46&col=aohdfim&pt=c&va=&geo=311456342{{Wayback|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1&men=gpro&lng=de&gln=xx&des=gamelan&dat=500&geo=-46&col=aohdfim&pt=c&va=&geo=311456342 |date=20120205235032 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Sankuru]] teooo9w7rogagee1uors397mvft4ik7 0 111014 1575952 1522183 2026-06-22T06:15:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor |jina = Nicole Kidman |picha = Nicole Kidman Cannes 2017 4.jpg |maelezo ya picha = Nicole Kidman kwenye Cannes Film Festival, mnamo 2017. |jina la kuzaliwa = Nicole Mary Kidman |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|6|20}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2013-06-21_1264/page/26|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=21 June 2013|issue=1264|page=26}}</ref> |mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[Marekani]]. |kazi yake = Mwigizaji |miaka ya kazi = 1983–mpaka sasa |ndoa = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Tom Cruise]]|24 December 1990|8 August 2001|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Keith Urban]]|25 June 2006|29 September 2025|reason=divorced}}}} }} '''Nicole Mary Kidman''' (amezaliwa [[20 Juni]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Australia]] ambaye ni [[raia]] wa [[Marekani]] pia. Kidman alianza kuigiza mnamo [[1983]], akiwa kwenye [[filamu]] ya ''Bush Christmas'' na ''BMX Bandits''. Kidman alianza kujulikana ulimwenguni pindi alipoigiza kwenye filamu ya ''Far and Away''([[1992]]), ''Batman Forever''([[1995]]), ''To Die For''([[1995]]) na ''Eyes Wide Shut''([[1999]]). Alipokea uteuzi mbili wa [[Academy Award]] kwa ajili ya uigizaji wake kwenye filamu ya ''Moulin Rouge!'' Kidman aliwahi kuolewa na muigizaji [[Tom Cruise]] na hatimaye, wakaachana. Baada ya hapo, Kidman aliolewa na mwimbaji [[Keith Urban]], mnamo [[2006]]. Kidman amezaa [[watoto]] wanne. ==Filamu== [[File:Nicole Kidman Cannes 2013 2.jpg|thumb|Nicole Kidman, kwenye Cannes Film Festival, mnamo 2013|263x263px]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"|Jina !scope="col"|Mwaka !scope="col"|Aligiza kama !scope="col"|Mtayarishaji !scope="col" class="unsortable"|Maelezo !scope="col" class="unsortable"|Marejeo |- !scope="row"|''Bush Christmas'' |1983 |{{sort|Thompson|Helen Thompson}} |{{sort|Safran|Henri Safran}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/86296/Bush-Christmas/overview |title=Bush Christmas (1983) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |last=Mannikka |first=Eleanor |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420040411/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/86296/Bush-Christmas/overview |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''BMX Bandits'' |1983 | Judy |{{sort|Trenchard-Smith|Brian Trenchard-Smith}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3515/BMX-Bandits/details |title=BMX Bandits (1983) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420042006/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/3515/BMX-Bandits/details |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Wills & Burke'' |1984 |{{sort|Matthews|Julia Matthews}} |{{sort|Weis|Bob Weis}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/118745/Wills-and-Burke-The-Untold-Story/overview |title=Wills and Burke&nbsp;– The Untold Story (1985) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420034823/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/118745/Wills-and-Burke-The-Untold-Story/overview |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Windrider'' |1986 |Jade |{{sort|Monton|Vince Monton}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/54756/Windrider/details |title=Windrider (1986) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420042002/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/54756/Windrider/details |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''{{sort|Bit|The Bit Part}}'' |1987 |{{sort|McAllister|Mary McAllister}} |{{sort|Maher|Brendan Maher}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/139800/The-Bit-Part/overview |title=The Bit Part (1987) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |last=Pavlides |first=Dan |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420040406/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/139800/The-Bit-Part/overview |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Emerald City'' |1988 |{{sort|Davey|Helen Davey}} |{{sort|Jenkins|Michael Jenkins}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/features/emerald-city/clip1/ |title=Emerald City (1988) clip 1 on ASO |publisher=[[Australian Screen Online]] |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419211249/http://aso.gov.au/titles/features/emerald-city/clip1/ |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Dead Calm'' |1989 |{{sort|Ingram|Rae Ingram}} |{{sort|Noyce|Philip Noyce}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dead-calm-1989 |title=Dead Calm Movie Review & Film Summary (1989) |publisher=Roger Ebert |date=7 April 1989 |accessdate=25 March 2015 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |authorlink=Roger Ebert |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323214703/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dead-calm-1989 |archivedate=23 March 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Days of Thunder'' |1990 |{{sort|Lewicki|Dr. Claire Lewicki}} |{{sort|Scott|Tony Scott}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CEFD6103BF934A15755C0A966958260 |title=Days of Thunder (1990) Review/Film; Tom Cruise and Cars, and a Lot of Them |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |date=27 June 1990 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Maslin |first=Janet |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222140925/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C0CEFD6103BF934A15755C0A966958260 |archivedate=22 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Flirting'' |1991 |{{sort|Radcliffe|Nicola Radcliffe}} |{{sort|Duigan|John Duigan}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brian McFarlane|author2=Geoff Mayer|author3=Ina Bertrand|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJcYAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-553797-0|page=162}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Billy Bathgate'' |1991 |{{sort|Preston|Drew Preston}} |{{sort|Benton|Robert Benton}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-11-01/entertainment/9104080408_1_dutch-schultz-loren-dean-drew-preston |title=Dutch Treat |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]] |date=1 November 1991 |last=Kehr |first=David |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204159/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-11-01/entertainment/9104080408_1_dutch-schultz-loren-dean-drew-preston |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Far and Away'' |1992 |{{sort|Christie|Shannon Christie}} |{{sort|Howard|Ron Howard}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE0DE173EF931A15756C0A964958260 |title=Far and Away (1992) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] |date=22 May 1986 |accessdate=9 December 2014 |last=James |first=Caryn |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221184048/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0CE0DE173EF931A15756C0A964958260 |archivedate=21 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Malice'' |1993 |{{sort|Safian|Tracy Safian}} |{{sort|Becker|Harold Becker}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/101054/Malice/details |title=Malice (1993) |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]] |accessdate=25 March 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420040413/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/101054/Malice/details |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''My Life'' |1993 |{{sort|Jones|Gail Jones}} |{{sort|Rubin|Bruce Joel Rubin}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/my-life-1993 |title=My Life Movie Review & Film Summary |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=12 November 1993 |publisher=Roger Ebert |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220254/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/my-life-1993 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Batman Forever'' |1995 |{{sort|Meridian|Dr. Chase Meridian}} |{{sort|Schumacher|Joel Schumacher}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/batman-forever-1995 |title=Batman Forever Movie Review & Film Summary (1995) |publisher=Roger Ebert |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=16 June 1995 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509085120/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/batman-forever-1995 |archivedate= 9 May 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''To Die For'' |1995 |{{sort|Maretto|Suzanne Stone Maretto}} |{{sort|Van Sant|Gus Van Sant}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510060129_1_alison-folland-russell-hines-tv-fame |title=Blond Ambition |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=Tony W. Hunter |date=6 October 1995 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Wilmington |first=Michael |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419210814/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-06/entertainment/9510060129_1_alison-folland-russell-hines-tv-fame |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Portrait of a Lady'' |1996 |{{sort|Archer|Isabel Archer}} |{{sort|Campion|Jane Campion}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121756 |title=The Portrait of a Lady (1996)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213043/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121756 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Peacemaker'' |1997 |{{sort|Kelly|Dr. Julia Kelly}} |{{sort|Leder|Mimi Leder}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121756 |title=The Peacemaker (1997)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213043/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121756 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Practical Magic'' |1998 |{{sort|Owens|Gillian Owens}} |{{sort|Dunne|Griffin Dunne}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121654 |title=Practical Magic (1998)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419203840/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121654 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Eyes Wide Shut'' |1999 |{{sort|Harford|Alice Harford}} |{{sort|Kubrick|Stanley Kubrick}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/eyes-wide-shut-1117742974/ |title=Review: 'Eyes Wide Shut' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=12 July 1999 |accessdate=9 December 2014 |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105061847/http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/eyes-wide-shut-1117742974/ |archivedate= 5 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Moulin Rouge!'' |2001 |Satine |{{sort|Luhrmann|Baz Luhrmann}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=SMH/> |- !scope="row"|''The Others'' |2001 |{{sort|Stewart|Grace Stewart}} |{{sort|Amenábar|Alejandro Amenábar}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/nicole-kidman-finally-speaks-in-new-grace-of-monaco-trailer |title=Nicole Kidman finally speaks in new 'Grace of Monaco' trailer |publisher=[[HitFix]] |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Lodge |first=Guy |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220754/http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/nicole-kidman-finally-speaks-in-new-grace-of-monaco-trailer |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Birthday Girl'' |2001 |Nadia<br>Sophia |{{sort|Butterworth|Jez Butterworth}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/431387/Birthday-Girl/full-credits.html |title=Birthday Girl (2001) |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |accessdate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref><br><ref name=Rabey>{{cite book|first=David Ian|last=Rabey|title=The Theatre and Films of Jez Butterworth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCXbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-8428-8|page=80}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Hours'' |2002 |{{sort|Woolf|Virginia Woolf}} |{{sort|Daldry|Stephen Daldry}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=SMH>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/21/1040174434763.html |title=Nicole's dramatic transformation |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |date=22 December 2002 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Thomas |first=Brett |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125932/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/21/1040174434763.html |archivedate=24 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Dogville'' |2003 |{{sort|Mulligan|Grace Margaret Mulligan}} |{{sort|von Trier|Lars von Trier}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ballet|first1=Jérôme|last2=Bazin|first2=Damien|last3=Dubois|first3=Jean-Luc |last4=Mahieu|first4=François-Régis|title=Freedom, Responsibility and Economics of the Person|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sa43AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=31 July 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-13999-5|page=8|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''In the Cut'' |2003 |align="center"|— |{{sort|Campion|Jane Campion}} |Producer |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=NYTgraph/> |- !scope="row"|''The Human Stain'' |2003 |{{sort|Farley|Faunia Farley}} |{{sort|Benton|Robert Benton}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-11-09/news/0311090314_1_coleman-silk-human-stain-faunia-farley |title=Appearances pale next to acting in 'Human Stain' |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]] |date=9 November 2003 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Wilmington |first=Michael |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214359/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-11-09/news/0311090314_1_coleman-silk-human-stain-faunia-farley |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Cold Mountain'' |2003 |{{sort|Monroe|Ada Monroe}} |{{sort|Minghella|Anthony Minghella}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cold-mountain-2003 |title=Cold Mountain Movie Review & Film Summary (2003) |publisher=Roger Ebert |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=24 December 2003 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204746/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/cold-mountain-2003 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Stepford Wives'' |2004 |{{sort|Eberhart|Joanna Eberhart}} |{{sort|Oz|Frank Oz}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2004/06/09/stepford-wives |title=The Stepford Wives |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=6 September 2004 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Schwartz |first=Andrew |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219164844/http://www.ew.com/article/2004/06/09/stepford-wives |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Birth'' |2004 |Anna |{{sort|Glazer|Jonathan Glazer}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_Film_of_the_week/0,4267,1343418,00.html |title=Birth |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |date=5 November 2004 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012042544/http://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_Film_of_the_week/0%2C4267%2C1343418%2C00.html |archivedate=12 October 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''No. 5 the Film'' |2004 |Mwenyewe |{{sort|Luhrmann|Baz Luhrmann}} |Filamu fupi |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Film/Every-second-counts-in-42m-threeminute-film/2004/11/22/1100972313772.html |title=Every second counts in $42m three–minute 'film' |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |date=22 November 2004 |accessdate=16 September 2015 |last=Edwardes |first=Charlotte |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108143918/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Film/Every-second-counts-in-42m-threeminute-film/2004/11/22/1100972313772.html |archivedate= 8 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Interpreter'' |2005 |{{sort|Broome|Silvia Broome}} |{{sort|Pollack|Sydney Pollack}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-interpreter-2005 |title=The Interpreter Movie Review & Film Summary (2005) |last=Ebert |first=Roger |publisher=Roger Ebert |date=22 April 2005 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419211936/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-interpreter-2005 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Bewitched'' |2005 |{{sort|Bigelow|Isabel Bigelow}}<br>Samantha |{{sort|Ephron|Nora Ephron}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=bewitch>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-06-24/entertainment/0506240325_1_isabel-bigelow-bewitched-tv-elizabeth-montgomery |title='Bewitched' |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publisher=Tony W. Hunter |date=24 June 2005 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Wilmington |first=Michael |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419205456/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-06-24/entertainment/0506240325_1_isabel-bigelow-bewitched-tv-elizabeth-montgomery |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Fur'' |2006 |{{sort|Arbus|Diane Arbus}} |{{sort|Shainberg|Steven Shainberg}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/oct/24/nicolekidman |title='She was a personality exploding' |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |date=24 October 2006 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Macnab |first=Geoffrey |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419205037/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/oct/24/nicolekidman |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Happy Feet'' |2006 |{{sort|Jean|Norma Jean}} |{{sort|Miller|George Miller}} |Sauti |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121688 |title=Happy Feet (2006)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419203644/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121688 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Invasion'' |2007 |{{sort|Bennell|Dr. Carol Bennell}} |{{sort|Hirschbiegel|Oliver Hirschbiegel}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/movies/17inva.html?_r=0|title=Pod People Propagating With a Fierce Indigestion|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]]|date=17 August 2007|accessdate=18 April 2015|last=Dargis|first=Manohla}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Margot at the Wedding'' |2007 |Margot |{{sort|Baumbach|Noah Baumbach}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121542 |title=Margot at the Wedding (2007)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419202912/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121542 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Golden Compass'' |2007 |{{sort|Coulter|Marisa Coulter}} |{{sort|Weitz|Chris Weitz}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-golden-compass-2007 |title=The Golden Compass Movie Review (2007) |publisher=Roger Ebert |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419210738/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-golden-compass-2007 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Australia'' |2008 |{{sort|Ashley|Lady Sarah Ashley}} |{{sort|Luhrmann|Baz Luhrmann}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/28/australia-review |title=Australia |work=[[The Observer]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |date=28 December 2008 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=French |first=Philip |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419202923/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/28/australia-review |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Nine'' |2009 |{{sort|Jenssen|Claudia Jenssen}} |{{sort|Marshall|Rob Marshall}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121664 |title=Nine (2009)&nbsp;– Nicole Kidman in pictures |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213158/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/11260530/Nicole-Kidmans-film-roles-in-pictures.html?frame=3121664 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Rabbit Hole'' |2010 |{{sort|Corbett|Becca Corbett}} |{{sort|Mitchell|John Cameron Mitchell}} |Mtayarishaji |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/11/news/la-en-rabbithole-20110111-1 |title=Nicole Kidman and Aaron Eckhart go down the 'Rabbit Hole' together |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=[[Austin Beutner]] |date=11 January 2011 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213426/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/11/news/la-en-rabbithole-20110111-1 |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Just Go with It'' |2011 |{{sort|Adams|Devlin Adams}} |{{sort|Dugan|Dennis Dugan}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/just-go-with-it-2011 |title=Just Go With It Movie Review & Film Summary (2011) |publisher=Roger Ebert |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=9 February 2011 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024549/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/just-go-with-it-2011 |archivedate=27 March 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Trespass'' |2011 |{{sort|Miller|Sarah Miller}} |{{sort|Schumacher|Joel Schumacher}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/film/nf7pg/trespass |title=Trespass |work=[[Radio Times]] |publisher=[[Immediate Media Company]] |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Aldridge |first=Dave |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214550/http://www.radiotimes.com/film/nf7pg/trespass |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Monte Carlo'' |2011 |align="center"|— |{{sort|Bezucha|Thomas Bezucha}} |Mtayarishaji |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=NYTgraph>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/38065/Nicole-Kidman/filmography |title=Nicole Kidman&nbsp;– Filmography&nbsp;– Movies & TV |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]] |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420041934/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/38065/Nicole-Kidman/filmography |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Paperboy'' |2012 |{{sort|Bless|Charlotte Bless}} |{{sort|Daniels|Lee Daniels}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/film-review-the-paperboy-is-a-trashy-tale-but-kinky-kidman-still-delivers-8535214.html |title=Film review: The Paperboy is a trashy tale, but kinky Kidman still delivers |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Limited |last=Quinn |first=Anthony |date=15 March 2013 |accessdate=30 October 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119200335/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/film-review-the-paperboy-is-a-trashy-tale-but-kinky-kidman-still-delivers-8535214.html |archivedate=19 November 2014 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Stoker'' |2013 |{{sort|Stoker|Evelyn Stoker}} |{{sort|Chan-wook|Park Chan-wook}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/03/01/173170459/a-disappointing-thriller-channels-hitchcock-and-bram-stoker |title=A Disappointing Thriller Channels Hitchcock And Bram 'Stoker' |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=28 February 2013 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Edelstein |first=David |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220312/http://www.npr.org/2013/03/01/173170459/a-disappointing-thriller-channels-hitchcock-and-bram-stoker |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Railway Man'' |2013 |{{sort|Lomax|Patti Lomax}} |{{sort|Teplitzky|Jonathan Teplitzky}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/26/nicole-kidman-the-railway-man-true-story |title=Nicole Kidman: 'I try never to be governed by fear' |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |date=26 December 2013 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406130623/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/26/nicole-kidman-the-railway-man-true-story |archivedate= 6 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Grace of Monaco'' |2014 |{{sort|Kelly|Grace Kelly}} |{{sort|Dahan|Olivier Dahan}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/08/grace-of-monaco-nicole-kidman-film-review-mark-kermode |title=Grace of Monaco review&nbsp;– not Nicole Kidman's finest hour |work=[[The Observer]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |date=8 June 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Kermode |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Kermode |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413201824/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/08/grace-of-monaco-nicole-kidman-film-review-mark-kermode |archivedate=13 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Before I Go to Sleep'' |2014 |{{sort|Lucas|Christine Lucas}} |{{sort|Joffé|Rowan Joffé}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/10/31/358569441/before-i-go-to-sleep-is-an-amnesia-thriller-youll-hope-to-forget |title='Before I Go To Sleep' Is An Amnesia Thriller You'll Hope To Forget |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=31 October 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Taylor |first=Ella |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424044217/http://www.npr.org/2014/10/31/358569441/before-i-go-to-sleep-is-an-amnesia-thriller-youll-hope-to-forget |archivedate=24 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Paddington'' |2014 |{{sort|Clyde|Millicent Clyde}} |{{sort|King|Paul King}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11078509/Nicole-Kidman-Paddington-film-is-too-vicious-for-my-children-to-see.html |title=Nicole Kidman: Paddington film is too vicious for my children to see |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |date=5 September 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420194751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11078509/Nicole-Kidman-Paddington-film-is-too-vicious-for-my-children-to-see.html |archivedate=20 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Strangerland'' |2015 |{{sort|Parker|Catherine Parker}} |{{sort|Farrant|Kim Farrant}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/strangerland-sundance-review-766522 |title='Strangerland': Sundance Review |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |date=23 January 2015 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |last=Van Hoejj |first=Boyd |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406070952/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/strangerland-sundance-review-766522 |archivedate= 6 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Queen of the Desert'' |2015 |{{sort|Bell|Gertrude Bell}} |{{sort|Herzog|Werner Herzog}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/berlin-film-review-queen-of-the-desert-1201426352/ |title=Berlin Film Review: 'Queen of the Desert' |last=Debrudge |first=Peter |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=16 April 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419222057/http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/berlin-film-review-queen-of-the-desert-1201426352/ |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|The Family Fang'' |2015 |{{sort|Fang|Annie Fang}} |{{sort|Bateman|Jason Bateman}} |Mtayarishaji |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chang |first=Justin |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/toronto-film-review-jason-batemans-the-family-fang-1201593590/ |title=Toronto Film Review: 'The Family Fang' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=14 September 2015 |accessdate=19 September 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918003316/http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/toronto-film-review-jason-batemans-the-family-fang-1201593590/ |archivedate=18 September 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|{{sort|Secret|''Secret in Their Eyes}}'' |2015 |{{sort|Sloane|Claire Sloane}} |{{sort|Ray|Billy Ray}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/secret-in-their-eyes-review-1201637157/ |title=Film Review: 'Secret in Their Eyes' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate=22 November 2015 |last=Chang |first=Justin |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121212402/http://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/secret-in-their-eyes-review-1201637157/ |archivedate=21 November 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Genius'' |2016 |{{sort|Bernstein|Aline Bernstein}} |{{sort|Grandage|Michael Grandage}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/genius-film-review-1201706276/ |title=Berlin Film Review: 'Genius' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=16 February 2016 |accessdate=6 March 2016 |last=Debruge |first=Peter |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181348/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/genius-film-review-1201706276/ |archivedate= 5 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Lion'' |2016 |{{sort|Brierley|Sue Brierley}} |{{sort|Davis|Garth Davis}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/all-star-cast-hits-hobart-to-tell-saroo-brierleys-story-to-the-world/story-fnj4f7k1-1227302840389 |title=All–star cast hits Hobart to tell Saroo Brierley’s story to the world |work=[[The Mercury (Hobart)]] |date=13 April 2015 |accessdate=8 September 2015 |last=Hope |first=Emma |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014012909/http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/all-star-cast-hits-hobart-to-tell-saroo-brierleys-story-to-the-world/story-fnj4f7k1-1227302840389 |archivedate=14 October 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''How to Talk to Girls at Parties'' |2017 |{{sort|Boad|Queen Boadicea}} |{{sort|Mitchell|John Cameron Mitchell}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2017/05/16/nicole-kidman-punks-talk-girls-parties-set-1970s-croydon/|title=Nicole Kidman punks up for How to Talk to Girls at Parties, set in 1970s Croydon|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 May 2017|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''The Killing of a Sacred Deer'' |2017 |{{sortname|Anna|Murphy|nolink=1}} |{{sort|Lanthimos|Yorgos Lanthimos}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/the-killing-of-a-sacred-deer-review-1202439468/|title=Cannes Film Review: 'The Killing of a Sacred Deer'|work=Variety|date=22 May 2017|last=Debruge|first=Peter|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|{{sort|Beguiled|''The Beguiled''}} |2017 |{{sortname|Martha|Farnsworth|nolink=1}} |{{sort|Coppola|Sofia Coppola}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/beguiled-review-1007101|title='The Beguiled': Film Review|date=24 May 2017|accessdate=24 May 2017|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|{{sort|Upside|''The Upside''}} |2017 |Yvonne |{{sort|Burger|Neil Burger}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/01/nicole-kidman-amara-karan-the-intouchables-remake-bryan-cranston-kevin-hart-1201879970/ |title='Lion's Nicole Kidman, Amara Karan Eye 'Intouchables' Remake |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Mike |last=Fleming Jr.|date=9 January 2017 |accessdate=7 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080130/http://deadline.com/2017/01/nicole-kidman-amara-karan-the-intouchables-remake-bryan-cranston-kevin-hart-1201879970/ |archivedate=11 February 2017 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/upside-review-1037099|title='The Upside': Film Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=9 September 2017|accessdate=21 October 2017|last=Mintzer|first=Jordan}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| ''Destroyer'' |2018 |Erin Bell |{{sort|Kusama|Karyn Kusama}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theplaylist.net/nicole-kidman-star-karyn-kusamas-destroyer-20170808/ |first=Jordan |last=Ruimy |title=Nicole Kidman To Star In Karyn Kusama’s ‘Destroyer’ |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=8 August 2017|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Boy Erased'' |2018 |{{sortname|Nancy|Eamons|nolink=1}} |{{sort|Edgerton|Joel Edgerton}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/cherry-jones-michael-flea-balzary-joel-edgertons-boy-erased-1202158541/ |first=Amanda |last=N'Duka |title=Cherry Jones, Michael "Flea" Balzary Join Joel Edgerton's 'Boy Erased' |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=30 August 2017|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Aquaman'' |2018 |{{sortname|Queen|Atlanna|nolink=1}} |{{sort|Wan|James Wan}} | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Sperling|first=Nicole|title=Nicole Kidman explains why she's diving in for Aquaman |url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/03/31/nicole-kidman-why-she-joined-aquaman/|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=31 March 2017|deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401035901/http://ew.com/movies/2017/03/31/nicole-kidman-why-she-joined-aquaman/ |archivedate= 1 April 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''The Goldfinch'' |2019 |Mrs. Barbour |John Crowley |''Post-production'' |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180123006389/en/Filming-Underway-Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Amazon-Studios|title=Filming is Underway on Warner Bros. Pictures and Amazon Studios’ Powerful Drama "The Goldfinch"|last=|first=|date=January 23, 2018|work=BusinessWire|access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> |- !scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Fair and Balanced'' |2019 |Gretchen Carlson |{{sort|Roach|Jay Roach}} |''Post-production'' |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/film/news/nicole-kidman-gretchen-carlson-roger-ailes-movie-1202858792/ Nicole Kidman to Play Gretchen Carlson in Fox News Movie (EXCLUSIVE)]</ref> |} ==Televisheni== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !scope="col"| Jina !scope="col"| Mwaka !scope="col"|Aliigiza kama !scope="col"|Stesheni !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Maelezo !scope="col" class="unsortable" | Marejeo |- !scope="row"|''Skin Deep'' |1983 |{{sort|Henderson|Sheena Henderson}} |Nine Network |Filamu |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-nicole-kidman |title=Nicole Kidman |publisher=[[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] |accessdate=19 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419210458/http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-nicole-kidman |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Chase Through the Night'' |1983 |Petra |ABC | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/464425/Chase-Through-the-Night/|title=Chase Through the Night (1983)|publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Matthew and Son'' |1984 |Bridget Elliot |Network Ten | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=bio/> |- !scope="row"|''A Country Practice'' |1984 |{{sort|Jenkins|Simone Jenkins}} |Seven Network |Vipindi 2 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=bio/> |- !scope="row"|''Five Mile Creek'' |1985 |Annie |Seven Network |Vipindi 12 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|first=Ed|last=Andreychuk|title=Louis L'Amour on Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICrqx0NOLjoC&pg=PA151|date=23 December 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5717-5|pages=151–153}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Archer'' |1985 |Catherine |Network Ten | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Scott|title=Australia on the small screen, 1970–1995: the complete guide to tele-features and mini-series|url=https://archive.org/details/australiaonsmall00murr|year=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/australiaonsmall00murr/page/6 6]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Winners'' |1985 |{{sort|Trig|Carol Trig}} |Network Ten |Kipindi: "Room to Move" |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Lucy|last2=Sutherland|first2=Bryony|title=Nicole Kidman: the biography|url=https://archive.org/details/nicolekidmanbiog00elli|date=October 2002|publisher=Aurum|page=[https://archive.org/details/nicolekidmanbiog00elli/page/24 24]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/tv/winners-room-move/ |title=Winners&nbsp;– Room to Move |publisher=[[Australian Screen Online]] |accessdate=19 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418165345/http://aso.gov.au/titles/tv/winners-room-move/ |archivedate=18 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''An Australian in Rome'' |1987 |Jill |ABC | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Lucy|last2=Sutherland|first2=Bryony|title=Nicole Kidman: the biography|url=https://archive.org/details/nicolekidmanbiog00elli|date=October 2002|publisher=Aurum|page=[https://archive.org/details/nicolekidmanbiog00elli/page/45 45]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Vietnam'' |1987 |{{sort|Goddard|Megan Goddard}} |Network Ten | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C805255?mainTabTemplate=workFilmDetails |title=Vietnam |publisher=[[AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource]] |accessdate=18 April 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419213311/http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C805255?mainTabTemplate=workFilmDetails |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Watch the Shadows Dance'' |1987 |{{sort|Gabriel|Amy Gabriel}} |Nine Network | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Scott|title=Australia on the small screen, 1970–1995: the complete guide to tele-features and mini-series|url=https://archive.org/details/australiaonsmall00murr|year=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/australiaonsmall00murr/page/161 161]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Bangkok Hilton'' |1989 |{{sort|Stanton|Katrina Stanton}} |Network Ten | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-10-09/features/1990282169_1_bangkok-hilton-nicole-kidman-miniseries |title=TBS' 'Bangkok Hilton' is weighty, absorbing |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |publisher=Timothy E. Ryan |date=9 October 1990 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=McKerrow |first=Steve |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419210240/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-10-09/features/1990282169_1_bangkok-hilton-nicole-kidman-miniseries |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Saturday Night Live'' |1993 |Mwenyewe |NBC |Kipindi: "Nicole Kidman / Stone Temple Pilots" |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/season-19/episode/7-nicole-kidman-with-stone-temple-pilots-63596 |title=SNL Season 19 Episode 7 |publisher=[[NBC]] |accessdate=21 August 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126171823/http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/season-19/episode/7-nicole-kidman-with-stone-temple-pilots-63596 |archivedate=26 November 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |2012 |{{sort|Gellhorn|Martha Gellhorn}} |HBO | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/box-seat/age-becomes-her-kidman-shines-in-hemingway-love-story-20120913-25tyr.html |title=Age becomes her: Kidman shines in Hemingway love story |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |date=13 September 2012 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Hambly |first=Natalie |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923100430/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/box-seat/age-becomes-her-kidman-shines-in-hemingway-love-story-20120913-25tyr.html |archivedate=23 September 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|''Hello Ladies: The Movie'' |2014 |Mwenyewe |HBO | |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/reviews/tv-review-hello-ladies-the-movie-1201353061/ |title=TV Review: 'Hello Ladies: The Movie' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=19 November 2014 |accessdate=18 April 2015 |last=Lowry |first=Brian |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214749/http://variety.com/2014/tv/reviews/tv-review-hello-ladies-the-movie-1201353061/ |archivedate=19 April 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" align="center"|''Big Little Lies'' |2017–hadi leo |{{sort|Wright|Celeste Wright}} |HBO |Vipindi 7 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/reviews/tv-review-big-little-lies-hbo-reese-witherspoon-nicole-kidman-jean-marc-vallee-1201979575/ |title=TV Review: 'Big Little Lies' |work=Variety |last=Saraiya |first=Sonia |date=8 February 2017 |accessdate=20 April 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093843/http://variety.com/2017/tv/reviews/tv-review-big-little-lies-hbo-reese-witherspoon-nicole-kidman-jean-marc-vallee-1201979575/ |archivedate=21 April 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" align="center"|''Top of the Lake'' |2017 |{{sortname|Julia|Edwards|nolink=1}} |BBC Two |Vipindi 6 |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roshanian |first1=Arya |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-nicole-kidman-in-top-of-the-lake-1201941037/ |title=TV News Roundup: First Look at Nicole Kidman in 'Top of the Lake: China Girl' |date=December 13, 2016 |work=Variety |accessdate=20 April 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073540/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-nicole-kidman-in-top-of-the-lake-1201941037/ |archivedate= 5 April 2017 |df= }}</ref> |- !scope="row" align="center" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''The Undoing'' |2019 |Grace Sachs |HBO |TBA |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |title=HBO Orders ‘The Undoing’ Limited Series With ‘BLL’s Nicole Kidman Starring & David E. Kelley Writing |url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/hbo-the-undoing-nicole-kidman-david-e-kelley-1202336501/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |accessdate=23 July 2018 |date=13 March 2018}}</ref> |- |} == Tamthilia == {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Jina !Aliigiza kama !Mtayarishaji !Maelezo !Marejeo |- |1998 |''The Blue Room'' |Various Characters |Sam Mendes |Donmar Warehouse | |- |2015 |''Photograph 51'' |Rosalind Franklin |Michael Grandage |Noël Coward Theatre | |} ==Tuzo== === Academy Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''Moulin Rouge!'' | rowspan="3" |Academy Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |{{won}} | |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |} === Golden Globe Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1992 |''Billy Bathgate'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- |1996 |''To Die For'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical |{{won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''The Others'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical |{{won}} |- |2003 |''The Hours'' | rowspan="4" |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |{{won}} | |- |2004 |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2005 |''Birth'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''The Paperboy'' | rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |rowspan=2|2018 |rowspan=2|''Big Little Lies'' |Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |{{won}} | |- |Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film |{{won}} | |- |2019 |''Destroyer'' |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Aliteuliwa | |- |} === Primetime Emmy Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |''Big Little Lies'' |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series |{{won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie |{{won}} |} === Producers Guild of America Award === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2018 |''Big Little Lies'' |Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama |Aliteuliwa | |} === Screen Actors Guild Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 | rowspan="2" |''The Hours'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa |- |2010 |''Nine'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''The Paperboy'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie |Aliteuliwa |- |2016 |''Grace of Monaco'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie |Aliteuliwa | |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role |Aliteuliwa | |- |2018 |''Big Little Lies'' |Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie |{{won}} | |} === JoBlo.com === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="4" |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2001/1 2001] | rowspan="2" |''The Others'' |Breakthrough Performance of the Year |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2001/1/|title=Golden Schmoes Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Actress of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |''Moulin Rouge!'' |{{won}} |- |Nicole Kidman |Favorite Celebrity of the Year |{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2002/1 2002] |''The Hours'' |Best Actress of the Year |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003023/2002/1/|title=Golden Schmoes Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Nicole Kidman |Favorite Celebrity of the Year |Aliteuliwa |} === MTV Movie & TV Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1993 |''Far and Away'' |MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo <small>(pamoja na [[Tom Cruise]])</small> |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |1996 |''To Die For'' | rowspan="2" |MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Female |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Batman Forever'' |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="4" |2002 | rowspan="4" |''Moulin Rouge!'' |MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie |{{won}} | rowspan="4" | |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie |Aliteuliwa |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie <small>(pamoja na [[Ewan McGregor]])</small> |{{won}} |- |MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss <small>(pamoja na [[Ewan McGregor]])</small> |Aliteuliwa |} === Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''Batman Forever'' |Favorite Movie Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2006 | rowspan="2" |Nicole Kidman |Awesome Aussie |Aliteuliwa | |- |2007 |Favorite Movie Star |Aliteuliwa | |} === People's Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |Favorite Motion Picture Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2005 |''The Stepford Wives'' | rowspan="2" |Favorite Female Movie Star |Aliteuliwa | |- |2006 |''Bewitched'' ''The Interpreter'' |Aliteuliwa | |} === Teen Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2009 |''Australia'' |Choice Movie Actress - Drama |Aliteuliwa | |} === Alliance of Women Film Journalists === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2006/1 2006] |''Bewitched'' | rowspan="3" |Actress Most In Need of a New Agent |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2006/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2006)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2007/1 2007] |''Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2007/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2008/1 2008] |''The Golden Compass'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2008/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2011/1 2011] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2011/1/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2013/2/?ref_=ev_eh 2013] |''The Paperboy'' |Actress Most In Need of a New Agent |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001984/2013/2/|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2013-2)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations?ref_=ev_eh 2018] |''Destroyer'' |Actress defying age and ageism |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations?ref_=ev_eh 2018] |''Destroyer'' |Bravest performance |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |- |[https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations?ref_=ev_eh 2018] |''Nicole Kidman'' |Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry for a banner year of performances in DESTROYER, BOY ERASED and AQUAMAN, and for opening opportunity or women in production. |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations|title=Alliance of Women Film Journalists (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |} === [http://www.afca.org.au/ Australian Film Critics Association awards] === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2014/1 2014] |''The Railway Man'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2014/1/|title=Australian Film Critics Association Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2016/1 2016] |''Strangeland'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2016/1/|title=Australian Film Critics Association Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2018/1 2018] |''Lion'' | rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2016/1/|title=Australian Film Critics Association Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003128/2018/1 2019] |''Boy Erased'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.auscritic.com/afca-2019-awards.html|title=Australian Film Critics Association Awards (2019)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191337/http://www.auscritic.com/afca-2019-awards.html}}</ref> |} === [http://www.awardscircuit.com/acca/ Award Circuit Community awards]{{Wayback|url=http://www.awardscircuit.com/acca/ |date=20190310092042 }} === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/1999/1 1999] |''Eyes Wide Shut'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/1999/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (1999)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2001/1 2001] | rowspan="2" |''Moulin Rouge!'' |{{won}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2001/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Best Cast Ensemble |Aliteuliwa |- |''The Others'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2002/1 2002] | rowspan="2" |''The Hours'' |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2002/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Cast Ensemble |{{won}} |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2003/1 2003] |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2003/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2010/1 2010] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2010/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2012/1 2012] |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress in a Television Movie or Miniseries |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2012/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2017/1 2017] |''Big Little Lies'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002990/2017/1/|title=Awards Circuit Community Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1995 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1995 |''To Die For'' |Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress |{{won}} | |} === Critics' Choice Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' | rowspan="3" |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} | |- |2002 |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 | rowspan="2" |''The Hours'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |Best Acting Ensemble |Aliteuliwa | |- |2004 |''Cold Mountain'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |''Big Little Lies'' |Best Lead Actress in a Movie Made for Television or Limited Series |{{won}} | |- |Best Movie Made for Television or Limited Series (as Producer) |{{won}} | |- |2019 |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2018-12-10|title=24th Critics' Choice Awards|url=http://www.criticschoice.com/2018/12/announcing-nominees-24th-annual-critics-choice-awards/|journal=Critics' Choice Awards|language=en|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802151427/http://www.criticschoice.com/2018/12/announcing-nominees-24th-annual-critics-choice-awards/|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214141549/http://www.criticschoice.com/2018/12/announcing-nominees-24th-annual-critics-choice-awards/}}</ref> |} === [https://cofca.org/ Central Ohio Film Critics Association awards] === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2011/1 2011] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2011/1/|title=Central Ohio Film Critics Association (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2018/1 2018] {{Wayback|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2018/1 |date=20190602192409 }} |''The Beguiled'' ''The Killing of a Sacred Deer'' |Actress of the Year |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2018/1/|title=Central Ohio Film Critics Association (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602192409/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001325/2018/1}}</ref> |} === Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2003 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000163/2003/1 2003] |''The Hours'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000163/2003/1/|title=Chicago Film Critics Association Awards (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2002/1 2002] |''Moulin Rouge!'' | rowspan="5" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2002/1/|title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2003/1 2003] |''The Hours'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2003/1/|title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2004/1 2004] |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2004/1/|title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2010/1 2010] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000201/2010/1/|title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Destroyer'' |#2 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://awardswatch.com/2018/12/17/dallas-ft-worth-film-critics-association-awards-a-star-is-born-is-best-picture/|title=Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407105543/https://awardswatch.com/2018/12/17/dallas-ft-worth-film-critics-association-awards-a-star-is-born-is-best-picture/}}</ref> |- |} === [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002175/2017/1 Denver Film Critics Society awards] === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002175/2017/1 2017] |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002175/2017/1/|title=Denver Film Critics Society (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Detroit Film Critics Society === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001985/2010/1 2010] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001985/2010/1/|title=Detroit Film Critics Society, US (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === [http://fcca.com.au/ Film Critics Circle of Australia awards] {{Wayback|url=http://fcca.com.au/ |date=20190331204620 }} === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2002/1 2002] |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Best Actor - Female |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2002/1/|title=Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2014/1 2014] |''The Railway Man'' | rowspan="2" |Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2014/1/|title=Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2016/1 2016] |''Strangeland'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000061/2016/1/|title=Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2017-award-nominees/ 2017] {{Wayback|url=http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2017-award-nominees/ |date=20190407104009 }} |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2017-award-nominees/|title=Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310191440/http://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2017-award-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[https://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2018-awards/ 2018] {{Wayback|url=https://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2018-awards/ |date=20190407104037 }} |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2018-awards/|title=Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|archive-date=2019-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220616/https://fcca.com.au/previous_awards/2018-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |} === Dorian Awards| === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002507/2018/1 2018] |''Big Little Lies'' |TV Performance of the Year - Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002507/2018/1/|title=Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association (GALECA) (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dorian-award-nominations-favourite-pose-lead-1173113 2019] |''Nicole Kidman'' |Wilde Artist of the Year |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dorian-award-nominations-favourite-pose-lead-1173113|title=Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association (GALECA) (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Georgia Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002281/2017/1 2017] |''Lion'' |Georgia Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002281/2017/1/|title=Georgia Film Critics Association (GAFCA) (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Greater Western New York Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2018 |''Boy Erased'' |Greater Western New York Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-greater-western-new-york-film-critics-association-gwnyfca-nominations|title= Film Critics Association (GWNYFCA) (2018)|website=nextbestpicture.com|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> |} === Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Kansas City Film Critics Circle awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000383/2001/1 2001] |''The Others'' |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000383/2001/1/|title=Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Las Vegas Film Critics Society awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2002/2/?ref_=ev_eh 2002] |''The Hours'' | rowspan="3" |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2002/2/|title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards (2002-2)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2004/1 2004] |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2004/1/|title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2010/1 2010] |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000392/2010/1/|title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === London Film Critics' Circle === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/1996/1 1996] |''[[To Die For]]'' | rowspan="4" |Actress of the Year |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/1996/1/|title=London Critics Circle Film Awards (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2002/1 2002] |''Moulin Rouge!'' ''The Others'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2002/1/|title=London Critics Circle Film Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2004/1 2004] |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2004/1/|title=London Critics Circle Film Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2005/1 2005] |''Birth'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000403/2005/1/|title=London Critics Circle Film Awards (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/ 2018] {{Wayback|url=http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/ |date=20181204053833 }} |''Destroyer'' |Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/|title=Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Announces Its 2nd Year Nominations|website=LAOFCS|access-date=2018-12-07|archive-date=2018-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053833/http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |} === Nevada Film Critics Society === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/ 2018] {{Wayback|url=http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-announces-its-2nd-year-nominations/ |date=20181204053833 }} |''Destroyer'' |Best Actress (pamoja na Toni Colette) |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/112-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2018-awards-for-achievement-in-film|title=Nevada Film Critics Society Announces Its 2018 winners|website=NFCS|access-date=2018-12-07|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407104009/http://www.nevadafilmcriticssociety.org/index.php/nevada-film-critics-society-awards/112-the-nevada-film-critics-society-s-2018-awards-for-achievement-in-film}}</ref> |} === New York Film Critics Circle === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000484/1995/1 1995] |''To Die For'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000484/1995/1/|title=New York Film Critics Circle Awards (1995)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000484/1996/1 1996] |''The Portrait of a Lady'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000484/1996/1/|title=New York Film Critics Circle Awards (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === North Carolina Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003272/2017/1 2017] |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003272/2017/1/|title=North Carolina Film Critics Association (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[https://ncfilmcritics.org/?p=699 2018] |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ncfilmcritics.org/?p=699|title=North Carolina Film Critics Association (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === North Texas Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001982/2018/1 2018] |''The Killing of a Sacred Deer'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001982/2018/1/|title=North Texas Film Critics Association, US (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === [http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ Online Film & Television Association awards] {{Wayback|url=http://ofta.cinemasight.com/ |date=20160222120254 }} === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/4th-annual-film-awards-1999/ 2000] |''Eyes Wide Shut'' | rowspan="3" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/4th-annual-film-awards-1999/|title=4th Annual Film Awards (1999) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |[http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/6th-annual-film-awards-2001/ 2002] |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/6th-annual-film-awards-2001/|title=6th Annual Film Awards (2001) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |''The Others'' |Aliteuliwa |- | rowspan="2" |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Best Music, Adapted Song ("Elephant Love Medley") |Aliteuliwa |- |Best Music, Adapted Song ("The Show Must Go On") |Aliteuliwa |- |[http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/7th-annual-film-awards-2002/ 2003] |''The Hours'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/film-awards/7th-annual-film-awards-2002/|title=7th Annual Film Awards (2002) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |[http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/17th-annual-tv-awards-2012-13/ 2012] |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Best Lead Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/17th-annual-tv-awards-2012-13/|title=17th Annual TV Awards (2012-13) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/21st-annual-tv-awards-2016-17/ 2017] |''Big Little Lies'' |Best Lead Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/21st-annual-tv-awards-2016-17/|title=21st Annual TV Awards (2016-17) - Online Film & Television Association|website=www.oftaawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |} === Online Film Critics Society === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Others'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa | |} === [https://www.phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/ Phoenix Film Critics Society awards] {{Wayback|url=https://www.phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/ |date=20190407104018 }} === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001104/2002/1 2002] |''The Others'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001104/2002/1/|title=Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001104/2003/1 2003] | rowspan="2" |''The Hours'' |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001104/2003/1/|title=Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Best Acting Ensemble |Aliteuliwa |} === San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2016 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |[https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000580/2016/1 2016] |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000580/2016/1/|title=San Diego Film Critics Society Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |[http://www.sdfcs.org/2018-award-winners/ 2018] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2018-award-winners/ |date=20181211133615 }} | rowspan="2" |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/2018-award-winners/|title=2018 San Diego Film Critics Society’s Award Winners|website=SDFCS|access-date=2018-12-07|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2018-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133615/http://www.sdfcs.org/2018-award-winners/}}</ref> |- |Best Ensemble |Aliteuliwa |} === Seattle Film Critics awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Hours'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000859/2002/1/|title=Seattle Film Critics Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Southeastern Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000620/1996/1/|title=Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2002 |''The Hours'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000620/2002/1/|title=Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === St. Louis Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001983/2010/1/|title=St. Louis Film Critics Association, US (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === TCA Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2017 |''Big Little Lies'' |TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama |Aliteuliwa | |} === Utah Film Critics Association awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Hours'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002541/2002/1/|title=Utah Film Critics Association Awards (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002541/2010/1/|title=Utah Film Critics Association Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2003 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000866/2003/1/|title=Vancouver Film Critics Circle (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2009 |''Nine'' |Best Ensemble |Aliteuliwa | |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |[http://wafca.com/awards/ 2018] |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2017-12-02|title=The 2018 WAFCA Awards|url=http://wafca.com/awards/|journal=The Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|language=en}}</ref> |} === Women Film Critics Circle === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2006 |''Happy Feet'' |Best Animated Female <small>(pamoja na [[Brittany Murphy]])</small> |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003081/2006/1/|title=Women Film Critics Circle Awards (2006)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Destroyer'' |Courage in acting |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nextbestpicture.com/latest/the-2018-women-film-critics-circle-wfcc-winners|title=Women Film Critics Circle Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} ===Women's Image Network Awards=== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Best Actress in a Made for Television Movie |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002887/2012/1/|title=Women's Image Network Awards (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Baja International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2017 |Nicole Kidman |Outstanding Work in Cinema award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001718/2017/1/|title=Baja International Film Festival (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Berlin International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |Silver Bear for Best Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000091/2003/1/|title=Berlin International Film Festival (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Cannes Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2017 |Nicole Kidman |70th Anniversary Prize |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000147/2017/1/|title=Cannes Film Festival (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Capri Hollywood International Film Festival === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2016 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001243/2016/1/|title=Capri, Hollywood (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Global Non-Violent Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003648/2012/1/|title=Global Nonviolent Film Festival (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Heartland Film Festival Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Truly Moving Picture award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000317/2010/1/|title=Heartland Film Festival (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Hollywood Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |''Moulin Rouge!'' ''The Others'' ''Birthday Girl'' |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000326/2001/1/|title=Hollywood Film Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000326/2016/1/|title=Hollywood Film Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Destroyer'' ''Boy Erased'' |Career Achievement Award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.hollywoodawards.com/2018/11/hollywood-film-awards-marked-the-launch-of-awards-season/|title=THE 22ND ANNUAL "HOLLYWOOD FILM AWARDS®" MARKED THE LAUNCH OF AWARDS SEASON WITH A STAR-STUDDED EVENING|website=Hollywood Film Awards|access-date=2018-11-18|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2018-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106115111/https://www.hollywoodawards.com/2018/11/hollywood-film-awards-marked-the-launch-of-awards-season/}}</ref> |} === Mill Valley Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2016 |Nicole Kidman |Festival Tribute |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001535/2016/1/|title=Mill Valley Film Festival (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === New York Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2012 |Nicole Kidman |Gala Tribute |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000489/2012/1/|title=New York Film Festival (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Noir in Festival 2018 === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2018 |''Destroyer'' |Special mention |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tg24.sky.it/spettacolo/cinema/2018/12/08/noir-in-festival-vincitori.html |title=Noir in Festival 2018, ecco i vincitori |language=it |year=2018|website=tg24.sky.it|access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> |} === Palm Springs International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2005 |Nicole Kidman |Chairman's award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000521/2005/1/|title=Palm Springs International Film Festival (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Lion'' |International Star award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000521/2017/1/|title=Palm Springs International Film Festival (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Santa Barbara International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2011 |Nicole Kidman |Cinema Vanguard award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000589/2011/1/|title=Santa Barbara International Film Festival (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Seattle International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1995 |''To Die For'' |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000600/1995/1/|title=Seattle International Film Festival (1995)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === SESC Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2005 |''Dogville'' |Best Foreign Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002530/2005/1/|title=SESC Film Festival, Brazil (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Shanghai International Film Festival awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2014 |Nicole Kidman |Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000605/2014/1/|title=Shanghai International Film Festival (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === ShoWest Convention awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1992 | rowspan="2" |Nicole Kidman |Female Star of Tomorrow |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000608/1992/1/|title=ShoWest Convention, USA (1992)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2002 |Distinguished Decade of Achievement in Film |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000608/2002/1/|title=ShoWest Convention, USA (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === AACTA International awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004240/2013/1/|title=AACTA International Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004240/2017/1/|title=AACTA International Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''The Killing of a Sacred Deer'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004240/2018/1/|title=AACTA International Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Destroyer'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|title=AACTA International Awards (2019)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/international-awards/|title=AACTA International Awards (2019)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === American Cinematheque Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |Nicole Kidman |American Cinematheque award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000735/2003/1/|title=American Cinematheque Gala Tribute (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605061204/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000735/2003/1/}}</ref> |} === [[American Comedy Awards|American Comedy awards]] === '''0 wins''' of 1 nomination {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' |Funniest Lead Actress in a Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000019/1996/1/|title=American Comedy Awards, USA (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Australian Film Institute === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1988 |''Vietnam'' |Best Lead Actress in a Miniseries |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000062/1988/1/|title=Australian Film Institute (1988)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |1989 |''Bangkok Hilton'' |Best Lead Actress in a Telefeature |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000062/1989/1/|title=Australian Film Institute (1989)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |1989 |''Emerald City '' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000062/1989/1/|title=Australian Film Institute (1989)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2001 |''Moulin Rouge!'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000062/2001/1/|title=Australian Film Institute (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2008 |''The Golden Compass'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000062/2008/1/|title=Australian Film Institute (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Top of the lake'' |Best Guest Star or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama |{{won}} |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |- |2018 |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |{{won}} |} === Bodil awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2004 |''Dogville'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000107/2004/1/|title=Bodil Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === British Academy Film & Television awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' | rowspan="3" |BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |''The Others'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |{{won}} | |- |2017 |''Lion'' |BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role |Aliteuliwa | |- |2018 |''Big little lies'' |BAFTA TV Award for Best International Programme |Aliteuliwa |} === Chlotrudis awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001128/1996/1/|title=Chlotrudis Awards (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === CinEuphoria awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Rabbit Hole''<br/>''Hemingway & Gellhorn''<br/>''Stoker'' |Best Actress - International Competition |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002264/2014/1/|title=CinEuphoria Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |''Rabbit Hole'' |Best Duo - International Competition <small>(pamoja na [[Aaron Eckhart]])</small> |Aliteuliwa |- |2016 |''Strangeland'' |Best Actress - International Competition |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002264/2016/1/|title=CinEuphoria Awards (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress - International Competition |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002264/2017/1/|title=CinEuphoria Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''The killing of a sacred deer'' |Best Supporting Actress - International Competition |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002264/2019/1/|title=CinEuphoria Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Criticos de Cinema Online Portugueses awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002610/2013/1/|title=Críticos de Cinema Online Portugueses Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Empire Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''To Die For'' | rowspan="5" |Empire Award for Best Actress |{{won}} | |- |2000 |''Eyes Wide Shut'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |''Moulin Rouge!'' |{{won}} | |- |2002 |''The Others'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2004 |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2018 |''Big Little Lies'' |Best Actress in a Television Series |{{won}} | |} === Manaki Brothers Film Festival === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2017 |''Lion'' ''Secret in Their Eyes'' ''Genius'' |Best International Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000290/2017/1/|title=Golden Camera, Germany (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Goya Awards === ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Others'' |Goya Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Huading Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' |Best Global Actress in a Motion Picture |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003012/2013/1/|title=Huading Award (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === International Cinephile Society awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2005 |''Birth'' |Best Lead Actress |#2 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001892/2005/1/|title=International Cinephile Society Awards (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' | rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001892/2013/1/|title=International Cinephile Society Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001892/2017/1/|title=International Cinephile Society Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === International Online Cinema awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''The Hours'' | rowspan="3" |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2003/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2008 |''Margot at the Wedding'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2008/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2011/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' | rowspan="4" |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2013/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Stoker'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2013/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Lion'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2017/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''The Killing of a Sacred Deer'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003084/2018/1/|title=International Online Cinema Awards (INOCA) (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Italian Online Movie awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''The Hours'' | rowspan="3" |Best Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002994/2003/1/|title=Italian Online Movie Awards (IOMA) (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2004 |''Dogville'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002994/2004/1/|title=Italian Online Movie Awards (IOMA) (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002994/2011/1/|title=Italian Online Movie Awards (IOMA) (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Jupiter Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |''Cold Mountain'' |Best International Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002256/2003/1/|title=Jupiter Award (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Logie Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1988 |''Vietnam'' |Logie Award for Most Popular Actress |{{won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |1990 | rowspan="2" |''Bangkok Hilton'' |Most Popular Actress in a Miniseries/Television Movie |{{won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Logie Award for Most Outstanding Actress |{{won}} |} === National Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2008 |''The Golden Compass'' |Best Performance of the Year - Female |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001537/2008/1/|title=National Movie Awards, UK (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Russian Guild of Film Critics === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Others'' | rowspan="2" |Best Foreign Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000574/2002/1/|title=Russian Guild of Film Critics (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Dogville'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000574/2003/1/|title=Russian Guild of Film Critics (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Russian National Movie Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2008 |''The Golden Compass '' |Best Foreign Actress of the Year |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004399/2008/1/|title=Russian National Movie Awards (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2014 |Nicole Kidman |Best Foreign Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004399/2014/1/|title=Russian National Movie Awards (2014)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Sant Jordi Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2004 |''The Hours'' |Best Foreign Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000988/2004/1/|title=Sant Jordi Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Yoga awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2008 |''Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus''<br/>''The Golden Compass''<br/>''The Invasion'' |Worst Foreign Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003647/2008/1/|title=Yoga Awards (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === AARP Movies for Grown-Ups Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2016 |''Lion'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003592/2017/1/|title=AARP Movies for Grownups Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Boy Erased'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://awardswatch.com/2019/01/03/green-book-roma-lead-aarp-movies-for-grownups-nominations/|title=AARP Movies for Grownups Awards (2019)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407104007/https://awardswatch.com/2019/01/03/green-book-roma-lead-aarp-movies-for-grownups-nominations/}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Destroyer'' |Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://awardswatch.com/2019/01/03/green-book-roma-lead-aarp-movies-for-grownups-nominations/|title=AARP Movies for Grownups Awards (2019)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2019-04-07|archivedate=2019-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407104007/https://awardswatch.com/2019/01/03/green-book-roma-lead-aarp-movies-for-grownups-nominations/}}</ref> |- |} === Blockbuster Entertainment Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1996 |''Batman Forever'' | rowspan="2" |Favorite Lead Actress - Action/Adventure |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000104/1996/1/|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (1996)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |1998 |'''' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000104/1998/1/|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (1998)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2000 |''Eyes Wide Shut'' |Favorite Lead Actress - Drama/Romance |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000104/2000/1/|title=Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (2000)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Cinema Bloggers Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' |Best Supporting Actress - International Competition |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002608/2013/1/|title=Cinema Bloggers Awards, Portugal (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Cinema for Peace awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2013 |For her work with UN Women |Cinema for Peace Honorary |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001568/2013/1/|title=Cinema for Peace Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Cinema Writers Circle awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Others'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000179/2002/1/|title=Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Elle Women in Hollywood awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 | rowspan="3" |Nicole Kidman |Icon award <small>(pamoja na [[Meryl Streep]], [[Julianne Moore]], [[Nina Jacobson]])</small> |{{won}} | |- |2004 | rowspan="2" |Woman of the Year award |{{won}} | |- |2008 |{{won}} | |} === Fangoria Chainsaw Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2002 |''The Others'' |Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000179/2002/1/|title=Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain (2002)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Fright Meter awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |''The Others'' |Best Lead Actress |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001995/2001/1/|title=Fright Meter Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Stoker'' |Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001995/2013/1/|title=Fright Meter Awards (2013)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Gold Derby Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="2" |2003 | rowspan="2" |''The Hours'' |Gold Derby Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2003/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Ensemble Cast |{{won}} |- |2004 |''Cold Mountain'' |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2004/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2004)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Lead Actress of the Decade |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2010/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2010)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Nicole Kidman |Performer of the Decade |Aliteuliwa |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Gold Derby Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2011/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2011)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' | rowspan="2" |Best Lead Actress in a Television Movie/Miniseries |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2012/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2012)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Big Little Lies'' |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2017/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Nicole Kidman |Performer of the Year |Aliteuliwa |- |2017 |''Big Little Lies'' |Gold Derby Award for Best Miniseries |{{won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2017/1/|title=Gold Derby Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Big Little Lies'' |Gold Derby Award for Best Ensemble of the Year |{{won}} |- |2018 |''Top of the lake - China Girl'' |Gold Derby TV Award for Movie/Limited Series Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003547/2018/1/ |title=Gold Derby Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |} === Golden Raspberry Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2006 |''Bewitched'' |Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo <small>(pamoja na [[Will Ferrell]])</small> |{{won}} | |- |2012 |''Just Go with It'' |Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | |} === Gotham Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |''Margot at the Wedding'' |Best Ensemble Performance |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000298/2007/1/|title=Gotham Awards (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |2017 |Nicole Kidman |Tribute award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000298/2017/1/|title=Gotham Awards (2017)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Harper's Bazaar === '''1 win''' of 1 nomination {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2015 |Photograph 51 |Theater Icon award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002474/2015/1/|title=Harper's Bazaar Women of the Year Awards (2015)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Inside Film Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2001 |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000727/2001/1/|title=IF Awards (2001)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Independent Spirit Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2011 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead |Aliteuliwa | |} === Satellite Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2000 |''Eyes Wide Shut'' | rowspan="2" |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''The Others'' |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Moulin Rouge!'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |{{won}} |- |2003 |''The Hours'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- |2007 |''Margot at the Wedding'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- |2009 |''Nine'' |Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture |{{won}} | |- |2010 |''Rabbit Hole'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- |2012 |''Hemingway & Gellhorn'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 |''Lion'' |Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |''Big Little Lies'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |{{won}} | |- |Satellite Award for Best Limited Series |{{won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Destroyer'' |Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="2" | |- |''Boy Erased'' |Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |Aliteuliwa |} === Saturn Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1991 |''Dead Calm'' | rowspan="4" |Saturn Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |1996 |''To Die For'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2002 |''The Others'' |{{won}} | |- |2005 |''Birth'' |Aliteuliwa | |- |2013 |''The Paperboy'' | rowspan="2" |Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2014 |''Stoker'' |Aliteuliwa | |} === SyFy Portal Genre awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2008 |''The Golden Compass'' |Best Actress in a Movie |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002071/2008/1/|title=SyFy Portal Genre Awards (2008)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} ===The Stinkers Bad Movie awards=== {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- | rowspan="3" |2005 | rowspan="3" |''Bewitched'' |Worst Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003171/2005/1/|title=The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards (2005)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |- |Worst On-Screen Couple <small>(pamoja na [[Will Ferrell]])</small> |Aliteuliwa |- |Most Annoying Fake Accent - Female |Aliteuliwa |} === Village Voice Film Poll awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2007 |''Margot at the Wedding'' |Best Lead Actress |Aliteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002738/2007/1/|title=Village Voice Film Poll (2007)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Hollywood Walk of Fame === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2003 |Nicole Kidman |Star on the Walk of Fame |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000693/2003/1/|title=Walk of Fame (2003)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> |} === Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards|Women in Film Crystal + Lucy awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2015 |Nicole Kidman |Crystal award |{{won}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000701/2015/1/|title=Women in Film Crystal Awards (2015)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref><ref>[https://filmywap.today/nicole-kidman-opens-up-about-tom-cruise-says-shed-give-up-everything-for-him/ Nicole Kidman Opens Up About Tom Cruise, Says She'd Give Up 'everything' For Him] {{Wayback|url=https://filmywap.today/nicole-kidman-opens-up-about-tom-cruise-says-shed-give-up-everything-for-him/ |date=20210502125141 }} (May 2, 2021)</ref> |} === WhatsOnStage Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |2016 |''Photograph 51'' |Best Lead Actress in a Play |{{won}} |- |} === Evening Standard Theatre Awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1998 |''The Blue Room'' |Evening Standard Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa |- |1998 |''The Blue Room'' |Evening Standard Special Award |{{won}} |- |2015 |''Photograph 51'' |Evening Standard Award for Best Actress |{{won}} |- |} === Laurence Olivier Award|Laurence Olivier awards === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width":1em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Filamu ! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Tuzo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Matokeo ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Marejeo |- |1999 |''The Blue Room'' | rowspan="2" | Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress |Aliteuliwa | |- |2016 |''Photograph 51'' |Aliteuliwa | |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Australia]] 3dm2ej6fewp1g3o4w1xl28k4ouo2nr8 0 113804 1575929 1573023 2026-06-22T04:09:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sobat OSM.png|thumb|450px|[[Ramani]] ya [[beseni]] la [[mto Sobat]].]] '''Mto Gebba''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Geba''') ni [[mto]] unaopatikana [[kusini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Ethiopia]] ([[Jimbo la Oromia]]). Ni [[tawimto]] la [[mto Baro]] ambao unaungana na [[mto Pibor]] kuunda [[mto Sobat]], tawimto la [[Nile Nyeupe]]. Mto Baro huundwa pale ambapo Mto Gebba hukutana na [[Mto Birbir]]. Mto Gebba pia umepangwa kuwa eneo la miradi ya mabwawa mawili ya kuzalisha umeme wa maji (twin hydroelectric dams). Bwawa la Gebba linatarajiwa kujengwa karibu na mpaka wa kanda za Jimma na Illubabor katika Jimbo la Oromia.<ref>{{Citation|last=Barnes|first=Robert|title=Chinese firms to construct the new US$ 700m Gebba River Dam, Ethiopia|date=2014-09-15|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2014/09/chinese-firms-construct-us-700m-dam-gebba-river-ethiopia/|work=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810144511/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2014/09/chinese-firms-construct-us-700m-dam-gebba-river-ethiopia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mradi huo ulisainiwa tarehe 8 Septemba 2014 kati ya serikali ya Ethiopia kupitia Shirika la Umeme la Ethiopia na makampuni ya China SINOHYDRO Corporation Limited na Gezhouba Group Company Limited (CGGC). Gharama za ujenzi zinakadiriwa kuwa takribani dola [[milioni]] 583 za [[Marekani]], na ujenzi unatarajiwa kuchukua takribani miaka minne na nusu katika awamu mbili. Mradi huo unatarajiwa kuzalisha takribani megawati 391 za umeme. Mto Gebba ni sehemu muhimu ya mfumo wa maji wa kusini-magharibi mwa Ethiopia, ukiwa na mchango katika uzalishaji wa nishati na mfumo wa Mto Baro.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ethiopia-China consortium to construct 385-MW Geba 1,2 hydro project in Ethiopia|url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/09/ethiopia-china-consortium-to-construct-385-mw-geba-1-2-hydro-project-in-ethiopia.html|work=www.hydroworld.com|accessdate=2026-06-12|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417171653/https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2014/09/ethiopia-china-consortium-to-construct-385-mw-geba-1-2-hydro-project-in-ethiopia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya mito ya Ethiopia]] ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mito ya Ethiopia}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Jimbo la Oromia]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] o7p2wrogu697bzvy6fv1jr4fcx68gdk 0 117788 1575860 1313003 2026-06-21T20:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Malaika Mihambo Gratulation TSV Oftersheim 2011 cropped.JPG|thumb|Malaika Mihambo mwaka 2011.]] [[Picha:Malaika Mihambo (2013 World Championships in Athletics) 02.jpg|thumb|Malaika Mihambo mwaka 2013.]] '''Malaika Mihambo''' (alizaliwa [[Heidelberg]], Ujerumani, [[3 Februari]] [[1994]]) ni [[riadha|mwanariadha]] kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] aliyeshinda mashindano ya kilimwengu ya kuruka chini mwaka 2019. Kwenye [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] 2021 huko [[Tokyo]] alipata medali ya dhahabu kwenye mashindano ya kuruka chini. ==Maisha== Baba yake Malaika ni mtu wa [[Zanzibar]] na mama yake ni Mjerumani. Tangu umri wa miaka 8 aliingia katika michezo ya riadha. Alifuata masomo ya shule kwake Heidelberg hadi kumaliza A-levels mwaka 2012 akajiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Mannheim aliposoma elimu ya siasa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812213123/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/stipendium/informationen_fuer_studierende/sportstipendium/Stipendiaten%20HS2012_13/Mihambo%20Malaika/ Mihambo Malaika], tovuti ya Chuo Kikuu cha Mannheim, Misaada ya masomo mwaka 2012-13</ref>. Mwaka 2019 alianza kusoma elimu ya mazingira. Anajitolea katika shule yake ya zamani kwenye mradi wa kusaidia watoto kuendelea uwezo wao wa riadha. Malaika anapenda muziki akipiga [[kinanda]]<ref>[https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/72313-Malaika-Mihambo-Meisterin-im-Sand-mit-Interessen-weit-ueber-den-Sport-hinaus Malaika Mihambo: Meisterin im Sand mit Interessen weit über den Sport hinaus] {{Wayback|url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/72313-Malaika-Mihambo-Meisterin-im-Sand-mit-Interessen-weit-ueber-den-Sport-hinaus |date=20230623155843 }} (Malaika Mihambo, mbingwa katika mchanga akiwa na moyo wa kupenda mambo mengi), tovuti ya Leichtathletik.de, habari ya 4 Oktoba 2019</ref>. Alipokuwa na miaka 14 alianza kushiriki katika mashindano kwenye ngazi ya kitaifa Ujerumani akionyesha uwezo wake katika fani za mbio na kuruka chini. Kwenye mashindano ya kimataifa ya riadha kwa vijana mwaka 2011 alichukua nafasi ya 9 akaendelea kushiriki paia katika miaka iliyofuata. Mwaka 2013 alishinda medali ya dhahabu kwenye mashindano ya riadha ya Ulaya kwa vijana. Kwenye mashindano ya riada ya kilimwengu 2013 mjini [[Moscow]] aliruka mita 6.94 akipata nafasi ya 18. Mwaka 2014 aliboresha matokeo yake hadi kufikia mita 6.90. Mwaka 2016 alishiriki katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] pale [[Rio de Janeiro]] alipofikia mita 6.95 na kushika nafsi ya nne katika finali ya kuruka chini. Mwaka 2018 alipata nafasi ya tano katika mashindano ya riadha ya ukumbini na kupata medali ya dhahabu kwenye mashindano ya riadha ya Ulaya. Kwenye mashindano ya riadha ya kilimwengu mjini Doha kwenye Oktoba 2019 aliboresha umbali wake katika kuruka chini kufikia mita 7.30 akashinda nafasi ya kwanza. ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa kike]] 61s5lec0l7xmjdcc9mva1rmoufpgko4 0 121926 1575978 1574310 2026-06-22T10:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575978 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] f69kbuwjkdskm8eptw9p0plx7l0sh4u 0 127884 1575930 1348749 2026-06-22T04:11:19Z StarDeg 21138 1575930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alberto Fernández 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fernandez (2019)]] '''Alberto Ángel Fernández''' (amezaliwa [[2 Aprili]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwalimu]], [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Argentina, ambaye amekuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Argentina]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[2019]]. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Argentina]] km12lwpwjvch7bnls318o5yqcvrvd6k 1575983 1575930 2026-06-22T11:46:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alberto Fernández 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fernandez (2019)]] '''Alberto Ángel Fernández''' (amezaliwa [[2 Aprili]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwalimu]], [[wakili]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Argentina, ambaye alikuwa [[Rais]] wa [[Argentina]] tangu [[mwaka]] [[2019]] hadi [[2023]]. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Argentina]] sw5u3rrffpvhvygabn0zb76x6p4o26r 0 133564 1575847 1518602 2026-06-21T19:22:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:بانوراما من داخل معبد الاقصر.jpg|thumb|Ndani ya Hekalu kubwa la Luxor.]] '''Luxor''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: الأقصر ''al-uksur'') ni [[mji]] katika [[Misri]] ya [[Kusini]]. Mnamo [[mwaka]] wa [[2012]], karibu [[watu]] 506,588 waliishi huko. <ref name="2010stats">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1280273714&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en|title=World Gazetteer - Egypt: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121210181859/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1280273714&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en|archivedate=2012-12-10|accessdate=2021-03-13|https://archive.today/20121210181859/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1280273714&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en|=https://archive.today/20121210181859/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1280273714&lng=de&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&men=gcis&lng=en}} (retrieved 2010-7-27)</ref> Inatembelewa na [[watalii]] wengi sana kutoka kote [[duniani]] sababu ya [[Hekalu|mahekalu]] ya Luxor na [[Karnak]]. Luxor imejengwa juu ya sehemu ndogo ya [[Thebes]] iliyokuwa mmoja wa miji mikubwa ya [[Misri ya Kale]] na mara kadhaa [[mji mkuu]] wa nchi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|accessdate=2021-03-13|archivedate=2013-04-19|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845}}</ref> Upande wa pili wa [[Nile|Mto Nile]], unaotazama Luxor, kuna [[Bonde la Wafalme]] na [[Hatshepsut|Hekalu la Hatshepsut]] kwenye eneo linaloitwa Deir Bahri. == Picha za Luxor == <gallery> Picha:Ramses II in Luxor Temple.jpg Picha:Ägypten 1999 (240) Tempel von Luxor- Säulenkolonnadeg (28220679085).jpg Picha:Abu el-Haggag R03.jpg Picha:Luxor Egypt Nail sea.jpg Picha:Luxor, Crocodile Island, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Misri]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/ Theban Mapping Project]: website devoted to the Valley of the Kings and other sites in the Theban Necropolis * [http://www.whtour.org/87 Luxor World Heritage Site in panographies]{{Wayback|url=http://www.whtour.org/87 |date=20241130120016 }} - 360 degree interactive imaging * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/luqs0.htm GCatholic Copic epachy] * {{Rejea habari|author=Kamil, Jill|title=The Development Plan for Luxor|date=November 2008|work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]], Issue No. 921|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/921/heritage.htm|access-date=2016-11-25|archive-date=2009-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204807/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/921/heritage.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-03-13|archivedate=2009-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204807/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/921/heritage.htm}} * [http://www.remains.se/picturem.php?ObjectID=133&Browse=AREA Luxor Temple picture gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825062231/http://remains.se/picturem.php?ObjectID=133&Browse=AREA|date=2010-08-25}} at Remains.se {{mbegu-jio-Misri}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Misri]] nuvqx7rwpjxcqo1inkrosfl7ckgm8uy 0 134515 1575898 1469006 2026-06-21T23:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Sadler''' Mary Sadler ([[Mei 2]], [[1941]], nchini [[Uholanzi]]) alihama [[Afrika Kusini]] akiwa bado mtoto pamoja na wazazi wake. Alikulia mjini , kando ya [[Mto]] Orange (Gariep),<ref name="LongeviQuestMarySadler">LongeviQuest. "Mary Louisa Sadler (Supercentenarian)". https://longeviquest.com/supercentenarian/mary-sadler/</ref> eneo ambalo baadaye lilimpa msukumo kwa [[riwaya]] yake ya kihistoria, '''"Mchanga"'''. Hivi sasa, anajihusisha na [[uandishi]] wa [[hadithi]] za Kiafrika Magharibi na kazi zake pia hujumuisha mtalii anayeitwa Lang Henning, ambaye ni mhusika mkuu katika baadhi ya kazi zake.<ref name="UWHMarySadler">UWH of the Carolinas. "Mary Sadler, DPT". https://www.uwhcarolinas.com/provider/mary-sadler/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.uwhcarolinas.com/provider/mary-sadler/ |date=20250623052632 }}</ref><ref name="TeAraMarySadler">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. "Mary Sadler Powell". https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3p32/powell-mary-sadler</ref><ref name="EncyclopediaMarySadler">Encyclopedia.com. "Mary Sadler Powell (1854–1946)". https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/powell-mary-sadler-185455-1946</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163746/http://www.southerncape.co.za/sand/ Official SAND website] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] gog6r3eti55wf1wqgmykam9pv95w050 0 135695 1575911 1420332 2026-06-22T01:21:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox Person |jina = Michelle Bernard |picha = MichelleBernardSun.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Michelle Bernard |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[30 Julai]] [[1963]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Washngtoni |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = mwandishi /mwanasheria |nchi = }} '''Michelle Denise Bernard''' (alizaliwa [[Washington, D.C.]], [[30 Julai]] [[1963]])<ref name="Curr Bio">{{cite book|title=Current Biography Yearbook 2011|year=2011|publisher=H.W. Wilson|location=Ipswich, MA|isbn=9780824211219|pages=[https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/65 65–67]|chapter=Bernard, Michelle|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_z0h6/page/65}}</ref> ni [[Marekani|Mmarekani]] [[mwanahabari]], mchambuzi wa siasa, mwanasheria, mwandishi, na rais na msimamizi mkuu wa “Bernard Center For Women, Politics & Public Policy”. ==Elimu== Bernard alihitimu Chuo Kikuu cha Howard akiwa na B.A. katika falsafa na kiasi katika sayansi ya kisiasa. Alikua na digrii ya [Jaji tabibu] katika [|Chuo Kikuu cha Georgetown Law Center]. ==Maisha ya awali na Kazi== Alikua ni sehemu ya ushawishi ktika kampuni ya kisheria [Patton Boggs]. Mnamo mwaka 2000,alikua mwanachama wa [George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000|Bush-Cheney] Presidential Inaugural Committee.Alikua raisi na msimamizi mkuu mstaafu wa [Independent Women's Forum] na[Independent Women's Voice].<ref name="ronnee">Ronnee Schreiber, 'Pro-Women, Pro-Palin, Antifeminist: Conservative Women and Conservative Movement Politics', in ''Crisis of Conservatism? The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, & American Politics After Bush'', Gillian Peele, Joel D. Aberbach (eds.), Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2011, p. 135</ref> Alikua Mwenyekiti wa mawakala uboreshaji ardhi Wilaya ya Columbia,ambapo ilijadili ufadhili wa umma na wa kibinafsi wa Wilaya ya MCI. <ref name="QA">[http://www.c-span.org/video/?205250-1/qa-michelle-bernard C-SPAN Q&A with Michelle Bernard]. [C-SPAN]. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women and Men, Work and Power|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/33732/women-and-men-work-and-power|publisher=fastcompany.com|date=February 1998|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> Bernard mara nyingi ni mchambuzi wa sheria na siasa kwa [MSNBC], [Al Jazeera],<ref name="Al Jazeera">Bernard, Michelle [http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/third-rail/2015/6/is-the-us-election-season-too-long1.html Is the US Election Season Too Long?]. [Al Jazeera]. June 6, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015</ref> [CNN],<ref name="Smer">Bernard, Michelle [http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1406/14/smer.01.html ''Smerconish transcript''] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1406/14/smer.01.html |date=20210515101423 }} [[CNN]].14 June 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014</ref> [NPR] and [The McLaughlin Group].Ni mwandishi wa safu kwa ''[Roll Call]'';<ref name="CQRollCall">Bernard, Michelle [http://cqrollcall.com/about-cq-roll-call/masthead/ Masthead CQ Roll Call]. [Roll Call] March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016</ref> na pia ni mchangiaji kwa 'The Seventy-Four',<ref name="seventy-four">Bernard, Michelle [https://www.the74million.org/page/supporters The74million.org Journalism Advisory Board] {{Wayback|url=https://www.the74million.org/page/supporters |date=20170720100449 }}. www.the74million.org. June 23, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=When Parents Are Arrested for 'Stealing' a Public Education|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftea2eF2fdM|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=4 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804215649/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ftea2eF2fdM|archivedate=4 August 2015|date=3 August 2015}}</ref>''The Root'', ''The Washington Post's''<ref name="Syria">Bernard, Michelle [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/09/06/congress-cannot-ignore-weigh-violence-against-women-in-syria/ ''Congress cannot ignore violence against women in Syria'']. [[Washington Post]] September 6, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2014</ref> "She the People," and the ''Huffington Post''.<ref name="Belle">Bernard, Michelle [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/amma-asantes-belle_b_5319226.html Amma Asante's 'Belle' May Lead to Real Freedom for Women Around the World]. [[Huffington Post]]. May 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014</ref> Ni mwenye kujitegemea.<ref name="QA"/> Ni mwanachama wa Bodi ya Udhamini wa[Chuo Kikuu chaHampton ]na kuwa katika Bodi ya Wakurugenzi wa Muungano wa Fursa katika Elimu na Bodi ya Utendaji wa [International Women's Forum] ya Washington, D.C. ambapo ni mwanzilishi wa uhusiano wa uongozi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=HU to Host Town Hall Meeting|url=http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/HU-to-Host-Town-Hall-Meeting-on-School-Choice|publisher=hamptonu.edu|accessdate=22 August 2014|date=23 January 2014|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515101423/http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/HU-to-Host-Town-Hall-Meeting-on-School-Choice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=ABOUT THE COALITION|url=http://opportunityined.org/about-the-coalition/|publisher=opportunityined.org|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=12 December 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141213010220/http://opportunityined.org/about-the-coalition/|archivedate=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=ABCTE|url=http://abcte.org/about-us/board/|publisher=abcte.org|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=12 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095114/http://abcte.org/about-us/board/|archive-date=17 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|archivedate=2014-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095114/http://abcte.org/about-us/board/}}</ref> and a speaker for the Washington Speaker's Bureau.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bernard|first=Michelle|title=Michelle Bernard - Washington Speaker's Bureau|url=http://www.washingtonspeakers.com/speakers/speaker.cfm?SpeakerID=6410|publisher=www.washingtonspeakers.com|accessdate=19 August 2014|archivedate=2018-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153206/http://www.washingtonspeakers.com/speakers/speaker.cfm?SpeakerID=6410}}</ref> Chimbuko la familia yake ni Jamaika, alisema katika mahojiano na Bill Steigerwald, "Wazazi wangu ni raia wa Marekani, lakini asili yao ni Jamaica. Nimekulia katika maadili ya Kimarekani na Jamaika. Kwenye tamaduni zetu,tuna hali ya kujivunia sana na kuheshimu familia na kujitegemea."<ref>Bill Steigerwald, "Michelle Bernard Looks for the Right McCain" "Anderson Free Press" August 29, 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218091536/http://www.andersonfreepress.net/node/11642]</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Bernard aliolewa na mwandishi wa habari Joe Johns mpaka hapo uhusiano ulipovunjika mwaka 2008.<ref>{{ cite news|last1=Bernard|first1=Michelle|title=Single Mothers Are Not Responsible For A Decline In Newspaper Sales|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/single-mothers-are-not-responsible-for-a-decline-in-newspaper-sales_b_4037946.html|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|accessdate=19 August 2014|date=3 October 2013}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|last1=Cook |first1=John |title=Softball Interview Question Leads to Awkward Answer |url=http://gawker.com/5205389/softball-interview-question-leads-to-awkward-answer |publisher=[[Gawker]] |accessdate=14 July 2014 |date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829180312/http://gawker.com/5205389/softball-interview-question-leads-to-awkward-answer |archivedate=29 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Michelle Bernard: 'The Republican Party Needs to Find Its Soul' |url=http://www.iwf.org/news/2435006/Michelle-Bernard:-%27The-Republican-Party-Needs-to-Find-Its-Soul%27 |accessdate=14 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183349/http://www.iwf.org/news/2435006/Michelle-Bernard%3A-%27The-Republican-Party-Needs-to-Find-Its-Soul%27 |archivedate=14 July 2014 |date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hobbs |first1=Christie |title=IWF Names New President |url=http://www.iwf.org/iwfmedia/show/19020.html |publisher=[[Independent Women's Forum]] |accessdate=23 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020010321/http://iwf.org/iwfmedia/show/19020.html |archivedate=20 October 2007 |date=18 October 2005}}</ref> Bernard aliolewa tena mnamo mwaka 2014 na kuishi Potomac, Maryland na mume wake Keith Bell,vile vile na watoto wawili aliowapata kwenye ndoa yake ya kwanza.<ref>{{cite web | title=Michelle Bernard meets with the LNP editorial board | url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/AiCvLUYCaM4|publisher=Lancaster Newspapers, Inc. | accessdate=15 June 2016 | date=19 January 2015}}</ref> ==Wasifu== * Bernard, Michelle D. (2013), ''Moving America Toward Justice: The Lawyers' Committee For Civil Rights Under Law, 1963-2013'', The Donning Company Publishers. ISBN|978-1-57864-849-8 * Bernard, Michelle D. (2007), ''Women’s Progress: How Women Are Wealthier, Healthier, and More Independent Than Ever Before'', Spence Pub. ISBN|1-890626-69-4 ==Marejeo== {{reflist|30em}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://bernardcenter.org Bernard Center for Women, Politics & Public Policy] * {{Worldcat id|id=lccn-no2007-149744}} * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelle-bernard/ Michelle Bernard] at ''[The Huffington Post]'' * [http://sojo.net/biography/michelle-d-bernard Article archive at Sojourners] {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 7s1qwmmx02szw6bl53qmbcxzcv81lul 0 136206 1575889 1422231 2026-06-21T21:57:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina =Margo Jefferson | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = | picha =Margo_Jefferson_2015.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha =Margo Jefferson | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =Oktoba 17 1947 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Margo Lillian Jefferson''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 17]], [[1947]])<ref>{{cite web | title=Margo Jefferson's Biography | work=The History Makers | date=January 20, 2017 | url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/margo-jefferson | access-date=2021-05-05 }}</ref> ni [[mwandishi]] na mtaaluma wa [[Marekani]]. ==Wasifu== Jefferson alipata B.A. kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Brandeis, ambapo alihitimu '' cum laude '', na Shahada ya uzamili ya Mwalimu wa Sayansi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia cha Uandishi wa habari. Alifanya kazi na gazeti la '' Newsweek "mnamo mwaka [[1973]] na alikaa kwenye jarida hilo hadi [[1978]].Pia aliwahi kuwa profesa msaidizi katika Idara ya Uandishi wa Habari na Mawasiliano katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[ New York]] kutoka mwaka [[1979]] hadi [[1983 ]]na kutoka [[1989]] hadi mwaka 1991. Tangu wakati huo amefundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia, ambapo sasa ni profesa wa mazoezi ya uandishi kwa maandishi. Jefferson pia alifundisha katika Chuo cha Sanaa huria cha Eugene Lang. <ref>[http://www.newschool.edu/gf/liberal/faculty/jefferson/index.htm New School for Social Research {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928022058/http://www.newschool.edu/gf/liberal/faculty/jefferson/index.htm |date=September 28, 2006 }}</ref>Alijiunga na "New York Times" mnamo 1993 kama mwandishi wa vitabu. reviewer,<ref>[http://theatre.osu.edu/3_people/level_3_people/visting_artists/jefferson.htm Michael Jackson: An American Work in Progress, Presented by Margo Jefferson].OSU. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513205219/http://theatre.osu.edu/3_people/level_3_people/visting_artists/jefferson.htm |date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>Pia alishinda tuza ya "Pulitzer Prize for Criticism" Mwaka 1995.<ref name=Pulitzer>[https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/margo-jefferson "Margo Jefferson of The New York Times", Mwaka 1995 alishinda "Pulitzer Prize Winner in Criticism",</ref><ref>[http://theater.nytimes.com/ref/theater/JEFFERSON-BIO.html ''The New York Times''] bio.</ref> She also served as the newspaper's theater critic in 2004.<ref>Andrew Gans, Andrew (August 24, 2004). [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/88035-Varietys-Isherwood-Named-New-New-York-Times-Critic "Variety's Isherwood Named New New York Times Critic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017045648/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/88035-Varietys-Isherwood-Named-New-New-York-Times-Critic |date=October 17, 2012 }} ''[[Playbill]]''.</ref> In addition to the ''Aliandika vitabu kama ''Vogue (magazine)'', ''New York Magazine'', ''The Nation'', and ''Guernica (magazine)''.Jefferson anavutiwa na mziki wa jazii Zaidi, na alionekana katika (Ken Burns) 's (Jazz (miniseries) safu ya waraka ya 2001] kuhusu historia ya muziki.<ref>[http://www.jazzcenter.net/burnsjazz.htm "Ken Burns’s ''Jazz''"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jazzcenter.net/burnsjazz.htm |date=20210522123813 }}, Jazz Center.</ref><ref>Ken Monaco, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424131327/http://www.pbs.org/jazz/about/pdfs/Jefferson.pdf PBS]</ref> ===Uandishi wa vitabu=== Jefferson's 2006 kitabu cha, ” Michael Jackson'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silman |first1=Anna |title=She Wrote the Book on Michael Jackson. Now She Wishes It Said More. |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/03/margo-jefferson-on-what-her-michael-jackson-book-is-missing.html |publisher=The Cut |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> was described by ''Publishers Weekly'' as a "slim, smart volume of cultural analysis."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-375-42326-0|title=On Michael Jackson|date=November 28, 2005 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> Kulingana na kitabu cha Lucy Scholes katika '' The Independent '': kilicho eleza wasifu wa Michael Jackson "japo haikuwa wasifu wa moja kwa moja, kutokana na hatia/mashtaka yaliomkabili kuhusu unyanyasaji wa watoto ingawa aliachiliwa huru.Kitabu icho kilieleza zaidii jambo hilo. <ref>Lucy Scholes (May 10, 2018), [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/on-michael-jackson-margo-jefferson-review-book-biography-negroland-a8345321.html "On Michael Jackson by Margo Jefferson, review: As smart as it is readable"], ''The Independent''.</ref> Kitabu cha wasifu wa Jefferson, ''Negroland'', kilichapishwa mwaka 2015. Ilielezwa na Dwight Garner (critic)| kwenye jarida la ''The New York Times'' kama mwanamke mwenye ushawishi mkubwa na wa kukumbukwa.",<ref>Dwight Garner (September 10, 2015), [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/books/review-negroland-by-margo-jefferson-on-growing-up-black-and-privileged.html "Review: ‘Negroland,’ by Margo Jefferson, on Growing Up Black and Privileged"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> pia Margaret Busby alieleza kwenye jarida la ''The Sunday Times'' <ref>Margaret Busby (June 19, 2016), [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/books-negroland-a-memoir-by-margo-jefferson-wnxqns0kq "Books: Negroland: A Memoir by Margo Jefferson"], ''The Sunday Times''.</ref> Baadae Anita Sethi aliandika ''The Observer'': "Jefferson fascinatingly” Ambapo alieleza umahiri wake na mwingiliano katika siasa na pia alieleza historia ya tangu kuzaliwa kwake."<ref>Anita Sethi (January 22, 2017), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/22/negroland-memoir-margo-jefferson-review-race-united-states-slavery-civil-rights-frederick-douglass "Negroland by Margo Jefferson review – a brilliant memoir about race in America"], ''The Observer''.</ref> Tracy K. Smith aliandika katika jarida la '' The New York Times '': "Maudhui yaliyoandikwa kwenye hadithi ya 'Negroland' Vilivyoangazia uwezekano wa mwandishi wake kukithiri mbele ya nyenzo zake."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/books/review/margo-jeffersons-negroland-a-memoir.html?searchResultPosition=1|title=Margo Jefferson's 'Negroland: A Memoir'|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 20, 2015}}</ref> In 2016 ''Negroland'' was shotlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37656727|title=Baillie Gifford Non-Fiction Prize nominees announced|publisher=BBC News|date=October 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/oct/17/first-hand-reporting-dominates-baillie-gifford-shortlist|title= First-hand reporting dominates Baillie Gifford shortlist|author=Maev Kennedy|author-link=Maev Kennedy|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 17, 2016}}</ref> and won the National Book Critics Circle Award in the Autobiography category. Jefferson ni mchangiaji wa antholojia ya 2019 '' New Daughters of Africa''.<ref>Margaret Busby (March 9, 2019), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/09/from-ayobami-adebayo-to-zadie-smith-meet-the-new-daughters-of-africa "From Ayòbámi Adébáyò to Zadie Smith: meet the New Daughters of Africa"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> ==Tuzo== *1995: Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, mshindi wa ukaguzi wa vitabu vyake na uchambuzi mwingine wa kitamaduni katika jarida la '' [[The New York Times]].'.<ref name=Pulitzer /> *2016: National Book Critics Circle Award (Autobiography), mshindi kwa kumbukumbu yake ''Negroland: A Memoir''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/business/the-sellout-wins-national-book-critics-circles-fiction-award.html |title='The Sellout' Wins National Book Critics Circle's Fiction Award |work=The New York Times |author=Alexandra Alter |date=March 17, 2016 |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref> *2016: kitabu cha [[Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction, for ''Negroland''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebailliegiffordprize.co.uk/news/shortlist-announced-baillie-gifford-prize-non-fiction-2016|title=Shortlist announced for The Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction 2016|publisher=The Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction|date=October 2016|accessdate=2021-05-22|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205153053/https://thebailliegiffordprize.co.uk/news/shortlist-announced-baillie-gifford-prize-non-fiction-2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.gracecavalieri.com/poetLaureates/featuredpoet_margojefferson.html Margo Jefferson], ''The Poet and the Poem 2017–18 Series'' * Tim Adams, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/margo-jefferson-negroland-interview "Margo Jefferson: ‘I was anxious about using the word Negro in a book title’"] (interview), ''The Observer'', May 22, 2016. * [https://lithub.com/margo-jefferson-the-books-in-my-life/ "Margo Jefferson: The Books in My Life | On the Pleasures of Poetry and (Not) Reading the Russians"], Lit Hub, August 23, 2016. * Arifa Akbar, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/may/05/margo-jefferson-interview-on-michael-jackson "Margo Jefferson: ‘I have always loved Michael Jackson’"] (interview), ''The Guardian'', May 5, 2018. * Zinzi Clemmons, [https://www.thewhitereview.org/feature/interview-margo-jefferson/ "Interview with Margo Jefferson"], ''The White Review'', October 2018. {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] ml460sos2abicyz4mb7rq2gj15axhqx 0 136505 1575904 1374395 2026-06-21T23:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maurice Kirya''' (alizaliwa [[4 Novemba]] [[1984]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], pia ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Uganda]]. Ana [[jina]] maarufu katika [[Afrika Mashariki]] na uzoefu wa zaidi ya [[muongo]] mmoja katika [[tasnia]] ya [[muziki]]. ==Albamu na Nyimbo== *Misubbaawa,[[ 2009]] *The book of Kirya, [[2012]] *Mwooyo, [[2015]] *Free Dreams, [[2017]] *Beyond Myself,[[2019]] *To Love You *Munonde *Gimme Light *So Cold *Busaabala *Never Been Loved *Njagala gwe *Njagala gwe Rmx *Beera Naabo *Beera Naabo Rmx *Binadamu featuring AY *Let’s go! *Stop *Stop RMX *Boda Boda *Tell Me *Village girl featuring Valerie Kimani *Locals and native feat Indigenous *Revolution *Revolution Rmx feat Navio & Da myth *Silent Night *Work it out *Bemoola *Money *Hold on<ref>{{Citation|last=JIM RESLEY|title=Hold On - Maurice Kirya 'Dir: Jim Resley'|date=2015-08-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vasPSUCBxUc|accessdate=2016-10-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715032433/http://www.vibeweekly.com/features/937-uganda-s-maurice-kirya-opens-his-book "Uganda's Maurice Kirya Opens His Book"] *[http://www.izvipi.com/started-from-the-bottom-ugandas-maurice-kirya-remembers-his-2005-struggles/ "Started From The Bottom: Uganda’s Maurice Kirya Remembers His 2005 Struggles"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.izvipi.com/started-from-the-bottom-ugandas-maurice-kirya-remembers-his-2005-struggles/ |date=20160304053920 }} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] s1whenqpc50a71shi4oop2eynp4d7dm 0 136547 1575914 1520698 2026-06-22T01:43:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Sassanid Empire 620.png|thumb|250x250px|Milki ya Wasasani ilikuwa kubwa chini ya Khosrau II.]] '''Milki ya Wasasani''' au Nasaba ya Wasasani ([[Kiing.]] ''Sassanids'' au ''Sassanians'') ni [[jina]] linalotumika kwa [[nasaba]] ya [[Uajemi ya Kale]] (leo [[Iran]]) ambayo ilidumu kutoka [[224]] hadi [[651]] [[BK]]. <ref name="wiesehofer">Wiesehofer, Joseph 1996. ''Ancient Persia''. New York: I.B. Taurus</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A brief history|url=http://www.cultureofiran.com/b_history.php|work=Culture of Iran|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165840/http://cultureofiran.com/b_history.php|archivedate=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Milki ya Wasasani ilifuata [[Waparthi]] kama [[watawala]] wa [[Uajemi]]. Ilitambuliwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 400 kama moja ya falme mbili kubwa huko [[Asia Magharibi]], pamoja na [[Dola la Roma]] na baadaye [[Ufalme wa Byzanti]]. ==Historia fupi== [[Mfalme]] wa kwanza wa Kisasani alikuwa [[Ardashir I]] aliyewahi kuwa mtawala wa kieneo katika [[jimbo]] la [[Pars]] kwenye [[nyanda za juu]] za [[kusini]] ya Uajemi; eneo ambako kumbukumbu ya watawala wa Liakhemi kabla ya [[uvamizi]] wa [[Wagiriki]] miaka 500 iliyopita ilikuwa hai bado. Ardashir alimpindua mfalme wa Waparthi aliyewatazama kama wageni kutoka [[kaskazini]] akalenga kurudisha ukubwa wa Uajemi wa Kale chini ya [[Waakhemi]]<ref>[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty A. Shapur Shahbaz: "Sasanian Dynasty"] Encyclopædia Iranica, (July 20, 2005)</ref>. Wasasani waliendelea kutumia [[Ktesiphon|jiji la Ktesiphon]] katika [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraki]] ya leo) kama [[mji mkuu]]<ref>[https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon Jens Kröger, “CTESIPHON,”, Sasanian period], Encyclopædia Iranica, VI/4, pp. 446-448, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon (iliangaliwa Mei 2021).</ref>. Wasasani walifufua [[Uzoroasta]] kama [[dini rasmi]] ya [[milki]] yao, na kwa vipindi kadhaa walitesa [[Wakristo]] walioanza kuenea katika milki yao. Walipigana [[vita]] vingi dhidi ya Dola la Roma na baada ya mgawanyiko wa [[Roma]], dhidi ya Ufalme wa Bizanti. Wakati huohuo walipaswa kupigana na mashambulio ya [[makabila]] kutoka [[Asia ya Kati]]. Vita hizi nyingi zilichosha [[nguvu]] ya milki, na baada ya vita ya miaka 30 dhidi ya Roma, Wasasani walikosa nguvu kujitetea dhidi ya uvamizi wa [[Waislamu]] kutoka [[jangwa]] la [[Uarabuni]]. Walijenga [[utamaduni]] mkubwa ulioshawishi pia majirani yake na hata Waarabu waliovamia na kutawala maeneo yao kama sehemu ya [[ukhalifa]] wao. == Mfalme wa wafalme == [[Picha:Head horse Kerman Louvre MAO132.jpg|thumb|[[Kichwa]] cha [[farasi]], [[sanaa]] ya Kisasani, leo makumbusho ya [[Louvre]], [[Paris]].]] Nasaba ya Wasasani ilianzishwa na [[Ardashir mimi|Ardashir I]] wakati alikuwa amemshinda mfalme wa mwisho wa Waparthi, [[Artabanus IV]]. Ilikwisha wakati [[Shah|shahanshah]] (mfalme mkuu) wa mwisho wa Kisasani, [[Yazdegerd III]] ([[632]]-[[651]]), alishindwa baada ya vita ya miaka 14 dhidi ya uvamizi wa Waarabu [[Waislamu]]. Maeneo ya Milki ya Wasasani yalijumuisha [[Uajemi|Iran]] ya leo, [[Iraq|Iraki]], [[Armenia]], [[Afghanistan]], sehemu za [[mashariki]] mwa [[Uturuki]], na sehemu za [[Syria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Kaukazi]], [[Asia ya Kati]] na [[Bara Arabu]]. Enzi ya Wasasani inachukuliwa kuwa moja ya vipindi muhimu na vyenye ushawishi katika [[historia ya Iran]]. Kwa njia nyingi kipindi cha Wasasani kilipata mafanikio ya hali ya juu zaidi ya [[ustaarabu]] wa Kiajemi. Ikaunda Dola kuu la mwisho la Kiajemi kabla ya uvamizi wa Kiarabu na uenezaji wa Uislamu. [[Picha:Head of king Met 65.126.jpg|thumb|Shapur II.]] Uajemi uliathiri sana [[ustaarabu]] wa Kiroma wakati wa enzi za Wasasani, <ref name="Bury">Bury J.B. 1923. ''History of the later Roman Empire''. Macmillan, London.</ref> ^p109 na Waroma waliwawekea Waajemi Wasasani pekee hadhi ya [[usawa]]. [[Kaisari]] wa Roma alimwandikia Shah wa Uajemi [[barua]] ambamo alimtaja kama "ndugu yangu". Ushawishi wa Wasasani ulienea hadi kufika [[Ulaya Magharibi]], [[Afrika]], <ref>[http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html Transoxiana 04: Sasanians in Africa]</ref> [[China]] na [[Uhindi]], pamoja na kuathiri [[sanaa]] ya zamani ya Ulaya na [[Asia]]. <ref>[http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/sass2.htm Iransaga: The art of Sassanians]</ref> Ushawishi huo uliendelea katika [[utamaduni]] wa karne za kwanza za Uislamu. Mengi ya yale ambayo baadaye yalijulikana kama [[utamaduni wa Kiislamu]] pamoja na [[usanifu]], [[uandishi]] na ustadi mwingine ulikopwa haswa kutoka kwa Waajemi Wasasani na kuenezwa katika maeneo mengine ya Waislamu. == Mpangilio wa Watawala wa Wasasani == 226-241: Utawala wa Ardashir I: * 224-226: Kuangushwa kwa Milki ya Waparthi. * 229-232: Vita dhidi ya [[Dola la Roma|Roma]]. * [[Uzoroasta]] kufufuliwa kama dini rasmi ya milki * Mkusanyiko wa maandiko yanayojulikana kama [[Zend Avesta]] [[Picha:IranNIRShapurIValerian.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ushindi wa Shahpur I juu ya Kaisari Valerian (anayepiga magoti), uchongaji wa miamba, ]] 241-271: Utawala wa [[Shapur I]]: * 241-244: Vita dhidi ya Roma. * 252-261: Vita dhidi ya Roma. Kukamatwa kwa [[Kaizari]] wa Kiroma [[Kaizari Valerian|Valerian]] . * 215-271: [[Mani]], [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[Umani|dini ya Umani]] . 271-301: Kipindi cha mapambano ya kinasaba. 283: Vita na Roma. Waroma wanachoma [[Ktesiphon]]. 296-298: Vita dhidi ya Roma. Uajemi inaachia Roma majimbo matano mashariki mwa [[Hidekeli|mto Hidekeli]] 309-379: Utawala wa [[Shapur II]] "Mkuu": * 337-350: Vita ya kwanza dhidi ya Roma na mafanikio madogo. * 359-363: Vita ya pili dhidi ya Roma. Roma inajirudishia majimbo ng'ambo ya Hidekeli, inaachia Uajemi miji ya Nisibis na Singara. 387: Armenia iligawanyika katika maeneo ya Kiroma na ya Kiajemi. 399–420: Utawala wa Yazdegerd I "mtenda dhambi": * 409: Wakristo wanaruhusiwa kuabudu hadharani na kujenga [[Kanisa|makanisa]]. * 416–420: Mateso ya Wakristo wakati Yazdegerd atengua agizo lake la mapema. 420-438: Utawala wa Bahram V: * 420-422: Vita dhidi ya Roma. * 424: [[Mtaguso wa Dad-Ishu]] unatangaza [[Kanisa la Mashariki]] kuwa huru na [[Patriarki]] wa [[Konstantinopoli]]. * 428: Ukanda wa Kiajemi wa Armenia unaunganishwa na Dola la Wasasani. 438-457: Utawala wa Yazdegerd II: * 441: Vita dhidi ya Roma. * 449-451: Uasi wa Kiarmenia. 482-3: Uasi wa Kiarmenia na [[Iberia ya Kaukazi]] 483: Wakristo wanapewa uvumilivu 484: Peroz I anashindwa na kuuawa na Waheftali. 491: Uasi wa Kiarmenia. [[Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia]] linakataa [[Mtaguso wa Kalsedonia]]: * [[Kanisa la Asiria]] linaendelea kuwa [[dhehebu]] kubwa la Kikristo katika Milki ya Wasasani. 502-506: Vita dhidi ya Bizanti. 526-532: Vita dhidi ya Bizanti. 531-579: Utawala wa Khosrau I, "mwenye roho isiyokufa" (Anushirvan) 540-562: Vita dhidi ya Bizanti. 572-591: Vita dhidi ya Bizanti. Uajemi hutoa sehemu kubwa ya Armenia na Iberia kwa Bizanti. 590-628: Utawala wa Khosrau II 603-628: Vita kuu dhidi ya Byzanti. Uajemi inachukua Mesopotamia, Syria, [[Palestina]], [[Misri]] na maeneo ya [[Kaukazi]], kabla ya kurudishwa nyuma na Wabizanti hadi mipaka ya kabla ya vita. 610: Waarabu wanashinda [[jeshi]] la Wasaani huko Dhu-Qar. 626: Kuzingirwa kwa [[Konstantinopoli|Bizanti - Konstantinopoli]] na Waajemi wakisaidiwa na [[Waavari]]. 627: Kaisari wa Bizanti [[Heraklio]] anavamia Mesopotamia. Kushindwa kwa uamuzi wa vikosi vya Uajemi kwenye mapigano ya [[Ninawi]]. 628-632: Kipindi cha machafuko cha watawala wengi. 632-642: Utawala wa [[Yazdegerd III]]. 636: Kushindwa kwa Wasasni katika mapigano ya al-Qadisiyyah wakati wa uvamizi wa Waislamu katika Uajemi. 642: Ushindi wa mwisho wa Waarabu juu ya jeshi la Uajemi huko Nahavand (Nehavand). 651: Mtawala wa mwisho wa Kisasani, Yazdegerd III anauawa huko Merv, [[Turkmenistan]] ya leo. Mwisho wa nasaba. Mwanawe Piruz na wengine wengi wanakimbilia uhamishoni nchini China. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * [http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html Iranologie History of Iran Chapter V: Sasanians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715080555/http://www.iranologie.com/history/history5.html|date=2009-07-15}} * [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php Iran Chamber Society (History of Iran)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php |date=20061110131804 }} * [http://www.livius.org/persia.html Livius articles on ancient Persia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/persia.html |date=20110513141529 }} * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/fryehst.html Richard Frye "The History of Ancient Iran"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/fryehst.html |date=20060902025020 }} * [http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/hpart.html Iransaga: Persian arts through the centuries] * [http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/aba_church_persia.php Christianity in Ancient Iran: Aba & The Church in Persia] * [http://www.humanities.uci.edu/sasanika/ Sasanika: the History and Culture of Sasanians]{{Wayback|url=http://www.humanities.uci.edu/sasanika/ |date=20120422142548 }} == Viungo vya nje == ** ''Sasanian rock reliefs'', Photos from Iran, [http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-reliefs.html ''Livius''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-reliefs.html |date=20161110012241 }}. ** [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sasanian_dyn_20050301.html Sasanian Dynasty] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sasanian_dyn_20050301.html |date=20100109191214 }} entry in the ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' ** [http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/ ECAI.org ''The Near East in Late Antiquity: The Sasanian Empire''] {{Wayback|url=http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/ |date=20061214083059 }} ** [http://www.iranchamber.com/art/articles/art_of_sassanians.php The Art of Sassanians] ** [http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html Sassanid crowns] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid-crowns.html |date=20061108103315 }} ** [http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid_kings.html Sassanid coins] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/sassanids/sassanid_kings.html |date=20061107051131 }} ** [http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ugp/ Sassanid textile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ugp/ |date=20061022075330 }} ** [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanid_images_inscriptions1.php A Review of Sassanid Images and Inscriptions] ** [http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0104/sasanians.html Sasanians in Africa in Transoxiana 4]. ** [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/ctesiphon/ctesiphon.php Ctesiphon; The capital of the Parthian and the Sassanid empires, By: Jona Lendering] ** [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_conquest/islamic_conquest.php Islamic Conquest of Persia] ** [http://www.iranian.com/History/2000/August/China/ Pirooz in China, By Frank Wong] ** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071213.shtml The Sassanian Empire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071213.shtml |date=20090101013011 }} BBC – Radio 4 ''In Our Time'' programme (available as .ram file) ** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/research_20071213.shtml The Sassanian Empire: Further Reading] {{madola}} [[Jamii:Madola]] [[Jamii:Mesopotamia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uajemi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iraq]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Armenia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Syria]] 7dw56tmyw1ey01o65q01otf5jn68486 0 143261 1575928 1521368 2026-06-22T03:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Metropolitan Cathedral Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|[[Kanisa kuu la Mtakatifu Yosefu, Dar es Salaam]].]] [[File:Oostende Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk R02.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Kanisa]] la [[Mitume Petro na Paulo]] huko [[Ostend]] ([[Ubelgiji]]), lililojengwa miaka [[1899]]-[[1908]].]] '''Mtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Gothic Revival architecture''', '''Victorian Gothic,''' '''neo-Gothic,''' au '''Gothick''') ulikuwa [[mtindo]] wa [[usanifu majengo]] ambao uliiga kwa kiasi tofauti [[mtindo wa Kigothi|ule wa Kigothi]] uliotawala [[Ulaya]] katika [[Enzi ya kati|karne za kati]]. Mtindo huo ulianza [[Uingereza]] mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1740]], ulistawi mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], na kutawala katika [[ustaarabu wa Magharibi]] katikati ya [[karne]] hiyo. Mfano maarufu katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]] ni [[kanisa kuu]] la Mt. Yosefu (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''St Joseph Cathedral church'') [[jiji|jijini]] [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], lililojengwa kwa umahiri na [[wamisionari]] [[Wabenedikto]] kutoka [[Ujerumani]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1897]] hadi [[1902]]<ref>Michael Hodd, ''East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide'', p. 344</ref> [[kutabaruku|likatabarukiwa]] mwaka [[1905]].<ref>{{it}} [http://www.inkamana.org/ohio/pugu.htm St. Benedict Monastery] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inkamana.org/ohio/pugu.htm |date=20210621162029 }}</ref>. Hadi sasa ni [[kanisa kuu]] la [[Jimbo Kuu la Dar es Salaam]]. Kati ya sifa zake, mojawapo ni [[kioo cha rangi|vioo vya rangi]] nyuma ya [[altare]]<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/dar-es-salaam/sights/440036 St. Joseph's Cathedral] at [[Lonely Planet]]</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Vyanzo== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book | last1 = Aldrich | first1 = Megan Brewster | last2 = Atterbury | first2 = Paul | title = A.W.N. Pugin: Master of Gothic Revival | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RfBpd-OZ7e4C&pg=PA372 | year = 1995 | location = New Haven and London | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 978-0-300-06656-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Aldrich | first = Megan | title = Gothic Revival | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tfNPAAAAMAAJ&q=Gothic+Revival | year = 2005 | publisher = Phaidon Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-714-83631-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Aldrich | first = Megan | title = Thomas Rickman and the Victorians | series = Studies in Victorian Architecture and Design | volume = 7 | editor1 = Megan Aldrich | editor2= Alexandrina Buchanan | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/thomas-rickman-and-the-victorians/oclc/1088560920&referer=brief_results | year = 2019 | publisher = [[The Victorian Society]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-901-65756-5 | oclc = 1088560920 }} * {{cite book | last = Anstruther | first = Ian | year = 1963 | title = The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament - 1839 | publisher = Geoffrey Bles | location = London | oclc = 249701828 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/knight-and-the-umbrella-an-account-of-the-eglinton-tournament-1839/oclc/249701828?referer=br&ht=edition }} * {{cite book | last1 = Atterbury | first1 = Paul | last2 = Wainwright | first2 = Clive | title = Pugin: A Gothic Passion | year = 1994 | location = New Haven and London | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 978-0-300-06656-2 | oclc = 750811794 }} * {{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = Robert | author-link=Robert Bartlett (historian) | year = 2001 | title = Medieval Panorama | location = Los Angeles | publisher = Getty Publications | isbn = 978-0-892-36642-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DjI5t3DE00wC&pg=PA15 }} * {{cite book | last = Beard | first = Geoffrey | year = 1985 | title = The National Trust Book of English Furniture | publisher = Viking | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-80141-1 | oclc = 924269530 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/national-trust-book-of-english-furniture/oclc/924269530?referer=br&ht=edition }} * {{cite book | last = Bradley | first = Simon | year = 2007 | title = St Pancras Station | url = https://archive.org/details/stpancrasstation0000brad_v3c1 | publisher = Profile Books | location = London | isbn = 978-1-861-97951-3 }} * {{Rejea kitabu | last1= Brooks | first1= Alan | last2= Pevsner | first2= Nikolaus | authorlink2 = Nikolaus Pevsner | series= The Buildings of England | title= Worcestershire | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3sG9568rRJsC&printsec=frontcover | year= 2007 | publisher= Yale University Press | isbn= 978-0-300-11298-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Buggeln | first = Gretchen Townsend | year = 2003 | title = Temples of Grace: The Material Transformation of Connecticut's Churches | location = Hanover, US | publisher = New England University Publications | isbn = 978-1-584-65322-6 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Chalcraft | first1 = Anna | last2 = Viscardi | first2 = Judith | title = Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole's Gothic Castle | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/strawberry-hill-horace-walpoles-gothic-castle/oclc/255611525?referer=br&ht=edition | year = 2007 | location = London | publisher = Frances Lincoln Ltd | isbn = 978-0-711-22687-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Charlesworth | first = Michael | year = 2002 | title = The Gothic Revival 1720-1870 - 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Art|Pelican History of Art]] | title=Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries | url=https://archive.org/details/architecturenine0000henr_y6i1| year=1968 | orig-year=1958 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | location=London | oclc=851173836 }} *{{cite book |last=Hobart |first=John Henry |title=The Moral Efficacy and the Positive Benefits of the Ordinances of the Gospel: A Sermon Preached at the Consecration of Trinity Church, in the City of New Haven, on Wednesday, the 21st Day of February, A.D. 1816 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pS8wAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5 |year=1816 |publisher=Oliver Steele }} * {{cite book | last = Hull | first = Lise | year = 2006 | title = Britain's Medieval Castles | url = https://archive.org/details/britainsmedieval0000hull | location = London | publisher = Praeger | isbn = 978-0-275-98414-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = Alvin | year = 2011 | title = The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the Survival of the United Kingdom, 1707–2007 | url = 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https://books.google.com/books?id=NtuCCgAAQBAJ&q=Arcisse+de+Caumont+normandy+architecture&pg=PA416 }} * {{cite book | last = Macaulay | first = James | year = 1975 | title = The Gothic Revival 1745–1845 | location = Glasgow and London | publisher = Blackie | isbn = 978-0-216-89892-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/gothicrevival1740000maca }} * {{cite book | last = Martin | first = Desmond | chapter = Bishop Robert Gray and Mrs Sophia Gray: Building Anglican Churches in South Africa, 1848-72 | title = Ecclesiology Abroad: The British Empire and Beyond | series = Studies in Victorian Architecture and Design | volume = 4 | editor = G. A. Bremner | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/ecclesiology-abroad-the-british-empire-and-beyond/oclc/825141174&referer=brief_results | year = 2012 | publisher = [[The Victorian Society]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-901-65753-4 | oclc = 825141174 }} * {{cite book | last = Menin | first = Nicolas | year = 1775 | title = A description of the Coronation of the Kings and Queens of France | publisher = unknown | location = London | oclc = 1064350166 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=58xVAAAAcAAJ&q=clovis+1st+king+of+france+christian&pg=PA5 }} * {{cite book | last = Metcalf | first = Thomas R. | title = An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/imperial-vision-indian-architecture-and-britains-raj/oclc/835581414?referer=br&ht=edition | year = 1989 | publisher = Faber & Faber | location = London | isbn = 978-0-571-15419-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Midant | first = Jean-Paul | year = 2002 | title = Viollet-le-Duc: The French Gothic Revival | publisher = L'Aventurine | location = Paris | isbn = 978-2-914-19922-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Morris | first = Jan | author-link=Jan Morris | year = 1986 | title = Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj | location = Oxford, UK | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-192-82036-5 | oclc = 473765817 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/stones-of-empire-the-buildings-of-the-raj/oclc/473765817?referer=br&ht=edition }} * {{cite book | last = McWilliam | first = Colin | year = 1978 | title = Lothian | series = The Buildings of Scotland | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/lothian-except-edinburgh/oclc/185487752?referer=br&ht=edition | publisher = Penguin Books | location = Harmondsworth, Middlesex | isbn = 978-0-140-71066-3 | oclc = 185487752 }} * {{cite book | last = Pevsner | first = Nikolaus | author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner | year = 1951 | title = High Victorian Design: A Study of the Exhibits of 1851 | location = London | publisher = Architectural Press | oclc = 875412662 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/high-victorian-design-a-study-of-the-exhibits-of-1851/oclc/875412662?referer=br&ht=edition }} * {{cite book | last = Pevsner | first = Nikolaus | author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner | year = 1969 | title = Ruskin and Viollet-Le-Duc: Englishness and Frenchness in the Appreciation of Gothic Architecture | location = London | publisher = Thames and Hudson | oclc = 264998275 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/ruskin-and-viollet-le-duc-englishness-and-frenchness-in-the-appreciation-of-gothic-architecture/oclc/264998275&referer=brief_results }} *{{Rejea kitabu | first1= John | last1=Poppeliers | first2= S. Allen| last2=Chambers | first3=Nancy| last3=Schwartz | title = What Style Is It | publisher= The Preservation Press | isbn=978-0-891-33065-3 | location=Washington | date=1979 }} * {{cite book | last = Port | first = M. H. | year = 2006 | title = 600 New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818–1856 | location = Reading, UK | publisher = Spire Books | isbn = 978-1-904-96508-4 }} *{{cite book |last=Rickman|first=Thomas |title=An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation |url=https://archive.org/details/stylesofarchitec00rick|page=[https://archive.org/details/stylesofarchitec00rick/page/47 47] |year=1848 |publisher=J. H. Parker |location=London |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107338241 |isbn=978-1-107-33824-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Robson Scott | first = William Douglas | year = 1965 | title = The Literary Background of the Gothic Revival in Germany - A chapter in the history of taste | url = https://archive.org/details/literarybackgrou0000robs | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press | oclc = 504490694 }} * {{cite book |last = Ruskin |first = John |author-link = John Ruskin |year = 1989 |orig-year=1849 |title = The Seven Lamps Of Architecture |url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/seven-lamps-of-architecture/oclc/19886931?referer=br&ht=edition |publisher = [[Dover Publications]] |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-486-26145-4 |oclc = 19886931 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sherwood | first1 = Jennifer | last2 = Pevsner | first2 = Nikolaus | author-link2 = Nikolaus Pevsner | year = 1996 | title = Oxfordshire | series = The Buildings of England | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | location = New Haven, US and London | isbn = 978-0-30009-6392 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzDOwAACAAJ | ref = {{sfnRef|Sherwood|Pevsner|2002}} }} * {{cite book | last = Stamp | first = Gavin | author-link = Gavin Stamp | editor = C. Brooks | year = 1995 | title = The Victorian kirk: Presbyterian architecture in nineteenth century Scotland | series = The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society | location = Manchester | publisher = Manchester University Press | isbn = 0-7190-4020-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Stamp | first = Gavin | author-link = Gavin Stamp | editor = G. Stamp | year = 1997 | title = Caledonia Gothica: Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Scotland | series = Architectural Heritage | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/caledonia-gothica-pugin-and-the-gothic-revival-in-scotland/oclc/632385481&referer=brief_results | location = Edinburgh | publisher = Journal of the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland | oclc = 632385481 }} * {{cite book | last = Stamp | first = Gavin | author-link = Gavin Stamp | year = 2011 | title = Saving a Century: the Victorian Society, 1958-2008 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/saving-a-century-the-victorian-society-1958-2008/oclc/1141858753?referer=br&ht=edition | location = London | publisher = Victorian Society | isbn = 978-0-901-65740-4 | oclc = 1141858753 }} * {{cite book | last = Stamp | first = Gavin | author-link = Gavin Stamp | year = 2015 | title = Gothic For The Steam Age: An Illustrated Biography of George Gilbert Scott | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/gothic-for-the-steam-age-an-illustrated-biography-of-george-gilbert-scott/oclc/1123924291?referer=br&ht=edition | location = London | publisher = Aurum Press | isbn = 978-1-781-31124-0 | oclc = 1123924291 }} * {{cite book | last = Stanton | first = Phoebe B. | year = 1997 | title = The Gothic Revival and American Church Architecture: An Episode in Taste, 1840–1856 | url = https://archive.org/details/gothicrevivalame0000stan | location = Baltimore, US and London | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn = 978-0-801-85622-8 | oclc = 38338245 }} * {{cite book | last = Steegman | first = John | year = 1970 | title = Victorian Taste - A study of the Arts and Architecture from 1830 to 1870 | location = Cambridge | publisher = Nelson's University Paperbacks | isbn = 978-0-262-69028-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n09fQgAACAAJ&q=victorian+taste+steegman }} * {{cite book | last = Sundt | first = Richard A. | editor1 = Timothy Brittain-Catlin | editor2 = Jan De Maeyer | editor3 = Martin Bressani | year = 2017 | title = Gothic Revival Worldwide: A.W.N. Pugin's Global Influence | location = Leuven, Belgium | publisher = Leuven University Press | isbn = 978-9-462-70091-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NrrvDQAAQBAJ&q=Cathedral+of+La+Plata+Argentina.Ernesto+Meyer&pg=PA124 }} * {{cite book | last = Toker | first = Franklin | author-link = Franklin Toker | title = The Church of Notre Dame in Montreal: An Architectural History | year = 1991 | location = Montreal | publisher = [[McGill–Queen's University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-773-50848-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yTnJg_Lmx-UC&q=Basilica+of+Notre+Dame+montreal }} * {{cite book | last = Turnor | first = Reginald | title = Nineteenth Century Architecture in Britain | year = 1950 | location = London | publisher = Batsford | oclc = 520344 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xmRNAAAAMAAJ }} *{{cite book |last=Tuleshkov |first=Nikolaĭ |title=Славинските първомайстори (Master Builders from Slavine) |language=bg |url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/slavinskite-purvomaistori/oclc/264741060&referer=brief_results |year=2007 |publisher=Арх & Арт |location=София |isbn=978-9-548-93140-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Verey | first1 = David | last2 = Brooks | first2 = Alan | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1970 | title = Gloucestershire 2: The Vale and the Forest of Dean | series = The Buildings of England | location = New Haven, US and London | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 9780300097337 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m9W2XH11-9EC&q=Gloucestershire+2 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Whyte | first1 = Ian | last2 = Whyte | first2 = Kathleen A | year = 1991 | title = The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800 | url = https://archive.org/details/changingscottish0000whyt | location = London | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 9780415029926 }} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * Christian Amalvi, ''Le Goût du moyen âge'', (Paris: Plon), 1996. The first French monograph on French Gothic Revival. * ''"Le Gothique retrouvé" avant Viollet-le-Duc.'' Exhibition, 1979. The first French exhibition concerned with French Neo-Gothic. * Hunter-Stiebel, Penelope, ''Of knights and spires: Gothic revival in France and Germany'', 1989. ISBN|0-614-14120-6 * Phoebe B Stanton, ''Pugin'' (New York, Viking Press 1972, ©1971). ISBN|0-670-58216-6 *[[John Summerson|Summerson, Sir John]], 1948. "Viollet-le-Duc and the rational point of view" collected in ''Heavenly Mansions and other essays on Architecture'' * [[Thomas Graham Jackson|Sir Thomas G. Jackson]], ''Modern Gothic Architecture'' (1873), ''Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture'' (1913), and three-volume ''Gothic Architecture in France, England and Italy'' (1915) ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Gothic revival architecture}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907161140/http://www.sainte-clotilde.com/Basilique/basilique.html Basilique Sainte-Clotilde, Paris] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070422093100/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/structures/parliament/ Canada by Design: Parliament Hill, Ottawa] at Library and Archives Canada * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191335/http://www.achome.co.uk/architecture/gothic.htm Books, Research and Information] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925214640/http://proyectodocumenta.org/tag/neogotico/ Proyecto Documenta's entries for neo-Gothic elements at the Valparaíso's churches] [[Jamii:Usanifu majengo]] [[Jamii:sanaa]] 09zndw0c395d1izc6j7nsy9oks1ijl7 0 146938 1575842 1541737 2026-06-21T18:31:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorna Rutto''' ni [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya EcoPost, ambayo inatengeneza nguzo za uzio wa urembo, zinazodumu na rafiki wa mazingira kwa kutumia taka za plastiki, njia mbadala ambayo ni mnadala wa matumizi ya mbao. EcoPost hukusanya taka hizi za plastiki (kama vile polypropen na polyethilini) na kutengeneza nguzo za uzio kutoka kwayo. Rutto amepata sifa ya kimataifa kwa juhudi zake za kutoa suluhisho mbadala la udhibiti wa taka za plastiki nchini Kenya. <ref>https://www.wikimzansi.com/lorna-rutto/</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://trendinginkenya.com/lorna-rutto-biography-net-worth-husband-age-cv-ecopost-and-contacts/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-02-28 |archivedate=2022-02-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228181942/http://trendinginkenya.com/lorna-rutto-biography-net-worth-husband-age-cv-ecopost-and-contacts/ }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali, elimu == [[File:Nakuru.jpg|thumb|Mji wa Nakuru, Kenya]] Lorna Rutto alizaliwa mwaka wa 1984 katika makazi duni ya Kaptembwa huko [[Nakuru]], Kenya, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-02-25|title=From slum living to company director|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/mission-and-objectives/features/WCMS_205406/lang--en/index.htm|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=www.ilo.org|language=en}}</ref> malezi yake yaligubikwa na hali halisi ya umaskini na uharibifu wa mazingira. Alipokuwa akikua katikati ya mifereji ya maji taka iliyojaa na mitaa iliyojaa taka, alipata ufahamu wa mapema kuhusu hitaji kubwa la suluhisho za usimamizi wa taka. Uelewa huu uliweka msingi wa juhudi zake katika ujasiriamali wa mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=In Kenya, Lorna Rutto recycles plastic waste into building materials :: AWE - En|url=https://africawomenexperts.com/lng/en/2020/05/in-kenya-lorna-rutto-recycles-plastic-waste-into-building-materials/|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=africawomenexperts.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://africawomenexperts.com/lng/en/2020/05/in-kenya-lorna-rutto-recycles-plastic-waste-into-building-materials/ "In Kenya, Lorna Rutto recycles plastic waste into building materials :: AWE - En"] {{Wayback|url=https://africawomenexperts.com/lng/en/2020/05/in-kenya-lorna-rutto-recycles-plastic-waste-into-building-materials/ |date=20250904060829 }}. ''africawomenexperts.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nyarko|first=Nathan|date=2023-04-27|title=LORNA RUTTO – Founder, Ecopost Limited - The Entrepreneur Who Is Turning Waste Into Gold|url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=Africa Leaders Magazine|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNyarko2023">Nyarko, Nathan (2023-04-27). [https://africanleadersmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-founder-ecopost-limited-the-entrepreneur-who-is-turning-waste-into-gold/ "LORNA RUTTO – Founder, Ecopost Limited - The Entrepreneur Who Is Turning Waste Into Gold"]. ''Africa Leaders Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sundholm|first=Mattias|date=2013-08-15|title=Remarks at "Entrepreneurship for Development" General Assembly Thematic Debate|url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/remarks-at-entrepreneurship-for-development-general-assembly-thematic-debate/|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSundholm2013">Sundholm, Mattias (2013-08-15). [https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/remarks-at-entrepreneurship-for-development-general-assembly-thematic-debate/ "Remarks at "Entrepreneurship for Development" General Assembly Thematic Debate"]. ''Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[File:Anu_Logo.jpg|thumb|Nembo ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nazarene cha Afrika]] Ana shahada ya Biashara katika uhasibu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha African Nazarene. Licha ya kuingia katika sekta ya benki baada ya kuhitimu, Lorna alihisi tofauti kati ya kazi yake na shauku yake ya uhifadhi wa mazingira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2000145993/lorna-rutto-creating-posts-from-plastics-earned-her-numerous-awards-for-conservation|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=The Standard|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2000145993/lorna-rutto-creating-posts-from-plastics-earned-her-numerous-awards-for-conservation "Lorna Rutto: Creating posts from plastics earned her numerous awards for conservation"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment.|url=https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto|accessdate=2024-04-23|work=www.cartierwomensinitiative.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/fellow/lorna-rutto "EcoPost recycles waste plastic to manufacture into eco-friendly plastic lumber, creating sustainable jobs for people in marginalized communities while conserving the environment"]. ''www.cartierwomensinitiative.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-12-24|title=Lorna Rutto - The Story Of An Ecopreneur Who Is Making A Difference In The Urban Slums Of Kenya Through Plastic Waste Recycling {{!}} Duchess International Magazine|url=https://duchessinternationalmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-the-story-of-an-ecopreneur-who-is-making-a-difference-in-the-urban-slums-of-kenya-through-plastic-waste-recycling/|accessdate=2024-04-23|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://duchessinternationalmagazine.com/lorna-rutto-the-story-of-an-ecopreneur-who-is-making-a-difference-in-the-urban-slums-of-kenya-through-plastic-waste-recycling/ "Lorna Rutto - The Story Of An Ecopreneur Who Is Making A Difference In The Urban Slums Of Kenya Through Plastic Waste Recycling | Duchess International Magazine"]. 2015-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-09-07|title=Research Publications - Africa Nazarene University|url=https://www.anu.ac.ke/research/research-publications/|accessdate=2024-04-23|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.anu.ac.ke/research/research-publications/ "Research Publications - Africa Nazarene University"]. 2023-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance_Tanzania]] 92y7a81flno8ufpo6ivm6baga6oh0sm 0 149198 1575846 1518566 2026-06-21T19:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mnqobi Nxumalo''' (anajulikana kama '''Lunatik'''; alizaliwa Empangeni, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], 8 Juni 1994) ni msanii wa kurekodi, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa muziki wa [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Beatenberg-and-hip-hop-win-big-at-the-SA-Music-Awards-20150429|date=2015-04-29|publisher=News24|title=Beatenberg and hip hop win big at the SA Music Awards|accessdate=2020-02-17}}</ref> Alianzisha aina ndogo ya muziki wa hip hop inayojulikana kwa jina la Skhanda pamoja na rapa wa Afrika Kusini ''K.O''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://livemag.co.za/featured/5-young-producers-behind-your-favourite-sa-hip-hop-hits/|title=5 young producers behind your favourite hip hop hits|publisher=livemag.co.za|accessdate=2020-02-17|archive-date=2019-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152518/http://livemag.co.za/featured/5-young-producers-behind-your-favourite-sa-hip-hop-hits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Lunatik alianza kufanya muziki mnamo mwaka 2009. Alianza kuachia mixtapes yake akiwa na umri wa miaka 15 huku akiwatayarisha wasanii kadhaa wa muziki katika mji aliyozaliwa. Alihitimu katika Chuo cha Grantliegh mnamo mwaka 2012 na baadaye akahamia [[Johannesburg]], ambapo alijiunga na Chuo cha Uhandisi wa Sauti lakini baadaye akaacha. Kupitia kwa mjomba wake alitambulishwa kwa Jabu Nkabinde (Rich Mahog) ambaye ni marafiki wa karibu na rapa ''AKA'',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2018/09/cassper-responds-to-rich-mahogany-saying-its-difficult-for-him-in-aka-beef/|title=Cassper Responds To Rich Mahogany Saying It's Difficult For Him In AKA Beef|date=2018-09-13|website=SA Hip Hop Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> ambaye alimchukua chini ya mbawa zake. == Kazi == === 2013-15 === Alikuwa mmoja wa watayarishaji waliotafutwa sana katika tasnia hiyo baada ya kuachilia albamu ya hip hop ya mwaka 2014 ya rapa ''K.O'' inayojulikana kwa jina la ''Skhanda Republic''. Alitoa nyimbo 9 kati ya 11 kwenye albamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2017/03/k-o-declares-skhanda-republic-the-best-album-of-all-time/|title=K.O Declares ‘Skhanda Republic’ The Best Album Of All Time!|date=2017-03-29|website=SA Hip Hop Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha wimbo wa Caracara alioutayarisha mwenyewe akishirikiana na kampuni ya zamani ya Kid X ambao ulitolewa na Cashtime Life mnamo tarehe 3 Machi 2014. Wimbo huo ulihit sana na ulishika nafasi ya 6 kwenye chati rasmi ya muziki ya Afrika Kusini. Wimbo huo pia uliendelea kuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa hip hop katika historia ya Afrika Kusini na kukuangaliwa na zaidi ya watu milioni 1 kwenye [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.yomzansi.com/2014/10/03/k-os-caracara-music-video-hits-1-million-views/|title=K.O’s #Caracara music video hits 1 million views|last=yomzansi|date=2014-10-03|website=YoMZansi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123941/http://www.yomzansi.com/2014/10/03/k-os-caracara-music-video-hits-1-million-views/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wimbo huo pia ulichaguliwa kuwa Best Hit Single, Ushirikiano Bora na Video Bora ya Muziki katika Tuzo za 14 za Kila Mwaka za Metro FM.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://beta.sabc.co.za/metrofm/news/mma14-nomination-list/|title=MMA14 Nomination List|website=beta.sabc.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09|accessdate=2022-04-25|archivedate=2021-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207090610/http://beta.sabc.co.za/metrofm/news/mma14-nomination-list/}}</ref> Wakati wa kazi yake katika Cashtime Life, Lunatik pia alikuwa akishughulikia udhalishaji wa lebo za Kid X, Ma-E, Moozlie na Maggz. === 2015-17 === Baada ya mafanikio ya albamu ya ''Skhanda Republic'' Lunatik aliondoka Cashtime Life na kujiunga na Ambitiouz Entertainment, lebo ya rekodi iliyoanzishwa na Kgosi Mahumapelo,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2017/02/10-things-you-must-know-about-the-ambitiouz-entertainment-drama/|title=10 Things You Must Know About The Ambitiouz Entertainment Drama|date=2017-02-20|website=SA Hip Hop Mag|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> kaka wa mwanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini Supra Mahumapelo. Wakati wa utumishi wake huko Ambitiouz alitayarisha nyimbo kadhaa za Fifi Cooper, A-Reece, Saudi, Sjava, Miss Pru na Emtee. Mtayarishaji mashuhuri zaidi wakati huo alikuwa ni Ameni, aliyetayarishwa pamoja na Tweezy, Ruff & Bizzboi na Amanda Black wa nyimbo maarufu ya ''Amazulu'', iliyotayarishwa pamoja na Christer & Vuyo Manyike, ambayo iliendelea kuwa na platinamu na ilitambuliwa na ''RISA'' na ''Kahle'' ambayo ilitambuliwa na Gold. ===2021: miradi mipya === Katika Tuzo za Hip Hop za mwaka 2021 za Afrika Kusini, alipokea uteuzi wa Mtayarishaji Bora wa Mwaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full list of 2021 SA Hip Hop Awards nominees {{!}} Fakaza News |url=https://fakazanews.com/2021/11/02/full-list-of-2021-sa-hip-hop-awards-nominees/|last=Bukola|publisher=Fakaza News|access-date= November 2, 2021}}</ref> ==Diskografia== === Single zilizotengenezwa === * "Caracara" (amemshirkisha Kid X)" (2014) * "Pass n Special" Kid X (2014) * "Coolerbag" Kid X (2014) * "uGogo" Ma-E (2014) * "Cho Dlozi" Maggz (2014) * "Dont Panic" DJ Speedsta & Moozlie * "Phanda Mo" Dj Slim (amemshirkisha Yanga, Tshego, Emtee na Cassper Nyovest) (2016) * "Ameni" Ms. Pru (2016) * "Vura" Dj Citilyts (2015) * "Winning" A-Reece * "Platinum" Emtee (2017) * "Pray For Me" Emtee * "Bambelela" Emtee * "My OG" Emtee * "Kulomhlaba" Sjava * "Wamuhle" Sjava * "Amazulu" Amanda Black * "Kahle" Amanda Black * "Amalobolo" Okmalumkoolkat * "Smokolo"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.slikouronlife.co.za/blog/13808/at-priddy-ugly-shares-egyptdlx-tracklist-with-pre-order-ahead-of-release|title=Priddy Ugly Shares #EGYPTDLX Tracklist With Pre-Order Ahead Of Release|website=www.slikouronlife.co.za|language=en|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422003850/https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/13808/at-priddy-ugly-shares-egyptdlx-tracklist-with-pre-order-ahead-of-release|url-status=dead}}</ref> Priddy Ugly (2017) * "Hase Mo States" Cassper Nyovest (2018) == Tuzo na uteuzi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tuzo !Mwaka !Mpokeaji na mteule !Jamii !Matokeo !Ref. |- |Tuzo za Hip Hop za Afrika Kusini |2021 |Yeye Mwenyewe |Mtayarishaji Bora wa Mwaka |Ameteuliwa |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-11-03|title=SA Hip Hop Awards 2021: All the nominees|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-hip-hop-awards-2021-all-nominees|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref> |} ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] kqc4li8xgz7jqusyva4ho6340uslev0 0 149212 1575856 1518837 2026-06-21T20:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gift Magubane''' (anayejulikana kama '''Maggz''') ni rapa wa Afrika Kusini aliyejulikana sana kwa wakati wake na Cashtime Life wakati muziki wa [[Hip Hop]] ulipokuwa katika kilele chake nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], na kwa maonyesho yake ya wageni kwenye 'Heaven ya Da L.E.S. ' na 'Mambo Halisi' pamoja na [[AKA]]. Rapa huyo aliachana na muziki, na alikuwa akikabiliwa na mashtaka ya kisheria ambayo yalikaribia kumpeleka jela miaka 15 kwa sababu ya Bongani Fassie. == Marejeo == <ref>https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2017/02/10-things-many-people-dont-know-maggz/</ref><ref>https://www.okayafrica.com/maggz-for-life-and-glory-op-ed/</ref><ref>https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/maggz-signs-special-deal-mabala-noise/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://zalebs.com/rouge/why-we-dont-want-rouge-become-female-maggz |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-07-28 |archivedate=2022-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119165353/https://zalebs.com/rouge/why-we-dont-want-rouge-become-female-maggz }}</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-01-26-rapper-maggz-set-to-leave-cashtime-but-the-labels-future-is-secure/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2016/06/17/da-l-e-s-releases-music-video-for-real-stuff-with-aka-magzz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-07-28 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119071418/https://www.yomzansi.com/2016/06/17/da-l-e-s-releases-music-video-for-real-stuff-with-aka-magzz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-08-27-rapper-maggz-opens-up-about-his-social-media-hiatus-music-comeback/</ref><ref>https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2021/09/maggz-reveals-how-he-almost-went-to-jail-because-of-bongani-fassie/</ref><ref>"8 years later, Maggz and Bongani Fassie are STILL beefing"</ref><ref>https://samusicmag.co.za/2018/03/maggz-on-his-beef-with-bongani-fassie/</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * {{Instagram|magzz100}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maggz}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] pbrsqvrfzgy5ylo8e8bkzegawueg35d 1575866 1575856 2026-06-21T21:23:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gift Magubane''' (anayejulikana kama '''Maggz''') ni rapa wa Afrika Kusini aliyejulikana sana kwa wakati wake na Cashtime Life wakati muziki wa [[Hip Hop]] ulipokuwa katika kilele chake nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], na kwa maonyesho yake ya wageni kwenye 'Heaven ya Da L.E.S. ' na 'Mambo Halisi' pamoja na [[AKA]]. Rapa huyo aliachana na muziki, na alikuwa akikabiliwa na mashtaka ya kisheria ambayo yalikaribia kumpeleka jela miaka 15 kwa sababu ya Bongani Fassie. == Marejeo == <ref>https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2017/02/10-things-many-people-dont-know-maggz/</ref><ref>https://www.okayafrica.com/maggz-for-life-and-glory-op-ed/</ref><ref>https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/maggz-signs-special-deal-mabala-noise/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://zalebs.com/rouge/why-we-dont-want-rouge-become-female-maggz |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-07-28 |archivedate=2022-01-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119165353/https://zalebs.com/rouge/why-we-dont-want-rouge-become-female-maggz }}</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-01-26-rapper-maggz-set-to-leave-cashtime-but-the-labels-future-is-secure/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.yomzansi.com/2016/06/17/da-l-e-s-releases-music-video-for-real-stuff-with-aka-magzz/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-07-28 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119071418/https://www.yomzansi.com/2016/06/17/da-l-e-s-releases-music-video-for-real-stuff-with-aka-magzz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-08-27-rapper-maggz-opens-up-about-his-social-media-hiatus-music-comeback/</ref><ref>https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2021/09/maggz-reveals-how-he-almost-went-to-jail-because-of-bongani-fassie/</ref><ref>"8 years later, Maggz and Bongani Fassie are STILL beefing"</ref><ref>https://samusicmag.co.za/2018/03/maggz-on-his-beef-with-bongani-fassie/</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * {{Instagram|magzz100}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maggz}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] fevgo77wgqliqujnkm7myb51q3lgohv 0 149806 1575827 1517712 2026-06-21T16:19:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{Lang|fr|L'Aube Nouvelle}}''' ("Mapambazuko Mapya") ni [[wimbo]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[Benin]]. Ulioandikwa na kutungwa na ''Padre Gilbert Jean Dagnon'', ulipitishwa kuwa [[Wimbo wa Taifa|wimbo wa taifa]] baada ya [[uhuru]] wa [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Dahomey]] kutoka kwa [[Wafaransa]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1960]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kskkBgAAQBAJ&q=benin+Gilbert+Jean+Dagnon&pg=PT402|title=The World Factbook|last=Agency|first=Central Intelligence|publisher=Masterlab|isbn=9788379912131|pages=402|language=en}}</ref> Baada ya [[Dahomey]] kuwa Jamhuri ya watu wa [[Benin]] mnamo [[1975]], wimbo huo ulihifadhiwa, lakini maneno kama {{Lang|fr|Dahomey}} na ''{{Lang|fr|Dahoméen}}'' yailibadilishwa kuwa {{Lang|fr|Bénin}} na {{Lang|fr|Béninois}} . <ref name="presidence">{{Rejea tovuti|title=L'Hymne National du Bénin|url=https://presidence.bj/home/le-benin/les-symboles/hymne-national/|accessdate=2021-12-31|work=Présidence de la République du Bénin|language=fr|archive-date=2022-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101031157/https://presidence.bj/home/le-benin/les-symboles/hymne-national/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Taifa za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] 280ndwkh2bdxd0z536vyidsytu32rme 0 150084 1575947 1499309 2026-06-22T05:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Necessary Noize''' ni kundi la [[Muziki wa hip hop|hip hop]] la [[Kenya]] . == Asili na Wanachama Halisi == Hapo awali kundi hili liliundwa na MC/mwimbaji wa kike '''Nazizi Hirji''', mwimbaji '''Kevin Wyre''' na rapa '''Bamzigi''', ingawa Bamzigi aliondoka baadaye kwa sababu ya mizozo binafsi na lebo. Kundi hili lilianzishwa mnamo Oktoba [[2000]] na kutoa [[albamu]] yao ya kwanza mnamo 2000 chini ya Audio Vault Studios (sasa Blu Zebra). Ambayo ilikua nanyimbo kama "Clang Clang," na "La Di Da." == Ukuaji == Waliendelea kukua kwa umaarufu na baadaye wakatoa albamu ya pili ya ''Necessary Noize II: Kenyan Gal, Kenyan Boy'' mwaka wa [[2004]] ambayo ilijumuisha nyimbo maarufu za kikanda kama vile "Kenyan Gal, Kenyan Boy" na "Bless My Room" . Ingawa kimsingi wana hip hop wa kikundi hiki pia hufanya nyimbo za [[reggae]] na [[Rhythm na blues|R&B]] . Wanasifika kwa mashairi yao ya kijamii ambayo yanahusu masuala yanayoathiri vijana kama vile [[Ukimwi|UKIMWI]], dawa za [[Madawa ya kulevya|kulevya]] na [[siasa]] . == Ushirikiano == Kwa pamoja na mwanamuziki wa ragga kutoka Uganda [[Bebe Cool]], wametoa muziki kwa jina East Africa Bashment Crew . Kundi hili limeteuliwa katika tuzo za [[Tuzo za Muziki za MTV Afrika 2008|uzinduzi (2008) za MTV Africa Music Awards]] .Pia wameshirikiana na kundi la muziki la hip hop la [[Tanzania]] [[Gangwe Mobb]] na nyimbo yao inayoitwa "Tunajirusha". Wageni katika albamu yao ya kwanza ni pamoja na Mizchif kutoka [[Zimbabwe]], Jerry Doobiez wa K-South na [[Nyota Ndogo]] . <ref>[http://www.discogs.com/release/1482246 Discogs - Necessary Noize]</ref> == Tuzo == '''Lilishinda:''' * Tuzo za Muziki za Kisima za 2004 - Kikundi Bora na Video Bora ya Muziki ("Kenyan Gal/Boy") na Kundi Bora la Ragga. * 2004 Tuzo za Chaguo La Teeniez * 2006 [[Tuzo za muziki Pearl of Africa|Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] (PAM Awards) - Kundi Bora (Kenya) <ref>Ugandaonline.net: [http://www.ugandaonline.net/2006 PAM Awards 2006 Winners] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugandaonline.net/2006 |date=20120226155529 }}</ref> '''Liliyeteuliwa:''' * [[Kili Music Awards|Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania za]] [[2005]] - Albamu Bora ya Afrika Mashariki ("Necessary Noize II") <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060515123130/http://www.kilitimetz.com/2005/awards/vote.html Tanzania Music Awards - Nominees 2005]</ref> * Tuzo za Video za Muziki za Channel O za 2006 - Video bora ya reggae ("Mkenya Gal/Mvulana") <ref>africa.bizcommunity.com: [http://africa.bizcommunity.com/Article/157/66/11163.html Channel O Award nominees released]</ref> * 2007 [[Tuzo za muziki Pearl of Africa|Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Kundi Bora la Kenya. <ref>Ugpulse.com: [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/entertainment.asp?ID=748 PAM Awards 2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/entertainment.asp?ID=748 |date=20081011193130 }}</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.freewebs.com/kijo_wyre Wyre - Mtoto wa upendo] * [http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&id=30119466 Profaili ya MTV Base Africa: Noize ya Muhimu] {{Wayback|url=http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&id=30119466 |date=20070311001623 }} * [http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&id=75133307 Wasifu wa MTV Base Afrika: Wyre] {{Wayback|url=http://mtvbase.com/mtvbaseafrica.com/music/article.jhtml?backLink=profiles&id=75133307 |date=20070311001741 }} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] gixos5woirsuy98py6lbgryq0zaurnl 0 152866 1575818 1517316 2026-06-21T15:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG|right|thumb|350x350px| Kiwanda cha Kusafisha cha Anacortes ( Tesoro ), upande wa kaskazini wa Machi Point kusini mashariki mwa Anacortes, [[Washington]] .]] '''Kiwanda cha kusafisha mafuta''' (kwa [[Kiingereza|Kiing.]] ''oil refinery, petroleum refinery'') ni [[kiwanda]] ambapo [[Mafuta ya petroli|mafuta ghafi]] hutumiwa kuzalisha [[bidhaa za mafuta]] kama vile [[petroli]], [[diseli]], [[lami]] au [[gesi ya mafuta ya petroli]] (LPG) kwa njia ya [[ukenekaji kisehemu]]. <ref name="Handwerk">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/petroleumrefinin002edgary_p5f5|title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|last=Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|year=1984|isbn=0-8247-7150-8|edition=2nd}}</ref> <ref name="Leffler">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person|url=https://archive.org/details/petroleumrefinin0000leff_2edi|last=Leffler, W.L.|publisher=PennWell Books|year=1985|isbn=0-87814-280-0|edition=2nd}}</ref> Kimsingi mafuta ghafi huchemshwa na [[kemikali]] tofauti ndani yake ambazo hutenganishwa na kusafishwa kila moja peke yake. Maana mafuta ghafi [[kemia|kikemia]] ni mchanganyiko wa [[dutu]] nyingi na kila moja inachemka na kuyeyuka kwa [[halijoto]] tofauti ambapo inajitenga na nyingine. [[Mvuke]] wa sehemu hizo tofauti unapozwa na kuwa miminika baadaye, isipokuwa sehemu hizo ambazo zinabaki kama [[gesi]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries Ramani ya Viwanda vya kusafisha mafuta nchini Marekani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries |date=20090428171953 }} * [http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries] {{Wayback|url=http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries |date=20090428171953 }}[http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm Ramani ya Viwanda vya kusafisha mafuta nchini] {{Wayback|url=http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm |date=20071212173402 }} [http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm Uingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm |date=20071212173402 }} * [http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html Maelezo kamili na ya kina ya usafishaji] * [http://www.cheresources.com/refinery_planning_optimization.shtml Upangaji na Uboreshaji wa Kiwanda cha Kusafisha Mafuta kwa Kutumia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cheresources.com/refinery_planning_optimization.shtml |date=20070607163843 }} * [http://www.cheresources.com/refining.shtml Mwongozo wa Mwanafunzi wa Kusafisha] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cheresources.com/refining.shtml |date=20070610062640 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4296812.stm Global refinery shortage shifts power balance] * [http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.html Ecomuseum Bergslagen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.html |date=20060815000718 }} * [http://www.setlaboratories.com/overview.htm#Basics%20of%20Crude%20Oil Maelezo ya kina ya usafishaji] * [http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdf Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdf |date=20210420161058 }} (publication of the Consumer Federation of America) * [http://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning_Center/refining.htm Misingi ya Kusafisha Mafuta] Muhtasari wa mchakato wa kusafisha mafuta yasiyosafishwa * [http://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning_Center/refining.htm Basics of Oil Refining] Overview of crude oil refining process * [http://www.treccani.it/Portale/sito/altre_aree/Tecnologia_e_Scienze_applicate/enciclopedia/inglese/indice_opera.html Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons, ENI na Treccani ed., juzuu 5] [[Jamii:Nishati]] 5ep33gru606l6bua6y5v95t7kyi5xwt 0 157467 1575823 1517479 2026-06-21T15:54:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575823 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kroisos stake Louvre G197.jpg|thumb|Picha kwenye chungu cha kale inamwonesha Kroisos kwenye kuni atakapoendelea kuchomwa kufuatana na mapokeo ya [[Herodoti]]. ]] '''Kroisos''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] <small>{{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Κροῖσος}}}}</small>, [[Kilatini]] Croesus) alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Lydia (nchi)|Lydia]] aliyetawala kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[585 KK]] hivi hadi aliposhindwa na mfalme wa [[Uajemi ya Kale|Uajemi]], [[Koreshi Mkuu]], mnamo mwaka [[547 KK]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wallace|first=Robert W.|date=2016|title=Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157500|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=136|issue=|pages=168–181|doi=10.1017/S0075426916000124|jstor=44157500|access-date=14 November 2021|s2cid=164546627}}</ref> Lydia ilikuwa nchi ya [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] kwenye maeneo ya [[magharibi]] ya [[Asia Ndogo]] yaani [[Uturuki]] ya leo. Kroisos alikuwa maarufu kwa [[utajiri]] wake mkubwa. Chanzo cha utajiri wake kilikuwa [[dhahabu]] iliyochimbwa katika [[Dola|milki]] yake pamoja na [[kodi]] ya [[Mji|miji]] ya [[biashara]] na malipo ya miji ya Kigiriki iliyoshindwa naye kwa [[vita]]. [[Mwandishi|Waandishi]] [[Herodoti]] na Pausanias walitaja kwamba [[zawadi]] zake zilitunzwa kwenye [[hekalu]] la [[Delphi]]. <ref>Among them a lion of gold, which had tumbled from its perch upon a stack of ingots when the [[temple]] at [[Delphi]] burned but was preserved and displayed in the Treasury of the Corinthians, where Pausanias saw it (Pausanias 10.5.13). The temple burned in the archonship of Erxicleides, 548–47 BC.</ref> <ref name="Evans">{{Rejea jarida|last=Evans|first=J. A. S.|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|date=1978|title=What Happened to Croesus?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296933|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=74|issue=1|pages=34–40|doi=|jstor=3296933|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> [[Faili:Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg/300px-Map_of_Lydia_ancient_times.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Mipaka ya Lydia chini ya Mfalme Kroisos]] [[Faili:Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.76_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/300px-Kroisos._Circa_564-53-550-39_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.76_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg|thumb|300x300px| [[Sarafu]] ya dhahabu ya Kroisos, Lydia, mnamo [[550 KK]].]] Croesus anasifiwa kwa kutoa [[sarafu]] za kwanza za dhahabu zilizosanifishwa kwa usafi sanifu na [[uzito]] maalumu kama [[pesa]] rasmi.<ref>Herodotus, I, p. 80</ref> <ref>''An Encyclopedia of World History'', (Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1952), chap. II. "Ancient History", p. 37</ref> Katika [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] za Kigiriki na Kiajemi [[jina]] la Kroisos likawa [[kisawe]] cha mtu tajiri. Kwa [[lugha]] za [[Ulaya]] kama [[Kiingereza]], semi kama vile "tajiri kama Croesus" au "tajiri kuliko Croesus" hutumiwa hadi leo kuonyesha utajiri mkubwa. Wakati wa utawala wake milki ya Uajemi chini ya mfalme [[Koreshi II]] ilipanusha mipaka yake ndani ya [[Asia Ndogo]] na Kroisos aliona hatari kwa utawala wake. Hivyo aliamua kutumia utajiri wake kuajiri jeshi la mamluki na kushambulia Waajemi. Kabla ya kuvuka mto Hadys uliokuwa mpaka wa milki, alituma wajumbe kwa [[Pythia wa Delfi]] aliyekuwa [[mwaguzi]] mashuhuri katika Ugiriki ya Kale na kutafuta utabiri kuhusu vita aliyopanga. Jibu la Pythia lilikuwa "Ukivuka mto Hadys utaharibu milki kubwa", alilopokea kama utabiri wa ushindi wake. Lakini alishindwa katika vita na Koreshi II na milki iliyoharibika ilikuwa milki yake mwenyewe.<ref>Poulsen, Frederik (1920): Delphi. London 1920, uk. 27; [https://archive.org/details/delphidelphi00pouluoft/page/26/mode/2up online hapa]</ref> Hatima ya Croesus baada ya [[ushindi]] wa Waajemi dhidi ya Lydia haijulikani: [[Herodoti]] pamoja na waandishi wengine waliandika kwamba ama Kroisos alijaribu [[kujiua]], au kwamba alihukumiwa na kuchomwa na Waajemi akiwa hai. Wengine waliandika kwamba aliendelea kuishi na kuwa mshauri wa mshindi Koreshi. [[Xenofoni]] alidai pia kwamba Koreshi alimweka Kroisos kama mshauri wake, ilhali mwandishi mwingine wa kale aliandika kwamba Koreshi alimteua kuwa [[gavana]] wa eneo huko [[Umedi]]. <ref name="Leloux-2">Kevin Leloux, La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure, [[University of Liège]]: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/220928/2/The%cc%80se%20entie%cc%80re%20vol%20II.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }}</ref> Baada ya kumshinda Kroisos, Koreshi aliiga matumizi ya [[dhahabu]] kama sarafu kuu ya ufalme wa Uajemi. <ref name="Mallowan">{{Rejea kitabu|url=|title=The Cambridge History of Iran|last=Mallowan|first=Max|date=1968|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-20091-2|editor-last=Gershevitch|editor-first=Ilya|editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch|pages=392–419|language=en|author-link=Max Mallowan}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.academia.edu/10635667/Lalliance_lydo-spartiate_Kt%C3%A8ma_39_2014_p._271-288 "L'alliance lydo-spartiate", katika Ktèma, 39, 2014, uk. 271–288] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.academia.edu/61853262/Les_alliances_lydo_%C3%A9gyptienne_et_lydo_babylonienne_Gephyra_22_2021_p_181_207 "Les allions lydo-égyptienne et lydo-babylonienne", katika Gephyra, 22, 2021, pp. 181–207] na Kevin Leloux * [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 Maelezo ya Herodotus kuhusu Kroisos; 1.6–94] ( [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ kutoka kwa Perseus Project], ulio na viungo vya matoleo ya Kiingereza na Kigiriki). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023141/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Croesus.html Maelezo ya kina ya maisha ya Kroisos], na Carlos Parada * [http://www.livius.org Livius], [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus] {{Wayback|url=https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm |date=20130730202829 }} na Jona Lendering * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122504/http://ancientopedia.com/croesus/ Croesus] kwenye * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qm8zg Gold Coin of Croesus] [[Podikasiti|podikasti]] ya [[BBC]] kutoka kwa mfululizo: "Historia ya Ulimwengu katika Vitu 100" * Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Croesus Croesus]" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 6]] [[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uturuki]] 50tyuqlobcyvgb67g67e6ps9j0nw2wn 0 168444 1575803 1517064 2026-06-21T13:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kilimo kinachozingatia hali ya hewa''' (au kilimo kinachostahimili hali ya hewa; kifupi cha Kiingereza CSA) ni mbinu jumuishi ya kusimamia [[mandhari]] ili kusaidia kurekebisha mbinu za kilimo, mifugo na mazao kulingana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi na, inapowezekana, kukabiliana nayo kwa kupunguza uzalishaji wa [[gesi]] chafuzi kutoka kwa [[kilimo]], wakati huo huo kwa kutilia maanani ongezeko la idadi ya watu ulimwenguni ili kuhakikisha usalama wa chakula. Kwa hivyo, msisitizo sio tu katika kilimo cha kaboni au kilimo endelevu, lakini pia katika kuongeza tija ya kilimo. "CSA inaambatana na maono ya FAO na Kilimo na inaunga mkono lengo la FAO la kufanya [[kilimo]], [[misitu]] na [[uvuvi]] kuwa na tija na endelevu zaidi".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Climate-Smart Agriculture|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climate-smart-agriculture|work=World Bank|accessdate=2023-04-07|language=en}}</ref> CSA ina nguzo tatu: kuongeza tija ya kilimo na mapato; kurekebisha na kujenga uwezo wa kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi; na kupunguza au kuondoa uzalishaji wa gesi chafuzi kutoka kwa [[kilimo]]. CSA huorodhesha hatua tofauti za kukabiliana na changamoto za siku zijazo za mazao na mimea. Kuhusiana na kuongezeka kwa joto na shinikizo la joto, CSA inapendekeza uzalishaji wa aina za mazao zinazostahimili joto, matandazo, usimamizi wa maji, nyumba ya kivuli, miti ya mipaka na makazi mwafaka na nafasi kwa ng'ombe. Kuna majaribio ya kuingiza CSA katika sera za msingi za serikali, matumizi na mifumo ya kupanga. Ili sera za CSA ziwe na ufanisi, lazima ziweze kuchangia ukuaji mpana wa uchumi, malengo ya maendeleo endelevu na kupunguza umaskini. Ni lazima pia ziunganishwe na mikakati ya udhibiti wa hatari ya maafa, vitendo, na [[programu]] za mitandao ya [[usalama]] wa kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Climate Smart Agriculture: Back to basics to fight climate change and hunger|url=https://www.concern.net/news/what-is-climate-smart-agriculture|work=Concern Worldwide|date=2022-02-28|accessdate=2023-04-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Climate-Smart Agriculture {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/#:~:text=Climate-smart%20agriculture%20(CSA),SDGs%20and%20the%20Paris%20Agreement.|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2023-04-07|archive-date=2023-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407123153/https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/#:~:text=Climate-smart%20agriculture%20(CSA),SDGs%20and%20the%20Paris%20Agreement.|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Kilimo]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] [[Jamii:Ekolojia]] 41szifrkljyconjoq29664gith6lj0r 0 169911 1575979 1530730 2026-06-22T10:55:19Z Llszn 90377 Niliongeza citation kuhusu pahali pa kazi 1575979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Antoinette Kankindi Kagoyire''' (alizaliwa [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kaskazini|Kivu Kaskazini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[1950]]) ni [[mwanafalsafa]], mtaalamu wa mawazo ya [[Charles Péguy]] na [[profesa]] wa chuo kikuu wa Maadili na Falsafa ya Kisiasa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Strathmore]] huko [[Nairobi]], Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Antoinette K. Kankindi – sls|url=https://law.strathmore.edu/dr-antoinette-k-kankindi/|work=law.strathmore.edu|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisoma katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kinshasa|Chuo Kikuu cha]] [[Kinshasa]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Navarre. Baada ya ushiriki wake katika semina ya kimataifa kuhusu uongozi wa wanawake iliyoadhimishwa [[mwaka]] 2013 mjini [[Lilongwe]] (Malawi). Mfuko wa Hatua za Dharura - Afrika (UAF-A) uliamua kufadhili mpango wa uongozi wa wanawake katika [[2016]]-[[2017]] ambapo wajasiriamali wanawake wa kutoka afrika, wanasiasa, [[waandishi wa habari]] na wanasayansi walishiriki <ref name="vanguardi17">[http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20170206/414056585405/la-filosofa-antoinette-kankindi-premio-harambee-2017-a-la-promocion-e-igualdad-de-la-mujer-africana.html ''La Vanguardia''<nowiki>, 06-02-2017 [Consulta: 15 febrer 2017].</nowiki>]</ref>. Mwaka wa 2017 ulipokea [[Tuzo]] ya Kimataifa ya Harambee Africa ya Ukuzaji na Usawa wa Mwanamuke wa Kiafrika<ref name="europa15feb">{{Cite web|language=catalan|first=Europa|last=Press|title=La filósofa Antoinette Kankindi, Premio Harambee 2017 a la Promoción e Igualdad de la Mujer Africana|url=https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/cooperacion-desarrollo/noticia-filosofa-antoinette-kankindi-premio-harambee-2017-promocion-igualdad-mujer-africana-20170206150945.html|date=2017-02-06|accessdate=2023-05-06}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.ccma.cat/catradio/alacarta/desmuntant-europa/antoinette-kankindi-ningu-investiga-qui-sesta-beneficiant-del-negoci-del-trafic-dimmigrants/audio/966020/ "Hakuna mtu anayetafuta nani ikiwa ananufaika na biashara ya magendo ya wahamiaji,"] akihojiwa na Catalunya Ràdio. [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] gjh11k8630hotv9c0qt1yfocna87pgr 0 170407 1575916 1520773 2026-06-22T01:57:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Grand Tanzania''' ilikuwa mashindano ya urembo wa kitaifa [[Tanzania]], iliiyoanzishwa mwaka [[2017]] na mwanasheria wa [[Dar es Salaam]], Rasheedah Jamaldin.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MISS GRAND TANZANIA 2017 YAZINDULIWA DAR ES SALAAM LEO|url=https://michuzi2.rssing.com/chan-7007653/article33269.html?zx=814|work=michuzi2.rssing.com|accessdate=2023-05-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batuli Mohammed is Miss Grand Tanzania 2017 - MODELSGISTAFRICA|url=https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-01-21|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044656/https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html}}</ref> Mshindi wa shindano hili aliwakilisha nchi katika shindano lake la kimataifa la wazazi, [[Miss Grand International]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batuli Mohammed is Miss Grand Tanzania 2017 - MODELSGISTAFRICA|url=https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-01-21|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044656/https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html}}</ref> Jamaldin alikatisha ushirikiano wake na Miss Grand International Limited mwishoni mwa [[2018]] baada ya wawakilishi wake wote tanzu kukosa nafasi kwa miaka miwili mfululizo. Hapo awali, kuanzia [[2014]] hadi [[2015]], leseni ya shindano ilikuwa ya mfanyabiashara, Veronika Rovegno, lakini wawakilishi wote wa nchi katika kipindi hicho waliteuliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Miss Grand International|url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=194|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-07|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2014-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007045211/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=194}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Will Be Crowned As Miss Grand International 2015? : Entertainment : Yibada|url=https://en.yibada.com/articles/71947/20151009/who-will-crowned-miss-grand-international-2015.htm|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-12-10|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2015-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210184124/https://en.yibada.com/articles/71947/20151009/who-will-crowned-miss-grand-international-2015.htm}}</ref> Tangu kuanza mwaka 2014, hadi sasa, hakuna wawakilishi wa Tanzania waliofuzu kwa hatua ya 20 bora kwenye hatua ya kimataifa. Hata hivyo, mgombeaji wa 2018, Queen Mugesi Ainory Gesase, aliwekwa miongoni mwa 10 bora katika shindano la mavazi ya kitaifa, mojawapo ya mashindano madogo madogo katika mashindano ya Miss Grand International.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://afroswagga.com/mitindo/pata-kumjua-queen-mugesi-miss-grand-tanzania-2018/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203152615/https://afroswagga.com/mitindo/pata-kumjua-queen-mugesi-miss-grand-tanzania-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya urembo]] jxqy55veznwbp192tbr9pvrpdztrzi4 1575960 1575916 2026-06-22T07:11:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Grand Tanzania''' ilikuwa mashindano ya urembo wa kitaifa [[Tanzania]], iliiyoanzishwa mwaka [[2017]] na mwanasheria wa [[Dar es Salaam]], Rasheedah Jamaldin.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MISS GRAND TANZANIA 2017 YAZINDULIWA DAR ES SALAAM LEO|url=https://michuzi2.rssing.com/chan-7007653/article33269.html?zx=814|work=michuzi2.rssing.com|accessdate=2023-05-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batuli Mohammed is Miss Grand Tanzania 2017 - MODELSGISTAFRICA|url=https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-01-21|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044656/https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html}}</ref> Mshindi wa shindano hili aliwakilisha nchi katika shindano lake la kimataifa la wazazi, [[Miss Grand International]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Batuli Mohammed is Miss Grand Tanzania 2017 - MODELSGISTAFRICA|url=https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-01-21|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2021-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044656/https://www.modelsgistafrica.com/2017/08/batuli-mohammed-is-miss-grand-tanzania.html}}</ref> Jamaldin alikatisha ushirikiano wake na Miss Grand International Limited mwishoni mwa [[2018]] baada ya wawakilishi wake wote tanzu kukosa nafasi kwa miaka miwili mfululizo. Hapo awali, kuanzia [[2014]] hadi [[2015]], leseni ya shindano ilikuwa ya mfanyabiashara, Veronika Rovegno, lakini wawakilishi wote wa nchi katika kipindi hicho waliteuliwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Miss Grand International|url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=194|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-07|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2014-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007045211/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=194}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Will Be Crowned As Miss Grand International 2015? : Entertainment : Yibada|url=https://en.yibada.com/articles/71947/20151009/who-will-crowned-miss-grand-international-2015.htm|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-12-10|accessdate=2023-05-14|archivedate=2015-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210184124/https://en.yibada.com/articles/71947/20151009/who-will-crowned-miss-grand-international-2015.htm}}</ref> Tangu kuanza mwaka 2014, hadi sasa, hakuna wawakilishi wa Tanzania waliofuzu kwa hatua ya 20 bora kwenye hatua ya kimataifa. Hata hivyo, mgombeaji wa 2018, Queen Mugesi Ainory Gesase, aliwekwa miongoni mwa 10 bora katika shindano la mavazi ya kitaifa, mojawapo ya mashindano madogo madogo katika mashindano ya Miss Grand International.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://afroswagga.com/mitindo/pata-kumjua-queen-mugesi-miss-grand-tanzania-2018/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203152615/https://afroswagga.com/mitindo/pata-kumjua-queen-mugesi-miss-grand-tanzania-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mashindano ya urembo]] m0c4pngcfgubjxr5cgpoxfdfidy7ruq 0 171719 1575935 1521515 2026-06-22T04:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575935 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutiu Adegoke''' ni beki mstaafu wa kandanda wa [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://westafricanfootball.com/2011/01/22/special-report-dolphin-fc-port-harcourt/|title=SPECIAL REPORT – DOLPHIN FC PORT HARCOURT|date=2011-01-22|work=WEST AFRICAN FOOTBALL|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en-US}}</ref> . Alichezea klabu mbalimbali zikiwemo ASEC Mimosas na FC Saint Eloi Lupopo kabla ya kurejea [[Nigeria]] kuchezea klabu ya Dolphins<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thepmnews.com/2009/09/25/fireworks-at-liberty-stadium-as-3sc-open-season-against-dolphins |title=Fireworks At Liberty Stadium; As 3SC Open Season Against Dolphins (The PMnews) |accessdate=2023-06-13 |archive-date=2009-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174128/http://thepmnews.com/2009/09/25/fireworks-at-liberty-stadium-as-3sc-open-season-against-dolphins |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Pia alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa timu ya taifa ya Nigeria, Super Eagles, na alirejea mwaka wa 2010 baada ya kukosekana kwa miaka mitatu. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tvpsaya7hy8v5ozof2nbrht1ehnjznn 1575962 1575935 2026-06-22T07:44:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutiu Adegoke''' ni beki mstaafu wa kandanda wa [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://westafricanfootball.com/2011/01/22/special-report-dolphin-fc-port-harcourt/|title=SPECIAL REPORT – DOLPHIN FC PORT HARCOURT|date=2011-01-22|work=WEST AFRICAN FOOTBALL|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en-US}}</ref> . Alichezea klabu mbalimbali zikiwemo ASEC Mimosas na FC Saint Eloi Lupopo kabla ya kurejea [[Nigeria]] kuchezea klabu ya Dolphins<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://thepmnews.com/2009/09/25/fireworks-at-liberty-stadium-as-3sc-open-season-against-dolphins |title=Fireworks At Liberty Stadium; As 3SC Open Season Against Dolphins (The PMnews) |accessdate=2023-06-13 |archive-date=2009-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926174128/http://thepmnews.com/2009/09/25/fireworks-at-liberty-stadium-as-3sc-open-season-against-dolphins |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Pia alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa timu ya taifa ya Nigeria, Super Eagles, na alirejea mwaka wa 2010 baada ya kukosekana kwa miaka mitatu. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gpm16z57t7o42xzydnv3uoaun6w3rpw 0 171727 1575936 1521516 2026-06-22T04:47:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:MutiuAdepoju.JPG|thumb|Mutiu Adepoju]] '''Mutiu Adepoju''' (alizaliwa [[22 Desemba]] 1970) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alicheza zaidi kama kiungo mshambuliaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mutiu, Adepoju Mutiu - Footballer |url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j8.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.bdfutbol.com}}</ref> ==Ushiriki Katika Klabu== Adepoju ni Mzaliwa wa [[Ibadan]], Adepoju (ambaye pia anaitwa kwa jina lake la kwanza nchini [[Hispania|Uhispania]]) aliondoka Nigeria mnamo 1989 na kujiunga na klabu bingwa ya Real Madrid.<ref>[https://www.realracingclub.es/club/historia/historia-descenso-a-2b-y-ascenso-a-primera HISTORIA / Cap. 12 Descenso a 2ªB y ascenso a Primera (HISTORY / Ch. 12 Relegation to 2ªB and promotion to ''Primera'')]; at Racing Santander </ref><ref>[https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/deportes/racing/ascenso-inolvidable-20180629113835-nt.html Aquel ascenso inolvidable (That unforgettable promotion)]; , 29 June 2018 </ref> ==Ushiriki Kimataifa== Adepoju alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya Nigeria U20 iliyocheza katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana ya [[FIFA]] ya 1989. Mabao yake mawili dhidi ya Marekani katika nusu fainali ilihakikisha fainali dhidi ya [[Ureno]], kushindwa 2-0. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo Vya Nje== * [http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=83 Wasifu Wa Wachezaji Nigeria]{{Wayback|url=http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=83 |date=20160313030312 }} * [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j8.html Mutiu Adepoju ] katika BDFutbol {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b4g5n6alj88ljzzn74ejkzdn66tjzq5 0 171824 1575933 1521473 2026-06-22T04:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subair Muritala Ali''' (alizaliwa 1999 [[Nigeria]]) ni mchezaji wa [[kandanda]] wa [[Nigeria]]. Muritala aliwahi kuzichezea klabu za Mahindra United na Chirag United.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/subair-muritala-ali/167954/|title=Nigeria - M. Ali - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo Vya Nje== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105101948/http://mohunbaganac.com/SEPT08/news_details.php?newsid=720 Katika Habari] {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mlb0i0qqz6y7r0wes8hsxh2y4sw6hci 0 173798 1575805 1570914 2026-06-21T13:58:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Annette Robertson''' (amezaliwa 10 Machi 1957) ni [[Riadha|mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa mbio za mwendo kasi kutoka New Zealand. Alimwakilisha [[New Zealand]] katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola mara tatu, Mashindano ya Dunia ya Ndani mara moja, Kombe la Dunia la IAAF mara tatu, na Michezo ya Pacific Conference mara tatu. Pia aliteuliwa kwenye timu ya [[Olimpiki]] ya [[Moscow]] ya mwaka 1980 katika mbio za mita 400 lakini hakushiriki kwa sababu serikali ya New Zealand iliamua kususia hafla hiyo. == Maisha ya Awali == Robertson alizaliwa tarehe 10 Machi 1957, akiwa mtoto wa kati wa Maurice Robertson<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120605020409/http://www.nzrl.co.nz/legends-of-league.aspx "Legends of Legue" History. New Zealand Rugby League. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012] iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 03/08/2023</ref> na Eileen Hobcraft, huko Mt Eden, eneo la [[Auckland]]. Wazazi wake wote walikuwa wanariadha hodari. Baba yake alikuwa nahodha wa timu ya taifa ya rugby ya New Zealand katika miaka ya 1940 na 1950 na aliteuliwa kuingia kwenye Ukumbi wa Washindi wa Ligi ([[Hall of Fame]]) mwaka 2000. Mama yake alikuwa mwanariadha wa mbio za mwendo kasi, na pia alicheza netiboli na mpira wa kikapu kwa mkoa wa Auckland. Robertson alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya [[Epsom]] huko Auckland, na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Teknolojia|Teknolojia ya Mashariki,]] Idara ya [[Kilimo|Kilimo cha Mizabibu]] na Uzalishaji wa Divai, Napier, [[New Zealand|New Zealand.]] == Kazi ya michezo == Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka saba, alijiunga na Hillsborough Junior Athletic Club na hakupoteza mashindano ya mbio fupi tangu wakati huo hadi miaka 13. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 13, alishiriki katika Mbio za Watoto za [[Auckland]] na kufanikiwa kushinda kila tukio aliloshiriki - mita 75, mita 100, kuruka mbali na kuruka juu. Baadaye, alishiriki katika Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Epsom Girls 'Grammar ambapo alishinda Mashindano ya kwanza ya Wanafunzi wa Sekondari ya New Zealand katika mbio fupi za wasichana katika mita 100 na 200, rekodi ambazo zimebaki kwa zaidi ya miaka 25. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 na bado yupo shuleni, alishiriki katika Timu ya New Zealand kwenye Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya [[Christchurch]] mwaka 1974. Baadaye, alijiunga na kocha Tom McIntyre na akawa bingwa katika mashindano ya kitaifa ya New Zealand katika mbio fupi za mita 100, 200 na 400, akishinda majina 32 kuanzia 1976 hadi 1984. Aliposukuma hadi mita 400, alishinda mataji sita ya mita 400 na kuvunja rekodi ya Auckland. Mwaka 1980, alivunja rekodi ya New Zealand kwa mbio za mita 400 na kuwa ya 12 ulimwenguni. <ref>[http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder |date=20200317153054 }} New Zealand National Records^{[''permanent dead link''<nowiki>]</nowiki>}. NZSSA. Retrieved on 2016-02-20.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nzssa.org.nz/statistic/recordholder |date=20200317153054 }} iliwekwa mnamo tarehe 03/08/2023</ref> Kwa bahati mbaya, timu ya New Zealand haikushiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Moscow mwaka 1980, kwa hivyo hakuweza kushiriki. Alikuwa wa tano katika mbio za mita 400 kwenye Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola mwaka 1982. Mwaka 1985, alishiriki kwenye Mashindano ya Kwanza ya Ndani ya Dunia huko [[Paris, Ufaransa]], akishinda medali ya shaba katika mita 200. Kwenye miezi ya baridi, alifanya vizuri katika mchezo wa mpira wa wavu, akiiwakilisha Auckland kwenye mashindano kadhaa na kushinda mashindano ya A Grade ya [[Auckland]] kwa michezo ya ndani ya mpira wa wavu mwaka 1978. ==Kazi ya Ukocha== Baada ya kustaafu michezo ya ushindani, Robertson alihama kwenda mji mdogo wa South Island wa Nelson na akawa kocha wa vijana wengi wanaosukuma na kuruka. Brent Stebbings alishinda taji la kuruka mara 3 mfululizo la New Zealand Secondary Schools akitumia mtindo wa mafunzo ya mbio/kuruka ya Robertson yenye ubunifu. Robertson pia alifundisha wachezaji wa hoki, kikapu, na soka, wakimbiaji wa marathon, na wanamichezo wa Olimpiki Maalum kwa kipindi cha miaka 20. Sasa akiishi [[California|California, Marekani,]] anaendelea kujihusisha na mafunzo ya kasi kwa riadha na soka. == Heshima == Mwanamichezo wa Mwaka wa [[New Zealand]] - 1980 Mwanamichezo wa Mwaka wa [[North Shore]] - 1985 Kapteni wa Kufuatilia wa Shule ya Wasichana ya Epsom - 1973-1975 {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:wanariadha wa New Zealand]] i8rv1679svcembnvzj1sbg0283lumtm 0 179171 1575868 1519256 2026-06-21T21:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Mapitio ya Ustahimilivu wa Mtandao''' ('''CRR''') <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/c3vp/crr-fact-sheet.pdf|title=Cyber Resilience Review Fact Sheet|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> ni mbinu ya tathmini iliyotengenezwa na Idara ya Usalama wa Nchi ya [[Marekani]] (DHS). Ni wa dharura wa uchunguzi wa hiari wa uthabiti wa utendakazi na mbinu za usalama wa mtandao zinazotolewa bila gharama yoyote na DHS kwa waendeshaji wa miundombinu muhimu na serikali za majimbo, za mitaa, kikabila na za kimaeneo. CRR ina mkabala yanayo elekeza na yanayo unaolenga huduma, kumaanisha kwamba mojawapo ya kanuni za msingi za CRR ni kwamba shirika linatumia mali zake (watu, taarifa, teknolojia na nyenzo) ili kusaidia misheni mahususi ya uendeshaji (au huduma). CRR inatolewa katika umbizo la warsha iliyowezeshwa na kama kifurushi cha kujitathmini. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr|title=Cyber Resilience Review (CRR)|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111147/https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr}}</ref> Toleo la warsha la CRR linaongozwa na mwezeshaji wa DHS katika kituo muhimu cha miundombinu. Warsha kwa kawaida huchukua saa 6-8 kukamilika na inahusisha sehemu mbalimbali za [[wafanyakazi]] kutoka shirika muhimu la miundombinu. Taarifa zote zinazokusanywa katika CRR iliyowezeshwa zinalindwa dhidi ya kufichuliwa na Sheria ya Taarifa Muhimu ya Taarifa ya Miundombinu ya 2002. Habari hii haiwezi kufichuliwa kupitia ombi la Sheria ya Uhuru wa Habari, kutumika katika kesi za madai, au kutumika kwa madhumuni ya udhibiti. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/PCII-Fact-Sheet-2014-508.pdf|title=PCII Fact Sheet|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> Kifurushi cha Kujitathmini cha CRR <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr|title=Cyber Resilience Review (CRR)|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111147/https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr}}</ref> huruhusu shirika kufanya tathmini bila hitaji la usaidizi wa moja kwa moja wa DHS. Inapatikana kwa kupakuliwa kutoka kwa tovuti ya Mpango wa Hiari wa Jumuiya ya Mtandao wa Mtandao wa DHS. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr|title=DHS Cyber Community Voluntary Program|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015|archivedate=2015-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111147/https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr}}</ref> Kifurushi hiki kinajumuisha zana ya kiotomatiki ya kunasa majibu ya data na kutoa ripoti, mwongozo wa kuwezesha, ufafanuzi wa kina wa kila swali, na njia panda ya mbinu za CRR kwa vigezo vya Mfumo wa Usalama Mtandaoni wa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Viwango na Teknolojia (NIST). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/|title=NIST Cybersecurity Framework Sheet|date=12 November 2013|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/c3vp/csc-crr-nist-framework-crosswalk.pdf|title=Cyber Resilience Review-NIST Cybersecurity Framework Crosswalk|publisher=|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> Maswali yaliyoulizwa katika CRR na ripoti inayotokana ni sawa katika matoleo yote mawili ya tathmini. DHS ilishirikiana na Kitengo cha CERT cha Taasisi ya Uhandisi wa Programu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon kubuni na kupeleka CRR. Malengo na mazoezi yanayopatikana katika tathmini yametokana na Mfumo wa Usimamizi wa Ustahimilivu wa CERT (CERT-RMM) Toleo la 1.0. <ref>Caralli, R., Allen, J.,& White, D. (2010) {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=9479|title=''CERT Resilience Management Model Version 1''|publisher=Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref> CRR ilianzishwa mwaka wa 2009 na ikapokea marekebisho makubwa mwaka wa 2014. <ref>Mehravari, N.(2014) {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/article/2013_101_001_294143.pdf|title=''Resilience Management Through the Use of CERT-RMM and Associated Success Stories''|publisher=Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref> == Usanifu == CRR inajumuisha malengo 42 na desturi 141 maalum zilizotolewa kutoka CERT-RMM na kupangwa kutokana na mfumo katika vikoa 10): <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/c3vp/csc-crr-method-description-and-user-guide.pdf|title=Cyber Resilience Method Description and User Guide|publisher=|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> # Usimamizi wa Mali # Usimamizi wa Vidhibiti # Usimamizi wa Usanidi na Mabadiliko # Usimamizi wa Athari # Usimamizi wa matukio # Usimamizi wa Muendelezo wa Huduma # Usimamizi wa Hatari # Usimamizi wa Utegemezi wa Nje # Mafunzo na Ufahamu # Ufahamu wa Hali Kila kikoa ambacho kinajumuisha taarifa ya madhumuni, seti ya malengo mahususi na maswali ya mazoezi yanayohusiana ya kipekee kwa kikoa, na seti ya kawaida ya maswali ya Kiwango cha Viashiria vya Ukomavu (MIL). Maswali ya MIL yanachunguza kuanzishwa kwa mazoea ndani ya shirika. Utendaji wa shirika unalingana na mizani ya MIL. <ref>Butkovic, M.,& Caralli, R. (2013) {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=9479|title=''Advancing Cybersecurity Capability Measurement Using the CERT-RMM Maturity Indicator Level Scale''|publisher=Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University}}</ref> Kipimo hiki kinaonyesha uwezo uliogawanywa katika viwango vitano: MIL1-Haijakamilika, MIL2-Iliyotekelezwa, MIL3-Inadhibitiwa, MIL4-Iliyopimwa na MIL5-Iliyofafanuliwa. Kuanzishwa kwa taasisi kunamaanisha kwamba mazoea ya usalama wa mtandao yanakuwa sehemu ya ndani zaidi, ya kudumu zaidi ya shirika kwa sababu yanasimamiwa na kuungwa mkono kwa njia za maana. Wakati mazoea ya kiusalama wa mtandao yanapokuwa ya kitaasisi zaidi—au “kupachikwa”—wasimamizi wanaweza kuwa na [[imani]] zaidi katika kutabirika na kutegemewa kwa mazoea. Mazoea pia huwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kudumishwa wakati wa usumbufu au mafadhaiko kwa shirika. Ukomavu pia unaweza kusababisha upatanishi mkali kati ya shughuli za usalama wa mtandao na viendeshaji biashara vya shirika. Kwa mfano, katika mashirika yaliyokomaa zaidi, wasimamizi watatoa uangalizi kwa kikoa fulani na kutathmini ufanisi wa shughuli za usalama ambazo kikoa kinajumuisha. Idadi ya malengo na maswali ya mazoezi hutofautiana kulingana na kikoa, lakini seti ya maswali ya MIL na dhana zinazojumuisha ni sawa kwa vikoa vyote. Maswali yote ya CRR yana majibu matatu yanayowezekana: "Ndiyo," "Hapana," na "Haijakamilika. CRR hupima utendaji wa shirika katika viwango vya mazoezi, lengo, kikoa na MIL. Alama hukokotolewa kwa kila kipengele cha muundo mahususi na kwa jumla iliyojumlishwa. Rubriki ya alama huanzisha yafuatayo: # Mazoezi yanaweza kuzingatiwa katika mojawapo ya majimbo matatu: kufanywa, kutokamilika, na kutofanyika. # Lengo la kikoa linafikiwa tu ikiwa mazoea yote yanayohusiana na lengo yamefikiwa. # Kikoa kinafikiwa kikamilifu ikiwa tu malengo yote katika kikoa yamefikiwa. Ikiwa masharti yaliyo hapo juu yatatimizwa, shirika linasemekana kufikia kikoa ambacho kinatokana katika hali ya utendaji: mazoea ambayo yanafafanua kikoa yanaweza kuonekana, lakini hakuna uamuzi unaoweza kufanywa kuhusu kiwango cha mazoea haya. # inaweza kurudiwa chini ya hali tofauti # inatumika mara kwa mara # kuweza kutoa matokeo yanayotabirika na yanayokubalika # kuhifadhiwa wakati wa dhiki na taaluma Masharti haya hujaribiwa kwa kutumia seti ya kawaida ya maswali ya MIL 13 kwenye kikoa, lakini tu baada ya MIL1 kupatikana. Sambamba na usanifu wa kiwango cha MIL, MIL ni limbikizi; ili kufikia MIL katika kikoa mahususi na wahalifu, ni lazima shirika litekeleze mazoea yote katika kiwango hicho na katika MIL zilizotangulia. Kwa mfano, ni lazima shirika litekeleze mazoea yote ya kikoa katika MIL1 na MIL2 ili kufikia MIL2 katika kikoa. [[Faili:DHS_CRR_logo_PRINT.jpg|thumb| Nembo ya Ukaguzi wa Ustahimilivu wa Mtandao wa Idara ya Usalama wa Nchi ya Marekani]] [[Faili:CRR_Self-Assessment_User_Guide.jpg|thumb| Maelezo ya Mbinu ya Ustahimilivu wa Mtandao wa DHS na Mwongozo wa Mtumiaji wa Kujitathmini]] == Matokeo == Washiriki wa CRR hupokea ripoti ya kina iliyo na matokeo kwa kila swali katika vikoa vyote. Ripoti hiyo pia hutoa muhtasari wa picha wa utendaji wa shirika katika viwango vya lengo na kikoa, vinavyoonyeshwa katika matrix ya ramani-joto. Uwakilishi huu wa kina huruhusu mashirika kulenga uboreshaji katika kiwango bora. Mashirika yanayoshiriki katika CRR zilizowezeshwa hupokea seti ya ziada ya grafu inayoonyesha utendaji wa shirika lao ikilinganishwa na washiriki wengine wote wa awali. Ripoti ya CRR inayojumuisha na kuelezea matukio inajumuisha njia inayowezekana ya kuboresha utendaji wa kila mazoezi. Chaguo hizi za kuzingatiwa kimsingi zimetolewa kutoka kwa CERT-RMM na machapisho maalum ya NIST. Mashirika yanaweza pia kutumia matokeo ya CRR kupima utendaji wao kulingana na vigezo vya Mfumo wa Usalama wa Mtandao wa NIST. [https://brewandgrind.com/ Brew] {{Wayback|url=https://brewandgrind.com/ |date=20240618172327 }} Kipengele hiki cha uwiano kilianzishwa Februari 2014. <ref>Strassman, P. 2014 September 8{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://pstrassmann.blogspot.com/2014/09/cyber-resilience-review-crr.html|title=''Cyber Resilience Review''|publisher=Strassmann's Blog}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr/ Mapitio ya Ustahimilivu wa Mtandao wa DHS] {{Wayback|url=https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp/self-service-crr/ |date=20150905111147 }} * [http://www.cert.org/resilience/products-services/cert-rmm/index.cfm Mfano wa Usimamizi wa Ustahimilivu wa CERT] * [https://www.stratifyit.tech/Understanding-HIPAA-Compliance HIPAA Compliance] * [https://www.stratifyit.tech/cmmc-certification CMMC Certification] {{Mbegu-Mtandao wa Kijamii}} [[Jamii:Miundombinu]] 8wgfrymq6d8q7k34d696vlubwvigegv 0 179818 1575861 1519108 2026-06-21T21:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamelodi Sundowns Football Club''' (inayojulikana kama '''Sundowns''') ni klabu ya [[Soka]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] yenye makao yake makuu katika eneo la Mamelodi, [[Pretoria]] katika jimbo la [[Gauteng]] na inacheza katika ''Premier Soccer League'', ngazi ya kwanza ya mfumo wa ligi ya soka nchini Afrika Kusini. Ilianzishwa katika miaka ya [[1970]], timu hiyo hucheza mechi zake za nyumbani katika Uwanja wa [[Loftus Versfeld]]. Sundowns wameshinda taji la [[Ligi Kuu]] mara 13 tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka [[1996]], na kushikilia rekodi ya pamoja ya mataji 3 ya Ligi ya Soka ya Taifa na kushinda jumla ya mataji 16 ya ligi. Kwa sasa, ni klabu yenye mafanikio zaidi katika enzi ya ''PSL'' ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. Walishinda Ligi ya Mabingwa wa [[CAF]] mwaka [[2016]], [[CAF Super Cup]] mwaka [[2017]] na walipigiwa kura klabu bora ya CAF mwaka [[2016]]. Kitaifa, pia wameshinda ''Nedbank Cup'' mara sita, ''MTN 8'' mara nne na ''Telkom Knockout'' mara nne. Walikuwa klabu ya kwanza ya Afrika Kusini kushiriki katika ''FIFA Club World Cup'', ambapo walimaliza nafasi ya 6. Mwaka [[2021]], Sundowns walikuwa klabu ya kwanza barani Afrika kushinda mataji ya [[CAF Champions League]] na [[CAF Women's Champions League]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Diamond |first=Drew |date=2023-11-16 |title=South African club Mamelodi Sundowns to release Netflix documentary |url=https://herfootballhub.com/south-african-club-mamelodi-sundowns-to-release-netflix-documentary/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Her Football Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref>. Mwaka [[2023]], Sundowns walitawazwa mabingwa wa Ligi ya Kwanza ya Soka ya Afrika. Sundowns inamilikiwa na mfanyabiashara mashuhuri wa Afrika Kusini [[Patrice Motsepe]] na ni moja ya vilabu vya thamani zaidi barani Afrika, kulingana na thamani ya soko.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1231531/most-valuable-football-clubs-in-africa|title=Most valuable football clubs in Africa as of the 2021/2022 season, by market value|date=20 Septemba 2021|website=mirror|access-date=18 Novemba 2021}}</ref> Klabu hiyo hujivunia mtindo wake wa kipekee wa kucheza soka la mashambulizi, unaotambuliwa kwa jina la ''Shoe Shine & Piano'' ambao ni pamoja na mchanganyiko wa pasi fupi na za haraka, ambao unalinganishwa na mifumo ya Kihispania ya ''Tiki-taka'' na ''Total Football''. Kwa miaka mingi, mtindo huu wa kucheza umerefushwa katika timu zake za vijana na ''timu ya wanawake ya soka ya Mamelodi Sundowns''. ==Historia== === 1964-1970: Mwanzo=== Klabu ya Mamelodi Sundowns Football Club ilianzia karibu na '''Marabastad''', eneo lenye utamaduni wa kimataifa kaskazini magharibi mwa [[Pretoria]] katika miaka ya 1960 mapema, ambapo iliundwa na kikundi cha vijana wanaoishi katika eneo hilo. Klabu inataja watu kama Frank "ABC" Motsepe, Roy Fischer, Ingle Singh na Bernard Hartze kama sehemu ya nyota wake wa kuanzishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://sundownsfc.co.za/history/ |title=History - Mamelodi Sundowns |publisher=Mamelodi Sundowns FC |accessdate=2 Aprili 2023 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403214727/https://sundownsfc.co.za/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Timu iliyoundwa hivi karibuni ilipewa jina la Marabastad Sundowns baada ya klabu ya ushindani iliyokuwepo katika miaka ya 1940, ambayo pia iliundwa huko Marabastad.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/amp/news/goalpedia-how-did-mamelodi-sundowns-get-their-name/10n5k8d1q8bmr1qq6reo4mn4rt |title=How did Mamelodi Sundowns get their name? - Goalpedia |publisher=Goal |accessdate=2 Aprili 2023 }}</ref> Mwaka 1969, Ingle "Jinx" Sigh, mmoja wa wachezaji waanzilishi wa Sundowns na baadaye mmiliki wa Marabastad Sundowns na Pretoria City (ambayo baadaye ilikuwa ''SuperSport United F.C.''),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.kaizerchiefs.com/news/memoirs-with-ingle-singh-kaizer-xi-1969-and-kaizer-chiefs-early-1970/ |title=Memoirs with Ingle Singh |publisher=Kaizer Chiefs |accessdate=2 Aprili 2023 }}</ref> aliamua kuuza klabu hiyo kwa Dk. Bonny Sebotsane, Dk. Motsiri Itsweng na mwanahisani Joseph Ntshimane "Fish" Kekana. Klabu ilisogezwa katika mji wa karibu wa ''Mamelodi'' na kuanzishwa rasmi na kuitwa Mamelodi Sundowns mwaka [[1970]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.goal.com/news/goalpedia-how-did -mamelodi-sundowns-get-their-name/10n5k8d1q8bmr1qq6reo4mn4rt |title=How did Mamelodi Sundowns get their name? - Goalpedia |publisher=Goal |accessdate=2 Aprili 2023 }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Vilabu Mpira vya Afrika Kusini]] ov2cflkbmunovov758691jprful39hv 0 182824 1575857 1518840 2026-06-21T20:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Magnes Akliouche dans sa voiture (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Akliouche mnamo [[2023]]]] '''Magnes Akliouche''' (alizaliwa [[25 Februari]] [[2002]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maghnes AKLIOUCHE|url=https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/maghnes-akliouche/|work=AS Monaco|accessdate=2024-06-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418132655/https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/maghnes-akliouche/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]], ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] mshambuliaji katika klabu ya [[AS Monaco]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/maghnes-akliouche/664215/|work=int.soccerway.com|accessdate=2024-06-16}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] p2yrvhv9qec8358maf90hduzwpi7q3e 0 183155 1575844 1343785 2026-06-21T19:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Creative Commons Rights Expression Language''' (ccREL) ni lugha iliyopendekezwa ya Maelezo ya Haki (REL) kwa metadata ya maelezo ya kuongezwa kwenye vyombo vya habari ambavyo vimepewa leseni chini ya mojawapo ya leseni za Creative Commons. Kulingana na rasimu iliyowasilishwa kwa W3C, inatarajiwa kuja katika fomu za RDFa kwa kurasa za (x)HTML na XMP kwa vyombo vya habari vya pekee. == Viungo vya nje == * {{cite web|title=Describing Copyright in RDF|url=https://creativecommons.org/ns|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL in RDF Schema|url=https://creativecommons.org/schema.rdf|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|format=RDF Schema}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL (project homepage)|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/ccREL|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/images/d/d6/Ccrel-1.0.pdf|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|date=3 March 2008}} === Uwasilishaji wa W3C === * [http://www.w3.org/Submission/2008/SUBM-ccREL-20080501/ ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language] - W3C Member Submission 1 May 2008 === FSF na GNU GPL === * {{cite web|title=FSF introduces RDF for GNU licenses|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/15406|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|date=June 22, 2009}} * {{cite web|title=GNU GPL 3.0 in ccREL|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.rdf|publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]|format=ccREL|accessdate=2024-06-22|archive-date=2016-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726190356/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.rdf|url-status=dead}} 8tb1wlv6xodq1unvngnhi97vc9hxjks 0 185481 1575785 1398648 2026-06-21T12:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ken Caldeira''' (amezaliwa 1960) ni mwanasayansi wa [[angahewa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Maeneo yake ya utafiti ni pamoja na kuongeza asidi katika bahari,<ref>https://zenodo.org/records/1233227</ref> athari za hali ya hewa ya miti, urekebishaji wa hali ya hewa kimakusudi, mwingiliano katika mzunguko wa kaboni/mfumo wa hali ya hewa duniani, na nishati endelevu.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/20/the-darkening-sea</ref> Kufikia 2021, Caldeira ni Mwanasayansi Mwandamizi katika kampuni ya utafiti wa nishati [[Breakthrough Energy]], Mwanasayansi Mwandamizi wa Wafanyakazi (aliyeibuka) katika Taasisi ya Carnegie ya Idara ya Sayansi ya Ikolojia ya Ulimwenguni, na Profesa (kwa hisani) katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] Idara ya Sayansi ya Mfumo wa Dunia. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Katika miaka ya 1980, Caldeira alifanya kazi kama msanifu programu.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/20/the-darkening-sea</ref> Alipokea Ph.D yake katika Sayansi ya Anga 1991 kutoka Idara ya Sayansi Inayotumika ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-2/default.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-08-05 |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915083330/http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-2/default.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuanzia 1991 hadi 1993, Caldeira alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Penn State kama mtafiti wa baada ya udaktari. Kisha alifanya kazi kama Mwanasayansi wa Mazingira na Mwanafizikia katika Maabara ya Kitaifa ya Lawrence Livermore hadi 2005.<ref>https://carnegiescience.edu/bse</ref>Utafiti wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa Mnamo 2005, Caldeira alijiunga na Taasisi ya Carnegie ya Idara ya Sayansi ya Ikolojia ya Ulimwengu kama mwanasayansi mkuu, ambapo kazi yake ni "kufanya uvumbuzi muhimu wa kisayansi." Yeye pia anahudumu kama Profesa Idara ya Chuo Kikuu Stanford. Caldeira aliwahi kuwa mwanachama wa kamati iliyotayarisha ripoti ya Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani cha 2015 Geoengineering Climate: Tathmini ya Kiufundi na Majadiliano ya Athari. == Tuzo == * 2008 – Hero Scientist of 2008 list, ''New Scientist'' magazine<ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16299-science-heroes-and-villains-of-2008/</ref> * 2009 – Number 36 out of 100 ''Agents of Change'' in ''Rolling Stone'' magazine<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090321081634/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/26754176/the_rs_100_agents_of_change</ref> * 2010 – Fellow of the American Geophysical Union<ref>https://honors.agu.org/honorsfellow/1479-caldeira/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiClimate Connect 2024 in Tanzania]] b3wsmq0tc0i4b77llvieq45hjcehod4 1575819 1575785 2026-06-21T15:23:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ken Caldeira''' (amezaliwa 1960) ni mwanasayansi wa [[angahewa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Maeneo yake ya utafiti ni pamoja na kuongeza asidi katika bahari,<ref>https://zenodo.org/records/1233227</ref> athari za hali ya hewa ya miti, urekebishaji wa hali ya hewa kimakusudi, mwingiliano katika mzunguko wa kaboni/mfumo wa hali ya hewa duniani, na nishati endelevu.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/20/the-darkening-sea</ref> Kufikia 2021, Caldeira ni Mwanasayansi Mwandamizi katika kampuni ya utafiti wa nishati [[Breakthrough Energy]], Mwanasayansi Mwandamizi wa Wafanyakazi (aliyeibuka) katika Taasisi ya Carnegie ya Idara ya Sayansi ya Ikolojia ya Ulimwenguni, na Profesa (kwa hisani) katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]] Idara ya Sayansi ya Mfumo wa Dunia. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Katika miaka ya 1980, Caldeira alifanya kazi kama msanifu programu.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/20/the-darkening-sea</ref> Alipokea Ph.D yake katika Sayansi ya Anga 1991 kutoka Idara ya Sayansi Inayotumika ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha New York]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-2/default.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-08-05 |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915083330/http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-2/default.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuanzia 1991 hadi 1993, Caldeira alifanya kazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Penn State kama mtafiti wa baada ya udaktari. Kisha alifanya kazi kama Mwanasayansi wa Mazingira na Mwanafizikia katika Maabara ya Kitaifa ya Lawrence Livermore hadi 2005.<ref>https://carnegiescience.edu/bse</ref>Utafiti wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa Mnamo 2005, Caldeira alijiunga na Taasisi ya Carnegie ya Idara ya Sayansi ya Ikolojia ya Ulimwengu kama mwanasayansi mkuu, ambapo kazi yake ni "kufanya uvumbuzi muhimu wa kisayansi." Yeye pia anahudumu kama Profesa Idara ya Chuo Kikuu Stanford. Caldeira aliwahi kuwa mwanachama wa kamati iliyotayarisha ripoti ya Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani cha 2015 Geoengineering Climate: Tathmini ya Kiufundi na Majadiliano ya Athari. == Tuzo == * 2008 – Hero Scientist of 2008 list, ''New Scientist'' magazine<ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16299-science-heroes-and-villains-of-2008/</ref> * 2009 – Number 36 out of 100 ''Agents of Change'' in ''Rolling Stone'' magazine<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090321081634/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/26754176/the_rs_100_agents_of_change</ref> * 2010 – Fellow of the American Geophysical Union<ref>https://honors.agu.org/honorsfellow/1479-caldeira/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:WikiClimate Connect 2024 in Tanzania]] g0ds6c27n3asqn5wwtsomdpsa3we7qc 0 186823 1575849 1518659 2026-06-21T19:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lídia de Fátima da Graça Cardoso''' ni meneja wa [[Msumbiji]] ambaye amekuwa Waziri wa Bahari, Maji ya Bara na Uvuvi tangu Machi [[2022]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Presidente da República nomeia Primeiro-Ministro / Actualidade / Inicio - Portal da Presidência da República de Moçambique |url=https://www.presidencia.gov.mz/por/Actualidade/Presidente-da-Republica-nomeia-Primeiro-Ministro |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.presidencia.gov.mz |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526070444/https://www.presidencia.gov.mz/por/Actualidade/Presidente-da-Republica-nomeia-Primeiro-Ministro |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-03-04 |title=Mozambican President Nyusi names new Prime Minister, Cabinet members |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/rest-of-africa/mozambican-president-nyusi-names-new-prime-minister-3736714 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The East African |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313075006/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/rest-of-africa/mozambican-president-nyusi-names-new-prime-minister-3736714 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alichukua nafasi ya Augusta Maíta. Hapo awali Cardoso alikuwa Naibu Waziri wa Afya kuanzia Februari [[2020]] hadi Machi [[2022]]. Kabla ya kujiunga na serikali, alikuwa mshauri wa usimamizi wa vifaa vya matibabu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mozambique: Who are the new Deputy Ministers? |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-who-are-the-new-deputy-ministers-152050/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Mozambique |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228181904/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-who-are-the-new-deputy-ministers-152050/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== <references /> [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Msumbiji]] jobfb47igsgjsyn2jlj91xtxhepw4p2 0 186893 1575835 1491315 2026-06-21T18:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lindsey Lamar''' (alizaliwa tarehe 19 Septemba 1990) ni kocha wa [[futiboli ya Marekani]] na mchezaji wa zamani. Ni kocha katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Pittsburgh]], nafasi ambayo amekuwa nayo tangu mwaka 2024. Alicheza futiboli ya chuo katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Florida]] na alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Hillsborough huko [[Tampa, Florida]].<ref name="bulls">{{cite web | url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=3662374 | title=#5 Lindsey Lamar | publisher=gousfbulls.com | date=January 2, 2012 | accessdate=8 August 2014 | archive-date=2015-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023502/http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=3662374 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=89986&draftyear=2013&genpos=WR | title=Lindsey Lamar | publisher=nfldraftscout.com | accessdate=July 10, 2017 | archive-date=2025-01-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123222742/https://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=89986&draftyear=2013&genpos=WR | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://scratchingpost.thespec.com/2013/05/an-update-from-the-first-day-of-ticats-rookie-camp.html | title=An update from the first day of Ticats rookie camp | publisher=scratchingpost.thespec.com | date=May 29, 2013 | accessdate=8 August 2014 | archive-date=2017-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014306/http://scratchingpost.thespec.com/2013/05/an-update-from-the-first-day-of-ticats-rookie-camp.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] 3rmj9qpt9s9smcm2fssiymf5zpqheel 0 190558 1575845 1364006 2026-06-21T19:08:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luis Ernesto Tapia Pérez''' ([[21 Oktoba]] [[1944]] – [[13 Novemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa soka kutoka [[Panama]], anayehesabiwa kama mchezaji bora zaidi katika historia ya Panama. Alijulikana kwa ufanisi wake kama [[mshambuliaji]] na alijizolea umaarufu mkubwa katika mchezo wa soka katika nchi yake. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://enlajugada507.com/Articulo/verArticulo.aspx?CodArt=292 |title=Luis "Cascarita" Tapia by Luis Giraldo |accessdate=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2009-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219175103/http://enlajugada507.com/Articulo/verArticulo.aspx?CodArt=292 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Panama]] snzc1kvejwembr61teguwl3qxmsw2ss 1575865 1575845 2026-06-21T21:21:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575865 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luis Ernesto Tapia Pérez''' ([[21 Oktoba]] [[1944]] – [[13 Novemba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa soka kutoka [[Panama]], anayehesabiwa kama mchezaji bora zaidi katika historia ya Panama. Alijulikana kwa ufanisi wake kama [[mshambuliaji]] na alijizolea umaarufu mkubwa katika mchezo wa soka katika nchi yake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://enlajugada507.com/Articulo/verArticulo.aspx?CodArt=292 |title=Luis "Cascarita" Tapia by Luis Giraldo |accessdate=2013-01-22 |archive-date=2009-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219175103/http://enlajugada507.com/Articulo/verArticulo.aspx?CodArt=292 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Panama]] puh1up7jlxs2t8wcwxj1m9yukr4lo1i 0 192838 1575832 1370605 2026-06-21T17:16:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leo Aloysius Cullum''' ([[11 Januari]] [[1942]] – [[23 Oktoba]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa [[vibonzo]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa jarida la ''The New Yorker'', ambapo zaidi ya vibonzo 800 vya utani vilivyochorwa naye vilichapishwa.<ref>Cullum, Leo. [http://www.cartoonbank.com/1998/never-ever-think-outside-the-box/invt/117887/ The Cartoon Bank] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cartoonbank.com/1998/never-ever-think-outside-the-box/invt/117887/ |date=20111017161327 }}, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', November 30, 1998. Accessed October 27, 2010.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Marekani]] add32vgayx1slvnakshzn1sxaahjw1t 0 196122 1575901 1519993 2026-06-21T23:31:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mathías Alexander Acuña Maciel''' ([[28 Novemba]] [[1992]] – [[4 Januari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uruguay]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201022061637/https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/acuna-el-delantero-de-fenix-que-se-anotara-hoy-para-terminar-el-liceo-201727500 Acuña, el delantero de Fénix que se anotará hoy para terminar el liceo] elobservador.com.uy (Archived)</ref><ref>[https://www.icndiario.com/2019/03/ping-pong-con-mathias-acuna-de-delivery-a-ser-el-goleador-de-fenix/ PING PONG con Mathias Acuña: De delivery a ser el goleador de Fénix] icndiario.com</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ανακοίνωση ΠΑΕ ΑΕΛ για Ματίας Ακούνια|url=https://www.aelole.gr/2021/01/paeaelacunak21.html|access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uruguay]] 51uephjqxjjx77gslnuz6ba9ekba1cb 0 197662 1575897 1386353 2026-06-21T23:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Josephine Eustace''' (aliyezaliwa [[1 Mei]], [[1962]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/living/food/article/989572--10-minute-interview-why-cougars-should-cook-for-their-cubs|title=10-minute interview: Why cougars should cook for their cubs|quote=How old are you? I am 48.|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=May 13, 2011|author=Leanne Delap}}</ref>ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]]-mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]], [[mchekeshaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwandishi]], na sous-chef kutoka [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kama mshirika wa kipindi cha televisheni cha kupika cha Kanada ''What's for Dinner? (Canadian TV series)''.<ref name=5Facts>{{cite web |last=Weigle |first=Lauren |title=Mary Jo Eustace, Dean McDermott's Ex-Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=http://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/10/mary-jo-eustace-dean-mcdermotts-ex-wife-cheating-net-worth-daughter-tori-spelling/ |website=Heavy.com |publisher=Heavy, Inc. |access-date=December 30, 2016 |date=2014-10-21 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423000005/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/10/mary-jo-eustace-dean-mcdermotts-ex-wife-cheating-net-worth-daughter-tori-spelling/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] 48ysklcyhpqaq0on5j5bqbzhtmkrpjr 0 198628 1575851 1569481 2026-06-21T19:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi''' yanarejelea mabadiliko ya muda mrefu katika [[joto]] na mifumo ya hali ya [[hewa]]. Mabadiliko haya yanaweza kuwa ya [[asili]], kutokana na mabadiliko katika shughuli za jua au milipuko mikubwa ya [[volkeno]]. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=What is Climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> == Sababu za mabadiliko ya tabianchi == ===Sababu za asili=== * Milipuko ya volkeno – milipuko mikubwa ya volkeno hutoa majivu, vumbi, na gesi kama dioksidi ya sulfuri angani, ambayo inaweza kupunguza joto la dunia kwa muda kwa kuzuia mwangaza wa jua. Hata hivyo, gesi zingine huchangia ongezeko la joto kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Mabadiliko ya shughuli za jua – kiwango cha nishati kinachotolewa na jua hubadilika kwa muda, na kusababisha ongezeko au upungufu wa joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Mabadiliko ya mikondo ya bahari– mikondo ya bahari kama El Niño na La Niña huathiri joto la dunia na mifumo ya hali ya hewa. Mikondo ya joto huongeza halijoto ya anga, wakati mikondo ya baridi inaweza kusababisha baridi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Mabadiliko ya mzunguko wa dunia – mabadiliko ya mwelekeo na mzunguko wa dunia kuzunguka jua yanaweza kuathiri usambazaji wa mwangaza wa jua na kusababisha vipindi vya baridi au joto kwa maelfu ya miaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Uzalishaji wa asili wa gesi za joto – michakato ya asili kama kuoza kwa mimea kwenye maeneo ya vinamasi na kuyeyuka kwa permafrost hutoa gesi kama methane na dioksidi kaboni, ambazo huchangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> ===Sababu za kibinadamu=== * Uchomaji wa mafuta ya kawaida – kuchoma makaa ya mawe, mafuta, na gesi asilia hutoa dioksidi kaboni (CO₂) na gesi zingine za joto, ambazo huzuia joto kuondoka angani na kusababisha ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko ya Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Ukataji wa misitu – kukata miti hupunguza uwezo wa misitu kunyonya CO₂, na hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha gesi hizi kwenye anga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Uzalishaji wa viwandani – viwanda hutoa uchafuzi wa hewa, ikiwa ni pamoja na CO₂ na methane, kutoka kwa shughuli za uzalishaji, hali inayochochea mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Kilimo – mifugo hutoa methane wakati wa mmeng’enyo wa chakula, na mbolea zenye nitrojeni hutoa oksidi ya nitrojeni, zote zikiwa gesi zenye nguvu za joto zinazochangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Kilimo|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Miji mikubwa na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi – upanuzi wa miji, barabara, na majengo hubadilisha ardhi ya asili, huongeza ufyonzaji wa joto, na kuathiri udhibiti wa halijoto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Mabadiliko ya Matumizi ya Ardhi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Utupaji wa taka na uzalishaji wa gesi kutoka kwa madampo – taka zinazooza kwenye madampo hutoa methane, gesi inayochangia kwa kiasi kikubwa ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Uchafuzi wa Taka|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Matumizi kupita kiasi na unyonyaji wa rasilimali – uhitaji mkubwa wa rasilimali husababisha matumizi makubwa ya nishati, ukataji wa misitu, na uchafuzi wa mazingira, hali zinazochangia mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Matumizi ya Rasilimali|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == * Kupanda kwa Joto la Dunia - Kiwango cha joto duniani kimeongezeka kwa kasi. Tangu mwaka 1880, wastani wa joto la dunia umeongezeka kwa nyuzi 1.1 °C. Wanasayansi wanatabiri kwamba kama hatutachukua hatua, joto linaweza kuongezeka hadi nyuzi 2.5 °C ifikapo mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Kuyeyuka kwa Barafu na Kupanda kwa Kiwango cha Bahari - Barafu kwenye ncha za [[Aktiki]] na [[Antaktika]] inayeyuka kwa kasi. Pia, [[barafu]] ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] inapotea mwaka baada ya mwaka. Hii inachangia [[kupanda kwa kina cha bahari]] ambako kunatishia miji ya pwani na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. * Mabadiliko ya Msimu wa Mvua na Ukame - Sehemu nyingi za [[Tanzania]] zimeathirika na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. [[Mikoa]] ya [[Dodoma]], [[Arusha]], [[Manyara]], [[Shinyanga]], [[Simiyu]], [[Kagera]], [[Songwe]] na [[Mbeya]] imeanza kuonja athari za mabadiliko haya kwa kupata ukame mkali au mafuriko yasiyotarajiwa. * Kuongezeka kwa Magonjwa - Mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanachangia kuenea kwa [[magonjwa]] ya kuambukiza kama [[malaria]] na [[dengue fever]]. Kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaoeneza magonjwa haya wanazaliana kwa wingi katika maeneo yenye joto la wastani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papa Francisko: Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=Vatican News|date=2023-07-25|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/sw/pope/news/2023-07/papa-francisko-athari-mabadiliko-tabia-nchi-duniani-2023.html|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Athari kwa Kilimo na Chakula - [[Ukame]] na mafuriko yanaharibu [[mazao]] na kupunguza [[usawa wa chakula]] (food security) nchini [[Tanzania]]. Wakulima wengi wanapoteza mazao yao na kukosa chakula cha kutosha kwa familia zao.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pawar V. K.|title=Climate Change and Its Impact on Ecosystems and Human Societies|publisher=Zenodo|year=2024|url=https://zenodo.org/records/14217748|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Jinsi ya Kupambana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == Licha ya changamoto kubwa, kuna hatua mbalimbali zinazochukuliwa duniani na nchini [[Tanzania]] kulinda mazingira na kupunguza athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. * Upandaji Miti - [[Miti]] ni muhimu sana katika kupambana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa sababu hufyonza [[kaboni dioksidi]] na kutoa [[oksijeni]]. Hapa [[Tanzania]], kampeni ya Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti inaagiza kila Halmashauri kupanda miti 1,500,000 kila mwaka. Wakati huo huo, inakadiriwa kuwa kati ya hekta 130,000 hadi 500,000 za [[misitu]] hupotea kila mwaka kutokana na [[ukataji miti]] hovyo. * Matumizi ya Nishati Safi - Kuchoma [[makaa ya mawe]], [[mafuta ya petroliamu]], na [[gesi asilia]] ndio chanzo kikuu cha [[gesi chafuzi]]. Kwa hiyo, nchi duniani zinahamia kwenye matumizi ya [[nishati mbadala]] kama [[nishati ya jua]], [[nishati ya upepo]], na [[nishati ya maji]]. Hii inapunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa utoaji wa hewa chafu angani. * Kuhifadhi Misitu na Vyanzo vya Maji - Kuhifadhi [[misitu]] na [[vyanzo vya maji]] ni muhimu kwa ajili ya [[wanyamapori]] na [[binadamu]]. Meneja wa mradi wa USAID Tuhifadhi Maliasili, Elikana Kalumanga, amesema kuwa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanachangia [[migogoro]] kati ya wanyamapori na binadamu kwa sababu ya uhaba wa maji na malisho. * Makubaliano ya Kimataifa - [[Tanzania]] iliridhia [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] mwaka 1996 na Itifaki yake ya Kyoto mwaka 2002. Pia, Tanzania ni miongoni mwa nchi zilizoridhia [[Makubaliano ya Paris]] ya mwaka 2015, ambayo yanalenga kuhakikisha kwamba joto la dunia haliingii zaidi ya nyuzi 2 °C kabla ya mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Hotuba ya Bunge|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|date=2018-04-03|url=http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1523461271-3%20APRILI%202018.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2025-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715044916/http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1523461271-3%20APRILI%202018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kilimo Endelevu - Wakulima wanahimizwa kutumia mbinu za [[kilimo endelevu]] kama vile [[mbolea za kikaboni]] badala ya kemikali kali, [[mzunguko wa mazao]], na [[umwagiliaji]] wa kisasa unaotumia maji kidogo. Mbinu hizi zinasaidia kupunguza utoaji wa [[methane]] na [[oksidi ya nitrojeni]] angani. == Gesi Chafuzi na Vyanzo Vyake == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Gesi chafu !Chanzo kikuu !Athari ! |- |[[Dioksidi kaboni]] (CO₂) |Uchomaji wa [[mafuta]], [[ukataji miti]], [[viwanda]] |Hufyonza joto angani na kusababisha [[ongezeko la joto duniani]] | |- |[[Methane]] (CH₄) |[[Mifugo]] ([[ng'ombe]], [[mbuzi]]), [[mashamba ya mpunga]], [[taka]] za madampo |Yenye nguvu mara 25 zaidi ya CO₂ katika kuhifadhi joto | |- |[[Oksidi ya nitrojeni]] (N₂O) |[[Mbolea]] za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]] | Yenye nguvu mara 298 zaidi ya CO₂ | |} == Tazama pia == * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Tabianchi]] * [[Tofauti za hali ya hewa na mabadiliko yake]] * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] * [[Mkataba wa Paris]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] 2ao8q3eoz5re0uopwvj86wprnzxyflv 0 198750 1575934 1453809 2026-06-22T04:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mustafa Çağrıcı'''alizaliwa [[1950]] ni [[Mufti|mufti]] wa [[Kituruki]] wa zamani wa [[Istanbul]]. Mnamo [[2018]] alidai "Diyanet ya leo ina mtazamo wa Kiislamu zaidi, zaidi wa Kiarabu".<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/us/2005/54106.htm Interfaith Dialogue With Religious Leaders at Topkapi Palace<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's religious authority surrenders to political Islam|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21735032-diyanet-thinks-bitcoin-immoral-divorce-text-message-fine-turkeys-religious|accessdate=19 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060701060327/http://www.istanbulmuftulugu.gov.tr/personel/mcagrici.htm Ofisi ya Mufti wa Istanbul – tovuti rasmi] {{in lang|tr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108003552/http://www.mustafacagrici.com/ Tovuti binafsi ya Mustafa Cagrici] {{in lang|tr}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ulaya]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1950]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] jkb1t8baewm8iyadc3vezodqkd87b6b 0 202212 1575891 1519456 2026-06-21T22:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:2023.08.26. Marian Turski Fot Mariusz Kubik 02 (4x5 cropped).JPG|thumb|Marian Turski]] '''Marian Turski''' (alizaliwa Moshe Turbowicz; [[26 Juni]] [[1926]] – [[18 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa historia kutoka [[Polandi|Poland]], [[mwandishi wa habari]], na miongoni mwa waokokaji wa Mauaji ya Kimbari ya [[Wayahudi]] (Holocaust). Alihudumu kama mhariri mkuu wa Sztandar Młodych, gazeti la kila siku la kitaifa la Shirikisho la Vijana wa [[Kipoland]] kutoka [[1956]] hadi [[1957]], na baadaye, kuanzia [[1958]], alifanya kazi kama mwandishi katika gazeti la kila wiki la Polityka, akiwa mkuu wa idara ya kihistoria ya gazeti hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/voices-from-lodz-ghetto/conversations-with-survivors/marian-turski-deportation|title=Marian Turski: Deportation — Media — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|website=www.ushmm.org|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=21 May 2019|title=Marian Turski – Stowarzyszenie Żydowski Instytut Historyczny w Polsce|url=https://szih.org.pl/ludzie/marian-turski/|access-date=18 February 2025|language=pl-PL}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=STOWARZYSZENIE ŻYDÓW KOMBATANTÓW I POSZKODOWANYCH W II WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ {{!}} Rejestr.io|url=https://rejestr.io/krs/127872/stowarzyszenie-zydow-kombatantow-i-poszkodowanych-w-ii-wojnie-swiatowej|access-date=18 February 2025|website=rejestr.io|archive-date=2025-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606204218/https://rejestr.io/krs/127872/stowarzyszenie-zydow-kombatantow-i-poszkodowanych-w-ii-wojnie-swiatowej|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=www.auschwitz.org|title=Members of the IAC (4th Term of Office) / The International Auschwitz Council / Museum / Auschwitz-Birkenau|url=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/museum/auschwitz-council/members-of-the-international-auschwitz-council-4th-term-of-offi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912154436/https://www.auschwitz.org/en/museum/auschwitz-council/members-of-the-international-auschwitz-council-4th-term-of-offi/|archive-date=2024-09-12|access-date=18 February 2025|website=www.auschwitz.org|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rada Muzeum {{!}} Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich POLIN w Warszawie|url=https://polin.pl/pl/rada-muzeum|access-date=18 February 2025|website=polin.pl|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Marian Turski Honorary Citizen of Warsaw|url=https://um.warszawa.pl/waw/radawarszawy/-/marian-turski-honorary-citizen-of-warsaw|access-date=18 February 2024|website=Warsaw City Council}}</ref> == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} f2z9atblj8kdtpso3ka209628je7abl 0 204795 1575836 1518274 2026-06-21T18:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lisa Rieffel''' (alizaliwa [[12 Januari]], [[1975]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>[http://originalhipster.net/tag/lisa-rieffel/ Lisa Rieffel « ORIGINAL HIPSTER] {{Wayback|url=http://originalhipster.net/tag/lisa-rieffel/ |date=20160322082920 }}, originalhipster.net</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/killola-p941427 Killola], AllMusic</ref><ref name="Film Reference">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/96/Lisa-Rieffel.html|title=Lisa Rieffel Biography (1975-)|website=www.filmreference.com}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1975|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 9tbprt6gnak2f8t5j4vk5zoknak8a0g 0 205066 1575892 1519634 2026-06-21T22:28:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Marilyn Joy Waring''' DNZM (alizaliwa [[7 Oktoba]] [[1952]]) ni msomi wa sera za umma wa [[New Zealand]], mshauri wa maendeleo ya kimataifa, [[mwanasiasa]] wa zamani, [[mwanamazingira]], [[mwanafeministi]] na mwanzilishi mkuu wa uchumi wa [[kifeministi]].<ref name="EncyclopediaOfMotherhood">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Bjørnholt|first=Margunn|editor=[[Andrea O'Reilly]]|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Motherhood]]|title=Waring, Marilyn|year=2010|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-1-4129-6846-1|pages=1260–1261}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Concise Guide to Global Human Rights|last1=Fischlin|first1=Daniel|last2=Nandorfy|first2=Martha|publisher=Black Rose Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55164-294-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseguidetogl0000fisc}}</ref> Mnamo [[1975]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 23, alikua mbunge mdogo zaidi wa New Zealand kwa Chama cha Kitaifa cha [[New Zealand]] cha mrengo wa kulia wa kati. Kama mbunge aliongoza Kamati ya Matumizi ya Umma. Msaada wake kwa sera iliyopendekezwa ya Chama cha Labour cha upinzani ya [[New Zealand]] isiyo na nyuklia ulikuwa muhimu katika kumudu sababisha uchaguzi mkuu wa New Zealand wa [[1984]], na aliacha bunge mnamo [[1984]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography: Dr. Marilyn Waring |url=https://www.marilynwaring.com/about/bio.asp |access-date=6 May 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global experts of new WHO Council on the Economics of Health For All announced |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-05-2021-global-experts-of-new-who-council-on-the-economics-of-health-for-all-announced |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> Baada ya kuondoka bungeni alihamia katika taaluma; anajulikana zaidi kwa kitabu chake cha [[1988]] "If Women Counted," na alipata D.Phil katika siasa mnamo [[1989]]. Kupitia utafiti wake na uandishi wake anajulikana kama mwanzilishi mkuu wa taaluma ya uchumi wa kifeministi. Tangu [[2006]], Waring amekuwa profesa wa sera za umma katika Taasisi ya Sera za Umma katika AUT, akizingatia utawala na sera za umma, uchumi wa kisiasa, uchambuzi wa kijinsia, na haki za binadamu. Ameshiriki katika kazi ya misaada ya kimataifa na aliwahi kuwa mshauri wa UNDP na mashirika mengine ya kimataifa. Amekosoa waziwazi dhana ya pato la taifa ([[GDP]]), kipimo cha kiuchumi ambacho kilikua msingi wa Mfumo wa Hesabu za Kitaifa wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNSNA) baada ya Vita vya Pili vya [[Dunia]]. Anakosoa mfumo ambao "unahesabu kumwagika kwa mafuta na vita kama wachangiaji wa ukuaji wa uchumi, wakati ulezi wa watoto na kazi za nyumbani zinachukuliwa kuwa hazina thamani." Kazi yake imeathiri wasomi, uhasibu wa serikali katika nchi kadhaa, na sera za Umoja wa Mataifa. Waring amekuwa na ushiriki wa muda mrefu na Chama cha Haki za Wanawake katika Maendeleo, shirika la kifeministi linaloendelea ambalo linatetea ufeministi wa pamoja, na alihudumu katika bodi yake hadi 2012. Mnamo [[2021]] aliteuliwa na Shirika la Afya Duniani kama mwanachama wa Baraza la WHO la Uchumi wa Afya kwa Wote.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.number8network.co.nz/2012/03/12/memories-of-the-meat-trade/|title=Memories of the meat trade|date=11 March 2012|website=Number 8 Network}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|title=1 Way 2 C the World: Writings 1984–2006|url=https://archive.org/details/1way2cworldwriti0000wari|last=Waring|first=Marilyn|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/1way2cworldwriti0000wari/page/10 10]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19420126.2.6|title=DEATHS (New Zealand Herald, 1942-01-26)|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand|language=en|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19420126.2.110|title=OBITUARY (New Zealand Herald, 1942-01-26)|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand|language=en|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref> == Maisha == Marilyn Waring alikulia Taupiri, ambapo wazazi wake walimiliki duka la nyama. Babu yake wa mzunguko wa tatu Harry (Arthur Henry) Waring alikuwa amehama kwenda New Zealand kutoka Hopesay huko Herefordshire, [[Uingereza]], mnamo [[1881]], na akaanzisha Biashara ya familia ya uchinjaji huko Taupiri. Mnamo [[1927]] Harry Waring alisimama bila mafanikio katika uchaguzi wa bunge katika kiti cha Raglan kwa Chama cha Mageuzi, mtangulizi wa Chama cha Kitaifa. Akiwa soprano mwenye talanta katika ujana wake, wazazi wake walikuwa na matumaini kwamba angekuwa mwimbaji wa classical. Mnamo [[1973]], Waring alipokea BA ya Heshima katika sayansi ya siasa na siasa za kimataifa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria cha Wellington.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Waring |first=Marilyn |date=2019-05-11 |title=How Marilyn Waring became an MP aged 23 |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/books/11-05-2019/extract-the-political-years-by-marilyn-waring |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=The Spinoff}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Screen |first=NZ On |title=Encounter – Take a Girl like You {{!}} Television {{!}} NZ On Screen |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/encounter-take-a-girl-like-you |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.nzonscreen.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= [[Barry Gustafson|Gustafson]] |first= Barry |title= The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party |year= 1986 |publisher= Reed Methuen |location= Auckland |isbn= 0-474-00177-6 |page= 286 }}</ref> Waring alijiunga na Chama cha Kitaifa alipokuwa bado mwanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria. Alijiunga kwa sababu alimuunga mkono Mbunge wa Kitaifa Venn Young, ambaye alianzisha muswada wa mwanachama wa kibinafsi katika bunge kwa ajili ya mageuzi ya sheria ya ushoga; hili lilipingwa na Norman Kirk, Waziri Mkuu wa Chama cha Labour. Haraka akaingia katika Kitengo cha Utafiti cha Upinzani kama mshauri wa muda chini ya George Gair, Waziri wa Nyumba wa Kivuli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2018/may/1525096800/anne-manne/making-women-s-unpaid-work-count|title=Making women's unpaid work count|date=1 May 2018|website=The Monthly}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener-nz-2012/interview-marilyn-waring/|title=Interview: Marilyn Waring|last=Espiner|first=Guyon|date=3 December 2012|website=Noted|language=en|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708234909/https://www.noted.co.nz/archive/listener-nz-2012/interview-marilyn-waring/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/women-together/womens-electoral-lobby-new-zealand|title=Women's Electoral Lobby of New Zealand 1975–2003|last=Julian|first=Rae|date=2018|website=New Zealand history online|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nyuzilandi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] jqpvt1h6s27sp7cmxxxqfqcvqkrahid 0 205198 1575888 1415403 2026-06-21T21:42:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Marcelina Almeida''' ([[1830]] hivi - [[1880]] hivi<ref>Tarehe kamili za kuzaliwa na kifo chake hazijulikani</ref>) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Uruguay]] mzaliwa wa [[Argentina]] aliyeishi [[Montevideo]] tangu alipokuwa mdogo. Almeida alitumia majina bandia Abel na Reine mi bella acclamada (anagram ya jina lake kamili) kutia sahihi michango yake katika machapisho ya wakati huo. Kazi yake, ''Por una fortuna una cruz'', inachukuliwa kuwa [[riwaya]] ya kwanza ya [[Kifeministi]] ya Uruguay.<ref name="2-Barrios">{{cite book |last1=Barrios Pintos |first1=Aníbal |title=El silencio y la voz : historia de la mujer en el Uruguay |date=2001 |publisher=Montevideo : Linardi y Risso : Fundación BankBoston |isbn=978-9974-559-23-3 |edition=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/elsilencioylavoz0037barr/page/206/mode/2up |page=206 |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="3-autoresuy">{{cite web |title=Marcelina Almeida |url=https://autores.uy/autor/2905 |website=autores.uy |publisher=Autores.uy |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kaminsky1999">{{cite book |last1=Kaminsky |first1=Amy K. |title=After Exile: Writing the Latin American Diaspora |date=1999 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3148-3 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xilFW-yGCGsC&pg=PA110 |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Marcelina Almeida Abel alizaliwa huko Argentina, ca. 1830. <ref name="1-Oreggioni">Oreggioni, Alberto (2001). Nuevo diccionario de literatura uruguaya, v. 1. Banda Oriental. p. 31. ISBN 978-9974-1-0217-0.</ref> Katika shairi lililowekwa maalum kwa Almeida, Francisco Acuña de Figueroa anamfafanua kama Mruguay kwa kuasili, mzaliwa wa Ajentina. <ref name="4-Almeida">{{cite book |last1=Almeida |first1=Marcelina |title=Marcelina Almeida Edicion Literaria. Por Una Fortuna Una Cruz |date=1860 |edition=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/MarcelinaAlmeidaEdicionLiteraria.PorUnaFortunaUnaCruz |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> Riwaya ya mapenzi ya Almeida Por una fortuna una cruz ilichapishwa huko Montevideo mwaka wa [[1860]]. Mandhari yake kuu ni "ndoa ya kulazimishwa ya msichana wa miaka kumi na tano na mwanamume wa miaka ishirini na tano".<ref name="5-henciclopedia">{{cite web |title=quitamedeahiesasnovelas |url=http://www.henciclopedia.org.uy/autores/Santacreu/Quitame.htm |website=www.henciclopedia.org.uy |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=es}}</ref> Kazi hiyo ilizua mjadala mkali katika magazeti ya Montevideo ya wakati huo. Sio tu kwamba ubora wake wa kifasihi ulijadiliwa, bali pia ukweli kwamba mwandishi mwanamke alitilia shaka taasisi ya ndoa. Almeida alikuwa mlengwa wa mashambulizi makali ya kibinafsi, mengi yakiwa na majina bandia.<ref name="7-cotidianomujer">{{cite web |title=Mujeres del Siglo 19 |url=https://www.cotidianomujer.org.uy/m_milenio/Siglo19.htm |website=www.cotidianomujer.org.uy |publisher=Cotidiano Mujer |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> Virginia Cánova, mtafiti aliyeishi nchini [[Uswidi]], anaeleza kwamba "katika ufuasi wake wa ufeministi huria wa Mwangaza na ufeministi wa kitamaduni, mwandishi anaendeleza mada ya ukosefu wa [[haki za wanawake]], ya wachache wao wa milele wanaolindwa na wanaume, hasa ndoa ya kulazimishwa iliyojadiliwa na baba ya mwanamke kijana. Anawasilisha hali tofauti za ukandamizaji unaosababishwa na mwanamke wa kudumu."<ref name="6-Fletcher">{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Lea |title=La primera novelista uruguaya: Marcelina Almeida |journal=Feminaria |date=July 1999 |pages=88 |url=http://res-publica.com.ar/Feminaria/Feminaria22-23.pdf |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=es |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829174859/http://res-publica.com.ar/Feminaria/Feminaria22-23.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mnamo [[1991]], Cánova alipata nakala ya riwaya hiyo katika Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Uruguay, ikifuatilia kazi ambazo hazikuonekana katika historia ya fasihi ya Uruguay. Ugunduzi huo ulisababisha uchapishaji mdogo wa kazi hiyo, kutokana na makubaliano kati ya Maktaba ya Kitaifa ya Uruguay na Idara ya Fasihi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Gothenburg, ambayo ni pamoja na utafiti "Asili ya ufeministi nchini Uruguay." <ref name="2-Barrios" /> Katika utafiti huu, Cánova anahitimisha kwamba "(...) tunaweza kupata chimbuko la vuguvugu la ufeministi katika hatua za mapema za karne ya 19 na sio mapema karne ya 19. karne; na, kuhusu waandishi wa kike, tayari tunaona kwamba María Eugenia Vaz Ferreira na Delmira Agustini hawakuwa watangulizi, lakini Marcelina Almeida na wengine, kama Adela Correge na kazi yake Tula y Elena o sea el orgullo y la modestia ([[1885]])." <ref name="6-Fletcher" /> 8<ref name="8-Duran">{{cite news |last1=Duran Estrago |first1=Margarita |title=Primera revista cultural del Paraguay - siglo XIX |url=https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/suplementos/cultural/primera-revista-cultural-del-paraguay---siglo-xix-1000207.html |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=www.abc.com.py |publisher=Cultural - ABC Color |date=5 August 2007 |language=es}}</ref> Almeida pia alichapisha mashairi, hadithi fupi, na makala katika kipindi cha 1860-61 katika Semanario Uruguayo na mashairi, kati ya [[1862]] na [[1863]], katika jarida la fasihi ''La Aurora de Montevideo''. <ref name="9-respublica">{{cite web |title=Revista Feminaria |url=http://res-publica.com.ar/Feminaria/ |website=res-publica.com.ar |language=es |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228005546/http://res-publica.com.ar/Feminaria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="10-Peiro">{{cite journal |last1=Peiró Barco |first1=José Vicente |title=Literatura paraguaya actual: poesía y teatro |journal=América sin nombre |date=December 2002 |volume=4 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/america-sin-nombre--1/html/02766c78-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_27.html |access-date=29 August 2021 |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |language=es |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125021426/https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/america-sin-nombre--1/html/02766c78-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_27.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1830]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1880]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uruguay]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] i8mgx6ruxkrucpgf9k7skmcxm2n1eyb 4 208508 1575813 1575762 2026-06-21T14:22:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 685 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2832 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1350 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34937 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30887 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 122 || 8.4% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 1bf1c2zv6035cgbxugrfcgnqh6velu4 1575814 1575813 2026-06-21T14:24:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 685 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2832 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1350 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34938 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30887 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 123 || 8.5% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 16jdhrafeewcwktf1zy7bh0dizmepdx 1575852 1575814 2026-06-21T19:51:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 654 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2741 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1303 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 455 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34938 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30887 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 123 || 8.5% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} ls7mfc39d9wi7oo0jmd2jjugzwn7s03 1575853 1575852 2026-06-21T19:53:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-21) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-21)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 654 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 716 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2741 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1303 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1106 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 455 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 369 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 761 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 445 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 446 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 282 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1453 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34939 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30895 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 124 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} cix9d04srw6x6ug3hvulz2dhx3zidt3 1575939 1575853 2026-06-22T04:53:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 699 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1319 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34939 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30895 || ↓ -1.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.6 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2741 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1453 || ↑ +1338.6% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1303 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 761 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 716 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 654 || — 0% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 551 || ↑ +0.4% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 505 || ↑ +38.0% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 494 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 482 || ↑ +13.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 124 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} k162ibguhnfdqxjhjwpsv5vux4mzfic 1575941 1575939 2026-06-22T05:07:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 699 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1319 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34939 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30137 || ↑ +1.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 124 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} j78tj2axtv6tpr1wrsjc6mem5n2sdrm 0 211812 1575828 1451067 2026-06-21T16:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LaVena Lynn Johnson''' ([[27 Julai]] [[1985]] – [[19 Julai]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Askari|mwanajeshi]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyepatikana amekufa kwenye hema nchini [[Iraki]]. Kifo chake kilikuwa na utata kama [[kujiua]], lakini ushahidi wa [[ubakaji]] na [[Unyanyasaji wa kijinsia]] uliwafanya familia yake kuamini kuwa Wizara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani ilificha ukweli.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leonard |first1=Mary Delach |title=10 years later, a soldier's family still grieves and questions the Army's version of her death |url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/10-years-later-soldiers-family-still-grieves-and-questions-armys-version-her-death |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=St. Louis Public Radio |agency=NPR |date=19 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.lavenajohnson.com LaVena Johnson website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lavenajohnson.com/ |date=20150321145118 }} - lavenajohnson.com; accessed July 29, 2021.</ref> <ref>[http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/murder-on-the-base/Content?oid=1109224 Reference to LaVena Johnson] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/murder-on-the-base/Content?oid=1109224 |date=20210729133534 }}, chicagoreader.com; accessed April 23, 2014.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1985|2005}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] icg5dfxtuz7byfz8p21t320xlqa3sts 0 211985 1575841 1446103 2026-06-21T18:27:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lori Ann Piestewa''' ([[14 Desemba]] [[1979]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwanajeshi]] wa [[Jeshi]] la [[Marekani]] aliyefariki wakati wa [[Vita vya Iraki]]. Mwanachama wa Quartermaster Corps, alifariki katika shambulio hilo la Iraki ambalo liliwaumiza wanajeshi wenzake Shoshana Johnson na rafiki yake Piestewa Jessica Lynch. Akiwa Hopi, Piestewa alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Marekani kufariki katika vita huku akihudumu katika jeshi la Marekani na mwanamke wa kwanza katika jeshi la Marekani kuuawa katika Vita vya Iraki. Piestewa Peak katika [[Arizona]] limepewa jina lake kwa heshima yake. ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Piestewa alizaliwa mjini Tuba, [[Arizona]], kwa wazazi wake Terry Piestewa na Priscilla "Percy" Baca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/specials/veterans/articles/piestewa-2.html |title=Special Report &#124; Lori Piestewa |publisher=Azcentral.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096404030 Museum with meaning: Reflections on NMAI : ICT [2004/09/28&#93;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215222642/http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096404030 |date=February 15, 2005 }}</ref>Baba yake ni Hopi ana asili ya Wamarekani na mama yake ni Mmarekani-[[Meksiko]]. Wapenzi hao walikutana mara ya kwanza mwaka 1964 na kuoa mnamo Novemba 1968.<ref>[https://www.loriannpiestewa.us/ A Tribute to Lori Ann Piestewa, A Native American Hero and The first American woman killed in Iraq ]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcsg.org/events/nativegames/index.php |title=The Lori Piestewa National Native American Games |accessdate=2013-04-15 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010807/http://www.gcsg.org/events/nativegames/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|2003}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] te2p173k0rqoj4zj58jjt5j4uiclebi 1575864 1575841 2026-06-21T21:19:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lori Ann Piestewa''' ([[14 Desemba]] [[1979]] – [[23 Machi]] [[2003]]) alikuwa [[mwanajeshi]] wa [[Jeshi]] la [[Marekani]] aliyefariki wakati wa [[Vita vya Iraki]]. Mwanachama wa Quartermaster Corps, alifariki katika shambulio hilo la Iraki ambalo liliwaumiza wanajeshi wenzake Shoshana Johnson na rafiki yake Piestewa Jessica Lynch. Akiwa Hopi, Piestewa alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Marekani kufariki katika vita huku akihudumu katika jeshi la Marekani na mwanamke wa kwanza katika jeshi la Marekani kuuawa katika Vita vya Iraki. Piestewa Peak katika [[Arizona]] limepewa jina lake kwa heshima yake. ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Piestewa alizaliwa mjini Tuba, [[Arizona]], kwa wazazi wake Terry Piestewa na Priscilla "Percy" Baca.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/specials/veterans/articles/piestewa-2.html |title=Special Report &#124; Lori Piestewa |publisher=Azcentral.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096404030 Museum with meaning: Reflections on NMAI : ICT [2004/09/28&#93;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215222642/http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096404030 |date=February 15, 2005 }}</ref>Baba yake ni Hopi ana asili ya Wamarekani na mama yake ni Mmarekani-[[Meksiko]]. Wapenzi hao walikutana mara ya kwanza mwaka 1964 na kuoa mnamo Novemba 1968.<ref>[https://www.loriannpiestewa.us/ A Tribute to Lori Ann Piestewa, A Native American Hero and The first American woman killed in Iraq ]</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gcsg.org/events/nativegames/index.php |title=The Lori Piestewa National Native American Games |accessdate=2013-04-15 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010807/http://www.gcsg.org/events/nativegames/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1979|2003}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] 6hb2u31i2whyqpywgg5qm50ehn08trf 0 212740 1575921 1455267 2026-06-22T02:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Raza Hassanali Dharamsi''' (aliyezaliwa [[18]] Julai [[1962]]), almaarufu '''Mohamed Raza''', alikuwa mfanyabiashara '''Mzanzibar'''i na mwanasiasa wa [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] aliyewakilisha jimbo la Uzini katika Baraza la Wawakilishi [[Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/mohamedraza_hassanali.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813124404/http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/mohamedraza_hassanali.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kwmngfpqsgn598k0h779xo7oakidi27 1575961 1575921 2026-06-22T07:17:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Raza Hassanali Dharamsi''' (aliyezaliwa [[18]] Julai [[1962]]), almaarufu '''Mohamed Raza''', alikuwa mfanyabiashara '''Mzanzibar'''i na mwanasiasa wa [[Chama cha Mapinduzi|CCM]] aliyewakilisha jimbo la Uzini katika Baraza la Wawakilishi [[Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/mohamedraza_hassanali.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813124404/http://www.zanzibarassembly.go.tz/mohamedraza_hassanali.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kqu58fpnx4mg8gcsnotyisraj7doge4 0 212749 1575831 1455269 2026-06-21T17:07:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Learnit Institute of Business and Technology''' ni taasisi ya [[biashara]], [[fedha]], [[kompyuta]] na [[teknolojia]] ya [[habari]] iliyoko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], ikiwa na ushirikiano na [[taasisi]] na [[vyuo vikuu]] maarufu nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref>https://www.zoomtanzania.net/directory/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology/</ref> Taasisi hiyo hufundisha zaidi ya [[wanafunzi]] 1000 kila mwaka na imetoa wahitimu zaidi ya 8000 tangu mwaka [[1993]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nccedu.com/news/2012/11/12/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology-19th-graduation-ceremony |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-07-13 |archive-date=2013-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725043840/http://www.nccedu.com/news/2012/11/12/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology-19th-graduation-ceremony |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Historia na Eneo == [[Chuo]] hiki kilianza shughuli zake nchini [[Tanzania]] mwaka [[1993]] chini ya kampuni ya [[Software|Soft]]-[[Technology|Tech]] Consultants Ltd kama waanzilishi katika fani ya ''teknolojia ya habari na mawasiliano'' (Tehama).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140822101018/http://www.tech360magazine.com/2012/11/ict-as-solution-of-problems-facing_2.html</ref> Dhamira yake leo ni kuwezesha jamii kupitia [[Tehama]]. Kimesajiliwa na kutambuliwa kikamilifu na Baraza la Taifa la Elimu ya Ufundi. Chuo hiki kipo katika jengo la ''Oasis Office Park'', lililoko maeneo ya [[Oyster Bay|Oysterbay.]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Taasisi za elimu]] [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] 8chtdvn05v64ihqqborx9p5v72bhqzt 1575862 1575831 2026-06-21T21:16:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Learnit Institute of Business and Technology''' ni taasisi ya [[biashara]], [[fedha]], [[kompyuta]] na [[teknolojia]] ya [[habari]] iliyoko [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], ikiwa na ushirikiano na [[taasisi]] na [[vyuo vikuu]] maarufu nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref>https://www.zoomtanzania.net/directory/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology/</ref> Taasisi hiyo hufundisha zaidi ya [[wanafunzi]] 1000 kila mwaka na imetoa wahitimu zaidi ya 8000 tangu mwaka [[1993]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nccedu.com/news/2012/11/12/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology-19th-graduation-ceremony |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2013-07-13 |archive-date=2013-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725043840/http://www.nccedu.com/news/2012/11/12/learnit-institute-of-business-and-technology-19th-graduation-ceremony |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Historia na Eneo == [[Chuo]] hiki kilianza shughuli zake nchini [[Tanzania]] mwaka [[1993]] chini ya kampuni ya [[Software|Soft]]-[[Technology|Tech]] Consultants Ltd kama waanzilishi katika fani ya ''teknolojia ya habari na mawasiliano'' (Tehama).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140822101018/http://www.tech360magazine.com/2012/11/ict-as-solution-of-problems-facing_2.html</ref> Dhamira yake leo ni kuwezesha jamii kupitia [[Tehama]]. Kimesajiliwa na kutambuliwa kikamilifu na Baraza la Taifa la Elimu ya Ufundi. Chuo hiki kipo katika jengo la ''Oasis Office Park'', lililoko maeneo ya [[Oyster Bay|Oysterbay.]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Taasisi za elimu]] [[Jamii:Elimu ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] ep1iwf2ww2wsdr703p1j6gsml018a8g 0 219600 1575833 1478686 2026-06-21T17:29:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lester Wilson''' (Aprili 13, [[1942]] - Februari 14, [[1993]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa densi, mpiga densi, na mwigizaji kutoka [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. Wilson alihudhuria Shule ya Juilliard . Bob Fosse alimshirikisha katika uamsho wa 1963 wa Pal Joey katika Kituo cha [[Jiji la New York]]. Wilson alizuru London na Sammy Davis Jr. katika ''Golden Boy'' . Mnamo mwaka [[1969]], aliwajibika na wachezaji wake 24 kwa ajili ya upigaji densi wa onyesho la Johnny Hallyday katika Palais des Sports huko [[Paris]]. Uchoraji wa ngoma unaojulikana zaidi wa Lester ulikuwa filamu ya 1977 ya ''Saturday Night Fever'' ambayo alimfundisha John Travolta . Wilson alikuwa amechora wimbo wa Diana Ross, Dalida, Gladys Knight, Billy Crystal, Liza Minnelli na Ann-Margret, katika maonyesho yake ya jukwaani huko Las Vegas. Pia alichora wimbo wa filamu ya [[1992]] ''ya Sister Act'' . Mnamo mwaka [[1991]], Wilson aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Emmy ya Marekani kwa ajili ya upigaji wa ngoma katika tuzo maalum za ABC ''American Dance Honors'' . Lester pia alipiga muziki kadhaa wa Broadway, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Grind'' na Ben Vereen . == Kifo == Mnamo Februari 1993, Wilson alifariki kutokana na mshtuko wa moyo huko Los Angeles akiwa na umri wa miaka 50. Wilson alikuwa mchangiaji mkubwa katika mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI, hasa katika upigaji picha ulioundwa kwa ajili ya Mradi wa UKIMWI/LA. Hapo awali alikuwa amepitia upigaji picha mara tano mwaka wa 1979 akiwa na umri wa miaka 37. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artistswithaids.org/artforms/dance/catalogue/wilsonl.html |title=Lester Wilson page at Artists With Aids (.org) |accessdate=2025-12-29 |archive-date=2015-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205030/http://www.artistswithaids.org/artforms/dance/catalogue/wilsonl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia alionekana kwenye Good Times kama meneja wa duka la mboga katika kipindi cha [[1975]] kilichoitwa "Florida's Protest". ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] iup220xskjnghptm4onp8pjl826wu8r 1575863 1575833 2026-06-21T21:17:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lester Wilson''' (Aprili 13, [[1942]] - Februari 14, [[1993]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa densi, mpiga densi, na mwigizaji kutoka [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. Wilson alihudhuria Shule ya Juilliard . Bob Fosse alimshirikisha katika uamsho wa 1963 wa Pal Joey katika Kituo cha [[Jiji la New York]]. Wilson alizuru London na Sammy Davis Jr. katika ''Golden Boy'' . Mnamo mwaka [[1969]], aliwajibika na wachezaji wake 24 kwa ajili ya upigaji densi wa onyesho la Johnny Hallyday katika Palais des Sports huko [[Paris]]. Uchoraji wa ngoma unaojulikana zaidi wa Lester ulikuwa filamu ya 1977 ya ''Saturday Night Fever'' ambayo alimfundisha John Travolta . Wilson alikuwa amechora wimbo wa Diana Ross, Dalida, Gladys Knight, Billy Crystal, Liza Minnelli na Ann-Margret, katika maonyesho yake ya jukwaani huko Las Vegas. Pia alichora wimbo wa filamu ya [[1992]] ''ya Sister Act'' . Mnamo mwaka [[1991]], Wilson aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Emmy ya Marekani kwa ajili ya upigaji wa ngoma katika tuzo maalum za ABC ''American Dance Honors'' . Lester pia alipiga muziki kadhaa wa Broadway, ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Grind'' na Ben Vereen . == Kifo == Mnamo Februari 1993, Wilson alifariki kutokana na mshtuko wa moyo huko Los Angeles akiwa na umri wa miaka 50. Wilson alikuwa mchangiaji mkubwa katika mapambano dhidi ya UKIMWI, hasa katika upigaji picha ulioundwa kwa ajili ya Mradi wa UKIMWI/LA. Hapo awali alikuwa amepitia upigaji picha mara tano mwaka wa 1979 akiwa na umri wa miaka 37. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.artistswithaids.org/artforms/dance/catalogue/wilsonl.html |title=Lester Wilson page at Artists With Aids (.org) |accessdate=2025-12-29 |archive-date=2015-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108205030/http://www.artistswithaids.org/artforms/dance/catalogue/wilsonl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia alionekana kwenye Good Times kama meneja wa duka la mboga katika kipindi cha [[1975]] kilichoitwa "Florida's Protest". ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 3sbgtgab39319dpbpwzhynzx099a81r 0 220548 1575913 1520666 2026-06-22T01:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} {{Infobox person|name=Mildred Christina Akosiwor Fugar|image=|alt=|majina mengine=Mildred Ankrah|ajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mke wa Rais wa Ghana|utaifa=Kongo ya Kibelgiji, Ghana|ndoa=[[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]|amezikwa={{birth date|1922|4|13|df=y}}, [[Luluabourg]], [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]]|tarehe ya kufa={{death date and age|2005|06|09|1938|06|12}}}} '''Mildred Christina Akosiwor''' (pia: '''Mildred Ankrah'''; 12 Juni 1938 - 9 Juni 2005) alikuwa Mke wa [[Orodha ya Marais wa Ghana|Rais]] wa [[Ghana]], [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]. Alikulia [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] na [[Gold Coast]]. Baada ya mme wake kuchukua uongozi, alijihusisha kazi ya kijamii na kidini. == Wasifu == Ankrah alizaliwa [[Kananga|Luluabourg]], [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]] (sasa [[Kananga]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]); wazazi wake walikuwa Benoni Kwaku Fugar, [[Mghana]], na Pauline Isombe Edembe Fugar, raia wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Alikuwa wa nne miongoni mwa watoto saba. Fugar alianza shule katika Kanisa Katoliki la [[Keta]] huko Gold Coast (sasa Ghana), alipomaliza masomo yake ya shule ya kati pia. Mwaka wa 1957 aliendelea kusoma katika Chuo cha Biashara cha Watu Wote cha [[Somanya]]. Baada ya mwisho wa kozi yake katika chuo hicho, Ankrah aliajiriwa katika Idara Kuu ya Mapato (ambayo sasa ni Huduma ya Mapato ya Ndani ya Ghana).<ref name="wives">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/124760/wives-of-military-rulers.html|title=Wives of Military Rulers|date=2007-02-28|accessdate=2016-10-31}}</ref> Mkutano wake wa kwanza na [[Jenerali]] [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] ulitokea mwaka 1962 baada ya dada yake Florence kwenda Kituo cha Burma ili kuingia kikosi kisaidizi cha Jeshi la Ghana. Pale, Florence aliwaona maafisa wawili wa cheo cha juu na kuwaomba wamwongoze kwa "bosi wa jeshi" ili aweze kuwasilisha maombi yake. Ankrah alivutiwa sana naye hivi kwamba alimsindikiza kurudi nyumbani pa familia yake, ambapo alikutana na Fugar. Walichumbiana mwaka 1965 na kisha wakafunga ndoa.<ref name="wives" /> Baada ya mapinduzi ya serikali mnamo mwaka 1966 mwezi wa pili tarehe 24, na basi utekaji wa mamlaka na Ankrah kuwa Rais wa Ghana na mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kitaifa la Ukombozi,<ref>{{Citation|last=Poku|first=Amma Fosuah|title=This Day In History: 24th February 1966|date=2012-02-24|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/This-Day-In-History-24th-February-1966-230574|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/36107|title=The Ghana Coup - 24th February 1966|last1=Afrifa|first1=A. A.|date=1966|publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd|language=en}}</ref> Fugar alikujakuwa Mke wa Rais wa Ghana. Alifanya kazi nyingi sana kuhusu hudumu kijamii na kidini.<ref name=":0" /> == Kifo == Mildred alifariki tarehe 9 Juni 2005. Alizikwa tarehe 29 Juni mwaka huo huo katika Makaburi ya Osu huko [[Accra]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mildred Ankrah, Ex-First Lady of Ghana|url=https://alt.obituaries.narkive.com/0EiWPcRS/mildred-ankrah-ex-first-lady-of-ghana|work=alt.obituaries.narkive.com|accessdate=2026-01-16|date=2005-06-11|language=en|archive-date=2026-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223010449/https://alt.obituaries.narkive.com/0EiWPcRS/mildred-ankrah-ex-first-lady-of-ghana|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Ghana]] m9x6pah0nxelxe6qyan35ih8lc8cgcw 0 226645 1575830 1510184 2026-06-21T17:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lauretta Ngcobo''' ([[13 Septemba]] [[1931]] - [[3 Novemba]] [[2015]])<ref name="News24">[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Lauretta-Ngcobo-author-teacher-and-activist-20151104 "Lauretta Ngcobo: author, teacher and activist"], [[News24 (website)|News24]], 5 November 2015.</ref><ref name=Innes /> alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya na insha wa [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref name="sala"/> Baada ya kuwa uhamishoni kati ya 1963 na 1994 - huko [[Swaziland]], baada ya hapo [[Zambia]] na hatimaye [[Uingereza]], ambapo alifundisha kwa miaka 25 - alirudi Afrika Kusini na kuishi [[Durban]].<ref name="Input">[https://inputblog.wordpress.com/tag/tv-drama/ "Authorship & Ownership in TV Drama", biographical note], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'', 25 April–1 May 2008. Official Input 2008 Blog.</ref> Mchango wa maandishi ya Ngcobo kati ya miaka ya 1960 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 yameelezewa kama yanatoa "ufahamu muhimu kuhusu uzoefu wa wanawake Weusi kwenye [[Apartheid|ubaguzi wa rangi]]".<ref>Angelo Fick, [https://www.enca.com/opinion/memoriam-lauretta-ngcobo-1931-2015 "In memoriam, Lauretta Ngcobo (1931–2015)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316193407/https://www.enca.com/opinion/memoriam-lauretta-ngcobo-1931-2015 |date=16 March 2022 }}, eNCA, 6 November 2015.</ref> Kama mwandishi wa riwaya, anajulikana zaidi kwa ''Na Hawajafa'' (1990), iliyoandikwa miaka ya 1950 Afrika Kusini na kuonyesha "ukandamizaji maalum wa wanawake wanaojitahidi kuishi, kufanya kazi ardhini na kueneza hisia ya heshima chini ya mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi huku waume zao wakitafuta kazi katika migodi na miji." <ref name="Innes" /> == Miaka ya awali == Alikua mi binti wa walimu Rosa ( ''née'' Cele) na Simon Gwina, Lauretta Gladys Nozizwe Duyu Gwina alizaliwa Ixopo, [[KwaZulu-Natal]],<ref name=witness>{{cite news |url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global&#91;_id&#93;=82261 |title=Stories of exile |newspaper=The Witness |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> na alikulia huko. Alihudhuria Shule ya Seminari ya Inanda, karibu na [[Durban]], na kuendelea kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka eneo lake kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Fort Hare.<ref name="Innes">[[Lyn Innes]], [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/19/lauretta-ngcobo "Lauretta Ngcobo obituary"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 19 November 2015.</ref> Alifundisha kwa miaka miwili, kisha akachukua kazi katika Baraza la Utafiti wa Sayansi na Viwanda huko [[Pretoria]].<ref name="Innes" /> Mwaka1956, alikuwa mshiriki hai katika maandamano ya wanawake ya kupinga pasi na alikuwa mmoja wa wazungumzaji wakuu. <ref name="Innes" /><ref>[http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/11/04/rip-lauretta-ngcobo-1931-2015/ "RIP Lauretta Ngcobo (1931 – 2015)"], ''Books Live, Sunday Times'', 14 November 2015.</ref> Mwaka 1957, walioana na Abednego Bhekabantu Ngcobo, mwanzilishi na mjumbe wa mtendaji wa Pan Africanist Congress, ambaye mwaka huo wa 1961 alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka miwili jela chini ya Sheria ya Kukandamiza Ukomunisti.<ref name=Innes /> == Uhamisho, 1963–94 == Mwaka 1963, akikabiliwa na kukaribia kukamatwa, alikimbia nchi na watoto wake wawili wadogo, akihamia Swaziland, kisha Zambia na hatimaye Uingereza, ambapo alifundisha katika ngazi ya shule ya msingi kwa miaka 25. <ref name="sala"/> Hatimaye aliteuliwa kuwa naibu mkuu na kisha kaimu mkuu wa Shule ya Watoto Wachanga ya Lark Hall huko Lambeth, kusini mwa London,<ref name=Sobott>Gaele Sobott, [https://gaelesobott.wordpress.com/2015/11/12/in-memory-of-lauretta-ngcobo-1931-2015/ "In memory of Lauretta Ngcobo 1931-2015"], 12 November 2015.</ref> ambapo alikuwa mfanyakazi pekee mweusi. Mwaka wa 1984, akawa rais wa ATCAL (Chama cha Kufundisha Karibea, Kiafrika, Asia na Fasihi Zilizohusiana), kikundi cha walimu na waandishi waliofanya kampeni wakikuza mtaala tofauti zaidi katika mfumo wa elimu wa Uingereza.<ref name=Innes /> == Kurudi Afrika Kusini == Ngcobo alirudi Afrika Kusini na familia yake mnamo1994, kufuatia uchaguzi ambapo [[ANC|Bunge la Kitaifa la Afrika]] liliingia madarakani. Mumewe alifariki mwaka wa 1997. Nchini Afrika Kusini alifundisha tena kwa muda kabla ya kuwa Mwanachama wa Bunge la KwaZulu-Natal akiwakilisha [[Inkatha Freedom Party|Chama cha Uhuru cha Inkatha]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2004-03-14-who-made-the-ifps-election-cut/|title=Who made the IFP's election cut?|work=IOL|first=Paddy|author=Harper|date=14 March 2004|accessdate=16 February 2026}}</ref>, ambapo alitumia miaka 11 kabla ya kustaafu mwaka 2008. Alichapisha makala nyingi za kitaaluma, alihudhuria mikutano mingi ya waandishi, na kutoa makala katika vyuo vikuu tofauti tofauti.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/lauretta-ngcobo "Lauretta Ngcobo"], South African History Online.</ref> Alifariki hospitalini jijini [[Johannesburg]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 84, siku ya Jumanne, Novemba 3, 2015, kufuatia [[kiharusi]].<ref name=News24 /> Taarifa ya kifo cha gazeti ''la Sunday Times'' ya Afrika Kusini ilimtaja kama "mwandishi na mwanaharakati aliyewapa wanawake walio katika mazingira magumu sauti",<ref>Chris Barron, [http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/opinion/2015/11/08/Obituary-Lauretta-Ngcobo-writer-and-activist-who-gave-vulnerable-women-a-voice "Obituary: Lauretta Ngcobo, writer and activist who gave vulnerable women a voice"], ''Sunday Times'', 8 November 2015.</ref> huku Barbara Boswell wa Taasisi ya Jinsia ya Afrika kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] akiandika: "Kifo cha Lauretta Ngcobo kimetupokonya kipaji kikubwa cha fasihi, mpigania uhuru, na sauti ya ufeministi."<ref name=Boswell>Barbara Boswell, [http://vanguardmagazine.co.za/reflections-on-lauretta-ngcobos-feminist-contribution-to-african-literature/ "Reflections on Lauretta Ngcobo’s feminist contribution to African literature"], ''Vanguard'', 12 November 2015.</ref> == Tuzo == Mwaka [[2006]], Ngcobo alipokea Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Mafanikio ya Maisha ya Tuzo za Fasihi za Afrika Kusini.<ref name=sala>{{cite web |url=http://sala.org.za/2006-2/lauretta-ngcobo/ |title=Lauretta Ngcobo |publisher=South African Literary Awards|date=2006}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa [[2008]], alitunukiwa Nishani ya Ikhamanga ya Fedha kwa ajili ya "mafanikio yake bora katika nyanja ya fasihi na kupitia kazi zake za kifasihi kutetea harakati za usawa wa kijinsia nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name=witness/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lauretta-ngcobo-1931-%E2%80%93|title=Lauretta Ngcobo (1931 – ) {{!}} The Order of Ikhamanga in Silver|website=The Presidency – Republic of South Africa|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221074723/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/lauretta-ngcobo-1931-%E2%80%93|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alitajwa kuwa Shujaa wa Maisha wa eThekwini mwaka2012, na mwaka 2014 alipata shahada ya uzamivu ya heshima ya Teknolojia katika Sanaa na Ubunifu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Durban.<ref name=News24 /> == Urithi == Mwaka wa 2021, binti yake Zikethiwe Ngcobo aliongoza makala ya dakika 10 yenye kichwa ''Lauretta: And They Did Not Die'' kuhusu mapambano ya mama yake kama mwandishi na mwanaharakati, akichunguza urithi wake na "athari ya mabadiliko katika fasihi ya wanawake weusi". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://tekanoreabua.org.za/films/lauretta-and-they-did-not-die/|title=Lauretta: And They Did Not Die|work=tekanoreabua.org.za|accessdate=21 December 2022}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oj6g09pi2d54w1a1eywecwlbmcog8q2 0 226752 1575839 1531153 2026-06-21T18:21:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolores Ángela Okenve Moyong''' (alizaliwa [[12 Machi]] [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[soka]] kutoka [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] anayecheza kama [[kiungo]] wa kushoto wa ulinzi. Anaichezea klabu ya Tercera Federación na pia ni sehemu ya timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Guinea ya Ikweta. Mbali na uraia wake wa [[Guinea ya Ikweta]], Dolores pia ana uraia wa [[Hispania]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sqhagenciaderepresentacion.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CURRICULUM-DEPORTIVO-LOLA-23-24.pdf|title=LOLA|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=9083|title=Lola Okenve, Dolores Ángela Okenve Moyong - Footballer|website=BDFutbol}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Dolores Okenve alitumia miaka yake ya utoto nchini Guinea ya Ikweta hadi akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano, kabla ya kuhamia Uhispania. Katika mahojiano, Okenve alisema: "Nadhani kama ningelazimika kuchagua, ningependelea kuwakilisha Gabon." ==Kazi ya klabu== Okenve alicheza kwa timu ya Joventut Almassora ya Uhispania, akiwa miongoni mwa wachezaji muhimu zaidi wa klabu hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://radiomacuto.org/news/lola-okenve-renueva-su-compromiso|title=Lola Okenve renueva su compromiso|date=28 July 2018 |publisher=radiomacuto.org}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe [[26 Juni]] [[2025]], alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Castellon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://esportbase.valenciaplaza.com/2025/06/26/lola-okenve-tercer-refuerzo-del-cd-castellon-femenino/|title=Lola Okenve, tercer refuerzo del CD Castellón Femenino}}</ref> ==Kazi Kimataifa== Okenve alishiriki kwa mara ya kwanza na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Guinea ya Ikweta katika michuano ya kufuzu Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://huelladeportiva.net/2023/08/29/lola-okenve-la-ilusion-seria-volver-a-meternos-en-una-copa-de-africa/|title=Lola Okenve: "La ilusión sería volver a meternos en una copa de Africa"|date=29 August 2023|publisher=huelladeportiva.net|accessdate=2026-04-26|archive-date=2026-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429062500/https://huelladeportiva.net/2023/08/29/lola-okenve-la-ilusion-seria-volver-a-meternos-en-una-copa-de-africa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Mtindo wa uchezaji== Okenve hucheza zaidi kama beki wa pembeni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.hoyaldia.com/gisele-anna-shireen-y-dolores-angela-okenve-fichajes-del-pozoalbense-femenino/|title=Gisele Anna Shireen y Dolores Angela Okenve, fichajes del Pozoalbense Femenino|first=Julia|last=López}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Okenve alizaliwa nchini Gabon na wazazi kutoka Guinea ya Ikweta.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gabonallsport.com/index.php/2023/07/04/foot-feminin-dolores-angela-okenve-a-finalement-choisi-de-jouer-pour-la-guinee-equatoriale/|title=Okenve a finalement choisi|date=4 July 2023|publisher=gabonallsport.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Guinea ya Ikweta]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Guinea ya Ikweta]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] lbj56vo7w2n9txsu7uiiql1vuih73ka 0 227431 1575829 1517886 2026-06-21T16:56:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurent Kavakure''' (alizaliwa 5 Januari 1959) ni mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Burundi ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Burundi kuanzia Novemba 2011 hadi Mei 2015. Kavakure alizaliwa Tangara, katika Mkoa wa Ngozi. Aliwahi kuwa Balozi wa [[Burundi]] nchini Ubelgiji kuanzia 2006 hadi 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi - ARIB.INFO Website - Laurent Kavakure a été reçu jeudi à Berne|url=https://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5253&Itemid=82|work=www.arib.info|accessdate=2026-04-09|archive-date=2025-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814091507/https://www.arib.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5253&Itemid=82|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/burundi-node|work=Auswärtiges Amt|accessdate=2026-04-09|language=de|author=Auswärtiges Amt}}</ref> Aliondolewa katika wadhifa wake wa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje tarehe 18 Mei 2015, muda mfupi baada ya jaribio la mapinduzi kushindikana wakati wa machafuko ya Burundi ya mwaka 2015, yaliyoanza baada ya Rais Pierre Nkurunziza kutangaza nia ya kugombea muhula wa tatu. Wataalamu walieleza kuwa huenda kuondolewa kwake kulitokana na kushindwa kushawishi mataifa mengine kuunga mkono uchaguzi wa urais wa 2015.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burundi president sacks defence minister|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/burundi-president-sacks-defence-minister/|work=The Nation Newspaper|date=2015-05-18|accessdate=2026-04-09|language=en-US|author=The Nation}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2024, Kavakure alichaguliwa kuwa kamishna mpya katika Tume ya Ukweli na Maridhiano ya Burundi pamoja na makamishna wengine 12, akiwemo Stella Budiriganya (aliyekuwa balozi nchini India) na Selemani Mossi (aliyekuwa balozi nchini [[Misri]]). == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1959}} <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] 328r63scbpqugmijkban071s092w2np 0 231483 1575908 1543059 2026-06-22T01:02:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Adas''' (amezaliwa 1943) ni mwanahistoria na mwandishi wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mchango wake katika [[historia]] ya [[Dunia]], [[historia ya teknolojia]], pamoja na tafiti za ukoloni na [[ukoloni mamboleo]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Griffin |first=Tiffany April |date=2019-05-05 |title=An Interview with Historian Michael Adas |url=[https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/an-interview-with-historian-michael-adas](https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/an-interview-with-historian-michael-adas) |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=History News Network |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeye ni Profesa Mstaafu wa Historia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers]], ambako aliwahi kushika Kiti cha Historia cha Abraham E. Voorhees<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Branson |first=Ken |title=Rutgers alum turns uncle's Vietnam War letters into book |url=[https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/entertainment/books/2017/09/13/rutgers-alum-turns-uncles-vietnam-war-letters-into-book/657474001/](https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/entertainment/books/2017/09/13/rutgers-alum-turns-uncles-vietnam-war-letters-into-book/657474001/) |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Courier News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na pia kuhudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Bodi ya Magavana.<ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Konczal |first=Eddie F. |title=Adas, Michael |url=[https://history.rutgers.edu/people/details/60-faculty-emeriti/95-adas-michael](https://history.rutgers.edu/people/details/60-faculty-emeriti/95-adas-michael) |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Department of History {{!}} School of Arts and Sciences - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |language=en-gb }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ameandika kuhusu utawala wa Magharibi duniani, [[ukoloni]] na harakati za kupinga ukoloni, pamoja na ulinganisho wa [[historia ya vita]] na maendeleo ya jamii.<ref name=":4">{{Rejea habari |last=Kors |first=Alan Charles |date=1989-09-10 |title=Rule by Steam and Gunpowder |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/10/books/rule-by-steam-and-gunpowder.html](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/10/books/rule-by-steam-and-gunpowder.html) |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1943|}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Marekani]] 7oqnqo1tphqk4bkk76m0eyyzmhl0vnc 0 231663 1575788 1531353 2026-06-21T12:42:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khawar Mumtaz''' (Urdu: خاور ممتاز; amezaliwa 29 Juni 1945) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake, mwandishi wa kifeministi na profesa wa chuo kikuu kutoka [[Pakistani|Pakistan]].<ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Khawar Mumtaz: A Call for Collective Action on Women's Rights |url=[https://global.utah.edu/stories/khawar-mumtaz-a-call-for-collective-action-on-womens-rights/|access-date=8](https://global.utah.edu/stories/khawar-mumtaz-a-call-for-collective-action-on-womens-rights/|access-date=8) Desemba 2020|website=global.utah.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa [[National Commission on the Status of Women]] (NCSW), akihudumu kwa vipindi vitatu mfululizo kuanzia mwaka 2013 hadi 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=A warm send off to Khawar Mumtaz|url=[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/545941-a-warm-send-off-to-khawar-mumtaz|access-date=23](https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/545941-a-warm-send-off-to-khawar-mumtaz|access-date=23) Novemba 2020|website=The News|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Maprofesa]] 6xhg8g8t2oxbno0b1dobab7ruuq2ky5 0 232389 1575927 1574113 2026-06-22T03:38:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moïse Brou Apanga''' (4 Februari 1982 – 26 Aprili 2017) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa soka wa kulipwa aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[beki]] wa kati. Alizaliwa Ivory Coast lakini aliwakilisha Gabon katika kiwango cha kimataifa. == Kazi ya kimataifa == Brou Apanga aliwakilisha nchi yake katika mashindano ya [[Kombe]] la Mataifa ya Afrika 2012, ambapo Gabon, ikiwa mwenyeji wa mashindano hayo, ilifika hatua ya robo fainali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AfricanFootball - Gabon|url=https://africanfootball.com/team/35/Gabon/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|work=African Football|accessdate=2026-05-07|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126104727/https://africanfootball.com/team/35/Gabon/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches|url=https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|work=African Football|accessdate=2026-05-07|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126114426/https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kifo == Brou Apanga alifariki mwezi Aprili 2017 baada ya kupata mshtuko wa moyo wakati wa mazoezi na [[klabu]] yake ya FC 105 Libreville. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] dx62vip982ru45hx9chlyf8ogajv1xw 0 234198 1575859 1541310 2026-06-21T20:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maki Miyamae''' ( alizaliwa 16 Januari 1973) ni mwimbaji wa pop kutoka [[Japani]] na mwanachama wa zamani na mzee zaidi wa kundi la Coco. Alizaliwa katika Tōkamachi, Niigata, lakini alikulia Tokyo. Miyamae alikuwa mwanachama wa Coco kuanzia Septemba 1989 hadi kundi hilo lilipovunjika mwaka 1994. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama msanii wa solo, lakini aliacha tasnia ya burudani mwaka 2004 ili kujiunga na Le Cordon Bleu. Sasa ni mpishi wa kitaalamu na mkufunzi wa elimu ya chakula, na anaendesha mgahawa wake unaoitwa "CAFE RESTAURANT M.NATURE" katika Aoyama, Tokyo.<ref>[http://kirei.biglobe.ne.jp/around40/marche/11/ Article] {{Wayback|url=http://kirei.biglobe.ne.jp/around40/marche/11/ |date=20130710114417 }} on [[BIGLOBE]]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miyamae, Maki}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] ed84heaoeuncbiwmn2k7cm66u1tvmki 0 237965 1575834 1552446 2026-06-21T17:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LiQin Tan''' (alizaliwa [[1957]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kidigitali , mhuishaji , mtafiti, na mwalimu nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alifundisha [[Kanada]], [[Uchina]], [[Singapuri]], na Marekani.<ref name="rutgers spotlight">[http://ur.rutgers.edu/archive/spotlight-LiqinTan/ The Art of Perception] {{Wayback|url=http://ur.rutgers.edu/archive/spotlight-LiqinTan/ |date=20110728153902 }}, ''Rutgers Magazine''</ref><ref>[http://en.artintern.net/index.php/exhibition/main/html/899/3 "Refractive Brain Therapy" Solo Exhibition of LiQin Tan]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Artintern.net''</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3i4yrnsx5w1fvadgfgkk8vknchkg7tr 0 238121 1575903 1549417 2026-06-21T23:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maurice Freeman''' alikuwa meya wa Johannesburg, [[Afrika]] Kusini kuanzia mwaka 1934 hadi 1935.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=:: JOHANNESBURG'S MAYORS ::|url=http://joburgnews.co.za/2004/feb/feb10_mayors.stm|work=joburgnews.co.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218162157/http://joburgnews.co.za/2004/feb/feb10_mayors.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kabla ya kuweka jiwe la msingi la kituo kipya cha [[polisi]] cha Newlands, [[Jenerali]] Mheshimiwa sana J. C. Smuts, ambaye alikuwa [[Waziri]] wa Sheria, akifuatana na Meya Maurice Freeman, alikagua gwaride la [[heshima]] lililoandaliwa na [[jeshi]] la polisi. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] e7e76lbcyj0kusgq1ulmcoybijp7k32 0 238137 1575909 1549424 2026-06-22T01:15:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ignatius Michael "Michal" Groenewald''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye alichaguliwa katika [[Bunge]] la Mkoa wa North West kwenye uchaguzi wa mikoa wa mwaka 2024. Akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha Freedom Front Plus (FF+), yeye ndiye kiongozi wa chama hicho katika ngazi ya Mkoa wa North West. Baba yake Groenewald, aitwaye Pieter Groenewald, ni [[Kiongozi (ndege)|kiongozi]] wa kitaifa wa chama hicho cha Freedom Front Plus<ref>{{Citation|title='Dis mos jou mense': FF Plus keeps it in the FFamily {{!}} News24|url=https://www.news24.com/Elections/News/dis-mos-jou-mense-ff-plus-keeps-it-in-the-ffamily-20190514|work=News24|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-23}}</ref>. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[diwani]] wa manispaa katika Halmashauri ya Wilaya ya Matlosana na pia alikuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Kitaifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=FF Plus consolidates growth with expert and experienced team of Members of Parliament|url=https://www.vfplus.org.za/media-releases/ff-plus-consolidates-growth-with-expert-and-experienced-team-of-members-of-parliament/|work=Freedom Front Plus|date=2019-05-13|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en-US|author=Dr Pieter Groenewald|archive-date=2025-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222072455/https://www.vfplus.org.za/media-releases/ff-plus-consolidates-growth-with-expert-and-experienced-team-of-members-of-parliament/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] ajwrb9sqmq5g5foxzjjejoumyukdp3v 0 239637 1575910 1555312 2026-06-22T01:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michel Menassa''' (alizaliwa 23 Novemba 1952) ni mwanasiasa na afisa wa jeshi wa [[Lebanoni|Lebanon]] anahudumu kama Wizara ya Ulinzi ya Kitaifa (Lebanon) na Waziri wa Ulinzi wa Kitaifa]] wa [[Lebanon]] katika Baraza la Mawaziri la Nawaf Salam na baraza la mawaziri]] la Waziri Mkuu [[Nawaf Salam]] tangu Februari 2025. Teuzi yake ilifuatia kuchaguliwa kwa [[Joseph Aoun]] kama [[Rais wa Lebanon]] mnamo tarehe 9 Januari 2025, na kuteuliwa kwa Salam kama Waziri Mkuu mnamo tarehe 13 Januari 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=President Aoun, PM Salam form Lebanon government |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2589530/amp |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Who Are the Ministers in Nawaf Salam's Government? |url=https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/articles/1307905/who-are-the-ministers-in-nawaf-salam-s-government |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=This is Beirut |language=en |archive-date=2026-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528090941/https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/articles/1307905/who-are-the-ministers-in-nawaf-salam-s-government |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1952||Menassa, Michel}} 9jzopil27tli84od113tvcbq7boqdjm 0 240025 1575843 1574000 2026-06-21T19:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucía Pulido''' (amezaliwa 22 Machi 1962, Bogotá) ni mwimbaji kutoka [[Kolombia]] ambaye tangu mwaka 1986 amekuwa akiimba muziki wa jadi kama vile cumbia, bullerengue na joropo. Mwaka 1994 alihamia New York, Marekani, ambapo ameendelea kuimba muziki wa jadi na pia kushirikiana na wanamuziki wa jazz. Pia ameshiriki maonesho mjini Vienna akiwa na wanamuziki wa muziki wa majaribio wa elektroniki kama Christian Fennesz na Burkhard Stangl. Mwaka 2017 alitokea Mexico City pamoja na Sofía Rei na Verónica Valerio katika onyesho la Kilatini lililoitwa ''3 voces, 3 mujeres, 3 vanguardias''.<ref name=lfm>{{cite web|url=[https://www.last.fm/music/Lucia+Pulido/+wiki|title=Lucia](https://www.last.fm/music/Lucia+Pulido/+wiki|title=Lucia) Pulido|publisher=last.fm|accessdate=30 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=bm>{{cite web|url=[https://www.buenamusica.com/lucia-pulido/biografia|title=¿Quién](https://www.buenamusica.com/lucia-pulido/biografia|title=¿Quién) es Lucia Pulido?|publisher=Buena Musica|accessdate=30 August 2021|language=Spanish}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://carteleradeteatro.mx/2017/tres-voces-vanguardistas-escenario/|title=Tres](https://carteleradeteatro.mx/2017/tres-voces-vanguardistas-escenario/|title=Tres) voces vanguardistas sobre un mismo escenario|publisher=Cartelera de Teatro|date=12 August 2017|accessdate=30 August 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1962|}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fqhiu197t3k8zku3ccdyq9mlcmaw92a 0 240228 1575905 1564455 2026-06-22T00:09:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9691_-_Milano_-_S._Ambrogio_-_San_Vittore_in_Ciel_d'oro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto_25-Apr-2007.jpg|thumb|Mazishi ya Kikristo ya [[karne ya 4]] huko [[Milano]], [[Italia]].]] [[image:JohnPaulII-funeral.jpg|thumb|300px|Mazishi ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] ([[Kanisa Katoliki]]), [[2005]].]] [[File:A_Funeral_in_Alsike_(Gustaf_Cederström)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18387.tif|thumb|left|Mazishi ya [[Walutheri|Kilutheri]] huko [[Uswidi]], [[1882]].]] [[File:Die_Beerdigung_Priesters_Alexander_Penkow.jpg|thumb|[[Jeneza]] la [[Upadri|padri]] [[Waorthodoksi|Mworthodoksi]] likibebwa na wenzake kwenda [[kaburi|kaburini]].]] '''Mazishi ya Kikristo''' ni [[taratibu]] za [[Heshima|kuheshimu]] na kuzika [[maiti]] ya [[Ukristo|Mkristo]] (au mabaki yake) kwa kutegemea [[madhehebu]] na [[mila]] zake, hivyo zinatofautiana kiasi <ref> Kwa taratibu za Kanisa Katoliki kwa [[Kiswahili]], taz. [[Misale ya waamini]], toleo la mwaka 2021, uk. 1562-1600</ref>. Kwa vyovyote yanatokeza [[imani]] katika [[ufufuko wa Yesu]] ulio limbuko la [[Kiyama|ufufuo wa wafu]] wote [[siku]] ya mwisho ya [[ulimwengu]]. Mara nyingi [[mazishi]] yanaendana na [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] na [[sala]] kwa ajili ya [[marehemu]]. Kama sivyo kuna kumkumbuka na kumlilia pamoja na [[faraja|kufariji]] wafiwa. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/death_talk.aspx Let's Talk About Death] by a Nun of the Orthodox Church * [https://singaporefuneralservice.sg/christian-funeral-services Christian Funeral Rituals] {{Wayback|url=https://singaporefuneralservice.sg/christian-funeral-services |date=20240521063203 }} by Funeral Services Singapore {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Liturujia]] chwav8v2cxao5z4xn1xxrbb7ekh1hr0 0 240535 1575858 1568952 2026-06-21T20:43:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sitting Bull Falls P1013348 mod.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Sitting Bull.]] '''Maji ya ardhini''' ni yale maji yanayopatikana chini ya ardhi kwenye nyufa za miamba na udongo baada ya mvua kuzama chini. Sisi hapa nyumbani tunayapata maji haya kwa kuchimba visima vya mkono au vya pampu. Kulingana na mtandao wa [https://www.usgs.gov USGS], maji haya ndio chanzo kikubwa cha maji safi ya kunywa duniani.<ref>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/what-groundwater</ref> == Mambo Yanayopelekea Maji ya Ardhini Kuchafuka == Ingawa maji haya yapo chini ya ardhi, yanaweza kuchafuliwa kirahisi sana na mambo yanayofanyika juu ya ardhi. Shida kubwa ni kwamba, maji ya ardhini yakishachafuliwa, inachukua miaka mingi sana kusafirika kiasili. Mambo hayo ni;<ref>https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/groundwater</ref> * Kusogezwa kwa Vyoo Karibu na Visima: Watu wengi wanajenga vyoo vya mashimo karibu mno na maeneo ya visima. Mvua zikinyesha, yale maji machafu ya chooni yanapenya chini ya udongo na kuingia kwenye vyanzo vya maji safi, jambo linaloleta magonjwa kama [https://www.who.int kipindupindu]. * Dawa za Viuadudu na Mbolea za Chumvi: Wakulima wanapotumia dawa kali za kuua wadudu na mbolea za viwandani kwa wingi, kemikali zile hazishii kwenye mimea tu; zinamwagika kwenye udongo na kuchujwa hadi kufikia maji ya chini.[https://www.fao.org] == Jinsi ya Kulinda na Kutunza Maji ya Ardhini == Ili tusije tukakosa maji safi ya kunywa hapo mbeleni, kuna mambo ya lazima tunayotakiwa kuyafanya:<ref>https://www.unep.org/topics/water/groundwater{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kupunguza Matumizi ya Plastiki na Kemikali: Jamii inatakiwa ijifunze kutupa takataka ngumu kwenye maeneo maalum badala ya kuzichimbia ovyo ardhini, na wakulima watumie mbolea za asili (kama samadi) ambazo hazina sumu kwa maji ya chini. [https://www.unep.org] * Kuweka Nafasi Kati ya Kisima na Choo: Kitaalamu, kisima kinatakiwa kichimbwe mbali kabisa na eneo la choo (angalau mita 30 au zaidi) ili kuzuia maji machafu ya chooni yasivuje na kuingia kwenye maji ya kunywa.[https://www.who.int] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:maji]] bg9wpss64id3qh2r5cfo169oluxbyrp 0 240607 1575917 1569476 2026-06-22T02:02:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575917 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grand Coulee Dam spillway.jpg|thumb|Njia ya kutolea maji ya ziada kwenye Bwawa la Grand Coulee]] '''Miundombinu ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water infrastructure'') ni mfumo mpana wa miundo ya kihandisi, vifaa, na mitambo inayojengwa kwa ajili ya kukusanya, kusafisha, kuhifadhi, kusafirisha, na kusambaza maji kwa jamii, pamoja na kukusanya na kutibu majitaka. Mfumo huu ni nguzo muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi na afya ya jamii, ukihusisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kuanzia kwenye vyanzo vya asili hadi yanapomfikia mlaji na hatimaye yanaporudishwa mazingirani baada ya matumizi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua vipengele na mifumo yote ya miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji.</ref> == Historia ya Miundombinu ya Maji == Miundombinu ya maji imekuwepo tangu zamani za kale. [[Roma ya Kale]] ilijenga mifumo ya mabomba ya kupeleka [[maji]] kwenye [[miji]] yake kupitia njia za maji zinazoitwa aqueducts. Baadaye, [[Uingereza]] na [[Ufaransa]] zilijenga mifumo ya kwanza ya kisasa ya kusafirisha maji katika karne ya 19.<ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=thesesdissertations|title=Hydro-infrastructure History|publisher=University of Nevada|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Mwaka 1804, kiwanda cha kwanza cha kusafisha [[maji]] kilijengwa [[Scotland]] na kilisaidia sana katika kuupatia umma [[maji]] safi. Mwaka 1972, [[Marekani]] ilipitisha Sheria ya Maji Safi (Clean Water Act) iliyowataka [[miji]] yote kuwa na vituo vya kusafisha [[maji]]. Mwaka 1974, Sheria ya Maji Salama (Safe Water Act) iliweka kanuni za kwanza za kutoa [[maji]] safi kwa kila mtu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=thesesdissertations|title=Hydro-infrastructure History|publisher=University of Nevada|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Mifumo ya uhifadhi na usambazaji == [[Mabwawa]] ya kuhifadhi maji (reservoirs) ni sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji. Mabwawa haya hutoa [[maji]] wakati wa mahitaji makubwa (kama wakati wa kiangazi), husaidia katika kuzima [[moto]], na hudhibiti shinikizo katika mfumo wa usambazaji. Mabwawa yanaweza kujengwa [[chini ya ardhi]] (kwa kutumia [[tangi]] chini ya [[nyumba]]) au [[juu ya ardhi]] (kwenye minara).<ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution Systems|publisher=Water.mecc.edu|url=https://water.mecc.edu/courses/ENV115/Distribution_print.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Kuna mifumo miwili mikuu ya usambazaji wa [[maji]]: * Mfumo wa matawi (Branched system) - Mifumo hii hufanana na [[tawi]] la [[mti]], ambapo [[mabomba]] madogo hujitokeza kutoka mabomba makubwa. Mfumo huu hutumika zaidi katika maeneo ya [[vijijini]]. * Mfumo wa matundu (Grid/Loop system) - Mifumo hii ina mabomba yaliyounganishwa kwa namna ya [[matundu]] (loops) katika eneo lote. Mfumo huu hutumika zaidi katika maeneo ya [[miji]] mikubwa kwani unatoa uhakika zaidi iwapo [[bomba]] moja litavunjika. == Changamoto za Miundombinu ya Maji Duniani == Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN-Water), miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni.<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni|publisher=UN News|date=2019-08-27|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2019/08/1066251|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Mipango ya miji ya kisasa na utunzaji wa mazingira, changamoto kubwa inayokabili miundombinu ya maji ni uchakavu wa mifumo ya zamani, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu mijini, na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] zinazosababisha ukame wa muda mrefu au mafuriko makubwa. Wahandisi na serikali hujikita katika kubadili mifumo ya zamani na kuweka miundombinu thabiti (resilient infrastructure) inayotumia teknolojia ya kidijitali, kama vile sensa za kubaini uvujaji wa maji (smart water grids) na mifumo ya uvunaji wa maji ya mvua. * Ukosefu wa Uwekezaji - Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka 2019 katika [[nchi]] 115 ukijumuisha [[watu]] bilioni 4.5 umeonesha udhaifu mkubwa katika ufadhili na uwekezaji kwenye sekta ya maji. [[Nchi]] 19 ziliripoti kasoro ya asilimia 60 ya ufadhili, ilhali ni chini ya asilimia 15 ya [[nchi]] zilizo na fedha zinazoweza kufadhili mipango yao. * Athari za Uhaba wa Miundombinu - Dkt. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa WHO, amesema kuwa watu wengi sana hawapati [[maji]] safi ya kunywa na huduma za kujisafi, hali inayowaweka katika hatari ya [[maambukizi]] na pia kuhujumu maendeleo katika sekta ya [[afya]] ya umma. Kwa upande mwingine, [[maji taka]] yasiyotibiwa vizuri hutiririka kwenye [[mito]] na [[maziwa]], na kusababisha magonjwa kama [[kibofu]] na [[kuhara]]. Watu wengi hata hivyo hawawezi kumudu gharama za kuunganisha [[nyumba]] zao kwenye mtandao wa [[maji]] safi kutokana na umaskini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni|publisher=UN News|date=2019-08-27|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2019/08/1066251|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Vilevile, kuna msisitizo unaoongezeka wa kutumia miundombinu ya kijani kama vile kurejesha ardhi-nyevu ya asili (luteka) na [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ili kusaidia mifumo ya kihandisi ya zege katika kuchuja na kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji kwa njia endelevu. Juhudi hizi ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha usalama wa muda mrefu wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu changamoto na suluhisho endelevu za miundombinu ya maji duniani kote.</ref> == SDG 6 na Malengo ya 2030 == Ripoti hiyo imebaini kuwa uwepo wa [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDGs), hususan Lengo namba 6, umesaidia kuimarisha huduma za [[maji]] safi na kujisafi. Takribani asilimia 50 ya [[nchi]] zilizofanyiwa utafiti kwa sasa zimeweka malengo ya [[maji]] safi na salama ya kunywa yanayolenga kufikia viwango vya juu ifikapo mwaka 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807003131/https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Usambazaji wa Maji Tanzania == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imefanya juhudi kubwa katika kuimarisha miundombinu ya maji nchini. * Maendeleo ya Upatikanaji wa Maji - Hali ya upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji safi na salama imeongezeka kutoka asilimia 53 mwaka 2015 hadi kufikia asilimia 70 mwaka 2024. Kwa upande wa mjini, upatikanaji wa maji uko kati ya asilimia 82 hadi 95, inatofautiana kati ya [[mji]] mmoja na mwingine. Kwa upande wa vijijini, jumla ya [[vijiji]] 560 kati ya vijiji 651 vinavyosimamiwa na Wakala wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini (RUWASA) vina [[miradi]] ya [[maji]] ya [[bomba]] inayohudumia wakazi wapatao 1,844,097 kati ya 2,634,423 sawa na asilimia 70 ya wakazi wote wa [[Mkoa wa Kagera]] wanaoishi maeneo ya vijijini. * Uwekezaji katika Miundombinu ya Maji - Kwa kipindi cha miaka minne (2020 hadi 2024), Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imetoa Tsh. 69,370,644,767.82 (zaidi ya bilioni 69) kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa miundombinu ya maji. Pia, juhudi mbalimbali zimeendelea kuchukuliwa za kukarabati na kuboresha [[miradi]] chakavu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huduma za Maji - Mkoa wa Kagera|publisher=Ofisi ya Rais TAMISEMI|url=https://kagera.go.tz/en/huduma-za-maji|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] * [[Maendeleo endelevu]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fhvvlcuqby6kxasj8vxbc3qd52max6q 0 240737 1575850 1574021 2026-06-21T19:35:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Musoma''' (kwa kifupi: '''MAUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Musoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mji wa [[Musoma]], ambao ndiyo makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Mara]], kaskazini mwa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji za kikanda, MAUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa na Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji ([[EWURA]]). Lengo lake kuu ni kuhakikisha wakazi wa Musoma na maeneo ya pembezoni wanapata maji salama yenye kukidhi viwango vya [[afya]], pamoja na kuimarisha mifumo ya usafi ili kulinda afya ya jamii na kukuza uchumi wa mkoa.<ref name="mauwasa_web">https://www.mauwasa.go.tz/{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Musoma (MAUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa MAUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa [[Ziwa Victoria]], ambalo ndilo chanzo kikuu cha asili cha maji ghafi kwa mji wa Musoma. Mamlaka inamiliki na kuendesha mitambo ya kusafisha na kutibu maji ukiwemo mtambo mkuu wa Bweri (Kituo cha Kutibu Maji Bweri), ambapo maji yanavutiwa kutoka ziwani na kupitishwa kwenye hatua mbalimbali za uchujaji, uondoaji wa tope, na uwekaji wa dawa ili kuhakikisha yanakuwa salama kwa matumizi ya kibinadamu. Baada ya kutibiwa, maji hayo husukumwa kwa kutumia pampu za kisasa hadi kwenye matanki makubwa ya kuhifadhia maji yaliyopo kwenye miinuko kama vile vilima vya Mwisenge, Kigera, na Bweri ili kuruhusu usambazaji wa maji kwa njia ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity flow) kwenda kwa walaji. Kutokana na kasi kubwa ya ongezeko la watu na upanuzi wa viwanda vya kuchakata samaki na pamba mjini Musoma, MAUWASA imekuwa ikitekeleza miradi ya upanuzi wa miundombinu ikijumuisha ulazaji wa mabomba mapya ya usambazaji ili kuongeza uzalishaji hadi kufikia lita milioni 36 kwa siku ili kufikisha huduma katika maeneo mapya ya makazi na taasisi za kijamii.<ref name="hotuba_maji">https://maji.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://maji.go.tz/ |date=20260610193413 }} – Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji inayofafanua upanuzi wa miundombinu ya MAUWASA na mradi wa lita milioni 36 kwa siku kutoka Ziwa Victoria.</ref> == Uhifadhi == Katika kuhakikisha uendelevu vya chanzo chake kikuu cha maji, MAUWASA inatilia mkazo mikakati thabiti ya kulinda ikolojia na fukwe za Ziwa Victoria dhidi ya [[uchafuzi wa maji]]. Mamlaka inasimamia kwa karibu mitandao yake ya majitaka na [[mfumo wa majitaka|mifumo ya mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka]] (Wastewater Stabilization Ponds) yaliyopo eneo la Nyasho ili kuzuia maji machafu kutoka majumbani na viwandani yasiingie ziwani kabla ya kusafishwa kikamilifu. Vilevile, MAUWASA inashirikiana na Bodi ya Bonde la Ziwa Victoria pamoja na vikundi vya kijamii katika kampeni za kupanda miti na mimea ya kuzuia [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]] kando ya vyanzo vya maji. Juhudi hizi zinajumuisha pia udhibiti wa upotevu wa maji (Non-Revenue Water) kupitia matumizi ya mita za kisasa za malipo ya kabla na mifumo ya kidijitali ya kubaini uvujaji, hatua zinazosaidia kuhifadhi rasilimali maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo endelevu katika mkoa huo na nchi nzima kwa ujumla.<ref name="mkataba_mauwasa">https://ewura.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://ewura.go.tz/ |date=20260610062821 }} – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja wa MAUWASA kupitia EWURA unaoainisha mifumo ya usambazaji maji, Mabwawa ya Nyasho, na viwango vya huduma.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Ziwa Victoria]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Musoma]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] k3y4ckdptdzb36c586ebk2c8cwuoddw 0 240739 1575906 1574079 2026-06-22T00:13:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Mbeya''' (kwa [[kifupi]]: '''Mbeya UWSA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Mbeya Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref name="tovuti">[https://www.mbeyauwsa.go.tz/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Mbeya (Mbeya UWSA)].</ref> Taasisi hii ilianzishwa mwaka 1998 chini ya Sheria ya ya Utendaji wa Kazi za Maji (Water Works Act Cap 272) ya mwaka 1997 kabla ya kufanyiwa marekebisho ya kisheria baadaye.<ref name="tovuti" /> Ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya Jiji la [[Mbeya]] na Mji wa Mbalizi uliopo Kusini Magharibi mwa Tanzania.<ref name="tovuti" /> Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, Mbeya UWSA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]].<ref name="mkataba">[https://maji.go.tz Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja kutoka Wizara ya Maji unaoainisha usajili na anwani rasmi ya mamlaka] {{Wayback|url=https://maji.go.tz/ |date=20260610193413 }}.</ref> Lengo lake kuu ni kuhakikisha wakazi wanapata huduma bora na ya uhakika ya maji safi na salama, pamoja na kusimamia ipasavyo mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira ili kulinda afya za walaji na kuzuia magonjwa ya mlipuko. == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Tofauti na miji mingi ya pembezoni mwa maziwa makuu, uzalishaji wa maji wa Mbeya UWSA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji vya juu ya ardhi vinavyotokana na [[mito]] na [[chemchemi]] za asili zinazotiririka kutoka kwenye milima na nyanda za juu za mkoa wa Mbeya. Vyanzo vikuu vya maji vinavyotumiwa na mamlaka hii ni pamoja na mito kama vile [[Mto Sisimba|mto Sisimba]], [[mto Meta]], na [[Mto Nzovwe|mto Nzovwe]], ambapo maji hukusanywa na kupitishwa kwenye mitambo maalum ya kusafishia na kuyatibu ili kuondoa mchanga, tope, na vijidudu kabla ya kusambazwa. Baada ya mchakato wa usafishaji kukamilika, maji hayo husafirishwa kwenda kwenye matanki makubwa ya kuhifadhia yaliyopo kwenye miinuko mbalimbali ya jiji ili kuruhusu usambazaji kwa njia ya nguvu ya mvutano wa kijiografia kuelekea maeneo ya chini. Kutokana na kasi kubwa ya ukuaji wa mji na kuongezeka kwa shughuli za kiuchumi na viwanda, Mbeya UWSA imekuwa ikitekeleza miradi ya kimkakati ya kupanua mitandao ya mabomba na kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kila siku ya jamii inayokua. == Uhifadhi == Katika kuhakikisha uendelevu wa vyanzo vyake vya maji ambavyo vinategemea mazingira ya milimani, Mbeya UWSA inatilia mkazo mkubwa mikakati ya utunzaji na uhifadhi wa mabonde ya mito na maeneo ya vyanzo vya maji (catchment areas). Mamlaka hii inafanya doria na kutoa elimu kwa jamii ili kuzuia shughuli zisizo endelevu za kibinadamu kama vile kilimo cha vinyungu kando ya mito, ukataji miti ovyo, na ujenzi usio rasmi karibu na maeneo ya chemchemi. Vilevile, Mbeya UWSA inasimamia mtandao wa uondoaji wa majitaka na uendeshaji wa mabwawa ya kusafishia maji machafu yanayotoka viwandani na makazi ya watu ili kuhakikisha hayachafui mazingira wala kuingia kwenye vyanzo vya maji safi.<ref name="ewura">[https://ewura.go.tz Ripoti ya EWURA ya Tathmini ya Utendaji wa Mamlaka za Maji nchini inayofafanua leseni na mikakati ya Mbeya UWSA] {{Wayback|url=https://ewura.go.tz/ |date=20260610062821 }}.</ref> Hatua hizi zinaenda sambamba na jitihada za kudhibiti upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara kwa kutumia mifumo ya kisasa ya kidijitali, hatua ambazo ni muhimu katika kulinda rasilimali maji kwa ajili ya ustawi wa mazingira na maendeleo endelevu katika mkoa na nchi kwa ujumla.<ref name="ewura" /> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mbeya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] a3op3cunichqf5at4g4ke1ttl3s79lb 0 240762 1575899 1570846 2026-06-21T23:21:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AndreasAmrhein.JPG|thumb|Padri Andreas Amrhein, [[mwanzilishi]].]] [[File:Tutzing,_Kloster.01.jpg|thumb|[[Monasteri]] mama huko [[Tutzing]], [[Bavaria]], [[Ujerumani]].]] '''Masista Wabenedikto Wamisionari wa Tutzing''' ni [[tawi]] la [[umisionari|kimisionari]] la [[Shirika]] la Mt. [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]] lililoanzishwa [[tarehe]] [[24 Septemba]] [[1885]] na [[padri]] wa [[Uswisi]] [[Andreas Amrhein]], [[Wabenedikto|OSB]] ([[1844]] - [[29 Desemba]] [[1927]]), likifuata lile la kiume la [[Shirika la Kibenedikto la Mt. Otilia]]<ref name=Ottilien>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |title="History", Benediktinerkongregation von St. Ottilien |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2025-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209071712/https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuunganisha [[maisha]] ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] kadiri ya [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]] na [[umisionari]]<ref name=Dysinger>Dysinger, O.S.B., Luke. "Andreas Amrhein", ''The Benedictine Missionary Movement'', St. Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, 1990</ref>. [[shirika|Mashirika]] hayo yalitekeleza mpango huo kwanza kabisa [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Tanzania]] ya leo ([[Ndanda]] na [[Peramiho]]). Kuhusu jambo hilo, [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]] 1887 Amrhein alimuandikia hivi [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuhusu mazungumzo yake na [[Karl Peters]]: "Wao wanataka wamisionari kwa ajili ya faida yao wenyewe. Lakini nimeweka masharti: wamisionari wafanye kazi yao kwa uhuru wote, bila kupingwa kwa namna yoyote na wakoloni. Licha ya hayo naona kwamba wamisionari wataweza kuwalinda wenyeji wasinyonywe ovyo na wakoloni na wafanyabiashara" <ref>Kanisa katika Tanzania, V2, Kitabu cha Mwalimu, Ndanda Mission Press, 1975, uk. 22.</ref>. Shirika lilipata idhini ya [[Dayosisi|kijimbo]] tarehe [[17 Septemba]] [[1895]] na [[shirika la Kipapa|hadhi ya Kipapa]] tarehe [[25 Julai]] [[1934]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2005]] lilikuwa na [[Sista|masista]] 1,441 katika [[nyumba]] 37. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * Pugu Hadi Peramiho - kimehaririwa na P. Gerold Rupper, OSB, BPNP, Peramiho 1988, ISBN 9967 67 031 1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.peramiho.org/ Tovuti ya Abasia ya Peramiho] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] fbbds0c6welnah6zlpy3f3vsbu3ijyl 1575958 1575899 2026-06-22T07:00:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1575958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AndreasAmrhein.JPG|thumb|Padri Andreas Amrhein, [[mwanzilishi]].]] [[File:Tutzing,_Kloster.01.jpg|thumb|[[Monasteri]] mama huko [[Tutzing]], [[Bavaria]], [[Ujerumani]].]] '''Masista Wabenedikto Wamisionari wa Tutzing''' ni [[tawi]] la [[umisionari|kimisionari]] la [[Shirika]] la Mt. [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]] lililoanzishwa [[tarehe]] [[24 Septemba]] [[1885]] na [[padri]] wa [[Uswisi]] [[Andreas Amrhein]], [[Wabenedikto|OSB]] ([[1844]] - [[29 Desemba]] [[1927]]), likifuata lile la kiume la [[Shirika la Kibenedikto la Mt. Otilia]]<ref name=Ottilien>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |title="History", Benediktinerkongregation von St. Ottilien |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2025-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209071712/https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuunganisha [[maisha]] ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] kadiri ya [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]] na [[umisionari]]<ref name=Dysinger>Dysinger, O.S.B., Luke. "Andreas Amrhein", ''The Benedictine Missionary Movement'', St. Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, 1990</ref>. [[shirika|Mashirika]] hayo yalitekeleza mpango huo kwanza kabisa [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Tanzania]] ya leo ([[Ndanda]] na [[Peramiho]]). Kuhusu jambo hilo, [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]] 1887 Amrhein alimuandikia hivi [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuhusu mazungumzo yake na [[Karl Peters]]: "Wao wanataka wamisionari kwa ajili ya faida yao wenyewe. Lakini nimeweka masharti: wamisionari wafanye kazi yao kwa uhuru wote, bila kupingwa kwa namna yoyote na wakoloni. Licha ya hayo naona kwamba wamisionari wataweza kuwalinda wenyeji wasinyonywe ovyo na wakoloni na wafanyabiashara" <ref>Kanisa katika Tanzania, V2, Kitabu cha Mwalimu, Ndanda Mission Press, 1975, uk. 22.</ref>. Shirika lilipata idhini ya [[Dayosisi|kijimbo]] tarehe [[17 Septemba]] [[1895]] na [[shirika la Kipapa|hadhi ya Kipapa]] tarehe [[25 Julai]] [[1934]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2005]] lilikuwa na [[Sista|masista]] 1,441 katika [[nyumba]] 37. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * Pugu Hadi Peramiho - kimehaririwa na P. Gerold Rupper, OSB, BPNP, Peramiho 1988, ISBN 9967 67 031 1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.peramiho.org/ Tovuti ya Abasia ya Peramiho] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] e4mni7b508pzdme44jj5ggpm6jm3wxu 0 241057 1575887 1574157 2026-06-21T21:35:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Yellala|picha=Yellala-Falls-1880.jpg|maelezo_ya_picha=Muonekano wa Maporomoko ya Yellala, Kongo, kutoka benki ya kushoto}} '''Maporomoko ya Yellala''' (kwa Kifaransa: ''Rapides de Yelala'' au ''Chutes Yelala''; pia huandikwa ''Ielala'') ni mfululizo wa maporomoko na mikondo ya kasi ya maji kwenye [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]], karibu na juu kidogo ya mji wa Matadi nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Maporomoko haya ni ya mwisho katika mfululizo mrefu wa mikondo yenye kasi ambayo hufanya Mto Kongo usiweze kusafiri kwa urahisi kwa meli, hivyo kulazimisha wavumbuzi wa kikoloni kusafiri kwa miguu hadi eneo la Stanley Pool lililoko takribani kilomita 350 juu ya mkondo wa mto. Mto Kongo ni miongoni mwa mito mikubwa zaidi duniani kwa ujazo wa maji yanayotiririka na pia ni mto wenye kina kirefu zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hydroacoustics {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/hydroacoustics|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en}}</ref> Sehemu ya mto inayoishia kwenye Maporomoko ya Yellala ina zaidi ya spishi 300 za [[samaki]], ambapo nyingi kati ya hizo hazipatikani mahali pengine duniani.<ref>{{Citation|title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World {{!}} Science & Nature {{!}} Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2|work=Smithsonian magazine|access-date=2026-06-17|archive-date=2013-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019061245/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2n3c008lo2wtdy51n32qa5xbvujkrnc 0 241117 1575877 1574499 2026-06-21T21:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:DIGITAL CROSSING - KONGOU 03.jpg|thumb|414x414px|Sehemu ya mtoto wa jicho kubwa inayounda maporomoko haya ya kuvutia.]] '''Maporomoko ya Kongou''' (pia hujulikana kama '''Maporomoko ya Koungou''') ni maporomoko makubwa ya maji yenye upana wa takribani [[kilomita]] 3.2 na urefu unaofikia mita 56. Yanapatikana katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo mashariki mwa [[Gabon]]. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Ivindo na ni miongoni mwa maporomoko yenye mtiririko mkubwa zaidi wa [[maji]] duniani, yakibeba wastani wa mita za ujazo 900 za maji kwa sekunde.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kongou Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database: World's Tallest Waterfalls|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=868|work=www.world-waterfalls.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|archive-date=2006-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204453/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=868|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sehemu hii ya Mto Ivindo ni kitovu muhimu cha utofauti wa [[samaki]]. Maporomoko hayo yako ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Ivindo, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2002 kwa lengo la kulinda eneo hili lenye uzuri wa asili na utajiri mkubwa wa viumbe hai. == Pendekezo la Ujenzi wa Bwawa == Mnamo tarehe 14 Septemba 2007, Rais Omar Bongo Ondimba wa Gabon alithibitisha kuwa bwawa la kuzalisha umeme lingejengwa katika maporomoko hayo ili kuhudumia mradi mkubwa wa uchimbaji wa madini ya chuma katika eneo la Belinga lililopo kaskazini. Ingawa mgodi huo ulitarajiwa kuchangia maendeleo ya uchumi wa Gabon, bwawa hilo lingefunika sehemu kubwa ya hifadhi ya taifa kwa maji na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa [[maisha]] ya wakazi wa eneo hilo pamoja na mazingira ya asili. Tafiti za awali zilionyesha kuwa kulikuwa na maeneo mengine kwenye mto huo ambayo yangefaa zaidi kwa ujenzi wa bwawa na yangesababisha madhara madogo kwa mazingira na jamii. Hata hivyo, uamuzi wa kujenga [[bwawa]] ulifanywa bila kufanyika kwa tathmini ya athari za mazingira. Hali hiyo ilizua maswali kuhusu mkakati wa Gabon wa kuendeleza utalii wa mazingira na ilionekana kuwa inaweza kupunguza hamasa ya wawekezaji na [[watalii]]. Kutokana na upinzani mkubwa kutoka kwa wananchi wa Gabon, mradi huo wa ujenzi wa bwawa ulisitishwa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Gabon}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Gabon]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] osyytl042facxig9e2995mzypjso7mh 0 241118 1575870 1574501 2026-06-21T21:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Akaa|picha=Aka falls - Ghana - West Africa.png|nchi=Akaa, Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, Mkoa wa Mashariki}} '''Maporomoko ya Akaa''' yapo karibu na kijiji cha Akyeremanteng katika Wilaya ya Akuapem Kaskazini, takribani [[kilomita]] 21 kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Koforidua]] katika [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Ghana|Mkoa wa Mashariki]] wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Akaa Falls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-akaa-falls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2021-10-02|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yako umbali wa takribani kilomita saba kutoka [[Maporomoko ya Boti]] na hupata [[maji]] yake kutoka Mto Boti, ambao pia ndio chanzo cha maji ya Maporomoko ya Boti.<ref>{{Citation|title=Visit Ghana - Akaa Falls|url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/akaa-falls/|work=Visit Ghana|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605111430/https://visitghana.com/attractions/akaa-falls/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Akaa ni [[maporomoko]] ya hatua yenye urefu wa mita 60, yakiwa yamezungukwa na uoto mnene wa asili. [[Mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia huyafanya kuwa mojawapo ya vivutio vya asili katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Exploring the Spectacular Waterfalls of Ghana {{!}} GVI|url=https://www.gviusa.com/blog/smb-exploring-the-spectacular-waterfalls-of-ghana/|work=www.gviusa.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] rrz1xrqmdhxum2m2hvaonwym21dhf2m 0 241120 1575871 1574505 2026-06-21T21:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Boti|picha=Boti Falls, Eastern Region.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Boti''' ni maporomoko pacha ya maji yaliyopo Boti katika Wilaya ya Yilo Krobo, [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Ghana|Mkoa wa Mashariki]] wa [[Ghana]]. Maporomoko haya yanatokana na mito miwili na kwa mujibu wa simulizi za jadi za eneo hilo, moja huchukuliwa kuwa la kiume na jingine la kike. Inasemekana kwamba upinde wa mvua huonekana pale mikondo ya maji inapokutana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Boti Falls, Not Just Water|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/649593/boti-falls-not-just-water.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Boti ni ya msimu na huwa na mwonekano wa [[maporomoko]] mawili yanayoshuka sambamba wakati wa kipindi cha maji mengi. Ili kuyafikia, wageni hushuka takribani ngazi 250 za zege. Wakati wa mtiririko mkubwa wa maji, eneo hilo huzungukwa na ukuta wa maji unaoanguka kutoka pande mbalimbali. Maporomoko hayo yapo ndani ya msitu wa Huhunya. == Mahali Yalipo == Maporomoko ya Boti yapo takribani [[kilomita]] 17 kaskazini-mashariki mwa Koforidua, mji mkuu wa Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Ghana. Safari ya kuyafikia kutoka Koforidua huchukua zaidi ya dakika 30 kwa gari, na zaidi ya saa moja na nusu kutoka Accra kutegemea aina ya [[usafiri]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcome dearghana.com - BlueHost.com|url=http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/boti-falls/|work=www.dearghana.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022184441/http://www.dearghana.com/attractions/boti-falls/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Boti Falls - Tourism in Ghana,Touring Ghana, Visiting Ghana|url=https://touringghana.com/boti-falls/|date=2016-03-26|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Boti yana mikondo miwili ya maji inayoshuka sambamba ikiwa imetenganishwa na mwamba mdogo. Kwa mujibu wa imani za wenyeji, mkondo mkubwa zaidi ni wa kiume na mdogo ni wa kike. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa takribani mita 30 kutoka usawa wa ardhi. Maji yake yanatokana na [[Mto]] Ponmpon unaopita katika Hifadhi ya Msitu wa Huhunya. Maji hushuka kupitia miamba ya milimani na kutengeneza bwawa chini ya maporomoko, ambapo wenyeji na wageni huogelea. Kwa mujibu wa [[historia]] ya mdomo ya wasimamizi wa eneo hilo, maporomoko haya yaligunduliwa na padri Mkatoliki kutoka Ulaya aliyekuwa akifanya uchunguzi wa eneo hilo. Katika miaka ya 1960, yalikuwa kivutio maarufu na yalitembelewa na Rais wa kwanza wa Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. == Wakati Bora wa Kutembelea == Wakati mzuri zaidi wa kutembelea Maporomoko ya Boti ni msimu wa [[mvua]] kati ya Juni na Agosti. Katika kipindi hicho, mikondo miwili ya maji hupulizana na kuonekana kana kwamba inaungana. Maji yanaporushana hutengeneza upinde wa [[Mauaji ya kimbari|mvua]] wenye rangi mbalimbali, ambao wenyeji huuita '''“sherehe ya ndoa”''' ya maporomoko hayo mawili. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] pbzqp2uodfd5gnqxjawlxeaqk8jrtkx 0 241121 1575874 1574508 2026-06-21T21:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Fuller|picha=FullerFall.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Fuller''' yapo katika mji wa [[Yabraso]], takribani [[kilomita]] 7 magharibi mwa [[Kintampo (Ghana)|Kintampo]] nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Fuller Waterfalls|url=https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|work=www.tourismgh.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-18|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611132111/https://www.tourismgh.com/fuller-waterfalls/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fuller Falls – Visit Ghana|url=https://visitghana.com/fuller-falls/|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa katika kimo cha mita 173 juu ya usawa wa bahari. Maji yake hutiririka kwa utulivu kupitia mfululizo wa ngazi za miamba kwenye Mto Oyoko katika eneo la Yabraso. [[Mto]] Oyoko ni tawimto la Mto Volta Mweusi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fuller Falls {{!}} About Ghana|url=https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/fuller_falls/|work=ghana.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930025640/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/fuller_falls/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka 1988, mmisionari kutoka Ufilipino, Padre Joseph Panabang, alianza kutumia eneo hili kama sehemu ya sala pamoja na waumini wake na kulipa jina la “Mama Yetu wa Kintampo.” Mwaka 1998 aliondoka kutoka eneo hilo. Leo, [[Maporomoko]] ya Fuller ni miongoni mwa vivutio vya asili vinavyotembelewa katika eneo la Kintampo kutokana na [[mazingira]] yake ya kijani kibichi, utulivu wa asili na mandhari ya kuvutia ya maporomoko ya maji. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] edmoh15n80sb89x4ekga6vfm0r996p4 0 241122 1575876 1574515 2026-06-21T21:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Kintampo|picha=Kintempo Water Falls II.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Kintampo''' ni mojawapo ya [[maporomoko]] marefu zaidi ya [[maji]] nchini Ghana, yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Bono Mashariki. Hapo zamani yalijulikana kama Maporomoko ya Sanders wakati wa enzi za ukoloni. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye [[Mto Pumpum]], ambao ni [[tawimto]] la Mto [[Volta Nyeusi|Volta Mweusi]], takribani kilomita 4 kaskazini mwa [[Manispaa]] ya [[Kintampo (Ghana)|Kintampo]], kando ya barabara ya Kumasi–Tamale. Yanapatikana ndani ya msitu, karibu na kituo cha kupumzikia cha Falls Rest Stop upande wa kulia unapokwenda kaskazini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kintampo waterfall Ghana|url=http://ghana.photographers-resource.com/locations/Landscape/LG/Kintampo_waterfall.htm|work=ghana.photographers-resource.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ghanaexpeditions.com - Kintampo Waterfalls|url=http://ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=44|work=ghanaexpeditions.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825184630/http://ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=44|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maelezo == Maporomoko ya Kintampo yana hatua tatu kuu. Sehemu ya kwanza na ya pili hupatikana kwa urahisi kupitia njia iliyo tambarare, huku sehemu ya tatu ikifikika kupitia ngazi nyingi—takribani ngazi 173 kushuka na 151 kupanda. Maji yake hushuka kutoka urefu wa jumla wa takribani [[mita]] 70, huku sehemu kubwa ya anguko kuu ikiwa karibu mita 25. Maporomoko haya yamefichwa ndani ya msitu wenye kijani kibichi na mandhari ya kuvutia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kintampo Waterfalls|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kintampo-waterfalls.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2022-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Historia == Eneo hili lilitangazwa kuwa kivutio cha [[utalii]] mwaka 1992 baada ya kugunduliwa karne ya 18. == Matukio == Tarehe 20 Machi 2017, watu 18 walipoteza maisha na wengine kujeruhiwa baada ya mti mkubwa kuanguka wakati wa dhoruba kali. Baada ya tukio hilo, serikali ilifunga eneo hilo kwa muda kufanya ukaguzi wa [[usalama]]. Liliboreshwa na kufunguliwa tena mwaka 2019, likiwa na ujenzi wa njia ya juu ya miti (canopy walkway). == Vifaa == Eneo la maporomoko lina maegesho ya [[magari]], ngazi, kituo cha wageni na njia ya juu ya miti kwa ajili ya watalii. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 1c73n9lngrqpbd5b4m38pc6x6ylpv8s 0 241159 1575878 1574672 2026-06-21T21:35:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Kparia''' yapo ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mole katika [[Mkoa wa Savannah]] nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ghana-365.com/listing/mole-national-park/|work=ghana-365.com|accessdate=2026-06-18}}</ref> Ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kwenye Mto Kparia, ambao chanzo chake ni mteremko wa Konkori. Maporomoko haya yanakadiriwa kuwa na urefu wa takribani [[mita]] 20. Yanaundwa na sehemu mbili kuu: maporomoko yenyewe na [[bwawa]] la maji lililopo chini yake. Maporomoko ya Kparia yanajulikana kwa bwawa lake la asili linalowezesha kuogelea kwa urahisi. Eneo linaloyazunguka limefunikwa na msitu wa [[kijani]] kibichi mwaka mzima, jambo linalolifanya kuwa sehemu nzuri kwa kambi za watalii na makazi ya wanyamapori mbalimbali. Kutokana na mazingira yake ya asili na utulivu wake, Maporomoko ya Kparia ni mojawapo ya vivutio muhimu vya [[utalii]] ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mole.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mole National Park, Northen Ghana|url=http://molenationalpark.org.gh/|work=Mole National Park|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509080828/http://molenationalpark.org.gh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] l12rq1jsmaoubcmqaan93vrvbhz29hc 0 241161 1575882 1574674 2026-06-21T21:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Polzen''' yapo ndani ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mole nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Past Events|url=http://fcghana.org/events.php?events=83|work=www.fcghana.org|accessdate=2026-06-18|archive-date=2019-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224080446/http://fcghana.org/events.php?events=83|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yanayotiririka mwaka mzima. Chanzo chake ni mteremko wa Konkori. Yapatikana katika [[Mkoa wa Savannah]] wa Ghana. == Sifa == Maporomoko haya yamezungukwa na msitu mnene unaounda mwavuli wa [[miti]]. Ni chanzo cha maji kwa [[wanyamapori]] na hutoa upepo mwanana katika sehemu ya chini ya maporomoko. Maji hutiririka taratibu juu ya miamba. Huungana na Mto Polzen umbali wa mita 500 kutoka maporomoko hayo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kF4aY_Cuy4C&q=polzen+waterfalls&pg=PA8|title=Graphic Showbiz: Issue 407 December 29-4 Jan 2006|last=Moffatt|first=Nii Addokwei|date=2005-12-29|publisher=Graphic Communications Group|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Polzen ni eneo la ukusanyaji wa [[maji]] ndani ya hifadhi, na inadaiwa kuwa maji hayo yamechangia kuundwa kwa maporomoko mengine ya maji katika sehemu ya chini ya mkondo wake. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] ilou0wpr17oney295knbehk80951bhd 0 241162 1575885 1574675 2026-06-21T21:35:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Tagbo|picha=Tagbo Falls Ghana.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Tagbo''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyoko karibu na Mlima Afadjato nchini [[Ghana]], katika kijiji cha Liati Wote, takriban [[kilomita]] 27 mashariki mwa mji wa Hohoe. Maji yake hushuka kwa hatua kadhaa, huku hatua ya mwisho ikiwa na [[urefu]] wa takriban mita 60. Eneo hili limezungukwa na msitu wa [[mvua]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ghana-pedia.org - Diese Website steht zum Verkauf! - Informationen zum Thema ghana pedia.|url=http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&page=viewListing&lid=30&Itemid=36|work=www.ghana-pedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en|archive-date=2012-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302103557/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&page=viewListing&lid=30&Itemid=36|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] 0s652bsmkycibxji1yrsxjdq77vvuxr 0 241163 1575886 1574676 2026-06-21T21:35:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Tsenku''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyoko karibu na Dodowa katika [[Mkoa wa Accra]] nchini [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The State Of Tsenku Waterfalls In Dodowa|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/574508/the-state-of-tsenku-waterfalls-in-dodowa.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en}}</ref> Maporomoko haya hushuka kutoka urefu wa takriban [[futi]] 250 na kutiririka juu ya miamba yenye matabaka hadi kwenye [[bwawa]] lenye maji safi na baridi ambalo lina idadi kubwa ya samaki aina ya tilapia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tsenku Waterfalls {{!}} About Ghana|url=https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/tsenku_waterfalls/|work=ghana.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809121455/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/waterfalls/tsenku_waterfalls/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Tsenku, ambayo pia hujulikana kama Wuruduwurudu, yapo ndani ya [[bonde]] la [[mto]] Po. Mto huo huunganishwa na mito mingine miwili, Sanyade na Popotsi, kabla ya kuelekea baharini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=List of waterfalls in Ghana and their locations - YEN.COM.GH|url=https://yen.com.gh/112090-list-waterfalls-ghana-locations.html|work=yen.com.gh|date=2018-07-02|accessdate=2026-06-18|language=en|author=Chris Ndetei}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 4nsoj3q6srvfsqrxfgufbjy9uu656ga 0 241171 1575879 1574686 2026-06-21T21:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Maletsunyane|picha=Maletsunyanefalls.JPG}} '''Maporomoko ya Maletsunyane''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yenye urefu wa mita 192 yaliyopo nchini [[Lesotho]], [[kusini mwa Afrika]]. Yanapatikana karibu na mji wa Semonkong, ambalo jina lake linamaanisha ''“mahali pa moshi”'', na mji huo pia umepewa jina kutokana na maporomoko hayo. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Maletsunyane na [[maji]] yake huanguka kutoka kwenye ukingo wa miamba ya basalt iliyoundwa katika kipindi cha Triassic-Jurassic.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Maletsunyane Falls {{!}} Wondermondo|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Lesotho/Maseru/Maletsunyane.htm|work=www.wondermondo.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041959/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Lesotho/Maseru/Maletsunyane.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maji yanapoanguka kwenye bwawa lililo chini ya maporomoko hayo huzalisha mwangwi mkubwa unaosikika kwa mbali. Kulingana na simulizi za wenyeji, sauti hiyo hutokana na vilio vya watu waliowahi kuzama katika maporomoko hayo. Mnamo Desemba 2017, kituo cha YouTube cha [[Australia]] kiitwacho How Ridiculous kilivunja rekodi ya dunia ya mpira wa kikapu uliorushwa kutoka sehemu ya juu zaidi duniani katika Maporomoko ya Maletsunyane. Rekodi hiyo ilidumu hadi Mei 2023, ilipovunjwa na kundi la Dude Perfect kwa mpira uliorushwa kutoka urefu wa futi 885 katika jengo la The Strat mjini Las Vegas, Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='Dude Perfect' Breaks World Record For Highest Basketball Shot|url=https://sports.ksl.com/sports/instant-replay-dude-perfect-breaks-world-record-for-highest-basketball-shot/501536|work=KSL Sports|date=2023-05-21|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en-us|author=Kyle Ireland}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Maletsunyane ni miongoni mwa vivutio maarufu vya [[utalii]] nchini Lesotho kutokana na mandhari yake ya kuvutia na urefu wake mkubwa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Lesotho]] 0sm3pxay6dg0ncsdgtfdskkha10jcj1 0 241230 1575883 1575280 2026-06-21T21:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Rianbavy|picha=Madagascar physical map.svg|nchi=Ihorombe, Madagascar|mkondo=Mto Zomandao}} '''Maporomoko ya Rianbavy''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika [[Ihorombe|Mkoa wa Ihorombe]] nchini [[Madagaska]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Famous Waterfalls in Madagascar|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/famous-waterfalls-madagascar-58543.html|language=en|access-date=2026-06-19|archive-date=2018-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104024855/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/famous-waterfalls-madagascar-58543.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye [[Mto Zomandao]] katika Safu ya Milima ya Andringitra, karibu na [[Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Andringitra|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Andringitra]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Northwest Waterfall Survey|url=https://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/|work=www.waterfallsnorthwest.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en}}</ref> Umbali wa chini ya kilomita moja kutoka Maporomoko ya Rianbavy, kuna maporomoko mengine ya maji yanayojulikana kama Maporomoko ya Riandahy. Eneo hili ni sehemu ya mandhari ya asili yenye kuvutia, likiwa karibu na moja ya hifadhi muhimu za taifa nchini Madagascar.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=De Wandel Website van Fred Triep- Een tweedaagse voettocht door Andringitra Nationaal Park (Madagaskar)|url=https://www.wandelwebsite.nl/afrika/andringitra.html|work=www.wandelwebsite.nl|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Madagaska}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Madagaska]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] p7xnpodykyy7xl4u89dzc7k1a9t1hwn 0 241231 1575884 1575286 2026-06-21T21:35:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Riandahy''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa [[Ihorombe]] nchini [[Madagaska]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Famous Waterfalls in Madagascar|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/famous-waterfalls-madagascar-58543.html|language=en|access-date=2026-06-19|archive-date=2018-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104024855/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/famous-waterfalls-madagascar-58543.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye [[Mto Zomandao]] katika Safu ya Milima ya Andringitra, karibu na [[Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Andringitra|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Andringitra]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Northwest Waterfall Survey|url=https://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/|work=www.waterfallsnorthwest.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en}}</ref> Kwa umbali wa chini ya kilomita moja kutoka [[Maporomoko]] ya Riandahy, pia yapo [[Maporomoko ya Rianbavy]]. Maporomoko haya yote mawili ni sehemu ya mandhari ya asili ya eneo la Andringitra, ambalo linajulikana kwa milima yake, mito na bioanuwai yake kubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=De Wandel Website van Fred Triep- Een tweedaagse voettocht door Andringitra Nationaal Park (Madagaskar)|url=https://www.wandelwebsite.nl/afrika/andringitra.html|work=www.wandelwebsite.nl|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Madagaska}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Madagaska]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 50dykxbts9y6daa6tdkr1fudidcpb7m 0 241240 1575869 1575314 2026-06-21T21:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Agbokim waterfalls.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya Agbokim.]] '''Maporomoko ya Agbokim''' yapo katika eneo la [[serikali]] ya mitaa ya Etung, katika [[Jimbo la Cross River]], kusini mwa [[Nigeria]], karibu sana na mpaka wa [[Kamerun]]. Maporomoko haya yako takribani kilomita 25 kutoka mji wa [[Ikom]] na kilomita 240 kutoka [[Calabar]]. Maporomoko ya Agbokim yanaundwa na vijito saba vinavyotiririsha [[maji]] safi kutoka kwenye miamba mirefu na kuangukia katika msitu wa kitropiki. Ni mojawapo ya vivutio muhimu vya utalii katika Jimbo la Cross River.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://refinedng.com/six-interesting-things-we-know-about-agbokim-waterfalls/|work=refinedng.com|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=…experiencing the wonder of nature at Agbokim Fall {{!}} The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News — Saturday Magazine — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/experiencing-the-wonder-of-nature-at-agbokim-fall/|work=editor.guardian.ng|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en-US|author=Guardian Nigeria|archive-date=2023-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525181717/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/experiencing-the-wonder-of-nature-at-agbokim-fall/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Historia == Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1900, mwindaji aliyeitwa Ntankum alihamia katika eneo la Agbokim pamoja na [[familia]] yake na watu wengine wa jamii ya Inaku ambao hapo awali waliishi katika maeneo ya milimani. Kulingana na simulizi za wenyeji, Ntankum na mwanawe walikaa katika eneo la Maporomoko ya Agbokim, ambako leo kuna [[jamii]] za Wajagam zinazodhaniwa kuwa zilihamia kutoka Inagu. Katika eneo kati ya Cameroon na Maporomoko ya Agbokim nchini Nigeria, jamii hizo ziliendeleza maisha yao kwa uwindaji, kilimo na matumizi ya rasilimali za misitu. Waligundua mazao ya chakula, misitu ya kuwinda wanyama na vyanzo vya maji ambavyo vilitumika pia katika uzalishaji wa [[chumvi]]. Kwa muda mrefu, kabla hata ya maendeleo ya utalii, Maporomoko ya Agbokim yameendelea kuwa sehemu muhimu ya mazingira ya eneo hilo. Wanajamii wa Agbokim hushiriki katika juhudi za kulinda mazingira kwa kupinga ukataji [[miti]] na kuhimiza upandaji miti. Hatua hizi husaidia kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji na kuongeza kiasi cha maji katika maporomoko hayo. Leo, eneo la Maporomoko ya Agbokim ni kivutio maarufu cha watalii, likitumika kama mahali pa burudani, mapumziko na kufurahia mandhari ya asili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Magnificent Agbokim Waterfalls - NigerianFLIGHTDECK|url=https://nigerianflightdeck.com/magnificent-agbokim-waterfalls/|date=2016-02-19|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Cross River]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 6c00ea2mlo2cmuw0fo2glmcs5ri418l 0 241242 1575872 1575315 2026-06-21T21:33:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Olumirin|picha=Olumirin falls.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Erin-Ijesha''' (pia yanajulikana kama '''Maporomoko ya Olumirin''') ni eneo la [[maporomoko ya maji]] lililopo Erin-Odo katika [[Jimbo la Osun]], [[Nigeria]]. Ni kivutio cha utalii kilichopo katika eneo la [[serikali]] ya mitaa ya Oriade.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Nation - Olumirin Waterfall Splash of the sublime|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/saturday-magazine/weekend-treat/promenade/24431-olumirin-waterfall-splash-of-the-sublime.html|work=www.thenationonlineng.net|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref> Kulingana na The Nation, maporomoko haya yaligunduliwa na wawindaji mwaka 1140 BK. Hata hivyo, kwa mujibu wa [[mila]] za wenyeji, yaligunduliwa na mwanamke aliyeitwa Akinla, mwanzilishi wa mji wa Erin-Ijesha na mjukuu wa Oduduwa, wakati wa [[uhamiaji]] wa watu wa Ife kuelekea Erin-Ijesha. Akinla aliyaita Olumirin, ambalo linatokana na neno la Kiyoruba ''“oluwa mirin”'' likimaanisha ''“mungu mwingine.”'' Maporomoko haya yana ngazi saba za mteremko, na juu ya ngazi hizo kuna kijiji cha Abake, ambacho kinapakana na Efon-Alaye katika Jimbo la Ekiti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://naijatreks.com/2011/04/olumirin-waterfalls/|work=naijatreks.com|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Erin-Ijesa Waterfalls: Captivating work of nature|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/people-places/erin-ijesa-waterfalls-captivating-work-of-nature/|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|language=en-us|access-date=2026-06-19|archive-date=2015-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310032558/http://www.punchng.com/feature/people-places/erin-ijesa-waterfalls-captivating-work-of-nature/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Erin-Ijesha pia hutumiwa kama sehemu ya matembezi ya shule na ziara za kielimu katika maeneo ya jirani. Wenyeji huliona eneo hili kama la kitakatifu linalotumika kwa utakaso wa kiroho. Zamani, kulikuwa na sherehe na [[dhabihu]] zilizokuwa zikifanyika katika eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls is a sanctuary of purity and beauty|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/erin-ijesha-waterfalls-a-sanctuary-of-purity-and-beauty-2024073115232729188|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2021-11-10|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Osun]] rf4lz9bqm455ped1w56ycwo6u1z6xj5 0 241243 1575873 1575316 2026-06-21T21:33:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Farin Ruwa|picha=Farin Ruwa Falls.jpg}} '''Maporomoko ya Farin Ruwa''' ni [[maporomoko ya maji]] yaliyopo katikati mwa [[Nigeria]]. Ni miongoni mwa maporomoko marefu zaidi nchini Nigeria, na pia yana umuhimu mkubwa barani [[Afrika]] ikiwa urefu wake wote wa mteremko utazingatiwa. Chanzo cha Maporomoko ya Farin Ruwa kiko katika [[Jimbo la Nasarawa]], ambapo [[maji]] hushuka kutoka ukingo wa nyanda za juu za Jos Plateau. Wakati wa kushuka kwake, maji huanguka kwa jumla ya [[urefu]] wa takribani mita 150 (futi 492).<ref>{{Citation|title=Nigerian Falls, The Major Tourist Centres in Nigeria|date=2019-09-21|url=https://www.nigerianscitizens.com/nigerian-falls-major-tourist-centres-in-nigeria/|work=Citizens|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-19|archive-date=2010-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722013614/https://www.nigerianscitizens.com/nigerian-falls-major-tourist-centres-in-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Urefu huu unatajwa kuwa mkubwa zaidi ukilinganishwa na Maporomoko ya Victoria, ambayo hushuka kwa takribani mita 108 (futi 354) katika eneo lake la mteremko mkuu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dreaming of Farin Ruwa {{!}} GlobalPost|url=http://www.globalpost.com/webblog/nigeria/dreaming-farin-ruwa|work=www.globalpost.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Nasarawa]] bcxxnkossa8a2o8qrd0i5o27jpv6ll1 0 241255 1575875 1575325 2026-06-21T21:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Gurara|picha=Gurara waterfalls.jpg|nchi=Gurara, Jimbo la Niger, Nigeria|urefu=Mita 30|kimo=Mita 200}} '''Maporomoko ya Gurara''' yapo katika eneo la Gurara, wilaya ya [[serikali]] ya mitaa katika [[Jimbo la Niger]], Kaskazini Kati mwa [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/201960-gurara-waterfall-premium-nigerian-picnic-hotspot.html|work=www.premiumtimesng.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa takribani mita 30 na yapo kwenye [[Mto Gurara]] kando ya barabara ya Suleja–Minna.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/travel-in-nigeria/187945-5-things-to-do-for-free-in-suleja.html|work=www.premiumtimesng.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> == Hadithi na simulizi za jadi == Kulingana na [[historia]] ya mdomo, Maporomoko ya Gurara yaligunduliwa mwaka [[1745]] na mwindaji wa jamii ya Gwari aliyeitwa Buba, kabla ya Wazungu kuyagundua mwaka 1925 walipoyatambua kama eneo la burudani. Kabla ya ugunduzi huo, jamii zilizokuwa zikiishi karibu na maporomoko hayo zilikuwa zikiyaheshimu na kuyaabudu. Simulizi za jadi pia zinaeleza kuwa Maporomoko ya Gurara na Mto Gurara yalipewa majina kutokana na miungu wawili walioitwa Gura na Rara.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gurara Waterfalls: 10 Facts You Need To Know|date=2015-04-25|url=http://www.abujafacts.ng/gurara-waterfalls-10-facts-you-need-to-know/|work=Abuja Facts|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-20|archive-date=2015-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009071029/http://www.abujafacts.ng/gurara-waterfalls-10-facts-you-need-to-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Utalii == Licha ya historia yake ndefu, Maporomoko ya Gurara ni mojawapo ya vivutio vikuu vya utalii nchini Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gurara Falls, Niger State: Untapped, Unexplored, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gurara-falls-niger-state-untapped-unexplored/149131|work=www.thisdaylive.com|accessdate=2026-06-20|author=Powered by DMflex WebGen --- www.dmflex.com|archive-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403034739/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/gurara-falls-niger-state-untapped-unexplored/149131|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika miaka ya karibuni, kumekuwa na mipango ya kuyaendeleza kuwa eneo la mapumziko lenye vituo vya [[burudani]] na hoteli ya hadhi ya juu. == Hali ya hewa == Eneo la Maporomoko ya Gurara lina hali ya hewa ya nusu [[ukame]]. Joto kwa kawaida huwa la wastani hadi la juu mwaka mzima, likiwa na wastani wa takribani nyuzi 20 za Selsiasi kwa mwaka. Msimu wa mvua kwa kawaida huanza Mei hadi Septemba, wakati msimu wa [[kiangazi]] hudumu kuanzia Oktoba hadi Aprili. Upepo kutoka kusini-magharibi huvuma kwa kasi ya takribani kilomita 10 hadi 38 kwa saa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Niger]] 89ztjxz85vbisltpf4c8eywhuof94sx 0 241257 1575880 1575327 2026-06-21T21:35:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Mayanka|picha=Mayanka falls Suleja.jpg|nchi=Suleja, Jimbo la Niger, Nigeria|urefu=Mita 30}} '''Maporomoko ya Mayanka''' yapo nje kidogo ya mji wa [[Suleja]] nchini [[Nigeria]]. Ingawa ni eneo lenye [[historia]] ya zaidi ya miaka 200, si watu wengi wanaolifahamu. Umaarufu wake unatokana zaidi na historia ya jina lake kuliko maporomoko yenyewe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mayanka Falls: Suleja’s ancient execution valley|url=https://dailytrust.com/mayanka-falls-sulejas-ancient-execution-valley/|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Historia == Neno ''Mayanka'' kwa lugha ya [[Kihausa]] linamaanisha mahali pa kuchinjia [[wanyama]] kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, machinjio au eneo la kuchinjia. Mayanka ya Suleja, yaliyopo chini ya Maporomoko ya Mto Iku, yalikuwa mahali pa kutekelezea hukumu ya kifo kwa wahalifu waliohukumiwa na mamlaka za jadi katika kipindi cha kabla ya ukoloni. Kama ilivyokuwa kwa jamii nyingi za Nigeria, kulikuwa na mfumo wa jadi wa utoaji wa haki ulioshughulikia makosa ya kiraia na jinai kulingana na mila, desturi na maadili ya jamii husika.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mayanka Falls: Suleja’s Waterfall of Historic Execution - Tropics News Updates|date=2020-09-25|url=https://tropics.ng/2020/09/25/mayanka-falls-sulejas-waterfall-of-historic-execution/|work=Tropics News Updates|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-20|archive-date=2020-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014102641/https://tropics.ng/2020/09/25/mayanka-falls-sulejas-waterfall-of-historic-execution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika karne ya 19, baada ya wanajihadi Wafulani walioongozwa na Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio kuwafukuza Wazage-zagi kutoka makazi yao ya asili yaliyokuwa na makao makuu Zaria, walihamia kusini na kuanzisha makazi katika eneo la sasa la Suleja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mayanka Falls: Suleja’s ancient execution valley|url=https://dailytrust.com/mayanka-falls-sulejas-ancient-execution-valley/|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa simulizi za kihistoria, wakati huo mtu yeyote wa kabila la Fulani aliyeonekana katika eneo hilo angeweza kushukiwa kuwa jasusi wa wanajihadi, kukamatwa na kufikishwa mbele ya Mahakama ya Kifalme ya Sarkin Zazzau, na kuhukumiwa kifo kwa njia ya kukatwa kwa upanga katika eneo la Mayanka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The people we see attacking us are armed Fulani men, we will not call them herdsmen because they don’t have cows —Kaduna’s Adara community leader, Maisamari|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-people-we-see-attacking-us-are-armed-fulani-men-we-will-not-call-them-herdsmen-because-they-dont-have-cows-kadunas-adara-community-leader-maisamari/|work=Tribune Online|date=2022-06-18|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-GB|author=Our Reporter}}</ref> == Utalii == Siku hizi, Maporomoko ya Mayanka huvutia watembea milimani, wapenda mazingira ya asili, wasafiri, watafiti na wageni wanaopenda kugundua maeneo yenye historia na [[mandhari]] ya kuvutia. Njia za kupanda milimani katika eneo hilo hazijaainishwa wazi, jambo ambalo huongeza hisia za ugunduzi kwa wageni. Uzuri wa maporomoko hayo ni kivutio kikuu kwa watalii. Wanaotembelea eneo hilo hushauriwa kubeba viatu vya kutembea milimani, chupa ya maji, krimu ya kujikinga na jua na kofia kwa ajili ya [[safari]] yao. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] d3idkvmo8tikspiaw0ojwrpbrdt3ngd 0 241258 1575881 1575329 2026-06-21T21:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Owu Waterfalls waterdrop.jpg|thumb|286x286px|Maporomoko ya Owu]] '''Maporomoko ya Owu''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] yaliyopo Owa-Onire katika eneo la [[serikali]] ya mitaa la Ifelodun, [[Kwara (jimbo)|Jimbo la Kwara]] nchini [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=With visit to Owu Falls, FG begins assessment of Nigeria’s tourist sites|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/with-visit-to-owu-falls-fg-begins-assessment-of-nigerias-tourist-sites/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2017-03-18|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-GB|author=Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> Maporomoko haya yanatajwa kuwa marefu zaidi katika [[Afrika Magharibi]], ambapo maji yake huanguka kutoka urefu wa takribani mita 100 kupitia mteremko wa miamba na kutua katika bwawa la maji baridi sana lililopo chini yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Owu Waterfall Kwara State :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kwara/Owu-Waterfall.html|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tourist Attractions – Kwara State Association of Nigeria|url=https://kwasang.org.uk/tourist-attractions/|work=kwasang.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620135627/https://kwasang.org.uk/tourist-attractions/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mahali == Maporomoko ya Owu yapo katika [[jamii]] ya Owa-Onire, Jimbo la Kwara. Ingawa yapo katika sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya Ifelodun, yanafikika kwa urahisi kupitia Eneo la Serikali ya Mitaa la Isin.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Babafemi |first=Geoffrey |last2=Chika |first2=Anunta |last3=Olabanji |first3=Adediran |last4=Sunday |first4=Odewumi |last5=Kayode |first5=Apaokagi |last6=Omololu |first6=Fapajuwo |date=2021-06-30 |title=Ecological Threats of an Ecotourism Destination: The Case of Owu Waterfall, Kwara State, Nigeria |url=https://ajhtl.com/2021.html |journal=African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure |language=en |issue=10(3) |pages=839–855 |doi=10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-135 |issn=2223-814X}}</ref> == Jiografia == Maporomoko ya Owu yapo katika mwinuko wa takribani mita 590 juu ya usawa wa [[bahari]], katika sehemu ya kaskazini-mashariki kabisa ya Milima ya Kukuruku. Eneo hili lina nyanda za juu zilizokatwa na mabonde na linaenea kutoka [[Jimbo]] la Ekiti upande wa kusini hadi Jimbo la Kogi upande wa mashariki. Maporomoko ya Owu yanachukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya maporomoko ya maji ya kuvutia zaidi nchini Nigeria kutokana na urefu wake mkubwa, mandhari ya miamba inayoyazunguka na bwawa la maji baridi lililo chini ya maporomoko hayo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Nigeria}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Nigeria]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:jimbo la Kwara]] jyy37zemochin31v453qzlzet006k1t 0 241296 1575988 1575513 2026-06-22T11:57:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]]. Ingawa sentensi yake moja imenakiliwa katika Waraka wa Yuda (14-15), kitabu kizima hakikukubaliwa kama [[Neno la Mungu]] isipokuwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia]] na wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] au kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]], ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] fki1iel6r8thsb843xo2ekcnd0yxsv1 0 241340 1575942 1575711 2026-06-22T05:09:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|picha=Nabil Ayouch 2014.jpg|jina la kuzaliwa=Nabil Ayouch|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=1 Aprili 1969|mwenza=Maryam Touzani|wazazi=Noureddine Ayouch|uraia=Moroko|kazi yake=Mtayarishaji na Muongozaji wa Filamu}} '''Nabil Ayouch''' (alizaliwa 1 Aprili [[1969]]) ni mkurugenzi, mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa televisheni na [[filamu]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Moroko]]. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika matamasha ya filamu ya kimataifa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes na Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal. ==Maisha ya awali== Ayouch alizaliwa mwaka wa 1969 huko Paris, kwa baba wa Moroko, Noureddine Ayouch na mama Mfaransa mwenye asili ya Tunisia-Kiyahudi. Ndugu yake ni mkurugenzi mwenza Hicham Ayouch. Baada ya talaka ya wazazi wake, alitumia sehemu kubwa ya utoto wake katika kitongoji cha Sarcelles<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabil Ayouch secoue le cocotier marocain - Le Temps|date=2016-03-08|url=https://www.letemps.ch/culture/ecrans/nabil-ayouch-secoue-cocotier-marocain|language=fr|issn=1423-3967|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Benbachir|first=Simo|title=Nabil Ayouch ... le controversé - Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|date=2019-06-03|url=https://www.moroccojewishtimes.com/2019/06/03/nabil-ayouch-le-controverse/|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> akitembelea Casablanca majira ya kiangazi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elgrably|first=Jordan|title=Razzia: Nabil Ayouch's critical multi-threaded homage to Morocco's cultural tapestry|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/features/razzia-nabil-ayouchs-critical-homage-moroccos-cultural-tapestry|work=The New Arab|language=en-EN|access-date=2026-06-20}}</ref> Ayouch anataja ugunduzi wa sinema ya kimataifa katika kituo cha kitamaduni cha ndani, Forum des Cholettes, kama msukumo katika kazi yake ya utayarishaji filamu. ==Kazi ya Filamu== Ayouch alianza kazi yake kama mwandishi wa hati na mkurugenzi katika wakala wa utangazaji Euro-RSCG. Mnamo 1992, aliongoza Les Pierres bleues du désert, filamu fupi ya kwanza na Jamel Debbouze ambayo inasimulia historia ya kijana aliyesadikishwa kuwa kuna mawe makubwa ya bluu jangwani. Mnamo 1993, Ayourch aliishia kutua Casablanca, ambapo aliongoza filamu mbili fupi, ''Hertzienne Connexion'' (1993) na ''Vendeur de silence'' (1994), ambayo alipata kutambuliwa kimataifa. Mnamo 1997, Ayouch aliongoza filamu yake ya kwanza ya Mektoub, ambayo iliwakilisha Morocco kwenye tuzo za Oscar. Pia aliongoza filamu za kipengele ''Une Minute de soleil en moins'' (2003) na ''Whatever Lola Wants (2008),'' zilizotayarishwa na Pathé.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0043953/bio|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-20}}</ref> Mnamo 1999, Ayouch aliunda kampuni ya uzalishaji inayoitwa Ali n'Productions ili kuwasaidia wakurugenzi vijana kuanzisha taaluma zao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Behind the Silver Screen: A Conversation with Morocco’s Nabil Ayouch|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/03/82023/screen-morocco-nabil-ayouch/|work=Morocco World News|date=2019-03-17|accessdate=2026-06-20|language=en-US|author=sarah-goodman}}</ref> Alishinda Tuzo ya Ecumenical mwaka wa 2000 katika Tamasha la Filamu la Dunia la Montreal kwa filamu yake Ali Zaoua: ''Prince of the Streets''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fiche auteur : AYOUCH Nabil|url=http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|work=crac.lbn.fr|accessdate=2026-06-20|archive-date=2005-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015150319/http://crac.lbn.fr/image/ficheauteur.php?id=10|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayouch anatazamiwa kutoa filamu ya kusisimua ya Kifaransa-Moroko ya Mirages. Filamu ya Ayouch ya 2012 ya Horses of God inatokana na riwaya ya Mahi Binebine The Stars of Sidi Moumen. Katika Horses of God, Ayouch anachunguza itikadi kali zinazoweza kutokea kutokana na umaskini na umasikini uliokithiri, akirejelea milipuko ya 2003 ya Casablanca. Filamu hii ilishindana katika sehemu ya Un Certain Regard katika Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes la 2012. Ilikuwa pia wasilisho la Moroko kwa Tuzo za 85 za Oscar (zilizofanyika Februari 2013). Mnamo 2021, filamu ya Ayouch Casablanca Beats ilichaguliwa kwa shindano la 74 la Tamasha la Filamu la Cannes. Mnamo Februari 2025, Ayouch alijiunga na jury la shindano katika Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la 75 la Berlin, lililoongozwa na Todd Haynes. Ayouch ni mwanachama wa ''Academy of Motion Pictures'', Academie des Césars, na Arab Film Academy. ==Utata== Filamu ya Ayouch ya ''Much Loved'', ambayo hufanyika huko Marrakesh, ilizua tafrani kutokana na matukio yake ya ngono yasiyoiga hasa eneo ambapo Loubna Abidar alimtumbuiza mwanamume mtu asiyeiga. Filamu hiyo hatimaye ilipigwa marufuku nchini Moroko. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:watayarishaji filamu wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:watayarishaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 23n60nf3x3m0o0c8rhg0ijueabs1k0t 3 241347 1575980 1575756 2026-06-22T11:40:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575980 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Tafsiri == Ndugu, makala zako hazieleweki vizuri Tanzania, labda Kongo. Usitegemee tafsiri, hasa kutoka Kifaransa. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Jambo ndugu. Naomba abasi siku moja tena ili ni tengeneze makala yangu vizuri. Ina wezekana? '''[[Mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo|Dieumerci Muhindo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:53, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Kwa kweli hata ukurasa kuhusu Ugumu wa maji ni vigumu kueleweka. Nadhani mashine haitafsiri vizuri kutoka Kifaransa kwenda Kiswahili. Lakini pia makala za Kiingereza zikitafsiriwa na mashine, ni lazima mhariri azipitie kwa makini, la sivyo kuna vichekesho! Hatimaye Kiswahili cha Kongo ni tofauti na kile sanifu. Labda ukubali kutafsiri sehemu fupi ya makala badala ya kujaribu makala nzima. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:40, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) cwlg3v49qgpyfbxqfi0taky0sntsoh3 0 241350 1575981 1575734 2026-06-22T11:43:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Andy Garcia | jina_halisi = Andrés Arturo García Menéndez | picha = Andy Garcia at the 2026 Cannes Film Festival 03.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Garcia mwaka 2026 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1956|4|12|df=y}}<ref name="biography.com">{{cite web|title=Andy Garcia Biography|website=Biography.com (FYI/A&E Networks)|access-date=May 17, 2021|url=https://www.biography.com/actor/andy-garcia}}</ref> | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Havana, Kuba<ref name="biography.com"/> | uraia = Marekani | elimu = Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Florida<ref name="Andy Garcia – Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/andy_garcia/index.shtml | title=Andy Garcia: Biography | access-date=December 19, 2010 | publisher=Net Glimpse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205055802/http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/andy_garcia/index.shtml|archive-date=December 5, 2004}}</ref> | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwigizaji * Mkurugenzi * Mtayarishaji * Mwanamuziki }} | kipindi = 1978–sasa | mwenzi = Marivi Lorido García (ndoa 1982–sasa) | watoto = 4 (akiwemo Dominik García-Lorido) | urefu = 175 cm }} '''Andrés Arturo García Menéndez''' (alizaliwa Aprili 12, 1956) ni mwigizaji, muongozaji, mtayarishaji, na mwanamuziki wa [[Marekani]]. Alianza kupata umaarufu mkubwa kwa kuigiza katika filamu ya [[Brian De Palma]] iliyoitwa ''[[The Untouchables]]'' (1987) akishirikiana na [[Kevin Costner]], [[Sean Connery]], na [[Robert De Niro]]. Aliendelea kuigiza katika filamu kama vile ''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' (1988), na ''[[Internal Affairs]]'' (1990). Baadaye alishiriki katika filamu ya [[Francis Ford Coppola]] ya ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' (1990) kama [[Vincent Mancini]], jambo lililomwezesha kuchaguliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Akademi (kama mwigizaji bora wa kiume anayesaidia) na kuwa mwigizaji wa kwanza kutoka Kuba kuchaguliwa kuwania tuzo za Oscar katika kategoria ya uigizaji. Aliendelea kuigiza katika filamu za [[Hollywood]] kama vile filamu ya [[Stephen Frears]] ya ''[[Hero]]'' (1992), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[When a Man Loves a Woman]]'' (1994), na filamu ya mapambano na kusisimua ya ''[[Desperate Measures]]'' (1998). Mnamo mwaka 2000, alitayarisha na kuigiza katika filamu ya televisheni ya [[HBO]] iliyoitwa ''[[For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story]]'' (2000), ambapo alichaguliwa kuwania Tuzo ya [[Primetime Emmy Award]] na Tuzo ya [[Golden Globe Award]]. Pia, alicheza katika filamu ya [[Steven Soderbergh]] ya ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]'' (2001) na muendelezo wake wa ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'' (2004) na ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]'' (2007). Mnamo mwaka 2005, Garcia aliongoza na kuigiza katika filamu ya ''[[The Lost City (2005 film)|The Lost City]]'' akishirikiana na [[Dustin Hoffman]] na [[Bill Murray]]. Alishiriki pia katika ''[[New York, I Love You]]'' (2008), filamu ya vichekesho na drama ya ''[[City Island]]'' (2009), filamu ya vichekesho na mapenzi ya ''[[At Middleton]]'' (2013), na filamu ya kusisimua ya makosa ya jinai ya ''[[Kill the Messenger]]'' (2014). Ameshika nafasi za usaidizi katika filamu za ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'', ''[[Book Club]]'', ''[[The Mule (2018 film)|The Mule]]'', filamu ya televisheni ya [[HBO]] ya ''[[My Dinner with Hervé]]'' (zote za mwaka 2018), na kucheza uhusika mkuu katika toleo jipya la filamu ya ''[[Father of the Bride (2022 film)|Father of the Bride]]'' (2022). Mnamo mwaka 2005, alishinda Tuzo ya [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] na Tuzo ya [[Latin Grammy Awards|Latin Grammy]] kwa kutayarisha rekodi ya mwanamuziki wa Kuba [[Cachao]] iliyoitwa ''¡Ahora Sí!''.<ref name="grammy">{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/andy-garcia/8864|title=Andy Garcia|publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="latin">{{cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/artistas/andy-garcia/20385-02|title=Andy García|publisher=[[The Latin Recording Academy]]|access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kuba]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] jujufb48t052g9y19lv5k2xsoe6kmv7 0 241369 1575895 2026-06-21T23:01:22Z Tbm 44189 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Benki]] 1575895 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Benki]] 8b4s6id2la9nu6ujux9sfd9zu6tc039 0 241370 1575953 2026-06-22T06:21:19Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeongeza neno 1575953 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kiingereza == === Sifa za Neno (Etymology) === Inatokana na mchanganyiko wa nomino ''ration'' (fungu/kiwango maalum cha chakula) + ''card'' (kadi). === Nomino === '''ration card''' (''wingi'' '''ration cards''') # [[kadi]] ya [[ruzuku]] / Kadi ya [[ugawaji]]: Kadi au kijitabu rasmi kinachotolewa na serikali au shirika maalum kinachomruhusu mwenye nacho kupata kiasi fulani cha chakula au bidhaa nyingine wakati wa uhaba au vita * ''Mfano; ''Wakati wa vita, familia hazikuweza kununua sukari bila '''kadi ya ruzuku'''.'' '' mda8kx3swlyp4sqdd4dtmsw3todalh0 1575954 1575953 2026-06-22T06:30:13Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeunda kurasa 1575954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadi ya mgao''' ni hati rasmi inayotolewa na [[serikali]] au mamlaka husika kwa ajili ya kuruhusu mtu binafsi au [[kaya]] kupata bidhaa muhimu kwa kiwango kilichowekwa. Mfumo wa kadi za mgao hutumika wakati wa [[uhaba wa chakula]], [[vita]], [[majanga ya asili]] au katika programu za [[ustawi wa jamii]] ili kuhakikisha usambazaji wa rasilimali unafanyika kwa usawa. == Historia == Mfumo wa mgao ulianza kutumiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Serikali nyingi zilianzisha kadi za mgao ili kudhibiti matumizi ya bidhaa muhimu kama [[chakula]], [[sukari]], [[mafuta]], [[nguo]] na bidhaa nyingine zilizokuwa adimu kutokana na athari za vita. Baada ya vita, baadhi ya nchi ziliendelea kutumia mfumo huo kama sehemu ya sera za [[usalama wa chakula]] na maendeleo ya kijamii. == Matumizi == Kadi za mgao hutumika kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kusambaza [[chakula]] na bidhaa muhimu kwa wananchi. * Kuzuia [[ulanguzi]] wa bidhaa. * Kusaidia kaya zenye kipato cha chini kupata mahitaji muhimu. * Kuwezesha serikali kufuatilia usambazaji wa bidhaa. == Faida == Miongoni mwa faida za mfumo wa mgao ni: * Kuhakikisha mgawanyo wa haki wa bidhaa muhimu. * Kupunguza uwezekano wa uhifadhi wa bidhaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na baadhi ya watu. * Kuimarisha [[usalama wa chakula]] wakati wa dharura. == Changamoto == Mfumo wa kadi za mgao unaweza kukumbwa na changamoto mbalimbali, zikiwemo: * [[Urasimu]] katika usimamizi wa mfumo. * [[Rushwa]] na matumizi mabaya ya kadi. * Upungufu wa bidhaa zinazogawiwa. == Nchi zinazotumia mfumo wa mgao == Baadhi ya nchi zimewahi kutumia au bado zinatumia mifumo ya mgao kwa viwango tofauti, zikiwemo [[India]], [[Korea Kaskazini]] na [[Cuba]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Usalama wa chakula]] * [[Ustawi wa jamii]] * [[Mgao wa chakula]] * [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] * [[Sera ya umma]] == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Sera za umma]] [[Jamii:Usalama wa chakula]] ces0atdlivpvqcm97tat24417nn4ln0 1575984 1575954 2026-06-22T11:47:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ration card]] hadi [[Kadi ya mgawo]]: jina la Kiswahili 1575954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadi ya mgao''' ni hati rasmi inayotolewa na [[serikali]] au mamlaka husika kwa ajili ya kuruhusu mtu binafsi au [[kaya]] kupata bidhaa muhimu kwa kiwango kilichowekwa. Mfumo wa kadi za mgao hutumika wakati wa [[uhaba wa chakula]], [[vita]], [[majanga ya asili]] au katika programu za [[ustawi wa jamii]] ili kuhakikisha usambazaji wa rasilimali unafanyika kwa usawa. == Historia == Mfumo wa mgao ulianza kutumiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Serikali nyingi zilianzisha kadi za mgao ili kudhibiti matumizi ya bidhaa muhimu kama [[chakula]], [[sukari]], [[mafuta]], [[nguo]] na bidhaa nyingine zilizokuwa adimu kutokana na athari za vita. Baada ya vita, baadhi ya nchi ziliendelea kutumia mfumo huo kama sehemu ya sera za [[usalama wa chakula]] na maendeleo ya kijamii. == Matumizi == Kadi za mgao hutumika kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kusambaza [[chakula]] na bidhaa muhimu kwa wananchi. * Kuzuia [[ulanguzi]] wa bidhaa. * Kusaidia kaya zenye kipato cha chini kupata mahitaji muhimu. * Kuwezesha serikali kufuatilia usambazaji wa bidhaa. == Faida == Miongoni mwa faida za mfumo wa mgao ni: * Kuhakikisha mgawanyo wa haki wa bidhaa muhimu. * Kupunguza uwezekano wa uhifadhi wa bidhaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na baadhi ya watu. * Kuimarisha [[usalama wa chakula]] wakati wa dharura. == Changamoto == Mfumo wa kadi za mgao unaweza kukumbwa na changamoto mbalimbali, zikiwemo: * [[Urasimu]] katika usimamizi wa mfumo. * [[Rushwa]] na matumizi mabaya ya kadi. * Upungufu wa bidhaa zinazogawiwa. == Nchi zinazotumia mfumo wa mgao == Baadhi ya nchi zimewahi kutumia au bado zinatumia mifumo ya mgao kwa viwango tofauti, zikiwemo [[India]], [[Korea Kaskazini]] na [[Cuba]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Usalama wa chakula]] * [[Ustawi wa jamii]] * [[Mgao wa chakula]] * [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] * [[Sera ya umma]] == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Sera za umma]] [[Jamii:Usalama wa chakula]] ces0atdlivpvqcm97tat24417nn4ln0 1575986 1575984 2026-06-22T11:49:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575986 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kadi ya mgawo''' (au '''mgao''') ni hati rasmi inayotolewa na [[serikali]] au mamlaka husika kwa ajili ya kuruhusu mtu binafsi au [[kaya]] kupata bidhaa muhimu kwa kiwango kilichowekwa. Mfumo wa kadi za mgao hutumika wakati wa [[uhaba wa chakula]], [[vita]], [[majanga ya asili]] au katika programu za [[ustawi wa jamii]] ili kuhakikisha usambazaji wa rasilimali unafanyika kwa usawa. == Historia == Mfumo wa mgao ulianza kutumiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] na [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Serikali nyingi zilianzisha kadi za mgao ili kudhibiti matumizi ya bidhaa muhimu kama [[chakula]], [[sukari]], [[mafuta]], [[nguo]] na bidhaa nyingine zilizokuwa adimu kutokana na athari za vita. Baada ya vita, baadhi ya nchi ziliendelea kutumia mfumo huo kama sehemu ya sera za [[usalama wa chakula]] na maendeleo ya kijamii. == Matumizi == Kadi za mgao hutumika kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Kusambaza [[chakula]] na bidhaa muhimu kwa wananchi. * Kuzuia [[ulanguzi]] wa bidhaa. * Kusaidia kaya zenye kipato cha chini kupata mahitaji muhimu. * Kuwezesha serikali kufuatilia usambazaji wa bidhaa. == Faida == Miongoni mwa faida za mfumo wa mgao ni: * Kuhakikisha mgawanyo wa haki wa bidhaa muhimu. * Kupunguza uwezekano wa uhifadhi wa bidhaa kwa kiasi kikubwa na baadhi ya watu. * Kuimarisha [[usalama wa chakula]] wakati wa dharura. == Changamoto == Mfumo wa kadi za mgao unaweza kukumbwa na changamoto mbalimbali, zikiwemo: * [[Urasimu]] katika usimamizi wa mfumo. * [[Rushwa]] na matumizi mabaya ya kadi. * Upungufu wa bidhaa zinazogawiwa. == Nchi zinazotumia mfumo wa mgao == Baadhi ya nchi zimewahi kutumia au bado zinatumia mifumo ya mgao kwa viwango tofauti, zikiwemo [[India]], [[Korea Kaskazini]] na [[Cuba]]. == Tazama pia == * [[Ustawi wa jamii]] * [[Mgao wa chakula]] * [[Sera ya umma]] == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:chakula]] hobqi0geqsfxexcyug54mf0az4c2813 3 241371 1575966 2026-06-22T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575966 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2dz2t8dg2tujcxlz90kyhphnpiwktpx 3 241372 1575967 2026-06-22T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575967 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2dz2t8dg2tujcxlz90kyhphnpiwktpx 3 241373 1575968 2026-06-22T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575968 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2dz2t8dg2tujcxlz90kyhphnpiwktpx 3 241374 1575969 2026-06-22T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575969 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2dz2t8dg2tujcxlz90kyhphnpiwktpx 3 241375 1575970 2026-06-22T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575970 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2dz2t8dg2tujcxlz90kyhphnpiwktpx 3 241376 1575971 2026-06-22T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575971 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 3 241377 1575972 2026-06-22T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575972 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 3 241378 1575973 2026-06-22T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575973 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 3 241379 1575974 2026-06-22T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575974 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 3 241380 1575975 2026-06-22T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575975 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 3 241381 1575976 2026-06-22T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1575976 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) p81feiymf1fl2gvxuxu6p1vhisclpgr 0 241382 1575977 2026-06-22T10:32:28Z Merci Kahubangwa 72758 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237199327|Dureté de l'eau]]" 1575977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugumu wa jumla''' (TH, au GH kwa Kijerumani kwa ''{{Lang|de|Gesamthärte}}'' ), au '''Ukaidi wa maji''' , Ni kipimo cha kiwango cha madini ya [[maji]] kwenye kationi za metali za udongo wa alkali zenye mchanganyiko ambazo zinaweza kuonekana kama masimbi ya chokaa. Inasababishwa tu na chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu . Ugumu huonyeshwa katika [[Parts per million|ppm]] (au mg/L ) ya kabonati ya kalsiamu ($CaCO_3$) au kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (alama °f au °fH) nchini Ufaransa na Uswisi (isivurugwe na alama °F, digrii Fahrenheit). Digrii moja ya Kifaransa inalingana na 10 ya chokaa inayowakilisha $10^{-4}$ mol/L ya kalsiamu, au 4 mg/L ya $Ca^{2+}$, au 2,4 ya magnesiamu kwa lita moja ya maji: : <math>\mathrm{TH}=10\,\left(\mathrm{[Ca^{2+}]}+\mathrm{[Mg^{2+}]}\right)</math> pamoja na viwango vya mmol/[[Lita|L]]. {| class="wikitable centre" |+Kipimo cha ubora wa viambato vya maji (TH) : ! align="center" scope="row" | TH (°f) | align="center" bgcolor="5599ff" | 0 hadi 7 | align="center" bgcolor="88ff66" | 7 hadi 15 | align="center" bgcolor="ffff77" | 15 hadi 30 | align="center" bgcolor="ff8844" | 30 hadi 40 | align="center" bgcolor="ff3344" | + 40 |- ! align="center" scope="row" | Maji | align="center" | Laini mno | align="center" | laini | align="center" | ngumu zaidi | align="center" | ngumu | align="center" | ngumu mno |} Kwa kawaida, tofauti hufanywa kati ya ugumu wa kudumu na ugumu wa muda, jumla ya yote mawili ikiwa ugumu kamili. Ugumu huamuliwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha mchanganyiko wa maji kwa kutumia EDTA (tazama chelation ). Mtambo wa kusafisha maji hutumika kupunguza ugumu huo hadi kufikia takriban nyuzi tano za Kifaransa, kwansi bidhaa za usafi kama sabuni hupoteza nguvu zake ndani ya maji magumu: chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu hufanya anions za kabonili zenye mnyororo mrefu kwenye sabuni kuganda na kutengeneza masimbi. Chumvi za madini zinazowekwa kwenye mfumo uliolainika ili kupiga hesabu ya uzito wa maji mara kwa mara ni bora kwa uzima. Zinapochanganyika kwenye maji, hupatikana kama kationi na anioni. Licha ya hayo, katika muundo wao wa pekee, hizi ni ngumu kwa viumbe hai kuingiza mwilini (ambavyo huingiza kwa wepesi zaidi chaji tata). == Kemia == === Kipimo cha alkalimetric (TA) === Inatuwezesha kubaini viwango vya [[Kabonati|kaboneti]] na besi kali zilizomo ndani ya kioevu. Uchunguzi huu unafanyika kukiwa na phenolphthaleini, ambayo hugeuka kutoka kutokuwa na rangi hadi kuwa ya rangi ya waridi-fuchsia kwenye pH ya 8.2, au bluu ya thimoli, ambayo hugeuka kutoka rangi ya manjano hadi bluu kwenye pH ya 8.0. [[Besi (kemia)|Alkalini]] huonyeshwa kwa digrii za Kifaransa (°f). * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi OH⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻. === Jumla ya kiwango cha alkalimetric (TAC) === TAC (kiwango cha jumla cha alkalini) ni kipimo kinachotumiwa kukadiria idadi ya chaji za haidroksidi, kabonati na bikabonati zilizomo kwenye kioevu, ambapo kipimo chake kinasomwa kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (°f au °fH). : TAC = [OH ⁻ ] + [CO ₃ ²⁻ ] + [HCO ₃ ⁻ ] * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi HO⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻ = 12,2 mg/ayoni ya hidrojeni kabonati [[Acide carbonique|HCO₃⁻]]. Kwa kupima kielelezo cha maji kwa kutumia asidi, tunafikia hatua ya kwanza ya usawa, inayowakilisha TA (utepuzi wa alkalimeta) ambayo inaendana na pH=8,2 (kugeuka rangi kwa phenolphthaleini '', au bluu ya thymol). Katika awamu hii, haidrokusaidi na kabonati zote zimeisha.'' Kusonga mbele na utepuzi, kituo cha pili cha mlingano hupatikana kwenye pH=4,4 (kugeuka rangi kwa methili ya machungwa). Katika nukta hii, hidroksidi, kaboneti, na bikaboneti zote zilizokuwepo hapo awali zitakuwa zimetepuliwa. Ni lazima kuangalia vipimo vinavyotumiwa kwenye fomula, ambavyo huonyeshwa kwa namna tofauti kutegemeana na iwapo unatumia °f au mol/L. * Phenolphthaleini imeainishwa kuwa CMR C2B (inayoweza kuchochea saratani, inayobadili jeni, na yenye madhara kwa mfumo wa uzazi) . « Kundi la 2B Dutu, mchanganyiko, na mazingira yaliyotajwa hapo awali vina uwezekano wa kuleta kansa kwa binadamu. " ) na kwa sababu hiyo, hairuhusiwi kutumika bila kufuata usalama uliowekwa kisheria. == Aquariums == Kuhusu viumbe wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, ni lazima kulinda kiwango cha madini kwenye maji katika vipimo vinavyotakiwa. Jambo hili linasababisha kufanya upya sehemu ya maji kila baada ya siku saba, na maji yaliyoongezwa yanapaswa kuwa na kiwango thabiti cha ugumu. Kiwango cha ugumu wa nyuzi 14 hadi 25 unalingana vyema na aina nyingi za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria.. Kwenye akwaria za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, kiwango cha ugumu wa kioevu (TH) una uwezekano wa kusawazishwa kwa kuunganisha maji ya mifereji na maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO (reverse osmosis). Maji haya ya RO yana kiwango cha TH kinachokaribia sufuri. Kioevu hiki kinaweza kutengenezwa kupitia kifaa cha kuchuja cha RO au kupatikana kwenye maduka ya viumbe wa kufugwa nyumbani. Kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ujazo wa maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO yanayotakiwa ili kufikia kiwango cha TH ulichokusudia : : idadi ya lita za maji ya RO (kwa kipimo cha lita) = ujazo wa tanki la akwaria (kwa kipimo cha lita) × (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH inayotakiwa) / (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH ya maji ya osmosis). Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu, au TH (ugumu kamili), hutambuliwa kupitia vipimo maalum. Mchepuko huu wa madini mara kwa mara huonyeshwa kwa kutumia vipimo vya Kijerumani, au GH ( {{{2}}} ) au dH ( {{{2}}} ). Kwa madhumuni ya kugeuza vipimo vya Kijerumani (GH) kwenda kwenye vipimo vya Kifaransa (TH), kanuni hii hutumika : TH = 1,78 × 1 °GH . Kiwango cha madini kinachoshauriwa kwa ajili ya samaki wa dhahabu (goldfish), kiumbe anayejulikana na kupendwa kuliko wote miongoni mwa viumbe wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria, umewekwa wazi hapa . == Vipimo vya kipimo == Kwa kuwa inakadiria ayoni mbalimbali (kalsiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 40 na magnesiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 24), kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) hakiwezi kuwasilishwa kupitia kipimo kilichozoeleka mno kwenye sayansi ya miundo ya maji, ambacho ni miligramu kwa lita (mg/L) au vigawo vyake vyovyote. Katika nafasi yake, ina uwezo wa kuonyeshwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha kimataifa (SI), moli kwa kilo (mol/kg). Pamoja na hayo, ni maarufu zaidi kutumia miliekivalenti kwa lita (meq/L) : * digrii ya Kifaransa (°f au °fH) — Isichanganywe kabisa na , inaendana na kiasi cha mrundikano wa miligramu kumi za kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO3 ) ( 0,1 ) katika lita moja ya kioevu (ikimaanisha kiwango cha chokaa ) ; Kipimo cha Kijerumani (°GH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za oksidi ya kalsiamu (CaO) kwa lita ; Kipimo cha Marekani (°TH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za hidroksidi ya kalsiamu (Ca(OH) 2 ) kwa lita. {| class="wikitable centre" style="text-align:center" |+ style="text-align:middle" |Vigezo vya kuzidishia viwango kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ugumu wa kioevu kwenye vipimo mbadala: ! scope="col" | Thamani za kubadilisha ! scope="col" | Uzito wa molekuli ! scope="col" | °GH ! scope="col" | °TH ! scope="col" | °fH ! scope="col" | mg/L 3 ! scope="col" | meq/L ! scope="col" | mmol/L |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kifaransa (°fH) 3 | style="text-align:right" | 100 | 0.560 | 0.740 | 1 | 10 | 0.2 | 0.1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kijerumani (°GH) CaO | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 1 | 1,321 | 1.786 | 17.8 | 0.357 | 0.178 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Marekani (TH) Ca(OH) 2 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 0.757 | 1 | 1,351 | 14.3 | 0.285 | 0.142 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mg/L 3 (Marekani) | style="text-align:right" | 1 mg/L = | 0.056 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | meq/L ya ioni za [[Metali za udongo alikalini|metali za ardhini zenye alkali]] | style="text-align:right" | 1 meq /L = | 2.8 | 3.51 | 5 | 50 | 1 | 0.50 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mmol/L ya ioni za metali ya ardhi ya alkali | style="text-align:right" | 1 mmol /L = | 5.6 | 7.02 | 10.00 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 1 |} * Wakazi wa Marekani kadhalika hutumia kipimo hiki cha " {{{2}}} » (gpg), kinacholingana na punje moja ( 64,8 ) ya kalsiamu kaboneti kwa kila galoni ya Kimarekani (inayokadiria lita 3,79 ), au 17,1. == Mbinu za vipimo == Ugumu wa kioevu hubainishwa kupitia njia ya utepuzi changamano, kwa kutumia dutu yenye nguvu ya ufungaji — EDTA, ambayo inajenga miosharabu pamoja na kationi za metali. Katika uhalisia wa kimaabara, metali zote za mpito, kwa mfano ayoni za chuma (Fe 2+ ), zina uwezo wa kutambuliwa viwango vyake — Hivyo basi, zinaleta muingiliano kwenye majaribio. — ingawa kiwango cha mrundikano wazo huhesabika kuwa ni haba mno baina ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu. Vilevile, thamani ya TH ina uwezo wa kukokotolewa kwa kujumlisha viwango vya kalsiamu na magnesiamu vilivyotambuliwa kupitia mbinu mbadala, kwa mfano uondoshaji wa taswira wa ufyonzaji wa atomiki au kromatografia ya ayoni. == Vidokezo == Vigezo tofauti vinatumiwa kufafanua mwenendo wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya vioevu, mafuta, au mchanganyiko wa gesi <ref>{{En}} [http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm ''Corrosion by water''].</ref> . === Kiashiria cha kueneza cha Langelier (LSI) === Kipimo cha mshiko wa kujaa cha Langelier (LSI) ni namba isiyo na kitengo cha kipimo inayotumiwa kutambua uimara wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya maji. Inadhihirisha iwapo kioevu kitasababisha masalio, kitayeyusha madini, au kitafikia mlingano na kalsiamu kabonati. Katika mwaka wa 1936, Wilfred F. Langelier aligundua njia ya kukadiria viwango vya pH ambapo kioevu kinakuwa kimejaa kabisa kalsiamu kabonati (pH s ). Inakokotolewa kwa kupunguza pH ya kujaa (pH s ) kutoka kwenye thamani ya sasa ya pH ya maji. LSI huwasilishwa kama mwachano uliopo baina ya pH ya sasa ya kioevu na pH ya kujaa kwake : : LSI = pH kipimo - pH s . * Wakati LSI > 0, kioevu kimepitiliza kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na mwelekeo wa kujilundika na kutengeneza masalio ya 3 . * Wakati LSI = 0, kioevu kinakuwa kimebana vizuri (katika mlingano) na 3 .Masalio ya 3 hayajifanyizi wala hayayeyuki. * Wakati LSI < 0, kioevu kiko chini ya kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na tabia ya kumega 3 thabiti. == Tafsiri == Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu wa kioevu kisicho na madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu (kwa mfano maji yaliyochujwa kiviwanda au miyeyusho ya kemikali kali) unakuwa sufuri kabisa. === Maji ya asili === Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) wa vyanzo vya maji vya asili kwa kawaida hukua kulingana na umbali kutoka pale yanapoanzia, wakati kioevu kinavyozidi kujaza mchanganyiko wa chumvichumvi na madini. Kwa vile maji ya asili ya maeneo ya ndani ya nchi (inland waters) mara nyingi yanabeba madini ya kalsiamu (kalsiamu bikabonati), kiwango chao cha TH kinakaribiana sana na kile cha ujumla wa mfumo wa alkali (TAC). === Maji ya bahari === Maji ya bahari yanabeba kiwango cha ugumu wa karibu digrii 750 za Kifaransa == Athari == === Afya ya binadamu === Utumiaji wa maji yenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini haukabiliwi na athari zozote hasi kwenye mwili wa mwanadamu. Madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ni miongoni mwa viungo muhimu vya miili yetu, na binadamu anapaswa kuwa navyo kwa ajili ya afya. Kioevu hiki kinaendelea kuwa salama kutumiwa bila kuzingatia jumla ya vipimo vyake vya ugumu (TH). Kuna mivukano kwenye kanuni hizi za kawaida, ambayo yanatokana na tabia za kikemia za virutubisho maalum vya madini. Kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini kina uwezo wa kuleta usumbufu kwa baadhi ya walaji ambao hawajajenga ustahimilivu navyo au kwa wale wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kiafya kwenye figo zao. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Adikwu |first=Elias |last2=Ehigiator |first2=Ben |date=2020-05-11 |title=Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Testicular Oxidative Stress Markers and Histology of Male Rats |journal=Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=33–37 |doi=10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.33-37 |issn=2089-6514 |access-date=2022-02-17}}.</ref> . Utumiaji wa kioevu kilichochujwa kwa kutumia chumvi ya sodiamu unaruhusiwa, kwa kuwa kinaendelea kuwa salama kwa ajili ya unywaji. Hata hivyo ni muhimu kuangalia kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya sodiamu yaliyomo ambacho kina uwezo wa kuleta madhara kwa watu wanaosumbuliwa na shinikizo la juu la damu (hypertension), pamoja na kuhakikisha unapata madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ya kutosha kupitia vyakula vya kila siku (kwa madhumuni ya kufidia Ca na Mg ambazo hazitapatikana tena kupitia maji hayo ya unywaji). Kioevu chenye madini mengi mara kwa mara huonekana kusababisha mwasho mwilini, khasusa kwenye ngozi laini au yenye mzio, na kina uwezo wa kufanya nywele kuwa kavu na ngumu (matokeo ya kifizikia). Kuna watu wanaoelezwa kuwa na mzio wa chokaa ambao hukabiliwa na mabaka mekundu, miwasho, au hisia ya kukakamaa kwa ngozi kufuatia mgusano wa ana kwa ana na kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini . Pamoja na hayo, dhana hizi hazina uthibitisho thabiti kutoka kwenye majaribio ya kitaalamu na mara kaya huchochewa na hoja za kibiashara za mafundi wanaosafisha maji. Matatizo ya ngozi yanayotokana na kioevu hiki yanadhaniwa kuwa yanajitokeza kwa namna nyingine (kwa sababu ya ulazima wa kutumia kiasi kikubwa cha sabuni, kama inavyofafanuliwa hapa chini) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Procédés anti-tartre « non conventionnels » : les recommandations de l’Anses|url=https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s-anti-tartre-%C2%AB-non-conventionnels-%C2%BB-les-recommandations-de-l%E2%80%99anses|accessdate=2019-06-03}}.</ref> . === Matatizo mengine : chokaa, sabuni ya kufulia === Kioevu chenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini husababisha kero katika shughuli za nyumbani kwa sababu ya kujitenga na kuganda kwa chokaa (kalsiamu kabonati). Kujitengeneza kwa tabaka hilo la chokaa kunaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kuondoa madini ya kalsiamu kupitia mbinu za kulainisha kioevu ama kwa kutumia mfumo wa osmosis ya kinyume (reverse osmosis). Fuatana na hilo, magamba ya chokaa hufanya povu la sabuni lishindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Viwango vinavyoonyeshwa kwenye muongozo wa matumizi ya unga wa kufulia vinahusika hasa na kioevu chenye ugumu wa wastani (karibu digrii 15 za Kifaransa) na inalazimu viongezwe (ama vipunguzwe) iwapo unatumia kioevu chenye madini mengi (au kisicho na madini mengi). == Vidokezo na marejeleo == {{Reflist}} == Viambatisho == === Marejeleo === * {{Rejea kitabu|url={{Google Livres|ZevzDAAAQBAJ}}|title=L'analyse de l'eau|last=Jean Rodier, [[Bernard Legube]] et Nicole Merlet|date=2016|publisher=Dunod|page=138-141}}. === Makala zinazohusiana === * [[Ubora wa maji]] * [[Maji salama|Maji ya kunywa]] * Traitement de l'eau  * Kulainisha maji * Aquariums * Kupambana na chokaa * * [http://www.trinkwasser.ch/fr/html/bildergallerie/images/wasserhaerte_download_fr.gif Ramani ya ugumu wa maji nchini Uswisi] (tazama kumbukumbu) {{Lango|chimie|eau|aquariophilie}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 129fb7cho62mhpheqn8kbbli5nryal0 1575987 1575977 2026-06-22T11:52:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ugumu wa maji''' (TH, au GH kwa Kijerumani: ''{{Lang|de|Gesamthärte}}'') ni kipimo cha kiwango cha madini ya [[maji]] kwenye kationi za metali za udongo wa alkali zenye mchanganyiko ambazo zinaweza kuonekana kama masimbi ya chokaa. Inasababishwa tu na chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu . Ugumu huonyeshwa katika [[Parts per million|ppm]] (au mg/L ) ya kabonati ya kalsiamu ($CaCO_3$) au kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (alama °f au °fH) nchini Ufaransa na Uswisi (isivurugwe na alama °F, digrii Fahrenheit). Digrii moja ya Kifaransa inalingana na 10 ya chokaa inayowakilisha $10^{-4}$ mol/L ya kalsiamu, au 4 mg/L ya $Ca^{2+}$, au 2,4 ya magnesiamu kwa lita moja ya maji: : <math>\mathrm{TH}=10\,\left(\mathrm{[Ca^{2+}]}+\mathrm{[Mg^{2+}]}\right)</math> pamoja na viwango vya mmol/[[Lita|L]]. {| class="wikitable centre" |+Kipimo cha ubora wa viambato vya maji (TH) : ! align="center" scope="row" | TH (°f) | align="center" bgcolor="5599ff" | 0 hadi 7 | align="center" bgcolor="88ff66" | 7 hadi 15 | align="center" bgcolor="ffff77" | 15 hadi 30 | align="center" bgcolor="ff8844" | 30 hadi 40 | align="center" bgcolor="ff3344" | + 40 |- ! align="center" scope="row" | Maji | align="center" | Laini mno | align="center" | laini | align="center" | ngumu zaidi | align="center" | ngumu | align="center" | ngumu mno |} Kwa kawaida, tofauti hufanywa kati ya ugumu wa kudumu na ugumu wa muda, jumla ya yote mawili ikiwa ugumu kamili. Ugumu huamuliwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha mchanganyiko wa maji kwa kutumia EDTA (tazama chelation ). Mtambo wa kusafisha maji hutumika kupunguza ugumu huo hadi kufikia takriban nyuzi tano za Kifaransa, kwansi bidhaa za usafi kama sabuni hupoteza nguvu zake ndani ya maji magumu: chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu hufanya anions za kabonili zenye mnyororo mrefu kwenye sabuni kuganda na kutengeneza masimbi. Chumvi za madini zinazowekwa kwenye mfumo uliolainika ili kupiga hesabu ya uzito wa maji mara kwa mara ni bora kwa uzima. Zinapochanganyika kwenye maji, hupatikana kama kationi na anioni. Licha ya hayo, katika muundo wao wa pekee, hizi ni ngumu kwa viumbe hai kuingiza mwilini (ambavyo huingiza kwa wepesi zaidi chaji tata). == Kemia == === Kipimo cha alkalimetric (TA) === Inatuwezesha kubaini viwango vya [[Kabonati|kaboneti]] na besi kali zilizomo ndani ya kioevu. Uchunguzi huu unafanyika kukiwa na phenolphthaleini, ambayo hugeuka kutoka kutokuwa na rangi hadi kuwa ya rangi ya waridi-fuchsia kwenye pH ya 8.2, au bluu ya thimoli, ambayo hugeuka kutoka rangi ya manjano hadi bluu kwenye pH ya 8.0. [[Besi (kemia)|Alkalini]] huonyeshwa kwa digrii za Kifaransa (°f). * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi OH⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻. === Jumla ya kiwango cha alkalimetric (TAC) === TAC (kiwango cha jumla cha alkalini) ni kipimo kinachotumiwa kukadiria idadi ya chaji za haidroksidi, kabonati na bikabonati zilizomo kwenye kioevu, ambapo kipimo chake kinasomwa kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (°f au °fH). : TAC = [OH ⁻ ] + [CO ₃ ²⁻ ] + [HCO ₃ ⁻ ] * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi HO⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻ = 12,2 mg/ayoni ya hidrojeni kabonati [[Acide carbonique|HCO₃⁻]]. Kwa kupima kielelezo cha maji kwa kutumia asidi, tunafikia hatua ya kwanza ya usawa, inayowakilisha TA (utepuzi wa alkalimeta) ambayo inaendana na pH=8,2 (kugeuka rangi kwa phenolphthaleini '', au bluu ya thymol). Katika awamu hii, haidrokusaidi na kabonati zote zimeisha.'' Kusonga mbele na utepuzi, kituo cha pili cha mlingano hupatikana kwenye pH=4,4 (kugeuka rangi kwa methili ya machungwa). Katika nukta hii, hidroksidi, kaboneti, na bikaboneti zote zilizokuwepo hapo awali zitakuwa zimetepuliwa. Ni lazima kuangalia vipimo vinavyotumiwa kwenye fomula, ambavyo huonyeshwa kwa namna tofauti kutegemeana na iwapo unatumia °f au mol/L. * Phenolphthaleini imeainishwa kuwa CMR C2B (inayoweza kuchochea saratani, inayobadili jeni, na yenye madhara kwa mfumo wa uzazi) . « Kundi la 2B Dutu, mchanganyiko, na mazingira yaliyotajwa hapo awali vina uwezekano wa kuleta kansa kwa binadamu. " ) na kwa sababu hiyo, hairuhusiwi kutumika bila kufuata usalama uliowekwa kisheria. == Aquariums == Kuhusu viumbe wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, ni lazima kulinda kiwango cha madini kwenye maji katika vipimo vinavyotakiwa. Jambo hili linasababisha kufanya upya sehemu ya maji kila baada ya siku saba, na maji yaliyoongezwa yanapaswa kuwa na kiwango thabiti cha ugumu. Kiwango cha ugumu wa nyuzi 14 hadi 25 unalingana vyema na aina nyingi za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria.. Kwenye akwaria za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, kiwango cha ugumu wa kioevu (TH) una uwezekano wa kusawazishwa kwa kuunganisha maji ya mifereji na maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO (reverse osmosis). Maji haya ya RO yana kiwango cha TH kinachokaribia sufuri. Kioevu hiki kinaweza kutengenezwa kupitia kifaa cha kuchuja cha RO au kupatikana kwenye maduka ya viumbe wa kufugwa nyumbani. Kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ujazo wa maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO yanayotakiwa ili kufikia kiwango cha TH ulichokusudia : : idadi ya lita za maji ya RO (kwa kipimo cha lita) = ujazo wa tanki la akwaria (kwa kipimo cha lita) × (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH inayotakiwa) / (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH ya maji ya osmosis). Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu, au TH (ugumu kamili), hutambuliwa kupitia vipimo maalum. Mchepuko huu wa madini mara kwa mara huonyeshwa kwa kutumia vipimo vya Kijerumani, au GH ( {{{2}}} ) au dH ( {{{2}}} ). Kwa madhumuni ya kugeuza vipimo vya Kijerumani (GH) kwenda kwenye vipimo vya Kifaransa (TH), kanuni hii hutumika : TH = 1,78 × 1 °GH . Kiwango cha madini kinachoshauriwa kwa ajili ya samaki wa dhahabu (goldfish), kiumbe anayejulikana na kupendwa kuliko wote miongoni mwa viumbe wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria, umewekwa wazi hapa . == Vipimo vya kipimo == Kwa kuwa inakadiria ayoni mbalimbali (kalsiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 40 na magnesiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 24), kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) hakiwezi kuwasilishwa kupitia kipimo kilichozoeleka mno kwenye sayansi ya miundo ya maji, ambacho ni miligramu kwa lita (mg/L) au vigawo vyake vyovyote. Katika nafasi yake, ina uwezo wa kuonyeshwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha kimataifa (SI), moli kwa kilo (mol/kg). Pamoja na hayo, ni maarufu zaidi kutumia miliekivalenti kwa lita (meq/L) : * digrii ya Kifaransa (°f au °fH) — Isichanganywe kabisa na , inaendana na kiasi cha mrundikano wa miligramu kumi za kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO3 ) ( 0,1 ) katika lita moja ya kioevu (ikimaanisha kiwango cha chokaa ) ; Kipimo cha Kijerumani (°GH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za oksidi ya kalsiamu (CaO) kwa lita ; Kipimo cha Marekani (°TH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za hidroksidi ya kalsiamu (Ca(OH) 2 ) kwa lita. {| class="wikitable centre" style="text-align:center" |+ style="text-align:middle" |Vigezo vya kuzidishia viwango kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ugumu wa kioevu kwenye vipimo mbadala: ! scope="col" | Thamani za kubadilisha ! scope="col" | Uzito wa molekuli ! scope="col" | °GH ! scope="col" | °TH ! scope="col" | °fH ! scope="col" | mg/L 3 ! scope="col" | meq/L ! scope="col" | mmol/L |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kifaransa (°fH) 3 | style="text-align:right" | 100 | 0.560 | 0.740 | 1 | 10 | 0.2 | 0.1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kijerumani (°GH) CaO | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 1 | 1,321 | 1.786 | 17.8 | 0.357 | 0.178 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Marekani (TH) Ca(OH) 2 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 0.757 | 1 | 1,351 | 14.3 | 0.285 | 0.142 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mg/L 3 (Marekani) | style="text-align:right" | 1 mg/L = | 0.056 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | meq/L ya ioni za [[Metali za udongo alikalini|metali za ardhini zenye alkali]] | style="text-align:right" | 1 meq /L = | 2.8 | 3.51 | 5 | 50 | 1 | 0.50 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mmol/L ya ioni za metali ya ardhi ya alkali | style="text-align:right" | 1 mmol /L = | 5.6 | 7.02 | 10.00 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 1 |} * Wakazi wa Marekani kadhalika hutumia kipimo hiki cha " {{{2}}} » (gpg), kinacholingana na punje moja ( 64,8 ) ya kalsiamu kaboneti kwa kila galoni ya Kimarekani (inayokadiria lita 3,79 ), au 17,1. == Mbinu za vipimo == Ugumu wa kioevu hubainishwa kupitia njia ya utepuzi changamano, kwa kutumia dutu yenye nguvu ya ufungaji — EDTA, ambayo inajenga miosharabu pamoja na kationi za metali. Katika uhalisia wa kimaabara, metali zote za mpito, kwa mfano ayoni za chuma (Fe 2+ ), zina uwezo wa kutambuliwa viwango vyake — Hivyo basi, zinaleta muingiliano kwenye majaribio. — ingawa kiwango cha mrundikano wazo huhesabika kuwa ni haba mno baina ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu. Vilevile, thamani ya TH ina uwezo wa kukokotolewa kwa kujumlisha viwango vya kalsiamu na magnesiamu vilivyotambuliwa kupitia mbinu mbadala, kwa mfano uondoshaji wa taswira wa ufyonzaji wa atomiki au kromatografia ya ayoni. == Vidokezo == Vigezo tofauti vinatumiwa kufafanua mwenendo wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya vioevu, mafuta, au mchanganyiko wa gesi <ref>{{En}} [http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm ''Corrosion by water''].</ref> . === Kiashiria cha kueneza cha Langelier (LSI) === Kipimo cha mshiko wa kujaa cha Langelier (LSI) ni namba isiyo na kitengo cha kipimo inayotumiwa kutambua uimara wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya maji. Inadhihirisha iwapo kioevu kitasababisha masalio, kitayeyusha madini, au kitafikia mlingano na kalsiamu kabonati. Katika mwaka wa 1936, Wilfred F. Langelier aligundua njia ya kukadiria viwango vya pH ambapo kioevu kinakuwa kimejaa kabisa kalsiamu kabonati (pH s ). Inakokotolewa kwa kupunguza pH ya kujaa (pH s ) kutoka kwenye thamani ya sasa ya pH ya maji. LSI huwasilishwa kama mwachano uliopo baina ya pH ya sasa ya kioevu na pH ya kujaa kwake : : LSI = pH kipimo - pH s . * Wakati LSI > 0, kioevu kimepitiliza kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na mwelekeo wa kujilundika na kutengeneza masalio ya 3 . * Wakati LSI = 0, kioevu kinakuwa kimebana vizuri (katika mlingano) na 3 .Masalio ya 3 hayajifanyizi wala hayayeyuki. * Wakati LSI < 0, kioevu kiko chini ya kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na tabia ya kumega 3 thabiti. == Tafsiri == Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu wa kioevu kisicho na madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu (kwa mfano maji yaliyochujwa kiviwanda au miyeyusho ya kemikali kali) unakuwa sufuri kabisa. === Maji ya asili === Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) wa vyanzo vya maji vya asili kwa kawaida hukua kulingana na umbali kutoka pale yanapoanzia, wakati kioevu kinavyozidi kujaza mchanganyiko wa chumvichumvi na madini. Kwa vile maji ya asili ya maeneo ya ndani ya nchi (inland waters) mara nyingi yanabeba madini ya kalsiamu (kalsiamu bikabonati), kiwango chao cha TH kinakaribiana sana na kile cha ujumla wa mfumo wa alkali (TAC). === Maji ya bahari === Maji ya bahari yanabeba kiwango cha ugumu wa karibu digrii 750 za Kifaransa == Athari == === Afya ya binadamu === Utumiaji wa maji yenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini haukabiliwi na athari zozote hasi kwenye mwili wa mwanadamu. Madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ni miongoni mwa viungo muhimu vya miili yetu, na binadamu anapaswa kuwa navyo kwa ajili ya afya. Kioevu hiki kinaendelea kuwa salama kutumiwa bila kuzingatia jumla ya vipimo vyake vya ugumu (TH). Kuna mivukano kwenye kanuni hizi za kawaida, ambayo yanatokana na tabia za kikemia za virutubisho maalum vya madini. Kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini kina uwezo wa kuleta usumbufu kwa baadhi ya walaji ambao hawajajenga ustahimilivu navyo au kwa wale wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kiafya kwenye figo zao. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Adikwu |first=Elias |last2=Ehigiator |first2=Ben |date=2020-05-11 |title=Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Testicular Oxidative Stress Markers and Histology of Male Rats |journal=Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=33–37 |doi=10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.33-37 |issn=2089-6514 |access-date=2022-02-17}}.</ref> . Utumiaji wa kioevu kilichochujwa kwa kutumia chumvi ya sodiamu unaruhusiwa, kwa kuwa kinaendelea kuwa salama kwa ajili ya unywaji. Hata hivyo ni muhimu kuangalia kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya sodiamu yaliyomo ambacho kina uwezo wa kuleta madhara kwa watu wanaosumbuliwa na shinikizo la juu la damu (hypertension), pamoja na kuhakikisha unapata madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ya kutosha kupitia vyakula vya kila siku (kwa madhumuni ya kufidia Ca na Mg ambazo hazitapatikana tena kupitia maji hayo ya unywaji). Kioevu chenye madini mengi mara kwa mara huonekana kusababisha mwasho mwilini, khasusa kwenye ngozi laini au yenye mzio, na kina uwezo wa kufanya nywele kuwa kavu na ngumu (matokeo ya kifizikia). Kuna watu wanaoelezwa kuwa na mzio wa chokaa ambao hukabiliwa na mabaka mekundu, miwasho, au hisia ya kukakamaa kwa ngozi kufuatia mgusano wa ana kwa ana na kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini . Pamoja na hayo, dhana hizi hazina uthibitisho thabiti kutoka kwenye majaribio ya kitaalamu na mara kaya huchochewa na hoja za kibiashara za mafundi wanaosafisha maji. Matatizo ya ngozi yanayotokana na kioevu hiki yanadhaniwa kuwa yanajitokeza kwa namna nyingine (kwa sababu ya ulazima wa kutumia kiasi kikubwa cha sabuni, kama inavyofafanuliwa hapa chini) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Procédés anti-tartre « non conventionnels » : les recommandations de l’Anses|url=https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s-anti-tartre-%C2%AB-non-conventionnels-%C2%BB-les-recommandations-de-l%E2%80%99anses|accessdate=2019-06-03}}.</ref> . === Matatizo mengine : chokaa, sabuni ya kufulia === Kioevu chenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini husababisha kero katika shughuli za nyumbani kwa sababu ya kujitenga na kuganda kwa chokaa (kalsiamu kabonati). Kujitengeneza kwa tabaka hilo la chokaa kunaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kuondoa madini ya kalsiamu kupitia mbinu za kulainisha kioevu ama kwa kutumia mfumo wa osmosis ya kinyume (reverse osmosis). Fuatana na hilo, magamba ya chokaa hufanya povu la sabuni lishindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Viwango vinavyoonyeshwa kwenye muongozo wa matumizi ya unga wa kufulia vinahusika hasa na kioevu chenye ugumu wa wastani (karibu digrii 15 za Kifaransa) na inalazimu viongezwe (ama vipunguzwe) iwapo unatumia kioevu chenye madini mengi (au kisicho na madini mengi). === Tazama pia === * [[Ubora wa maji]] * [[Maji salama]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu|url={{Google Livres|ZevzDAAAQBAJ}}|title=L'analyse de l'eau|last=Jean Rodier, [[Bernard Legube]] et Nicole Merlet|date=2016|publisher=Dunod|page=138-141}}. [[Jamii:Maji]] locjjscve1iw0oexw009jue6j7fbeq7 0 241383 1575985 2026-06-22T11:47:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ration card]] hadi [[Kadi ya mgawo]]: jina la Kiswahili 1575985 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kadi ya mgawo]] stylesr2v50gqtbzufolgcehmn60z77