Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3062 1576024 1391303 2026-06-22T13:19:10Z Family 001 70423 Nimeongeza taarifa na picha kwenye makala hii 1576024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Senegal | picha = WL-Sénégal-Rosso-Traversée du fleuve Sénégal.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = maungano ya mito ya Bafing na Bakoyé mjini Bafoulabé. | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] | matawimto = [[Bafing]],[[Faleme]], [[Karakoro]] na [[Gorgol]] | tawimto kulia = | tawimto kushoto = | mlango = [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Mauretania]], [[Senegal]] | urefu = 1,790 km (2.272 km pamoja na Bafing) | kimo = 750 m | mkondo = 640 m³/s | eneo = 483,181 km² | watu = | miji = [[St. Louis]] }} '''Mto wa Senegal''' ni kati ya [[mito]] mirefu ya [[Afrika]] ukiwa na [[urefu]] wa [[kilometa]] 2272 pamoja na [[tawimto]] mrefu la [[Bafing]]. Mto Senegal wenyewe unaanza karibu na [[mji]] wa [[Bafoulabe]] ([[Mali]]) kwenye maungano ya mito miwili ya Bafing na [[Bakoye]] ambayo yote ina [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] huko [[Guinea]]. Urefu wa mto Senegal ni mpaka kati ya [[Mauretania]] na [[Senegal]]. Senegal ikikaribia [[bahari ya Atlantiki]] inafika kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[St. Louis]] halafu inageukia kusini. Sasa inafuata pwani ya bahari ikitengwa na Atlantiki kwa kanda nyembamba ya [[mchanga]] tu hadi kuingia bahari ya Atlantiki. [[Beseni]] la Senegal ni [[kilometa za mraba]] 483,181. Matawimto muhimu ni [[mto Faleme]], [[mto Karakoro]] na [[mto Gorgol]]. Mnamo mwaka 1972, nchi za [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Senegal]] zilianzisha Shirika la Maendeleo ya Mto Senegal lililoitwa ''Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal'' (OMVS) kwa ajili ya kusimamia bonde la mto huo. [[Gine|Guinea]] ilijiunga mnamo mwaka 2005. Kufikia mwaka 2012, ni matumizi madogo sana ya mto huo yaliyokuwa yakifanyika kwa ajili ya usafirishaji wa mizigo na abiria. Shirika la OMVS limekuwa likiangalia uwezekano wa kutengeneza njia ya maji yenye upana wa mita 55 (futi 180) inayoweza kupitika meli kati ya mji mdogo wa Ambidédi nchini Mali na mji wa [[Saint-Louis, Réunion|Saint-Louis]], umbali wa kilomita 905 (maili 562). Hatua hii ingeipa nchi ya Mali, ambayo haina bandari, njia ya moja kwa moja ya kufika kwenye [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Wanyama wa majini katika bonde la Mto Senegal wanahusiana kwa karibu sana na wale wa bonde la Mto Gambia, na mabonde haya mawili kwa kawaida huunganishwa chini ya ikorijoni moja inayojulikana kama Mabonde ya Utiririshaji Maji ya Senegal-Gambia. Ni spishi tatu tu za [[Chura|vyura]] na spishi moja tu ya samaki ambao wanapatikana kwa upekee katika ikorijoni hii. Mto huo una mabwawa mawili makubwa ya maji katika mkondo wake, Bwawa la Manantali nchini Mali na Bwawa la Maka-Diama upande wa chini wa mto, kwenye mpaka wa Mauritania na Senegal. Katikati yake kuna Kiwanda cha Umeme cha Maji cha Félou, kilichojengwa mnamo mwaka 1927 lakini kikabadilishwa nafasi yake na kiwanda kipya mnamo mwaka 2014. Ujenzi wa Kiwanda cha Umeme cha Maji cha Gouina upande wa juu wa mto kutoka Félou, kwenye Maporomoko ya Gouina, ulianza mnamo mwaka 2013. [[Picha:Senegal_bonde_la_mto.png|thumb|600px|Bonde la mto wa Senegal mpakani mwa Senegal na Mauritania.]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} == Historia == Eneo hilo hapo awali lilikaliwa na watu wa kabila la Serer, ambao kufuatia mateso ya kidini na kijinsia/kikabila waliyopata kutoka kwa majeshi ya Kiislamu katika karne ya 11, ilisababisha msafara mkubwa wa watu hao wa Serer kuhama kuelekea kusini.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54&redir_esc=y|title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick|last=Villalón|first=Leonardo A.|date=1995-02-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46007-1|language=en}}</ref> Kuwepo kwa Mto Senegal kulikuwa kunajulikana na ustaarabu wa mapema wa maeneo ya [[Bahari ya Mediterania|Mediterania]]. Mto huo, au mwingine wowote wa karibu, uliitwa 'Bambotus' na Pliny Mzee (pengine ikitokana na neno la Kifoinike 'behemoth' linalomaanisha kiboko) na uliitwa 'Nias' na Claudius Ptolemy. Mto huo ulitembelewa na Hanno Mkarthajini mnamo miaka ya 450 KK (Kabla ya Kristo) wakati wa safari yake ya majini kutoka Carthage, kupitia nguzo za Herakles hadi Theon Ochema (Mlima Kamerun?) katika [[Ghuba ya Guinea]]. Kulikuwa na biashara kati ya eneo hili na Ulimwengu wa Mediterania, hadi pale Carthage ilipoangamizwa pamoja na mtandao wake wa biashara wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] mnamo mwaka 146 KK. ==== '''Vyanzo vya kiarabu''' ==== Katika Kipindi cha Mapema cha Zama za Kati (karibu mwaka 800 BK), Mto Senegal ulirejesha uhusiano na ulimwengu wa Mediterania kufuatia kuanzishwa kwa njia ya biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara kati ya [[Moroko]] na [[Dola la Ghana|Dola ya Ghana]]. Wajiografia wa Kiarabu, kama vile [[al-Masudi]] wa [[Baghdad]] (957), al-Bakri wa [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (1068) na al-Idrisi wa Sicily (1154), walitoa baadhi ya maelezo ya mapema zaidi kuhusu Mto Senegal. Wajiografia hao wa mapema wa Kiarabu waliamini kuwa sehemu ya juu ya Mto Senegal na sehemu ya juu ya [[Niger (mto)|Mto Niger]] zilikuwa zimeungana, na ziliunda mto mmoja uliotiririka kutoka mashariki kwenda magharibi, ambao waliuita 'Nile ya Magharibi'. (Kuhalisia, baadhi ya vyanzo vya maji vya Mto Senegal viko karibu na Mto Niger nchini Mali na Guinea.) Iliaminiwa kuwa mto huo ulikuwa tawi la magharibi la [[Nile|Mto Nile]] wa Misri au ulitoka kwenye chanzo kimoja (kilichodhaniwa kwa namna tofauti kuwa ni maziwa makubwa ya ndani ya Milima ya Mwezi, au Mto Gir wa Ptolemy,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Claudii Ptolemaei geographia|last=Ptolemy|date=1843|publisher=Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii|language=el}}</ref> au kijito cha Gihon kinachotajwa kwenye [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo+Africanus%22+Niger&pg=PA124&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&f=false|title=The History and Description of Africa: And of the Notable Things Therein Contained|last=Leo (Africanus)|date=1896|publisher=Hakluyt Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Faili:Senegal River according to al-Bakri.jpg|thumb|Nile ya Magharibi (Mto Senegal-Niger) kwa mujibu wa al-Bakri (1068)]] Wajiografia wa Kiarabu Abd al-Hassan Ali ibn Omar (1230), Ibn Said al-Maghribi (1274) na Abulfeda (1331), wanautaja Mto Senegal kama 'Nile ya Ghana' (Nil Gana au Nili Ganah).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=UfE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The life of prince Henry of Portugal surnamed the navigator and its results: Comprising the discoveery, within one century, of half the world. With new facts in the discovery of the Atlantic Islands. A refutation of French claims to priority in discovery. Portuguese Knowledge (subsequently lost) of the Nile lakes; and the history of the naming of America. From authentic contemporary documents|last=Major|first=Richard Henry|date=1868|publisher=Asher|language=en}}</ref> Kwa kuwa Mto Senegal ulifika hadi katikati ya maeneo ya uzalishaji wa dhahabu ya Dola ya Ghana na baadaye Dola ya Mali, wafanyabiashara wa ng'ambo ya Sahara waliupachika mto huo jina maarufu la 'Mto wa Dhahabu'. Hadithi hizo za ng'ambo ya Sahara kuhusu 'Mto wa Dhahabu' zilifika kwenye masikio ya wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya kutoka maeneo ya chini ya Milima ya Alpi waliokuwa wakitembelea mara kwa mara bandari za Morocco, na ushawishi huo ukawa mkubwa kiasi cha kutoweza kuzuilika. Wanahistoria wa Kiarabu wanaripoti kuwepo kwa angalau safari tatu tofauti za majini za Kiarabu—ya mwisho ikiongozwa na kikundi cha ''mughrarin'' ("wazururaji/wapelelezi") wanane wa Lisbon (kabla ya mwaka 1147)—ambao walijaribu kusafiri kwa meli kupitia pwani ya Atlantiki, pengine katika jitihada za kutafuta mdomo wa Mto Senegal. ==== Uwasilishaji wa kiramani ==== [[Faili:Senegal River according to al-Idrisi.jpg|thumb|Nile ya Magharibi (Mto Senegal-Niger) kwa mujibu wa Muhammad al-Idrisi (1154)]] Ikitumia maelezo kutoka kwenye hadithi za kale na vyanzo vya Kiarabu, dhana ya 'Mto wa Dhahabu' ilipata nafasi kwenye ramani za Ulaya katika karne ya 14. Katika ramani ya dunia ya ''Hereford Mappa Mundi'' (karibu mwaka 1300), kuna mto uliopewa jina la 'Nilus Fluvius' uliochorwa sambamba na pwani ya Afrika, ingawa hauna muunganiko na Bahari ya Atlantiki (unaishia kwenye ziwa). Ramani hiyo inaonyesha mchwa wakubwa sana wakichimba vumbi la dhahabu kutoka kwenye mchanga wake, kukiwa na maelezo yasemayo, ''<nowiki/>'Hic grandes formice auream serican [au servant] arenas'<nowiki/>'' ('Hapa mchwa wakubwa wanalinda mchanga wa dhahabu'). Katika ramani ya dunia (''mappa mundi'') iliyotengenezwa na Pietro Vesconte kwa ajili ya atlas ya Marino Sanuto ya karibu mwaka 1320, kuna mto usio na jina unaochomoza kutoka ndani kabisa ya bara la Afrika na kumwaga maji yake katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. Atlas ya Medici-Laurentian ya mwaka 1351 inaonyesha Mto Nile wa Misri na Nile ya Magharibi yote miwili ikitokea kwenye safu moja ya milima ya ndani, kukiwa na maelezo yasemayo, ''<nowiki/>'Ilic coligitur aureaum'<nowiki/>'' ('Hapa dhahabu hukusanywa'). Ramani ya usafiri wa baharini ya Giovanni da Carignano (miaka ya 1310 hadi 1320) inaonyesha mto huo ukiwa na maelezo, ''<nowiki/>'iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur''' ('mto huu unatoka kwenye Mto Nile ambako dhahabu nyingi hupatikana'). Katika ramani za usafiri wa baharini zilizochorwa kwa usahihi zaidi, kuanzia na ramani ya mwaka 1367 ya Domenico na Francesco Pizzigano na kuendelezwa katika Atlas ya Kikatalani ya mwaka 1375, ramani ya mwaka 1413 ya Mecia de Viladestes (Mkatoliki mpya mwenye asili ya Kiyahudi/Kikatalani), na nyinginezo, ule 'Mto wa Dhahabu' unaonyeshwa (hata kama ni kwa kubahatisha tu) ukimwaga maji yake katika Bahari ya Atlantiki maeneo ya kusini kidogo ya Rasi ya Bojador. Hadithi za kutisha kuhusu Rasi ya Bojador kama kikwazo cha kuogofya, 'rasi ambayo hakuna anayerudi' kwa mabaharia wa Ulaya, ziliibuka karibu katika kipindi hicho (pengine zikichochewa na wafanyabiashara wa ng'ambo ya Sahara ambao hawakutaka kuona njia yao ya ardhini inapitwa na kuachwa nyuma na njia ya baharini). [[Faili:Palolus river (Senegal-Niger) in 1413 Mecia de Viladestes map.jpg|thumb|594x594px|Mwelekeo wa 'Mto wa Dhahabu' (Senegal-Niger) katika ramani ya usafiri wa baharini ya mwaka 1413 ya Mecia de Viladestes.]] == Umuhimu wa Kiuchumi == Mto Senegal unafanya kazi kama injini muhimu ya kiuchumi kwa Afrika Magharibi, hasa kwa nchi nne zinazopakana nao ambazo unaziunganisha: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, na Senegal. Umuhimu wake wa kiuchumi unajumuisha mchanganyiko wa njia za asili za kujikimu za kijamii na shughuli za kisasa za kiviwanda:<ref>https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112823230029545/pdf/P1794490e9e591020802b03680fe96c805.pdf</ref> === Uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji === Mto huo ni chanzo kikuu cha umeme na usalama wa nishati kwa ukanda huo. Miundombinu ya sasa inajumuisha Bwawa la Manantali lenye urefu wa mita 1460 na uwezo wa kuzalisha megawati 200 (200MW),<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)|url=https://riverresourcehub.org/resources/a-case-study-on-the-manantali-dam-project-mali-mauritania-senegal-2011/|work=International Rivers Resource Hub|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kiwanda cha Umeme wa Maji cha Gouina (140MW) nchini Mali,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construction of 140MW Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali Complete|url=https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/construction-of-140mw-gouina-hydroelectric-plant-in-mali-complete/|work=Green Building Africa|date=2022-12-11|accessdate=2026-06-22|author=Green Building Africa-Net Carbon Zero Buildings and Cities}}</ref> na Kiwanda cha Umeme wa Maji cha Félou (62 MW).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mali: Félou Regional Hydropower Project {{!}} KYOTO|url=https://www.wbkyotofunds.org/projects/mali-felou-regional-hydropower-project|work=www.wbkyotofunds.org|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> Uzalishaji huu wa nishati unategemewa kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya kisasa ya kiuchumi, na kuna mipango mikubwa ya upanuzi inayokuja, ikijumuisha viwanda vya umeme wa maji vya Koukoutamba (294 MW),<ref>{{Citation|last=kgi-admin|title=Power plant profile: Koukoutamba, Guinea|date=2023-04-18|url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-koukoutamba-guinea/|work=Power Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> Boureya (161 MW),<ref>{{Citation|last=kgi-admin|title=Power plant profile: Boureya Hydro Power Plant, Guinea|date=2023-04-22|url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-boureya-hydro-power-plant-guinea/|work=Power Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> na Gourbassi (18 MW).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senegal/Mali: CMEC to build Gourbassi hydroelectric dam {{!}} African Energy|url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/senegalmali-cmec-build-gourbassi-hydroelectric-dam|work=www.africa-energy.com|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mauritania]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 69zlp1vg8uk638dot1zth6hplpd0594 1576043 1576024 2026-06-22T17:01:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 8 template(s) replaced. 1576043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Senegal | picha = WL-Sénégal-Rosso-Traversée du fleuve Sénégal.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = maungano ya mito ya Bafing na Bakoyé mjini Bafoulabé. | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] | matawimto = [[Bafing]],[[Faleme]], [[Karakoro]] na [[Gorgol]] | tawimto kulia = | tawimto kushoto = | mlango = [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Mauretania]], [[Senegal]] | urefu = 1,790 km (2.272 km pamoja na Bafing) | kimo = 750 m | mkondo = 640 m³/s | eneo = 483,181 km² | watu = | miji = [[St. Louis]] }} '''Mto wa Senegal''' ni kati ya [[mito]] mirefu ya [[Afrika]] ukiwa na [[urefu]] wa [[kilometa]] 2272 pamoja na [[tawimto]] mrefu la [[Bafing]]. Mto Senegal wenyewe unaanza karibu na [[mji]] wa [[Bafoulabe]] ([[Mali]]) kwenye maungano ya mito miwili ya Bafing na [[Bakoye]] ambayo yote ina [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] huko [[Guinea]]. Urefu wa mto Senegal ni mpaka kati ya [[Mauretania]] na [[Senegal]]. Senegal ikikaribia [[bahari ya Atlantiki]] inafika kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[St. Louis]] halafu inageukia kusini. Sasa inafuata pwani ya bahari ikitengwa na Atlantiki kwa kanda nyembamba ya [[mchanga]] tu hadi kuingia bahari ya Atlantiki. [[Beseni]] la Senegal ni [[kilometa za mraba]] 483,181. Matawimto muhimu ni [[mto Faleme]], [[mto Karakoro]] na [[mto Gorgol]]. Mnamo mwaka 1972, nchi za [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Senegal]] zilianzisha Shirika la Maendeleo ya Mto Senegal lililoitwa ''Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal'' (OMVS) kwa ajili ya kusimamia bonde la mto huo. [[Gine|Guinea]] ilijiunga mnamo mwaka 2005. Kufikia mwaka 2012, ni matumizi madogo sana ya mto huo yaliyokuwa yakifanyika kwa ajili ya usafirishaji wa mizigo na abiria. Shirika la OMVS limekuwa likiangalia uwezekano wa kutengeneza njia ya maji yenye upana wa mita 55 (futi 180) inayoweza kupitika meli kati ya mji mdogo wa Ambidédi nchini Mali na mji wa [[Saint-Louis, Réunion|Saint-Louis]], umbali wa kilomita 905 (maili 562). Hatua hii ingeipa nchi ya Mali, ambayo haina bandari, njia ya moja kwa moja ya kufika kwenye [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Wanyama wa majini katika bonde la Mto Senegal wanahusiana kwa karibu sana na wale wa bonde la Mto Gambia, na mabonde haya mawili kwa kawaida huunganishwa chini ya ikorijoni moja inayojulikana kama Mabonde ya Utiririshaji Maji ya Senegal-Gambia. Ni spishi tatu tu za [[Chura|vyura]] na spishi moja tu ya samaki ambao wanapatikana kwa upekee katika ikorijoni hii. Mto huo una mabwawa mawili makubwa ya maji katika mkondo wake, Bwawa la Manantali nchini Mali na Bwawa la Maka-Diama upande wa chini wa mto, kwenye mpaka wa Mauritania na Senegal. Katikati yake kuna Kiwanda cha Umeme cha Maji cha Félou, kilichojengwa mnamo mwaka 1927 lakini kikabadilishwa nafasi yake na kiwanda kipya mnamo mwaka 2014. Ujenzi wa Kiwanda cha Umeme cha Maji cha Gouina upande wa juu wa mto kutoka Félou, kwenye Maporomoko ya Gouina, ulianza mnamo mwaka 2013. [[Picha:Senegal_bonde_la_mto.png|thumb|600px|Bonde la mto wa Senegal mpakani mwa Senegal na Mauritania.]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} == Historia == Eneo hilo hapo awali lilikaliwa na watu wa kabila la Serer, ambao kufuatia mateso ya kidini na kijinsia/kikabila waliyopata kutoka kwa majeshi ya Kiislamu katika karne ya 11, ilisababisha msafara mkubwa wa watu hao wa Serer kuhama kuelekea kusini.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54&redir_esc=y|title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick|last=Villalón|first=Leonardo A.|date=1995-02-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46007-1|language=en}}</ref> Kuwepo kwa Mto Senegal kulikuwa kunajulikana na ustaarabu wa mapema wa maeneo ya [[Bahari ya Mediterania|Mediterania]]. Mto huo, au mwingine wowote wa karibu, uliitwa 'Bambotus' na Pliny Mzee (pengine ikitokana na neno la Kifoinike 'behemoth' linalomaanisha kiboko) na uliitwa 'Nias' na Claudius Ptolemy. Mto huo ulitembelewa na Hanno Mkarthajini mnamo miaka ya 450 KK (Kabla ya Kristo) wakati wa safari yake ya majini kutoka Carthage, kupitia nguzo za Herakles hadi Theon Ochema (Mlima Kamerun?) katika [[Ghuba ya Guinea]]. Kulikuwa na biashara kati ya eneo hili na Ulimwengu wa Mediterania, hadi pale Carthage ilipoangamizwa pamoja na mtandao wake wa biashara wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] mnamo mwaka 146 KK. ==== '''Vyanzo vya kiarabu''' ==== Katika Kipindi cha Mapema cha Zama za Kati (karibu mwaka 800 BK), Mto Senegal ulirejesha uhusiano na ulimwengu wa Mediterania kufuatia kuanzishwa kwa njia ya biashara ya ng'ambo ya Sahara kati ya [[Moroko]] na [[Dola la Ghana|Dola ya Ghana]]. Wajiografia wa Kiarabu, kama vile [[al-Masudi]] wa [[Baghdad]] (957), al-Bakri wa [[Hispania|Uhispania]] (1068) na al-Idrisi wa Sicily (1154), walitoa baadhi ya maelezo ya mapema zaidi kuhusu Mto Senegal. Wajiografia hao wa mapema wa Kiarabu waliamini kuwa sehemu ya juu ya Mto Senegal na sehemu ya juu ya [[Niger (mto)|Mto Niger]] zilikuwa zimeungana, na ziliunda mto mmoja uliotiririka kutoka mashariki kwenda magharibi, ambao waliuita 'Nile ya Magharibi'. (Kuhalisia, baadhi ya vyanzo vya maji vya Mto Senegal viko karibu na Mto Niger nchini Mali na Guinea.) Iliaminiwa kuwa mto huo ulikuwa tawi la magharibi la [[Nile|Mto Nile]] wa Misri au ulitoka kwenye chanzo kimoja (kilichodhaniwa kwa namna tofauti kuwa ni maziwa makubwa ya ndani ya Milima ya Mwezi, au Mto Gir wa Ptolemy,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Claudii Ptolemaei geographia|last=Ptolemy|date=1843|publisher=Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii|language=el}}</ref> au kijito cha Gihon kinachotajwa kwenye [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]]).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo+Africanus%22+Niger&pg=PA124&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&f=false|title=The History and Description of Africa: And of the Notable Things Therein Contained|last=Leo (Africanus)|date=1896|publisher=Hakluyt Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Faili:Senegal River according to al-Bakri.jpg|thumb|Nile ya Magharibi (Mto Senegal-Niger) kwa mujibu wa al-Bakri (1068)]] Wajiografia wa Kiarabu Abd al-Hassan Ali ibn Omar (1230), Ibn Said al-Maghribi (1274) na Abulfeda (1331), wanautaja Mto Senegal kama 'Nile ya Ghana' (Nil Gana au Nili Ganah).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=UfE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The life of prince Henry of Portugal surnamed the navigator and its results: Comprising the discoveery, within one century, of half the world. With new facts in the discovery of the Atlantic Islands. A refutation of French claims to priority in discovery. Portuguese Knowledge (subsequently lost) of the Nile lakes; and the history of the naming of America. From authentic contemporary documents|last=Major|first=Richard Henry|date=1868|publisher=Asher|language=en}}</ref> Kwa kuwa Mto Senegal ulifika hadi katikati ya maeneo ya uzalishaji wa dhahabu ya Dola ya Ghana na baadaye Dola ya Mali, wafanyabiashara wa ng'ambo ya Sahara waliupachika mto huo jina maarufu la 'Mto wa Dhahabu'. Hadithi hizo za ng'ambo ya Sahara kuhusu 'Mto wa Dhahabu' zilifika kwenye masikio ya wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya kutoka maeneo ya chini ya Milima ya Alpi waliokuwa wakitembelea mara kwa mara bandari za Morocco, na ushawishi huo ukawa mkubwa kiasi cha kutoweza kuzuilika. Wanahistoria wa Kiarabu wanaripoti kuwepo kwa angalau safari tatu tofauti za majini za Kiarabu—ya mwisho ikiongozwa na kikundi cha ''mughrarin'' ("wazururaji/wapelelezi") wanane wa Lisbon (kabla ya mwaka 1147)—ambao walijaribu kusafiri kwa meli kupitia pwani ya Atlantiki, pengine katika jitihada za kutafuta mdomo wa Mto Senegal. ==== Uwasilishaji wa kiramani ==== [[Faili:Senegal River according to al-Idrisi.jpg|thumb|Nile ya Magharibi (Mto Senegal-Niger) kwa mujibu wa Muhammad al-Idrisi (1154)]] Ikitumia maelezo kutoka kwenye hadithi za kale na vyanzo vya Kiarabu, dhana ya 'Mto wa Dhahabu' ilipata nafasi kwenye ramani za Ulaya katika karne ya 14. Katika ramani ya dunia ya ''Hereford Mappa Mundi'' (karibu mwaka 1300), kuna mto uliopewa jina la 'Nilus Fluvius' uliochorwa sambamba na pwani ya Afrika, ingawa hauna muunganiko na Bahari ya Atlantiki (unaishia kwenye ziwa). Ramani hiyo inaonyesha mchwa wakubwa sana wakichimba vumbi la dhahabu kutoka kwenye mchanga wake, kukiwa na maelezo yasemayo, ''<nowiki/>'Hic grandes formice auream serican [au servant] arenas'<nowiki/>'' ('Hapa mchwa wakubwa wanalinda mchanga wa dhahabu'). Katika ramani ya dunia (''mappa mundi'') iliyotengenezwa na Pietro Vesconte kwa ajili ya atlas ya Marino Sanuto ya karibu mwaka 1320, kuna mto usio na jina unaochomoza kutoka ndani kabisa ya bara la Afrika na kumwaga maji yake katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. Atlas ya Medici-Laurentian ya mwaka 1351 inaonyesha Mto Nile wa Misri na Nile ya Magharibi yote miwili ikitokea kwenye safu moja ya milima ya ndani, kukiwa na maelezo yasemayo, ''<nowiki/>'Ilic coligitur aureaum'<nowiki/>'' ('Hapa dhahabu hukusanywa'). Ramani ya usafiri wa baharini ya Giovanni da Carignano (miaka ya 1310 hadi 1320) inaonyesha mto huo ukiwa na maelezo, ''<nowiki/>'iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur''' ('mto huu unatoka kwenye Mto Nile ambako dhahabu nyingi hupatikana'). Katika ramani za usafiri wa baharini zilizochorwa kwa usahihi zaidi, kuanzia na ramani ya mwaka 1367 ya Domenico na Francesco Pizzigano na kuendelezwa katika Atlas ya Kikatalani ya mwaka 1375, ramani ya mwaka 1413 ya Mecia de Viladestes (Mkatoliki mpya mwenye asili ya Kiyahudi/Kikatalani), na nyinginezo, ule 'Mto wa Dhahabu' unaonyeshwa (hata kama ni kwa kubahatisha tu) ukimwaga maji yake katika Bahari ya Atlantiki maeneo ya kusini kidogo ya Rasi ya Bojador. Hadithi za kutisha kuhusu Rasi ya Bojador kama kikwazo cha kuogofya, 'rasi ambayo hakuna anayerudi' kwa mabaharia wa Ulaya, ziliibuka karibu katika kipindi hicho (pengine zikichochewa na wafanyabiashara wa ng'ambo ya Sahara ambao hawakutaka kuona njia yao ya ardhini inapitwa na kuachwa nyuma na njia ya baharini). [[Faili:Palolus river (Senegal-Niger) in 1413 Mecia de Viladestes map.jpg|thumb|594x594px|Mwelekeo wa 'Mto wa Dhahabu' (Senegal-Niger) katika ramani ya usafiri wa baharini ya mwaka 1413 ya Mecia de Viladestes.]] == Umuhimu wa Kiuchumi == Mto Senegal unafanya kazi kama injini muhimu ya kiuchumi kwa Afrika Magharibi, hasa kwa nchi nne zinazopakana nao ambazo unaziunganisha: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, na Senegal. Umuhimu wake wa kiuchumi unajumuisha mchanganyiko wa njia za asili za kujikimu za kijamii na shughuli za kisasa za kiviwanda:<ref>https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112823230029545/pdf/P1794490e9e591020802b03680fe96c805.pdf</ref> === Uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji === Mto huo ni chanzo kikuu cha umeme na usalama wa nishati kwa ukanda huo. Miundombinu ya sasa inajumuisha Bwawa la Manantali lenye urefu wa mita 1460 na uwezo wa kuzalisha megawati 200 (200MW),<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)|url=https://riverresourcehub.org/resources/a-case-study-on-the-manantali-dam-project-mali-mauritania-senegal-2011/|work=International Rivers Resource Hub|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kiwanda cha Umeme wa Maji cha Gouina (140MW) nchini Mali,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Construction of 140MW Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali Complete|url=https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/construction-of-140mw-gouina-hydroelectric-plant-in-mali-complete/|work=Green Building Africa|date=2022-12-11|accessdate=2026-06-22|author=Green Building Africa-Net Carbon Zero Buildings and Cities}}</ref> na Kiwanda cha Umeme wa Maji cha Félou (62 MW).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mali: Félou Regional Hydropower Project {{!}} KYOTO|url=https://www.wbkyotofunds.org/projects/mali-felou-regional-hydropower-project|work=www.wbkyotofunds.org|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> Uzalishaji huu wa nishati unategemewa kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya kisasa ya kiuchumi, na kuna mipango mikubwa ya upanuzi inayokuja, ikijumuisha viwanda vya umeme wa maji vya Koukoutamba (294 MW),<ref>{{Citation|last=kgi-admin|title=Power plant profile: Koukoutamba, Guinea|date=2023-04-18|url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-koukoutamba-guinea/|work=Power Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> Boureya (161 MW),<ref>{{Citation|last=kgi-admin|title=Power plant profile: Boureya Hydro Power Plant, Guinea|date=2023-04-22|url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-boureya-hydro-power-plant-guinea/|work=Power Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> na Gourbassi (18 MW).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Senegal/Mali: CMEC to build Gourbassi hydroelectric dam {{!}} African Energy|url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/senegalmali-cmec-build-gourbassi-hydroelectric-dam|work=www.africa-energy.com|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mauritania]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Senegal]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Mali]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iy2lo4aqwsewjt1xsqc44u8ebp3v23q 0 3144 1576247 1377995 2026-06-23T11:00:33Z Family 001 70423 Nimeongeza taarifa na picha kwenye makala hii 1576247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto | jina = Mto Gambia | picha = Gambia satellite fires.jpeg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto Gambia kutoka angani - mstari mweusi ni mipaka ya nchi ya Gambia. | chanzo = Nyanda za juu za [[Futa Djalon]], [[Guinea]] | mdomo = | nchi = [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]] & [[Gambia]] | urefu = 1,120 km | kimo = 900 m takriban | mkondo = hadi 2000 m³/s kutegemeana na majira na kiasi cha mvua njiani | eneo = 69,931 hadi 87,850 km² ''(maelezo hutofautiana)'' | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] kwa mji wa [[Banjul]] | tawimito = | tawimito kulia = | tawimito kushoto = | watu = | miji = }} '''Gambia''' ni mto unaoanza katika [[milima]] ya [[Futa Djalon]] huko [[Guinea]]. Unafuata njia ya kunyoka hadi [[Atlantiki]]. [[Mdomo]] wake ni pana sana. Baada ya kutoka katika Futa Djallon mto unaelekea kaskazini-magharibi kupitia mkoa wa [[Tambakunda]] katika [[Senegal]] halafu mbuga wa wanyama wa Niokolo Koba. Hapa inapokea tawimiti ya [[Nieri Ko]] and [[Kuluntu]] na kuingia katika nchi ya [[Gambia]] karibu na mji wa [[Fatoto]]. [[Picha:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumbnail|300px|left|Mto Gambia ukipitia mbuga wa Niokolo-Koba nchini Senegal]] Kuanzia hapa mto unaelekea magharibi tu isipokuwa kwa njia ya kunyokanyoka. Takriban km 100 kabla ya kufika mdomo unaanza kupanuka ukiwa na upana wa km 10 mdomoni penyewe. Mto una [[visiwa]] mbalimbali ndani yake, vikubwa zaidi ni kisiwa cha Tembo na kisiwa cha MacCarthy. Kisiwa cha James Island mdomoni kabisa kilikuwa kituo muhimu cha [[biashara ya watumwa]] na kimeandikishwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. == Jiografia == [[Faili:Gambiarivermap.png|thumb|Ramani inayonyesha bonde la uondoaji maji la Mto Gambia.]] Mto Gambia una urefu wa jumla ya kilomita 1,120 (maili 700). Kutokea eneo la Fouta Djallon, unatiririka kuelekea kaskazini-magharibi kuingia katika Mkoa wa Tambacounda nchini [[Senegal]], ambapo unapita katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Niokolo Koba, kisha unaungana na mito ya Nieri Ko na Koulountou, na kupita katika Maporomoko ya Barrakunda kabla ya kuingia nchini [[Gambia]] katika eneo la Koina. Kuanzia hapa, mto huo unatiririka kwa ujumla kuelekea magharibi, lakini katika mkondo unaopinda-pinda ukifanya mafuriko ya pinde, na takriban kilomita 100 (maili 62) kabla ya kufika mdomoni mwake, unapanuka hatua kwa hatua hadi kufikia upana wa zaidi ya kilomita 10 (maili 6.2) pale unapokutana na bahari. === Vivuko === Kuna madaraja kadhaa yanayovuka mto huo. Daraja kubwa zaidi na lililopo chini kabisa ya mto (kuelekea mdomoni) ni Daraja la Senegambia linalounganisha miji ya Farafenni na Soma nchini Gambia. Lilizinduliwa mnamo Januari 2019, na linatoa kiungo kati ya maeneo ya Barabara Kuu ya Trans-Gambia yaliyopo katika Ukingo wa Kaskazini na Kusini mwa mto huo. Pia linatoa unganisho la haraka kwa malori ya Senegal yanayosafiri kwenda na kurudi kutoka jimbo lililotengwa la Casamance. Daraja hilo lina urefu wa kilomita 1.9 (maili 1.2) na linachukua nafasi ya kivuko cha magari ambacho hapo awali hakikuwa cha kuaminika. Ushuru unatozwa kwa magari yanayovuka. Pia kuna madaraja katika Mkoa wa ''Upper River'' nchini Gambia katika miji ya Basse Santa Su na Fatoto yaliyofunguliwa mnamo Oktoba 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia|work=thepoint.gm|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> pamoja na daraja lingine nchini Senegal lililopo Gouloumbou. Vivuko vingine vyote hufanywa kwa kutumia kivuko (pantoni), ikijumuisha kivuko kikuu kati ya Banjul na Barra kwenye mdomo wa mto huo, au kwa kutumia boti ndogo. === Mifereji ya asilia ya Maji === Vijito kwenye maeneo ya chini ya mto huo kwa kawaida hujulikana kama ''bolongs'' au ''bolons''. Hivi vinajumuisha Sami Bolong, inayotenganisha nusu za kaskazini za Mkoa wa ''Central River'' na Mkoa wa ''Upper River'', Bintang Bolong inayotenganisha Mkoa wa ''Lower Rive''r kutoka Mkoa wa ''West Coast'', pamoja na vijito vidogo zaidi vya maji kama vile Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, na Sandugu bolongs. == Historia == Wakazi wa mapema zaidi wanaojulikana wa eneo la kando ya Mto Gambia ni pamoja na Wajola, Wabalante, Wabainuk, na Wamanjak. Mgunduzi wa Kikarthaji, Hanno Baharia, huenda alifika Gambia wakati wa msafara wake katika karne ya tano KK (Kabla ya Kristo). Kulingana na historia ya mapokeo ya mdomo (oral tradition), idadi kubwa ya wahamiaji wa Kimandinka kutoka Mali wakiongozwa na Tiramakhan Traore, mmoja wa majenerali wakuu wa Sundiata, walikuja katika eneo hili katika karne ya 14. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanahistoria wa sasa wanahoji kuwa ni wahamiaji wachache kiasi, hasa wafanyabiashara wa ''jula'', ambao badala yake walisababisha mabadiliko ya taratibu ya kijamii na kiutamaduni yaliyofanya watu wajinasibu na kabila la Mandinka lenye hadhi ya juu pamoja na Dola ya Mali iliyokuwa ikitawala. Wajula hawa waliifanya Gambia kuwa sehemu muhimu ya mtandao mpana wa biashara wa Afrika Magharibi, ambapo chumvi, samaki wenye magome, chuma, nguo, pembe za ndovu, nta ya nyuki, dhahabu, watumwa, ngozi na bidhaa nyinginezo zilibadilishana hadi kufikia Mto Niger na maeneo ya mbali zaidi. Alvise Cadamosto, mgunduzi wa Kivenisi aliyekuwa akifanya kazi kwa ajili ya Wareno, akawa Mzungu wa kwanza kusafiri kwa meli hadi Gambia mnamo mwaka 1455, akiuita mto huo Gambra au Cambra. Vyanzo vingine vya kipindi hicho vinarekodi majina kama vile Guambea, Guabu, na Gambu (pengine ni muunganiko wa makosa, wa wakati huo au katika uandishi wa kihistoria wa baadaye, kati ya jina la mto huo na ufalme wa Kaabu). Wakati wafanyabiashara wa nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya wakifanya biashara kwenye mto Gambia kwa karne mbili baada ya Cadamosto, Usultani/Utemi wa Courland na Semigallia ulikuwa wa kwanza kuanzisha ngome ya kudumu, katika kisiwa walichokiita Kisiwa cha St. Andrew mnamo mwaka 1651. Baada ya kuchukua udhibiti wa kisiwa hicho na kukibadilisha jina kuwa 'St. James' mnamo mwaka 1661, Waingereza walichuana vikali na Wafaransa kuwania utawala wa kibiashara wa mto huo kwa karne moja na nusu iliyofuata. Katika kipindi hiki, falme zilizokuwa kando ya mto Gambia zilijumuisha Niumi (pia ikijulikana kama Barra), Niani, Kantora, Jimara, Kiang, Badibu, Fuladu, Tumana, na Wuli, ambazo zote zimebebesha majina yao kwenye wilaya za Gambia hivi leo. Vituo vikuu vya biashara vilivyopo kwenye mto huo au karibu nao vilijumuisha Barra, Albreda, Juffure, Kisiwa cha James (sasa ni Eneo la Urithi wa Dunia la [[UNESCO]]), Tendaba, Joar, Kisiwa cha MacCarthy, Fattatenda, na Sutukoba. Karibu na mwanzoni mwa karne ya 18, mgunduzi wa Kiskoti Mungo Park alisafiri kuelekea juu ya mto Gambia mara mbili akiwa njiani kuelekea [[Niger (mto)|Mto Niger]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235}}</ref> Mkataba wa Waingereza na Wafaransa wa mwaka 1889 uliweka mipaka ya Eneo la Ulinzi la Gambia na koloni la Senegal kuwa kilomita kumi kaskazini na kusini mwa mto huo kuelekea ndani kabisa ya nchi hadi kufika Yarbutenda (karibu na eneo la sasa la Koina), kukiwa na kipenyo cha duara cha kilomita 10 kuashiria mpaka wa mashariki ikipimwa kutokea katikati ya mji. Kwa hiyo, Waingereza walidhibiti mto huo kwa umbali wote ambao meli za baharini zingeweza kupita. Ingawa mipaka hiyo ilionekana sana kama ya muda mfupi wakati huo, ile iliyowekwa mnamo 1889 imebaki bila kubadilika tangu wakati huo. == Flora and fauna == Wanyama wa majini (fauna) katika bonde la Mto Gambia wanashabihiana kwa karibu sana na wale wa bondei la Mto Senegal, na mabonde haya mawili kwa kawaida huunganishwa chini ya ikolojia moja inayojulikana kama Matunzio ya Maji ya Senegal-Gambia. Ingawa utajiri wa aina mbalimbali za viumbe ni mkubwa kiasi, ni aina tatu tu za vyura na aina moja tu ya samaki ambao wanapatikana katika ikolojia hii pekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia|work=www.feow.org|accessdate=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ziada (''oysters'') huvunwa kutoka Mto Gambia na wanawake na hutumiwa kutengeneza mchuzi wa ziada, ambao ni chakula cha asili katika mapishi ya Gambia. == Picha == [[Faili:Map of the River Gambra (now the Gambia) 1732.JPG|thumb|Ramani ya Mto Gambra (sasa hivi Gambia) ya mwaka 1732]] [[Faili:Gambia satellite fires.jpeg|thumb|Sehemu ya magharibi ya Mto Gambia, inavyoonekana kutoka anga za juu. Mstari huo unaonyesha mpaka wa nchi ya Gambia.]] [[Faili:RiverGambia Janjanbureh 20190122 Upstream.jpg|thumb|Mwonekano wa kuelekea juu ya mto, karibu na Kisiwa cha Janjanbureh]] [[Faili:RiverGambia Janjanbureh 20190122 Riverbank.jpg|thumb|Ukingo wa mto, karibu na Janjanbureh]] [[Faili:RiverGambia Janjanbureh 20190122 Ferry.jpg|thumb|Vivuko vya kivuko (pantoni) mtoni, eneo la Janjanbureh]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == == Viungo vya nje == '''''en:''''' [http://www.africanfront.com/water_sheds/water_sheds2/water_sheds3.php The Gambia Basin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanfront.com/water_sheds/water_sheds2/water_sheds3.php |date=20060510044555 }} [[Jamii:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Gambia]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Senegal]] <references /> [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3kxlj3avhxob9tb1ika5tprx0f5s42i 0 16240 1576226 1262302 2026-06-23T09:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Carl Maria von Weber.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carl Maria von Weber.]] '''Carl Maria von Weber''' (alizaliwa mjini Eutin, Holstein, kunako tar. [[18 Novemba]] [[1786]] na kufariki mjini [[London]] kunako tar. [[5 Juni]] [[1826]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[Opera]] muhimu na mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Bwana huyu alitunga opera nyingi tu, na tungo hizo ni kama vile Der Freischütz, Euryanthe na Oberon ambazo ndiyo maarufu. Aliandika ala za muziki wa ajili ya mabendi mbalimbali, na ala hizo zilitungika vizuri sana. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://weber-gesamtausgabe.de Information about the new Carl Maria von Weber Edition] {{Wayback|url=http://weber-gesamtausgabe.de/ |date=20080215232754 }} *[http://www.classical.net/music/composer/works/weber/index.html The works of Carl Maria von Weber] *[http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=carl+maria+von+weber&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Carl Maria von Weber cylinder recordings], from the [[:en:Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project|Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[:en:University of California, Santa Barbara|University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. *{{IckingArchive|idx=Weber|name=Carl Maria von Weber}} * {{IMSLP|id=Weber%2C_Carl_Maria_von|cname=Carl Maria von Weber}} *[http://www.mariannehofer.ch/downloads/weber.mp3 Der Freischütz] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mariannehofer.ch/downloads/weber.mp3 |date=20080409182134 }} Soprano (free MP3) {{commons|Carl Maria von Weber|Carl Maria von Weber}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{Uromantik}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Romantik]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1786]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1826]] md43vx0rgixopv7qhe9jna3xkh0hufd 0 25017 1576222 1300943 2026-06-23T08:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Billboard Hot 100 logo.jpg|thumb|Nembo ya '''Billboard Hot 100''']] '''''Billboard'' Hot 100''' ni jina linalotumika kutaja viwango vya muziki, yaani, chati za single maarufu, na kadhalika ambazo hutolewa kila wiki na gazeti la ''[[Billboard]]'' la nchini [[Marekani]]. Chati hutegemea kwa wimbo kupigwa sana maredioni au kufanya vizuri mauzoni; wiki ya mauzo ya wimbo huanza Jumatatu na kuisha Jumapili; wakati kupigwa redioni kwa nyimbo-inaanza kuanzia Jumatano hadi Jumanne. Chati mpya zinakusanywa na zinatolewa rasmi katika [[umma]] na ''Billboard'' mnamo Alhamisi. Kila chati imewekewa tarehe ya "wiki inayoishia" baada ya Jumamosi. :Mfano: ::Jumatatu, 1 Januari – mauzo ya wiki ya nyimbo-yanaanza ::Jumatano, 3 Januari — wiki ya kupigwa sana-inaaza ::Jumapili, 7 Januari – mauzo ya wiki ya nyimbo-yanaisha ::Jumanne, 9 Januari – wiki ya kupigwa sana-inaisha ::Alhamisi, 11 Januari – chati mpya zinatolewa, na tarehe ya kutolewa Jumamosi, 20 Januari. ==Vyanzo== * ''[[Fred Bronson]]'s Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition'' (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6) * Christopher G. Feldman, ''The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles'' (ISBN 0-8230-7695-4) * ''[[Joel Whitburn]]'s Top Pop Singles 1955-2002'' (ISBN 0-89820-155-1) * ''Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts, 1955-1959'' (ISBN 0-89820-092-X) * ''Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties'' (ISBN 0-89820-074-1) * ''Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies'' (ISBN 0-89820-076-8) * ''Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties'' (ISBN 0-89820-079-2) * ''Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties'' (ISBN 0-89820-137-3) * Additional information obtained can be verified within ''Billboard's'' [http://www.billboard.biz online archive services] and print editions of the magazine. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.billboardradio.com/billboardradio/radiojava.jsp Billboard website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.billboardradio.com/billboardradio/radiojava.jsp |date=20090105163135 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124102834/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/about_us/bbmethodology.jsp Billboard methodology] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110803173648/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_index.jsp Historical Year-End Hot 100 and other charts] * [http://www.recordresearch.com/ Joel Whitburn's Record Research publishing company] [[Jamii:Vipindi vya chati]] [[Jamii:Chati za Billboard]] pqj7zqfl0l4korfoxc3wpg05zamt37a 0 55750 1576061 1564488 2026-06-22T20:45:11Z Leanne MK 90454 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1576061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alcohol use disorders world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Ulemavu-ulibadilisha maisha kwa waliotatizika na matumizi ya pombe kwa kila wakaazi 100,000 mwaka wa 2004 [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [. 7] [8] [9] [10] [11 ] [12]]] [[File:Alcohol by Country.png|thumb|200px|Jumla ya rekodi ya matumizi ya pombe kwa kila mwananchi (15 +), kwa lita za pombe halisi <ref> Ripoti ya Kilimwengu ya Hali ya Pombe ya 2004 </ref>]] [[File:Possible long-term effects of ethanol.svg|thumb|300px|right|La muhimu zaidi katika madhara yanayoweza kutokea kufuatana matumizi ya muda mrefu ya ethanoli. Zaidi ya hayo, katika wanawake wajawazito,husababisha dalili za ulevi wa kijusi.]] '''Athari za muda mrefu za pombe''' hutapakaa baina ya uwezekano wa faida za kiafya kwa watumiaji wa viwango vya chini vya pombe hadi madhara makubwa katika hali ya [[Utumiaji mbaya wa vileo|matumizi mabaya ya pombe]] kwa muda mrefu. Viwango vya juu vya matumizi ya pombe huhusiana na ongezeko la hatari ya kuendeleza ulevi, ugonjwa wa moyo, kutofyonza vyakula, ugonjwa sugu wa kongosho, ugonjwa wa ini kutokana na pombe, na [[kansa]]. Uharibifu kwa mfumo mkuu wa neva na mfumo wa neva za pembeni unaweza kusababishwa matumizi kila mara ya pombe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Müller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Völker W, Münch EM |title=[Neurophysiologic findings in chronic alcohol abuse] |language=German |journal=Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=129–32 |year=1985 |month=Machi |pmid=2988001 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Testino G |title=Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=55 |issue=82-83 |pages=371–7 |year=2008 |pmid=18613369 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi kwa muda mrefu yanaweza kuharibu takribani kila kiungo na mfumo katika mwili.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Woody |editor1-last=Caan |editor2-first=Jackie de |editor2-last=Belleroche |title=Drink, Drugs and Dependence: From Science to Clinical Practice |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nPvbDUw4w5QC |edition=1st |date=11 Aprili 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415278911 |pages=19–20}}</ref> Ubongo unaokua wa kijana aliyebaleghe huwa hasa katika hatari kubwa ya kudhurika na sumu ya pombe.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mellon | first1 = RD. | last2 = Simone | first2 = AF. | last3 = Rappaport | first3 = BA. | title = Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children. | url = http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/104/3/509 | journal = Anesth Analg | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 509–20 | month = Mar | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0 | pmid = 17312200 }}</ref> Kihistoria, madaktari wametetea pombe kwa faida zake za kiafya na hivi karibuni kwa ajili ya uwezo wake wa kulinda watumiaji dhidi ya ugonjwa wa moyo. Kuna ushahidi wa faida kwa mishipa ya moyo inayotokana na kutumia kinywaji 1- 2 kwa siku, hata hivyo, faida za kiafya kutokana na unywaji pombe kwa wastani ni swala lenye utata. Shauku zimetolewa kuwa sawa na ilivyo katika sekta ya dawa, wadau wa sekta ya pombe piawamehusika katika kutilia chumvi faida za kiafya za pombe. Pombe inapaswa kuonekana kama dawa ya burudani yenye uwezo mkubwa wa kusababisha athari mbaya kwa afya na hipependekezwi kwa-ulinzi wa moyo badala ya mbinu nyinginezo za salama na zilizothibitika za jadi kama vile [[lishe]] bora mazoezi na [[tiba]] za dawa.<ref name="Sellman-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sellman | first1 = D. | last2 = Connor | first2 = J. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = G. | last4 = Jackson | first4 = R. | title = Alcohol cardio-protection has been talked up. | journal = N Z Med J | volume = 122 | issue = 1303 | pages = 97–101 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19851424 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sinkiewicz | first1 = W. | last2 = Weglarz | first2 = M. | title = [Alcohol and wine and cardiovascular diseases in epidemiologic studies] | journal = Przegl Lek | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 233–8 | month = | year = 2009 | doi = | pmid = 19739580 }}</ref> Baadhi ya wataalamu wanadai kuwa faida za matumizi ya pombe ya wastani zinaweza kupitwa na ongezeko la hatari ikiwa ni pamoja na majeraha, vurugu, uharibifu wa mimba, aina fulani za [[saratani]], ugonjwa wa kongosho na presha.<ref name="Andréasson-"></ref> Kwa vile faida bainifu za kiafya za matumizi ya pombe ya wastani ni ndogo kwa watu walio katika hatari ndogo ya kupata [[Ugonjwa|maradhi]] ya moyo, wataalamu wengine wanatahadharisha itumike kwatahadhari kwa sababu ya uwezekano kwamba kupendekeza matumizi wastani ya pombe kunaweza kusababisha ongezeko la hatari ya matumizi mabaya ya pombe, hasa miongoni mwa vijana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh24-1/05-11.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archivedate=2020-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230707/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh24-1/05-11.pdf }}</ref> Manufaa haya ya matumizi wastani ya pombe yanapitwa na hatari za matumizi ya pombe wastani.<ref name="Andréasson-"></ref> ==Tafiti za kisayansi== ===Historia=== Madhara mabaya ya matumizi ya pombe kwa muda mrefu kupita kiasi ni sawa na yale yanaoonekana katika vitulizi-hipnoti vingine (mbali na sumu kwa viungo ambayo hutatiza zaidi katika pombe). Athari za kujiondoakatika pombe na utegemezi hukaribia sana kufanana.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gitlow |first1=Stuart |title=Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rbrSdWVerBUC |edition=2nd |date=1 Oktoba 2006 |publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins |location=USA |isbn=978-0781769983 |pages=101–103}}</ref> Pombe cha kiwango wastani ina athari chanya na hasi kwa afya. Athari hasi ni pamoja na ongezeka la hatari ya magonjwa ya ini, sarataniya orofarinji, kansa ya umio na [[ugonjwa wa kongosho.]] Kinyume na hayo, unywaji wastani wa pombe unaweza kuwa na athiri za faida kwa gastriti na kolelithiasi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taylor B, Rehm J, Gmel G |title=Moderate alcohol consumption and the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Dig Dis |volume=23 |issue=3-4 |pages=170–6 |year=2005 |pmid=16508280 |doi=10.1159/000090163 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=DDI20050233_4170}}</ref> Matumizi sugu na mabaya ya pombe huwa na athari kubwa kwa afya ya mwili na akili. Unywaji sugu wa pombe kupita kiasi au utegemezi pombe, unaweza kusababisha uharibifu mpana viungo mbalimbali vya nevaza ubongo,mfumo wa neva ama ugonjwa wa mishipa ya moyo, maradhi ya ini, na neoplasmsi isiyopona. Matatizo ya akili ambayo huhusishwa na ulevi ni pamoja na mfadhaiko mkubwa, disthimia, mania, hipomania, tatizo la hofu fobia , tatizo la wasiwasi wa kijumla, tatizo la tabia za mtu, skizofrenia, [[kujiua]], upunufu wa mfumo wa utendakazi mwilini (km kazi za kumbukumbu, hisia, kazi za uamuzi, uwezo wa kuona,mwendo na uwiano) na uharibifu wa ubongo. utegemezi wa pombe ni huhusishwa na shinikizo la damu, ugonjwa wa moyo na kiharusi cha iskemi, kansa ya mfumo wa upumuaji, mbali pia na saratani ya mfumo wa mlo, ini, kifua na ovari. Unywaji kupita kiasi huhusishwa na ugonjwa wa ini, kama vile sairosi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cargiulo T |title=Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence |journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm |volume=64 |issue=5 Suppl 3 |pages=S5–11 |year=2007 |month=Machi |pmid=17322182 |doi=10.2146/ajhp060647 |url=}}</ref> Utafiti zimelenga wanaume na wanawake, vikundi vya umri mbalimbali na watu wa makundi mengi ya kijamii. Machapisho kwa sasa yanafikia jumla ya mamia huku tafiti zikiweza kuonyesha uwiano uliopo kati ya matumizi wastani ya pombe na afya ambayo labda yanaweza kuwa yalitokana na athari za manufaa ya maingiliano ya kijamii ambayo mara nyingi huambatana na matumizi ya pombe. Baadhi ya njia mahususi ambapo pombe huweza kuathiri afya ya mishipa ya moyo zimetafitiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vliegenthart R, Oei HH, van den Elzen AP, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol consumption and coronary calcification in a general population |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=21 |pages=2355–60 |year=2004 |month=Novemba |pmid=15557415 |doi=10.1001/archinte.164.21.2355 }}<br> {{cite journal |author=Koppes LL, Twisk JW, Snel J, Van Mechelen W, Kemper HC |title=Blood cholesterol levels of 32-year-old alcohol consumers are better than of nonconsumers |journal=Pharmacol Biochem Behav. |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=163–7 |year=2000 |month=Mei |pmid=10837856 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0091-3057(00)00195-7 |doi=10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00195-7}}<br> {{cite journal |author=Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM |title=Alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=443–7 |year=2003 |month=Januari |pmid=12551869 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12551869 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000045669.16499.EC}}<br> {{cite journal |author=Baer DJ, Judd JT, Clevidence BA, ''et al.'' |title=Moderate alcohol consumption lowers risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women fed a controlled diet |journal=Am J Clin Nutr. |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=593–9 |date=1 Machi 2002|pmid=11864868 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11864868 }}<br> {{cite journal |author=Catena C, Novello M, Dotto L, De Marchi S, Sechi LA |title=Serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations and alcohol consumption in hypertension: possible relevance for cardiovascular damage |journal=J. Hypertens. |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=281–8 |year=2003 |month=Februari |pmid=12569257 |doi=10.1097/01.hjh.0000052436.12292.26 |doi_brokendate=2009-01-13 }}</ref> ===Mtazamo wa kisasa=== Utafiti fulani katika baadhi ya nchi umedai kuwa vifo vinavyosababishwa na sababu zozote zile vinaweza kufikia viwango vya baina ya 16 hadi 28% kwa uchache miongoni mwa wanywaji wa wastani (vinywaji 1-2 kwa siku) ikilinganishwa na ile miongoni mwa wanaojiepusha na unywaji kabisa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Boffetta P, Garfinkel L |title=Alcohol drinking and mortality among men enrolled in an American Cancer Society prospective study |journal=Epidemiology |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=342–8 |year=1990 |month=Septemba |pmid=2078609 |doi=10.1097/00001648-199009000-00003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Coate D |title=Moderate drinking and coronary heart disease mortality: evidence from NHANES I and the NHANES I Follow-up |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=888–90 |year=1993 |month=Juni |pmid=8498629 |pmc=1694739 |url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8498629 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.83.6.888}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol consumption and mortality among women |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=332 |issue=19 |pages=1245–50 |year=1995 |month=Mei |pmid=7708067 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=7708067&promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199505113321901}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB |title=Alcohol and mortality. A ten-year Kaiser-Permanente experience |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1981-08_95_2/page/139 |journal=Ann Intern Med. |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=139–45 |year=1981 |month=Agosti |pmid=7258861 }}</ref> Mmwandishi wa habari Roni Caryn Rabin wa New York Times anasema kwamba takwimu za utafiti huu zina makosa.<ref name="NYT"> Roni Caryn Rabin, "Pombe" ni Nzuri Kwako? Baadhi ya Wanasayansi Wanashuku, ''"New York Times,'' 16 Juni 2009, uk. D6 [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05EFD81F3BF935A25755C0A96F9C8B63 web version]</ref> ====Upeo wa kiasi kinachopendekezwa==== Nchi mbalimbali hupendekeza kiasi tofauti cha upeo wa kunywewa. Kwa nchi nyingi kiasi cha upeo kwa wanaume ni 210g-140g kwa wiki. Kwa wanawake, kiasi ni 84g-140g kwa wiki. Nchi nyingi hupendekeza kutumiwa kwa pombe kabisa wakati ujauzito ama kunyonyesha. ==Vifo vinavyohusiana na pombe== Matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi ni mojawapo ya sababu zinazoweza kuzuilikaambayo husababisha vifo vingi kote duniani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ |title=Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9524 |pages=1747–57 |year=2006 |month=Mei |pmid=16731270 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 |url=}}</ref> Utafiti mmoja unahusisha pombe na kila kifo 1 katika 25 kote duniani na kwamba 5% ya miaka wanayoishi watu na ulemavu hutokana na matumizi ya pombe.<ref> BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8118475.stm Uhusiano wa pombe na moja katika vifo 25]</ref><ref> Jürgen Rehm, Colin Mathers, Svetlana Popova, Montarat Thavorncharoensap, Yot Teerawattananon, Jayadeep Patra [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60746-7/abstract Mzigo wa Kilimwengu wa magonjwa na maumivu na gharama za kiuchumi zinatokana na matumizi ya pombe na kutumia matatizo ya utumiaji pombe] ''The Lancet,'' Juzuu 373, Toleo 9682, Kurasa 2223 - 2233, 27 Juni 2009 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (09) 60746-7</ref> Nchi hukusanya takwimu kuhusu wanaofariki kwa ajili ya pombe. Huku baadhi ya takwimu zikihusiana na athari za muda mfupi kama vile ajali, nyingi huhusiana na athari za muda mrefu wa kutumia pombe. === Urusi === "Matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi nchini Urusi, hasa kmiongoni mwa wanaume, katika miaka ya hivi karibuni imesababisha zaidi ya nusu ya vifo katika umri wa miaka 15-54.<ref> IARC [http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/2009/IARCLancet270709.pdf Pombe husababisha zaidi ya nusu ya vifo vyote vya mapema katika watu wazima nchini Urusi]</ref> ===Uingereza=== Vifo vinavyohusiana na pombe nchini Uingereza ni huainishwa kwa kutumia Uainisho wa Kimataifa wa Magonjwa, Toleo la Kumi (ICD-10).<ref name="NSO">[55] ^ [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=14496 Vifo vinavyohusiana na pombe nchini Uingereza] na viungo vinginevyo</ref> ICD-10 hujumuisha: * Matatizo ya akili na tabia kutokana na matumizi ya pombe - ICD-10 F10 * Kuzorota kwa mfumo wa neva kutokana na pombe - ICD-10 G31.2 * Polineuropathi ya pombe - ICD-10 G62.1 * Kadiomiopathi ya pombe - ICD-10 I42.6 * Gastriti ya Pombe - ICD-10 K29.2 * Ugonjwa wa ini wa pombe - ICD-10 K70 * Hepatitis sugu , isiyoainishwa mahali kwingine kokote - ICD-10 K73 * Fibrosi na sairosi ya ini - ICD-10 K74 (bila kujumuisha K74.5 K74.3-Sairosi ya biliari) * Ugonjwa sugu wa kongosho kutokana na pombe - ICD-10 K86.0 * Sumu itumikayo kiajali kutokana na mkumbano na pombe - ICD-10 X45 * Sumu itumikayo na mtu binafsi kimaksudi kutokana na mkumbano na pombe - ICD-10 X65 * Sumu kutokana matumizi na kukumbana na pombe, bila kusudi wazi - Y15 ICD-10 Mashirika ya takwimu ya Uingereza yanaripoti kwamba "Kulikuwa na vifo 8,724 vinavyouhusiana na pombe katika mwaka 2007, chini zaidi kuliko 2006, lakini zaidi ya mara mbili ya 4,144 iliyorekodiwa katika mwaka 1991. Kiwango cha vifo kuhusiana na pombe kilikuwa 13.3 ya watu kwa kila watu 100,000 mwaka 2007, ikilinganishwa na idadi ya watu 100,000 6.9 kwa mwaka 1991."<ref> [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1091 Vifo vya Pombe : Viwango vyalia nchini Uingereza]</ref> Nchini Skotlandi, NHS inakisio kwamba katika mwaka 2003 kifi cha kia mtu mmoja katika 20 waliofariki inaweza kuhusishwa na pombe.<ref> BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8126129.stm Pombe huua mmoja katika Waskoti 20'] 30 Juni 2009</ref> Utafiti wa 2009 uligundua kuwa watu 9,000 hufa kutokana na magonjwa yanayohusiana na pombe kila mwaka, mara tatu ya idadi ya miaka 25 ya hapo awali. ===Marekani=== Kituo cha Udhibiti na Uzuiaji Magonjwa kinaripoti kuwa, "Kutoka 2001-2005, kulikuwa na takribani vifo 79,000 kila mwaka zinazotokana na matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi ni ya 3 katika sababu zinazoambatana na mitindo ya kimaisha kwa kusababisha vifo kwa watu nchini Marekani kila mwaka".<ref> Vituo vya Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa [http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ Pombe na Afya ya umma]</ref> Utafiti mmoja wa 1993 ulikadiria vifo vya waliofariki Marekani kupitia pombe kuwa 100,000. <ref> J. Michael McGinnis, William H. Foege [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/270/18/2207?ijkey=f6b2a35ebda67d08b66074771b6a6000007c3770 Sababu Halisi za Vifo nchini Marekani] ''JAMA'' 1993, 270 (18) :2207-2212.</ref> === Vifo kwa ujumla === Utafiti uliotazamiwa wa miaka 23 wa madaktari wa kiume 12,000 Waingereza [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]wenye umri wa miaka 48-78, waligundua kuwa vifo kwa jumla vilikuwa vya chini sana kwa makundi yaliyokunywa chini ya "vipimo" 2 (Vipimo vya Uingereza = 8 g) kwa siku zaidi ya ilivyokuwa katika makundi ya wasiokunywa pombe. Zaidi ya vipimo 2 kwa siku ilihusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya vifo. Pombe iliwakilishwa 5% ya vifo katika sampuli ya madaktari.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I |title=Mortality in relation to alcohol consumption: a prospective study among male British doctors |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=199–204 |year=2005 |month=Februari |pmid=15647313 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyh369 |url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/1/199}}</ref> ==Mfumo wa mishipa ya moyo == Uchambuzi-mpevu wa tafiti 34 uligundua upungufu wa hatari ya vifo kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kwa wanaume ambao hutumia vinywaji 2-4 kwa siku na wanawake ambao hutumia 1-2 kwa siku.<ref name="Di Castelnuovo-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Di Castelnuovo | first1 = A. | last2 = Costanzo | first2 = S. | last3 = Bagnardi | first3 = V. | last4 = Donati | first4 = MB. | last5 = Iacoviello | first5 = L. | last6 = de Gaetano | first6 = G. | title = Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/22/2437 | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 166 | issue = 22 | pages = 2437-45 | month = Desemba | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437 | PMID = 17159008 }}</ref> Uchambuzi-mpevu wa jaribio usioratibiwa uligundua kwamba matumizi ya pombe kwa kiasi cha wastani hupunguza kiwango cha seramu ya fibrinojeni, protini ambayo husaidia mchakato wa kugandisha na kukuza viwango vya ongezeko la ukuajib wa aina ya plasminojeni ya tishu,kimeng'enya ambayo husaidia kuyeyusha mgandamano.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rimm | first1 = EB. | last2 = Williams | first2 = P. | last3 = Fosher | first3 = K. | last4 = Criqui | first4 = M. | last5 = Stampfer | first5 = MJ. | title = Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. | journal = BMJ | volume = 319 | issue = 7224 | pages = 1523-8 | month = Dec | year = 1999 | PMID = 10591709 }}</ref> Kiwango cha seramu ya protini C-tendaji(CRP)ya kuvimba na kiashiria cha hatari ya CHD, ni cha chini kwa watu ambao hunywa kiasi wastani kuliko wale wasiokunywa pombe kabisa; hivyo basi inaonyesha kuwa matumizi ya pombe kwa kiasi cha wastani inaweza kuwa na athari zinazozuia kuvimba.<ref name="Albert-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Albert | first1 = MA. | last2 = Glynn | first2 = RJ. | last3 = Ridker | first3 = PM. | title = Alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_2003-01-28_107_3/page/442 | journal = Circulation | volume = 107 | issue = 3 | pages = 443-7 | month = Jan | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12551869 }}</ref><ref name="Stewart-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stewart | first1 = SH. | last2 = Mainous | first2 = AG. | last3 = Gilbert | first3 = G. | title = Relation between alcohol consumption and C-reactive protein levels in the adult US population. | url = http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/reprint/15/6/437.pdf | format = PDF | journal = J Am Board Fam Pract | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 437-42 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 12463288 }}</ref><ref name="Imhof-2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Imhof | first1 = A. | last2 = Froehlich | first2 = M. | last3 = Brenner | first3 = H. | last4 = Boeing | first4 = H. | last5 = Pepys | first5 = MB. | last6 = Koenig | first6 = W. | title = Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2001-03-10_357_9258/page/762 | journal = Lancet | volume = 357 | issue = 9258 | pages = 763-7 | month = Mar | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04170-2 | PMID = 11253971 }}</ref> Mbali na matokeo yake kwa akili, pombe ina athari dhidi ya mgandamano, yenye matokeo sawa na warfarini.<ref name="Mennen">{{cite journal |author=Mennen LI, Balkau B, Vol S, Cacès E, Eschwège E |title=Fibrinogen: a possible link between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease? DESIR Study Group |journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=887–92 |date=1 Aprili 1999 |pmid=10195914 |url=http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10195914 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112121432/http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10195914 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Paassilta M, Kervinen K, Rantala AO, ''et al.'' |title=Social alcohol consumption and low Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations in middle aged Finnish men: population based study |journal=BMJ |volume=316 |issue=7131 |pages=594–5 |date=14 Februari 1998|pmid=9518912 |pmc=28464 |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9518912 }}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, ugonjwa wa moyo ni wa kiasi cha chini kwa wanywao kwa wastani kuliko watumiaji chai.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lacoste L, Hung J, Lam JY |title=Acute and delayed antithrombotic effects of alcohol in humans |journal=Am J Cardiol. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=82–5 |year=2001 |month=Januari |pmid=11137839 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9149(00)01277-7 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01277-7}}<br>{{cite journal |author=Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Havlik RJ, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol consumption and risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in older persons |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-geriatrics-society_1996-09_44_9/page/1030 |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1030–7 |year=1996 |month=Septemba |pmid=8790226 }}<br>Ridker, P., ''et al.'' Unywaji pombe wastani unaweza kupunguza hatari ya mshtuko wa moyo. American Medical Association press release , 22 Septemba 1994<br>{{cite book |author=Ridker, P. |chapter=The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Acute Thrombosis |editor=Manson, JoAnn E. |title=Prevention of myocardial infarction |url=https://archive.org/details/preventionofmyoc0000unse |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1996 |pages= |isbn=0-19-508582-5 }}</ref> Licha ya ushahidi wa kiepidemiolojia, baadhi ya watu wanakosoa wazo la kupendekeza pombe kuwa na faida za kiafya. Daktari katika Shirika la Afya Duniani alisema kuwa kupendekeza matumizi ya pombe wastani kwa faida za kiafya ni "ya ujinga na hatari."< ref>{{cite journal |author=Naimi TS, Brown DW, Brewer RD, ''et al.'' |title=Cardiovascular risk factors and confounders among nondrinking and moderate-drinking U.S. adults |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=369–73 |year=2005 |month=Mei |pmid=15831343 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.011 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2005-05_28_4/page/369}}</ref> Kumekuwa hakuna majaribio yaliyoratibiwa na kudhibitiwa kuonyesha faida za pombe kwa moyo. Kutokana na hatari ya kutumia vibaya, utegemezi, athari mbaya, pombe haifai kamwe kupendekezwa kwa faida za moyo. Badala yake, chakula bora, mazoezi na kama inapohitajika matumizi ya dawa ndizo tiba zinazopendekezwa kwa kutunza moyo.<ref name="Vogel-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vogel | first1 = RA. | title = Alcohol, heart disease, and mortality: a review. | journal = Rev Cardiovasc Med | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–13 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12439349 }}</ref> Imesemwa kuwa faida za kiafya za pombe ni swala la kujadiliwa na huenda lilitiliwa chumvi na wadau wa sekta ya pombe. Pombe inafaa kuchukuliwa kama dawa-lewevu ya burudani ambayo ina uwezo wa kuzua athari kali na mbaya kwa afya na haipaswi kutangazwa kwa utunzaji wa moyo.<ref name="Sellman-2009"></ref> ===Ugonjwa wa pembeni wa mishipa (PAD)=== "Matumizi wastani ya pombe inaonekana kupunguza hatari ya PAD katika wanaume walio na afya".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Camargo CA, Stampfer MJ, Glynn RJ, ''et al.'' |title=Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease in US male physicians |journal=Circulation |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=577–80 |date=4 Februari 1997 |pmid=9024142 |url=http://www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/577 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2011-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212015931/http://www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/3/577 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> "Katika utafiti huu mkubwa uliohusu raia, matumizi wastani ya pombe yalionyesha uhusiano wa kupungua kuhusiana na ugonjwa wa pembeni wa mishipa miongoni mwa wanawake, waliplinganishwa na wanaume. Mkolezo wa mabaki kutokana na sigara huenda uliweza kuwa kuathiri matokeo. Miongoni mwa wasiovuta sigara, uhusiano wa kinyume ulionekana kati ya matumizi ya pombe na ugonjwa wa pembeni wa mishipa katika wanaume na wanawake."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vliegenthart R, Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Rotterdam study |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=332–8 |year=2002 |month=Februari |pmid=11836197 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/155/4/332 |doi=10.1093/aje/155.4.332}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mingardi R, Avogaro A, Noventa F, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol intake is associated with a lower prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in non-insulin dependent diabetic women |journal=Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=301–8 |year=1997}}</ref> ===Uzibifu wa muda (IC)=== Utafiti uligundua kwamba matumizi wastani ya pombe yalikuwa na athari ya kinga dhidi ya uzibifu wa muda. Hatari ya chini zidi ilionekana katika wanaume waliotumia na vinywaji 1 hadi 2 kwa siku na kwa wanawake ambao wanaotumia kinywaji nusu hadi 1 kwa siku.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Djoussé L, Levy D, Murabito JM, Cupples LA, Ellison RC |title=Alcohol consumption and risk of intermittent claudication in the Framingham Heart Study |journal=Circulation |volume=102 |issue=25 |pages=3092–7 |date=19 Desemba 2000|pmid=11120700 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/102/25/3092 }}</ref> ===Mshtuko wa moyo na kiharusi=== Unywaji pombe wa kiasi cha wastani umeonekana kuwasaidia wale ambao wamekumbwa na mshtuko wa moyo kuendelea kuishi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Gaziano JM |title=Mortality and light to moderate alcohol consumption after myocardial infarction |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1998-12-12_352_9144/page/1882 |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9144 |pages=1882–5 |year=1998 |month=Desemba |pmid=9863785 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06351-X }}<br>{{cite journal |author=Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman MA |title=Prior alcohol consumption and mortality following acute myocardial infarction |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=15 |pages=1965–70 |year=2001 |month=Aprili |pmid=11308432 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11308432 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.15.1965}}</ref><ref>[100] ^ [http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/506828/ Pombe husaidia kupunguza uharibifu baada ya mshtuko wa moyo]</ref> Hata hivyo, matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi husababisha ongezeko la hatari ya kupata ugonjwa wa moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Djoussé L, Gaziano JM |title=Alcohol consumption and heart failure: a systematic review |journal=Curr Atheroscler Rep |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=117–20 |year=2008 |month=Aprili |pmid=18417065 |doi= 10.1007/s11883-008-0017-z|url= |pmc=2365733}}</ref> Durusu ya maandishi iligundua kuwa unywaji pombe kwa kiasi nusu ulitoa kiwango bora zidi cha ulinzi kwa moyo. Hata hivyo, walibainisha kuwa kwa sasa hapajakuwa na majaribio yaliyoratibiwa kuthibitisha ushahidi ambao unaonyesha jukumu la vipimo vidogo vya pombe kukinga kwa dhidi ya mshtuko wa moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kloner RA, Rezkalla SH |title=To drink or not to drink? That is the question |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=1306–17 |year=2007 |month=Septemba |pmid=17846344 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678375 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/11/1306}}</ref> Hata hivyo, matumizi wastani ya pombe huhusishwa na shinikizo la damu.<ref name="Andréasson-"></ref> Pana ongezeko la hatari ya kwa hipatrigliseridemia, kadiomiopathi presha,, na [[kiharusi]] iwapo vinywaji 3 au zaidi vya pombe vitatumiwa kwa siku.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saremi A, Arora R |title=The cardiovascular implications of alcohol and red wine |journal=Am J Ther |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=265–77 |year=2008 |pmid=18496264 |doi=10.1097/MJT.0b013e3180a5e61a |url=}}</ref> Ikilinganishwa na kuacha pombe, unywaji wa kiasi wastani huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya [[Kiharusi|kiharusi.]] Unywaji wa kiasi cha chini hauna faida yeyote kwa kuzuia kiharusi.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/377381.stm | work=BBC News | title=Alcohol benefits debunked | date=25 Juni 1999 | accessdate=11 Mei 2010}}</ref> ===Kadiomiopathi=== Kiasi kikubwa cha pombe kinaweza kusababisha kadiomiopathiya pombe, inayojulikana kama " dalili za moyo wa likizo." Kadiomiopathi ya pombe hujitokeza kwa namna ambayo kimatibabu ya hufanana na kadiomiopathi iliyopanuka idiopathi, inayoshirikisha hipartrofi ya misuli ya moyo ambayo inaweza kusababisha aina fulani ya arithmia ya moyo. Tofauti hizi zisizo za kawaida za umeme, zinazowakilisha katika EKG, mara nyingi hutofautiana kwa hali, lakini huwa kutoka mabadiliko mbalimbali ya vipindi vya muda vya PR, QRS, au QT hadi vipindi na matukio paroxsysmal ya tachycardia ventricular. Pathofisiolojia (sababu za kuugua mwilini) ya kadiomiopathi ya pombe haijatambuliwa kikamilifu, lakini baadhi ya nadharia huelezea kuhusu ongezeko la utoaji wa epinefrini na norepinefrini, ongezeko la utendaji, au ongezeko la kiwango cha asidi huria za mafuta zisizo na plazma ya kama taratibu inayowezekana.<ref>{{EMedicine|med|1024|Holiday Heart Syndrome}}</ref> ===Magonjwa ya damu=== Walevi wanaweza kuwa na upungufu wa damu kutokana na sababu kadhaa,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Savage D, Lindenbaum J |title=Anemia in alcoholics |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=322–38 |year=1986 |pmid=3747828 |doi=}}</ref> pia wanaweza kupata thrombositopenia kutokana na athari ya sumu ya megakariositi, au kutokana na hipespleni. ==Mfumo wa neva== Matumizi ya pombe sugu ya kiasi kikubwa cha pombe huvuruga ukuaji wa ubongo, na kusababisha ubongo kunywea, shida ya akili, utegemezi wa kimwili, kuongezeka kwa matatizo ya neva za akili na matatizo na usumbufu wa utambuzi licha ya kuvuruga kemia ya ubongo. Hata hivyo baadhi ya tafiti zimeonyesha kwamba unywaji pombe cha kiwango wastani unaweza kupunguza hatari ya shida ya akili ikiwa ni pamoja na ugonjwa Alzeima, ingawa pana tafiti ambazo zilipata matokeo kinyume. Kwa sasa kutokana na miundo duni ya mbinu za utafiti, maandishi sio toshelezi kuhusu iwapo unywaji wastani wa pombe huongeza au hupunguza hatari ya shida ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Panza F, Capurso C, D'Introno A, ''et al.'' |title=Vascular risk factors, alcohol intake, and cognitive decline |journal=J Nutr Health Aging |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=376–81 |year=2008 |pmid=18548174 |doi= 10.1007/BF02982669|url=}}</ref> Ushahidi kuhusu athari za kinga ya matumizi wastani ya pombe kwa upungufu wa utambuzi katika misingi inayohusiana na umri imependekezwa na utafiti fulani, hata hivyo, utafiti mwingine haukupata athari za kinga kutokana na matumizi ya pombe kwa wastani.<ref name="Panza-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Panza | first1 = F. | last2 = Capurso | first2 = C. | last3 = D'Introno | first3 = A. | last4 = Colacicco | first4 = AM. | last5 = Frisardi | first5 = V. | last6 = Lorusso | first6 = M. | last7 = Santamato | first7 = A. | last8 = Seripa | first8 = D. | last9 = Pilotto | first9 = A. | title = Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes. | journal = J Alzheimers Dis | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 7-31 | month = Mei | year = 2009 | doi = 10.3233/JAD-2009-1009 | PMID = 19494429 }}</ref> Baadhi ya ushahidi unaonyesha kuwa matumizi ya kiwango cha pombe cha chini hadi wastani unaweza kuharakisha kupunguka kwa kiasi cha ubongo. 0/} ===Kiharusi=== Utafiti wa 2003 uliofanywa na Johns Hopkins ulihusisha matumizi wastani ya pombe na kunywea kwa ubongo nao haukuona upungufu wowote wa hatari ya kiharusi miongoni mwa wanywao kwa wastani.<ref> [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031205052952.htm Matumizi ya Pombe Wastani Huhusishwa na Kunywea kwa Ubongo]</ref> ===Ukuaji wa ubongo=== Matumizi ya kiasi kikubwa cha pombe kwa kipindi cha muda unaweza kutatiza ukuaji wa ubongo wa kawaida binadamu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=White AM, Bae JG, Truesdale MC, Ahmad S, Wilson WA, Swartzwelder HS |title=Chronic-intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence prevents normal developmental changes in sensitivity to ethanol-induced motor impairments |journal=[[Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.]] |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=960–8 |year=2002 |month=Julai |pmid=12170104 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02628.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tapert SF, Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Cheung EH, Frank LR, Brown SA |title=fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women |journal=[[Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=236–45 |year=2001 |month=Februari |pmid=11236838 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02204.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2001&volume=25&issue=2&spage=236 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2019-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208071401/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2001&volume=25&issue=2&spage=236 |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208071401/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2001&volume=25&issue=2&spage=236 }}</ref> Upungufu katika kukumbuka taarifa za kimazungumzo na zisizozungumzwa na katika utendaji wa kuona zilidhihirika kwa vijana walio na historia ya unywaji katika miaka ya mapema na katikati ya ubaleghe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF |title=The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development |journal=Clin EEG Neurosci |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–8 |year=2009 |month=Januari |pmid=19278130 |doi= |url= |pmc=2827693}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Brown SA, Tapert SF, Granholm E, Delis DC |title=Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use |journal=[[Alcohol Clin Exp Res]]. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=164–71 |year=2000 |month=Februari |pmid=10698367 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04586.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2000&volume=24&issue=2&spage=164 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2019-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208071407/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2000&volume=24&issue=2&spage=164 |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208071407/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0145-6008&date=2000&volume=24&issue=2&spage=164 }}</ref> Wakati wa ubalehe hatua muhimu za ukuaji wa neva hutokea. Unywaji wa kilevi, ambayo ni kawaida miongoni mwa vijana huhitilatiana na hatua hii muhimu ya ukuaji.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Crews | first1 = F. | last2 = He | first2 = J. | last3 = Hodge | first3 = C. | title = Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacology-biochemistry-and-behavior_2007-02_86_2/page/n6 | journal = Pharmacol Biochem Behav | volume = 86 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–99 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001 | pmid = 17222895 }}</ref> Matumizi mazito ya pombe huzuia ukuaji wa seli mpya za ubongo.<ref>[131] ^ Chama cha Marekani cha Kuendeleza ya Sayansi ya [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-11/uonc-nbc110504.php seli Mpya za ubongo hukua wakati wa kuacha pombe,utafiti wa UNC unaonyesha]</ref> Takribani nusu ya walevi sugu wanaweza kuwa na miopathi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Urbano-Marquez A, Estruch R, Navarro-Lopez F, Grau JM, Mont L, Rubin E |title=The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle |journal=[[N. Engl. J. Med.]] |volume=320 |issue=7 |pages=409–15 |year=1989 |pmid=2913506 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198902163200701}}</ref> Vikundi vya misuli inayokaribiana ndiyo hasa huathirika. Asilimia ishirini na tano ya walevi wanaweza kuwa na neuropathi ya pembeni, ikiwa ni pamoja na zilizo huru.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Monforte R, Estruch R, Valls-Solé J, Nicolás J, Villalta J, Urbano-Marquez A |title=Autonomic and peripheral neuropathies in patients with chronic alcoholism. A dose-related toxic effect of alcohol |journal=[[Arch. Neurol.]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |year=1995 |pmid=7826275 }}</ref> ===Utambuzi na shida ya akili=== Unywaji wa pombe kupita kiasi huhusishwa na mvurugiko wa kumbukumbu unaoweza kuwepo. Uwezo huu wa utambuzi uliovurugika husababisha ongezeko la kushindwa kutimiza kazi inayonuiwa katika siku zijazo, kwa mfano, kusahau kufunga mlango au kutuma barua kwa wakati unaotakikana. Jinsi kiasi cha pombe na muda wa kutumika unavyoongezeka ndivyo ukali wa madhara huongezeka kwa viungo.<ref name="Heffernan-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Heffernan | first1 = TM. | title = The impact of excessive alcohol use on prospective memory: a brief review. | journal = Curr Drug Abuse Rev | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–41 | month = Jan | year = 2008 | pmid = 19630703 }}</ref> Kiungo mojawapo kinachohisi sana madhara ya sumu ya matumizi ya pombe kwa muda mrefu ni ubongo. Nchini Ufaransa takribani 20% ya wanaolzwa katika vituo vya afya ya akili huhusiana na kuvurugika kwa utambuzi kutokana na ulevi, hasa shida za akili kuhusiana na pombe. Unywaji pombe sugu kupita kiasi pia huhusishwa na upungufu mkubwa wa utambuzi na matatizo mbalimbali ya neva za akili. Wazee ndio huhisi sana mwathiriko wa sumu ya madhara ya pombe kwenye ubongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pierucci-Lagha A, Derouesné C |title=[Alcoholism and aging. 2. Alcoholic dementia or alcoholic cognitive impairment?] |language=French |journal=Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=237–49 |year=2003 |month=Desemba |pmid=15683959 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Pana baadhi ya ushahidi usio mkamilifu kuwa kiasi kidogo cha pombe kinachotumiwa katika katika miaka ya mapema ya maisha ya utu uzima huw a na kinga ya ni maisha ya baadaye dhidi ya kupungua kwa utambuzi na shida ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C |title=Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review |journal=Age Ageing |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=505–12 |year=2008 |month=Septemba |pmid=18487267 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afn095 |url=http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/5/505}}</ref> Hata hivyo, utafiti fulani ulihitimisha kuwa, "Matokeo yetu yanaonyesha kwamba, licha ya mapendekezo yaliyopita, matumizi ya kiasi wastani cha pombe hayawezi kuwalinda watu wazee dhidi ya kupungua kwa utambuzi wao".<ref>[142] ^ Claudia Cooper, Paul Bebbington, Howard Meltzer, Rachel Jenkins, Traolach Brugha, James Lindesay na Gill Livingston [http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/jnnp.2008.163964v1 Alcohol in moderation, premorbid cognition intelligence and Cognition In Older Adults: results from the Psyciatric Morbity Survey ]''J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry'' doi: 10.1136 / jnnp.2008.163964</ref> Asetaldehidi hutolewa na ini ini wakati wa kusagwa kwa ethanoli. Watu walio na upungufu wa jeni ambayo hutumika kubadilisha asetaldehidi baadaye kuwa asidi asetiki (hali inayobainika zaidi kwa watu wa asili ya Asia ya Mashariki) wanaweza kuwa katika hatari kubwa ya kupataugonjwa wa Alzeima. "Matokeo haya yanaonyesha kwamba upungufu wa ALDH2 ni kigezo cha hatari kwa LOAD [-kujitokeza kwa ugonjwa Alzeima katika miaka ya baadaye ] ..." Dalili za Wernicke-Korsakoff ni dhihirisho la upungufu wathiamini, kwa kawaida kama athari ya kiwango cha pili cha matumizi mabaya ya pombe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin PR, Singleton CK, Hiller-Sturmhöfel S |title=The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease |journal=Alcohol Res Health |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=134–42 |year=2003 |pmid=15303623 }}</ref> Dalili hizi ni dhihirisho la pamoja la matatizo mawili ya mwanzoni , Saikosi ya Korsakoff na uvimbaji ubongo (enselopathia) wa Wernicke, yaliyotajwa kuambatana na majina ya Dkt. Sergei Korsakoff na Dkt. Carl Wernicke. Uvimbe wa ubongo wa Wernicke ni dhihirisho kubwa wa dalili na hubainika kwa hali ya kuchanganyikiwa wakati ambapo dalili kuu za saikosi ya Korsakoff ni amnesia na mvurugiko wa utendaji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Butters N |title=The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a review of psychological, neuropathological and etiological factors |journal=Curr Alcohol |volume=8 |pages=205–32 |year=1981 |pmid=6806017 |doi= |url= }}</ref> ===Mitetemo Isiyoepukika=== Mitetemo isiyoepukika inaweza kuondolewa kwa muda mfupi kufikia kwa hadi thuluthi mbili ya wagonjwa kwa kunywa kiasi kidogo cha pombe.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Bain PG, Findley LJ, Thompson PD, ''et al.'' |title=A study of hereditary essential tremor |journal=Brain |volume=117 |issue=(Pt 4) |pages=805–24 |year=1994 |month=Agosti |pmid=7922467 |doi=10.1093/brain/117.4.805 |url=http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7922467}}<br> {{cite journal |author=Lou JS, Jankovic J |title=Essential tremor: clinical correlates in 350 patients |journal=Neurology |volume=41 |issue=2 (Pt 1) |pages=234–8 |year=1991 |month=Februari |pmid=1992367 }}<br> {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/mds.870131316 |author=Wasielewski PG, Burns JM, Koller WC |title=Pharmacologic treatment of tremor |journal=Mov Disord. |volume=13 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=90–100 |year=1998 |pmid=9827602 }}<br> {{cite journal |author=Boecker H, Wills AJ, Ceballos-Baumann A, ''et al.'' |title=The effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essential tremor: a positron emission tomography study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-neurology_1996-05_39_5/page/650 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=650–8 |year=1996 |month=Mei |pmid=8619551 |doi=10.1002/ana.410390515 }}<br> {{cite journal |author= |title=Setting a steady course for benign essential tremor |journal=Johns Hopkins Med Lett Health After 50 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=3 |year=1999 |month=Desemba |pmid=10586714 }}</ref> ===Usingizi=== Matumizi sugu ya pombe katika kuleta usingizi yanaweza kusababisha ukosefu wa usingizi. Kutembea mara kwa mara katika hatua za usingizi, huku kukiwa na kuamkaamka kutokana na maumivu ya kichwa na diaforesi. Kusitisha matumizi mabaya sugu ya pombe pia kunaweza kusababisha usumbufu makubwa wa usingizi kwa ndoto nyingi. Matumizi mabaya sugu ya pombe huhusishwa na NREM hatua ya kulala ya 3 na 4 pamoja na ukandamizaji usingizi wa REM na kugawanyika kwa usingizi wa REM. Wakati wa kujiondoa katika ulevi, usingizi wa REM kwa kawaida hukolezwa kama sehemu ya athari ya kujibia.<ref name="sleep_medicine_a04">{{Cite book | last1 = Lee-chiong | first1 = Teofilo | title = Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review | date = 24 Aprili 2008 | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | url = http://books.google.com/?id=s1F_DEbRNMcC&pg=PT105 | isbn = 0-19-530659-7 | page = 105 }}</ref> ===Athari za afya ya akili=== Viwango vya juu ya vya mfadhaiko mkubwa hutokea kwa wanywaji pombe kwa wingi na wale ambao hutumia pombe vibaya. Utata hapo awali umehusu swala la iwapo wale waliotumia pombe vibaya na kupatwa na tatizo la mfadhaiko mkubwa walikuwa wakijitibu kibinafsi(ambayo inaweza kuwa kweli katika baadhi ya matukio), lakini utafiti wa hivi karibuni sasa umehitimisha kuwa unywaji sugu wa pombe kupita kiasi nayo yenyewe huweza moja kwa moja kusababisha ukuaji wa tatizo la mfadhaiko mkubwa katika idadi kubwa ya watumiaji wa pombe vibaya. Matumizi mabaya ya pombe inahuhusishwa na idadi kadhaa ya matatizo ya afya ya akili na viwango vya juu sana vya walevi [[kujiua.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chignon JM, Cortes MJ, Martin P, Chabannes JP |title=[Attempted suicide and alcohol dependence: results of an epidemiologic survey] |language=French |journal=Encephale |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=347–54 |year=1998 |pmid=9809240 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Utafiti wa watu waliolazwa hospitalini kwa ajili ya majaribio ya kujiua uligundua kwamba wale ambao walikuwa walevi walikuwa mara 75 zaidi ya wale ambao wangefanikiwa kujiua kuliko wasiotimia pombe ambao walijaribu kujiua.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Ayd | first1 = Frank J. | title = Lexicon of psychiatry, neurology, and the neurosciences | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ea_QVG2BFy8C | date = 31 Mei 2000 | publisher = Lippincott-Williams Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-7817-2468-5 | page = 349 }}</ref> Katika idadi jumla ya wanywaji pombe, ongezeko la hatari ya kujiua ikilinganishwa na umma yote kijumla ni mara 5-20 zaidi. Karibu asilimia 15 ya walevi hujiua. Matumizi mabaya ya dawa nyingine pia huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kujiua. Takribani asilimia 33 ya visa vya kujiua kwa walio chini ya miaka 35 ni kutokana na pombe au dutu matumizi mabaya ya vilewevu vingine.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Appleby | first1 = Louis | last2 = Duffy | first2 = David | last3 = Ryan | first3 = Tony | date = 25 Aug 2004 | title = New Approaches to Preventing Suicide: A Manual For Practitioners | url= http://books.google.com/?id=d6Kw9GaJdzEC | publisher = Jessica Kingsley Publishers | isbn = 978-1-84310-221-2 | pages = 31–32 }}</ref> Tafiti zimeonyesha kwamba utegemezi wa pombe unahusiana moja kwa moja na tamaa na mwasho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jasova D, Bob P, Fedor-Freybergh P |title=Alcohol craving, limbic irritability, and stress |journal=Med Sci Monit. |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=CR543–7 |year=2007 |month=Desemba |pmid=18049433 |doi= |url=http://www.medscimonit.com/fulltxt.php?ICID=563763 |issn= |accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine umeonyesha kuwa matumizi ya pombe ni kigezo muhimu cha kumwelekeza mtu katika tabia zisizoambatana na maadili ya jamii kwa watoto.<ref name="antisocial">{{cite journal |author=Young R, Sweeting H, West P |title=A longitudinal study of alcohol use and antisocial behaviour in young people |journal=Alcohol Alcohol. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=204–14 |year=2008 |pmid=17977868 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/agm147 |url=http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17977868|accessdate=2008-05-13 |pmc=2367698}}</ref> Unyogovu, wasiwasi na hofu ni matatizo ya kawaida yaliyoripotiwa na watu wanaotegemea pombe. Ulevi huhusishwa na upungukaji wa kutenda katika mifanyiko ya ubongo ambayo huwajibikia mchakato wa kihisia (kwa ''mfano'' amigdala na hipokampusi).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marinkovic K|coauthors=Oscar-Berman M, Urban T, O'Reilly CE, Howard JA, Sawyer K, Harris GJ|date=|year=2009 |month= Novemba|title=Alcoholism and dampened temporal limbic activation to emotional faces|journal=Alcohol Clin Exp Res |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1880–92 |pmid=19673745 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01026.x}}</ref> Ushahidi kwamba matatizo ya afya ya akili mara nyingi hutokana na matumizi mabaya ya pombe kuvuruga kemikali za neva za ubongo hudihirika kupitia kuimarika au upotevu wa dalili ambako hutokea baada ya muda mrefu bila kutumia pombe, ingawa matatizo yanaweza kuwa kuzidi katika kipindi cha awali baada ya kujionda katika pombe na kupona.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wetterling T |coauthors=Junghanns K |date=|year=2000 |month= Desemba|title=Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence|journal=Eur Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=483–8 |pmid=11175926 |doi=10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Cowley DS |year=1992 |month= Januari|date=24 |title=Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder|journal=Am J Med |volume=92 |issue=1A |pages=41S–8S |pmid=1346485 |doi=10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cosci F |coauthors=Schruers KR, Abrams K, Griez EJ |date=|year=2007 |month= Juni|title=Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_2007-06_68_6/page/n84 |journal=J Clin Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=874–80 |pmid=17592911 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v68n0608}}</ref> Tatizo la akili (saikosi) ni matokeo ya kiwango cha pili ya hali nyingi zinazohusiana na pombe ikiwa ni pamoja na madhara makali ya sumu na kujitoa baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu.<ref name="emedicine">{{EMedicine|med|3113|Alcohol-Related Psychosis}}</ref> Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kwa muda mrefu yanaweza kusababisha dalili za namna ya tatizo la akili kuibuka, zaidi ya ilivyo na dawa nyingine za matumizi mabaya. Matumizi mabaya ya pombe yameonyeshwa kusababisha ongezeko la 800% ya hatari ya tatizo la akili(saikosi) kwa wanaume, na ongezeko la 300% la hatari ya tatizo la sikosi kwa wanawake,ambazo hazihusiani na matatizo ya akili kabla ya yaliyopo kwa sasa. Hii ni kubwa zaidi kuliko ongezeko la hatari ya ugonjwa wa akili unaonekana kutokana na bangi ambayo hufanya matumizi mabaya ya pombe kuwa chanzo kikubwa sana cha matatizo ya akili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tien AY, Anthony JC |title=Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences |journal=J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. |volume=178 |issue=8 |pages=473–80 |year=1990 |month=Agosti |pmid=2380692 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Maono-njozi kwa wingina / au ya udanganyifu wa akili ni kawaida sasa wakati mgonjwa amelewa au kujiondoa kutoka ulevi kwa siku za karibuni.<ref name="emedicine"></ref> Ingawa pombe husaidia awali kupunguza dalili za fobia au hofu za kijamii, matumizi mabaya ya pombe kwa muda mrefu yanaweza kuzidisha dalili za fobia ya kijamii na kusababisha dalili za fobia ya kijamii hasa wakati wa kujiondoa katika pombe. Athari hii si ya kipekee kwa pombe lakini inaweza pia kutokea kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu wa dawa za kulevya ambazo zina mfumo sawa wa utendaji wa pombe kama vile benzodiazepini ambazo ni wakati mwingine hupendekezwa kama vitulizi kwa watu walio na matatizo ya pombe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Terra MB, Figueira I, Barros HM |title=Impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal syndrome on social phobia and panic disorder in alcoholic inpatients |journal=Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=187–92 |year=2004 |month=Agosti |pmid=15361983 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0041-87812004000400006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |doi=10.1590/S0041-87812004000400006 }}</ref> Takriban nusu ya wagonjwa wanaohudhuria huduma za afya ya akili kwa hali ikiwa ni pamoja na ugonjwa wa wasiwasi kama vile tatizo la hofu au fobia ya kijamii ni matokeo ya pombe au utegemezi wa benzodiazepini. Ilibainishwa kwamba kila mtu ana kiwango cha uhisivu wake binafsi kwa matumizi ya pombe au dawa za hipnotiki-tulizi hivyo basi kitu ambacho mtu mmoja anaweza kuvumilia bila ya kuathirika kiafya, mgonjwa mwingine anaweza kutatizika sana kiafya na kwamba hata unywaji wastani unaweza kusababisha dalili za wasiwasi unaojibia na matatizo ya kulala. Mtu ambaye anatatizika na madhara ya sumu ya pombe hawezi kufaidika na aina nyingine za tiba au dawa kwa vile hazizisulihishi dalili za kimsingi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen SI |title=Alcohol and benzodiazepines generate anxiety, panic and phobias |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=73–7 |year=1995 |month=Februari |pmid=7769598 |pmc=1295099 }}</ref> ==Mfumo wa mmeng'enyo wa chakula na ongezeko la uzani== Athari za pombe kwa ongezeko la uzani ni swala tata:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cordain L, Bryan ED, Melby CL, Smith MJ |title=Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males |journal=J Am Coll Nutr |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=134–9 |date=1 Aprili 1997 |pmid=9100213 |url=http://intl.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/134 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2009-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501191524/http://intl.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/134 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> huku tafiti nyingine zikishindwa kugundua upungufu <ref>{{cite journal |author=Arif AA, Rohrer JE |title=Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=5 |pages=126 |year=2005 |pmid=16329757 |pmc=1318457 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-5-126 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/126}}</ref> nyingine zimegundua pombe kuwa na athari kwa ongezeko la uzani. Matumizi ya pombe kwa muda mrefu huongeza hatari ya gastriti sugu (kuvimba tumbo),<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] (NIAAA) |title=Health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption |journal=Alcohol Res Health |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=5–11 |year=2000 |pmid=11199274 |url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh24-1/05-11.pdf |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230707/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh24-1/05-11.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="bode1">{{cite journal |author=Bode C, Bode JC |title=Alcohol's role in gastrointestinal tract disorders |journal=Alcohol Health Res World |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=76–83 |year=1997 |pmid=15706765 |url=https://webapps.ou.edu/alcohol/docs/12EtohGastroinstestinalTractDisorders76.pdf |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2015-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174805/https://webapps.ou.edu/alcohol/docs/12EtohGastroinstestinalTractDisorders76.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ni sababu mojawapo ya sairosi, hepatiti, na wa kongosho katika hali zake zote, sugu na kali. ===Dalili za Metaboli=== Utafiti ulihitimisha kuwa, "Matumizi madogo hadi wastani ya pombe huhusishwa na tatizo la upungufu wa dalili za metaboli , pamoja na athari nzuri kwa mafuta, mzingo wa kiuno, na mfungo wa insulini. Uhusiano huu alibainika zaidi miongoni mwa wazungu na miongoni mwa wanywaji wa bia na mvinyo."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Freiberg MS, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Vasan RS, Curtis Ellison R |title=Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US.: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=2954–9 |year=2004 |month=Desemba |pmid=15562213 |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/12/2954 |doi=10.2337/diacare.27.12.2954}}</ref> "Uwiano usio wa kawaida wa dalili za metaboli na vipengele vyake vilionyesha kuongeza kwa matumizi ya pombe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoon YS, Oh SW, Baik HW, Park HS, Kim WY |title=Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |journal=Am J Clin Nutr'''. |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=217–24 |date=1 Julai 2004|pmid=15213051 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/1/217 }}</ref>'''''' ===Athari kwa Kibofu nyongo === Utafiti umegundua kwamba unywaji pombe hupunguza hatari ya kupatwa na vijiwe vya nyongo. Ikilinganishwa na ilivyo kwa watu wanaojiepusha na pombe, hatari jumla kutokana na ugonjwa wa vijiwe vya nyongo, kudhibiti umri, jinsia, elimu sigara, na uwiano wa ukubwa-mwili na uzani , ni 0.83 kwa wanywao mara chache na wanywao mara nyingi kwa kiasi wastani (<25 ml ya ethanoli kwa siku), 0.67 kwa wanywao kiasi cha kati ( 25-50 ml kwa siku), na 0.58 kwa wanywao kwa wingi. Uhusiano huu wa kinyume ulionyesha uthabiti katika safu za umri, jinsia na mwili uwiano wa ukubwa-mwili na uzani."<ref>{{cite journal |author=La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Ferraroni M, Negri E |title=Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-epidemiology_1994-05_47_5/page/533 |journal=Epidemiology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=533–6 |year=1994 |month=Septemba |pmid=7986868 }}</ref> Idadi ya nyakati za unywaji pia inaonekana kuwa sababu inayochangia. "Ongezeka la idadi ya nyakati za matumizi ya pombe pia ilihusishwa na ya upungufu wa hatari. Kwa kuunganisha taarifa za wingi wa kiasi cha pombe na idadi ya nyakati za unywaji pombe, mkondo wa matumizi ya pombe uliodhihirisha unywaji wa mara kwa mara (siku 5-7 kwa wiki) wa kiasi chochote cha pombe ulihusishwa na upungufu wa hatari ya kuugua ikilinganishwa na wasiotumia pombe. Kinyume na hayo, unywaji pombe wa mara kwa mara (siku 1-2 kwa wiki) haukuonyesha uhusiano wowote na hatari ya kuugua." Matumizi ya pombe hayahusiani na ugonjwa wa vijiwe vya nyongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sahi T, Paffenbarger RS, Hsieh CC, Lee IM |title=Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=147 |issue=7 |pages=644–51 |date=1 Aprili 1998|pmid=9554603 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9554603 }}</ref> Hata hivyo utafiti mmoja ulipendekeza kuwa wanywaji pombe ambao huchukua vitamini C (asidi ya askorbi) inaweza kupunguza hatari ya ugonjwa wa vijiwe vya nyongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Simon JA, Grady D, Snabes MC, Fong J, Hunninghake DB |title=Ascorbic acid supplement use and the prevalence of gallbladder disease. Heart & Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=257–65 |year=1998 |month=Machi |pmid=9495691 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435697802806 |doi=10.1016/S0895-4356(97)80280-6}}</ref> ===Ugonjwa wa ini=== Ugonjwa wa ini kutokana na pombe ni tatizo kubwa kwa afya ya umma. Kwa mfano nchini Marekani hadi kufikia watu milioni mbili wana matatizo yanayohusiana na ugonjwa wa ini. Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kwa muda mrefu yanaweza kusababisha mafuta ya ini, sirosi na hepatiti ya pombe. Njia za matibabu ni chache na hatua mojawapo muhimu zaidi inayojumuisha ni kusitisha matumizi ya pombe. Katika matukio ya ugonjwa mkali wa ini, njia ya pekee ya matibabu inaweza kuwa kupandikiza ini kwa wagonjwa walioacha pombe. Utafiti kubainisha ufanisi viziua-TNF. Baadhi ya dawa za nyongeza, kwa mfano, mbaruti za maziwa na silimarini, zinaonekana kuwa faida fulani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barve A, Khan R, Marsano L, Ravindra KV, McClain C |title=Treatment of alcoholic liver disease |journal=Ann Hepatol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |year=2008 |pmid=18376362 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Fehér J, Lengyel G |title=[Silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver diseases: past and future] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=149 |issue=51 |pages=2413–8 |year=2008 |month=Desemba |pmid=19073452 |doi=10.1556/OH.2008.28519 |url=http://www.akademiai.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1556/OH.2008.28519}}</ref> Pombe ni sababu inayoongoza katika kusababisha [[kansa ya ini]] katika nchi za Magharibi, huchangia 32-45% ya saratani ya hepati. Hadi watu nusu milioni nchini Marekani hupata matatizo ya kansa ya ini [[Kansa ya ini|inayohusiana]]na<ref>{{cite journal |author=Voigt MD |title=Alcohol in hepatocellular cancer |journal=Clin Liver Dis |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=151–69 |year=2005 |month=Februari |pmid=15763234 |doi=10.1016/j.cld.2004.10.003 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S1089-3261(04)00115-1}}</ref>pombe <ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM |title=Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=127 |issue=5 Suppl 1 |pages=S87–96 |year=2004 |month=Novemba |pmid=15508108 |doi= 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.020|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508504015999}}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe wastani pia huongeza hatari ya ugonjwa wa ini.<ref name="Andréasson-"></ref> ===Ugonjwa wa kongosho=== Matumizi mabaya ya pombe ni sababu inayoongoza ya ugonjwa kali wa kongosho na ugonjwa wa kongosho wa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Frossard JL, Steer ML, Pastor CM |title=Acute pancreatitis |journal=Lancet |volume=371 |issue=9607 |pages=143–52 |year=2008 |month=Januari |pmid=18191686 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60107-5 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)60107-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bachmann K, Mann O, Izbicki JR, Strate T |title=Chronic pancreatitis--a surgeons' view |journal=Med. Sci. Monit. |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=RA198–205 |year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=18971885 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Unwaji pombe sugu wa kupindukia unaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa kongosho unaopelekea maumivu makali ya muda mrefu ambayo yanaweza kuendeleo na kuwa kansa ya kongosho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nair RJ, Lawler L, Miller MR |title=Chronic pancreatitis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1679–88 |year=2007 |month=Desemba |pmid=18092710 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-12-01_76_11/page/1678}}</ref> Kongosho sugu mara nyingi husababisha matatizo ya ufyonzaji wa chakula tumboni na ugonjwa wa kisukari. ==Mifumo mingine== ===Ugonjwa wa mapafu kutokana na pombe=== Utumiaji sugu wa pombe hutatiza kazi nyingi muhimu za seli katika mapafu. Hitilafu za seli hizi huzidisha uwezekano wa kuongezeka kwa kupata matatizo makubwa kutokana na ugonjwa wa mapafu. Tafiti za hivi karibuni zinabainisha vifo vinavyohusiana na ugonjwa wa ini kutokana na pombe zikilinganishwa na vya ugonjwa wa ini kutokana na pombe. Watumiaji pombe wako katika hatari kubwa ya kupatwa na dalili mbaya za dhiki za upumuaji (ARDS) na hupatwa na kiwango cha juu cha vifo kutokana na ARDS ikilinganishwa na wasiokunywa pombe. ===Vijiwe vya figo === Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa unywaji pombe unahusiana na upungufu wa hatari ya kupatwa na vijiwe vya figo. Utafiti mmoja ulihitimisha kuwa, "Kwa vile bia ilionekana kukinga dhidi ya vijiwe vya figo,athari za kimwili za vilewevu mbali na ethanoli, hasa zile za hopsi, lazima pia kuchunguzwa".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Virtamo J |title=Nutrient intake and use of beverages and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=187–94 |date=15 Julai 1999|pmid=10412964 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/150/2/187 }}</ref> "... Matumizi ya kahawa, pombe na virutubisho vya vitamini C vihusiana kwa kinyume na vijiwe".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M |title=Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=487–95 |date=1 Machi 1996|pmid=8610664 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/143/5/487 }}</ref> "Baada ya mpatano wa kimwili na matayarisho kwa ajili ya unywaji wa vinywaji vingine, hatari ya ukuaji wa vijiwe ulipungua kwa kiasi kifuatacho kwa kila 240-ml (8-oz) iliyonywewa kwa siku: 10% kwa kahawa yenye kafeni ; 10% kwa kahawa isiyo na kafeni, 14 % kwa chai, 21% kwa bia, na mvinyo, 39% ".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ |title=Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=143 |issue=3 |pages=240–7 |date=1 Februari 1996|pmid=8561157 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8561157 }}</ref> "... ukuaji wa vijiwe ulipungua kwa kiasi kifuatazo kwa kila 240-ml (8-oz) iliyotunywewa kila siku: 10% a kahawa yenye kafeni, 9% kwa kahawa isiyo na kafeni, 8% ya chai, na 59% kwa divai." (Cl data iliyotolewa kutoka nukuu mbili za mwisho.).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ |title=Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women |journal=Ann Intern Med. |volume=128 |issue=7 |pages=534–40 |date=1 Aprili 1998|pmid=9518397 |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9518397 |doi=10.1059/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00003 |doi_brokendate=2010-03-16 }}</ref> ===Hitilafu katika ngono === Unywaji pombe kupindukia wa muda mrefu unaweza kusababisha uharibifu kwa mfumo mkuu wa neva na mfumo wa neva za pembeni na kupelekea kupoteza tamaa ya ngono na kutosisimka kwa wanaume hususani unywaji wa pombe kali bila kula chakula na matunda Pia mboga mboga na kutokufanya mazoezi .<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taniguchi N, Kaneko S |title=[Alcoholic effect on male sexual function] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Rinsho |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=3040–4 |year=1997 |month=Novemba |pmid=9396310 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ===Utofautiano wa homoni=== Unywaji pombe kupita kiasi unaweza kusababisha mchakato wa hiperoestrojeni.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fentiman | first1 = IS. | last2 = Fourquet | first2 = A. | last3 = Hortobagyi | first3 = GN. | title = Male breast cancer. | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9510 | pages = 595–604 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68226-3 | pmid = 16488803 }}</ref> Imekisiwa kwamba vinywaji vilivyo pombe vinaweza kudhibiti misombo ya estrojeni. Kwa wanaume, viwango vikubwa vya estrojeni vinaweza kusababisha kushindwa kwa kazi za makende na ukuaji wa hulka ya uke ikiwa ni pamoja na ukuaji wa matiti ya kiume zinazoitwa jainekomastia.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gavaler | first1 = JS. | title = Alcoholic beverages as a source of estrogens. | journal = Alcohol Health Res World | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 220–7 | month = | year = 1998 | pmid = 15706799 }}</ref><ref name="Weiss-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Weiss | first1 = JR. | last2 = Moysich | first2 = KB. | last3 = Swede | first3 = H. | title = Epidemiology of male breast cancer. | journal = Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–6 | month = Jan | year = 2005 | url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/1/20.long | pmid = 15668471 }}</ref> Kwa wanawake, viwango juu vya estrojeni kutokana na unywaji pombe kupindukia vimehusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kansa ya matiti.<ref name="Weiss-2005"></ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boffetta | first1 = P. | last2 = Hashibe | first2 = M. | title = Alcohol and cancer. | journal = Lancet Oncol | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–56 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70577-0 | pmid = 16455479 }}</ref> ===Ugonjwa wa kisukari melitusi=== Wanywaji pombe wa wastani wanaweza kuwa katika hatari ndogo ya kupata kisukari kuliko wasiokunywa. Kwa upande mwingine, ulevi wa pombe na matumizi ya pombe kwa kiasi cha kikubwa huweza kuzidisha hatari ya aina 2 za ugonjwa wa kisukari kwa wanawake."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carlsson S, Hammar N, Grill V, Kaprio J |title=Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish twin cohort study |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2785–90 |year=2003 |month=Oktoba |pmid=14514580 |url=http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/10/2785 |doi=10.2337/diacare.26.10.2785}}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe huimarisha uhisivu wa insulini.<ref>[245] ^ J Hong1, RR Smith, AE Harvey na NP Núñez [http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v33/n2/abs/ijo2008266a.html Matumizi ya pombe hukuza uhisivu wa insulini bila ya kuathiri viwango vya mafuta ya mwili] ''International Journal of Obesity'' (2009) 33, 197-203; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.266</ref> ===Ugonjwa wa maumivu ya viungo=== Matumizi ya kila mara ya pombe huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya maumivu ya viungo kutokana na jongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Star VL, Hochberg MC |title=Prevention and management of gout |journal=Drugs |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=212–22 |year=1993 |month=Februari |pmid=7681372 |doi= 10.2165/00003495-199345020-00004|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Eggebeen AT |title=Gout: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=801–8 |year=2007 |month=Septemba |pmid=17910294 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2007-09-15_76_6/page/800}}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe huhusishwa na upungufu wa hatari ya maumivu ya viungo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arc.org.uk/arthinfo/patpubs/6033/6033.asp |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-11-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224073218/http://www.arc.org.uk/arthinfo/patpubs/6033/6033.asp |archivedate=2010-02-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Myllykangas-Luosujärvi R, Aho K, Kautiainen H, Hakala M |title=Reduced incidence of alcohol related deaths in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Ann Rheum Dis. |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=75–6 |year=2000 |month=Januari |pmid=10627433 |pmc=1752983 |url=http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10627433 |doi=10.1136/ard.59.1.75}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nagata C, Fujita S, Iwata H, ''et al.'' |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control epidemiologic study in Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_1995-05_34_5/page/333 |journal=Int J Dermatol. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=333–7 |year=1995 |month=Mei |pmid=7607794 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03614.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Aho K, Heliövaara M |title=Alcohol, androgens and arthritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-rheumatic-diseases_1993-12_52_12/page/897 |journal=Ann Rheum Dis. |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=897 |year=1993 |month=Desemba |pmid=8311545 |pmc=1005228 |doi=10.1136/ard.52.12.897-b }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hardy CJ, Palmer BP, Muir KR, Sutton AJ, Powell RJ |title=Smoking history, alcohol consumption, and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study |journal=Ann Rheum Dis. |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=451–5 |year=1998 |month=Agosti |pmid=9797548 |pmc=1752721 |url=http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/8/451 |doi=10.1136/ard.57.8.451}}</ref> Tafiti mbili za hivi karibuni zinaripoti kwamba jinsi pombe zaidi inavyotumiwa, ndivyo hatari ya kupatwa na maumivu ya viungo hupungua. Miongoni mwa watu wanaokuunywa mara kwa mara, robo moja ya wanaokunywa zaidi walikuwa na kiwango cha hadi 50% cha chini cha uwezekano wa kupata ugonjwa wakilinganishwa na nusu ambao hunywa kidogo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Källberg H, Jacobsen S, Bengtsson C, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis; Results from two Scandinavian case-control studies |journal=Ann Rheum Dis. |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18535114 |doi=10.1136/ard.2007.086314 |volume=68 |pages=222 |issue=2 }}</ref> Watafiti walibainisha kuwa matumizi ya pombe wastani pia hupunguza hatari ya matukio mengine ya kutatiza kama vile ugonjwa mishipa ya moyo. Baadhi ya michakato ya kibayolojia ambapo kwayo ethanoli hupunguza hatari ya maumivu ya viungo na kuzuia uharibifu wa upotevu wa madini ya uzito wa fupa (BMD), ambayo ni sehemu ya mchakato wa maradhi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jonsson IM, Verdrengh M, Brisslert M, ''et al.'' |title=Ethanol prevents development of destructive arthritis |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=258–63 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17185416 |pmc=1765445 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0608620104 }}</ref> Utafiti ulihitimisha kuwa, "Pombe ama hulinda dhidi ya RAmaumivu ya viungo au, watu walio na RA husitisha unywaji wao baada ya kudhihirika kwa RA".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Myllykangas-Luosujärvi R, Aho K, Kautiainen H, Hakala M |title=Reduced incidence of alcohol related deaths in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Ann Rheum Dis. |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=75–6 |year=2000 |month=Januari |pmid=10627433 |pmc=1752983 |url=http://ard.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/59/1/75 |doi=10.1136/ard.59.1.75}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine uligundua kuwa, "Wanawake waliopitisha miaka ya kuzaa ambao kwa wastani hutumia zaidi ya vinywaji 14 vya pombe kwa wiki walikuwa na upungufu wa hatari ya maumivu ya viungo ..."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Voigt LF, Koepsell TD, Nelson JL, Dugowson CE, Daling JR |title=Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-epidemiology_1994-05_47_5/page/525 |journal=Epidemiology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=525–32 |year=1994 |month=Septemba |pmid=7986867 }}</ref> ===Osteoporosi=== Matumizi wastani ya pombe huhusishwa na uzito wamadini ya mfupa kwa wanawake waliopitisha umri wa kujifungua. "...Matumizi ya pombe yalipunguza sana ya uwezekano wa [osteoporosis]."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, ''et al.'' |title=Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=22 |pages=2815–22 |year=2001 |month=Desemba |pmid=11735756 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11735756 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.22.2815}}</ref> "Unywaji wa pombe wastani ulihusishwa na BMD katika wanawake wazee waliopita miaka ya kujifungua".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Balhorn KE, Ryschon KL |title=Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women |journal=Am J Clin Nutr. |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1206–13 |date=1 Novemba 2000 |pmid=11063451 |url=http://intl.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/5/1206 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527081459/http://intl.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/5/1206 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> "Unywa wa kijamii huhusishwa na uzito wa juu wa madini ya mfupa katika wanaume na wanawake [juu] 45".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holbrook TL, Barrett-Connor E |title=A prospective study of alcohol consumption and bone mineral density |journal=BMJ |volume=306 |issue=6891 |pages=1506–9 |year=1993 |month=Juni |pmid=8518677 |pmc=1677960 |doi=10.1136/bmj.306.6891.1506 }}</ref> Hata hivyo,matumizi mabaya ya pombe ni huhusishwa na upungufu wa mfupa.<ref name="Ronis-2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ronis | first1 = MJ. | last2 = Wands | first2 = JR. | last3 = Badger | first3 = TM. | last4 = de la Monte | first4 = SM. | last5 = Lang | first5 = CH. | last6 = Calissendorff | first6 = J. | title = Alcohol-induced disruption of endocrine signaling. | journal = Alcohol Clin Exp Res | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 1269–85 | month = Aug | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00436.x | pmid = 17559547 }}</ref><ref name="Peer-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Peer | first1 = KS. | last2 = Newsham | first2 = KR. | title = A case study on osteoporosis in a male athlete: looking beyond the usual suspects. | journal = Orthop Nurs | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–9; quiz 200–1 | month = | year = 2005| doi = | pmid = 15928528 }}</ref> ===Ngozi=== Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kupita kiasi ni huhusishwa na matatizo mbalimbali ya ngozi ikiwa ni pamoja naurtikaria, pofiria tarda kutanea, kuhisi joto na kujaa, stigmata ya ngozi ya saiirosi, soriasisi, pruritusi, ugonjwa wa seborei ya ngozi na rosasea.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kostović K, Lipozencić J |title=Skin diseases in alcoholics |journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Croat |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=181–90 |year=2004 |pmid=15369644 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Utafiti wa 2010 ulihitimisha, "unywaji bia usio mwepesi huhusishwa na hatari ya kuongezeka kwa uwezekano wa kupata soriasisi kwa wanawake. Vinywaji vingine vya kulevya havikuongeza hatari ya soriasis katika katika utafiti huu."<ref>[279] ^ Abrar A. Qureshi, Patrick L. Dominguez, Hyon K. Choi, Jiali Han, Gary Curhan [http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archdermatol.2010.204 Unywaji pombe na Hatari ya Soriasisi katika Wanawake Marekani:Tafiti linalotazamiwa] {{Wayback|url=http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archdermatol.2010.204 |date=20100820111906 }} ''Arch Dermatology'' doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.204</ref> ==Mfumo wa kinga, bakteria Ukolezi, maambukizi ya virusi na kansa== ===Maambukizi ya bakteria=== Kuna athari za kinga ya matumizi ya pombe dhidi ya maambukizi makali ya ''H pylori'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Adler G |title=Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active ''Helicobacter pylori'' infection: cross sectional study |journal=BMJ |volume=315 |issue=7121 |pages=1489–92 |date=6 Desemba 1997|pmid=9420488 |pmc=2127930 |url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7121/1489 }}</ref> Kinyume na hayo, unywaji pombe (unapolinganisha wale ambao hunywa> 30 gm ya pombe kila siku kwa wasiokunywa) haihusiani na hatari kubwa ya vidonda vya duodena.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Willett WC |title=A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men |journal=Epidemiology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=420–4 |year=1997 |month=Julai |pmid=9209857 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1044-3983&volume=8&issue=4&spage=420 |doi=10.1097/00001648-199707000-00012}}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi ya pombe unaoonekana katika walevi hujulikana kama kigezo hatari cha nyumonia. ===Homa ya mafua=== Utafiti kuhusu homa ya mafua ulipata kuwa "Idadi kubwa ya vinynywaji vya pombe (hadi vitatu au vinne kwa siku) vilihusishwa na upungufu wa hatari ya kupata homa ya mafua kwa sababu ya kunywa kulihusishwa na ulipunguaji wa magonjwa baada ya kuugua. Hata hivyo, faida za kunywa zilitokeza tu miongoni mwa wasiovuta sigara... Ingawa matumizi ya pombe hayakuchangia hatari ya ugonjwa ya kimwili kwa wavutaji, matumizi wastani ya pombe yalihusishwa na upunguaji wa hatari kwa wasiovuta sigara."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Russell MA, Jarvis MJ, Smith AP |title=Smoking, alcohol consumption, and susceptibility to the common cold |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=83 |issue=9 |pages=1277–83 |year=1993 |month=Septemba |pmid=8363004 |pmc=1694990 |url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/83/9/1277 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1277}}</ref> Utafiti mwingine ulihitimisha kuwa, "Matokeo yanaonyesha kwamba unywaji divai, hasa divai nyekundu unaweza kuwa na athari ya kinga dhidi ya hioma ya mafua. Bia, vileo vikali na pombe jumla hazionekani kuathiri matukio ya homa ya mafua."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Takkouche B, Regueira-Méndez C, García-Closas R, Figueiras A, Gestal-Otero JJ, Hernán MA |title=Intake of wine, beer, and spirits and the risk of clinical common cold |journal=Am J Epidemiol. |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=853–8 |year=2002 |month=Mei |pmid=11978590 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/155/9/853 |doi=10.1093/aje/155.9.853}}</ref> ===Kansa=== Shirika la Kimataifa la Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Saratani (Centre International de Recherche sur le Saratani) la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Shirika]] la [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|Afya Duniani]]liliainisha pombe kama kasinojeni la Kundi ya 1. Tathmini yake inasema, "Kuna ushahidi wa kutosha kwa hali ya kasinojeni ya vinywaji wa vileo kwa binadamu .... Vinywaji vya pombe vina kasinojeni kwa binadamu (Kundi la 1)."<ref> IARC Monografu ya Tathmini za Hatari za Kasinojeni kwa Binadamu: Juzuu 44 ''[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol44/volume44.pdf Unywaji Pombe : Muhtasari wa taarifa iliyoripotiwa na Tathmini]'' </ref> Idara ya Marekani &amp; Huduma za Kibinadamu 'Mpango wa Afya ya Taifa uliotaja pombe kama ''kasinojeni inajulikana '' mwaka wa 2000.<ref> National Toxicology Program [http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s007alco.pdf Matumizi ya vinywaji vilewevu: Yanajulikana kuwa kasinojeni kwa binadamu] wa Iliotajwa kwanza katika ''Ripoti ya Tisa Kuhusu Kasinojeni '' (2000) (PDF)</ref> Utafiti mmoja uliamua kwamba "3.6% ya matukio yote ya kansa duniani yanahusiana na kunywa pombe ambayo husababisha 3.5% ya vifo vyote vya kansa ".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oncolink.com/resources/article.cfm?c=3&s=8&ss=23&id=13383&month=08&year=2006 |title=Mzigo mkubwa wa kansa zinazohusiana na pombe |accessdate=2024-01-20 |archivedate=2008-05-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504161019/http://www.oncolink.com/resources/article.cfm?c=3&s=8&ss=23&id=13383&month=08&year=2006 }}</ref> Ripoti ya jopo la Wakfu wa Utafiti wa Saratani Duniani iitwayo ''Chakula, Lishe, Shughuli za kimwili na Kuzuia Saratani: Mtazamo wa Kilimwengu'' wapata ushahidi wa "kushawishi" kwamba kunywa pombe huongeza hatari aina za saratani zifuatazo: kinywa na koo, umio, kolorektamu (wanaume), kifua (kabla na baada ya umri wa kujifungua).<ref name="WCRF">WCRF [http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/Second_Expert_Report.pdf Chakula, Lishe, Shughuli za kimwili na ya Kuzuia Saratani: Mtazamo wa Kilimwengu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/Second_Expert_Report.pdf |date=20090325235446 }}</ref> Ukolezi mkubwa wa asetalidehidi, ambayo huzalika wakati mwili unavunja ethanoli, unaweza kuharibu DNA katika seli zilizo na afya. Taasisi ya Taifa ya Matumizi mabaya ya Pombe na Ulevi zimeonyesha kwamba asetalidehidi hushikamana na poliaminesi ambayo ni misombo inayotokea kwa kawaida nayo ni muhimu kwa ukuaji wa seli - kuibusha aina ya msingi wa DNA hatari inayoitwa Cr-Pdg adduct.<ref> ''Makala ya '' New Scientist [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg18725125.600.html "Uhusiano wa pombe na kansa umeelezezwa"]</ref> Hata viwango vya wastani vya matumizi ya pombe huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya aina fulani za kansa.<ref name="Andréasson-"></ref> ==Athari za pombe kwa kijusi == Dalili za ulevi wa kijusi au FAS ni tatizo la kudumu kutokana na pungufu za kuzaliwa ambazo hutokea katika kizazi cha wanawake ambao hunywa pombe wakati wa ujauzito. Unywaji pombe kupindukia au wakati wa hatua za awali za ukuaji wa kijusi imehusishwa kikamilifu na FAS, matumizi wastani ya pombe huhusishwa na uharibifu wa kijusi. <ref name="Andréasson-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Andréasson | first1 = S. | last2 = Allebeck | first2 = P. | title = [Alcohol as medication is no good. More risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge] | journal = Lakartidningen | volume = 102 | issue = 9 | pages = 632–7 | date = 28 Februari - 6 Machi 2005 | pmid = 15804034 }}</ref> Pombe huvuka kizuizi cha plasenta na inaweza kudidimiza ukuaji wa kijusi au uzito, kuzua stigmata za pekee usoni , kuharibuneva na miundo ya ubongo, na kusababisha matatizo mengine ya kimwili, kiakili au kitabia. .<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ulleland CN |title=The offspring of alcoholic mothers |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=197 |issue= |pages=167–9 |year=1972 |month=Mei |pmid=4504588 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb28142.x }}</ref> Kijusi kuonjeshwa pombe ndiyo sababu inayoongoza kwa kusababisha ulemavu wa akili katika nchi za Kimagharibi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Abel EL, Sokol RJ |title=Incidence of foetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–70 |year=1987 |month=Januari |pmid=3545731 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0376-8716(87)90087-1 |doi=10.1016/0376-8716(87)90087-1 }}</ref> Matumizi ya pombe wakati wa ujauzito huhusishwa na insulini ya ubongo na ukinzani wa sababu za ukuaji wa vipengele sawa na insulini.<ref name="Ronis-2007"></ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.bu.edu/act/alcoholandhealth/index.html Pombe na Afya: Ushahidi wa Kisasa. ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bu.edu/act/alcoholandhealth/index.html |date=20070427093736 }}[http://www.bu.edu/act/alcoholandhealth/index.html Chuo Kikuu cha Boston / Jarida la Taasisi ya Taifa ya Matumizi Mabaya ya Pombe na Ulevi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bu.edu/act/alcoholandhealth/index.html |date=20070427093736 }} * [http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/my_lifestyle/alcohol/index_en.htm Health EU Portal] Pombe na Afya katika EU * [http://www.drinking.nhs.uk/index.html Pombe inaohusiana na shinikizo la damu, saratani, na mshtuko wa moyo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.drinking.nhs.uk/index.html |date=20101201180308 }} (NHS) [[Category:Vinywaji]] [[Jamii:afya]] k7xyfv6be38392rty8fips4329u7t69 0 79772 1576073 960196 2026-06-22T20:57:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|896|KK}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''896 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). == Matukio == == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == [[Category:Karne ya 9 KK]] as1470cekskfylnzxec0huk6mwf5huv 0 79908 1576154 960425 2026-06-22T21:11:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|905|KK}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''905 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). == Matukio == == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 10 KK]] lp5djuvstydei1rpwrx878igekzmkzd 0 81263 1576066 965428 2026-06-22T20:56:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1251}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1251 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 13 KK]] ro0a4ap2ka0u06fvqzwstz6pbkbxlqy 0 81264 1576087 965429 2026-06-22T21:00:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1252}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1252 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 13 KK]] aau91nzq6im8enx3bey5u55ywfsny05 0 81265 1576098 965430 2026-06-22T21:02:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1253}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1253 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 13 KK]] 7ecrqwy85yd49nabm8hc572h1hl6quz 0 81266 1576124 965432 2026-06-22T21:06:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1254}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1254 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 13 KK]] lz6m84wzdl6k9w9ao2abrn0owwuujww 0 81322 1576142 965491 2026-06-22T21:09:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1387}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1387 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 14 KK]] ejjim5s8r7g6y0dzjxzdilra7qczzir 0 81984 1576127 968576 2026-06-22T21:07:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1571}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1571 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 16 KK]] 3cpsd76txt1mf4mqfmpfx7chvq7r8lx 0 82583 1576174 969770 2026-06-22T21:15:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1873}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1873 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 19 KK]] geetetu4sodnt7bxfx717kzhzabvoem 0 82584 1576186 969771 2026-06-22T21:17:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{MwakaKK|1876}} Makala hii inahusu [[mwaka]] '''1876 KK''' ([[kabla ya Kristo]]). ==Matukio== == Waliozaliwa == == Waliofariki == {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Karne ya 19 KK]] fco9c4n1dc05352j8ve5sqbteujdplb 0 87263 1576118 987213 2026-06-22T21:05:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[File:Wurdeman.jpg|right|thumb|Audrey Wurdemann alivyochorwa kwa penseli]] '''Audrey Wurdemann''' ([[1 Januari]] [[1911]] &ndash; [[20 Mei]] [[1960]]) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Aliolewa na mwandishi [[Joseph Auslander]] mwaka wa 1932. Mwaka wa 1935 Wurdemann alipokea '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Ushairi]]'''. {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wurdemann, Audrey}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1960]] [[Category:Washairi wa Marekani]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Ushairi]] bpsl0z6staoocqa07ykdotd4y8bjmx0 0 87391 1576133 987826 2026-06-22T21:08:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[File:Markstrand012.JPG|right|thumb|Mark Strand, 2012]] '''Mark Strand''' ([[11 Aprili]] [[1934]] &ndash; [[29 Novemba]] [[2014]]) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa 1999 alipokea '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Ushairi]]'''. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/mark-strand Wasifu ya Strand kwa Kiingereza] {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strand, Mark}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Category:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Category:Washairi wa Marekani]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Ushairi]] db1heidfk81wd02u2bac2s5zfeahh39 0 89425 1576177 995417 2026-06-22T21:16:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[File:Andrew_C._McLaughlin.jpg|right|thumb|Andrew C. McLaughlin]] '''Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin''' ([[14 Februari]] [[1861]] &ndash; [[24 Septemba]] [[1947]]) alikuwa mwanahistoria kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa [[1936]], alipokea '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Historia]]''' kwa kitabu chake ''A Constitutional History of the United States''. {{DEFAULTSORT:McLaughlin, Andrew}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1861]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1947]] [[Category:Wanahistoria wa Marekani]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Historia]] {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} g3lgyo005fsr8zl1ifhy929xpb3fe4a 0 92345 1576146 1009959 2026-06-22T21:10:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[Image:Stoledeacon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shemasi]] wa [[Anglikana]] amevaa [[Bega|begani]] [[stola]] ya [[rangi]] juu ya alba.]] '''Alba''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "alb", kutoka [[Kilatini]] "alba", yaani "nyeupe") ni [[kanzu]] inayotumiwa na yeyote anayehudumia katika [[ibada]] za [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]]. Kwa asili ilikuwa [[vazi]] la kawaida la [[Warumi|Warumi wa kale]], lakini inalingana na vazi jeupe la washindi ambao walionekana na [[Mtume Yohane|Yohane]] kuwepo [[mbinguni]]. {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Liturujia]] [[Jamii:Mavazi]] 7xi6ayx1zuq82dc4qu1dhj3lmqcsfx2 0 94151 1576120 1016516 2026-06-22T21:05:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Healing of Aeneas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sehemu ya ''Uponyaji wa kiwete na ufufuko wa Tabitha'', [[mchoro]] wa [[Masolino wa Panicale]], [[1425]].]] '''Enea''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''Aeneas'') alikuwa [[mtu]] wa [[Palestina]] katika [[karne ya 1]]. Kadiri ya [[Matendo ya Mitume]] 9:32-33, aliishi [[Lod|Lydda]] na alikuwa kiwete kwa muda wa miaka minane, lakini [[Mtume Petro]] alipomuambia, "[[Yesu Kristo]] anakuponya. Simama na chukua [[godoro]] lako"<ref name="Williams2011">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=David J.|title=Acts |series=Understanding the Bible Commentary Series|year=2011|publisher=Baker Books|isbn=978-1-4412-3745-3|page=166}}</ref>, mara alipona na kuinuka. Ingawa [[kitabu]] hicho cha [[Agano Jipya]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] hakisemi wazi, [[F. F. Bruce]] na wengineo wanadhani Enea alikuwa Mkristo tayari<ref>[[F. F. Bruce]], ''Commentary on the Book of the Acts'' (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), 210.</ref>. Simulizi la Enea linafuatwa na lile la [[ufufuko]] wa [[Tabita wa Yopa]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Category:Waliofariki karne ya 1]] [[Category:Watu wa Biblia]] nghdrgwoj8e481fdwept73qi20bh8ch 0 96659 1576072 1025372 2026-06-22T20:57:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[jina]] la [[mlima]] ulioko katika [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Una [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] ? juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania]] {{Mbegu-jio-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Morogoro]] svkq08ton8g0x823317p2fl6sv6jgol 0 96792 1576092 1025545 2026-06-22T21:00:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' iko katika [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. [[Kilele]] kina [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] 1,267 juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania]] {{Mbegu-jio-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Milima ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kigoma]] 0t6s1we1gaiwslv326se8m0o8jf69w6 0 98613 1576106 1030121 2026-06-22T21:03:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Mashariki]]) ambao [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 8w9kd2z9mt4pu0vy0dypnu5zah2jh4m 0 98618 1576131 1030126 2026-06-22T21:07:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Mashariki]]) ambao [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 8w9kd2z9mt4pu0vy0dypnu5zah2jh4m 0 98766 1576121 1030332 2026-06-22T21:06:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Lindi]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Kusini]] [[Mashariki]]) ambayo [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Lindi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Lindi]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] aok19babyw3pjse3eljqi8um8yzbyvc 0 98811 1576187 1030411 2026-06-22T21:17:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Tanga]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Mashariki]]) ambayo [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Tanga]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Tanga]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] bfyaumvilmw1527ogvm6qe14a613pwi 0 99181 1576094 1031090 2026-06-22T21:01:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Mbeya]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Kusini]] [[Magharibi]]) ambayo [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[bahari Hindi]] kupitia [[mto Rufiji]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Mbeya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mbeya]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] opmz9s3jwg281kex6oae0l07pwj9jtl 0 99191 1576115 1031129 2026-06-22T21:05:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[mito]] ya [[mkoa wa Mbeya]] ([[Tanzania]] [[Kusini]] [[Magharibi]]) ambayo [[maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[bahari Hindi]] kupitia [[mto Rufiji]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Mbeya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mbeya]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] opmz9s3jwg281kex6oae0l07pwj9jtl 0 101593 1576155 1036913 2026-06-22T21:11:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Turkana]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] 3hoamkfufp4nnxucjojyr8sub8mzzu5 0 101652 1576082 1036994 2026-06-22T20:59:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya West Pokot]] nchini [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Turkana]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya West Pokot]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya West Pokot]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] hcibzo1njk8oj4ovfe4apapjmfacsmc 0 101725 1576141 1037071 2026-06-22T21:09:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya West Pokot]] nchini [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Turkana]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya West Pokot]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya West Pokot]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] hcibzo1njk8oj4ovfe4apapjmfacsmc 0 101726 1576158 1037072 2026-06-22T21:12:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya West Pokot]] nchini [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Turkana]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya West Pokot]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya West Pokot]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] hcibzo1njk8oj4ovfe4apapjmfacsmc 0 101968 1576063 1037682 2026-06-22T20:56:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa la magadi]] linaloitwa [[Turkana (ziwa)|Turkana]] na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] 8mp8qljt4tzbq5bd7xqn3qhgknwb7sa 0 101992 1576084 1037706 2026-06-22T20:59:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa la magadi]] linaloitwa [[Turkana (ziwa)|Turkana]] na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] 8mp8qljt4tzbq5bd7xqn3qhgknwb7sa 0 102239 1576064 1038069 2026-06-22T20:56:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa la magadi]] linaloitwa [[Turkana (ziwa)|Turkana]] na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] relbs5cgugo4a1wh6jrmthl0zjzxjzw 0 102240 1576086 1038070 2026-06-22T21:00:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[kaskazini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa la magadi]] linaloitwa [[Turkana (ziwa)|Turkana]] na lililo kubwa kuliko maziwa yote ya Kenya. Ni pia ziwa la [[Jangwa|jangwani]] lililo kubwa kuliko yote [[duniani]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Turkana]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Turkana]] relbs5cgugo4a1wh6jrmthl0zjzxjzw 0 102780 1576071 1039156 2026-06-22T20:57:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Nandi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Nandi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nandi]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] qis3s5s3iufxwxrt4zdw9rmz81ke5jy 0 102781 1576090 1039157 2026-06-22T21:00:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Nandi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Nandi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nandi]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] qis3s5s3iufxwxrt4zdw9rmz81ke5jy 0 102782 1576103 1039158 2026-06-22T21:03:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Nandi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Nandi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nandi]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] qis3s5s3iufxwxrt4zdw9rmz81ke5jy 0 102783 1576129 1039159 2026-06-22T21:07:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Nandi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Nandi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nandi]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] qis3s5s3iufxwxrt4zdw9rmz81ke5jy 0 103033 1576150 1039605 2026-06-22T21:11:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Bungoma]] nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Bungoma]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Bungoma]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] bndirt0q1v0j07g3cfkdxnesd3ekens 0 103050 1576166 1039622 2026-06-22T21:13:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Bungoma]] nchini [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Bungoma]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Bungoma]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] bndirt0q1v0j07g3cfkdxnesd3ekens 0 103426 1576180 1040254 2026-06-22T21:16:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kajiado]] nchini [[Kenya]] (eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kajiado]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kajiado]] 3l5aitdiulkevi2qxf23nv3cinmy2pp 0 103921 1576091 1041119 2026-06-22T21:00:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Mombasa]], [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]] (kwenye [[bahari ya Hindi]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Mombasa]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Mombasa]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 8euuxm82257k3uu0hljga33kfwtd8ra 0 103922 1576105 1041120 2026-06-22T21:03:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Mombasa]], [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]] (kwenye [[bahari ya Hindi]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Mombasa]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Mombasa]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 8euuxm82257k3uu0hljga33kfwtd8ra 0 103970 1576117 1041173 2026-06-22T21:05:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kwale]], [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]] (kwenye [[bahari ya Hindi]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kwale]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kwale]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] ct1jaadthiq9gwwaxi7uytr2gn5d7wj 0 103971 1576137 1041174 2026-06-22T21:08:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kwale]], [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]] (kwenye [[bahari ya Hindi]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kwale]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kwale]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] ct1jaadthiq9gwwaxi7uytr2gn5d7wj 0 104003 1576153 1041207 2026-06-22T21:11:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kwale]], [[kusini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]] (kwenye [[bahari ya Hindi]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kwale]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kwale]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] ct1jaadthiq9gwwaxi7uytr2gn5d7wj 0 104577 1576197 1307892 2026-06-23T02:06:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Ajman_corniche_mosque._-_panoramio.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Ajmān]] [[Picha:UAE en-map.png|thumb|350px|Falme za Kiarabu.]] '''Ajman''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: عجمان‎, 'Aǧmān) ni [[emirati]] mojawapo ya [[Shirikisho]] la [[Falme za Kiarabu]] kwenye [[rasi ya Uarabuni]], upande wa [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]]. Ni pia [[jina]] la [[mji mkuu]] ambao una 90[[%]] ya wakazi wote na emirati. [[Mtawala]] wake ni [[Sheikh]] [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]] (tangu [[1981]]). [[Utemi]] una wakazi 240,000 ([[2014]]) katika eneo la [[km²]] 260 tu. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Ajman}} * [http://www.gmu.ac.ae Gulf Medical University - Official Website] - [http://www.gmu.ac.ae] * Ajman Government – Official website – [http://www.ajman.ae/ar/ Arabic] * Ajman Government – Official website – [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027190951/http://www.ajman.ae/en/ English] * [http://rakbankdirect.ae/wps/portal/home/rbd-home/ Bank in Ajman] {{Wayback|url=http://rakbankdirect.ae/wps/portal/home/rbd-home/ |date=20120920002549 }}- rakbankdirect.ae === Magazeti ya Falme za Kiarabu === * [http://www.gulf-news.com/ Gulf News] * [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/ Khaleej Times] * [http://www.emiratestodayonline.com/ Emirates Today] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emiratestodayonline.com/ |date=20070907033449 }} * [http://www.7days.ae/ 7 Days] {{Wayback|url=http://www.7days.ae/ |date=20070927000456 }} * [http://www.eveningpost.ae/ Emirates Evening Post] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eveningpost.ae/ |date=20070107193216 }} * [http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/ Gulf Today] {{Wayback|url=http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/ |date=20070824120443 }} {{mbegu-jio-Asia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Falme za Kiarabu]] naoyunq8tsj9irpu7hhq7fg96ajkak8 0 104885 1576159 1044338 2026-06-22T21:12:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Embu]], katikati ya [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Tana]] ambao ndio mrefu kuliko [[Mito ya Kenya|yote nchini]] na unaishia katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Embu]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Embu]] [[Jamii:Mto Tana]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] cjp5601qgfsoyvhtcydjpbkxipn1nva 0 105779 1576165 1045936 2026-06-22T21:13:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[jina]] la [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana katika [[kaunti ya Kitui]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Tana]], ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika [[bahari ya Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Kitui]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kitui]] [[Jamii:Mto Tana]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] mzxtlqjvbgakmqoum0o592p1uv6dcod 0 106426 1576108 1047249 2026-06-22T21:03:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi]], katikati ya [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Tana]], ambao ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini, na hatimaye katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi]] [[Jamii:Mto Tana]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] 2o5trkgxfwahxej065quw5e2ukrk97o 0 107112 1576077 1048452 2026-06-22T20:58:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[kaunti ya Narok]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya kaunti ya Narok]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Narok]] i1lcswnge0a4an2wfg8t10q4207d6eg 0 107431 1576170 1049038 2026-06-22T21:14:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katikati ya [[Kenya]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] s8evgubcw88mh93pxbll7sok6b60dnm 0 107644 1576069 1050359 2026-06-22T20:57:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Kenya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] shb17kvdn7buoorr15nvvb2qp5zbe0s 0 107889 1576065 1051203 2026-06-22T20:56:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] ii847x84lbk7gnnd163zftkw1zmt7uf 0 108103 1576246 1437845 2026-06-23T10:32:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}{{Infobox automobile|image=[[Picha:2007 Chevrolet Avalanche LS.jpg|250px|2007 Chevrolet Avalanche LS]]|name=Chevrolet Avalanche|manufacturer=[[General Motors]]|production=September 2001-April 2013|class=[[Full-size]] [[pickup truck]]|body_style=4-door [[pickup truck]]\|assembly=[[Silao]], [[Mexico]]|layout=[[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[Four-wheel drive]]|wheelbase={{convert|130.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|designer=[[Marc R. Asposito]]|related=[[Cadillac Escalade EXT]]<br />[[Chevrolet Suburban]]}} '''Chevrolet Avalanche''' ni [[gari]] la [[Marekani]] aina ya [[pikapu]] inayo makao ya [[abiria]] 5 au 6 lenye milango minne na behewa la kubebea mizigo iliyotengenezwa na kampuni ya magari ya [[General Motors]] ya [[Marekani]]. Utengenezaji wa avalanche ulianzia [[Septemba]] [[2001]] na kutamatishwa [[Aprili]] [[2013]] ikiwa toleo la pili. Avalanche ilichukua muundo [[General Motors|GM]] wa [[Chevrolet Suburban]] na [[Cadillac Escalade ESV]] wa [[Chesisi|kiunzi]] kirefu kati ya magurundumu. == Toleo la kwanza 2001–2006 == {{Infobox automobile|name=First generation|transmission={{ubl | 4-speed ''[[GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E]]'' automatic | 4-speed ''[[GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E]]'' automatic}}|image=[[Picha: 1st-Chevrolet-Avalanche.jpg|250px|1st Chevrolet]]|production=September 2001 - December 2005|model years=2002-2006|engine={{ubl | 5.3 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LM7|LM7]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] ([[gasoline]]) | 5.3 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#L59|L59]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (gasoline/[[E85]]) | 8.1 L ''[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#L18|L18]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (gasoline)}}|related=[[Chevrolet Silverado]]/[[GMC Sierra]]<br>[[Chevrolet Suburban]]/[[GMC Yukon XL]]<br>[[Cadillac Escalade ESV]]<br>[[Cadillac Escalade EXT]]|length=2002–03: {{convert|221.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br />2004–06: {{convert|221.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|width={{convert|79.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|height=2002–03: {{convert|73.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br />2004–06: {{convert|73.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|platform=[[GM GMT platform#GMT 800|GMT805]]}}Chevrolet Avalanche ilizinduliwa Septemba 2001 kama toleo lilonuiwa kutengenezwa 2002 chini ya [[GMT800]]. Mwaka wa kwanza Avalanche iliundwa na plastiki ya kijivu nyeusi kuitofautisha na [[Suburban/Yukon XL]]. <gallery widths="400" heights="350"> Picha:2003-06 Chevrolet Avalanche WBH.jpg|'''GMT800 Chevrolet Avalanche WBH''' </gallery>Avalanche ya kwanza ilikuwa na aina mbili za [[injini]]: * injini ya V8 ya Vortec ya lita 5.3 yenye nguvu ya 285 hp (216kW) na uzito wa nusu tani (1500 series) * Injini ya V8 ya Vortec ys lita 8.1 yenye nguvu ya 340 hp (253kW) na uzito wa tani robo tatu (2500 series) Gari hili lilikuwa na mvuto mkubwa kwa uwezo wa kufunguka mlango uliogawa sehemu ya kubebea abiria na behewa la mizigo likiongezea sehemu ya kubebea mizigo. Viti vya abiria pia vilikuwa na uwezo wa kufungika kuongeza nafasi kwa dambra. Mwaka wa 2002 Chevrolet Avalanche iliteuliwa kwa tuzo kama SUV bora zaidi Amerika ya Kaskazini na jalida la Motor Trend iliishirikisha kama SUV ya mwaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/oftheyear/truck/truck_of_the_year_winners/index.html|title=Motor Trend Trucks of the Year Winners List|date=2009-02-24|publisher=Motortrend.com|accessdate=2018-12-10|archivedate=2011-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709204350/http://www.motortrend.com/oftheyear/truck/truck_of_the_year_winners/index.html}}</ref> Chevrolet Avalanche Z71 ilikuwa na muundo na uwezo wa kutumika kwa barabara zisizo laini ilhali Z66 ilikuwa na muundo tu bila uwezo ikunuiwa kutumika kwa barabara laini. == Toleo la Pili 2007–2013 == {{Infobox automobile|name=Second generation (GMT900)|image=[[Picha:07-Chevrolet-Avalanche.jpg|250px]]|production=April 2006–April 2013|model_years=2007–2013|engine={{ubl| 5.3 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LY5|LY5]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] ([[gasoline]]) | 5.3 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LMG|LMG]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (gasoline/[[E85]]) | 5.3 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#LC9|LC9]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (gasoline/[[E85]])| 6.0 L ''[[LS based GM small-block engine#L76|L76]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]] (gasoline)}}|transmission={{ubl | 4-speed ''[[GM 4L60-E transmission]]'' automatic (2007–08)| 6-speed ''[[GM 6L80 transmission|6L80]]'' automatic (2009–2013)}}|platform=[[GM GMT platform#GMT 900|GM GMT900 platform]] (Series GMT940: GMT941)|length={{convert|221.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|width={{convert|79.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|height={{convert|76.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|weight=5,840 lb (2649 kg)|related=[[Cadillac Escalade EXT]]<br/>[[Cadillac Escalade ESV]]<br/>[[Chevrolet Suburban]]/[[GMC Yukon XL]]<br />[[Chevrolet Silverado]]/[[GMC Sierra]]}}Toleo ya pili ya Chevrolet Avalanche kwa jina GMT900 Avalanche ilizinduliwa Februari 2006 na utengenezaji rasmi ukaanza Aprili 2006 mjini [[Silao Mexico]]. Sura ya GMT900 hasa mataa ya mbele ilifanana kwa ukaribu na yale ya [[Tahoe/Yukon]] na [[Suburban/Yukan XL]]. Gari hili pia lilihifadhi viti za abiria za kufunguka na ule mlango unaogawa sehemu ya kubebea abiria na behewa la mizigo sawa na toleo la kwanza. GMT 900 ilizindua Z71 maalum toleo la pili la Z71 lenye ubora zaidi kwa matumizi kwenye barabara zisizo laini. Injini mpya ya V8 ya Vortec ya lita 5.3 inayotumia diseli oganiki E85. Injini hii mpya ilikuwa na nguvu ya 326hp (243kW), bora kuliko injini ya vortec ya lita 5.3 ya deseli ya hapo awali. <gallery widths="400" heights="380"> Picha:Chevrolet Avalanche Z71 Black Diamond Last Edition 2013.jpg|'''Cherolet Avalanche Z71 Black Diamond Toleo la mwisho la 2013''' </gallery> Aina za injini za toleo la pili (toleo la Black Diamond):- * V8 [[GM small-block engine#5300|Vortec 5300]] ya lita 5.3 ({{convert|320|hp|kW}}) * V8 [[GM small-block engine#HO 6100|VortecMAX]] ya lita 6.0 ({{convert|367|hp|kW}} (iliyozinduliwa 2006 - ikasitishwa 2010) Umaarufu wa Cherolet Avalanche uliendelea na Michael Young mchezaji wa thamani zaidi 2006 wa baseboli alizawadiwa Avalanche ya 2007. Gari hili pia lilitumika kwa sinema mingi za Kimarekani has zenye zinahusishz uharifu kama vile CSI: New York. Kipindi cha ' Speed TV' Bullrun cha mwaka wa 2009 kiliorodhesha Avalanche Z71 nambali ya pili. == Hitimisho la utengenezai wa Chevrolet Avalanche == Aprili 2012, General Motors ilitangaza itaacha utengenezaji wa Avalanche mwaka uliofuata wa 2012 kufuatia kupungua kwa mauzo kwa 2.6% mwaka uliotangulia wa 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/04/13/gm-announces-end-of-chevy-avalanche-with-black-diamond-edition/|title=GM announces end of Chevy Avalanche with Black Diamond edition|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66to6P7pM?url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/04/13/gm-announces-end-of-chevy-avalanche-with-black-diamond-edition/|archivedate=13 April 2012|date=13 April 2012|publisher=Autoblog|accessdate=2018-12-11|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> GM iliendelea na utengenezai wa [[Cadillac Escalade]] EXT. == Magari yaliyouzwa Marekani == {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Magari yaliyouzwa Marekani |- |2001<ref name="sales02">{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html|title=GM Reports Best December Sales Since 1979|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090423151018/http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html|archivedate=April 23, 2009|date=January 3, 2003|publisher=General Motors Media|accessdate=2018-12-10|deadurl=http://media.gm.com/news/sales/030103_decsales.html}}</ref> |52,955 |- |2002<ref name="sales02" /> |89,372 |- |2003<ref name="sales04">{{cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/01/05/205609.html|title=GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results|date=January 5, 2006|work=The Auto Channel|accessdate=2018-12-10}}</ref> |93,482 |- |2004<ref name="sales04" /> |80,566 |- |2005<ref name="sales06">{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=6&docid=31596|title=GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries In December|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090423152022/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do%3Fdomain=6&docid=31596|archivedate=April 23, 2009|date=January 3, 2007|publisher=GM Communications|accessdate=2018-12-11|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |63,186 |- |2006<ref name="sales06" /> |57,076 |- |2007<ref name="sales08">{{cite web|url=http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=2&docid=51161|title=GM Reports 221,983 Deliveries In December; 2,980,688 Vehicles Sold In 2008|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090423151551/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do%3Fdomain=2&docid=51161|archivedate=April 23, 2009|date=January 5, 2009|publisher=GM Communications|accessdate=2018-12-13|deadurl=yes|https://web.archive.org/web/20090831002223/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.emerald.gm.com%2Fgmnews%2Fviewpressreldetail.do%3Fdomain%3D2&docid=51161|=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831002223/http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.emerald.gm.com%2Fgmnews%2Fviewpressreldetail.do%3Fdomain%3D2&docid=51161}}</ref> |55,550 |- |2008<ref name="sales08" /> |35,003 |- |2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-12-16 |archive-date=2018-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228150900/https://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries |url-status=dead }}</ref> |16,432 |- |2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheersandgears.com/topic/74944-december-2010-sales-general-motors/|title=December 2010 Sales: General Motors - Cheers & Gears Forums|date=|publisher=Cheersandgears.com|accessdate=2018-12-12}}</ref> |20,515 |- |2011<ref>http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Jan/gmsales.html</ref> |20,088 |- |2012 |23,995 |- |2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-12-16 |archivedate=2017-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807124151/http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf }}</ref> |16,986 |} == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commonscat|Chevrolet}} * [http://www.chevrolet.com/avalanche/ Tovuti rasmi ya Chevrolet Avalanche] * [http://www.chevrolet2016.com/2016-chevy-avalanche-concept/ Muundo mpya wa 2016 Chevrolet Avalanche] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chevrolet2016.com/2016-chevy-avalanche-concept/ |date=20180907144516 }} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Magari]] rdp8n132ylusdshsgfobibtbrr1s3xx 0 108957 1576151 1055332 2026-06-22T21:11:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[Wilaya ya Ukerewe]], [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ukerewe]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] k0j346ndpewijeeaix2x37409y9hig2 0 108961 1576167 1055336 2026-06-22T21:14:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[Wilaya ya Ukerewe]], [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ukerewe]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] k0j346ndpewijeeaix2x37409y9hig2 0 108962 1576178 1055337 2026-06-22T21:16:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[Wilaya ya Ukerewe]], [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Ukerewe]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] k0j346ndpewijeeaix2x37409y9hig2 0 109781 1576080 1057645 2026-06-22T20:59:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[Uganda]] [[kusini]] ([[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|Mkoa wa Kati]], [[Wilaya ya Buvuma]]). Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa wa eneo. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Uganda]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Buvuma]] 5anx14m6e67bwwitb5q4uixcx1wlx88 0 110398 1576089 1059279 2026-06-22T21:00:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Amolatar]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Amolatar]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 339pstdmplbneydwl9ju78wfje0cwoc 0 110399 1576102 1059280 2026-06-22T21:02:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Amolatar]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Amolatar]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 339pstdmplbneydwl9ju78wfje0cwoc 0 110400 1576128 1059281 2026-06-22T21:07:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Amolatar]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Amolatar]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 339pstdmplbneydwl9ju78wfje0cwoc 0 111705 1576181 1063021 2026-06-22T21:16:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] ta289dn1258zaxamuyxyz37f1iz9knf 0 111712 1576182 1063033 2026-06-22T21:16:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Nakapiripirit]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] ta289dn1258zaxamuyxyz37f1iz9knf 0 112013 1576078 1063668 2026-06-22T20:58:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Yumbe]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Yumbe]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Yumbe]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] k45uq4f1xg77sd8gvn12es1u5p1xqzs 0 112017 1576095 1063672 2026-06-22T21:01:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Yumbe]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini (Uganda)|kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Yumbe]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Yumbe]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] k45uq4f1xg77sd8gvn12es1u5p1xqzs 0 112284 1576116 1064537 2026-06-22T21:05:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buulobarde''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Somalia]]. Idadi ya wakazi hukadiriwa kuwa 17,609. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Somalia]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Somalia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Somalia]] 41t7w6we5j17hknsmrff0lw4lv8s6hl 0 112527 1576164 1065090 2026-06-22T21:13:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Iganga]], [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|mashariki]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Iganga]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Iganga]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] t3nxforij0oz8ilqxwx5oipdoh5krak 0 112528 1576176 1065091 2026-06-22T21:15:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Iganga]], [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|mashariki]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Iganga]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Iganga]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] t3nxforij0oz8ilqxwx5oipdoh5krak 0 112534 1576188 1065097 2026-06-22T21:18:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Iganga]], [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|mashariki]] mwa [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Iganga]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Iganga]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] t3nxforij0oz8ilqxwx5oipdoh5krak 0 114033 1576179 1069220 2026-06-22T21:16:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Kabarole]], [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Uganda)|magharibi]] mwa [[Uganda]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Kabarole]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Rivers and Lakes of Uganda]. {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kabarole]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] eztigmyc7ots1p07qckuag038dzvg9t 0 115205 1576101 1073365 2026-06-22T21:02:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Buvuma]], [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|mkoa wa Kati]], nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Viktoria]], halafu [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Buvuma]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Buvuma]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 2bs7nskxpwpm05nt6mm8bz161tbt5bn 0 115206 1576126 1073366 2026-06-22T21:06:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Buvuma]], [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|mkoa wa Kati]], nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Viktoria]], halafu [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Buvuma]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Buvuma]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 2bs7nskxpwpm05nt6mm8bz161tbt5bn 0 115399 1576161 1074768 2026-06-22T21:12:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana katika [[wilaya ya Mpigi]], [[Mkoa wa Kati (Uganda)|mkoa wa Kati]], nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Maji]] yake yanaishia katika [[ziwa Viktoria]], halafu [[mto Naili]] na hatimaye katika [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Uganda]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya wilaya ya Mpigi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mito ya Uganda}} {{mbegu-jio-Uganda}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mpigi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] c7ll5if7q60xj1sgbufifmg0ha7cky5 0 116900 1576110 1084545 2026-06-22T21:04:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kuchanyika | picha = Tit Hylia near Kakum NP, Ghana 14 S4E1759 (16012759969).jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kuchanyika kabumbu]] | himaya = [[Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | nusufaila = [[Vertebrata]] (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege kama [[shomoro]]) | familia_ya_juu = [[Sylvioidea]] (Ndege kama [[Kucha (Sylviidae)|kucha]]) | familia = [[Hyliidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na [[kuchanyika]]) | bingwa_wa_familia = [[David Armitage Bannerman|Bannerman]], 1923 | subdivision = '''Jenasi 2:''' * ''[[Hylia]]'' <small>[[John Cassin|Cassin]], 1859</small><br> * ''[[Pholidornis]]'' <small>[[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]], 1857</small><br> }} [[Spishi]] kadhaa za '''kuchanyika''' ni [[ndege (mnyama)|ndege]] wadogo wa [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Hyliidae]]. Nyingine ni wana wa familia [[Cettiidae]]. ==Spishi== * ''Hylia prasina'', [[Kuchanyika Kijani]] ([[w:Green Hylia|Green Hylia]]) * ''Pholidornis rushiae'', [[Kuchanyika Kabumbu]] ([[w:Tit-hylia|Tit-hylia]]) ==Picha== <gallery> Nest of Tit-hylia 18.JPG|Kiota cha kuchanyika kabumbu </gallery> [[Jamii:Kucha na jamaa]] 854fc8tkzya72vrtldwzwg9cmpwukxg 0 122399 1576130 1104137 2026-06-22T21:07:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masaru Uchiyama''' (内山 勝; alizaliwa [[14 Aprili]] [[1957]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Japani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]]. Uchiyama alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]] tarehe 26 Mei 1985 dhidi ya [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Uruguay|Uruguay]]. Uchiyama alicheza Japani katika mechi 1.<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/uchiyama_masaru.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="JNFTD"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|Timu ya Taifa ya Japani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1985||1||0 |- !Jumla||1||0 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] tmd44jym6o7l19g07jid99if8o492cr 0 122614 1576081 1104389 2026-06-22T20:59:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Morimoto UDI-CAT 4-2.jpg|200px|right]] '''Takayuki Morimoto''' (森本 貴幸; alizaliwa [[7 Mei]] [[1988]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Japani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]]. Morimoto alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|timu ya taifa ya Japani]] tarehe 10 Oktoba 2009 dhidi ya [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Uskoti|Uskoti]]. Morimoto alicheza Japani katika mechi 10, akifunga mabao 3.<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/en/players/morimoto_takayuki.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref><ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="JNFTD"/><ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Japani|Timu ya Taifa ya Japani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |2009||2||1 |- |2010||7||2 |- |2011||0||0 |- |2012||1||0 |- !Jumla||10||3 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] 0264ss8ji9bu07k6yoa1hqthsj71yma 0 123030 1576184 1104932 2026-06-22T21:17:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marek Špilár''' ([[11 Februari]] [[1975]] - [[7 Septemba]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Slovakia]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Slovakia|timu ya taifa ya Slovakia]]. Špilár ameichezea [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Slovakia|timu ya taifa ya Slovakia]] tangu mwaka wa 1997. Špilár alicheza Slovakia katika mechi 30.<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Slovakia|Timu ya Taifa ya Slovakia]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1997||11||0 |- |1998||12||0 |- |1999||1||0 |- |2000||0||0 |- |2001||0||0 |- |2002||6||0 |- !Jumla||30||0 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1975|2013}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Slovakia]] 5vkq9mrn2ofmgzogdznzz7lpkdf74px 0 123381 1576183 1105494 2026-06-22T21:17:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[magharibi]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bujumbura Vijijini]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bujumbura Vijijini]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|S]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bujumbura Vijijini]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] 7cbxhtcqc2v8de4yr6yytq1gjxzzfo2 0 123559 1576145 1105827 2026-06-22T21:10:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[magharibi]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Cibitoke]]). [[Maji]] huelekea [[ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Cibitoke]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|M]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Cibitoke]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] cgl05pew4tjbqxd167gblurpsxyzhxk 0 123560 1576163 1105828 2026-06-22T21:13:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[magharibi]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Cibitoke]]). [[Maji]] huelekea [[ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Cibitoke]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|M]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Cibitoke]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] cgl05pew4tjbqxd167gblurpsxyzhxk 0 123703 1576096 1106086 2026-06-22T21:01:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Makamba]]). [[Maji]] huelekea [[ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Makamba]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|K]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Makamba]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] 90ritx2wxyvkku39xhwe6y4konwwmq8 0 123706 1576119 1106089 2026-06-22T21:05:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Makamba]]). [[Maji]] huelekea [[ziwa Tanganyika]], [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Makamba]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|K]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Makamba]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] 90ritx2wxyvkku39xhwe6y4konwwmq8 0 124320 1576075 1107242 2026-06-22T20:58:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Muyinga]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Muyinga]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Muyinga]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|R]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 4gqz16ph95z538bmtd14dkhstzafrkt 0 125760 1576123 1112074 2026-06-22T21:06:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bururi]]). [[Maji]] yanafikia [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, maji yanakwenda kuchangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bururi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bururi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] ieb5duwpz0rb48ibr7v0t21zeo9qb06 0 125768 1576139 1112082 2026-06-22T21:09:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Nyagazangu''') ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bururi]]). [[Maji]] yanafikia [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, maji yanakwenda kuchangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bururi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bururi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] gxjx62349ekpw5y3nuiyahuphhth9m4 0 125770 1576140 1112084 2026-06-22T21:09:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bururi]]). [[Maji]] yanafikia [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, maji yanakwenda kuchangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bururi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bururi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] ieb5duwpz0rb48ibr7v0t21zeo9qb06 0 125774 1576157 1112089 2026-06-22T21:12:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana [[kusini]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Bururi]]). [[Maji]] yanafikia [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, maji yanakwenda kuchangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Bururi]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Bururi]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] ieb5duwpz0rb48ibr7v0t21zeo9qb06 0 126589 1576070 1114868 2026-06-22T20:57:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana [[mashariki]] mwa [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Cankuzo]]). [[Maji]] yake, kupitia [[ziwa Tanganyika]], huelekea [[Mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Cankuzo]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|G]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Cankuzo|G]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] tjq8imwg0uxp2wd8u7vwbs1ynztpoeh 0 126870 1576138 1115489 2026-06-22T21:08:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Gitega]]). [[Maji]] yake, kupitia [[mto Ruvubu]], huelekea [[Ziwa Viktoria]], [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Gitega]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Gitega]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|K]] [[Jamii:ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 3qld0suomyylmc2m76cz2oxev1xfpwr 0 126938 1576099 1115595 2026-06-22T21:02:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Gitega]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Gitega]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Gitega]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|M]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 2u5t0ekexrewktjn0ivor4ppz29qgtu 0 127089 1576125 1115973 2026-06-22T21:06:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Gitega]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Gitega]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Gitega]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 3zs6oo9qpo3dkjbnspsvquslw2200sj 0 127094 1576143 1115978 2026-06-22T21:09:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Gitega]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Gitega]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Gitega]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|N]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 3zs6oo9qpo3dkjbnspsvquslw2200sj 0 128244 1576104 1125754 2026-06-22T21:03:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' unapatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Kayanza]]). [[Maji]] yake, kupitia [[mto Ruvubu]] na [[ziwa Nyanza]], huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Kayanza]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kayanza]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|S]] [[Jamii:ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 5p565y4lak78zu7jhue6osltqnjbims 0 128277 1576109 1125892 2026-06-22T21:04:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Kayanza]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Kayanza]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kayanza]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|A]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] 8yto28tweoujmp5m4tlc73znjrm9450 0 128281 1576134 1125901 2026-06-22T21:08:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Kayanza]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Kayanza]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kayanza]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|G]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] t4obxuxpn2b4p4a1197oekce1471g9z 0 128282 1576147 1125902 2026-06-22T21:10:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Korongo (jiografia)|korongo]] linalopatikana nchini [[Burundi]] ([[mkoa wa Kayanza]]). [[Maji]] yake huelekea [[Mto Naili]] na hatimaye [[Bahari ya Kati]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Kayanza]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Burundi}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kayanza]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|G]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Mediteranea]] t4obxuxpn2b4p4a1197oekce1471g9z 0 131838 1576213 1541245 2026-06-23T05:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Georgetown Ascension1.JPG|thumb|[[Georgetown, Ascension|Georgetown]] ni [[kitovu]] cha kisiwa.]] '''Ascension''' ni [[kisiwa]] chenye [[asili]] ya [[volikano]] kilichoko [[kusini]] kidogo kwa [[ikweta]], katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], [[kilomita]] 1,600 hivi kutoka [[Afrika]] na 2,300 hivi kutoka [[Amerika Kusini]] ([[Brazil]]). Wakazi wote ni 806 tu ([[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2016]]). Kiutawala kiko chini ya [[koloni]] la [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5 |title=The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 |at= Explanatory Note |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |accessdate=18 April 2010}}</ref>, ambalo liko chini ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. [[Jina]] lilitokana na [[sherehe]] ya [[Kupaa Bwana]], ambayo ndiyo [[siku]] ya mwaka [[1501]] kisiwa kilipoonekana kwa mara ya kwanza. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} *{{Citation|last=Keynes|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Keynes|year=2001|title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|access-date=19 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918173608/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|archive-date=18 September 2010|url-status=live}} ==Marejeo== * Duff Hart-Davis, ''Ascension, the story of a South Atlantic island'', p.&nbsp;15 * Mitchell, David F. 2010. ''[http://www.davidfmitchell.com/uploads/4/3/4/0/43400967/ascension_island_and_the_second_world_war_.pdf Ascension Island and the Second World War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.davidfmitchell.com/uploads/4/3/4/0/43400967/ascension_island_and_the_second_world_war_.pdf |date=20210130163808 }}''. Ascension Island: Ascension Island Heritage Society. * [http://www.economist.com/node/17082686 Correspondent's diary: Ascension Island | The Economist] * [http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/ Official Ascension Island Government site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/ |date=20120716062943 }} * [http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=385050 Global Volcanism Program: Ascension Island] * Sanders, Sarah, ''Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom Overseas Territories; priority sites for conservation'' (RSPB, 2006) * [[Bernard Stonehouse|Stonehouse, Bernard]]. (1960). ''Wideawake Island. The Story of the BOU Centenary Expedition to Ascension''. Hutchinson: London * Duff Hart-Davis, The Spectator 17 October 2015, "The Stone Frigate Sails On", p.&nbsp;16. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Ascension Island}} {{Wikivoyage|Ascension}} ===Taarifa na serikali=== * [https://www.ascension.gov.ac Ascension Island Government] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ascension.gov.ac/ |date=20201124120920 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309034725/http://www.ascensionconservation.org.ac/ Ascension Government Conservation Department] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201000611/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/ Ascension Island Newsletter] ===Historia na Jiografia=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110917204906/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/webcam/ Live Web Cam of Ascension] * [http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/ascension.htm Colonial History of Ascension Island] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100913075741/http://www.britlink.org/ascension.html Ascension Island at Britlink – British Islands & Territories] * [http://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/ascension/ Isla Ascensión o Ascension island] {{Wayback|url=http://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/ascension/ |date=20201201174529 }}(Spanish) * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html CIA World Factbook entry about Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |date=20101228232819 }} * [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&sll=-11.264612,-14.941406&sspn=67.291674,89.648438&ll=-7.945506,-14.361534&spn=0.140771,0.175095&t=h&z=13 Google Satellite View] ===Taasisi=== * [http://www.astronautix.com/a/ascension.html Rocket launches from Ascension] * [http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.com/2010/01/closer-look-at-ascension-islands-bbc.html Detailed description of the BBC Atlantic Relay Station] * [http://www.aos-uk.com/ascension.html Army Ornithological Society Ascension Island Research] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aos-uk.com/ascension.html |date=20120302151014 }} * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union and Their Potential Role for the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).] Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 25&nbsp;pp. {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki| ]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Afrika]] j1giwnw211w53xrtqtepnmgxy3eh9ax 0 132046 1576169 1137327 2026-06-22T21:14:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mto]] wa [[Burundi]] [[mashariki]] ([[mkoa wa Rutana]]) ambao unatiririka hadi [[ziwa Tanganyika]]. Baadaye, [[maji]] mengine yanachangia [[mto Kongo]] na hatimaye [[Bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Rutana]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya Burundi]] * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Rutana]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Burundi|C]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Tanganyika]] [[Jamii:Mto Kongo]] [[Jamii:Atlantiki]] a9j7wfby7fe4nqc1a3svumloyakuzth 0 133102 1576057 1528100 2026-06-22T20:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:African_slave_trade.png|thumb|350x350px| Njia kuu za biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya kati]] [[Picha:Zanzslgwch.jpg|thumb| Kikundi cha watumwa cha [[Zanj]] huko [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] (1889)]] '''Utumwa barani Afrika''' ulipatikana kwa muda mrefu. Sawa na maeneo mengine ya [[Dunia]] ya kale, mifumo ya [[utumwa]] na kazi isiyo huru ilikuwa kawaida katika sehemu nyingi za [[Afrika]]. Utumwa huo ulikuwepo kabla ya kufika kwa [[wanfayabiashara]] wa watumwa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wazungu]]. Wakati Afrika ilipoingizwa zaidi katika biashara ya kimaifa ya watumwa, mifumo hiyo ya utumwa wa kimapokeo ilianza kupeleka wafúngwa pia kwa [[Soko la watumwa|masoko ya watumwa]] nje ya Afrika <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref>. Biashara hiyo ya kimataifa ilitokea katika [[biashara ya watumwa kuvukia Sahara]], [[biashara ya watumwa katika Bahari Hindi]], na [[biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki]] (ambayo ilianza karne ya 16). Utumwa wa kimapokeo katika Afrika ulipatikana kwa aina tofauti: Utumwa wa deni, utumwa wa mateka wa vita, utumwa wa kijeshi, utumwa wa ukahaba, na utumwa wa jinai; vyote vilifanywa katika sehemu anuwai za Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Give Me Liberty: An American History|url=https://archive.org/details/givemelibertyame00fone_302|last=Foner|first=Eric|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2012|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/givemelibertyame00fone_302/page/18 18]}}</ref> Utumwa kwa madhumuni ya nyumbani na kwa mahitaji ya watawala ulienea kote Afrika. Utumwa wa mashambani ulitokea pia, hasa kwenye pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki na katika sehemu za Afrika ya Magharibi. Umuhimu wa utumwa wa mashambani ya ndani uliongezeka wakati wa karne ya 19, kwa sababu ya kukomeshwa kwa biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki na katika Bahari Hindi. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Fernyhough|first=Timothy|date=1988|title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Southern Ethiopia in the 19th Century|journal=Slavery & Abolition|volume=9|issue=3|pages=103–130|doi=10.1080/01440398808574965|issn=0144-039X}}</ref> Madola kadhaa ya Kiafrika yaliyotegemea biashara ya watumwa ya kimataifa yalirekebisha uchumi wao kuelekea biashara halali ambako bidhaa zilizalishwa na watumwa. <ref name="Austin">{{Rejea kitabu|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|editor-last=David Eltis|location=New York|chapter=Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936|editor-last2=Stanley L. Engerman|editor-last3=Seymour Drescher|editor-last4=David Richardson}}</ref> == Aina za utumwa == Kulikuwa na aina tofauti za [[utumwa]] na kazi isiyo huru katika Afrika. Aina hizo ziliathiriwa na desturi za jamii za kienyeji lakini pia na taasisi ya utumwa wa Kirumi, mafundisho ya Wakristo kuhusu utumwa, taasisi ya utumwa wa Kiislam kupitia biashara ya watumwa ya [[Kiislamu]], na hatimaye biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Slavery, Slave Trade|doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_000524}}</ref> <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Utumwa ulikuwa sehemu ya muundo wa uchumi wa jamii nyingi za Kiafrika kwa karne nyingi, ingawa viwango vilitofautiana. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Painter|first=Nell Irvin|last2=Berlin|first2=Ira|date=2000|title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-american-review_fall-2000_34_3/page/515|journal=African American Review|volume=34|issue=3|pages=515|doi=10.2307/2901390|issn=1062-4783|jstor=2901390}}</ref>. [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batutta]] aliyetembelea [[Mali|Milki ya Mali]] katikati ya [[karne ya 14]], alisimulia kwamba wakazi wa eneo hilo walishindana kwa idadi ya watumwa na watumishi wao, na yeye mwenyewe alipewa mtumwa kama "zawadi ya ukarimu."<ref>Noel King (ed.), ''Ibn Battuta in Black Africa'', Princeton 2005, p. 54.</ref> Katika [[Kusini kwa Sahara|Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara]], hali ya kisheria ya watumwa mara nyingi ilikuwa tata; watumwa walikuwa na haki mbalimbali na pia uhuru katika mambo kadhaa, na mabwana wao walibanwa katika uwezo wao kuwatendea na kuwauza. <ref name="Fage">{{Rejea jarida|last=Fage|first=J.D.|year=1969|title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1969_10_3/page/393|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=10|issue=3|pages=393–404|doi=10.1017/s0021853700036343}}</ref> Jamii nyingi ziliweka tofauti kati ya aina tofauti za watumwa: kwa mfano, kutofautisha kati ya wale waliozaliwa katika utumwa na wale ambao walitekwa katika vita. <ref name="Rodney">{{Rejea jarida|last=Rodney|first=Walter|year=1966|title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1966_7_3/page/431|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=7|issue=3|pages=431–443|doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514|jstor=180112}}</ref> Tofauti za utumwa barani Afrika zilihusiana na miundo ya ukoo. Katika jamii nyingi za Kiafrika, ambapo ardhi haingeweza kumilikiwa, idadi ya watumwa ilitumika kama njia ya kuonyesha ushawishi mtu alikuwa nao na kupanua uhusiano na koo nyingine. Hii ilifanya watumwa kuwa sehemu ya kudumu ya ukoo wa bwana, na watoto wa watumwa waliweza kuendelea kama sehemu ya ukoo wa Bwana.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Gudmestad|first=Robert|date=2006-01-26|title=Technology and the World the Slaves Made|journal=History Compass|volume=4|issue=2|pages=373–383|doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00313.x|issn=1478-0542}}</ref> <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Watoto wa watumwa waliozaliwa katika familia waliweza kuhesabiwa kama watoto wa ukoo wa bwana na kupanda ngazi katika jamii, hata wakati mwingine hadi cheo cha [[chifu]].<ref name="Rodney"/> Walakini, unyanyapaa mara nyingi ulibaki, na kulitokea pia na utengano mkali kati ya watoto wa watumwa katika ukoo na watoto wa sehemu huru ya familia.<ref name="Snell">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeworldhi00brad_139|last=Snell|first=Daniel C.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|editor-last=Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeworldhi00brad_139/page/n16 4]–21|chapter=Slavery in the Ancient Near East}}</ref> === Utumwa wa kibiashara === [[Utumwa|Utumwa wa kibiashara]] (ing ''chattel slavery'') ni aina kali ya utumwa ambapo mtumwa hutendewa kama mali ya mmiliki. Kwa hiyo, mmiliki yuko huru kumuuza, kumnunua au kumtendea mtumwa kama vile atakavyokuwa na vitu vingine vilivyo mali yake, na watoto wa mtumwa mara nyingi hubaki kama mali ya bwana. <ref name="Alexander">{{Rejea jarida|last=Alexander|first=J.|year=2001|title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa|journal=World Archaeology|volume=33|issue=1|pages=44–60|doi=10.1080/00438240126645|jstor=827888}}</ref> Kuna taarifa za aina hiyo ya utumwa mkali katika bonde la [[Nile|Mto Nile]], sehemu kubwa ya Sahel na pia [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]], lakini watafiti hawana uhakika kuhusu upatikanaji katika sehemu nyingine za bara kabla ya taarifa za kimaandishi ya wafanyabiashara Waarabu na Wazungu. <ref name="Gaspar">{{Rejea kitabu|title=More than chattel: black women and slavery in the Americas|last=Gaspar|first=D. B.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1998|location=Bloomington}}</ref> === Utumishi wa nyumba === Kidesturi watumwa wengi walitumiwa katika nyumba za mabwana ambako walibaki na uhuru fulani. Watumwa wa nyumbani wangetazamwa kama sehemu ya ukoo wa bwana na kwa kawaida wasingeuzwa kwa wengine isipokuwa kwa sababu maalumu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Kett|first=Anna Vaughan|date=2017-04-20|title=Without the Consumers of Slave Produce There Would Be No Slaves|journal=University of Illinois Press|volume=1|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252038266.003.0005}}</ref> Watumwa hao waliweza kuwa na mapato yao waliweza kununua mali na ardhi , waliweza kuoa na mara nyingi waliweza kupitisha mali kwa watoto wao. <ref name="Rodney"/> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=Anti-Slavery International|title=Domestic Slavery: What Is It?|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/domestic-work-and-slavery/}}</ref> === Utumishi wa deni === Katika utumishi wa deni (ing. pawnship) mtu hutumiwa kama dhamana kwa deni. Mwiwa (mdeni), [[mtoto]] wake au mtu mwingine wa ukoo wake anapaswa kufanya kazi bila malipo kwa mwia. Utumishi wa aina hiyo ulikuwa umbo la dhamana liliopatikana mahali pengi katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]] . <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Douglas|first=Mary|date=1964|title=Matriliny and Pawnship in Central Africa|journal=Africa|volume=34|issue=4|pages=301–313|doi=10.2307/1157471|issn=0001-9720|jstor=1157471}}</ref> Ilikuwa kuhusu ahadi ya mtu kumtumikia mtu mwingine anayemtolea mkopo. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=1922|title=Pledges. Delivery to Create a Future Pledge. Assignment of Debt to One Person and of Pledge to Another|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-law-review_1922-01_35_3/page/345|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=35|issue=3|pages=345|doi=10.2307/1329636|issn=0017-811X|jstor=1329636}}</ref> Utumishi wa deni uliweza kufanana na utumwa lakini mara nyingi ulikuwa tofauti na utumwa halisi; hasa kwa sababu mapatano kuhusu utumishi mara nyingi yalikuwa kwa muda fulani tu, au aina maalumu za kazi. Utumishi wa aina hiyo ulikuwa kawaida katika Afrika Magharibi kabla ya mawasiliano na Ulaya, pamoja na watu wa Akan, watu wa [[Waewe|Ewe]], watu wa [[Yoruba]], na watu wa Edo , na umbo tofauti pia kati ya Waefik, [[Waigbo]], Waijaw, na Wafon ). <ref name="Regnier 2015 152–168">{{Rejea jarida|last=Regnier|first=Denis|date=2015|title=Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/REGCPU|journal=Social Anthropology|volume=23|issue=2|pages=152–168|doi=10.1111/1469-8676.12107|issn=0964-0282}}</ref> <ref name="Lovejoy and Richardson">{{Rejea jarida|last=Paul E. Lovejoy and David Richardson|year=2001|title=The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2001_42_1/page/67|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=42|issue=1|pages=67–89|doi=10.1017/S0021853700007787}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2003|editor-last=Paul E. Lovejoy|location=Trenton, NJ|editor-last2=Toyin Falola}}</ref> === Utumwa wa kijeshi === [[Picha:Victims_for_sacrifice-1793.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Watumwa wa dhabihu katika Forodha za kila mwaka za Dahomey - kutoka ''Historia ya Dahomy, Ufalme wa bara wa Afrika'', 1793]] Utumwa wa kijeshi ulikuwa pamoja na kujipatia wafungwa na kuwafundisha kazi ya uanajeshi. Hao waliendelea kuwa hali ya watumwa wa kijeshi hata baada ya kumaliza muda wao.<ref name="Johnson">{{Rejea jarida|last=Johnson|first=Douglas H.|year=1989|title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethnohistory_winter-1989_36_1/page/72|journal=Ethnohistory|volume=36|issue=1|pages=72–88|doi=10.2307/482742|jstor=482742}}</ref> Vikosi vya askari watumwa viliendeshwa na kiongozi, ambaye angeweza kuwa mkuu wa serikali wa eneo fulani au kiongozi wa kujitegemea, aliyetumia askati wake kwa malipo au kwa masilahi yake yeye mwenyewe. Utumwa wa kijeshi ulitokea hasa katika bonde la Mto Nile (nchini [[Sudan]] na [[Uganda]]), ambako vikosi vya wanajeshi watumwa viliendeshwa na mamlaka mbali mbali za Kiislamu<ref name="Johnson"/>, halafu kati ya viongozi wa kijeshi wa Afrika Magharibi. <ref name="Wylie">{{Rejea jarida|last=Wylie|first=Kenneth C.|year=1969|title=Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftaincy 1880–1896|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1969_10_2/page/295|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=10|issue=2|pages=295–308|doi=10.1017/s0021853700009531|jstor=179516}}</ref> Vikosi vya kijeshi huko Sudan viliundwa katika miaka ya 1800 kwa njia ya uvamizi wa kijeshi ambako wafungwa wengi walikamatwa. === Watumwa wa dhabihu === [[Dhabihu ya wanadamu]] ilikuwa kawaida katika milki za Afrika Magharibi hadi wakati wa karne ya 19. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=[Quaker pamphlet collection].|last=Drew University. Library.|date=1805–1917|oclc=880321617}}</ref> Katika jamii ambazo zilifanya dhabihu ya wanadamu, watumwa walikuwa idadi kubwa ya wahanga. <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Kwenye sikukuu ya kifalme ya kila mwaka katika milki ya Dahomey takriban wafungwa 500 waliuawa kama kafara. Dhabihu zilifanywa kote kwenye pwani ya Afrika Magharibi na maeneo ya bara. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Figure 3. Schematic of experimental design.|doi=10.7554/elife.11695.005}}</ref> Dhabihu zilikuwa za kawaida katika Milki ya Benin, katika [[Ghana]], na katika madola madogo ya kujitegemea katika maeneo ya kusini mwa [[Nigeria]] ya leo. Katika Mkoa wa Ashanti, [[adhabu ya kifo]] ilitekelezwa kwa umbo la dhabihu ya wanadamu.<ref>Clifford Williams (1988) However, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3. (1988), pp.&nbsp;433–441</ref> === Biashara ya watumwa wa ndani === Mataifa na makabila mengi kama Milki ya Bono, [[Waashanti]] wa Ghana ya leo na Wayoruba wa Nigeria walihusika katika biashara ya watumwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Om12BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|title=The Politics of Heritage in Africa|last=Peterson|first=Derek R.|last2=Gavua|first2=Kodzo|last3=Rassool|first3=Ciraj|date=2015-03-02|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09485-7|language=en}}</ref> Jamii kama Waimbangala wa [[Angola]] na [[Wanyamwezi]] wa [[Tanzania]] walishiriki katika vita dhidi ya jamii wa Waafrika jirani na kuwapeleka kama wafungwa hadi pwani walipouzwa kwa wafanyabiashara Wazungu na Waarabu. Wanahistoria John Thornton na Linda Heywood wa Chuo Kikuu cha Boston wamekadiria kuwa kati ya Waafrika waliotekwa na kisha kuuzwa kama watumwa kwenda Amerika katika biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki, karibu asilimia 90 walikamatwa na Waafrika wengine ambao waliwauzia wafanyabiashara kutoka Ulaya. Henry Louis Gates, Mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Mafunzo ya Kiafrika na Kimarekani-Kiafrika, amesema kuwa "bila ushirikiano wa kibiashara kati ya matabaka ya juu ya Kiafrika, wafanyabiashara wa Ulaya na mawakala wa kibiashara, <ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Harvard University, Department of African and African American Studies (AAAS)|doi=10.1163/_afco_asc_1693}}</ref> biashara ya watumwa kwenda "Ulimwengu Mpya" (Amerika) haingewezekana, angalau siyo kwa kiwango kilichotokea. " <ref name="Ending the Slavery Blame-Game">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&hp|author=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|title=Ending the Slavery Blame-Game}}</ref> == Hali ya utumwa kote Afrika == [[Picha:Queen_Ranavalona_I_of_Madagascar_engraving.jpg|thumb| Watumwa wa Malagasi ( Andevo ) wakiwa wamembeba Malkia [[Ranavalona I]] wa Madagaska]] === Afrika Kaskazini === [[Picha:Slave_Market,_Mono_version.jpg|thumb| Wanubi [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] wakisubiri kuuzwa katika [[soko la watumwa]] huko Misri ya zamani.]] Utumwa kaskazini mwa Afrika ulianzia [[Misri ya Kale]]. Ufalme Mpya (1558–1080 KK) ulileta idadi kubwa ya watumwa kama wafungwa wa vita kwenye [[Nile|bonde la Mto Nile]] na kuwatumia kwa kazi za nyumbani na kazi za umma zilizosimamiwa. [[Picha:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|thumb|230x230px| Kuachiliwa kwa watumwa wa Kikristo kwa kulipa fidia na watawa wa Katoliki huko [[Algiers]] mnamo 1661.]] [[Picha:Burning_of_a_Village_in_Africa,_and_Capture_of_its_Inhabitants_(p.12,_February_1859,_XVI)_-_Copy.jpg|thumb|230x230px| Kuchoma Kijiji Barani Afrika, na Kukamata Wakazi Wake (uk. 12, Februari 1859, XVI) <ref name="Offering1859">{{Rejea jarida|date=February 1859|title=Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|volume=XVI|page=12|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>]] [[Utumwa|Utumwa wa kibiashara]] ulikuwa halali na kawaida katika maeneo yote ya [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]] wakati wa utawala wa [[Dola la Roma]] (145 KK - mnamo 430 BK), na Waroma wa Mashariki kutoka 533 hadi 695). Biashara ya watumwa iliyowaleta kupitia jangwa hadi Afrika Kaskazini iliendelea. Ilikuwepo katika nyakati za Waroma wa Kale, na kuna hati tza kihistoria zinazoonyesha kuwa ilisimamiwa hapo kwa mikataba. <ref name="Alexander"/> [[Jamuhuri ya Roma|Jamhuri ya Roma]] ilipopanuka, ilifanya wafungwa kutoka vita zake kuwa watumwa. Kwa mfano, Orosius aliandika kwamba Roma ilifanya watumwa watu 27,000 kutoka Afrika Kaskazini mnamo 256 KK. [[Mamluki]] walikuwa askari watumwa ambao walifanywa Waislamu kufundishwa uanajeshi. [[Mwislamu|Waliwahudumia]] makhalifa wa Kiislamu na [[Usultani|masultani]] Ayyubi wakati wa [[enzi ya kati]] . Mamluki wa kwanza walihudumia makhalifa wa [[Waabbasi]] katika karne ya 9 pale [[Baghdad]]. Kuanzia 1250 Misri ilitawaliwa na nasaba ya mamluki waliokuwa na asili ya watumwa wa kijeshi Waturuki. Watumwa kutoka Ulaya walikuwa kikosi maalum jeshini wakatawala Misri mara kadhaa baada ya kuasi dhidi ya mabwana wao. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0075_popup11.htm|title=The Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (Timeline)|publisher=Sunnahonline.com|accessdate=2021-02-22|archivedate=2011-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163316/http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0075_popup11.htm}}</ref> Imekadiriwa kuwa takriban milioni 1 Wazungu walitekwa na [[Haramia|maharamia]] kwenye Bahari Mediteranea na kuuzwa kama watumwa kwa [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]] na [[Milki ya Osmani]] kati ya karne ya 16 na 19. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800|last=Robert C. Davis|date=December 2003|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0333719664|location=[[London]]|page=45|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Grabmeier">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|title=When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed|author=Jeff Grabmeier|date=8 March 2004|work=researchnews.osu.edu|publisher=OSU News Research Archive|accessdate=15 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archivedate=25 July 2011}}</ref> === Pembe ya Afrika === [[Picha:Servant_or_slave_woman_in_Mogadishu.jpg|thumb| Mwanamke 'mtumwa' huko [[Mogadishu]] (1882-1883)]] Katika [[Pembe ya Afrika|Pembe la Afrika]], wafalme wa Kikristo wa [[Milki ya Ethiopia]] mara nyingi [[Waniloti|waliuza]] watumwa wa kipagani kutoka [[Waniloti]] kutoka mipaka yao ya magharibi kwa wafanyabiashara Waarabu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=From Isolation to Integration|date=2020-03-01|publisher=World Bank|doi=10.1596/33513}}</ref> <ref name="Pkhst">Pankhurst. ''Ethiopian Borderlands'', p. 432.</ref> Sultani za [[Wasomali|Kisomali]] na Kiafar, kama vile [[Usultani wa Adal]] pia walifanya biashara ya watumwa wa [[Zanj]] ( Wabantu ) ambao walikamatwa kutoka bara. <ref name="Eoahac">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2|last=Willie F. Page|first=Facts on File, Inc.|publisher=Facts on File|year=2001|isbn=978-0816044726|page=239}}</ref> [[Picha:Slaves_in_Ethiopia_-_19th_century.jpg|left|thumb| Watumwa nchini [[Ethiopia]], karne ya 19.]] === Afrika ya Kati === [[Picha:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png|thumb|230x230px| Soko la watumwa huko [[Khartoum]], c. 1876]] [[Picha:Old_slave,_in_Cameroon_(IMP-DEFAP_CMCFGB-CP010_2).jpg|thumb| Mtumwa wa kike mzee, c. 1911/15, inayomilikiwa na Njapundunke, mama wa mfalme wa Bamum Ibrahim Njoya]] Kuna historia ya kimdomo inayosimulia utumwa ulikuwepo katika [[Ufalme wa Kongo]] tangu wakati wa uundaji wake na [[Lukeni lua Nimi]] akimtumikisha Mwene Kabunga ambaye alimshinda kuanzisha ufalme wake. <ref name="Heywood">{{Rejea jarida|last=Heywood|first=Linda M.|last2=2009|year=2009|title=Slavery and its transformations in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2009_50_1/page/n4|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=50|pages=1–22|doi=10.1017/S0021853709004228}}</ref> Taarifa za kimaandishi ya Wareno zilitaja kuwepo kwa watumwa katika Ufalme wa Kongo, ambao walikuwa wafungwa wa vita kutoka Ufalme wa Ndongo . Utumwa ulikuwa wa kawaida kando ya [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]]. Katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 18 maeneo hayo yalikuwa chanzo kikuu cha watumwa kwa Biashara ya Utumwa ya Atlantiki, wakati bei kubwa ya watumwa kwenye pwani ilifanya biashara ya watumwa ya masafa marefu kuwa na faida. Wakati biashara ya Atlantiki [[Kibangi|ilipokwisha]], bei za watumwa zilipungua sana. Hii ilisababisha kukua kwa biashara ya watumwa wa ndani ambako wafanyabiashara wenyeji walininunua watumwa kwa shabaha ya kuunda vijiji vipya. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Thursby|first=Jerry|last2=Thursby|first2=Marie|date=2000|title=Who is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w7718|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tofauti ilifanywa kati ya aina mbili tofauti za watumwa katika mkoa huu; watumwa ambao walikuwa wameuzwa na kikundi cha jamaa zao, haswa kama matokeo ya tabia isiyofaa kama uzinzi, hawakuweza kujaribu kukimbia. Mbali na wale wanaofikiriwa kuwa hawapendezi kijamii, uuzaji wa watoto pia ulikuwa wa kawaida wakati wa njaa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Observations on the causes which constitute unsoundness in horses : considered in regard to the sale and purchase of those animals / by Richard Lawrence, veterinary surgeon.|url=https://archive.org/details/observationsonca00lawr|last=Lawrence|first=Richard|date=1809|publisher=printed by R. Jabet|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.21425}}</ref> Watumwa ambao walikamatwa, hata hivyo, walikuwa na uwezekano wa kujaribu kutoroka na ilibidi wahamishwe mamia ya kilomita kutoka nyumbani kwao kama kinga dhidi ya hii. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891|url=https://archive.org/details/riverofwealthriv0000harm|last=Harms|first=Robert W.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0300026160|location=New Haven|pages=[https://archive.org/details/riverofwealthriv0000harm/page/28 28]–39}}</ref> === Afrika Magharibi === [[Picha:1743_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_West_Africa_(_Slave_Trade_references_)_"Guinea"_-_Geographicus_-_Aethiopia-hmhr-1743.jpg|left|thumb| Ramani ya Homann ya biashara ya watumwa ya ndani huko Afrika Magharibi, kutoka Senegal na Cape Blanc hadi Guinea, mito ya Cacongo na Barbela, na Ziwa la Ghana kwenye Mto Niger hadi Regio Auri (1743).]] Aina anuwai za utumwa zilipatikana katika jamii tofauti za Afrika Magharibi kabla ya biashara na Ulaya. <ref name="Manning-1983">{{Rejea jarida|last=Manning|first=Patrick|year=1983|title=Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1983-10_88_4/page/835|journal=American Historical Review|volume=88|issue=4|pages=835–857|doi=10.2307/1874022|jstor=1874022}}</ref> Utumwa ulikuwepo, lakini haukuwa muhimu sana katika jamii nyingi ukilinganishwa na hali ya baadaye tangu kuanza kwa Biashara ya Watumwa wa Atlantiki. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3|last=Nwokeji|first=U. G.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|pages=86, 88}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Slavery and Slaving in African History|last=Stillwell|first=Sean|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|pages=47, 179, 192, 211}}</ref> Watumwa katika maeneo ya [[Sahel]] walikuwa sehemu ndogo ya watu wote, waliishi ndani ya kaya na walifanya kazi pamoja na watu huru wa kaya. Wakati biashara ya watumwa kupitia [[Sahara]] ilipoanza kukua, milki kadhaa zilistawi kwa kushiriki katika biashara hiyo; pamoja na [[Dola la Ghana|Dola ya Ghana]], [[Milki ya Mali|Milki ya]] [[Milki ya Mali|Mali]], Bono na [[Dola la Songhai|Dola ya Songhai]] . <ref name="Meillassoux">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold|url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologyofsl0000meil|last=Meillassoux|first=Claude|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|location=Chicago}}</ref> Walakini, jamii nyingine huko Afrika Magharibi zilipinga biashara ya watumwa kwa karne kadhaa<ref name="Slave Prices Data">{{Rejea jarida|date=2017-06-26|title=– Slave Prices Data|journal=The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867|pages=176–177|doi=10.1017/9781316771501.011|isbn=9781316771501}}</ref> kama vile Wajola, Wakru na Wabaga <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=An Economic History of Development in sub-Saharan Africa|last=Hillbom|first=Ellen|publisher=Palgrave|page=70}}</ref>, na Falme za Wamossi. Wakati biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki ilipoanza, mahitaji ya watumwa katika Afrika Magharibi yaliongezeka na milki mbalimbali zilijenga uchumi wao kwenye biashara hiyo. Milki zilizoongoza katika kukamata wafungwa na kuwauza zilikuwa pamoja na [[Ashanti]] na [[Dahomey]]. Pia idadi ya watumwa wa nyumbani iliongezeka sana katika Afrika Magharibi. <ref name="Manning-1990">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|last=Manning|first=Patrick|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> Mwingereza Hugh Clapperton aliandika mnamo 1824 kwamba kwamba nusu ya watu wa [[Kano]] walikuwa watumwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wYE_dh1alkC&pg=PA33|title=Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa|last=Humphrey J. Fisher|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2001|isbn=978-1-85065-524-4|pages=33–|access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> [[Picha:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_'Marchand_d'Esclaves_de_Goree'_LACMA_M.83.190.334.jpg|thumb| Mfanyabiashara wa watumwa wa [[Gorée]], c. 1797]] Katika eneo la Senegambia, kati ya 1300 na 1900, karibu theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu walikuwa watumwa. Katika milki ya kwanza ya [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] ya Sahel ya magharibi, pamoja na [[Dola la Ghana|Ghana]] (750-1076), [[Milki ya Mali|Mali]] (1235-1645), Segou (1712-1861), na [[Dola la Songhai|Songhai]] (1275-1591), karibu theluthi moja ya idadi ya watu walikuwa watumwa. Nchini [[Sierra Leone]] katika karne ya 19 karibu nusu ya wakazi wote walikuwa watumwa. Kati ya [[Waashanti]] na Wayoruba theluthi moja ya watu wote walikuwa watumwa<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Afolabi|first=Funmilayo Juliana|last2=Aina|first2=Olabisi Idowu|date=2014-02-01|title=Gender Differentials in Subjective Well-Being Among Religious Elderly Yoruba People in Southwest Nigeria|journal=Ageing International|volume=39|issue=2|pages=180–193|doi=10.1007/s12126-014-9197-8|issn=0163-5158}}</ref>, vilevile theluji moja ya wakazi wa Kanem (1600-1800) <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Rapalus|first=Peter|date=1994|title=Optimum Human Population About One-third of Present Number|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-conservation_summer-1994_21_2/page/176|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=21|issue=2|pages=176–177|doi=10.1017/s0376892900024668|issn=0376-8929|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Nusu ya watu wa ukhalifa wa Sokoto iliyoundwa na [[Wahausa]] kaskazini mwa [[Nigeria]] na Kamerun walikuwa watumwa katika karne ya 19. === Afrika ya Mashariki === [[Picha:TipputipPortrait.jpg|thumb|230x230px| Mfanyabiashara wa watumwa wa [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Kizanzibari]] [[Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi|Tippu Tip]] alikuwa na watumwa 10,000]] Katika biashara ya baharini kutoka eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki hadi [[Uajemi]], Uchina, na India tangu milenia ya kwanza AD, watumwa walitajwa kama bidhaa lakini hawakuwa muhimu sanam bidha muhimu zilikuwa [[dhahabu]] na [[pembe za ndovu]]. Biashara ya watumwa ilikuwa ndogo na vyanzo vinataja kutekwa kwa wanawake na watoto kando ya visiwa vya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]], [[Madagaska]], na [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]]. Imekadiriwa kwamba wafanyabiashara Waarabu walibeba takriban watumwa 1,000 kila mwaka katika karne kuanzia mwaka [[800]] hadi mnamo mwaka [[1800]].<ref>[https://www.scielo.br/pdf/tem/v23n2/1980-542X-tem-23-02-00294.pdf<nowiki> Richard B. Allen: Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European Slave trading in the Indian Ocean], Revista Tempo Vol. 23 n. 2, Artigo 6, Mai/Ago. 2017</nowiki></ref> Tangu mwaka 1500 Wareno walifika katika Afrika ya Mashariki wakiwa na vituo kama [[Ilha de Mocambique]] na [[Mombasa]] kwa safari zao kwenda [[Goa]] na Uhindi; walianza kubeba pia idadi ndogo ya watumwa Waafrika kuelekea Uhindi. Katika karne ya 17 Waingereza walianza kununua watumwa kutoka Msumbiji na Madagaska kwa mahitaji yao katika Uhindi<ref>Allen, Ending .. uk 296 f.</ref>. Baadaye ni hasa Wafaransa walioingia katika biashara ya watumwa katika Bahari Hindi, wakichukua watumwa kwa koloni zao kwenye [[Maskarena|Visiwa vya Maskarena]] ([[Morisi]], [[Réunion|Reunion]]) kutoka Afrika ya Magharibi, Uhindi na mabandari ya Afrika ya Mashariki kama [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]. Manmo 1776 sultani wa Kilwa alifanya mkataba na Wafaransa ambako aliahidi kuwapatia watumwa 1,000 kila mwaka<ref>Kusimba, Chapurukha M. (2004). "The African Archaeological Review". Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa. 21 (2): 59–88. doi:10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a. JSTOR 25130793. S2CID 161103875.</ref>. Tangu miaka mnamo 1800, siasa ya Uingereza kuhusu utumwa ulibadilika. 1822 Waingereza walimshawishi Sultani wa Oman kukubali [[mkataba wa Moresby]] ambao uliweka vikwazo mbalimbali kwa usafirishaji wa watumwa kwenye bahari<ref>[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Moresby_Treaty<nowiki> Moresby Treaty], tovuti ya Self Gutenberg, iliangaliwa Februari 2021</nowiki></ref>. Ihali kuwepo kwa manowari za Uingereza zilizokamata mara kwa mara jahazi zilizobeba watumwa, wafanyabiashara Waarabu na Waswahili walianza kuanzisha mashamba kando ya pwani na kwenye visiwa ili watumie watumwa kwa kuzalisha bidhaa za biashara halali. Badiliko hilo na hasa kuanzishwa na upanuzi wa kilimo cha karafuu pale Unguja na Pemba lilisababisha kuongezeka kwa biashara ya watumwa, ila sasa hawakupelekwa katika nchi za mbali lakini walitumiwa kwenye mashamba ya pwani na kwenye visiwa vya Zanzibar. Mfanyabiashara mmoja mashuhuri na pia mjasiriamali wa karafuu alikuwa [[Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi|Tippu Tip]]. <ref name="Kusimba">{{Rejea jarida|last=Kusimba|first=Chapurukha M.|year=2004|title=The African Archaeological Review|journal=Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa|volume=21|issue=2|pages=59–88|doi=10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a|jstor=25130793}}</ref> Mwandishi na mwanahistoria Timothy Insoll aliandika: "Takwimu zinarekodi kusafirishwa kwa watumwa 718,000 kutoka pwani ya Waswahili wakati wa karne ya 19, na kubakizwa kwa 769,000 kwenye pwani." <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Carlson|first=Roy L.|date=2017-06-06|editor-last=Insoll|editor-first=Timothy|title=Figurines and Figural Art of the Northwest Coast|journal=Oxford Handbooks Online|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.017}}</ref> Kwa nyakati tofauti, kati ya asilimia 65 na 90 ya wakazi wa Unguja walikuwa utumwa. Kwenye pwani la [[Kenya]], asilimia 90 ya wakazi walikuwa watumwa na nusu ya wakazi wa [[Madagaska]] walikuwa watumwa. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Suzuki|first=Hideaki|date=2012|title=Enslaved Population and Indian Owners Along the East African Coast: Exploring the Rigby Manumission List, 1860–1861|journal=History in Africa|volume=39|pages=209–239|doi=10.1353/hia.2012.0014|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> == Mabadiliko ya utumwa barani Afrika == Hali ya utumwa barani Afrika ilibadilishwa kupitia michakato minne mikubwa: * biashara ya utumwa kupitia Sahara, * biashara ya watumwa wa Bahari ya Hindi, * biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki, * harakati za kupinga utumwa katika karne ya 19 na 20. Kila moja ya michakato hii ilibadilisha aina, kiwango, na uchumi wa utumwa barani Afrika. <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLovejoy2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). ''Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> Waafrika hasa katika magharibi walikuwa na habari kuhusu ukali wa utumwa pale A,erika ambako wengi walitumwa. Waafrika kadhaa wa matabaka wa juu walitembelea Ulaya kwa jahazi za watumwa kupitia Amerika. Mfano mmoja ni safari ya Antonio Manuel, balozi wa [[Ufalme wa Kongo|Kongo]] huko [[Vatikani]], aliyesafiri kwenda Ulaya mnamo mwaka 1604, akipita kwanza huko [[Bahia]], Brazil, ambapo aliwweza kumweka huru mtu wa nyumbani ambaye alikuwa amekamatwa na kuuzwa kimakosa. Walikuwepo wafalme wa Kiafrika waliotuma watoto wao katika jahazi hizohizo za watumwa kwenda kusoma huko Ulaya.<ref name="Ending the Slavery Blame-Game">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&hp|author=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|title=Ending the Slavery Blame-Game}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHenry_Louis_Gates_Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html "Ending the Slavery Blame-Game"]. Archived from [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&hp the original] on 23 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> [[Ufalme wa Dahomey]] ulituma angalau mara tano ubalozi kwenda Brazil na Ureni katika miaka ya 1750 and 1818<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/4813165/_Dahomey_Portugal_and_Bahia_King_Adandozan_and_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade Ana Lucia Araujo: Dahomey, Portugal and Bahia: King Adandozan and the Atlantic Slave Trade] {{Wayback|url=https://www.academia.edu/4813165/_Dahomey_Portugal_and_Bahia_King_Adandozan_and_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade |date=20230419223929 }}, Slavery & Abolition, Vol. 33, No. 1, March 2012, pp. 1–19]</ref> === Biashara ya Kuvukia Sahara na ya Bahari ya Hindi === Biashara ya watumwa katika [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari]] ya [[Bahari ya Hindi|Hindi]] inarudi mnamo 2500 KWK. <ref name="indianocean">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|page=78|quote=The “globalized” Indian Ocean trade in fact has substantially earlier, even pre-Islamic, global roots. These roots extend back to at least 2500 BCE, suggesting that the so-called “globalization” of the Indian Ocean trading phenomena, including slave trading, was in reality a development that was built upon the activities of pre-Islamic Middle Eastern empires, which activities were in turn inherited, appropriated, and improved upon by the Muslim empires that followed them, and then, after that, they were again appropriated, exploited, and improved upon by Western European interveners.}}</ref> Wababeli wa kale, [[Misri ya Kale|Wamisri]], [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Wagiriki]], [[Historia ya Uhindi|Wahindi]] na [[Historia ya Iran|Waajemi]] wote walifanya biashara ya watumwa kwa kiwango kidogo katika [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari]] ya [[Bahari ya Hindi|Hindi]] (na wakati mwingine [[Bahari ya Shamu]] ). <ref name="indianocean2">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Biashara ya watumwa katika Bahari Nyekundu karibu wakati wa [[Aleksander Mashuhuri|Alexander the Great]] inaelezewa na Agatharchides . ''Jiografia ya'' Strabo (iliyokamilishwa baada ya 23 BK) inawataja Wagiriki kutoka Misri wanaofanya biashara ya watumwa katika bandari ya Adulis na bandari zingine kwenye pwani ya Somalia. <ref name="indianocean4">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=82–83}}</ref> ''Historia ya asili ya'' [[Plinio Mzee|Pliny Mkubwa]] (iliyochapishwa mnamo 77 BK) pia inaelezea biashara ya watumwa ya Bahari ya Hindi. Katika [[Karne ya 1|karne]] ya [[Karne ya 1|1]] WK, ''[[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea|Periplus ya Bahari ya Erythraean]]'' ilishauri juu ya fursa za biashara ya watumwa katika mkoa huo, haswa katika biashara ya "wasichana wazuri wa masuria." Kulingana na mwongozo huu, watumwa walisafirishwa kutoka Omana (labda karibu na Oman ya kisasa) na [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea|Kanê]] hadi pwani ya magharibi ya India. Biashara ya zamani ya watumwa ya Bahari ya Hindi iliwezeshwa kwa kujenga boti zenye uwezo wa kubeba idadi kubwa ya wanadamu katika [[Ghuba ya Uajemi|Ghuba]] ya [[Ghuba ya Uajemi|Uajemi kwa]] kutumia kuni zilizoingizwa kutoka India. Shughuli hizi za ujenzi wa meli zinarudi nyakati za Babeli na Achaemenid . <ref name="indianocean3">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=81–82}}</ref> Baada ya ushiriki wa [[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Dola]] ya [[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Byzantine]] na [[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Dola ya]] Sassanian katika biashara ya watumwa katika [[Karne ya 1|karne]] ya [[Karne ya 1|1]], ikawa biashara kubwa. <ref name="indianocean2">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Cosmas Indicopleustes aliandika katika ''Topografia'' yake ya ''Kikristo'' (550 BK) kwamba watumwa waliokamatwa Ethiopia wataingizwa nchini Misri ya Byzantine kupitia Bahari Nyekundu. <ref name="indianocean4">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=82–83}}</ref> Alitaja pia kuagiza kwa [[Towashi|matowashi]] na Byzantine kutoka Mesopotamia na India. Baada ya karne ya 1, usafirishaji wa Waafrika weusi ukawa "sababu ya kila wakati". <ref name="indianocean3">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|last=Bernard K. Freamon|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=81–82}}</ref> Chini ya Wasassani, biashara ya Bahari ya Hindi haikutumiwa kusafirisha watumwa tu, bali pia wasomi na wafanyabiashara. Utumwa wa Waafrika kwa masoko ya mashariki ulianza kabla ya karne ya 7 lakini ilibaki katika viwango vya chini hadi 1750. <ref name="Oriental12">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanli0067mann|last=Patrick Manning|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanli0067mann/page/12 12]}}</ref> Kiasi cha biashara kilifikia karibu 1850 lakini kwa kiasi kikubwa kingemalizika mnamo 1900. Ushiriki wa Waislamu katika biashara ya watumwa ulianza katika karne ya nane na tisa BK, ikianza na harakati ndogo za watu kwa kiasi kikubwa kutoka eneo la Maziwa Makuu mashariki na [[Sahel]] . Sheria ya Kiislamu iliruhusu utumwa, lakini ilikataza utumwa unaowahusisha [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]] wengine wa zamani; kama matokeo, lengo kuu la utumwa walikuwa watu ambao waliishi katika maeneo ya mipaka ya Uislamu barani Afrika. <ref name="Alexander"/> Biashara ya watumwa kote [[Sahara]] na kuvuka [[Bahari ya Hindi|Bahari]] ya [[Bahari ya Hindi|Hindi]] pia ina historia ndefu inayoanza na udhibiti wa njia za baharini na wafanyabiashara wa Afro-Arab katika karne ya tisa. Inakadiriwa kuwa, wakati huo, watu elfu chache watumwa walikuwa wakichukuliwa kila mwaka kutoka [[Bahari ya Shamu]] na pwani ya Bahari ya Hindi. Ziliuzwa katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]] . <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Sarant|first=Louise|date=2018-12-04|title=Ancient North African tools show hominins were apt butchers|journal=Nature Middle East|doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2018.153|issn=2042-6046}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The architecture of downtown Troy : an illustrated history|last=Waite, Diana S., author.|date=September 2019|isbn=978-1-4384-7475-5|oclc=1118691930}}</ref> Biashara hii iliongezeka kwani meli bora zilisababisha biashara zaidi na mahitaji makubwa ya wafanyikazi kwenye mashamba katika mkoa huo. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2014|title=Middle East Oil Trade, 2012 and 2013|journal=World Oil Trade|volume=36|issue=1|pages=155–175|doi=10.1002/wot.47|issn=0950-1029}}</ref> Hatimaye, makumi ya maelfu kwa mwaka walikuwa wakichukuliwa. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=A History of Africa|last=John Donnelly Fage|last2=William Tordoff|date=December 2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415252485|edition=4|location=Budapest|page=258|author-link=John Donnelly Fage}}</ref> Kwenye Pwani ya Kiswahili, watumwa wa Afro-Arab waliteka watu wa Bantu kutoka ndani na kuwaleta kwenye littoral . <ref name="Lodhi">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcLAQAAMAAJ|title=Oriental Influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts|last=Lodhi|first=Abdulaziz|publisher=Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis|year=2000|isbn=978-9173463775|page=17}}</ref> <ref name="Tannenbaum">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxpmAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of World Civilizations|last=Edward R. Tannenbaum|first=Guilford Dudley|publisher=Wiley|year=1973|isbn=978-0471844808|page=615}}</ref> Huko, watumwa polepole walijumuishwa katika maeneo ya vijijini, haswa katika [[Pemba (kisiwa)|visiwa]] vya [[Unguja]] na [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]] . [[Picha:Slaves_ruvuma.jpg|right|thumb| Wafanyabiashara wa watumwa wa Kiswahili na Waarabu na mateka wao kando ya [[Ruvuma (mto)|Mto Ruvuma]] nchini [[Msumbiji]], karne ya 19]] [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] wakati mmoja ilikuwa bandari kuu ya biashara ya utumwa ya Afrika Mashariki, na chini ya Waarabu wa [[Omani]] katika karne ya 19 idadi ya watumwa 50,000 walikuwa wakipitia jiji kila mwaka. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|title=Swahili Coast|publisher=.nationalgeographic.com|date=17 October 2002|accessdate=2021-02-22|archivedate=2007-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html}}</ref> Biashara ya watumwa Ulaya katika Bahari ya Hindi ilianza wakati Ureno ilianzisha Estado da Índia mwanzoni mwa karne ya 16. Kuanzia wakati huo hadi miaka ya 1830 hivi. Watumwa walisafirishwa kutoka Msumbiji kila mwaka na takwimu kama hizo zimekadiriwa kwa watumwa walioletwa kutoka Asia hadi Ufilipino wakati wa Muungano wa Iberia (1580-1640). ==== Kiasi cha utumwa ==== Kiwango cha utumwa ndani ya Afrika na biashara ya watumwa kwenda maeneo mengine hakijulikani kikamilifu. Makadirio kuhusu biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki (iliyochunguliwa vizuri zaidi) yanacheza kati ya watu milioni 8 hadi milioni 20. <ref name="Curtin1972">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uEWu0GwwhkC&pg=PR5|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census|last=Curtin|first=Philip D.|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1972|isbn=978-0-299-05403-8|access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> Hazinadata ya Biashara ya Utumwa ya Atlantiki inakadiria kuwa biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki ilichukua karibu watu milioni 12.8 kati ya [[1450]] na [[1900]]. <ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLovejoy2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). ''Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> <ref name="TAST Database">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade|url=http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces|publisher=Emory University|accessdate=29 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325095837/http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces|archivedate=25 March 2013}}</ref> Biashara ya watumwa kuvukia Sahara na Bahari Nyekundu kutoka [[Pembe ya Afrika]], na Afrika Mashariki, imekadiriwa kuwa watu milioni 6.2 kati ya mwaka [[600]] na 1600. Ingawa kiwango kilipungua kutoka Afrika Mashariki katika miaka ya 1700, kiliongezeka katika miaka ya 1800 na inakadiriwa kuwa milioni 1.65 kwa karne hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=2020|title=Boswellin|journal=Reactions Weekly|volume=1795|issue=1|pages=71|doi=10.1007/s40278-020-76092-y|issn=0114-9954}}</ref> Makadirio ya Patrick Manning ni kwamba karibu watumwa milioni 12 waliingia katika biashara ya Atlantiki kati ya karne ya 16 na 19, lakini karibu milioni 1.5 walikufa kwenye safari. Karibu watumwa milioni 10.5 walifika Amerika. Mbali na watumwa waliokufa baharini, Waafrika zaidi walifariki wakati wa vita za kukamata watumwa barani Afrika na matembezi ya kulazimishwa hadi pwani. Manning anakadiria kuwa milioni 4 walikufa ndani ya Afrika baada ya kukamatwa, na wengi zaidi walikufa wakiwa wadogo. ==== Mjadala kuhusu athari za kidemografia ==== [[Picha:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|thumb|240x240px| Picha ya kijana mtumwa [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] . 'Adhabu ya bwana wa Kiarabu kwa kosa kidogo.' c. 1890.]] === Athari kwa uchumi wa Ulaya === [[Karl Marx]] katika historia yake ya uchumi wa ubepari, ''Das Kapital'', alidai kwamba "... kugeuza Afrika kuwa eneo kwa uwindaji wa kibiashara wa ngozi nyeusi [ambayo ni biashara ya utumwa], iliashiria alfajiri ya enzi ya uzalishaji wa kibepari. "Alisema kwamba biashara ya watumwa ilikuwa sehemu ya kile alichokiita" limbikizo asilia " la rasilmali ya Ulaya, limbikizo la utajiri ambalo kabla ya ubepari lililotangulia na kuunda misingi ya kifedha kwa kuanzisha viwanda vya Uingereza na ujio wa mfumo wa kibepari wa uzalishaji. <ref>Marx, K. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm "Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist"], ''Das Kapital: Volume 1'', 1867.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Kujisomea == * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The slave trade of east Africa|title-link=s:The Slave Trade of East Africa|last=Church Missionary Society|publisher=Church Missionary Society|year=1869|location=London|author-link=London Missionary Society}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/outofmanybriefvo00john/page/54|title=Out of Many|last=Faragher|first=John Mack|last2=Buhle|first2=Mari Jo|last3=Czitrom|first3=Daniel|last4=Armitage|first4=Susan|publisher=[[Pearson Prentice Hall]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-13-182431-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/outofmanybriefvo00john/page/54 54]}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFaragherBuhleCzitromArmitage2004">[[Maalum: Vitabu vya Vitabu / 978-0-13-182431-7|978-0-13-182431-7]]</cite></bdi> * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade|title-link=:s:Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade|last=Newton|first=John|publisher=J. Buckland and J. Johnson|year=1788|location=London}} kwenye [[Wiksource|Wikisource]] * {{Rejea kitabu|title=Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade|last=Reynolds|first=Edward|publisher=[[Allison and Busby]]|year=1985|location=London}} * {{Rejea kitabu|title=The Human Commodity: Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade|year=1992|editor-last=Savage, Elizabeth|location=London}} * {{Rejea tovuti|author=Wright|first=Donald R.|title=History of Slavery and Africa|url=http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/SlaveryInAfrica.html|publisher=Online Encyclopedia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402042111/http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/SlaveryInAfrica.html|archivedate=2 April 2007}} * Bas Lecocq na Eric Komlavi Hahonou (2015). Kuchunguza Utumwa wa baada ya Utumwa katika Afrika ya kisasa, Jarida la kimataifa la Mafunzo ya Historia ya Kiafrika. Juzuu 48. Nambari 2. Kituo cha Mafunzo cha Afrika cha Chuo Kikuu cha Boston. * Klein, Martin A. (2009). Utafiti wa Utumwa Barani Afrika, Jarida la Historia ya Kiafrika. Juzuu. 19. Nambari 4. Uingereza, Press Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge. == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf Ufumbuzi wa Karne ya ishirini ya Kukomesha Utumwa] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section9.shtml Hadithi ya Afrika: Utumwa] * [http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa "Athari za biashara ya watumwa kwa Afrika," Le Monde mwanadiplomasia] * [http://digilander.libero.it/wrnzla/SlaveryEthiopia.pdf "Ethiopia, Utumwa na Ligi ya Mataifa" Abyssinia / Ethiopia utumwa na biashara ya watumwa] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/wrnzla/SlaveryEthiopia.pdf |date=20200923113733 }} [[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]] 6g071jy4tvzdwmujxg0d2hgf4u1yh3r 0 133729 1576224 1430118 2026-06-23T08:31:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bongiwe''' au '''Bongi Dhlomo-Mautloa''' (amezaliwa Vryheid, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[1956]]) ni [[raia]] wa [[Afrika ya Kusini]] mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Wazulu|Kizulu]] na hujishughulisha katika uchapishaji na usimamizi wa kazi za [[sanaa]]. Pia ni mwanaharakati. <ref name="sahist">{{Rejea tovuti | title = Bongiwe (Bongi) Dhlomo-Mautloa|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/bongiwe-bongi-dhlomo-mautloa |website=www.sahistory.org.za |publisher=South African History Online |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="koloane">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Koloane |first1=David | title = Dhlomo-Mautloa, Bongiwe|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000096572 |website=Oxford Art Online |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T096572 | date = 21 Machi 2000}}</ref><ref name="asai">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bongiwe Dhlomo-Mautloa |url=https://asai.co.za/artist/bongiwe-dhlomo-mautloa/ |website=Asai |publisher=Africa South Art Initiative |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515143145/https://asai.co.za/artist/bongiwe-dhlomo-mautloa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="arnold">{{Rejea kitabu|editor=Hoskins, S.| title = IMPACT 6 Multi-disciplinary Printmaking Conference Proceedings|last1=Arnold |first1=Marion |chapter=Cutting anti-apartheid images: Bongiwe Dhlomo's activist linocut prints |url=https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Cutting_anti-apartheid_images_Bongiwe_Dhlomo_s_activist_linocut_prints/9332321 |website= |access-date=31 January 2021 | date = 1 Januari 2011|pages=131-136 | publisher=Impact Press}}</ref> Amesoma shule ya mtakatifu Chad iliyopo Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, na shule ya [[seminari]] ya Inanda. Alijifunza uchapishaji akiwa "Rorke's Drift Art and Craft Centre" ambapo alipata [[stashahada]] ya sanaa.<ref name=sahist /> Alifanya kazi katika kituo cha Sanaa cha African Art Centre huko Durban (mwaka 1980- 1983) kisha kufanya kazi katika jumba la maonyesho ya Sanaa la Grassroots katika mji huo huo wa Durban. Kabla ya kuhamia jiji la Johannesburg, alisimamia maonyesho katika jumba la maonyesho la Fub ana Goodman. <ref name=sahist /> Alikuwa mwanzilishi na mratibu wa mradi wa kituo cha Sanaa cha Alexandra, Gauteng iliyopo Johannesburg. Alikuwa msimamizi wa mradi wa maendeleo ya Johannesburg yam waka 1995 lililopewa jina la ''Africus''. Pia alikuwa msimamizi wa tukio la mwaka 1997 lililotambulika kama ''Trade Routes: History and Geography''.<ref name=koloane /> Alisema ya kuwa, maandamano ya Soweto ya mwaka 1976 akiwa na umri wa miaka 20, yalimfanya ajihusishe na siasa<ref name=arnold /> na machapisho yake yakawa ya kisiasa mda wote ikielezea tukio hilo la kihistoria. <ref name=koloane /> Kazi yake ilionekana katika jarida la "Staffrider".<ref name=koloane /> Ameolewa na msanii wa maonyesho aitwayo Kagiso Patrick Mautloa <ref name =sahist /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Afrika Kusini]] lzn2q9nos27fjjidnr8y18p0w68b7tk 0 134198 1576148 1157710 2026-06-22T21:10:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''Historia ya Honduras''' inahusu eneo ambalo leo linaunda [[jamhuri]] ya [[Honduras]]. Honduras ilikuwa sehemu ya maeneo ya [[Wamaya]], lakini [[miji]] yao ilikwisha tayari, kabla ya kufika kwa [[Wahispania]]. [[Kristoforo Kolombo]] alifika [[mwaka]] [[1502]] karibu na [[Trujillo]] katika [[kaskazini]] na kuita nchi "Honduras" (kwa [[Kihispania]] "vilindi") kwa sababu ya [[maji]] marefu [[mwambao]]ni. Miaka [[1524]] na [[1525]] Wahispania walianza kuvamia nchi wakaunda mji wa [[Comayagua]] mwaka [[1540]]. [[Mji mkuu]] wa leo ulianzishwa mwaka [[1579]] kama kituo cha kuchimba [[madini]] kama [[dhahabu]] na [[fedha]]. Mwaka [[1821]] Honduras ilijiunga na [[ghasia]] ya maeneo mengine ya [[Amerika ya Kati]] dhidi ya [[utawala]] wa [[Hispania]]. Mwanzoni nchi hizo ndogo zilijiunga na [[Meksiko]] lakini baada ya miaka miwili zilianzisha "[[Shirikisho la Amerika ya Kati]]" lililokwisha mwaka [[1839]]. Tangu mwaka huo Honduras imekuwa nchi ya kujitegemea kabisa. {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Amerika|H]] [[Jamii:Honduras]] qxlnyxcb803er4h9elx30flkog2ny1x 0 139201 1576088 1177325 2026-06-22T21:00:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Garissa]], [[eneo bunge la Ijara]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Garissa]] 2dyxkmqtcnl15i5c84yh6yoruhqsaq9 0 139202 1576100 1177326 2026-06-22T21:02:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Garissa]], [[eneo bunge la Ijara]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Garissa]] 2dyxkmqtcnl15i5c84yh6yoruhqsaq9 0 140607 1576093 1185136 2026-06-22T21:01:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Kiambu]], [[Eneo bunge la Kiambu]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kiambu]] 95x0jjsc01lvtfl6djhv99dhdr509js 0 140608 1576114 1185137 2026-06-22T21:04:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Kiambu]], [[Eneo bunge la Kiambu]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kiambu]] 95x0jjsc01lvtfl6djhv99dhdr509js 0 140626 1576111 1185160 2026-06-22T21:04:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Turkana]], [[Eneo bunge la Turkana Kusini]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Turkana]] sszh4ba6zcigf4ts56a0uxrrpky724r 0 141158 1576107 1187404 2026-06-22T21:03:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]], [[eneo bunge la Marakwet Magharibi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] 7oue5k3yhwdd27cbiz0k8wz9in1a5pm 0 141162 1576132 1187409 2026-06-22T21:07:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]], [[eneo bunge la Marakwet Magharibi]], [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet]] 7oue5k3yhwdd27cbiz0k8wz9in1a5pm 0 141402 1576135 1189153 2026-06-22T21:08:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Nakuru]], [[eneo bunge la Bahati]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nakuru]] rin2zi3lwt0lbtdwjfo6z0ik8d2cqur 0 141403 1576149 1189154 2026-06-22T21:10:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Nakuru]], [[eneo bunge la Bahati]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nakuru]] rin2zi3lwt0lbtdwjfo6z0ik8d2cqur 0 141999 1576175 1190495 2026-06-22T21:15:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Kisii]], [[Eneo bunge la Kitutu Chache Kusini]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kisii]] 1s6akhdma8p5awq7739wrrltpas8rf3 0 142030 1576076 1190532 2026-06-22T20:58:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kata]] ya [[kaunti ya Nyamira]], [[Eneo bunge la Kitutu Masaba]], nchini [[Kenya]]<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000000/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kata za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nyamira]] n7xdrms7rph0zg6vmoujn5tmnc98i9g 0 142315 1576097 1191774 2026-06-22T21:01:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kijiji]] cha [[Kenya]] katika [[kaunti ya West Pokot]]<ref>https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya West Pokot]] s8x46ge3jx0xxzbdcijo8f3dh0dl0e4 3 144692 1576211 1200919 2026-06-23T04:47:09Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 /* je unamjua HD MASTER PLAN */ mjadala mpya 1576211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}'''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 21:06, 4 Desemba 2021 (UTC) == je unamjua HD MASTER PLAN == msanii WA muziki nchini Tanzania?? '''[[Mtumiaji:HD MASTER PLAN|HD MASTER PLAN]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HD MASTER PLAN#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:47, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) mdtcypytedyrz2mxyl8tjtruu55ni06 0 156945 1576068 1242833 2026-06-22T20:56:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Copa Amerika'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/michezo-48908169 |title=Marekani bingwa wa soka la wanawake, Brazil watwaa Copa Amerika |work=BBC (Kiswahili) |date=8 Julai 2019 |access-date=2022-08-13 |language=sw}}</ref> ({{lang-es|Copa America}}, zamani hadi 1975 '''Mashindano ya Mataifa ya Amerika Kusini''') ni mashindano ya [[Mpira wa miguu|kandanda]] ambayo ni shindano kuu la bara katika mchezo huo huko [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. Mashindano ya Copa America ndio mashindano kongwe zaidi ya kandanda ya kimataifa. Inasimamiwa na [[CONMEBOL]], na uwanja wa mashindano hayo unajumuisha timu 10 za kitaifa ambazo ni wanachama wa CONMEBOL wa CONMEBOL pamoja na timu mbili za ziada za kitaifa ambazo zimealikwa kushiriki katika hafla hiyo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://copaamerica.com Tovuti rasmi] {{en}}{{es}}{{pt}} {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu]] [[Jamii:CONMEBOL|L]] n4egosdopy0po1eb3zzgjenwh3c53wq 0 161923 1576160 1259354 2026-06-22T21:12:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Burkina Faso]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Plateau Central]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa 35,406 wakati wa [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2019]]<ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/burkinafaso/cities/</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Burkina Faso]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Plateau Central]] [[Category:Miji ya Burkina Faso]] 6e51ppe2uka5fmhwyfw45t1nxgciiey 0 161924 1576171 1259355 2026-06-22T21:14:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Burkina Faso]] katika [[mkoa]] wa [[Plateau Central]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ilikuwa 33,301 wakati wa [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2019]]<ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/burkinafaso/cities/</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Burkina Faso]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Plateau Central]] [[Category:Miji ya Burkina Faso]] 8a4okr5i6b6njgf7esrc2kfre4umrwj 0 162536 1576079 1260713 2026-06-22T20:58:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[Zimbabwe]], katika [[mkoa wa Masvingo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Zimbabwe]] {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Masvingo]] 4ajukhs31fedcj0p6hgr6beppm3miey 0 171673 1576195 1426503 2026-06-23T00:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdesselem Ben Mohammed''' (15 Juni 1926 - 1965) alikuwa mchezaji wa soka [[mshambuliaji]]. Alicheza katikatimu ya [[Wydad AC|Wydad]] nchini Morocco ambapo alishinda mataji kadhaa ya ndani, kabla ya kuhamia Ufaransa na kucheza na [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] na [[Nîmes Olympique|Nîmes]]. Akiwa amezaliwa Morocco, Ben Mohammed aliwakilisha timu ya taifa ya [[France national football team|Ufaransa]]. ==Kimataifa== Ben Mohammed alizaliwa katika [[French Protectorate in Morocco|Ufalme wa Kifaransa wa Morocco]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa timu ya taifa ya [[France national football team|Ufaransa]] na walipata ushindi wa 1-0 dhidi ya [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Ireland]] mnamo tarehe 25 Novemba 1953 katika mechi ya kufuzu kwa [[1954 FIFA World Cup qualification|Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 1954]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/1/france-a/matchs/751/1953-11-25/france-republique-d-039-irlande|title=Mechi - Ufaransa - Jamhuri ya Ireland - FFF|website=www.fff.fr|accessdate=2023-06-13|archive-date=2019-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020070648/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/1/france-a/matchs/751/1953-11-25/france-republique-d-039-irlande|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Heshima== '''[[Wydad AC|Wydad]]''' *[[Botola]]: [[Botola|1947-48]], [[Botola|1948-49]], [[Botola|1949-50]], [[Botola|1950-51]] *[[North African Championship]]: [[North African Championship|1947-48]], [[North African Championship|1948-49]], [[North African Championship|1949-50]] *[[North African Cup]]: [[North African Cup|1948-49]] '''[[Nîmes Olympique|Nîmes]]''' *[[Coupe Charles Drago]]: [[Coupe Charles Drago|1955-56]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/133-wd Profaili ya FFF] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/133-wd |date=20190714104225 }} * [https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/joueur/details/24094 Profaili ya FDB] * [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22759/Abdesselem_Ben_Mohammed.html Profaili ya NFT] {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1965]] ho29vlrhnjnhlwzyhjxl74g0edrfs9y 0 182717 1576113 1339623 2026-06-22T21:04:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sala''' ilikuwa mahali pa makazi ya [[Waswahili]] wa kale katika pwani ya [[kusini]] ya [[Tanzania]], kwenye [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] a3938u1h268ko3b5nnx66s36aaozee5 2 185735 1576205 1423017 2026-06-23T04:15:18Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 TAARIFA BINAFSI 1576205 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1576206 1576205 2026-06-23T04:23:35Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 /* */ 1576206 wikitext text/x-wiki HOSEA WILLIAM MSIGWA Maarufu kama HD MASTER PLAN mzaliwa WA February 22,2000.msanii WA muziki wa kizazi kipya chini ya usimamizi WA lebo ya WENYEWE CLASSIC GROUP 🇹🇿[https://youtube.hdmasterplan.com YouTube] 1v4g7yjbryquckzfviwlgjv8e40ywr0 1576207 1576206 2026-06-23T04:27:42Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 /* */ 1576207 wikitext text/x-wiki HOSEA WILLIAM MSIGWA Maarufu kama HD MASTER PLAN mzaliwa WA February 22,2000.msanii WA muziki wa kizazi kipya chini ya usimamizi WA lebo ya WENYEWE CLASSIC GROUP. jx9mtghvhaj01bvgui33insylw5jdwy 1576208 1576207 2026-06-23T04:32:49Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 1576208 wikitext text/x-wiki HOSEA WILLIAM MSIGWA Maarufu kama HD MASTER PLAN mzaliwa WA February 22,2000.msanii WA muziki wa kizazi kipya chini ya usimamizi WA lebo ya WENYEWE CLASSIC GROUP.[https://www.youtube.com/@hdmasterplan][https://www.facebook.com/wenyeweclassicgroup/] 9ef2y79oxj1fmjg3cpfv2drbnw2rov4 1576212 1576208 2026-06-23T04:53:56Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 PERSONAL STATEMENT 1576212 wikitext text/x-wiki HOSEA WILLIAM MSIGWA Maarufu kama HD MASTER PLAN mzaliwa WA February 22,2000.msanii WA muziki wa kizazi kipya chini ya usimamizi WA lebo ya WENYEWE CLASSIC GROUP.[https://www.youtube.com/@hdmasterplan][https://www.facebook.com/wenyeweclassicgroup/] sgo70ouisii6fihaa852uqdsau6oklv 0 198109 1576136 1388475 2026-06-22T21:08:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''Chuo Kikuu cha Simon Kimbangu cha Bukavu''' (USK-Bukavu) ni [[Chuo Kikuu|taasisi ya elimu ya juu]] iliyoko [[Bukavu]], Mkoa wa [[Mkoa wa Kivu Kusini|Kivu Kusini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] . USK-Bukavu ilianzishwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kuongezeka ya elimu katika eneo hilo, USK-Bukavu inajulikana kwa kujitolea kwake kwa ubora wa kitaaluma, maadili na maendeleo ya jamii. == Kihistoria == Chuo Kikuu cha Simon Kimbangu cha Bukavu kiliundwa kama sehemu ya upanuzi wa mtandao wa elimu ulioanzishwa na Kanisa la Kimbanguist, shirika la kidini lililoanzishwa kwa mafundisho ya Simon Kimbangu, mfano wa kiroho wa DRC. Taasisi hiyo ilifungua milango yake huko Bukavu ili kutoa fursa za elimu kwa vijana katika eneo hilo na kuchangia maendeleo ya kijamii na kiuchumi ya jimbo la Kivu Kusini . [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu vya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Bukavu]] knnivn8tc2mlhstzgmkkwf8f471sm8o 0 208244 1576112 1434094 2026-06-22T21:04:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] ambao upo [[Niger]] wenye wakazi 11,528 katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2012]] <ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niger.html Population figures from citypopulation.de], citing [http://www.stat-niger.org/ (2001) Institut National de la Statistique du Niger].</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Niger]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Niger]] di1zhks6gdtjo11vabypgtf0lbkiicw 4 208508 1575991 1575941 2026-06-22T12:14:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1575991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 699 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1319 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34939 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30137 || ↑ +1.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 175.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 124 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} ilu1mx97hk3pft8k1sx720y5671cd58 1575993 1575991 2026-06-22T12:16:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1575993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 699 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1319 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30862 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.4 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} ftl3kkagsnusnxw8gb773gzypphjmf2 1576062 1575993 2026-06-22T20:55:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 691 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2825 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1345 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1055 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30862 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.4 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} aswhscheobbhc3g9613rd8cmp7s1zll 1576067 1576062 2026-06-22T20:56:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-22) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-22)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 691 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2825 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1345 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1055 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 531 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 469 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 358 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 769 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 489 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 516 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 245 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 247 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 449 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 383 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 319 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 314 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 239 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 483 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1493 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30862 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.4 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} hewk2xcmwd4doepyw8wzzr8l69q3h4i 1576203 1576067 2026-06-23T03:58:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 672 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2804 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1036 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 527 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 770 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 559 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 443 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 386 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 398 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 484 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1598 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 30862 || ↑ +0.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 179.4 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2742 || ↓ -9.1% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1493 || ↑ +1393.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1319 || ↑ +18.0% |- | 4 || [[Urusi]] || 769 || ↑ +59.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -4.0% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 666 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 531 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 516 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 489 || ↑ +2.3% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 483 || ↑ +13.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} rubx51v1789uchk31i6kekirf6y4aqb 1576204 1576203 2026-06-23T04:05:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 672 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2804 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1036 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 527 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 770 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 559 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 443 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 386 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 398 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 484 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1598 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 13242 || ↑ +21.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 77.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1598 || ↑ +1530.6% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1316 || ↑ +20.5% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 559 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 527 || ↓ -6.7% |- | 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 484 || ↑ +16.3% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 478 || ↓ -0.2% |- | 8 || [[Singapuri]] || 398 || ↑ +268.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 318 || ↑ +16.9% |- | 10 || [[Nigeria]] || 296 || ↑ +20.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} nm80b6hic5ndqv5hri5a8seh0h90y25 1576242 1576204 2026-06-23T09:53:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1576242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 672 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2804 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1036 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 527 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 770 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 559 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 443 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 386 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 398 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 484 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1598 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 13242 || ↑ +21.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 77.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1598 || ↑ +1530.6% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1316 || ↑ +20.5% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 559 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 527 || ↓ -6.7% |- | 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 484 || ↑ +16.3% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 478 || ↓ -0.2% |- | 8 || [[Singapuri]] || 398 || ↑ +268.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 318 || ↑ +16.9% |- | 10 || [[Nigeria]] || 296 || ↑ +20.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} k5skwhthevygrmjooyevcjxwsw2qgrc 1576243 1576242 2026-06-23T09:55:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1576243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-23) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-23)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 672 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 734 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2804 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1335 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1036 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 527 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 318 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 471 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 770 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 478 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 559 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 443 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 438 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 197 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 386 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 306 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 344 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 396 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 452 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 398 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 484 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1598 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 124 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 221 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34940 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18591 || ↑ +7.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.1 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 108.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1598 || ↑ +1530.6% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1316 || ↑ +20.5% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 705 || ↓ -1.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 559 || ↑ +56.6% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 527 || ↓ -6.7% |- | 6 || [[Uturuki]] || 484 || ↑ +16.3% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 478 || ↓ -0.2% |- | 8 || [[Irani]] || 471 || ↓ -58.0% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 443 || ↓ -40.2% |- | 10 || [[Israeli]] || 432 || ↑ +27.1% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 645 || 44.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 358 || 24.7% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 126 || 8.7% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 125 || 8.6% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 7 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 71ch4otf83sxkrtm9leyx3rnhqd1svp 0 208595 1576225 1540379 2026-06-23T09:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benedicte Mundele''' (anajulikana pia kama Benedicte Mundele Kuvuna, alizaliwa 1992) ni mjasiriamali wa bidhaa za mboga mboga safi kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] . == Wasifu == Mundele alihudhuria Taasisi ya Elynd mjini Kinshasa na Shule ya Sekondari ya Ufundi na Ufundi ya Kimbondo jijini humo, akijiunga na Wakfu wa Kuvuna akiwa na {{Nowrap|16 ans}} (Wakfu wa Kuvuna ulianzishwa mwaka wa 1998, na unalenga kuwashauri, kusaidia, na kuwafunza vijana kuwa wajasiriamali na viongozi) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=En RDC, Bénédicte Mundele se bat inlassablement pour la promotion du consommer local|url=https://afropreneuriat.net/index.php/en-rdc-benedicte-mundele-se-bat-inlassablement-pour-la-promotion-du-consommer-local/femmesleaders/|accessdate=2020-12-01|archive-date=2023-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909081110/https://afropreneuriat.net/index.php/en-rdc-benedicte-mundele-se-bat-inlassablement-pour-la-promotion-du-consommer-local/femmesleaders/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi na mkurugenzi wa ''Surprise tropicale'', iliyoundwa katika 2012, kantini inayohudumia milo yenye afya katika vitongoji vya [[Kinshasa]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr-FR|title=Bénédicte MUNDELE, une jeune fille engagée pour le bien être des communautés.|url=https://pourelle.info/?p=17327|date=20 avril 2020|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref>. Mnamo 2014, alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Anzisha <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en-US|title=Benedicte Mundele – Anzisha Prize|url=http://anzishaprize.org/fellows/benedict-mundele/|accessdate=2020-12-01|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509035616/https://anzishaprize.org/fellows/benedict-mundele/|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Mnamo 2019, upo miongoni mwa wanawake 100 wa wa [[BBC]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en-US|first=Nicole Lyn|last=Pesce|title=Inspired by AOC, Megan Rapinoe and Greta Thunberg? You should be, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/greta-thunberg-megan-rapinoe-and-aoc-make-bbcs-list-of-inspiring-and-influential-women-2019-10-16|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref> . == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 9ttn5end5fntg0uqgbriy4exo20kgnd 0 215487 1576144 1461029 2026-06-22T21:09:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[mji]] wa [[mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italia Kaskazini]], wenye wakazi 20,468 ([[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2011]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Italia]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-jio-Italia}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Emilia-Romagna]] 66jzokt5atn6w1f4e7dbr9g8kq7pk84 0 215690 1576248 1461713 2026-06-23T11:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576248 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Christian de Graaff.jpg|thumb|Waziri wa Kilimo Ofisini [[2011]] - Aprili [[2015]]]] '''Christian de Graaff''' (alizaliwa mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1950]]) alikuwa [[Waziri]] wa [[Kilimo]] wa [[Botswana]] kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] hadi [[2015]], na pia alikuwa [[Mbunge]] wa Ghanzi South kuanzia [[2007]] hadi [[2014]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=2013-08-01|title=Christian de Graaff : behind the aff able façade|url=https://www.thegazette.news/opinion/christian-de-graaff-behind-the-aff-able-facade/|access-date=2024-10-28|website=Botswana Gazette|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/de-graaf-quits-politics-and-lions/news De Graaf quits politics and lions], ''[[Mmegi]]'', May 25, 2016</ref> De Graaff ni [[Makaburu|Kaburu]] asili kutoka [[Ghanzi]], eneo ambalo kiasili limekuwa na idadi kubwa ya wakulima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/2004/May/Tuesday4/105189481147.html|date=4 May 2004|publisher=|title="I will work hard to win"- De Graaf}}</ref><ref>"Christian DeGraaf." Tsena. Tsena.co, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=editor|first=Online|date=2013-07-21|title=De Graff says only Khama can fire him over collapse of BMC {{!}} Sunday Standard|url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/de-graff-says-only-khama-can-fire-him-over-collapse-of-bmc/|access-date=2024-10-28|language=en-GB|archive-date=2025-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221124851/https://www.sundaystandard.info/de-graff-says-only-khama-can-fire-him-over-collapse-of-bmc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[jamii:Wanasiasa wa Botswana]] fnkrb5ceaip2f8nlxr2hpdbdm7ml6ce 0 215805 1576083 1462392 2026-06-22T20:59:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Prince Oniangué (22-02-2020).jpg|thumb|Prince Oniangué [[2020]]]] '''Prince Alban Oniangué''' (alizaliwa [[4 Novemba]] [[1988]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kitaaluma anayekipiga kama [[kiungo]]. Alizaliwa [[Ufaransa]], lakini anawakilisha [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] katika mechi za kimataifa.<ref name="angers">{{cite news|last1=Okeleji|first1=Oluwashina|title=Prince Oniangue: Congo international delighted to rejoin former club Angers|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42591220|access-date=14 January 2018|work=BBC Sport|date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Oniangue-prete-a-angers/49437|title=Oniangue prêté à Angers [Oniangue loaned to Angers]|date=31 July 2009|access-date=14 August 2016|work=L'Equipe|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[JAmii: Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wachezaji mpira wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii: Watu wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] bvome062pp3g257vu9nl0h776wh8wx3 0 215851 1576040 1462619 2026-06-22T15:42:02Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1576040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tanbihi}} '''Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la mwaka 2026''', ambalo linatangazwa kama '''''FIFA World Cup 26''''', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=May 18, 2023|title=FIFA World Cup 26 official brand unveiled at iconic LA landmark|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/fifa-world-cup-26-official-brand-unveiled-at-iconic-la-landmark|accessdate=June 17, 2023|work=90min.com|language=en-GB|archivedate=June 17, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617050339/https://www.90min.com/posts/fifa-world-cup-26-official-brand-unveiled-at-iconic-la-landmark}}</ref> litakuwa [[Kombe la Dunia la 23 la FIFA]], ambalo ni michuano ya [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] ya wanaume inayoshindaniwa na timu za kitaifa za vyama vya wanachama wa [[FIFA]] kila baada ya miaka minne. Michuano hiyo itafanyika kuanzia [[Juni]] 11 hadi [[Julai]] 19, 2026. Wenyeji wa michuano kwa pamoja ni miji 16 katika nchi tatu za Amerika Kaskazini; nchi mwenyeji wa mechi ni Marekani, huku Canada na Mexico watakuwa wenyeji wasaidizi. Michuano hiyo itakuwa ya kwanza kuandaliwa na mataifa matatu.<ref name="ESPN 2017">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Carlise|first=Jeff|date=April 10, 2017|title=U.S., neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/fifa-world-cup/story/3100808/usmexico-and-canada-officially-launch-bid-to-co-host-2026-world-cup|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411140749/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/fifa-world-cup/story/3100808/usmexico-and-canada-officially-launch-bid-to-co-host-2026-world-cup|archivedate=April 11, 2017|work=ESPN}}</ref> Michuano hii itakuwa ya kwanza kujumuisha timu 48, zilizoongezwa kutoka 32. Jitihada za United 2026 zilishinda ombi la wapinzani wa Morocco wakati wa kura ya mwisho kwenye Kongamano la 68 la FIFA huko [[Moscow]] . Katika historia hili ndio [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA|kombe la dunia]] la kwanza kuandaliwa na zaidi ya Taifa moja Tangu 2002. Pamoja na uenyeji wake wa awali wa mashindano ya 1970 na 1986, Mexico itakuwa nchi ya kwanza kuandaa au kuandaa Kombe la Dunia la Wanaume mara tatu. Marekani hapo awali ilikuwa mwenyeji wa Kombe la Dunia la Wanaume mwaka wa 1994, ambapo itakuwa ni mara ya kwanza kwa Kanada kuandaa au kuandaa kwa pamoja mashindano ya wanaume. Tukio hilo pia litarejea katika ratiba yake ya kitamaduni ya Ulimwengu wa Kaskazini majira ya kiangazi baada ya [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA 2022|Kombe la Dunia la 2022]] nchini [[Qatar]] kufanyika mnamo Novemba na Desemba. == Tazama pia == * Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la Wanawake 2027 * Kombe la Dunia la Klabu ya FIFA 2025 == Marejeleo == jqle80y0iw9u2af5kf25k4m22hu5trz 0 216232 1576244 1534581 2026-06-23T10:04:14Z Materialscientist 9764 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:BEATA CARMEN RENDILES.jpg]] → [[File:Carmen Rendiles Martínez 2025 stamp of Venzuela.jpg]] replacing potential copyvio 1576244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Carmen Rendiles Martínez 2025 stamp of Venzuela.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Picha]] halisi ya Mt. Maria Karmen.]] '''Karmen Elena Rendiles''' ([[Caracas]], [[11 Agosti]] [[1903]] - Caracas, [[9 Mei]] [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] wa [[shirika]] la ''Watumishi wa Ekaristi'' nchini [[Venezuela]] ambaye mwaka [[1965]] [[Mwanzilishi|alianzisha]] shirika la ''Watumishi wa Yesu wa Caracas''<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/venerable-maria-del-carmen-rendiles-martinez/|title=Venerable Maria del Carmen Rendiles Martinez|date=16 April 2015|publisher=Saints SQPN|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref> akawa mkuu wake wa kwanza hadi [[Mauti|kifo]] chake<ref name=MR>{{cite web|url=https://madrecarmendevenezuela.com/biografia|title=Biografia|date=|publisher=Madre Carmen Rendiles|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>. [[Papa Fransisko]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Juni]] [[2018]], halafu [[Papa Leo XIV]] alimtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[19 Oktoba]] [[2025]] pamoja na [[raia]] mwenzake [[Yosefu Gregori Hernandez]], wakiwa wa kwanza kutoka nchi ya Venezuela <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/267259/pope-leo-xiv-canonizes-7-new-saints-including-first-from-venezuela-and-papua-new-guinea |title=Pope Leo XIV canonizes 7 new saints, including first from Venezuela and Papua New Guinea |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=2025-10-19 |date=2025-10-19 }}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya kufariki kwake. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1977.htm Hagiography Circle] * [http://catholicsaints.info/venerable-maria-del-carmen-rendiles-martinez/ Saints SQPN] * [http://www.madrecarmenrendiles.com/ Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.madrecarmenrendiles.com/ |date=20201101093110 }} * [https://challengeyouthministry.com/saint-of-the-month-venerable-carmen-rendiles/ Catholic Youth Ministry]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/97470 Santi e Beati] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1903]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1977]] [[Category:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Venezuela]] k2mms6qj99ryt0bwwq9ggplbksul1g2 0 217293 1576156 1468510 2026-06-22T21:12:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia mbili na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1203''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia mbili na mbili|1202]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia mbili na nne|1204]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1203 KK]] na [[1203]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] advez4dqfcaw71vhe19s9ex9lpyvg92 0 220323 1576168 1480742 2026-06-22T21:14:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia mbili hamsini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1258''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCLVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia mbili hamsini na saba|1257]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia mbili hamsini na tisa|1259]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1258 KK]] na [[1258]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] jjg8976wnao9sum2mw9cl1w2w0zjrbg 3 220468 1576038 1574668 2026-06-22T15:20:22Z ~2026-36337-02 90447 /* اهلا بك */ Jibu 1576038 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == اهلا بك == من فضلك راجع مقالات [[:ar:هاني_سلامة|هاني سلامة]] و[[:ar:شيرين_(ممثلة)|شيرين (ممثلة)]] في ويكيبيديا العربية فقد تم اضافة تعديلات صحيحة في المقالات وشكرا [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-35738-46|&#126;2026-35738-46]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-35738-46|talk]]) 07:28, 19 Juni 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:عبدالرحمن|عبدالرحمن]] [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-36337-02|&#126;2026-36337-02]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-36337-02|talk]]) 15:20, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) db3lj1uf1juh4dpgffs2e1uvdyao6ml 0 220831 1576199 1491848 2026-06-23T02:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alain Gomis''' (alizaliwa [[6 Machi]] [[1972]]) ni [[msanii]] na mwongozaji wa filamu wa [[Ufaransa]]-[[Senegal]] na [[mwandishi]] wa skrini. <ref name="armes">{{cite book |title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000arme|first=Roy|last=Armes|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0253351166 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000arme/page/70 70] |oclc=177009058}}</ref><ref name="africine">{{cite web |url=http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207 |title=Alain Gomis, Réalisateur/trice Producteur/trice Scénariste Monteur/se Dialoguiste |last= |first= |date=2020 |website=africine.org |publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC) |access-date=2023-12-01 |quote=Il est né en 1972 en France, où il a grandi. Il vit et travaille entre Paris et Dakar. En 2013, son 3ème long-métrage, Tey ("Aujourd'hui"), avec Saul Williams, est sélectionné en compétition au 62ème Festival de Berlin, puis remporte l'Étalon d'Or du Fespaco (festival panafricain du cinéma), une première pour un film sénégalais. |language=fr |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213071338/http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Africultures">{{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=4410 |title=Moussa Yoro Bathily |date=2019 |access-date=2023-10-05 |lang=French |website=africultures.com |publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name |id=0327120 |name=Alain Gomis}}</ref><ref name="africanfilmny">{{Cite web |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/alain-gomis/ |website=africanfilmny.org |access-date=1 December 2023 |title=Alain Gomis Biography France / Senegal |publisher=African Film Festival, Inc. (AFF) |location=New York |quote=Alain Gomis, born in France, is of Senegalese origin and studied cinematography at the Sorbonne. After graduating he organized and facilitated video production workshops for immigrant youth in Nanterre. By the age of twenty-six, he had already made three short films: Tourbillons, Tout le monde peut se tromper, and the documentary Caramels et chocolats. In 2001, Gomis directed his first feature film, L’Afrance. Gomis' 2012 film, Tey, was awarded the Etalon de Yenenga at FESPACO in 2012.}}</ref><ref name="AC">{{cite web|url=http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=68411.html?nopub=1 |title=Alain Gomis |work=Allocine |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/24293056-b7db-11e7-bff8-f9946607a6ba |title=Alain Gomis on Félicité and feeling like an immigrant everywhere |work=Financial Times |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Filamu yake ya [[2017]] Félicité ilichaguliwa kama kiingilio cha Kisenegali kwa Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni katika Tuzo za 90 za Academy, <ref name="THR">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-92-films-submitted-foreign-language-film-academy-award-1046070 |title=Oscars: 92 Films Submitted in Foreign-Language Category |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> na kutengeneza orodha fupi ya Disemba.<ref name="Pond">{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-foreign-language-shortlist-includes-square-fantastic-woman/ |title=Oscars Foreign Language Shortlist Includes 'The Square,' 'A Fantastic Woman' |last=Pond |first=Steve |work=[[The Wrap]] |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:wasanii wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu wa Senegal]] d7sm5hltw30vxwwr08r1apipciqyp5z 0 221590 1576198 1486651 2026-06-23T02:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Ala Kheir |picha =Sudanese visual artist Amna Elhassan.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 1 Aprili 1985 |alikufa = |nchi =Sudan |kazi yake =Mpiga picha wa Sudan |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Ala Kheir''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: علاء خير, alizaliwa [[1 Aprili]] [[1985]]) ni [[mpiga picha]], mtayarishaji wa sinema na mhandisi wa mitambo kutoka [[Sudan]]. Alijulikana kama mmoja wa [[waanzilishi]] wa Kikundi cha Wapiga Picha cha Sudan mjini [[Khartoum]] mwaka [[2009]], na kupitia maonyesho ya kimataifa ya [[picha]] zake, pamoja na mchango wake katika kuunganisha mitandao na kutoa mafunzo kwa wapiga picha barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala Kheir’s return to Darfur|url=https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|work=The Photography Legacy Project (PLP)|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2024-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814192749/https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu na Taaluma ya kisanii. == Kheir alizaliwa [[Nyala]], [[Darfur]] Kusini, na alihamia [[mji mkuu]] Khartoum pamoja na [[wazazi]] wake alipokuwa [[mtoto]]. Wakati wa likizo za [[kiangazi]], alikuwa akitembelea Nyala mara kwa mara, na baadaye akiwa mpiga picha, alipiga picha zinazoonyesha [[maisha]] ya watu katika eneo la [[Milima]] ya Marrah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala Kheir’s return to Darfur|url=https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|work=The Photography Legacy Project (PLP)|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2024-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814192749/https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kheir alisomea uhandisi wa mitambo nchini [[Malaysia]] na alianza kama mpiga picha aliyejifunza mwenyewe. Aliporejea Sudan, yeye pamoja na wapiga picha wengine wa Khartoum walianzisha Kikundi cha Wapiga Picha cha Sudan. Kikundi hiki kilianza kupiga picha na kufundisha upigaji picha kama [[sanaa]] ya kuona, huku kikiwajumuisha wapiga picha wengine wanaochipukia katika warsha na [[maonyesho]] yao. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala Kheir’s return to Darfur|url=https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|work=The Photography Legacy Project (PLP)|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2024-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814192749/https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Muitikio kwenye kazi zake. == Picha za Kheir zimechapishwa na The Guardian, [[jarida]] la Brownbook la Dubai, pamoja na World Architecture Community. <ref>{{Citation|last=Elbagir|first=Yousra|title=Meet the radical beauty queen taking on the Sudanese regime|date=2016-07-07|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/sudanese-beauty-queen-natalina-yaqoub-demands-end-nuba-mountain-bombing|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Kheir|first=Ala|title=The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures|date=2016-02-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-01-31|last2=Burns|first2=John|last3=Algrefwi|first3=Ibrahim}}</ref> Mwaka [[2020]], kazi zake zilichaguliwa na kuonyeshwa miongoni mwa wapiga picha 17 wa kisasa kutoka Afrika katika [[kitabu]] ''The Journey: New Positions in African Photography.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Journey {{!}} KERBER VERLAG|url=https://www.kerberverlag.com/en/buecher/the-journey|work=www.kerberverlag.com|accessdate=2026-01-31}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka [[2008]] hadi [[2018]], wapiga picha hao wa Afrika walialikwa na vituo vya kitamaduni vya [[Kijerumani]] vya Goethe-Institut kuhudhuria madarasa maalum, yaliyosimamiwa na Simon Njami pamoja na wapiga picha mashuhuri wa Kiafrika kama Akinbode Akinbiyi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post-Continental: Contemporary African Photography|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/contemporary-african-photography-1234596881/|work=ARTnews.com|date=2021-06-24|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US|author=Emmanuel Iduma}}</ref> Pamoja na wapiga picha wengine wa Afrika waliokuwa sehemu ya madarasa hayo, wasifu wa kazi za Kheir ulichapishwa katika kitabu ''The Journey – New Positions in African Photography.'' == Tuzo. == ''• Our Continent, Our Future photo competition, 2nd prize, 2013'' ''• Connect for Climate photo competition, 2nd prize, 2012'' ''• UN education photograph, 2010'' == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wapiga picha]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Sudan]] [[Jamii:Wanawake Katika Sanaa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] bzg6e2y1y7b6cu32qe3vaebpualeq3l 0 226998 1576200 1502811 2026-06-23T02:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alash'le Abimiku''' ni mkurugenzi mtendaji wa kutokea nchi ya [[Nigeria]] wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Utafiti wa Ubora kwenye Taasisi ya Virolojia ya Binadamu Nigeria na profesa wa virolojia ndani ya Shule ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland ambaye anavutiwa na kinga na matibabu ya VVU. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Online|first=The Eagle|date=2017-08-10|title=How HIV positive mothers can breastfeed exclusively —Director {{!}}|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/how-hiv-positive-mothers-can-breastfeed-exclusively-director/|accessdate=2023-11-07|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Abimiku alizaliwa [[Nigeria]]. Alipata elimu yake juu ya [[mikrobiolojia]] kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello]]. Alihamia Shule ya Usafi na Tiba ya Kitropiki ya London kwa lengo ya masomoni ya uzamili, akipata shahada ya uzamili mnamo 1983 na Shahada ya Uzamivu katika mwaka wa 1998. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Science |first=American Association for the Advancement of |date=28 May 2004 |title=News this Week |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/304/5675/news-summaries |journal=Science |language=en |volume=304 |issue=5675 |page=180 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Hapa alijikita kwenye retrovirolojia na ulinzi dhidi ya maambukizi yenye chanzo cha bakteria ''Campylobacter jejuni'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Alash'le G Abimiku|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/consortium/projects/dr-alashle-g-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=H3Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Utafiti na kazi == Baada ya kupata udaktari wake, Abimiku alikwenda kazini kama mtafiti wa baada ya udaktari na Robert Gallo kwenye Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Saratani, mahali aliendeleza ushirikiano kati ya wanasayansi kwenye nchi yake ya [[Nigeria]] na watafiti kutokea Shule ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland . Alikuwa kati ya waanzilishi wa awali waliosaidia kwenye kuanzishwa kwa mradi wa IHVN Campus mnamo 2004 wakati IHVN ikiungana mkono na Taasisi ya Virolojia ya Binadamu kwenye Shule ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Maryland nchini Marekani. Gallo na Abimiku waliweka wazi Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Utamaduni wa Kisayansi—Kituo cha Utafiti wa UKIMWI cha Maabara Duniani huko eneo la [[Jos]] . <ref name=":0"/> Ingawa Abimiku alikuwa amepanga kutenga aina fulani ya [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]], aligundua kuwa ilibidi aweke umakini juu ya uchunguzi wa msingi na elimu ya jamii. Mwishowe, alisoma aina ya [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] ambayo imeenea nchini [[Nigeria]] ; akigundua kuwa ilikuwa aina isiyo ya B inayohusiana na aina ya VVU G. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. Alash'le Abimiku, Mon – IRCE|url=http://www.ihvn-irce.org/prof-alashle-abimiku-mon/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211559/http://www.ihvn-irce.org/prof-alashle-abimiku-mon/|archivedate=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Reagent Datasheet Detail: Catalog 3191 - HIV-1 Jv1083 Virus - NIH AIDS Reagent Program|url=https://www.aidsreagent.org/reagentdetail.cfm?t=viruses&id=180|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=aidsreagent.org|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129230143/https://www.aidsreagent.org/reagentdetail.cfm?t=viruses&id=180}}</ref> Abimiku alitoa wito wa aina za Kiafrika kujumuishwa kwenye masomo ya Chanjo ya UKIMWI . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AIDS in Africa: AIDS vaccine 'may not work' in Africa|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12817391-000-aids-in-africa-aids-vaccine-may-not-work-in-africa/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=newscientist.com}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2004 alisaidia kuanzisha ushirikiano na Nigeria kwa kutumia ufadhili kutoka kwa [[Mpango wa Dharura wa Rais wa Ukombozi wa UKIMWI|Mpango wa Dharura wa Rais wa Kupunguza UKIMWI]] ( [[Mpango wa Dharura wa Rais wa Ukombozi wa UKIMWI|PEPFAR]] ). <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le|date=2010|title=IHV and Nigeria Partner with the U.S. to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis from West Baltimore to West Africa|url=https://www.ihv.org/media/SOM/Microsites/IHV/documents/Discovery-Newsletter/DiscoveryNewsletterSummerFall2010.pdf|accessdate=5 January 2019|work=IHV}}</ref> Abimiku anasoma jukumu la [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] katika pathogenesis ya ugonjwa na athari za [[kifua kikuu]] ( [[Kifua kikuu|TB]] ) na maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU. Ameipa kipaumbele epidemiolojia ya molekuli na mageuko ya aina ndogo na upinzani wa [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]], ukuzaji wa vikundi vya masomo ya epidemiolojia ya [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] na epidemiolojia ya virusi teule. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=bonbon|title=Alash'le Abimiku|url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/alashle-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=FAIS Legacy Project|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419111710/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/alashle-abimiku/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Watu kutoka nchini nchini [[Nigeria]] wana asilimia kubwa wa kuteseka zaidi kutokana na [[Kifua kikuu|Kifua Kikuu]] na [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] duniani, jambo linalofanya waweze kuumia zaidi kutokana na kifua kikuu sugu kwa dawa nyingi ( MDR-TB ), ugonjwa yenye chanzo cha hewa. <ref name=":1"/> Mwaka wa 2010 Abimiku na Taasisi ya Virusi vya Binadamu Nigeria walifungua maabara ya Kiwango cha Usalama wa Kibiolojia -3, ya kwanza ya aina yake barani [[Afrika]], ili kutafiti ukuaji wa MDR-TB . Maabara hiyo, ambayo imejikita kwenye vichujio vya awali ili kustahimili upepo mkavu na vumbi, ina uwezo pia wa kutathmini Kifua Kikuu sugu sana kwa dawa (XDRTB). Inajumuisha maabara yenye shinikizo hasi ambayo inaruhusu utunzaji wa vimelea vya kuambukiza. <ref name=":1" /> Maabara hii iliunga mkono malengo ya [[UNAIDS]] 90-90-90 na utambuzi wa mapema. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Abimiku, Alash'le {{!}} University of Maryland School of Medicine|url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/profiles/Abimiku-Alashle/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=medschool.umaryland.edu|language=en}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2012 Abimiku alikamilisha hifadhi ya Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Hifadhi za Biolojia na Mazingira (IBSER) <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Abimiku |first=Alash'le G. |last2=Croxton |first2=Talishea |last3=Ozumba |first3=Petronilla J. |last4=Agala |first4=Ndidi |last5=Balogun |first5=Olasinbo |last6=Jonathan |first6=Emmanuel |last7=Onyemata |first7=Enzenwa |last8=Ndifon |first8=Kachimi |last9=Nadoma |first9=Sunji |last10=Anazodo |first10=Thankgod |last11=Peters |first11=Sam |date=2019 |title=Blueprint for building a biorepository in a resource-limited setting that follows international best practices |journal=African Journal of Laboratory Medicine |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=12 |doi=10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.722 |issn=2225-2010 |pmc=6739520 |pmid=31534913}}</ref> yenye uwezo wa kusindika na kuhifadhi sampuli za kibiolojia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IHVN H3 Africa Biorepository Initiative|work=Grantome|date=2013-08-01|url=https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/UH2-HG007008-02S1|accessdate=2024-06-26}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Alash'le Abimiku receives grant to develop H3 Africa bio repository at IHVN|url=http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/ihvn-news/42-ihvnstories/448-dr-alashle-abimiku-receives-grant-to-develop-h3-africa-bio-repository-at-ihvn.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211606/http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/ihvn-news/42-ihvnstories/448-dr-alashle-abimiku-receives-grant-to-develop-h3-africa-bio-repository-at-ihvn.html|archivedate=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ihvnigeria.org}}</ref> Hifadhi hiyo ilitegemezwa na mpango wa Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya Urithi wa Binadamu na Afya barani Afrika (H3 Afrika), ambao ulianzishwa na Charles Rotimi . <ref name=":2" /> Amekuwa akijihusisha na mpito wa [[Mpango wa Dharura wa Rais wa Ukombozi wa UKIMWI|PEPFAR]] hadi hali ambapo serikali za mitaa na mashirika ya kiasili yana jukumu la kuwatunza watu binafsi. <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spotlight on Prof. Alash'le Abimiku, Nigeria|url=http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/news-articles/spotlight-on-prof-alashle-abimiku-nigeria/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM|language=en-US|archivedate=29 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129002107/http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/news-articles/spotlight-on-prof-alashle-abimiku-nigeria/}}</ref> Taasisi ya Virusi vya Binadamu Nigeria inatenda kazi ili kuonyesha ushirikiano hatua ya kuelekea umiliki wa ndani. <ref name=":3" /> Mwaka wa 2018 alianzisha Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Utafiti cha Ubora kilichopo kwenye Taasisi ya Virusi vya Binadamu Nigeria . Kituo hicho kitazingatia kujenga uwezo wa wanasayansi wa Kiafrika pamoja na kusaidia utafiti unaoathiri nchi. <ref name=":4" /> === Huduma ya kitaaluma === Abimiku ni mwanachama wa kundi la ushauri la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town]] na Mpango wa Utafiti na Maendeleo [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|wa Shirika la Afya Duniani]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO {{!}} Scientific Advisory Group members|url=https://www.who.int/blueprint/about/sag-members/en/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=who.int}}</ref> Ametumikia kama mwenyekiti wa bodi ya Jumuiya ya Kiafrika ya Tiba ya Maabara, na pia mjumbe wa bodi ya Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Kimatibabu ya Nigeria. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=WHO {{!}} Alash'le Abimiku|url=https://www.who.int/blueprint/about/alashle-abimiku/en/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=who.int}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Professor Alash'le Abimiku elected Chair of the Board of Directors of ASLM|url=http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/professor-alashle-abimiku-elected-chair-board-directors-aslm/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM|language=en-US|archivedate=10 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110031159/http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/professor-alashle-abimiku-elected-chair-board-directors-aslm/}}</ref> Hapo awali alihudumu kwenye kamati ya ushauri wa chanjo ya VVU [[Shirika la Afya Duniani|ya Shirika la Afya Duniani]] na mpango wa Chanjo ya UKIMWI. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Admin|first=ASLM|title=ASLM2018 Conference Chair: Prof Alash'le Abimiku|url=http://aslm2018.org/bio-aslm2018-conference-co-chairs-prof-alashle-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM2018|language=en-US|archivedate=12 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812060438/http://aslm2018.org/bio-aslm2018-conference-co-chairs-prof-alashle-abimiku/}}</ref> Anahudumu kwenye Kamati ya Masomo ya Idadi ya Watu ya Wellcome Trust Longitudinal. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Longitudinal Population Studies Committee {{!}} Wellcome|url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/longitudinal-population-studies-committee|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=wellcome.ac.uk}}</ref> === Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa === * ''Utambuzi wa kifua kikuu katika nchi maskini: changamoto na fursa'' <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Abimiku |first=Alash'le |date=2011 |title=Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in resource-poor countries: challenges and opportunities |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=314–350 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00059-10 |pmc=3122496 |pmid=21482728}}</ref> * ''Uhifadhi na Utiifu wa Mgonjwa kwa Dawa za Kupunguza Ukimwi katika Programu Kubwa ya Tiba ya Kupunguza Ukimwi nchini Nigeria: Uchambuzi wa Muda Mrefu kwa Mambo ya Hatari'' <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Abimiku |first=Alash'le |date=2010 |title=Patient Retention and Adherence to Antiretrovirals in a Large Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Nigeria: A Longitudinal Analysis for Risk Factors |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=5 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510584C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010584 |pmc=2868044 |pmid=20485670 |doi-access=free |article-number=e10584}}</ref> * ''Taarifa mpya kuhusu utofauti wa VVU-1 barani Afrika: muongo mmoja katika mapitio'' <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Abimiku |first=Alash'le |date=2012 |title=Update on HIV-1 diversity in Africa: a decade in review |journal=AIDS Review |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=83–100 |pmid=22627605}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] ox0kt3iozfb0p32acey373dc9yk48q9 0 239420 1576223 1559123 2026-06-23T08:19:36Z ~2026-36341-69 90466 /* */ 1576223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madhang Majok''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[South Sudan]] na kwa sasa ni Gavana wa Jimbo la Lakes State.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Sudan’s President appoints 28 Governors, defies peace agreement|url=http://www.southsudannewsagency.com/news/breaking-news/south-sudans-president-appoints-28-governors-defies-peace-agreement|work=www.southsudannewsagency.com|accessdate=2026-05-27|language=en-gb|author=ssnanews|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025755/http://www.southsudannewsagency.com/news/breaking-news/south-sudans-president-appoints-28-governors-defies-peace-agreement|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hapo awali, aliwahi kuwa Gavana wa Jimbo la Gok State kuanzia 24 Desemba 2015 hadi kufutwa kwa jimbo hilo tarehe 22 Februari 2020. Yeye alikuwa gavana wa kwanza wa jimbo hilo lililoanzishwa na Rais Salva Kiir Mayardit tarehe 2 Oktoba 2015. Mnamo 19 January 2026, kupitia amri ya rais, Rin Tueny aliondolewa na nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na Madhang Majok kama Gavana wa Jimbo la Lakes State. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nco0n65guu0vesla4sezkfzqbc0xrz2 0 240325 1576085 1566625 2026-06-22T20:59:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisiwa cha Ilangala''' ni kati ya [[visiwa]] vya [[wilaya ya Ukerewe]], [[mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Tanzania]]. Kinapatikana katika [[ziwa Nyanza]], la pili [[duniani]] kwa ukubwa. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya visiwa vya Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:wilaya ya Ukerewe]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria]] jt6rlr6dm6tmltetq7kp24cepnrf48p 0 240586 1576152 1569113 2026-06-22T21:11:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} [[File:Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg|340px|thumb|Biblia ya Gutenberg, ya kwanza kuchapishwa.]] '''Biblia ya Gutenberg''' ni [[Biblia]] ya kwanza, tena ni [[kitabu]] cha kwanza kabisa [[Uchapaji|kuchapishwa]]. Ni toleo la [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[tafsiri]] ya [[Kilatini]] lililo maarufu kwa [[jina]] la [[Vulgata]]. Ilichapishwa na [[Johannes Gutenberg]] huko [[Mainz]], [[Ujerumani]], katika [[miaka ya 1450]], ikiwa na nakala 158 au 180. {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:vitabu]] [[Jamii:teknolojia]] 8uslwvuum8zgxtg2t96ldmg0d50srj4 0 240596 1576048 1569471 2026-06-22T19:12:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Changamoto za Uendelevu wa Maji Duniani == * Uhaba wa Maji - Takriban watu [[bilioni]] 4 duniani – karibu nusu ya idadi ya watu duniani – wanaishi na uhaba mkubwa wa [[maji]] kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kila mwaka. Hii inamaanisha hawana [[maji]] ya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji yao yote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Ufilisika wa Maji (Water Bankruptcy) - Dunia sasa imeingia katika enzi ya "ufilisika wa [[maji]]". Hali hii hutokea mahali ambapo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachoweza kubadilishwa na [[asili]], na wakati uharibifu wa [[mazingira]] unaohifadhi na kuchuja [[maji]] (kama [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]] na [[ardhi oevu]]) unakuwa mgumu kurudishwa. Ishara za ufilisika wa [[maji]] zinaonekana kila mahali: [[maziwa]] yanapungua, [[visima]] vinahitaji kuchimbwa kwa kina kirefu, [[mito]] ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa na maji mwaka mzima inakuwa ya msimu tu, na [[ardhi]] yenyewe inaanza kuzama (subsidence).<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Athari za Kilimo - [[Kilimo]] ndicho mtumiaji mkubwa wa [[maji]] duniani, kikiwajibika kwa takriban asilimia 70 ya uchukuaji wa [[maji]] safi duniani. Takriban watu bilioni 3 na zaidi ya nusu ya uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] duniani umejikita katika maeneo ambako uhifadhi wa [[maji]] unapungua. Zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 650,000 za [[ardhi]] ya kilimo yenye umwagiliaji ziko chini ya mkazo mkubwa wa [[maji]]. Hii inatishia utulivu wa usambazaji wa [[chakula]] duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maneno ya bluu: maji, maisha, bilioni, asili, vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi, ardhi oevu, maziwa, visima, mito, ardhi, Kilimo, chakula. == Pengo la Maji == Pengo la [[maji]] ni hali ambayo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi upatikanaji wa [[maji]] asilia katika muda wowote ndani ya mwezi. Kwa muda, aina hii ya matumizi yasiyo endelevu ya [[maji]] inasababisha kupungua kwa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi, [[mito]], [[maziwa]], [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]], na hifadhi nyingine za asili za [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa pengo la [[maji]] duniani tayari ni kubwa kiasi cha [[mita za ujazo]] bilioni 458 kwa mwaka. Pengo hili linatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa asilimia 6 chini ya hali ya [[kupanda kwa joto la dunia]] kwa nyuzi 1.5 °C, na kwa asilimia 15 chini ya hali ya kupanda kwa nyuzi 3 °C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Suluhisho na Mikakati ya Kukabiliana na Changamoto == * Kukoma kwa Uchukuaji wa Maji Kupita Kiasi - Hatua ya kwanza ni kukiri kuwa usawa wa [[maji]] umevunjika. Hii inamaanisha kuweka mipaka ya matumizi ya [[maji]] inayoakisi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachopatikana kwa hakika, badala ya kuchimba visima kwa kina kirefu na kuhamisha mzigo kwa vizazi vijavyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Kulinda Rasilimali Asili - Kulinda [[ardhi oevu]], kurejesha [[mito]], kujenga upya afya ya [[udongo]], na kusimamia uchaji wa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi si jambo la nyongeza – ni muhimu kwa kudumisha [[maji]] safi. Pia, [[hali ya hewa]] imara ni muhimu kwa upatikanaji wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Kupunguza Matumizi - Kudhibiti mahitaji ya [[maji]] kumekuwa jambo lisiloepukika katika maeneo mengi. Mipango ya upunguzaji wa [[maji]] inayokata [[maji]] kwa maskini huku ikilinda wenye mamlaka itashindwa. Mikakati mizuri inajumuisha ulinzi wa kijamii, usaidizi kwa [[wakulima]] kubadilisha [[mazao]] yanayotumia [[maji]] kidogo, na uwekezaji katika ufanisi wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> * Kuongeza Uwekezaji - Uwekezaji wa kutosha katika [[miundombinu]] ya [[maji]] na mifumo endelevu ya kufadhili ni muhimu. Mazingira ya kuwezesha uwekezaji bora na matumizi ya fedha kwa ufanisi yanahitajika. Wataalamu wanakadiria kuwa ili kufikia SDG 6 ifikapo 2030, dunia inahitaji kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo kwa nyakati 6 kwa [[maji]] ya kunywa, nyakati 5 kwa usafi wa [[mazingira]], na nyakati 3 kwa usafi wa [[mikono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2023|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807003131/https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Malengo ya SDG 6 na Maendeleo Yake == [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDG 6) umeweka malengo ya kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hata hivyo, dunia bado iko nyuma katika kufikia malengo haya;<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lengo !Lengo la 2030 !Hali ya Sasa ! |- |Upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi ya kunywa |Watu wote wapate [[maji]] safi |[[Bilioni]] 2.1 bado hawana huduma (2024) | |- |Usafi wa [[mazingira]] na usafi wa [[mikono]] |Watu wote wapate usafi |Bilioni 3.4 bado hawana usafi wa kutosha (2024) | |- |Kuongeza ufanisi wa matumizi ya [[maji]] |Kupunguza watu wenye uhaba wa [[maji]] |Asilimia 57 ya nchi bado zina changamoto | |} <ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Uendelevu wa Maji Tanzania == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imejitolea kuhakikisha uendelevu wa [[maji]] kwa wananchi wake kupitia misingi mitatu mikuu: usawa na ujumuishi, uendelevu na uwajibikaji, na diplomasia ya [[maji]] na ushirikiano wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania yasisitiza dhamira kuendeleza diplomasia ya maji|publisher=Wizara ya Maji Tanzania|url=https://maji.go.tz/index.php/news/tanzania-reaffirms-commitment-to-advancing-water-diplomacy|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2026-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610092223/https://maji.go.tz/index.php/news/tanzania-reaffirms-commitment-to-advancing-water-diplomacy|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Programu za Uendelevu wa Maji Vijijini === [[Tanzania]], kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]], inatekeleza Programu ya Uendelevu wa Huduma ya [[Maji]] na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini. Kupitia programu hii, jumla ya miradi 540 imetekelezwa yenye vituo vya kuchotea [[maji]] 4,569 na kunufaisha wananchi wapatao milioni 4.1 katika vijiji 1,118. Kwa mafanikio haya, [[Benki ya Dunia]] imeiitambua [[Tanzania]] kuwa kinara katika utekelezaji wa programu hii barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2025-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612211814/https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Matumizi ya Nishati Jadidifu === Katika kupunguza gharama za uendeshaji na kuhakikisha uendelevu wa huduma ya [[maji]] vijijini, Wizara ya [[Maji]] [[Tanzania]] kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]] inatekeleza mradi wa kuondoa matumizi ya [[nishati]] ya dizeli na kufunga mifumo ya [[umeme]] wa [[jua]] kwenye skimu 332 za [[maji]] vijijini. Hadi Aprili 2024, jumla ya skimu 65 zimebadilishiwa mifumo ya dizeli na kuwekewa mifumo inayowezesha matumizi ya [[umeme]] wa gridi pamoja na [[umeme]] wa [[jua]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10|archive-date=2025-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612211814/https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[Elimumaji]] *[[Uchafuzi wa maji]] *[[Maendeleo endelevu]] *[[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] a8m0kykyw7ryn8lpww9jlw6au8l9qo0 0 240597 1576035 1569466 2026-06-22T13:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576035 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064300/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == Sehemu hii ni dondoo kutoka kwa Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:WorldWaterAvailability lb.svg|thumb|339x339px|Upatikanaji wa maji duniani]] Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]], wakati mwingine ikijulikana kama usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji au usimamizi wa maji, inajumuisha michakato ya kutunga sera na sheria zinazoathiri ukusanyaji, maandalizi, matumizi, utupaji, na ulinzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=nh7CDkH1a1c43TvY2k6rCxu8zGCxXTLOKNcHXWGApzM%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781064883&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Uendelevu wa muda mrefu wa mifumo ya usambazaji wa maji unaleta changamoto kubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa rasilimali za maji, mabadiliko ya tabianchi, na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Maji ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai pamoja na viwanda ambavyo binadamu anavitegemea, kama vile maendeleo ya [[teknolojia]] na [[kilimo]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2004-08-02 |title=Environmental impacts of microchip manufacture |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040609004002755 |journal=Thin Solid Films |language=en-US |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2004.02.049 |issn=0040-6090}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rost |first=Stefanie |last2=Gerten |first2=Dieter |last3=Bondeau |first3=Alberte |last4=Lucht |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Rohwer |first5=Janine |last6=Schaphoff |first6=Sibyll |date=2008 |title=Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007WR006331 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1029/2007WR006331 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Hitaji hili la kimataifa la upatikanaji wa maji safi linahitaji sera ya rasilimali za maji ili kuamua njia za kusambaza na kulinda rasilimali za maji. Sera ya rasilimali za maji inatofautiana kulingana na kanda na inategemea upatikanaji au [[uhaba wa maji]], hali ya mifumo ya majini, na mahitaji ya kikanda ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Kwa kuwa mabonde ya maji hayalandani na mipaka ya kitaifa, sera ya rasilimali za maji pia huamuliwa na mikataba ya kimataifa, ambayo pia inajulikana kama hidropolitiki.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61750/chapter-abstract/542846554?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#542846554</ref> Ulinzi wa ubora wa maji pia huangukia chini ya mwamvuli wa sera ya rasilimali za maji; sheria zinazolinda [[kemia]], [[biolojia]], na [[ekolojia]] ya mifumo ya majini kwa kupunguza na kuondoa uchafuzi, kudhibiti matumizi yake, na kuboresha ubora huhesabiwa kuwa sera ya rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=p1MjdXqyAjP8pMs0ts9Hht2VjUbmAPL23Qg0XPfipOo%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781066114&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Wakati wa kuandaa sera za rasilimali za maji, wadau wengi tofauti, vigezo vya mazingira, na mazingatio lazima yazingatiwe ili kuhakikisha afya ya watu na mifumo ya ikolojia inadumishwa au kuboreshwa. Hatimaye, upangaji wa maeneo ya [[bahari]], [[Usimamizi wa Pwani|usimamizi wa pwani]], na rasilimali za mazingira pia yanajumuishwa na usimamizi wa [[rasilimali za maji]], kama katika kisa cha ukodishaji wa ardhi kwa ajili ya upepo wa baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Söderholm |first=Patrik |last2=Pettersson |first2=Maria |date=2011-02-01 |title=Offshore wind power policy and planning in Sweden |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151000457X |journal=Energy Policy |series=Special Section on Offshore wind power planning, economics and environment |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.065 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref>Kadiri uhaba wa maji unavyoongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hitaji la sera madhubuti za rasilimali za maji litazidi kuwa la kawaida. Inakadiriwa kuwa 57% ya idadi ya watu duniani watapata uzoefu wa uhaba wa maji kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kwa mwaka ifikapo mwaka 2050.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Boretti |first=Alberto |last2=Rosa |first2=Lorenzo |date=2019-07-31 |title=Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9 |issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Hatua za kukabiliana na sera zilizosasishwa za rasilimali za maji zitahitaji ushirikiano wa taaluma mbalimbali na wa kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maafisa wa serikali, wanasayansi wa mazingira, wataalamu wa jamii, wachumi, wachambuzi wa mifano ya hali ya hewa, na wanaharakati.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Cosgrove |first=William J. |last2=Loucks |first2=Daniel P. |date=2015 |title=Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014WR016869 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=4823–4839 |doi=10.1002/2014WR016869 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The politics of the environment : ideas, activism, policy {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/76141452|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Dhana za siasa za maji == === Hydro-hegemony === Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ''uliwekwa na wasomi Mark Zeitoun na Jeroen'' F. Warner mnamo mwaka 2006 kama dhana muhimu ya uchanganuzi inayofaa kuchunguza machaguo ya mataifa yenye nguvu au yale yaliyo chini ya utawala wa maji na jinsi yanavyoweza kuondoka katika utawala wa mabavu kuelekea ushirikiano.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ni wa thamani hasa katika kushughulikia matukio ambapo uhusiano wa nguvu huangukia kati ya ncha mbili za ushirikiano na [[Vita ya Maji Maji|vita vya maji]] vinavyojadiliwa mara kwa mara.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> ''Hydro-hegemony'' (hegemonia ya maji) inarejelea "hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto, inayopatikana kupitia mikakati ya udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji kama vile unyakuzi wa rasilimali, ujumuishaji, na uzuiaji. Mikakati hiyo hutekelezwa kupitia safu ya mbinu (mfano: shinikizo la kulazimisha, mikataba, ujenzi wa maarifa, n.k.) ambazo huwezeshwa na unyonyaji wa ukosefu wa usawa wa nguvu uliopo ndani ya muktadha dhaifu wa kitaasisi wa kimataifa."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> Nguzo mbili za ''hydro-hegemony'' ni nafasi ya mto na uwezo wa unyonyaji. Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na vighairi, kama kanuni ya jumla "wale wa juu ya mto hutumia maji kupata nguvu zaidi, wale wa chini ya mto hutumia nguvu kupata maji zaidi."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mhusika anayeshinda udhibiti wa rasilimali huamuliwa kupitia mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ulioanzishwa, kwa kumpendelea mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi ('wa kwanza miongoni mwa walio sawa'). Mnamo 2010, Mark Zeitoun na Ana Elisa Cascão walirekebisha mfumo huo ili uundwe na nguzo nne kuu za nguvu—nguvu ya kijiografia, nguvu ya kimwili, nguvu ya majadiliano, na nguvu ya kiitikadi. wa hivyo, ''hydro-hegemony'' inaweza kueleweka kama hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto inayotokea ambapo udhibiti wa mtiririko wa maji yanayovuka mipaka huimarishwa na mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi. Ingawa Zeitoun na Warner wanahoji kuwa ''hydro-hegemony'' kwa ujumla ni chanzo cha utulivu, katika baadhi ya matukio mataifa dhaifu yanaweza kushiriki katika ''counter-hydro-hegemony'' (kupinga hegemonia ya maji). Katika hali hii, kunakuwa na jaribio la kufanya mazungumzo upya na hatimaye pia kubadilisha mgawanyo wa nguvu. Mikakati inayoweza kutumika katika hili ni majaribio ya kubadilisha mjadala ili kuupendelea upande usio na hegemonia.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> == Maji kama rasilimali muhimu == Tazama pia: ''Mgogoro wa maji'' La muhimu zaidi, [[Maji salama|maji safi]] ni hitaji la msingi kwa viumbe vyote hai, ikijumuisha [[mazao]], [[mifugo]], na [[binadamu]]. [[UNDP]] inachukulia upatikanaji wa maji kama [[Haki za binadamu|haki]] [[Haki za binadamu|ya msingi ya binadamu]] na sharti la amani. Aliyeonekana kuwa [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa]] [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Kofi Annan]], alisema mwaka [[2001]], "Upatikanaji wa maji safi ni hitaji la msingi la binadamu na, kwa hivyo, ni haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Maji yaliyochafuliwa yanahatarisha afya ya kimwili na kijamii ya watu wote. Ni tusi kwa utu wa binadamu." Pamoja na maendeleo yaliyoongezeka, [[viwanda]] vingi, ikiwemo [[misitu]], [[kilimo]], [[Uchimbaji madini|uchimbaji]] [[Uchimbaji madini|madini]], [[utengenezaji]], na [[burudani]] vinahitaji kiasi kikubwa cha ziada cha maji safi ili kufanya kazi. Hata hivyo, hali hii imesababisha ongezeko la uchafuzi wa hewa na maji, ambayo nayo yamepunguza ubora wa usambazaji wa maji. Mbinu endelevu zaidi za [[maendeleo]] ni za manufaa na muhimu. Kulingana na [[WHO]], kila mwanadamu anahitaji kima cha chini kabisa cha [[lita]] 20 za maji safi kwa siku kwa ajili ya [[usafi]] wa msingi;<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Water Rights and Wrongs|url=http://hdr.undp.org/external/hdr2006/water/10.htm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> hii ni sawa na mita za ujazo 7.3 (takriban futi za ujazo 255) kwa kila mtu, kwa mwaka. Kulingana na upatikanaji, ufikiaji na maendeleo ya usambazaji wa maji, [[takwimu]] mahususi za matumizi hutofautiana sana kutoka nchi moja hadi nyingine, huku mataifa yaliyoendelea yakiwa na mifumo iliyopo ya kutibu maji kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, na kuyafikisha katika kila nyumba. Wakati huo huo hata hivyo, baadhi ya mataifa kote [[Amerika ya Kusini]], sehemu za [[Asia]], [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|Asia]] [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|ya Kusini-Mashariki]], [[Afrika]] na [[Mashariki ya Kati|Mashariki ya]] [[Mashariki ya Kati|Kati]] aidha hayana rasilimali za kutosha za maji au hayajaendeleza haya au [[miundombinu]] hiyo kufikia viwango vinavyohitajika. Hali hii hutokea kwa sababu nyingi tofauti. Imesababisha migogoro na mara nyingi husababisha kupungua kwa kiwango au kiasi cha matumizi ya maji safi kwa kila mtu; hali hii inaelekea kwenye [[magonjwa]], na wakati mwingine, kwenye [[njaa]] na [[kifo]]. Chanzo cha takriban [[Maji salama|maji yote safi]] ni unyeshaji kutoka kwenye [[angahewa]], kwa njia ya [[ukungu]], [[mvua]], na [[theluji]], kama sehemu ya mzunguko wa maji kwa enzi, [[milenia]], na hadi leo. Maji safi yanajumuisha asilimia 3 tu ya maji yote duniani, na kati ya hayo, zaidi ya theluthi mbili zimehifadhiwa zikiwa zimeganda kwenye [[barafu]] na kofia za barafu za ncha za [[dunia]].<ref>https://water.usgs.gov/edu/index.htmlwaterdistribution.html</ref> Maji safi yaliyobaki ambayo hayajaganda hupatikana zaidi kama maji ya chini ya ardhi, huku sehemu ndogo tu ikiwa [[Anga|angani]], au kwenye uso wa ardhi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Water Resources|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2|work=www.greenfacts.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maji ya juu ya ardhi huhifadhiwa kwenye maeneo oevu au maziwa au hutiririka mtoni au [[Mto Mkuu|mto mkuu]], na ndiyo rasilimali inayotumiwa zaidi kwa ajili ya maji. Katika maeneo mengine, maji ya juu ya ardhi yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwenye [[bwawa]] nyuma ya kuta za uzuizi, na kisha kutumiwa kwa usambazaji wa maji ya [[manispaa]] na [[viwanda]], kwa ajili ya [[umwagiliaji]], na kuzalisha [[nishati]] kwa njia ya [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]]. Maji ya chini ya ardhi, ingawa yamehifadhiwa kwenye nafasi za matundu ya [[udongo]] na [[miamba]]; yanatumiwa zaidi kama maji yanayotiririka ndani ya vyanzo vya maji ya chini ya ardhi chini ya meza ya maji. Maji ya chini ya ardhi yanaweza kuwepo kama mfumo wa maji unaoweza kufanywa upya unaohusishwa kwa karibu na maji ya juu ya ardhi na kama mfumo tofauti wa maji ya kina kirefu chini ya ardhi ndani ya ''aquifer''. Kisa hiki cha mwisho wakati mwingine huitwa "maji ya visukuku", na kwa uhalisia hayawezi kufanywa upya. Kwa kawaida, maji ya chini ya ardhi hutumiwa pale ambapo vyanzo vya juu ya ardhi havipatikani au wakati usambazaji wa maji ya juu ya ardhi ni mdogo. Mito wakati mwingine hutiririka kupitia nchi kadhaa na mara nyingi hutumika kama mpaka au mstari wa utengano kati yao. Pamoja na [[mito]] hii, usambazaji, mgao, udhibiti, na matumizi ya maji ni ya matokeo makubwa kwa ajili ya maisha, ubora wa maisha, na mafanikio ya kiuchumi. Udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji ya taifa unachukuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa maisha ya dola. Mtiririko kama huo wa maji ya chini ya ardhi unaovuka mipaka pia hutokea. Ushindani kwa rasilimali hizi, hasa pale zinapokuwa chache, umesababisha au kuongeza migogoro hapo awali. Nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]] zinaweza kuchukuliwa kama eneo la mnara wa maji katika Afrika Mashariki. Udhibiti wa kimamlaka wa usambazaji wa maji ya nyanda za juu una uwezekano wa kuongoza siasa za nchi za chini ya mto kwa miaka mingi ijayo. == Uchafuzi kutoka kwa shughuli za binadamu == [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] kwa kawaida hutokea kupitia njia kuu mbili: vyanzo vya uhakika njia kuu mbili: vyanzo vya uhakika vya uchafuzi. Kulingana na Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa [[Marekani]] (EPA), uchafuzi wa chanzo cha uhakika ni "chanzo chochote cha uchafuzi kinachotambulika ambacho kutoka hapo vichafuzi hutolewa, kama vile bomba, mchirizi, meli, au bomba la moshi la kiwanda."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NOAA National Ocean Service: Page Not Found: 404 Page|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html|work=oceanservice.noaa.gov|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=EN-US|author=US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> Kwa hiyo, miongoni mwa mifano ya kawaida ya [[Uchafuzi wa mazingira katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|uchafuzi]] wa chanzo cha uhakika, [[kiwanda]] duni na [[matibabu]] mabaya ya maji taka huonekana juu kwenye orodha; ingawa si mara kwa mara, lakini hata hivyo, ni hatari sawa—kama sio zaidi—, kumwagika kwa [[mafuta]] ni mfano mwingine maarufu wa chanzo cha uhakika cha uchafuzi. Kwa upande mwingine, vyanzo visivyo vya uhakika vya uchafuzi ni vile vinavyoweza kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali, ambapo miongoni mwao, shughuli za kilimo duni na zisizofuatiliwa vizuri zinaweza kuathiri vibaya ubora wa vyanzo vyovyote vya maji vilivyo karibu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Water Contamination {{!}} Other Uses of Water {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/contamination.html|work=www.cdc.gov|date=2018-10-26|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en-us}}</ref> === Vyanzo vya uhakika vya uchafuzi wa mazingira === * '''Bidhaa na taka za viwandani:''' Kemikali nyingi hatari hutumika sana katika biashara za ndani na viwanda. Hizi zinaweza kuwa vichafuzi vya maji ya kunywa ikiwa hazitasimamiwa vyema. Vyanzo vya kawaida vya matatizo kama haya ni: ** '''Biashara za ndani''': Viwanda, mitambo ya viwandani, na hata biashara ndogo ndogo kama vile vituo vya mafuta na sehemu za kusafishia nguo hushughulikia kemikali mbalimbali hatari zinazohitaji usimamizi makini. Kumwagika na utupaji usiofaa wa kemikali hizi au wa taka za viwandani kunaweza kutishia usambazaji wa maji ya chini ya ardhi. ** '''Matanki na mabomba yanayovuja chini ya ardhi''': Bidhaa za petroli, kemikali, na taka zilizohifadhiwa kwenye matanki ya kuhifadhia chini ya ardhi na mabomba zinaweza kuishia kwenye maji ya chini ya ardhi. Matanki na mabomba huvuja ikiwa yamejengwa au kufungwa vibaya. Matanki na mabomba ya chuma hutuama (kutu) kadiri yanavyozeeka. Matanki mara nyingi hupatikana kwenye mashamba. Uwezekano wa matanki kuvuja ni mkubwa katika maeneo ya zamani ya mashamba yaliyoachwa. Matanki ya shambani hayaguswi na kanuni za EPA kwa ajili ya matanki ya petroli na kemikali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Potential Well Water Contaminants and Their Impacts|url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ** '''Maeneo ya kutupia taka na dampo''': Dampo za kisasa zimeundwa ili kuzuia kimiminika chochote kinachovuja, lakini mafuriko yanaweza kubeba vichafuzi juu ya vizuizi. Maeneo ya zamani ya dampo yanaweza kuwa na aina mbalimbali za vichafuzi vinavyoweza kupenya ndani ya maji ya chini ya ardhi. * '''Taka za nyumbani''': Utupaji usiofaa wa bidhaa nyingi za kawaida unaweza kuchafua maji ya chini ya ardhi. Hizi ni pamoja na viyeyusho vya kusafishia, mafuta yaliyotumika ya injini, rangi, na viyeyusho vya rangi. Hata sabuni na sabuni za unga zinaweza kudhuru maji ya kunywa. Haya mara nyingi huwa tatizo linalotokana na matanki ya maji taka mabovu na maeneo ya ufyonzaji wa maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Potential Well Water Contaminants and Their Impacts|url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> * '''Risasi na shaba:''' Viwango vya juu vya risasi hupatikana mara chache kwenye chanzo cha maji. Risasi hupatikana kwa kawaida kwenye vifaa vya mabomba ya maji ya nyumbani. Nyumba zilizojengwa kabla ya mwaka [[1986]] zina uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa na mabomba ya risasi, viungio, na lehemu. Risasi inaweza kupenya kwenye mifumo ya maji wakati vifaa hivi vya mabomba vinapoharibika (kutokana na kutu). Uasidi au ualkali wa maji – au wa uyeyusho wowote – huonyeshwa kama [[pH]], kutoka 0–14. Kitu chochote kisicho na upande (neutral), kwa mfano, kina pH ya 7. Asidi zina pH chini ya 7, besi (alkali) zaidi ya 7. pH huathiri sana kutu. Joto na maudhui ya madini pia huathiri jinsi maji yanavyoweza kusababisha kutu. Risasi katika maji ya kunywa inaweza kusababisha madhara mbalimbali ya kiafya. Mfiduo wa risasi katika maji ya kunywa unaweza kusababisha ucheleweshaji wa maendeleo ya kimwili na kiakili kwa watoto wachanga na watoto. Watu wazima wanaokunywa maji haya kwa miaka mingi wanaweza kupata matatizo ya figo au shinikizo la juu la damu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Potential Well Water Contaminants and Their Impacts|url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> * '''Kemikali za kutibu maji''': Kushughulikia au kuhifadhi vibaya kemikali za kutibu visima vya maji (kama vile viua vijasumu au vizuia kutu) karibu na kisima chako kunaweza kusababisha matatizo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Potential Well Water Contaminants and Their Impacts|url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts|work=www.epa.gov|date=2015-05-06|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> === Vyanzo visivyo vya uhakika vya uchafuzi wa mazingira === == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] it8zuy8h36koj7nubs4kb3hdos3lybq 0 240651 1576047 1569381 2026-06-22T17:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thaakir Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 10 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea klabu ya Munster Rugby. Nafasi zake za kawaida ni winga na beki wa nyuma (fullback). == Sharks == Abrahams aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby na pia kwa mashindano ya Super Rugby Unlocked.<ref name="Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement">{{cite press release | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/01/21/cell-c-sharks-captain-and-squad-announcement/ | title=Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement | publisher=Sharks | date=21 Januari 2020 | accessdate=21 Januari 2020 | archivedate=2026-06-10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610085527/https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/01/21/cell-c-sharks-captain-and-squad-announcement/ }}</ref><ref name="Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad">{{cite web | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | title=Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad | publisher=Sharks | accessdate=6 Oktoba 2020 | archive-date=10 Oktoba 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010071143/https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na Sharks katika raundi ya kwanza ya Super Rugby Unlocked dhidi ya Lions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/10/07/strong-line-up-for-opener/|title=Strong Line-up for Opener|work=Sharks|date=7 Oktoba 2020|accessdate=9 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> == Lyon == Abrahams alijiunga na klabu ya Lyon kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2023–24 wa Top 14. Pia alishiriki katika kampeni ya Lyon kwenye European Rugby Champions Cup, akicheza mechi nne kati ya tano za timu hiyo na kufunga majaribio (tries) matano. == Munster == Tarehe 29 Mei 2024 ilitangazwa kuwa Abrahams alikuwa amesaini mkataba wa miaka miwili kujiunga na Munster kuanzia msimu wa 2024–25.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/2024/05/29/thaakir-abrahams-to-join-munster-on-two-year-deal/|title=Thaakir Abrahams To Join Munster On Two-Year Deal|work=Munster Rugby|date=29 Mei 2024}}</ref> Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya ushindani akiwa na Munster katika ushindi dhidi ya Connacht kwenye raundi ya kwanza ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship. Baadaye alipata jeraha la paja katika mechi dhidi ya Zebre, lililomuweka nje ya uwanja kwa wiki kadhaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thaakir Abrahams |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/squad/thaakir-abrahams/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Baada ya kurejea kutoka majeraha, alifunga jaribio lake la kwanza akiwa na Munster katika ushindi wa 17–10 dhidi ya Lions tarehe 30 Novemba 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Report {{!}} Munster Beat Lions At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-beat-lions-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams pia alifunga jaribio katika mechi yake ya kwanza ya European Rugby Champions Cup dhidi ya Stade Français tarehe 7 Desemba 2024, ambapo Munster ilishinda kwa mabao 33–7. Katika mechi hiyo alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Report {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Stade Francais |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-stade-francais/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Katika ushindi wa Munster dhidi ya La Rochelle katika hatua ya 16 bora tarehe 7 Aprili 2025, Abrahams alichangia kwa kuvunja safu ya ulinzi, hatua iliyosababisha Craig Casey kufunga jaribio muhimu. Pia alifunga jaribio pekee la Munster katika kipigo cha 16–13 dhidi ya Bulls katika raundi ya 15 ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Munster Lose Narrowly To Bulls At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-lose-narrowly-to-bulls-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams aliisaidia Munster kufuzu hatua ya mtoano kwa kufunga jaribio katika ushindi wa pointi za bonasi wa 30–21 dhidi ya Benetton kwenye[Musgrave Park.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Re port {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Benetton |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-benetton/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] a3i67s7dtvbttrcrmz43f0qbh7wi4je 0 240674 1576193 1569418 2026-06-23T00:36:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Arusha''' (kwa kifupi: '''AUWSA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira katika Jiji la [[Arusha]] na maeneo ya pembezoni mwa mji huo. Kama ilivyo kwa [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] nyingine, AUWSA inajitegemea kifedha katika uendeshaji wake. Inafanya kazi chini ya Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha ubora wa kiufundi na usalama wa [[afya]] kwa jamii.<ref>https://auwsa.go.tz {{Wayback|url=https://auwsa.go.tz/ |date=20260610104839 }} – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Arusha (AUWSA).</ref> == Miundombinu == Uzalishaji wa maji wa AUWSA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya asili vya kijiografia vilivyopo chini ya Milima ya Meru. Maji hayo huchakatwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo na mifumo ya usafishaji]] ili kuondoa masimbi na kuzuia vimelea vya [[magonjwa]] kabla ya kuingizwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] na kusambazwa kwa wateja. Pamoja na hayo, AUWSA inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji la Arusha unaojumuisha mitandao ya mabomba ya chini ya ardhi na mabwawa ya kibayolojia ya kutibu majitaka kabla hayajarudishwa kwenye mazingira ya asili. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Kutokana na ukuaji wa haraka wa sekta ya [[utalii]] na ongezeko la watu katika jiji la Arusha, AUWSA inakabiliwa na changamoto ya kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji ili kukidhi mahitaji. Mamlaka imekuwa ikitekeleza miradi mikubwa ya kimkakati, ikiwa ni pamoja na ujenzi wa miundombinu mipya ya kutoa maji kutoka vyanzo vya mbali na kupunguza upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water). Ili kukabiliana na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanayosababisha kupungua kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka mlimani, AUWSA inashirikiana na wadau wa mazingira kulinda [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika vyanzo vyake. Pia inahamasisha matumizi ya mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa ardhi wa kunyonya na kutunza maji, jambo linalosaidia kuzuia [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu umuhimu wa suluhisho za asili na miundombinu ya kijani katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] k274td5gik0iijv9zhkenmrfr4su8c3 0 240700 1575992 1571269 2026-06-22T12:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1575992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruan Ackermann''' (amezaliwa 29 Desemba 1995) ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa muungano wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye kwa sasa anachezea timu ya Stormers katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship. Nafasi yake ya kawaida ni Flanker. == Maisha ya klabu == === 2012–2014: Mwanzo wa taaluma === Ackermann alicheza rugby ya shule katika Hoërskool Garsfontein, ambapo alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha kwanza (First XV) kuanzia mwaka 2012 hadi 2014.<ref name="1st XV HS Garsfontein vs Marais Viljoen">{{cite web |url=http://ysn.co.za/news/rugby/gauteng/2013/1st-xv-hs-garsfontein-vs-marais-viljoen |title=1st XV HS Garsfontein vs Marais Viljoen |work=Youth Sports Network |date=6 Machi 2013 |access-date=22 Februari 2016 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215114342/http://ysn.co.za/news/rugby/gauteng/2013/1st-xv-hs-garsfontein-vs-marais-viljoen |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka 2014 alikuwa nahodha wa timu hiyo na aliisaidia kufika fainali ya Kombe la Beeld Trophy.<ref name="Nelspruit klop Garsies in eindstryd">{{cite web |url=http://www.netwerk24.com/Sport/Skole/Nelspruit-klop-Garsies-in-eindstryd-20140824-2?mobile=true |title=Nelspruit klop Garsies in eindstryd |work=Netwerk24 |date=24 Agosti 2014 |access-date=22 Februari 2016 |language=af}}</ref> Hakuwahi kuiwakilisha timu ya Blue Bulls katika mashindano ya Craven Week, bali alisajiliwa na timu ya Golden Lions yenye makao yake [[Johannesburg]] ili kujiunga na akademi yao mwaka 2015. Akiwa bado shuleni, alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Golden Lions U19 kilichoshiriki 2014 Under-19 Provincial Championship. Aliwekwa kwenye benchi katika mechi tatu na alicheza kama mchezaji wa akiba katika zote. Katika mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Western Province U19 mjini Johannesburg, alifunga ''try'' na kusaidia timu yake kushinda kwa mabao 28–8.<ref name="Golden Lions U19 28-8 WP U19">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=127144 |homeid=21164 |awayid=21124 |leagueid=2064 |hometeam=Golden Lions U19 |homescore=28 |awayscore=8 |awayteam=WP U19 |matchdate=13 Septemba 2014 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> === 2015: Vodacom Cup na Under-21 === Ackermann alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Golden Lions kwa ajili ya 2015 Vodacom Cup. Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya kiwango cha juu kwa kuanza katika ushindi wa 53–3 dhidi ya Welwitschias mjini [[Windhoek]].<ref name="FNB Welwitschias 3-53 Xerox Golden Lions">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=140164 |homeid=24314 |awayid=24324 |leagueid=2304 |hometeam=FNB Welwitschias |homescore=3 |awayscore=53 |awayteam=Xerox Golden Lions |matchdate=6 Machi 2015 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> Alicheza pia kama mchezaji wa akiba dhidi ya Blue Bulls, Leopards na Griffons. Katika mechi dhidi ya Griffons mjini [[Welkom]], alifunga ''try'' yake ya kwanza ya ngazi ya wakubwa na kusaidia ushindi wa 36–20.<ref name="Down Touch Griffons 20-36 Xerox Golden Lions">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=140734 |homeid=24344 |awayid=24324 |leagueid=2304 |hometeam=Down Touch Griffons |homescore=20 |awayscore=36 |awayteam=Xerox Golden Lions |matchdate=8 Mei 2015 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> Golden Lions walimaliza kileleni mwa Kundi la Kaskazini kwa kushinda mechi zote saba za msimu wa kawaida na kufuzu robo fainali. Ackermann alicheza kama mchezaji wa akiba katika ushindi wa 29–21 dhidi ya SWD Eagles kwenye robo fainali,<ref name="Xerox Golden Lions 29-21 SWD Eagles">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=140804 |homeid=24324 |awayid=24354 |leagueid=2304 |hometeam=Xerox Golden Lions |homescore=29 |awayscore=21 |awayteam=SWD Eagles |matchdate=16 Mei 2015 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> na alianza katika nusu fainali dhidi ya Pumas, ambapo Lions walifungwa 43–20.<ref name="Xerox Golden Lions 20-43 Steval Pumas">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=140844 |homeid=24324 |awayid=24334 |leagueid=2304 |hometeam=Xerox Golden Lions |homescore=20 |awayscore=43 |awayteam=Steval Pumas |matchdate=22 Mei 2015 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> Mwezi Machi 2015 alitajwa katika kikosi cha mazoezi cha wachezaji 37 cha timu ya Afrika Kusini chini ya miaka 20,<ref name="SARU names large group for Junior Bok trials">{{SA Rugby Article |id=2925424 |leagueid=2484 |title=SARU names large group for Junior Bok trials |date=25 Machi 2015 |access-date=6 Desemba 2016}}</ref> lakini hakuchaguliwa katika kikosi cha mwisho cha 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship.<ref name="Liebenberg to lead Junior Boks at U20 World Championship in Italy">{{cite web |url=http://www.sarugby.net/component/supersportcontent/22792?view=news |title=Liebenberg to lead Junior Boks at U20 World Championship in Italy |publisher=South African Rugby Union |date=20 Mei 2015 |access-date=20 Mei 2015 |archive-date=2016-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130032506/http://www.sarugby.net/component/supersportcontent/22792?view=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aliichezea Golden Lions U21 mara sita katika 2015 Under-21 Provincial Championship Group A, akifunga ''try'' moja katika kichapo cha 30–17 dhidi ya Free State U21.<ref name="Free State U21 30-17 Golden Lions U21">{{SA Rugby Match Centre |id=147144 |homeid=27014 |awayid=27034 |leagueid=2544 |hometeam=Free State U21 |homescore=30 |awayscore=17 |awayteam=Golden Lions U21 |matchdate=26 Septemba 2015 |date=2 Juni 2016}}</ref> === 2016–2017: Golden Lions/Lions === Mwezi Desemba 2015, Ackermann alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 55 cha |Lions kilichojiandaa kwa msimu wa 2016 Super Rugby season.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://lionsrugby.co.za/index.php/emirates-golden-lions-squad-bolstered-for-superrugby/ |title=Emirates Golden Lions squad bolstered for SuperRugby |publisher=Lions |date=5 Desemba 2015 |access-date=2026-06-11 |archivedate=2016-02-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229190251/http://lionsrugby.co.za/index.php/ackermann-announces-super-rugby-squad/ }}</ref> Baadaye alichaguliwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 27 kilichosafiri kwenda [[Japan]] na [[New Zealand]] kucheza dhidi ya Sunwolves, Chiefs na Highlanders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/rugby/2016/02/22/Lions-name-squad-for-Japan-New-Zealand-Super-Rugby-tour |title=Lions name squad for Japan, New Zealand Super Rugby tour |work=Times Live |date=22 Februari 2016}}</ref> === 2017–2025: Gloucester === Mwezi Agosti 2017, klabu ya Gloucester Rugby ilitangaza kumsajili Ackermann, huku baba yake [[Johan Ackermann]] akiwa amejiunga hivi karibuni kama kocha mkuu wa timu hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/news/14018.php#.WYsjl1GGPIU|title=Super Rugby standout Ruan Ackermann joins Gloucester Rugby|date=9 Agosti 2017|work=gloucesterrugby.co.uk}}</ref> === 2025: Stormers === Tarehe 24 Juni 2025, baada ya misimu minane akiwa Gloucester, Ackermann alitangaza kurejea Afrika Kusini kujiunga na wapinzani wao wa jadi, Stormers, kwa ajili ya mashindano ya United Rugby Championship kuanzia msimu wa 2025–26.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/ruan-ackermanns-south-africa-homecoming-is-confirmed/|publisher=Rugby Pass|title=Ruan Ackermann's South Africa homecoming is confirmed|date=22 Juni 2025|access-date=29 Julai 2025}}</ref> == Maisha ya kimataifa == Ackermann aliichezea timu ya Barbarians dhidi ya South Africa XV katika mechi ya kirafiki isiyohesabiwa kuwa mechi rasmi ya kimataifa, iliyofanyika katika Uwanja wa Wembley mjini [[London]], [[England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/barbarians-vs-south-africa/77053|publisher=Sky Sports|title=Barbarians 31-31 South Africa XV|date=5 Novemba 2016}}</ref> Pia alicheza dhidi ya Fiji, Jamhuri ya Czech na New Zealand XV katika mechi zisizo rasmi za kimataifa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.planetrugby.com/barbarians-crush-czech-republic/|publisher=Planet Rugby|title=Barbarians crush Czech Republic|date=9 Novemba 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/news/barbarians-finish-tour-with-six-try-win-against-fiji/|publisher=Barbarians|title=Barbarians finish tour with six-try win against Fiji|date=11 Novemba 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ultimaterugby.com/match/barbarians-vs-new-zealand-at-twickenham-4th-nov-2017/49419|publisher=Ultimate Rugby|title=Barbarians 33-31 New Zealand XV|date=4 Novemba 2017}}</ref> Aliitwa pia katika kikosi cha South Africa A kwa mfululizo wa mechi mbili dhidi ya French Barbarians, timu iliyofundishwa pia na baba yake, [[Johan Ackermann]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rugbyonslaught.com/highlights-south-africa-vs-french-barbarians/|publisher=Rugby On Slaught|title=HIGHLIGHTS: South Africa As vs French Barbarians|date=26 Juni 2017}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Ruan Ackermann ni mtoto wa [[Johan Ackermann]], aliyekuwa mchezaji wa rugby wa ngazi ya mkoa na aliyeichezea timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini mara kumi na tatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, Johan Ackermann alifanya kazi ya ukocha katika timu za Golden Lions na Lions. Mwezi Juni 2022, Ackermann alifunga ndoa na Kirsty. Wawili hao walikutana kupitia kaka yake Ruan ambaye alimpatia namba yake ya simu. Wakati huo Ackermann alikuwa akipata nafuu kutokana na jeraha, na ndipo uhusiano wao ulipoanza kukua.<ref>{{cite web|title=GET AN EXCLUSIVE LOOK INTO RUAN AND KIRSTY ACKERMANN’S WEDDING – The Insider SA|url=https://theinsidersa.co.za/get-an-exclusive-look-into-ruan-and-kirsty-ackermanns-wedding/|access-date=23 Julai 2024|archive-date=2025-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214180228/https://theinsidersa.co.za/get-an-exclusive-look-into-ruan-and-kirsty-ackermanns-wedding/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1995|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 9ohusa1ww3ortijvw3d1gezoi4mr4bh 0 240723 1576074 1570690 2026-06-22T20:57:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aerial view of Apple Park.jpg|thumb|Mwonekano wa angani mwezi [[Aprili]] [[2018]]]] '''Apple Park''', inayojulikana pia kama '''Apple Campus 2''', ni makao makuu ya [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]. yaliyoko [[Cupertino, California]], nchini [[United States]]. Kituo hiki kilifunguliwa kwa wafanyakazi mwezi [[Aprili]] [[2017]] na kuchukua nafasi ya makao makuu ya zamani ya [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Jengo lake kuu, lililobuniwa na [[Norman Foster]], lina umbo kubwa la mduara ambalo limefanya lijulikane kwa jina la utani la “meli ya angani” (spaceship) katika [[vyombo vya habari]].<ref name="openingdate">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/02/apple-park-opens-to-employees-in-april.html|title=Apple Park opens to employees in April|website=Apple Newsroom|publisher=Apple Inc|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224071114/http://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/02/apple-park-opens-to-employees-in-april.html|archive-date=24 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Apple Park limejengwa kwenye eneo la takribani ekari 360 na lina uwezo wa kuhifadhi zaidi ya wafanyakazi 12,000 ndani ya jengo kuu la ghorofa nne. Mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Apple, [[Steve Jobs]], alitaka eneo hilo liwe zaidi ya ofisi za kawaida. Alikusudia liwe kama mazingira ya asili yenye utulivu, ambapo takribani asilimia 80 ya eneo lote limefunikwa na miti na mimea inayostahimili ukame wa eneo la Cupertino. Katikati ya jengo kuu pia kuna ua mkubwa wenye bwawa la kutengenezwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/31/apple-campus-2-drone-flyover/|title=Apple Campus 2 Looking Good in New Drone Flyover|first=Don|last=Reisinger|date=31 May 2016|work=Fortune|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710103308/http://fortune.com/2016/05/31/apple-campus-2-drone-flyover/|archive-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii: Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Marekani]] 5sy3hv8jndbmiaul8o1omjrk9233gl9 0 240761 1576036 1570839 2026-06-22T14:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AndreasAmrhein.JPG|thumb|Padri Andreas Amrhein, [[mwanzilishi]].]] [[File:Erzabtei_St._Ottilien.jpg|thumb|[[Monasteri]] mama.]] '''Shirika la Kibenedikto la Mt. Otilia''' ni [[tawi]] la [[umisionari|kimisionari]] la [[Shirika]] la Mt. [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]] <ref name=Ottilien>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |title="History", Benediktinerkongregation von St. Ottilien |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2025-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209071712/https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> lililoanzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1884]] na [[padri]] wa [[Uswisi]] [[Andreas Amrhein]], [[Wabenedikto|OSB]] ([[1844]] - [[29 Desemba]] [[1927]]), likifuatwa na lile la [[Masista Wabenedikto Wamisionari wa Tutzing]]. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuunganisha [[maisha]] ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] kadiri ya [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]] na [[umisionari]]<ref name=Dysinger>Dysinger, O.S.B., Luke. "Andreas Amrhein", ''The Benedictine Missionary Movement'', St. Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, 1990</ref>. [[shirika|Mashirika]] hayo yalitekeleza mpango huo kwanza kabisa [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Tanzania]] ya leo ([[Ndanda]] na [[Peramiho]]). Kuhusu jambo hilo, [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]] 1887 Amrhein alimuandikia hivi [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuhusu mazungumzo yake na [[Karl Peters]]: "Wao wanataka wamisionari kwa ajili ya faida yao wenyewe. Lakini nimeweka masharti: wamisionari wafanye kazi yao kwa uhuru wote, bila kupingwa kwa namna yoyote na wakoloni. Licha ya hayo naona kwamba wamisionari wataweza kuwalinda wenyeji wasinyonywe ovyo na wakoloni na wafanyabiashara" <ref>Kanisa katika Tanzania, V2, Kitabu cha Mwalimu, Ndanda Mission Press, 1975, uk. 22.</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * Pugu Hadi Peramiho - kimehaririwa na P. Gerold Rupper, OSB, BPNP, Peramiho 1988, ISBN 9967 67 031 1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.peramiho.org/ Tovuti ya Abasia ya Peramiho] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] h57knv9ejqs1768jinya43b45wtedxt 1576044 1576036 2026-06-22T17:05:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AndreasAmrhein.JPG|thumb|Padri Andreas Amrhein, [[mwanzilishi]].]] [[File:Erzabtei_St._Ottilien.jpg|thumb|[[Monasteri]] mama.]] '''Shirika la Kibenedikto la Mt. Otilia''' ni [[tawi]] la [[umisionari|kimisionari]] la [[Shirika]] la Mt. [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]] <ref name=Ottilien>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |title="History", Benediktinerkongregation von St. Ottilien |accessdate=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2025-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209071712/https://www.ottilien.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> lililoanzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1884]] na [[padri]] wa [[Uswisi]] [[Andreas Amrhein]], [[Wabenedikto|OSB]] ([[1844]] - [[29 Desemba]] [[1927]]), likifuatwa na lile la [[Masista Wabenedikto Wamisionari wa Tutzing]]. Lengo lake lilikuwa kuunganisha [[maisha]] ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] kadiri ya [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]] na [[umisionari]]<ref name=Dysinger>Dysinger, O.S.B., Luke. "Andreas Amrhein", ''The Benedictine Missionary Movement'', St. Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, 1990</ref>. [[shirika|Mashirika]] hayo yalitekeleza mpango huo kwanza kabisa [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[kusini]] mwa [[Tanzania]] ya leo ([[Ndanda]] na [[Peramiho]]). Kuhusu jambo hilo, [[tarehe]] [[18 Aprili]] 1887 Amrhein alimuandikia hivi [[Papa Leo XIII]] kuhusu mazungumzo yake na [[Karl Peters]]: "Wao wanataka wamisionari kwa ajili ya faida yao wenyewe. Lakini nimeweka masharti: wamisionari wafanye kazi yao kwa uhuru wote, bila kupingwa kwa namna yoyote na wakoloni. Licha ya hayo naona kwamba wamisionari wataweza kuwalinda wenyeji wasinyonywe ovyo na wakoloni na wafanyabiashara" <ref>Kanisa katika Tanzania, V2, Kitabu cha Mwalimu, Ndanda Mission Press, 1975, uk. 22.</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * Pugu Hadi Peramiho - kimehaririwa na P. Gerold Rupper, OSB, BPNP, Peramiho 1988, ISBN 9967 67 031 1 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.peramiho.org/ Tovuti ya Abasia ya Peramiho] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:mashirika ya kitawa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] giw5ktxsy3jygckbknaliambmx4uk6w 0 240764 1576058 1573020 2026-06-22T20:28:55Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Ziwa la oksibo]] to [[Ziwa la oksbau]] 1576058 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ziwa la oksbau]] 335m6sxtxifa9f1n5qx4vdmsg32w0sm 0 240835 1576056 1571105 2026-06-22T19:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''Tunisia''' imefikia viwango vya juu zaidi vya upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na [[usafi wa mazingira]] miongoni mwa Mashariki ya Kati na [[Afrika ya Kaskazini|Afrika Kaskazini]]. Kufikia mwaka wa 2011, upatikanaji wa [[maji salama]] ya kunywa ulikuwa karibu na kufikia asilimia 100 kwa wote katika maeneo ya mijini na asilimia 90 katika maeneo ya vijijini. Tunisia hutoa maji ya kunywa yenye ubora mzuri mwaka mzima. <ref name="PSP">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> == Ufikiaji == Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, 98% ya wakazi wa [[Tunisia]] walipata "maji yaliyoboreshwa", 100% ya wakazi wa mijini na 93% ya wakazi wa vijijini. Baadaye, kulikuwa na, mwaka wa 2015, watu 253,000 hawakupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa". Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, mnamo 2015, 92% ya wakazi walikuwa na huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa", 98% na 80%, wakazi wa mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Jumla ya watu ambao, mnamo 2015, hawakupata huduma ya usafi wa mazingira "ulioboreshwa" ilikuwa karibu watu 944,000. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/tunisia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Tunisia|work=washwatch.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-22}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> == Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni == Mnamo 2003, Wizara ya [[Kilimo]] ilichapisha Mpango Mkuu wa Maji kwa ajili ya sekta ya maji <ref name="PSP2">{{in lang|fr}} Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Banque Mondiale et Programme “Participation Privee dans les infrastructures mediterreeanees”(PPMI):[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000012009_20041201140320&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679 Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie], Volume III, 2004, accessed on March 21, 2010</ref> Chaguzi mbili kuu za kimkakati zilitambuliwa na kutekelezwa: mkakati wa miaka 10 wa uhamasishaji wa rasilimali za maji (2001–2011) ulioanzishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1990, na mkakati wa muda mrefu (2030). Mnamo 2023, huku nchi ikiwa katika mwaka wake wa nne wa ukame, Sonede, kampuni ya maji ya jimbo hilo, imeanza kutoa mgao wa maji, ikipunguza usambazaji mkuu wa maji kati ya saa tatu usiku na saa kumi asubuhi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Simon|author=Speakman Cordall|title=Water ban in drought-stricken Tunisia adds to growing crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/05/water-ban-in-drought-stricken-tunisia-adds-to-growing-crisis|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=5 April 2023|language=en-GB|date=5 April 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tunisia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pm1kmjlbtm6orkdefnwsljb9o4qi91i 0 240841 1576189 1571172 2026-06-22T22:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Willem Schalk Alberts''' (alizaliwa 11 Mei 1984) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa muungano wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Aliichezea timu ya Lions katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship. Hapo awali aliichezea Lions na Sharks katika mashindano ya Super Rugby, pamoja na Golden Lions na Sharks (Currie Cup) katika Kombe la Currie, kabla ya kujiunga na Stade Français.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/content.aspx?id=19806](http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/content.aspx?id=19806) |title=Sharks Profile |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308113724/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/content.aspx?id=19806](https://web.archive.org/web/20120308113724/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/content.aspx?id=19806) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwishoni mwa Januari 2020, Alberts alithibitisha kurejea katika timu ya Lions ili kusaidia kampeni yao ya Super Rugby.<ref>[[https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lions-lock-alberts/](https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/lions-lock-alberts/){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Lions officially lock in Alberts]</ref> Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Hoërskool Monument mjini Krugersdorp. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Alberts alianza kucheza kitaalamu mwaka 2007 akiwa na Golden Lions. Katika mwaka huo huo alipata nafasi ya kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza katika mashindano ya Super 14 dhidi ya Waratahs. Mwaka 2010 alihamia Sharks. Oktoba mwaka huo alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji 39 wa Springboks kilichojiandaa kwa ziara ya Novemba barani [[Ulaya]]. Alberts alifahamika kwa mbio zake zenye nguvu kubwa ambazo mara nyingi zilihitaji zaidi ya mchezaji mmoja kumzuia, pamoja na uwezo wake mkubwa wa kujilinda. Kutokana na uzito wake mkubwa wa kilo 120, mbio zake za nguvu na ukabaji wake mkali vilimfanya kuwa kipenzi cha mashabiki wengi. Katika nusu fainali ya Kombe la Currie mwaka 2010 dhidi ya Vodacom Blue Bulls, Alberts alichaguliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa mechi baada ya kubeba mpira mara 21 na kupata jumla ya mita 144. Baada ya mfululizo wa maonyesho bora akiwa na Sharks, aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Springboks kwa ziara ya mwaka 2010 katika Ulimwengu wa Kaskazini. Alberts alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Afrika Kusini tarehe 13 Novemba 2010 dhidi ya Wales akitokea benchi na kufunga ''try'' moja. Wengi waliamini kuwa mchango wake uliisaidia Afrika Kusini kushinda mchezo huo. Alipata kofia yake ya pili ya kimataifa dhidi ya [[Uskoti]], ambapo tena alitokea benchi na kufunga ''try'' baada ya kuupokea mpira katika ''line-out''. Hata hivyo, Springboks walipoteza mechi hiyo. Kofia yake ya tatu ilikuja wiki iliyofuata dhidi ya [[Uingereza]] katika Twickenham. Akiwa amevaa jezi namba 19, alifunga ''try'' nyingine na kupewa jina la utani la '''"Super Sub"''' kutokana na uwezo wake mkubwa alipokuwa akiingia kutoka benchi. Alberts pia alicheza kwa mara ya kwanza dhidi ya Barbarians huko Twickenham katika nafasi ya flanka wa upande wa wazi. Ingawa hakufunga ''try'', mechi hiyo haikuhesabiwa kama mechi rasmi ya kimataifa. Alirejea Afrika Kusini akiwa amefunga ''try'' katika kila mechi rasmi ya ziara yake ya kwanza. == Msimu wa 2011 == Alberts alicheza mechi zote 18 za Sharks katika Msimu wa Super Rugby wa 2011. Alishinda tuzo yake ya kwanza ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi katika Super Rugby baada ya maonyesho yake dhidi ya Cheetahs. Pia alifunga ''try'' yake ya kwanza ya Super Rugby kwa Sharks dhidi ya Western Force. Baadaye alifunga ''try'' nyingine dhidi ya Crusaders katika mechi iliyochezwa Twickenham. Alipata tena tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi dhidi ya Lions baada ya kubeba mpira mara 18. Alberts alikuwa mchezaji aliyefanya makabaji mengi zaidi kwa Sharks katika kampeni yao ya Super Rugby ya 2011 kwa wastani wa makabaji 10 kwa kila mechi, na alikuwa wa tatu katika mashindano yote kwa jumla ya makabaji 58. Dhidi ya Hurricanes alifanya makabaji 23, jambo lililoongeza umaarufu wake katika rugby ya Afrika Kusini. Alberts alianza kwa mara ya kwanza katika kikosi cha kwanza cha Springboks dhidi ya All Blacks mjini Port Elizabeth tarehe 10 Agosti 2011 akiwa amevaa jezi namba 7. Alionyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kujihami kwa kufanya makabaji 13 na hivyo kujihakikishia nafasi katika mipango ya Kombe la Dunia ya Peter de Villiers. == Msimu wa 2012 == Alberts alianza kucheza dhidi ya England katika mechi ambayo Afrika Kusini ilishinda kwa mabao 22–17. Pia alifunga ''try'' katika mechi ya pili ambayo Springboks walishinda kwa mabao 36–27 na hivyo kutwaa mfululizo wa mechi hizo. Alijeruhiwa na kukosa mechi ya mwisho iliyomalizika kwa sare ya 14–14 dhidi ya England. Potgieter alichukua nafasi yake kama flanka wa upande wa kufunga. Alberts alionekana kuwa na mustakabali mzuri kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika ushindi huo wa Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Alberts alikuwa mmoja wa watoto wenye umri wa miaka saba waliochaguliwa mwaka 1992 kushiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni cha 7 Up in South Africa, toleo la Afrika Kusini la mfululizo wa Up series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dean|first=Will|title=28 Up South Africa: TV review|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/28-up-south-africa-tv-review--a-fascinating-insight-into-lives-forged-under-apartheid-8983738.html|work=The](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/28-up-south-africa-tv-review--a-fascinating-insight-into-lives-forged-under-apartheid-8983738.html|work=The) Independent|date=6 December 2013|location=London|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Ameendelea kuonekana katika makala hiyo kila baada ya miaka saba, akielezea vipengele mbalimbali vya maisha yake, ikiwemo maisha ya utotoni shambani, kifo cha baba yake katika ajali ya gari, na kuhama kwa familia yake kwenda mjini. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] nwqnpudxvx90tvw0a1znj8pe9lkpyhl 0 240949 1576059 1572984 2026-06-22T20:29:05Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Ziwa la oksibo]] to [[Ziwa la oksbau]] 1576059 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ziwa la oksbau]] 335m6sxtxifa9f1n5qx4vdmsg32w0sm 1 240950 1576060 1572986 2026-06-22T20:29:15Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Majadiliano:Ziwa la oksibo]] to [[Majadiliano:Ziwa la oksbau]] 1576060 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano:Ziwa la oksbau]] qvxttk8svg8q37mcnqrcpy4ak7u1eve 0 240951 1576041 1573087 2026-06-22T16:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umaarufu}} {{Infobox person | name = Ssenkaali Joseph | birth_date = {{circa|1999}} <!-- Umri wa miaka 27 mnamo 2026 --> | birth_place = Lukaya Town Council, Kalungu District, Uganda | nationality = Uganda | occupation = Mpromota wa burudani, mjasiriamali, Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Ssenkaali Promotions | known_for = Kuanzisha The Showing Awards, kuunganisha tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda na Dubai |jina la kuzaliwa=Ssenkaali Joseph|utaifa=Ugandan|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Promoter (music)|asasi=Showing Awards}} '''Ssenkaali Joseph''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Promota Ssenkaali Joseph Kampala''', ni promota wa burudani na mjasiriamali kutoka Uganda. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 27 (mnamo 2026), amejijenga kama mmoja wa vijana wanaounganisha tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda na jamii za diaspora hasa katika Dubai, Falme za Kiarabu.<ref name="edge">{{cite web |url=https://edge.ug/joseph-ssenkaali-promoter-connecting-ugandas-entertainment-industry-to-dubai/ |title=Joseph Ssenkaali: promoter connecting Uganda’s entertainment industry to Dubai |publisher=Edge.ug |date=30 Mei 2026 |access-date=14 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref name="tma">{{cite web |url=https://www.tmafrica.co.ug/news/ssenkaali-joseph-ugandan-promoter-building-entertainment-links-between-kampala-and-dubai |title=Ssenkaali Joseph: Ugandan Promoter Building Entertainment Links Between Kampala and Dubai |publisher=Torch Media Africa |date=29 Mei 2026 |access-date=14 Juni 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Ssenkaali Joseph alizaliwa katika Lukaya Town Council, Wilaya ya Kalungu, mkoa wa Greater Masaka, Uganda. Alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Kamuwunga na baadaye akaenda Shule ya Sekondari ya Mpeera. Kukua katika eneo lenye utamaduni na muziki mkali kuliwasha shauku yake katika biashara ya burudani tangu umri mdogo.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> == Kazi == Joseph ni mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa '''Ssenkaali Promotions''', kampuni inayohusika na usimamizi wa wasanii, ukuzaji wa muziki, upangaji wa matukio, uuzaji wa kidijitali, utunzi wa nyimbo, kubuni chapa (branding), na huduma za uuzaji na mauzo. Kampuni hiyo inazingatia kuwagundua na kuwainua wasanii wanaoibuka na waliopo katika tasnia ya Uganda.<ref name="examiner">{{cite web |url=https://examiner.co.ug/news/article/promoter-ssenkaali-josephthe-visionary-behind-showing-awards/ |title=Promoter Ssenkaali Joseph: The Visionary Behind Showing Awards |publisher=The Black Examiner |date=25 Agosti 2025 |access-date=14 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref name="tma" /> Amezingatia sana kuimarisha uhusiano wa burudani kati ya Uganda na Dubai, ambapo jamii ya Wauganda na Waafrika Mashariki inakua. Kupitia kampuni yake, amepanga matukio ya muziki, maonyesho, na kampeni za kukuza ambazo zinawapa wasanii wa Uganda fursa ya kutumbuiza mbele ya hadhira ya kimataifa na kujenga mitandao na diaspora.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> === The Showing Awards === Mnamo 2024, Joseph alianzisha '''The Showing Awards''', jukwaa la kutunza mafanikio katika burudani, muziki, ujasiriamali, na ubunifu. Tuzo hizi hufanyika katika Uganda na Dubai na zimekuwa jukwaa la kuunganisha wasanii, wapromota, wafanyabiashara, na jamii ya diaspora. Tuzo zinatambua talanta na tabia njema ya washiriki.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="examiner" /><ref name="tma" /> == Athari na maono == Kazi yake inaonyesha mabadiliko katika tasnia ya burudani ya Uganda ambapo vijana wanatumia mitandao ya kidijitali na mitandao ya diaspora ili kuunda fursa za kimataifa. Yeye hugawanya wakati wake kati ya Uganda na Falme za Kiarabu ili kuendeleza daraja la kitamaduni na kiuchumi kati ya Kampala na Dubai.<ref name="edge" /><ref name="tma" /> == Marejeleo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.facebook.com/promotassenkaalijoseph/ Promota Ssenkaali Joseph Kampala] kwenye Facebook sx8gr3b71o8ip9x3usxav2dl0usbelp 0 240993 1576217 1573202 2026-06-23T07:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benares''' ni filamu ya nchini [[Morisi]] ya mwaka 2005 iliyoandikwa na kuongozwa na Barlen Pyamootoo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0387870/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref> na iliyotoka rasmi tarehe 29 Machi 2006 (nchini [[Ufaransa]]). Kupitia filamu hiyo, Pyamootoo alikuwa mtengeneza filamu wa kwanza kutoka Mauritius kutumia lugha ya Kikrioli ya Mauritius katika filamu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sampsonia Way|url=https://cityofasylum.org/sampsonia-way/|work=City of Asylum|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kisa == Vijana wawili wa kiume ambao walisafiri maeneo mbalimbali nchini Mauritius ambako walikutana na wanawake wawili wanaovutia waliowatumbuiza na kuwafurahisha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benares {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/benares|work=www.rottentomatoes.com|accessdate=2026-06-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bénarès de Barlen Pyamootoo (2005) - Unifrance|url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/24650/benares|work=en.unifrance.org|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Benares Film|date=2012-12-13|url=https://marcelluskua.jimdo.com/2012/12/13/benares-film/|work=Website of marcelluskua!|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-15|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103142751/https://marcelluskua.jimdo.com/2012/12/13/benares-film/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Waigizaji == * Barlen Pyamootoo * Danielle Dalbert * Sandra Faro * Davidsen Kamanah * Kristeven Mootien * Vanessa Li Lun Yuk == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2005]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Mauritius]] e2tdtu1xm32jtmt121wxga09a1dm0wf 0 241043 1576162 1573928 2026-06-22T21:13:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1342''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na moja|1341]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tatu|1343]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1342 KK]] na [[1342]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] p6u0s94bz46ix1ff2i88615i4sy6a64 0 241044 1576173 1573929 2026-06-22T21:15:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1343''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na mbili|1342]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nne|1344]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1343 KK]] na [[1343]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] hmwbk8djvw3tez75zzjbdt781rpo4wi 0 241103 1576055 1574562 2026-06-22T19:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} '''[[Sudan]]''' ni nchi ambayo nusu yake ni jangwa na sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu inasumbuliwa na uhaba wa maji safi ya kunywa pamoja na chanzo cha kuaminika cha maji kwa ajili ya kilimo. Pamoja na [[Mto Nile]] katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi, baadhi ya sehemu za Sudan zina rasilimali kubwa za maji, lakini zile zilizopo magharibi hulazimika kutegemea ''wadis'', visima vya msimu ambavyo mara nyingi hukauka. Kukosekana kwa uwiano huu katika upatikanaji wa maji ni chanzo cha dhiki, na pia chanzo cha migogoro. Wakati vifaa vya kuhifadhia maji vikiwa vichache, jamii nyingi za wenyeji zimejenga mabwawa na hifadhi za muda, ''weirs'', ambazo husaidia katika kuimarisha jamii za wakulima. [[Wakulima]] pia hutumia ''hafirs'' kuhifadhi maji ya mvua ambayo hunyesha katika msimu wa mvua, lakini maji ya chini ya ardhi yanasalia kuwa chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa zaidi ya 80% ya watu wa [[Sudan]]. Kwa miongo kadhaa, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa umesababisha hali mbaya na kukwamisha miradi mingi na juhudi za misaada, lakini msaada unaendelea kufika. Miradi kadhaa ya miundombinu ya maji imetekelezwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, ikiwa na vyanzo vya ufadhili vya ndani na kimataifa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43170408</ref>Ufadhili kutoka UN umewapatia wakulima 9,550 wa eneo hilo uwezo bora wa kufikia maji na udongo wenye rutuba. Mradi ambao pia unapanga kupanda tena uoto wa misitu katika ''wadi'' ili kuzuia kuenea kwa [[jangwa]]. == Rasilimali za maji == Mto Nile unapita katika sehemu ya mashariki ya nchi na kuwapa sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaoishi karibu nao maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kunywa na kilimo. Maeneo oevu yanayopakana na Mto Nile yanashughulikia karibu 10% ya nchi, na kusaidia mifumo ya ikolojia ya kingo za mito yenye utofauti mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Water Resources in Sudan - Fanack Water|url=https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|work=Fanack Water|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-17|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074258/https://water.fanack.com/sudan/water-resources-sudan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Watu wengine wanaoishi katika eneo kame zaidi la magharibi hutegemea visima au wadi za msimu ili kupata maji yao ya kila siku''. Wadi'' hizi ni vitanda vya mito vikavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka, lakini watu wanaweza kufikia maji ya chini ya ardhi yanayokusanyika hapo chini kwa kuchimba mashimo ya visima. == Ubora == Jambo lingine linalotia wasiwasi nchini Sudan ni ubora wa maji ambayo watu wanayapata. Katika Sudan ya mashariki, utafiti uliofanywa katika miji ya [[Wad Madani]] na Al [[Khartoum]] ulifichua kuwa 86% ya maji katika mabomba ya umma yalifikia viwango vya ubora vya Sudan na vile vya kimataifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2019-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828235752/http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika eneo la Darfur, uhaba wa maji umeenea zaidi, huku watu wengi wakikabiliwa mara kwa mara na hali ya ukame na njaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Collective Action for Improved Water Management|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2019-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828235752/http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/collective-action-for-improved-water-management.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya magharibi ya Sudan haina uwezo wa kupata maji bora kwa mwaka mzima, kwani ''wadi'' hukauka kwa sehemu kubwa ya mwaka isipokuwa mvua kubwa ikinyesha. Kutokana na ukosefu wa utulivu katika sehemu kubwa ya eneo hili la nchi, ubora wa maji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukilinganishwa na eneo la mashariki lenye usalama zaidi wa maji. == Matibabu ya Maji == Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS), ilikarabati kiwanda cha kusafisha maji ambacho hakikutumika mjini El Fasher, mji mkuu wa jimbo la Darfur, kwa kufunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuhakikisha ubora wa maji. Mtambo huu sasa unazalisha maji ya kutosha kwa watu 37,500 kwa siku.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2019-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094825/http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mipango ya kuboresha == Shirika linaloitwa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Huduma za Miradi (UNOPS) limefanya miradi ya mitambo ya klorini katika mji mkuu wa Darfur, El Fasher, likiwa na ufadhili mkubwa kutoka nchini Japani. Shirika hilo lilifanya ukarabati wa kiwanda cha kusafisha maji mwaka 2010, kisha likafunga mtambo wa klorini ili kuboresha ubora wa maji kwa ajili ya watu zaidi ya 37,500.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan - Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/bringing-clean-water-people-sudan|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|access-date=2026-06-17}}</ref> Katika mji wa El Daein, UNOPS ilifanya miradi ya kukarabati miundombinu ya kusafisha maji, ikisaidia zaidi ya watu 50,000 kupata maji safi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bringing clean water to the people of Sudan|url=http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|work=sd.one.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en|archive-date=2019-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094825/http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/our-stories/bringing-clean-water-to-the-people-of-sudan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Japani imechukua nafasi kubwa kwa kutoa ufadhili na utaalamu katika miradi ya kuendeleza maeneo ya vijijini ya Sudan na upatikanaji wake wa maji safi. UNOPS imekamilisha miradi ambayo sasa inasaidia zaidi ya watu 250,000 kupata chanzo cha maji ya kunywa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sustainable water supply for towns in Darfur|url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/sustainable-water-supply-for-towns-in-darfur|work=UNOPS|accessdate=2026-06-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Sudan]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] spfym8wwvc5l8iva82tx5cf5p2mzy3v 0 241107 1576122 1574238 2026-06-22T21:06:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1346''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na tano|1345]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba|1347]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1346 KK]] na [[1346]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] af1th2n1ou20sh6y5ygk21liq500c5y 0 241108 1576185 1574239 2026-06-22T21:17:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1347''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXLVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na sita|1346]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu arobaini na nane|1348]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1347 KK]] na [[1347]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] op7zxlvmn4f0hdomgm691bitdqjoh8c 0 241113 1576172 1574248 2026-06-22T21:15:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1576172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1352''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCLII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na moja|1351]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu hamsini na tatu|1353]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1352 KK]] na [[1352]] [[BK]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] srofel3wsi62iwjyfr0iygr2nw6e1ue 0 241225 1576053 1574915 2026-06-22T19:52:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Algeria.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Algeria]] '''Usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira nchini Algeria''' una sifa ya mafanikio na changamoto. Miongoni mwa mafanikio ni ongezeko kubwa la kiasi cha maji ya kunywa yanayosambazwa kutoka kwenye hifadhi, uhamishaji wa maji kwa umbali mrefu, na usafishaji wa maji ya bahari kwa bei nafuu kwa watumiaji, kutokana na mapato makubwa ya nchi hiyo ya mafuta na gesi. Hatua hizi ziliongeza usambazaji wa maji kwa kila mtu licha ya ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu. Mafanikio mengine ni mpito kutoka usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara hadi usambazaji wa maji usio na kikomo katika mji mkuu wa [[Algiers]] mwaka 2011, pamoja na maboresho makubwa katika usafishaji wa maji taka yaliyosababisha ubora bora wa maji katika fukwe. Mafanikio haya yaliwezekana kupitia ushirikiano wa sekta ya umma na binafsi na kampuni binafsi ya maji ya Ufaransa. Idadi ya mitambo ya kusafisha maji taka nchi nzima iliongezeka kwa haraka kutoka 18 tu mwaka 2000 hadi 113 mwaka 2011, huku mingine 96 ikiwa chini ya ujenzi.<ref>https://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna changamoto nyingi pia. Mojawapo ni ubora duni wa huduma katika miji mingi nje ya Algiers, ambapo 78% ya wakazi wa mijini wanateseka na usambazaji wa maji wa mara kwa mara. Changamoto nyingine ni uchafuzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Pia kumekuwa na maendeleo yasiyotosheleza kuhusu utumiaji tena wa maji yaliyosafishwa, jambo ambalo ni kipaumbele cha serikali katika nchi hii kame. == Ufikiaji == [[Faili:Fontaine dans la haute Casbah Alger.JPG|thumb|Chemchemi za kiasili kama hii katika jiji la kale la Algiers zinabadilishwa na maji ya kunywa ya bomba kwenda nyumbani.]] Mnamo mwaka 2015, nchini Algeria, 84% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa," huku 84% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia. Mnamo mwaka 2015, kulikuwa na takriban watu milioni 7 waliokuwa hawana uwezo wa kupata maji "yaliyoboreshwa." Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, 88% ya wakazi walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma "zilizoboreshwa" za usafi wa mazingira, 90% na 82% wakiwa maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, mtawalia.<ref>https://www.wateraid.org/washmatters/washwatch-has-ended</ref> Kulingana na Umoja wa Mataifa, 83% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata chanzo cha maji kilichoboreshwa mnamo mwaka [[1978]], ikijumuisha 74% waliokuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji ya kunywa katika maeneo yao. Waliosalia walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata maji kutoka kwenye [[chemchemi]], mabomba ya [[umma]], visima vilivyolindwa au chemchemi zilizolindwa, hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini. 95% ya Waalgeria walikuwa na uwezo wa kupata huduma zilizoboreshwa za usafi wa mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=JMP > Welcome to the WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme|url=http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|work=wssinfo.org|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=en|archive-date=2010-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323055730/http://wssinfo.org/datamining/tables.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serikali ya Algeria inasema kuwa uwezo wa kupata usambazaji wa maji ni mkubwa kuliko inavyoonyeshwa katika takwimu za Umoja wa Mataifa, huku 93% wakiwa wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji ya kunywa mnamo mwaka 2010. Pia inasema kuwa 86% ya wakazi wameunganishwa na mitandao ya maji taka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=人民网_网上的人民日报|url=http://www.people.com.cn/|work=www.people.com.cn|accessdate=2026-06-19}}</ref> == Ubora wa huduma == Ni 22% tu ya wakazi wa mijini nchini Algeria wanaopata maji saa 24 kwa siku. 34% wanapata maji mara moja tu kwa siku, 24% wanapata kila baada ya siku mbili, na 14% wanapata kila baada ya siku tatu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algérie FocusUn Algérien sur quatre n'a l'eau potable qu'un jour sur deux|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com:80/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/|work=www.algerie-focus.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Katika baadhi ya maeneo, maji hupatikana kila baada ya siku 10, kama vile katika Wilaya ya Bouzeguène na wilaya nyingine katika eneo la Kabylie. Uhaba huu unatokana na utekelezaji mbovu na kutokamilika kwa miradi, matengenezo duni, na miunganisho mingi isiyo halali kwenye mtandao. Wakazi huhifadhi maji kwenye matanki au mitungi ndani ya nyumba zao, au hujaza mitungi kwenye minara ya maji hasa wakati wa kiangazi. Katika jiji la [[Sétif]], kaskazini-mashariki mwa Algeria, uhaba wa maji umesababisha maandamano na mapambano na polisi.<ref>https://middle-east-online.com/en?id=61157</ref> Kinyume chake, katika jiji la Algiers, usambazaji wa maji wa saa 24 uliimarishwa mnamo mwaka 2011 kwa msaada wa kampuni binafsi ya Ufaransa, SUEZ. == Rasilimali za maji na miundombinu == Maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria yanatoka katika vyanzo vya kawaida – maji ya juu ya ardhi na maji ya chini ya ardhi – pamoja na vyanzo visivyo vya kawaida kama vile usafishaji wa maji ya bahari. === Rasilimali za maji za kawaida === [[Faili:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Mabwawa ni chanzo kikuu cha maji ya kunywa nchini Algeria. Kwa mfano, hifadhi ya Taksebt hutoa maji ya kunywa kwa wakazi wa mikoa mitatu. ]] Kwa sababu mvua hunyesha kwa msimu, maji ya juu ya ardhi huhifadhiwa kwenye mabwawa 72 yenye uwezo wa jumla wa uzalishaji wa bilioni 7.4m³ kwa mwaka mnamo mwaka 2009. Maji mengi haya hutumika kwa ajili ya umwagiliaji. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Algeria]] fu8x3x7h9l7m7bakzw6ycei39e3hfq6 0 241227 1576054 1575276 2026-06-22T19:52:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Morocco.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Moroko]] '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Moroko''' hutolewa na mchanganyiko wa waendeshaji wa umma wa ngazi ya taifa na kikanda. Utoaji wa huduma umepitia mageuzi makubwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kufuatia hatua ya kuchukua nafasi ya watoa huduma binafsi na mashirika ya manispaa kwa kuanzisha kampuni za umma za huduma mbalimbali za kikanda (SRM). Kampuni hizi za kikanda zinawajibika kwa usambazaji wa maji, umeme, na huduma za usafi wa mazingira katika ngazi ya wilaya. Sambamba na hilo, Ofisi ya [[Taifa]] ya Umeme na Maji ya Kunywa (ONEE) inaendelea kuwa mdau mkuu, hasa katika uzalishaji wa maji kwa wingi, usambazaji kwa waendeshaji wa ndani, na utoaji wa huduma katika miji midogo na maeneo ya vijijini. Upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji umeimarika kwa kiasi kikubwa tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000, huku maendeleo katika usafi wa mazingira yakipiga hatua kwa kasi ndogo zaidi. Changamoto bado zipo, hasa kiwango kidogo cha usafishaji wa maji [[taka]], kutokuwepo kwa miunganisho ya maji majumbani katika baadhi ya maeneo ya mijini yenye kipato cha chini, na uendelevu wa mifumo fulani ya vijijini. Ili kukabiliana na hali hii, mamlaka za umma zimetekeleza programu kadhaa za kitaifa. Programu ya Kitaifa ya Usafi wa Mazingira, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2005, ililenga kuongeza uwezo wa kusafisha maji taka na kuboresha ufikiaji wa mifumo ya maji taka mijini. Jitihada za kupanua upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa jamii zenye mahitaji maalum pia zimefanywa, hasa kupitia Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Maendeleo ya Binadamu. == Rasilimali za maji == Morocco ina takriban bilioni 22 za mita za [[ujazo]] za [[rasilimali za maji]] yanayoweza kurejelezwa kwa mwaka, kiasi ambacho ni sawa na mita za ujazo 730 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka. Kabla ya kuzingatia miaka ya ukame ya 1990 na 2000, jumla ya rasilimali za maji yanayoweza kurejelezwa ilikadiriwa kuwa kubwa zaidi, takriban bilioni 29 za mita za ujazo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-126.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305160954/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-126.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, ni hadi bilioni 20 za mita za ujazo kwa mwaka pekee ndizo zinazoweza kunaswa kiuchumi (ressources mobilisables), ikijumuisha bilioni 16 za mita za ujazo za maji ya juu ya ardhi na bilioni 4 za mita za ujazo za maji ya chini ya ardhi. [[Moroko|Morocco]] ina mabwawa takriban 100 ya ukubwa tofauti yenye uwezo wa jumla wa kuhifadhi wa bilioni mita za ujazo. Ilikadiriwa kuwa mwaka 2004, takriban bilioni 13.5 za mita za ujazo zilitolewa, au takriban 67% ya rasilimali zilizopo. 83% ya maji yaliyotolewa yalitumika kwa ajili ya kilimo na 17% kwa ajili ya matumizi ya manispaa na viwanda. Hata hivyo, rasilimali za maji hazijagawanywa kwa usawa katika anga na wakati, huku rasilimali nyingi za maji zikiwa Kaskazini na mvua zikiwa chache wakati wa majira ya baridi. Aidha, ubora wa rasilimali za maji unashushwa kupitia uchafuzi, hasa katika bonde la Sebou. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Moroko]] djwd5f7bpd59nvqrfpvk74q1snny82z 1576194 1576054 2026-06-23T00:38:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Flag of Morocco.svg|thumb|Bendera ya Moroko]] '''Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Moroko''' hutolewa na mchanganyiko wa waendeshaji wa umma wa ngazi ya taifa na kikanda. Utoaji wa huduma umepitia mageuzi makubwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kufuatia hatua ya kuchukua nafasi ya watoa huduma binafsi na mashirika ya manispaa kwa kuanzisha kampuni za umma za huduma mbalimbali za kikanda (SRM). Kampuni hizi za kikanda zinawajibika kwa usambazaji wa maji, umeme, na huduma za usafi wa mazingira katika ngazi ya wilaya. Sambamba na hilo, Ofisi ya [[Taifa]] ya Umeme na Maji ya Kunywa (ONEE) inaendelea kuwa mdau mkuu, hasa katika uzalishaji wa maji kwa wingi, usambazaji kwa waendeshaji wa ndani, na utoaji wa huduma katika miji midogo na maeneo ya vijijini. Upatikanaji wa huduma ya maji umeimarika kwa kiasi kikubwa tangu mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000, huku maendeleo katika usafi wa mazingira yakipiga hatua kwa kasi ndogo zaidi. Changamoto bado zipo, hasa kiwango kidogo cha usafishaji wa maji [[taka]], kutokuwepo kwa miunganisho ya maji majumbani katika baadhi ya maeneo ya mijini yenye kipato cha chini, na uendelevu wa mifumo fulani ya vijijini. Ili kukabiliana na hali hii, mamlaka za umma zimetekeleza programu kadhaa za kitaifa. Programu ya Kitaifa ya Usafi wa Mazingira, iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2005, ililenga kuongeza uwezo wa kusafisha maji taka na kuboresha ufikiaji wa mifumo ya maji taka mijini. Jitihada za kupanua upatikanaji wa huduma za maji na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa jamii zenye mahitaji maalum pia zimefanywa, hasa kupitia Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Maendeleo ya Binadamu. == Rasilimali za maji == Morocco ina takriban bilioni 22 za mita za [[ujazo]] za [[rasilimali za maji]] yanayoweza kurejelezwa kwa mwaka, kiasi ambacho ni sawa na mita za ujazo 730 kwa kila mtu kwa mwaka. Kabla ya kuzingatia miaka ya ukame ya 1990 na 2000, jumla ya rasilimali za maji yanayoweza kurejelezwa ilikadiriwa kuwa kubwa zaidi, takriban bilioni 29 za mita za ujazo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-126.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305160954/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/country-profile-126.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hata hivyo, ni hadi bilioni 20 za mita za ujazo kwa mwaka pekee ndizo zinazoweza kunaswa kiuchumi (ressources mobilisables), ikijumuisha bilioni 16 za mita za ujazo za maji ya juu ya ardhi na bilioni 4 za mita za ujazo za maji ya chini ya ardhi. [[Moroko|Morocco]] ina mabwawa takriban 100 ya ukubwa tofauti yenye uwezo wa jumla wa kuhifadhi wa bilioni mita za ujazo. Ilikadiriwa kuwa mwaka 2004, takriban bilioni 13.5 za mita za ujazo zilitolewa, au takriban 67% ya rasilimali zilizopo. 83% ya maji yaliyotolewa yalitumika kwa ajili ya kilimo na 17% kwa ajili ya matumizi ya manispaa na viwanda. Hata hivyo, rasilimali za maji hazijagawanywa kwa usawa katika anga na wakati, huku rasilimali nyingi za maji zikiwa Kaskazini na mvua zikiwa chache wakati wa majira ya baridi. Aidha, ubora wa rasilimali za maji unashushwa kupitia uchafuzi, hasa katika bonde la Sebou. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Moroko]] kxbpuulceh4afj0h4lwyvxzp8t3ve5w 0 241296 1575995 1575988 2026-06-22T12:56:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]]. Ingawa sentensi yake moja imenakiliwa katika Waraka wa Yuda (14-15), kitabu kizima [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]] isipokuwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia]] na wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] au kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]], ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] p0inpmcoeehq0sfim26qaotgcs65iov 0 241301 1576037 1575553 2026-06-22T15:12:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Faili:World_Water_Day_(4462056279).jpg|thumb|Asilimia 87 ya idadi ya watu duniani - karibu watu bilioni 5.9 - wanapata rasilimali za [[Maji salama|maji safi na salama ya kunywa]], lakini hii ina maana kwamba karibu watu bilioni moja hawana huduma (tazama makala kamili kuhusu '''Power and Energy Africa''' ).]] [[Faili:World_water_day_-_choir_singing_(4459460043).jpg|thumb|Maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani nchini [[Kenya]] mwaka wa [[2011]] .]] [[Faili:My_School_Toilet_puppet_theatre_(5226853487).jpg|thumb|Watoto wakiwasilisha onyesho la vibaraka kwa ajili ya shindano la "Choo Changu cha Shule" huko Cagayan de Oro, [[Ufilipino]], kwa ajili ya Siku ya Maji Duniani mwaka wa [[2010]] .]] Siku ya Maji Duniani ni tukio la kimataifa linaloadhimishwa chini ya usimamizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa. Imependekezwa katika Ajenda 21 wakati wa Mkutano wa Rio mwaka [[1992]] na kupitishwa tarehe {{Date|22|février|1993}} na [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa|Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa]] <ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=1983-04-01 |title=Résolution de l'ONU sur les Protocoles |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100128850 |journal=Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge |volume=65 |issue=740 |pages=111–112 |doi=10.1017/s0035336100128850 |issn=0035-3361}}</ref>, inaadhimishwa tarehe Machi 22 kila mwaka na mada tofauti. == Historia == Mwaka 1992, Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mazingira na Maendeleo (UNCED) ulipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa siku maalumu ya kimataifa kwa ajili ya kuhamasisha umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji safi. Baadaye, tarehe 22 Desemba 1992, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilipitisha Azimio A/RES/47/193 lililotangaza rasmi tarehe 22 Machi kuwa Siku ya Maji Duniani, maadhimisho ambayo yalifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1993. Katika juhudi za kimataifa za kuimarisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji, Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitangaza Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Hatua “Maji, Chanzo cha Uhai” (2005–2015), na baadaye Muongo wa Kimataifa wa Utekelezaji “Maji kwa Maendeleo Endelevu” (2018–2028) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|first=United|last=Nations|title=Journée mondiale de l'eau {{!}} Nations Unies|url=https://www.un.org/fr/observances/water-day|accessdate=2023-04-03}}</ref> . == Shirika == Umoja wa Mataifa pamoja na nchi wanachama wake huadhimisha siku hii kwa kuhamasisha utekelezaji wa mapendekezo yanayohusu usimamizi endelevu wa rasilimali za maji, uhifadhi wa maji na kuboresha upatikanaji wa maji salama ya kunywa. Upatikanaji wa maji safi umetambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kama haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Kila mwaka<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Daudet |first=Yves |date=1992 |title=L'ONU et l'O.E.A. en Haïti et le droit international |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |journal=Annuaire français de droit international |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.3406/afdi.1992.3065 |issn=0066-3085}}</ref>, moja ya mashirika ya Umoja wa Mataifa yanayoshughulikia masuala ya maji hupewa jukumu la kuratibu na kuongoza shughuli za kimataifa za maadhimisho haya. Tangu mwaka 2003, programu ya ONU-Eau imekuwa ikichagua mada maalumu ya Siku ya Maji Duniani kila mwaka. Mbali na nchi wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zinazoratibu shughuli mbalimbali za kuadhimisha siku hii kwa lengo la kueneza ujumbe wa kampeni, kama vile mikutano, maonesho na warsha, mashirika mengi yasiyo ya kiserikali pia hushiriki katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa rasilimali za maji<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2007-04-01 |title=L'accès à l'eau potable et à l'assainissement en Afrique |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/243802036270}}</ref>. Aidha, tangu mwaka 1997, Baraza la Maji Duniani limekuwa likiandaa Jukwaa la Maji Duniani kila baada ya miaka mitatu, likiwa moja ya matukio makubwa yanayohusiana na maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani. Siku ya Maji Duniani, inayoadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe 22 Machi, ina uhusiano wa karibu na kazi za UNESCO kupitia Mpango wa Tathmini ya Maji Duniani (WWAP). Kupitia mfumo huu, UNESCO huratibu uchapishaji wa Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani ya Umoja wa Mataifa (WWDR), ambayo kwa kawaida hutolewa siku hii ya maadhimisho. Tangu mwaka 2014, ripoti hiyo imekuwa ikilenga kila mwaka mada maalum ya kimkakati kuhusu usimamizi wa maji, jambo linalosaidia kuelekeza mijadala, sera za umma na hatua za kimataifa zinazohusiana na Siku ya Maji Duniani. == Malengo yanayofuatwa == Malengo yanayofuatwa na Siku ya Maji Duniani ni : * ili kuvutia umakini kwenye utendakazi mbaya wa mzunguko wa maji, ambao una athari ya kuathiri maendeleo yaliyopatikana katika matatizo yote makubwa ya kimataifa (afya, njaa, usawa wa kijinsia, upatikanaji wa ajira, elimu, viwanda, majanga au hata amani) ; * kuharakisha mabadiliko ili kutatua mgogoro wa maji na usafi wa mazingira. Hasa, 2023 ilikuwa mwaka muhimu kwa ahadi kuhusu matumizi ya maji na usafi wa mazingira, kwani maadhimisho ya Siku ya Maji Duniani 2023 yaliambatana na kuanza kwa Mkutano wa Maji wa Umoja wa Mataifa, ambao ulifanyika New York kuanzia tarehe 22 hadi tarehe 22{{Date|24 mars 2023}} <ref name=":0"/> . * [[2026]] Maji na jinsia . * [[2025]] Uhifadhi wa [[Barafuto|barafu]] . * [[2024]] Maji kwa ajili ya amani <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=fr|last=OiEau|title=Journée Mondiale de l’Eau 2024 : l’eau pour la paix|url=https://www.oieau.org/actualites/journee-mondiale-de-l-eau-2024-l-eau-pour-la-paix|accessdate=2025-05-19}}</ref> * [[2023]] : Kuwa mabadiliko unayotaka kuyaona duniani » * [[2022]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi : kufanya kisichoonekana kionekane. * [[2021]] : Ili kutumia maji vizuri zaidi. * [[2020]] Maji kwa wote. * [[2019]] : Usimwache mtu yeyote nyuma. * [[2018]] Maji Jibu liko katika asili. * [[2017]] Kwa nini maji machafu? ? * [[2016]] Binadamu anahitaji maji. * [[2015]] Maji na maendeleo endelevu . * [[2014]] Maji na nishati. * [[2013]] : Ushirikiano katika uwanja wa maji <ref>{{En}} [http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ International year of water cooperation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/home/en/ |date=20130410111905 }}.</ref> . Imeandaliwa na Ufalme wa Uholanzi huko [[Den Haag|The Hague]], siku hii inafanyika ndani ya mfumo wa [[2013]], Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Ushirikiano wa Maji . * [[2012]] Sayari ina kiu kwa sababu dunia ina njaa. Siku hii inaratibiwa na [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa (FAO)|Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa]] . Katika Siku hii ya Dunia, [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu|ICRC]] inavutia umakini wa jumuiya ya kimataifa kwenye matatizo yanayohusiana na maji yanayowakabili raia waliokwama katika migogoro . * [[2011]] Maji kwa miji : kukabiliana na changamoto ya mijini . * [[2010]] Maji safi kwa ajili ya ulimwengu wenye afya. * [[2009]] Maji yanayovuka mipaka. * [[2008]] Usafi wa mazingira. * [[2007]] : Kukabiliana na uhaba wa maji. * [[2006]] Maji na kilimo. * [[2005]] Maji, chanzo cha uzima. * [[2004]] Maji na majanga. * [[2003]] Maji kwa ajili ya siku zijazo. * [[2002]] Maji kwa ajili ya maendeleo. * [[2001]] Maji kwa XXI ya 21 karne * [[2000]] Maji na afya. * [[1999]] Maisha chini ya mito. * [[1998]] Maji ya chini ya ardhi - rasilimali isiyoonekana. * [[1997]] Maji duniani Je, kuna vya kutosha? ? * [[1996]] Maji kwa miji yenye kiu. * [[1995]] Wanawake na maji. * [[1994]] Kulinda rasilimali zetu za maji ni jukumu la kila mtu. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} * [http://www.un.org/fr/events/waterday/ Siku ya Maji Duniani] - Tovuti ya Umoja wa Mataifa. * [http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/htmlall/section_water_and_habitat Sehemu ya Maji na Makazi] - ICRC. [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Kimataifa]] oy49slhdenfu25epkxddyu4rz2ri53p 0 241302 1575996 1575514 2026-06-22T12:56:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1 KK]] au [[karne ya 1]] [[BK]], ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] pb10f733t6eegl03inwnboqsrk4vqyn 0 241303 1575997 1575516 2026-06-22T12:57:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 2]] hadi [[karne ya 6]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2x2rpz867kt1nytvut2peum5i9tywex 0 241304 1575998 1575518 2026-06-22T12:57:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 1]] au [[karne ya 2]] ([[70]] - [[150]]). ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 5d5n4fl62visr7avqkq0g9kia8n773y 0 241305 1575999 1575520 2026-06-22T12:57:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1575999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu kina mwelekeo wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 2]] au [[karne ya 3]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] eok1jwa8usthzgbdna77gg72mcwxrnd 0 241307 1576000 1575521 2026-06-22T12:57:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576000 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Maisha ya Adamu na Eva''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 1]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] fsmpvoyyeboibseumvrggf8bcjjxuwm 0 241308 1576001 1575523 2026-06-22T12:58:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 2]] hadi [[karne ya 5]] ([[150]] - [[500]] hivi). ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] fpn5hbx0i6azxjl50bkgk10odo3scyh 0 241310 1576002 1575527 2026-06-22T12:58:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576002 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa labda kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 1]] au [[karne ya 2]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] hnfblts2al600rgbwmkcartr32mwt6y 0 241311 1576003 1575528 2026-06-22T12:58:33Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 7]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ljk5tekhz6hsxuvwa8194jm0i94nig2 0 241312 1576004 1575529 2026-06-22T12:58:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576004 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 1 KK]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2czkki2wt70inzpqst3yjow8oh97l21 0 241313 1576005 1575530 2026-06-22T12:59:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[jiwe]] lenye [[maandishi]] ya [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Liliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 1 KK]] au [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 7po7g9g1th3wa5z4202lsw1ihh1rdf4 0 241314 1576006 1575531 2026-06-22T13:00:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576006 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Masimulizi ya Mababu''' au '''Ufunuo wa Lameki''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] m8maknt65bdryg8dtkbvhqo025dm0o1 0 241315 1576007 1575532 2026-06-22T13:00:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kati ya [[mwaka]] [[70]] na [[karne ya 3]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[nabii Baruku]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 85ibpluwhn2p90nk23rm7lgyjggveqs 0 241316 1576008 1575534 2026-06-22T13:00:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika miaka ya kwanza ya [[karne ya 9]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] s1hf0pl1vu3x44xz1mehjrrr5ogpkgx 0 241317 1576009 1575535 2026-06-22T13:01:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] kati ya [[karne ya 2]] na [[karne ya 9]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] q39yhd8c99eoq3vlzs8607jhikh1n46 0 241318 1576010 1575536 2026-06-22T13:01:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiebrania]] kati ya [[karne ya 3]] na [[karne ya 7]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 7ygaiuh31jcc6o2qnt4e5behs4d2iud 0 241319 1576011 1575537 2026-06-22T13:02:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (pia: '''Ufunuo wa Kisiria wa Baruku''') ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa labda kwa [[Kiebrania]] kati ya [[mwaka]] [[70]] na mwanzo wa [[karne ya 1]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[nabii Baruku]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2upecdz7ddsux6b6p0tk44grrwd51lb 0 241320 1576012 1575486 2026-06-22T13:09:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576025 1576012 2026-06-22T13:19:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha [[Kilatini]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kwanza kiliandikwa katika [[karne ya 12]] huko [[Ufaransa]] au [[Uingereza]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Marejeo== *{{cite book|author-first=F. J. E. |author-last=Raby |title=A History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1934 |isbn=0-19-814325-7 |volume=2 |pages=214–227 |chapter=The ''Apocalypse of Golias'' and other poems}} *{{cite book|author=K. Strecker |title=Die Apocalypse des Golias |location=Rome, Leipzig |year=1928}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011223041/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost12/Golias/gol_carm.html#01 Latin text] from the Bibliotheca Augustana *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hiAIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 Latin text] with commentary by [[Thomas Wright (antiquarian)|Thomas Wright]] (Google Books) *[https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/catalog/work_10241 Manuscripts of the ''Apocalypse''] *[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/illmanus/harlmanucoll/other/011hrl000000978u00075000.html Scanned image of the first page of "The Apocalypse of Bishop Golias"] in a 13th-century manuscript from the [[British Library]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] a310cp0unf1cch0w1kkddac24v3qwrp 0 241321 1576013 1575488 2026-06-22T13:10:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576026 1576013 2026-06-22T13:22:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 4]], ingawa kinajidai ni kazi ya [[Mtume Paulo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{wikisource|Apocalypse of Paul}} * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Paul|Apocalypse of Paul|single=true}}, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul/ "Apocalypse of Paul"], overview and bibliography by Stephen C. E. Hopkins. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPaul_Apoc Bibliography on the Apocalypse of Paul], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 8khqnj9pmsanjkrhp6ps3rkz3bstw1l 1576027 1576026 2026-06-22T13:25:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 4]], ingawa kinajidai ni kazi ya [[Mtume Paulo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{wikisource|Apocalypse of Paul}} <ref>The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypse of Paul, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament''</ref> * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul/ "Apocalypse of Paul"], overview and bibliography by Stephen C. E. Hopkins. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPaul_Apoc Bibliography on the Apocalypse of Paul], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] rpffb1qfhg6f9a78n4dfy5c79fuc2xm 1576028 1576027 2026-06-22T13:27:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1576028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika [[karne ya 4]], ingawa kinajidai ni kazi ya [[Mtume Paulo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{wikisource|Apocalypse of Paul, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament''}} * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul/ "Apocalypse of Paul"], overview and bibliography by Stephen C. E. Hopkins. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPaul_Apoc Bibliography on the Apocalypse of Paul], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] am2sh3in3d6s8i9vsp4l2989mxtet78 0 241322 1576014 1575489 2026-06-22T13:10:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576029 1576014 2026-06-22T13:33:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kigiriki]] katika miaka [[100]]-[[150]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Mtume Petro]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Bauckham |first=Richard B. |author-link=Richard Bauckham |date=1998 |title=The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses |series=Supplements to Novum Testamentum 93 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page= |isbn=9781589832886}} * {{cite book |last=Beck |first=Eric J. |editor-first=Jörg |editor-last=Frey |title=Justice and Mercy in the Apocalypse of Peter: A New Translation and Analysis of the Purpose of the Text |series=WUNT 427 |location=Tübingen |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-16-159030-6 |doi=10.1628/978-3-16-159031-3 }} * {{cite book |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor1-link=Jan N. Bremmer |editor2-first=István |editor2-last=Czachesz |title=The Apocalypse of Peter |date=2003 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 7 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=90-429-1375-4 |ref=None}}<!-- {{harvid|Bremmer|Czachesz|2003}} --> * {{cite book |last=Buchholz |first=Dennis D. |date=1988 |title=Your Eyes Will Be Opened: A Study of the Greek (Ethiopic) Apocalypse of Peter |location=Atlanta |publisher=Scholars Press |series=[[Society of Biblical Literature]] Dissertation series 97 |isbn=1-55540-025-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Ehrman |first=Bart |author-link=Bart Ehrman |date=2022 |title=Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of the Afterlife in the Early Christian Tradition |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25700-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Kraus |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Nicklas |first2=Tobias |author2-link=Tobias Nicklas |date=2004 |title=Das Petrusevangelium und die Petrusapokalypse: Die griechischen Fragmente mit deutscher und englischer Übersetzung |trans-title=The Gospel of Peter and the Apocalypse of Peter: The Greek Fragments with German and English Translation |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter |series=GCS N.F. 11 |isbn=978-3110176353 |language=de }} * {{cite book |title=The Apocalypse of Peter in Context |date=2024 |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21 |editor-first=Daniel C. |editor-last=Maier |editor2-first=Jörg |editor2-last=Frey |editor3-first=Thomas J. |editor3-last=Kraus |url=https://www.peeters-leuven.be/pdf/9789042952096.pdf |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-5208-9 |doi=10.2143/9789042952096 |doi-access=free |ref=None }}<!-- {{harvid|Maier|Frey|Kraus|2024}} --> ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Apocalypse of Peter|Apocalypse of Peter|single=true}}, translation by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'', with quotations from the Sibylline Oracles and writings of the early Church * [http://ntweblog.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/apocalypose-of-peter-greek-text-online.html The Apocalypse of Peter (Greek Akhmim Fragment Text)], transcribed by [[Mark Goodacre]] from [[Erich Klostermann]]'s edition ([http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.htm HTML], [http://markgoodacre.org/ApocPet.pdf PDF]) * [http://nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-peter/ "Apocalypse of Peter"], overview and bibliography by Cambry Pardee. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. * [http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC3.html#BibPeter Bibliography of works on the Apocalypse of Peter], by Eileen Gardiner {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] otnog5g8wo2p55l7vathuciah1vw3lc 0 241323 1576015 1575490 2026-06-22T13:10:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576030 1576015 2026-06-22T13:37:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kwanza kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 7]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Metodi wa Olimpo|Metodi wa Olimpo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=P. J.|title=Byzantine Apocalyptic Traditions|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} *{{cite book|last=Ballard|first=Martin|title=End-timers: Three-thousand Years of Waiting for Judgment Day|url=https://archive.org/details/endtimersthreeth0000ball|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara}} *{{cite book|last=Bonura|first=Christopher|year=2016|chapter=A Forgotten Translation of Pseudo-Methodius in Eighth-Century Constantinople: New Evidence for the Dispersal of the Greek ''Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius'' during the Dark Age Crisis|title=From Constantinople to the Frontier: The City and the Cities|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004307742_018|pages=260–276|isbn=9789004307742 |editor1=Nicholas S.M. Matheou|editor2=Theofili Kampianaki|editor3=Lorenzo M. Bondioli}} *{{cite book |first=Sebastian |last=Brock |author-link=Sebastian P. Brock |year=1997 |title=A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature |location=Kottyam |publisher=St Ephrem's Ecumenical Research Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefOutlineOfSyriacLiterature_267}} *{{cite journal|title=The Earliest Allusion in Slavic Literature to the Revelations of Pseudo-Methodius|first=Samuel H.|last=Cross|journal=Speculum|volume=4|issue=3|year=1929|pages=329–339|doi=10.2307/2849558 |jstor=2849558 |s2cid=162384162 }} *{{cite book|last=Debié|first=Muriel|title=Muslim-Christian Controversy in an Unedited Syriac Text: ''Revelations and Testimonies about Our Lord's Dispensation''|chapter=Muslim-Christian Controversy in an Unedited Syriac Text Revelations and Testimonies About Our Lord's Dispensation |journal=History of Christian-Muslim Relations|year=2005|volume=5|pages=225–236 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004149380.i-338.40|isbn=9789047408826}} *{{cite book|last=Garstad|first=Benjamin ed. and trans.|title=Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius. An Alexandrian World Chronicle|isbn=978-0674053076|year=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Sidney Harrison|title=The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn-tiP0b-PYC|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=9780691130156}} *{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Sidney Harrison|title=''"Christians Under Muslim Rule" in'' The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 3|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite book|title=Cultures of Eschatology|volume=1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities|editor1=Veronika Wieser|editor2=Vincent Eltschinger|editor3=Johann Heiss|first1=Cinzia|last1=Grifoni|first2=Clemens|last2=Gantner|chapter=The Third Latin Recension of the Revelationes of Pseudo-Methodius|pages=194–232|publisher=DeGruyter|year=2020}} *{{cite journal|last=Guenther|first=Alan M.|title=The Christian experience and interpretation of the early Muslim conquest and rule|journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations|date=May 2007}} *{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=Medieval Christendom's Encounter with the Alien|journal=Historical Research|date=November 2001|volume=74|issue=186|pages=347–369 |doi=10.1111/1468-2281.00132|s2cid=159860524 }} *{{cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=''"Byzantium Transforming (600-700)" in'' The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492|year=2010|url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139055994&cid=CBO9781139055994A015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite journal|last=Pelle|first=Stephen|title=The Revelationes of Pseudo-Methodius and 'Concerning the Coming of Antichrist' in British Library MS Cotton Vespasian D.XIV|journal=Notes and Queries|date=September 2009|volume=56|issue=3|pages=324–330 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjp125}} *{{cite book|first=Michael Philip |last=Penn |title=When Christians First Met Muslims: A Sourcebook of the Earliest Syriac Writings on Islam |publisher=University of California Press|year=2015}} *{{cite book|last=Pollard|first=Richard M.|title=''"One Other on Another" in'' Difference and Identity in Francia and Medieval France|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=Burlington, VT}} *{{cite book|last=Shepard|first=Jonathan|chapter=Introduction to 'Approaching Byzantium'|title=The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{Cite book |last=Bonura |first=Christopher J. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.35139482 |title=A Prophecy of Empire: The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius from Late Antique Mesopotamia to the Global Medieval Imagination |date=2025 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520418257 |edition=1 |volume=15 |language=en}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 2m1qgrm45fvo1o84kxxb39chmb37ur5 1576045 1576030 2026-06-22T17:36:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kwanza kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] katika [[karne ya 7]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Metodi wa Olimpo|Metodi wa Olimpo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Vyanzo== *{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=P. J.|title=Byzantine Apocalyptic Traditions|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} *{{cite book|last=Ballard|first=Martin|title=End-timers: Three-thousand Years of Waiting for Judgment Day|url=https://archive.org/details/endtimersthreeth0000ball|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara}} *{{cite book|last=Bonura|first=Christopher|year=2016|chapter=A Forgotten Translation of Pseudo-Methodius in Eighth-Century Constantinople: New Evidence for the Dispersal of the Greek ''Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius'' during the Dark Age Crisis|title=From Constantinople to the Frontier: The City and the Cities|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004307742_018|pages=260–276|isbn=9789004307742 |editor1=Nicholas S.M. Matheou|editor2=Theofili Kampianaki|editor3=Lorenzo M. Bondioli}} *{{cite book |first=Sebastian |last=Brock |author-link=Sebastian P. Brock |year=1997 |title=A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature |location=Kottyam |publisher=St Ephrem's Ecumenical Research Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefOutlineOfSyriacLiterature_267}} *{{cite journal|title=The Earliest Allusion in Slavic Literature to the Revelations of Pseudo-Methodius|first=Samuel H.|last=Cross|journal=Speculum|volume=4|issue=3|year=1929|pages=329–339|doi=10.2307/2849558 |jstor=2849558 |s2cid=162384162 }} *{{cite book|last=Debié|first=Muriel|title=Muslim-Christian Controversy in an Unedited Syriac Text: ''Revelations and Testimonies about Our Lord's Dispensation''|chapter=Muslim-Christian Controversy in an Unedited Syriac Text Revelations and Testimonies About Our Lord's Dispensation |journal=History of Christian-Muslim Relations|year=2005|volume=5|pages=225–236 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004149380.i-338.40|isbn=9789047408826}} *{{cite book|last=Garstad|first=Benjamin ed. and trans.|title=Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius. An Alexandrian World Chronicle|isbn=978-0674053076|year=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Sidney Harrison|title=The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn-tiP0b-PYC|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=9780691130156}} *{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Sidney Harrison|title=''"Christians Under Muslim Rule" in'' The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 3|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite book|title=Cultures of Eschatology|volume=1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities|editor1=Veronika Wieser|editor2=Vincent Eltschinger|editor3=Johann Heiss|first1=Cinzia|last1=Grifoni|first2=Clemens|last2=Gantner|chapter=The Third Latin Recension of the Revelationes of Pseudo-Methodius|pages=194–232|publisher=DeGruyter|year=2020}} *{{cite journal|last=Guenther|first=Alan M.|title=The Christian experience and interpretation of the early Muslim conquest and rule|journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations|date=May 2007}} *{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=Medieval Christendom's Encounter with the Alien|journal=Historical Research|date=November 2001|volume=74|issue=186|pages=347–369 |doi=10.1111/1468-2281.00132|s2cid=159860524 }} *{{cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=''"Byzantium Transforming (600-700)" in'' The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492|year=2010|url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139055994&cid=CBO9781139055994A015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{cite journal|last=Pelle|first=Stephen|title=The Revelationes of Pseudo-Methodius and 'Concerning the Coming of Antichrist' in British Library MS Cotton Vespasian D.XIV|journal=Notes and Queries|date=September 2009|volume=56|issue=3|pages=324–330 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjp125}} *{{cite book|first=Michael Philip |last=Penn |title=When Christians First Met Muslims: A Sourcebook of the Earliest Syriac Writings on Islam |publisher=University of California Press|year=2015}} *{{cite book|last=Pollard|first=Richard M.|title=''"One Other on Another" in'' Difference and Identity in Francia and Medieval France|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=Burlington, VT}} *{{cite book|last=Shepard|first=Jonathan|chapter=Introduction to 'Approaching Byzantium'|title=The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c.500-1492|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} *{{Rejea kitabu |last=Bonura |first=Christopher J. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.35139482 |title=A Prophecy of Empire: The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius from Late Antique Mesopotamia to the Global Medieval Imagination |date=2025 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520418257 |edition=1 |volume=15 |language=en}} {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ml6g23jabaude56he9x7cgrok9ldy5t 0 241324 1576016 1575491 2026-06-22T13:11:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576016 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576031 1576016 2026-06-22T13:41:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kwanza kiliandikwa kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Wakopti|Kikopti]] katika [[karne ya 10]] - [[karne ya 12]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/apocalypse_of_samuel_of_kalamoun_01_eintro.htm Introduction to translation] * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/apocalypse_of_samuel_of_kalamoun_02_trans.htm Translation of whole work] * [http://www.stshenouda.com/newsltr/nl1_3.htm#StSamuelKalamoun Excerpt of work online] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] dt71amwinf6p3gxtnuvy4gxqhfz125e 1576032 1576031 2026-06-22T13:41:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. Kwanza kiliandikwa kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Wakopti|Kikopti]] katika [[karne ya 10]] - [[karne ya 12]], ingawa kinajidai kuwa kazi ya [[Samueli wa Kalamun]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/apocalypse_of_samuel_of_kalamoun_01_eintro.htm Introduction to translation] * [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/apocalypse_of_samuel_of_kalamoun_02_trans.htm Translation of whole work] * [http://www.stshenouda.com/newsltr/nl1_3.htm#StSamuelKalamoun Excerpt of work online] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47surqd5tk5gsal2vs93lyuoo2hfpm1 0 241326 1576017 1575493 2026-06-22T13:11:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 1576033 1576017 2026-06-22T13:48:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha [[karne ya 5]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)|url=https://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.tertullian.org}}</ref>. Kinasimulia kwa [[ubunifu]] [[uongofu]] na [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Stefano]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Revelation of Stephen|Revelation of Stephen|single=true}}, summary by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/revelation-of-stephen/ "Revelation of Stephen"], overview and bibliography. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] tfdt9fbhn0q0ugc8d4ku82axbypt4tk 1576034 1576033 2026-06-22T13:49:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1576034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha [[karne ya 5]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)|url=https://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.tertullian.org}}</ref>. Kinasimulia kwa [[ubunifu]] [[uongofu]] na [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Stefano]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Revelation of Stephen|Revelation of Stephen|single=true}}, summary by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/revelation-of-stephen/ "Revelation of Stephen"], overview and bibliography. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] td5acmazoxciyvrc4spf31u6arxtc10 1576046 1576034 2026-06-22T17:36:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha [[karne ya 5]] kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tertullian : Decretum Gelasianum (English translation)|url=https://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.tertullian.org}}</ref>. Kinasimulia kwa [[ubunifu]] [[uongofu]] na [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Stefano]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Wikisource-inline|The Apocryphal New Testament (1924)/Apocalypses/The Revelation of Stephen|Revelation of Stephen|single=true}}, summary by [[M. R. James]] in the 1924 book ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/revelation-of-stephen/ "Revelation of Stephen"], overview and bibliography. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] a0j4dxmd6eu31ya2pz53qexcog3r43g 0 241328 1576018 1575495 2026-06-22T13:11:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 0 241329 1576019 1575496 2026-06-22T13:11:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 47cde26uqu9o248brv9v92jibn64k1d 0 241330 1576020 1575720 2026-06-22T13:12:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] kati ya miaka [[150]] na [[300]], hasa [[200]]-[[250]], ingawa kinajidai kuandikwa na [[Mtume Petro]] ili ashirikishe [[ufunuo|mafunuo]] aliyopata kwa [[Yesu]] katika [[Juma kuu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] 07urla8bn3vtip7nu7tcmos1dw39gve 0 241331 1576021 1575722 2026-06-22T13:12:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa [[mwaka]] [[200]] hivi, ikijidai kusimulia maongezi ya [[Yesu]] na [[Yakobo Mdogo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] l8vs0m5l0y09mz5f2p1702rx33ubhsh 0 241332 1576022 1575723 2026-06-22T13:12:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] mwaka [[150]] hivi na inasimulia [[Mfiadini|kifodini]] cha [[Mtume]] [[Yakobo Mdogo]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] nxm6721nsqkiwn4awimyy9jl6cv5maw 0 241333 1576023 1575724 2026-06-22T13:12:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1576023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]] lakini [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]], pia kwa sababu ya mwelekeo wake wa [[Ujuzilio|Kignosi]]. Iliandikwa kwa [[Kiyunani]] kati ya miaka [[150]] na [[karne ya 4]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== '''Tafsiri''' * {{cite book |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |title=Flora Tells a Story: The Apocalypse of Paul and Its Contexts |date=2008 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |isbn=978-1-55458-282-2 |series=Études sur le christianisme et le judaïsme 19 }} <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=8RJnr2_n0REC --> * {{cite book |last1=MacRae |first1=George W. |last2=Murdock |first2=William R. |last3=Parrott |first3=Douglas M. |editor-first=James M. |editor-last=Robinson |editor-link=James M. Robinson |title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780060669294 |pages=239–241 }} <!-- https://archive.org/details/naghammadilibrar00jame/page/238/mode/2up --> * {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Marvin W. |last2=Robinson |first2=James MacConkey |title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English |date=1977 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-05434-9 }} * {{cite book |last1=Murdock |first1=William R. |last2=MacRae |first2=George W. |chapter=NHC V,2: The Apocalypse of Paul |title=Nag Hammadi Codices V, 2-5 and VI with Papyrus Berolinensis 8502, 1 And 4 |date=1979 |publisher=Brill |location=Boston |isbn=9789004438859 |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1163/9789004438859_009 }} '''Makala na vitabu''' * {{cite thesis |last1=Bergström |first1=Eirini |title=A comparative study of the Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V, 2) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V, 3 & TC 2) |publisher=Mid Sweden University |degree=Master |date=2019 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1371175/FULLTEXT01.pdf }} * {{cite journal |last1=Domeracki |first1=Michael S. |title=The Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V,2) as a Valentinian Baptismal Liturgy of Ascent |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=212–234 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-12340037 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |last2=Painchaud |first2=Louis |last3=Bussieres |first3=Marie-Pierre |title=The Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, Irenaeus' Adversus Haereses 2.30.7, and the Second-Century Battle for Paul's Legacy |url=https://corpus.ulaval.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/4d72ec44-d199-2b71-e053-2528090a90b1/content |journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies |access-date=23 June 2023 |pages=173–193 |doi=10.1353/earl.2004.0024 |date=2004|volume=12 |issue=2 |s2cid=55606637 |hdl=20.500.11794/365 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kaler |first1=Michael |title=Contextualizing the Apocalypse of Paul |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ltp/1900-v1-n1-ltp1013/011815ar.pdf |journal=Laval théologique et philosophique |pages=241–245 |doi=10.7202/011815ar |date=2005|volume=61 |issue=2 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Roig Lanzillotta |first1=Lautaro |title=The Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V,2): Cosmology, Anthropology, and Ethics |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=110–131 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-12340007 |url=https://research.rug.nl/files/48535125/Roig_Lanzillotta_The_Apocalypse_of_Paul_NHC_V_2_Cosmology_Anthropology_and_Ethics.pdf |issn=2451-8581}} * {{cite book |last=Pesthy |first=Monika |chapter=Earthly Tribunal in the Fourth Heaven (NHC V,2 20,5 - 21,22) |editor1-first=Jan N. |editor1-last=Bremmer |editor1-link=Jan N. Bremmer |editor2-first=István |editor2-last=Czachesz |title=The Visio Pauli and the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul |date=2007 |publisher=Peeters |location=Leuven |series=Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 9 |isbn=9789042918511 |pages=198-210 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Twigg |first1=Matthew |title=The Mountain of Jericho in the Nag Hammadi Apocalypse of Paul: A Suggestion |journal=Vigiliae Christianae |date=2015 |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=422–442 |doi=10.1163/15700720-12341219 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/vc/69/4/article-p422_4.xml |access-date=24 June 2023 |issn=1570-0720|url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last1=Twigg |first1=Matthew |title=The Valentinian Temple: Visions, Revelations, and the Nag Hammadi Apocalypse of Paul |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-56868-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=van den Broek |first1=Roelof |title=Gnostic Religion in Antiquity |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-03137-1 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE1WGYqzbnYC&pg=PA19 }} * {{cite journal |last1=van der Vliet |first1=Jacques |title=Paul and the Others: Rereading the Gnostic Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V, 2) |journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies |pages=127–150 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/gnos/7/2/article-p127_1.xml |access-date=23 June 2023 |doi=10.1163/2451859X-00702001 |date=2022 |volume=7 |issue=2 |s2cid=251784294 |doi-access=free }} '''Picha za gombo''' * {{cite book |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=James M. |editor-link=James M. Robinson |date=1975 |title=The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex V |url=https://archive.org/details/facsimileedition0005unse |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004042059}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/ascp.html The Apocalypse of Paul], text of the translation of George W. MacRae and William R. Murdock, at The Gnostic Society Library <!-- Is this really a legit link? "E. J. Brill has asserted copyright on texts published by the Coptic Gnostic Library Project." is not reassuring that they have rights to host this. --> * [https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/apocalypse-of-paul-coptic/ "Apocalypse of Paul (Coptic)"], overview and bibliography by Michael Kaler. NASSCAL: ''e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha''. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] nnxjxg16gtbrhxerzuaj4wut101afvl 0 241334 1575994 1575700 2026-06-22T12:42:00Z Dieumerci Muhindo 90406 Aya ya kwanza na ya pili hazikutafsiriwa vizuri kwa sababu nilikuwa nimetumia lahaja ya Kikongo ndani yake. 1575994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Rangi ya maji''' hutofautiyana kulingana na hali ya mazingira ambayo maji hayo yapo. Ingawa kiasi kidogo cha maji kinaonekana kutokuwa na rangi na uwazi, maji safi yana rangi ya [[Buluu|bluu]] kidogo ambayo inakuwa zaidi kadri unene wa sampuli inayoonekana unavyoongezeka. Rangi ya maji ni sifa ya ndani na husababishwa na unyonyaji na kutawanyika kwa mwanga wa bluu. Vipengele vilivyoyeyuka au uchafu uliosimamishwa vinaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti. === Rangi ya ndani === [[Faili:Absorption_coefficient_of_water.svg|thumb|315x315px|[[Coefficient d'absorption|Mgawo wa ufyonzaji]] wa maji safi katika wigo unaoonekana kama kazi ya urefu wa wimbi.]] [[Eau purifiée|Maji safi]] hunyonya miale ya mwanga yenye [[Masafa ya mawimbi|urefu wa mawimbi]] mengi (nyekundu, chungwa, njano…) na hayanyonyi chochote katika safu ya bluu <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pope |first=Robin M. |last2=Fry |first2=Edward S. |date=1997-11-20 |title=Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-36-33-8710 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=36 |issue=33 |page=8710 |doi=10.1364/AO.36.008710 |issn=0003-6935 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana kwa ujumla huhusishwa na [[Excitation (physique)|msisimko wa hali za nishati ya kielektroniki]] katika maada. Maji ni molekuli rahisi ya atomi tatu [[Molécule d'eau|H]] na ufyonzaji wake wote wa kielektroniki hutokea katika eneo la [[urujuanimno]] la [[Spektra|wigo wa sumakuumeme]] na kwa hivyo hayawajibiki kwa rangi ya maji katika [[Spectre visible|eneo linaloonekana la wigo]] . Asili ya rangi yake inahusiana na [[Vibration moléculaire|mtetemo wake wa molekuli]] . Molekuli ya maji ina njia tatu za msingi [[Vibration|za mtetemo]] . Mitetemo miwili ya kunyoosha ya dhamana ya OH hutokea katika v1 = 3 650  na v3 = 3 755  . Ufyonzaji kutokana na mitetemo hii hutokea katika eneo la [[Mialekundu|infrared]] la wigo. Mchanganyiko wa njia za mtetemo za molekuli za maji huunda [[Harmonique (physique)|harmonics]] . Ufyonzaji katika wigo unaoonekana ni hasa kutokana na harmonics v1 + 3v3 = 14 318  , ambayo inalingana na urefu wa wimbi la 698 nm. Urefu huu wa wimbi unalingana na eneo la mwanga [[Nyekundu|mwekundu]] . Kwa hivyo maji hunyonya miale nyekundu ya mwanga kupitia mtetemo wake. Eneo la bluu halifyonzwa na mchakato huu, kwani urefu wa wimbi ni mfupi sana, na hivyo miale ya bluu hutawanyika hadi [[Jicho|machoni]], ambayo inaelezea rangi yake <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Braun |first=Charles L. |last2=Smirnov |first2=Sergei N. |date=1993-08 |title=Why is water blue? |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed070p612 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=en |volume=70 |issue=8 |page=612 |doi=10.1021/ed070p612 |issn=0021-9584 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Glass-of-water.jpg|alt=Photographie en couleur montrant un verre rond et long rempli à moitié d'eau.|thumb|Maji katika glasi yanaonekana wazi.]] Maji ya bluu ndiyo mfano pekee unaojulikana wa rangi ya asili inayosababishwa na mabadiliko ya mtetemo <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|language=en|title=Colors from vibrations {{!}} Causes of Color|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5B.html|accessdate=2022-01-25}}</ref> . Hii ni kutokana na mkusanyiko wa kipekee wa [[Liaison hydrogène|vifungo]] katika maji. Molekuli nyingi zina [[Vibration moléculaire|nguvu za mtetemo]] zenye [[Marudio (fizikia)|masafa]] ya chini kuliko yale ya maji, katika safu ya [[Mialekundu|infrared]] au joto lakini si katika safu ya mwanga inayoonekana. Atomu za hidrojeni katika maji ni nyepesi sana, na vifungo kati ya hidrojeni na oksijeni ni vikali sana, ambavyo huzipa masafa ya juu zaidi, hivyo kuziruhusu kutetemeka katika wigo unaoonekana. Katika maji safi kabisa, mwanga hauwezi kutawanyika juu ya uso, na hivyo kutoa miili yote ya maji rangi nyeusi inayoonekana. Kwa kuwa [[Ziwa|maziwa]] na [[Bahari kuu|bahari]] nyingi zina vitu hai na chembe za madini zilizoning'inia, mwanga [[Réfraction|hurejeshwa nyuma]] na vitu hivi, na baadhi ya mwanga wa bluu hutawanyika juu ya uso. Katika maji safi sana, kama vile katika baadhi ya maziwa ya milimani, kutawanyika kwa chembe ni kidogo sana. Katika hali hii, rangi ya bluu isiyo kali sana husababishwa na kutolewa tena kwa molekuli za maji zenyewe <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morel |first=Anclré |last2=Prieur |first2=Louis |date=1977-07 |title=Analysis of variations in ocean color |url=https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=709–722 |doi=10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709 |issn=0024-3590 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, kutokana na uwazi wake, maji hunyonya mwanga kwa upole tu. Kwa kweli, nguvu ya unyonyaji hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa kila harmoniki inayofuata, na kusababisha unyonyaji dhaifu sana kwa harmoniki ya tatu. Kwa hivyo, kina fulani kinahitajika kabla ya mabadiliko ya rangi kuonekana. Kwa hivyo, maji kwenye glasi huonekana bila rangi kabisa, huku maji kwenye [[Piscine|bwawa la kuogelea]] yakionekana bluu kwa sababu sehemu nzima nyekundu ya wigo imefyonzwa. Nje ya hali ya maabara, maji hubadilika katika mazingira yaliyopakwa rangi na asili inayozunguka. [[Faili:Lake_Grdzeli,_Lagodekhi_Protected_Area,_Georgia_02.jpg|thumb|332x332px|Katika sehemu ya mbele, mandharinyuma yanaonekana na huathiri rangi ya uso. Katikati ya ardhi, mwangaza wa mlima unafunika maji. Kwenye upeo wa macho, rangi ya anga inaakisiwa kwenye maji.]] Mazingira haya [[Réflexion (physique)|yanaakisiwa]] kwenye uso wa maji. Kwa maji yasiyo na kina kirefu na [[Turbidité|safi]] vya kutosha, rangi ya uso itakuwa karibu na ile ya ardhi, kwani miale inaweza kuakisiwa kutoka chini. [[Anga]] pia inaakisiwa kwenye maji, na kusisitiza rangi yake ya bluu. Ingawa rangi ya bluu ya maji ni hasa kutokana na mwendo wake wa molekuli, kuakisiwa kwa anga ndio chanzo kikuu kwenye upeo wa macho. Mchango wa jamaa wa kuakisi angani na mwanga uliotawanyika kutoka kwenye kina kirefu unategemea sana pembe ya uchunguzi <ref name=":0" />, <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Plass |first=Gilbert N. |last2=Humphreys |first2=Terry J. |last3=Kattawar |first3=George W. |date=1978-05-01 |title=Color of the ocean |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-17-9-1432 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=9 |page=1432–1446 |doi=10.1364/AO.17.001432 |issn=2155-3165 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Wakati wa [[Crépuscule|machweo]], anga hupata rangi nyekundu na mwangaza wake hupungua. Maji hunyonya mwanga katika kiwango chekundu na hutiwa giza kutokana na kupungua huku kwa mwangaza. Chini ya hali hizi, huonekana mweusi. Maumbo yote [[Relief (géomorphologie)|ya ardhi]] karibu na mwili wa maji yanaweza kuakisiwa. Vivuli vyao pia vinaweza kuyatia giza. Ni kawaida sana kwa mifereji ya maji katika mazingira ya asili kuwa na rangi ya kijani inayoonekana kutokana na kuakisi [[Uoto asilia|mimea]] inayozunguka juu ya uso <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rankin |first=Arturo |last2=Matthies |first2=Larry |date=2010-10 |title=Daytime water detection based on color variation |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5650402/ |journal=2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems |language=en |page=215–221 |doi=10.1109/IROS.2010.5650402 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hatimaye, tafakari si sawa juu ya uso wa maji yanayotembea, na kuunda bendi za tafakari, na katika hali ya [[Écoulement turbulent|mtiririko wenye msukosuko]], viputo vya hewa vilivyoundwa huakisi miale nyeupe ya mwanga, na kuipa uso rangi nyeupe. == Uwepo wa maada katika suluhisho == === Mashapo yaliyoning'inizwa === Katika maumbile, maji huingiliana na mazingira yake, [[Charriage (géomorphologie)|yakibeba]] vitu ambavyo huitikia. Mwingiliano mmoja unaowezekana ni kusimamishwa kwa vitu. [[Mashapo]] yaliyoning'inizwa, yaliyoundwa na [[mchanga]] mwembamba sana, [[Limon (roche)|matope]], na [[Udongo kinamo|udongo]], yanaweza kuwajibika kwa mabadiliko katika rangi na [[Turbidité|machafuko]] ya maji ya mto na ziwa. Chembe hizi za madini zenye asili ya miamba hutokana na michakato ya [[mmomonyoko]] wa udongo. Mabadiliko ya rangi ya maji yanayosababishwa na mashapo yanaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi, kufuatia mafuriko au dhoruba, au ya kudumu ikiwa mto unaendelea kubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo. Rangi ya bahari, ambayo ina mkusanyiko wa [[Matière en suspension|vitu vilivyoning'inizwa]] (SS) kwa mpangilio wa miligramu ^10⁻² kwa lita, haiathiriwi sana na hili. Kwa upande mwingine, machafuko yana jukumu kubwa katika rangi ya maji ya mto, ambapo mkusanyiko wa SS unaweza kukadiriwa kwa wastani wa miligramu ^10² kwa lita <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Doeke|nom1=Eisma|titre chapitre=Transport of Suspended Matter|titre ouvrage=Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment|éditeur=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|date=1993|isbn=978-3-642-77724-0|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77722-6_5|consulté le=2022-01-23|passage=78–130}}</ref> . [[Faili:Peyto_Lake-Banff_NP-Canada.jpg|thumb|276x276px|[[Lac Peyto|Ziwa Peyto]], kutoka upande wa [[Promenade des Glaciers|Icefields Parkway]], [[Kanada]], lina rangi ya zumaridi kutokana na mkusanyiko wake mkubwa wa [[Farine de roche|unga wa mwamba]] .]] Ushawishi wa chembe chembe zilizosimamishwa (SPM) katika maji safi unaonekana hasa katika maeneo ya asili ambayo yamepitia mmomonyoko mkubwa. Katika baadhi ya [[Lacs|maziwa]] ya milimani, chembe ndogo sana za masimbi huitwa « unga wa mwamba ", inayotokana na [[Abrasion (géologie)|mkwaruzo wa]] [[Barafuto|barafu]] kwenye mwamba, huyapa maji rangi ya aquamarine. Barafu hutoa athari yake ya kukwaruza kwenye sehemu ndogo ya eneo, na athari hii ni kubwa zaidi katikati yake ambapo uzito ni mkubwa zaidi. Kwa hivyo, maziwa yana mashapo yaleyale yaliyoning'inia, kimsingi [[quartz]] iliyosagwa au [[Feldspath|feldspar]], yenye viwango tofauti, na kwa hivyo rangi tofauti <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Keller |first=W. D. |last2=Reesman |first2=A. L. |date=1963 |title=Glacial Milks and Their Laboratory-Simulated Counterparts |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |page=61 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[61:gmatlc]2.0.co;2 |issn=0016-7606 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Metali nzito === Uwepo wa [[metali]] fulani katika myeyusho katika asili unaweza kuathiri rangi ya maji. Uwepo huu ni mdogo sana katika ujazo mkubwa wa maji. Kwa hivyo, bahari na maziwa makubwa huathiriwa kidogo tu na vitu hivi. Hata hivyo, athari zao zinaweza kuonekana katika maji madogo au mto. Katika mazingira haya, metali ya kawaida ni [[chuma]], ikifuatiwa na [[Manganisi|manganese]], zote zikiwa [[Metali ya mpito|metali za mpito]] zinazotokana na mmomonyoko wa udongo <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nriagu |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=H |last3=Coker |first3=R |date=1981 |title=Particulate and dissolved trace metals in Lake Ontario |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |journal=Water Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=91–96 |doi=10.1016/0043-1354(81)90188-3 |issn=0043-1354 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Río_Tinto_7.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Mto Río Tinto]], ulioko kusini-magharibi mwa [[Hispania|Uhispania]], una rangi nyekundu kutokana na kiwango chake kikubwa cha chuma kilichoyeyushwa ndani ya maji.]] Umbo ambalo chuma hupatikana huamua rangi ya maji; chuma hicho hicho kinaweza kuchorea maji kwa nguvu au kisiathiri kulingana na [[État d'oxydation|hali yake ya oksidi]] . Katika [[Aquifère|maeneo ya maji]], ambapo viwango vya oksijeni viko chini, aina zilizopunguzwa za chuma na manganese hutawala katika aina zilizo wazi, zisizo na rangi. Maji kutoka kwenye maeneo ya maji yenye chuma na manganese yanapowekwa wazi kwa hewa, elementi hizi [[Oxydation|huoksidishwa]] na kuwa aina ambazo haziyeyuki sana katika maji. Katika hali ya chuma, chembe ngumu huundwa, kwanza nyeupe, kisha njano, na hatimaye kahawia nyekundu, ambazo hutulia nje ya maji <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Chembe za [[Oxyde de fer|oksidi ya chuma]] (kutu) hubaki zimesimama kutokana na matukio matatu. [1] mchanganyiko wa maji (unaosababishwa na mwendo wake), [2] [[Viscosité|mnato]] wa maji, na [3] msongamano wa chembe kuhusiana na maji (karibu na umoja), ambao huyapa maji rangi nyekundu, kama inavyoonekana katika ''[[Río Tinto (fleuve)|Río Tinto]]'' nchini Uhispania. Aina za manganese zilizooksidishwa kwa ujumla hubaki huyeyuka katika maji na ndizo zinazosababisha rangi yake nyeusi. Mchanganyiko wa metali unaweza pia kutoa rangi ya kipekee. Chuma na manganese mara nyingi hupatikana pamoja kwenye vijito, na mchanganyiko wao hupa maji rangi ya manjano-kahawia. === Uwepo wa ioni katika suluhisho === Uwepo wa [[ioni]] katika maji unaweza kusababisha [[Précipité|mvua]] ya madini yanayopaka rangi uso. Misombo ambayo mwanzoni haina rangi katika myeyusho inaweza kuwa molekuli zenye rangi kupitia athari za kemikali. Mito, yenye wastani wa kiwango cha ioni cha 10 hadi ^10² mg/L, kimsingi imeundwa na [[Kalisi|ioni za kalsiamu (Ca²⁺), magnesiamu (Mg²⁺), na bikaboneti (HCO₃⁻)]] ^. [[Magnesi|Kalsiamu]] ^na [[Bicarbonate|bikaboneti]] HCO ya majini na kuunda kalsiamu kaboneti ( _CaCO₃ ), kulingana na athari. : Ca Molekuli hii hupatikana kwa wingi katika maji ya baadhi ya maziwa. Hakika miamba ya chokaa kama vile chaki au kalisiti humomonyoa na kutoa chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti ndani ya maji. Kiwanja hiki cheupe cha kemikali huyeyuka kidogo tu katika maji, kwa viwango vya takriban 15 hadi 20 mg/L kwa 25 °C, huingia kwenye mchanganyiko ndani ya maji. Chembe hizi husafisha maji, ambayo kwa [[Synthèse additive|usanisi wa ziada]] na bluu ya maji hutoa rangi ya zumaridi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Morse |first=John W. |last2=Arvidson |first2=Rolf S. |last3=Lüttge |first3=Andreas |date=2007-01-30 |title=Calcium Carbonate Formation and Dissolution |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr050358j |journal=Chemical Reviews |language=en |volume=107 |issue=2 |page=342–381 |doi=10.1021/cr050358j |issn=0009-2665 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:Lake_Ontario_Whiting_NASA_Satellite_Image.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Mtazamo wa angani wa {{Lang|en|''whiting event''}}, wingu la chembe za kalsiamu kaboneti katika Ziwa Ontario.]] « matukio ya kufua nguo Matukio « kwa ujumla hutokea mwishoni mwa kiangazi, katika maji safi na ya chumvi, na husababishwa na mabadiliko ya halijoto ya maji, ambayo huruhusu chembe ndogo za [[Carbonate de calcium|kalsiamu kaboneti]] kuunda kwenye safu ya maji. Zaidi ya hayo, katika [[Asidi|mazingira ya asidi]], kalsiamu kaboneti hubadilika kuwa kiwanja kinachoyeyuka sana na kisicho na rangi katika maji, [[Bicarbonate de calcium|kalsiamu bikaboneti]] Ca(HCO) . Kaboni dioksidi iliyoyeyushwa katika maji huunda asidi H kulingana na mmenyuko. CO Asidi hii humenyuka na kaboneti CaCO Chini ya hali hizi, maji hayapatwi rangi na kalsiamu bikaboneti. Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa [[usanisinuru]] kwa [[Phytoplancton|phytoplankton]] na spishi zingine baharini [[Microscopique et macroscopique|zenye microscopic]] wakati wa vipindi vya joto kunaweza kupunguza kiasi cha [[Dioksidi kabonia|kaboni dioksidi]] CO ) ndani ya maji. Hii inaruhusu mabadiliko ya kalsiamu bikaboneti kuwa kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO ). Chembe hizi za kalsiamu kaboneti husababisha « weupe » ya maji, yaani, kusafisha sehemu kwa sehemu ya mwili wa maji <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Long |first=Jacqueline S. |last2=Hu |first2=Chuanmin |last3=Robbins |first3=Lisa L. |last4=Byrne |first4=Robert H. |date=2017-09 |title=Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |language=en |volume=196 |page=258–268 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017 |issn=0272-7714 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . [[Faili:What_an_amazing_lime_green_colour_-_The_Devil's_Bath_at_Wai-O-Tapu_thermal_area_near_Rotorua_(7087651281).jpg|thumb|289x289px|{{Lang|en|''Devil's Bath''}}, [[Lac acide|ziwa lenye asidi]] la Wai-o-tapu, [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]] .]] Zinapatikana katika maeneo yenye [[Volcanisme|volkeno]] hai, [[Lac acide|maziwa yenye asidi]] mara nyingi huwa na rangi nyingi. Rangi hii hutokana na [[Gaz volcaniques|gesi za volkeno]] zinazochanganyika na maji. Vipengele vikuu vya gesi za volkeno isipokuwa [[Vapeur d'eau|mvuke wa maji]] ( H ) na dioksidi kaboni ( CO ) ni viambato vya salfa katika umbo la [[Dioxyde de soufre|dioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO ), [[Trioxyde de soufre|trioksidi sulfuri]] ( SO (gesi za volkeno zenye joto juu) au [[Sulfure d'hydrogène|sulfidi hidrojeni]] ( H ( chini). Kiwanja kingine kinachogunduliwa katika gesi za volkeno ni [[Chlorure d'hydrogène|kloridi hidrojeni]] ( HCl ). Gesi hizi zinapotoka kwenye sakafu ya ziwa chini ya shinikizo la juu, [[Dissolution (chimie)|huyeyuka]] ndani ya maji na kuunda asidi [[Acide sulfureux|sulfuri]], [[Acide sulfurique|sulfuri]], na [[Asidi hidrokloridi|hidrokloriki]] . Sulfidi hupaka maji rangi ya kijani kibichi, kama inavyoonekana katika {{Lang|anglais|''Devil's Bath''}} huko [[Nyuzilandi|New Zealand]], huku kloridi hidrojeni ikiipa ziwa lenye asidi rangi isiyopitisha rangi ya sarani <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Childs |first=Alison M. |last2=Mountain |first2=Bruce W. |last3=O'Toole |first3=Ronan |last4=Stott |first4=Matthew B. |date=2008-10-14 |title=Relating Microbial Community and Physicochemical Parameters of a Hot Spring: Champagne Pool, Wai-o-tapu, New Zealand |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490450802413841 |journal=Geomicrobiology Journal |language=en |volume=25 |issue=7-8 |page=441–453 |doi=10.1080/01490450802413841 |issn=0149-0451 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . Hata hivyo, uwepo wa ioni si lazima usababishe maji kubadilisha rangi. Kiwanja cha kemikali kilichopo zaidi katika maji asilia ni [[Munyu|kloridi ya sodiamu]] ( NaCl ), chenye [[Concentration massique|mkusanyiko wa wingi]] katika bahari na bahari wa 30 à 40  kwa lita. Hata hivyo, kiwanja hiki, kilichoyeyushwa katika maji, hakiathiri rangi yake; [[Solution saturée|myeyusho wa chumvi iliyojaa]] hauwezi kutofautishwa na maji safi kwa jicho uchi. === Vitu vya kikaboni === [[Faili:Tannin-colored_water_of_Oparara_River.jpg|thumb|Maji yaliyopakwa rangi na [[Tanin|tanini]] kutoka [[Oparara (fleuve)|Mto Oparara]] . Tanini asilia huingia mtoni kutoka kwenye mimea inayozunguka.]] [[Carbone organique dissous|Kaboni hai iliyoyeyushwa]] (DOC), inayotokana na mtengano wa vitu hai, inaweza kuwepo katika viwango vya juu katika maji safi. Sio kila wakati hupaka rangi maji ambayo yapo. [[Coloration des matières organiques dissoutes dans l'eau|CDOM]], kifupi cha {{Lang|anglais|''colored dissolved organic matter''}}, hufafanuliwa kama vitu hai vilivyoyeyushwa vyenye rangi. Usemi « dutu ya njano " pia hutumika. Hakika, CDOM hunyonya kwa nguvu mwanga wa mawimbi mafupi kuanzia cyan hadi kijani, huku maji safi yakinyonya mwanga mwekundu wa mawimbi marefu. Kwa hivyo, mwanga pekee ambao haujafyonzwa ni ule wa katikati ya wigo unaoonekana, yaani njano, ambao unahalalisha jina « dutu ya njano Maji yenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa CDOM kwa ujumla yana rangi ya hudhurungi. [[Tanin|Tannins]] ndio aina nyingi zaidi za CDOM zinazopatikana katika maziwa na vijito. Zikivuja kutoka kwenye mizizi ya miti na mimea inayooza na kuingia kwenye maji yanayotiririka, huyapa maji rangi yake ya hudhurungi ya manjano, « na [[chai]] . [[Substance humique|Dutu za humus]] ni misombo ya kikaboni inayotokana na [[Rutuba|humus]], safu ya juu ya udongo inayodumishwa na kuoza kwa mimea. Aina za [[Colloïde|humus]] hizi za humus zinapatikana kwa wingi katika njia za maji, kama vile misitu na [[Tourbière|mabwawa ya mboji]] . [[Acide humique|Asidi ya humus]] inarejelea vitu vya kikaboni vinavyogandamana kwenye maji ili kuunda chembe ndogo. Asidi hii ni wakala wa kuchorea unaopatikana sana katika maji ya asili na unawajibika kwa rangi ya humus-nyeusi ya baadhi ya miili [[Eau stagnante|ya maji iliyosimama]] . Sehemu nyingine ya humus inayopatikana katika myeyusho ni [[Acide fulvique|asidi ya fulvic]] . Asidi hii hupatikana hasa katika mito mikubwa ya juu, ambapo humenyuka na kuunda asidi ya humus. Inapatikana katika viwango vya juu katika baadhi ya mito, kama vile [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] huko [[Brazil]], asidi ya fulvic huipa rangi nyeusi ya kipekee <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Christman |first=R. F. |last2=Ghassemi |first2=Masood |date=1966-06 |title=Chemical Nature of Organic Color in Water |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |journal=Journal - American Water Works Association |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |page=723–741 |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01631.x |issn=0003-150X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Metali nyingi zina uwezo kwa kiasi fulani wa kutengeneza [[Complexe (chimie)|michanganyiko]] yenye vitu vya kikaboni, hasa kwa vitu vya humic vilivyoning'inizwa ndani ya maji. Chembe chembe za chuma, na kwa kiasi kidogo chembe chembe za manganese, ni metali mbili zinazoitikia na asidi ya humic kwenye mito. Uundaji wa michanganyiko unaweza kuongeza sana umumunyifu wa metali. Hii inaelezea ugunduzi katika maji yenye rangi nyingi wa kiasi cha chuma kinachozidi [[Solubilité|umumunyifu wake wa ioni]] <ref name=":1" />,<ref name=":13">{{Rejea jarida |last=Xiao |first=Yi-Hua |last2=Räike |first2=Antti |last3=Hartikainen |first3=Helinä |last4=Vähätalo |first4=Anssi V. |date=2015-12 |title=Iron as a source of color in river waters |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |journal=Science of The Total Environment |language=en |volume=536 |page=914–923 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.092 |issn=0048-9697 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> . === Uwepo wa plankton === [[Phytoplancton|Phytoplankton]] ni kundi la viumbe vidogo vidogo vinavyoishi katika [[Maji|mazingira ya majini]] . Baadhi ya phytoplankton ni [[Vijasumu|bakteria]], lakini wengi ni mimea [[Organisme unicellulaire|yenye seli moja]] kama vile [[mwani]] . Miongoni mwa spishi zinazopatikana sana ni [[cyanobacteria]], aina ya bakteria inayopata nishati yake kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na [[Algue verte|mwani wa kijani]]. ==== Mwani ==== [[Mwani]] ni viumbe hai, kwa ujumla hupatikana katika mazingira ya majini, vyenye uwezo wa usanisinuru. Kama « mwani Ingawa viumbe « hawaundi kundi la asili linalotokana na babu mmoja, ni kawaida kujumuisha cyanobacteria katika kundi hili lisilo rasmi. Hizi zinajadiliwa katika aya ifuatayo. Neno " [[Efflorescence algale|''mwani bloom'']] " linatumika kuelezea upanuzi wa haraka wa phytoplankton. ''Maua'' haya ni ya asili, hutokea katika bahari zote za dunia, na yanaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali. Hakika, mwani una rangi, ambazo mara nyingi hupakwa rangi, ili kuhakikisha uhai wao. [[Faili:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Marée rouge causée par des dinoflagellés au large de la jetée de la Scripps, [[California|Californie]].]] Planktoni zote za usanisinuru zina [[klorofili]] kama rangi yao kuu, ambayo kwa kawaida ni kijani. Kwa mkusanyiko wa kutosha, rangi hii inaweza kuonekana kwenye uso wa maji, na kuunda matukio ya « mawimbi ya kijani Phytoplankton pia ina rangi za ziada zinazoiruhusu kutumia mawimbi tofauti ya mwanga wa jua kwa ukuaji wake na lishe ya seli. Rangi hizi zinaweza kuwa na rangi mbalimbali « kuanzia kijani hadi kahawia hadi « .«mawimbi mekundu Mawimbi haya husababishwa na [[Microalgue|mwani mdogo]], [[Dinophyta|dinoflagellates]], ambazo zina rangi nyekundu inayoitwa [[Péridinine|peridinin]] . Spishi ''[[Noctiluca scintillans|*Noctiluca scintillans]]'' *, mojawapo ya spishi zilizo nyingi zaidi Duniani, huwajibika kwa mawimbi mekundu katika maeneo ya pwani yenye halijoto ya wastani na [[Nusutropiki|ya kitropiki]] duniani kote, katika kiwango kikubwa cha halijoto cha takriban nyuzi joto 10 Selsiasi. . Lakini spishi hii, kama spishi zingine nyingi za mwani, huja katika aina tofauti. ''Noctiluca'' ya Kijani inapatikana katika kiwango tofauti cha halijoto kuliko ''Noctiluca'' nyekundu, kuanzia 25 °C katika 30 °C, na hupatikana hasa katika maji ya kitropiki ya [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Bahari ya Kiarabu|Bahari ya Arabia]] . Ina klorofili zaidi, ambayo huipa rangi ya kijani. Hivyo, spishi hiyo hiyo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti, kulingana na hali ambayo yanaishi <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Harrison |first=P. J. |last2=Furuya |first2=K. |last3=Glibert |first3=P. M. |last4=Xu |first4=J. |date=2011-07 |title=Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |journal=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=807–831 |doi=10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z |issn=0254-4059 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . [[Faili:Noctiluca_scintillans.jpg|left|thumb|169x169px|''Miale ya Noctiluca'' [[Bactérie bioluminescente|yenye rangi ya kibiolojia inayong'aa]] katika bandari ya [[Zeebruges|Zeebrugge]], [[Ubelgiji]] .]] ''Noctiluca'' pia ina uwezo wa [[bioluminescence]], jambo ambalo ni nadra sana katika phytoplankton, kama inavyojulikana katika spishi chache tu za mwani na cyanobacteria. ''Noctiluca scintillans'' hutoa mwangaza wakati wa [[Contrainte (mécanique)|mkazo wa kiufundi]], yaani, wakati maji yanapovurugika, kwa mfano na mawimbi kwenye pwani. Hii husababisha maji ya juu kung'aa <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Buskey |first=Edward J. |date=1995 |title=Growth and bioluminescence of Noctiluca scintillans on varying algal diets |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=29–40 |doi=10.1093/plankt/17.1.29 |issn=0142-7873 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Uwepo wa mwani pia unaelezea uhusiano kati ya vigezo vya [[Physico-chimie|kifizikia]] na rangi ya maji. Kwa mfano, [[Munyu|chumvi]], kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali, ni madini ambayo hayana rangi katika mmumunyo wa maji. Hata hivyo, maziwa ya chumvi mara nyingi huonyesha rangi inayoonekana wazi. [[Lac Hillier|Ziwa la Chumvi la Hillier]] lina rangi ya waridi angavu kutokana na ''[[Dunaliella salina]]'', mwani mwekundu unaoyapa maji rangi yake <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Delaney |first=Jessica |last2=Shiel |first2=Russell J. |last3=Storey |first3=Andrew W. |date=2015-07-29 |title=Prioritising wetlands subject to secondary salinisation for ongoing management using aquatic invertebrate assemblages: a case study from the Wheatbelt Region of Western Australia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=15–32 |doi=10.1007/s11273-015-9447-x |issn=0923-4861 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Les phytoplanctons évoluent dans un milieu naturel, dans une eau présentant souvent de nombreux composés en solution. Cette matière peut interagir avec la vie, et les réactions chimiques résultant de ces interactions peuvent conférer à l'eau une nouvelle couleur. Le [[carbonate de calcium]], une fois précipité en calcite responsable des événements de blanchissement précédemment abordés, ne pourrait pas conférer à l'eau une couleur turquoise sans se fixer sur les planctons. C'est après la fixation de ces microparticules que la lumière est diffusée sur les grains de calcite, et confère à l'eau sa couleur<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Kufel |first=Lech |last2=Rymuza |first2=Katarzyna |date=2014-09 |title=Comparing the Effect of Phytoplankton and a Charophyte on Calcite Precipitation in Lake Water: Experimental Approach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/104.062.0305 |journal=Polish Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |page=431–439 |doi=10.3161/104.062.0305 |issn=1505-2249 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. ===== Bakteria, mfano wa {{Lang|en|''Grand Prismatic Spring''}} ===== [[Vijasumu|Bakteria]], vijidudu [[Prokaryota|vya prokaryotic]], hupatikana katika mazingira yote, na pia vinaweza kuipa uso rangi angavu na nyingi. [[Faili:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Prismatic Spring|Chemchemi ya Grand Prismatic]], katika Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone, ndiyo chemchemi kubwa zaidi ya maji moto nchini Marekani.]] {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. {{Lang|en|''[[Grand Prismatic Spring]]''}} (GPS) ni [[Chemchemi joto|chemchemi ya maji ya moto]] iliyoko katika [[Yellowstone National Park|Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Yellowstone]] nchini [[Marekani]] ambayo inaonyesha mfano wa jambo hili. Ilipata jina lake kutokana na wigo mpana wa rangi kwenye uso wake, unaofanana na ule uliotawanywa na [[Prisme (optique)|prism]] . Maji ya chemchemi ya moto hutiririka kutoka kwenye nyufa kwenye [[Ganda la dunia|ganda la Dunia]], na kuunda mzunguko usiokatizwa wa maji ya moto kupanda, kupoa, na kushuka. Katika GPS, mzunguko huu wa mara kwa mara huunda pete za halijoto tofauti kuzunguka katikati, kila moja ikiwa na rangi tofauti. Vyanzo vikuu vya rangi katika mabwawa ya joto ni jamii za [[Kidubini|vijidudu]] [[Organisme thermophile|vinavyopenda joto]] zinazostawi katika maji haya ya joto. Jamii hizi mara nyingi huunda mikeka minene, yenye unene wa milimita kadhaa, inayofunika kuta za mwamba za mabwawa. Zinaundwa zaidi na cyanobacteria, lakini pia zinajumuisha bakteria wengine na [[archaea]] . Kila pete ya halijoto huunda mazingira yanayokaliwa na aina tofauti za bakteria, ambayo inaweza kuyapa maji rangi tofauti inayoonekana. Katikati ya bonde, ambapo halijoto ni ya juu zaidi na uhai ni mdogo zaidi, rangi ya bluu ya ndani ya maji inaweza kuonekana. Rangi ya kijani-kijani hutokana na kina kifupi zaidi na mwangaza wa mwanga wa jua kutoka chini. Pete ya njano hutokana na uwepo wa aina ya cyanobacterium inayoitwa ''[[Synechococcus]]'', ambayo hustawi chini ya hali mbaya ya mkazo. Halijoto ya maji ni ya chini vya kutosha kuishi viumbe vinavyotumia usanisinuru <ref>{{Chapitre|langue=en|prénom1=Thomas D.|nom1=Brock|titre chapitre=Stromatolites: Yellowstone Analogues|titre ouvrage=Springer Series in Microbiology|éditeur=Springer New York|date=1978|isbn=978-1-4612-6286-2|lire en ligne=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_11|consulté le=2022-01-24|passage=337–385}}</ref> . Uwanda unaozunguka GPS hauna miti au aina yoyote ya kivuli. ''Synechococcus'' haiwezi kuepuka miale ya jua ya urujuanimno na huweza kuishi kutokana na usawa wa rangi za usanisinuru. Misombo hii ya kemikali huakisi tu urefu fulani wa mawimbi ya mwanga unaoonekana, na kuyapa rangi tofauti. Rangi kuu ya usanisinuru ni klorofili, ambayo ni kijani. Lakini rangi ya klorofili wakati mwingine inaweza kuzidiwa na rangi zingine zinazojulikana kama ''[[Caroténoïdes|carotenoids]]'' . Carotenoids ni nyekundu, chungwa, au njano, na hulinda seli za bakteria kutokana na mwanga wa jua kwa kunasa mawimbi hatari kama vile [[urujuanimno]] . Zaidi ya hayo, huhamisha nishati hii iliyokamatwa kwenye rangi za klorofili, ambazo kisha hubadilisha nishati ya mwanga kuwa nishati ya kemikali, na kuzilinda kutokana na halijoto ya juu ya maji. Hivyo, kwa kuwa bakteria ''wa Synechococcus'' wanaishi katika ukanda wa halijoto ya juu, hutoa kiasi kikubwa cha karotefini, na kuipa ukanda rangi yake ya njano. Kwa sababu rangi ya ''Synechococcus'' inategemea sana mwanga wa jua, hii pia inamaanisha kwamba wakati wa baridi, wakati jua halina nguvu nyingi, bakteria hutoa karotenoidi chache na kwa hivyo huwa na rangi ya manjano kidogo, ikielekea bluu-kijani. Inapotoka nje kutoka kwenye utepe wa manjano, halijoto ya chanzo cha moto huanza kupoa, na halijoto inapopoa, aina mbalimbali za bakteria zinaweza kustawi. Bakteria ''ya Synechococcus'' bado huishi kwenye utepe wa chungwa, ambao ni karibu 60 C. °C pamoja na aina nyingine za bakteria, zinazoitwa ''Chloroflexus'' na ''Chromatiaceae'' bakteria. Hizi hutoa nishati kwa kutumia aina tofauti za klorofili na karotenoidi, ambazo hujitokeza kama rangi tofauti kidogo. Matokeo ya utofauti huu wa rangi ni rangi ya chungwa. Pete ya nje kabisa ndiyo baridi zaidi, ikiwa na joto la takriban 55 °C, na ile inayohifadhi jamii ya bakteria yenye utofauti zaidi. Kwa sababu viumbe vingi vinaweza kuishi kwenye pete ya nje, mchanganyiko wa karotenoidi zao tofauti hutoa rangi nyeusi zaidi, kuanzia nyekundu hadi kahawia <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nugent |first=Paul W. |last2=Shaw |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Vollmer |first3=Michael |date=2014-12-19 |title=Colors of thermal pools at Yellowstone National Park |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |journal=Applied Optics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |page=B128 |doi=10.1364/ao.54.00b128 |issn=1559-128X |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> . Hivyo, uwepo wa bakteria unaweza kuyapa maji rangi mbalimbali katika mazingira yake ya asili. ia8aick6ja7wk5hqy6kino6qdc2erzw 3 241347 1575989 1575980 2026-06-22T12:07:49Z Dieumerci Muhindo 90406 /* Tafsiri */ Jibu 1575989 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. 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If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Tafsiri == Ndugu, makala zako hazieleweki vizuri Tanzania, labda Kongo. Usitegemee tafsiri, hasa kutoka Kifaransa. Amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:14, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) :Jambo ndugu. Naomba abasi siku moja tena ili ni tengeneze makala yangu vizuri. Ina wezekana? '''[[Mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo|Dieumerci Muhindo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:53, 21 Juni 2026 (UTC) ::Kwa kweli hata ukurasa kuhusu Ugumu wa maji ni vigumu kueleweka. Nadhani mashine haitafsiri vizuri kutoka Kifaransa kwenda Kiswahili. Lakini pia makala za Kiingereza zikitafsiriwa na mashine, ni lazima mhariri azipitie kwa makini, la sivyo kuna vichekesho! Hatimaye Kiswahili cha Kongo ni tofauti na kile sanifu. Labda ukubali kutafsiri sehemu fupi ya makala badala ya kujaribu makala nzima. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:40, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) :::Sawa sawa nakiya kabisa nda jaribu ku tasfiri fasi fupi na baadaye nita fauta mutu ambaye atani saidiya iliku maliza makala yote vizuri. Aksanti sana kwa maelekezo. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo|Dieumerci Muhindo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dieumerci Muhindo#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 22 Juni 2026 (UTC) nkeom9dfucppt3uft95tzf7rn0bpq0v 0 241382 1576049 1575987 2026-06-22T19:17:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1576049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Ugumu wa maji''' (TH, au GH kwa Kijerumani: ''{{Lang|de|Gesamthärte}}'') ni kipimo cha kiwango cha madini ya [[maji]] kwenye kationi za metali za udongo wa alkali zenye mchanganyiko ambazo zinaweza kuonekana kama masimbi ya chokaa. Inasababishwa tu na chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu . Ugumu huonyeshwa katika [[Parts per million|ppm]] (au mg/L ) ya kabonati ya kalsiamu ($CaCO_3$) au kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (alama °f au °fH) nchini Ufaransa na Uswisi (isivurugwe na alama °F, digrii Fahrenheit). Digrii moja ya Kifaransa inalingana na 10 ya chokaa inayowakilisha $10^{-4}$ mol/L ya kalsiamu, au 4 mg/L ya $Ca^{2+}$, au 2,4 ya magnesiamu kwa lita moja ya maji: : <math>\mathrm{TH}=10\,\left(\mathrm{[Ca^{2+}]}+\mathrm{[Mg^{2+}]}\right)</math> pamoja na viwango vya mmol/[[Lita|L]]. {| class="wikitable centre" |+Kipimo cha ubora wa viambato vya maji (TH) : ! align="center" scope="row" | TH (°f) | align="center" bgcolor="5599ff" | 0 hadi 7 | align="center" bgcolor="88ff66" | 7 hadi 15 | align="center" bgcolor="ffff77" | 15 hadi 30 | align="center" bgcolor="ff8844" | 30 hadi 40 | align="center" bgcolor="ff3344" | + 40 |- ! align="center" scope="row" | Maji | align="center" | Laini mno | align="center" | laini | align="center" | ngumu zaidi | align="center" | ngumu | align="center" | ngumu mno |} Kwa kawaida, tofauti hufanywa kati ya ugumu wa kudumu na ugumu wa muda, jumla ya yote mawili ikiwa ugumu kamili. Ugumu huamuliwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha mchanganyiko wa maji kwa kutumia EDTA (tazama chelation ). Mtambo wa kusafisha maji hutumika kupunguza ugumu huo hadi kufikia takriban nyuzi tano za Kifaransa, kwansi bidhaa za usafi kama sabuni hupoteza nguvu zake ndani ya maji magumu: chaji za kalsiamu na magnesiamu hufanya anions za kabonili zenye mnyororo mrefu kwenye sabuni kuganda na kutengeneza masimbi. Chumvi za madini zinazowekwa kwenye mfumo uliolainika ili kupiga hesabu ya uzito wa maji mara kwa mara ni bora kwa uzima. Zinapochanganyika kwenye maji, hupatikana kama kationi na anioni. Licha ya hayo, katika muundo wao wa pekee, hizi ni ngumu kwa viumbe hai kuingiza mwilini (ambavyo huingiza kwa wepesi zaidi chaji tata). == Kemia == === Kipimo cha alkalimetric (TA) === Inatuwezesha kubaini viwango vya [[Kabonati|kaboneti]] na besi kali zilizomo ndani ya kioevu. Uchunguzi huu unafanyika kukiwa na phenolphthaleini, ambayo hugeuka kutoka kutokuwa na rangi hadi kuwa ya rangi ya waridi-fuchsia kwenye pH ya 8.2, au bluu ya thimoli, ambayo hugeuka kutoka rangi ya manjano hadi bluu kwenye pH ya 8.0. [[Besi (kemia)|Alkalini]] huonyeshwa kwa digrii za Kifaransa (°f). * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi OH⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻. === Jumla ya kiwango cha alkalimetric (TAC) === TAC (kiwango cha jumla cha alkalini) ni kipimo kinachotumiwa kukadiria idadi ya chaji za haidroksidi, kabonati na bikabonati zilizomo kwenye kioevu, ambapo kipimo chake kinasomwa kwa nyuzi za Kifaransa (°f au °fH). : TAC = [OH ⁻ ] + [CO ₃ ²⁻ ] + [HCO ₃ ⁻ ] * 1 °f = 3,4 mg/l ya chaji ya haidroksidi HO⁻ = 6,0 mg/l ya chaji ya kabonati CO₃²⁻ = 12,2 mg/ayoni ya hidrojeni kabonati [[Acide carbonique|HCO₃⁻]]. Kwa kupima kielelezo cha maji kwa kutumia asidi, tunafikia hatua ya kwanza ya usawa, inayowakilisha TA (utepuzi wa alkalimeta) ambayo inaendana na pH=8,2 (kugeuka rangi kwa phenolphthaleini '', au bluu ya thymol). Katika awamu hii, haidrokusaidi na kabonati zote zimeisha.'' Kusonga mbele na utepuzi, kituo cha pili cha mlingano hupatikana kwenye pH=4,4 (kugeuka rangi kwa methili ya machungwa). Katika nukta hii, hidroksidi, kaboneti, na bikaboneti zote zilizokuwepo hapo awali zitakuwa zimetepuliwa. Ni lazima kuangalia vipimo vinavyotumiwa kwenye fomula, ambavyo huonyeshwa kwa namna tofauti kutegemeana na iwapo unatumia °f au mol/L. * Phenolphthaleini imeainishwa kuwa CMR C2B (inayoweza kuchochea saratani, inayobadili jeni, na yenye madhara kwa mfumo wa uzazi) . « Kundi la 2B Dutu, mchanganyiko, na mazingira yaliyotajwa hapo awali vina uwezekano wa kuleta kansa kwa binadamu. " ) na kwa sababu hiyo, hairuhusiwi kutumika bila kufuata usalama uliowekwa kisheria. == Aquariums == Kuhusu viumbe wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, ni lazima kulinda kiwango cha madini kwenye maji katika vipimo vinavyotakiwa. Jambo hili linasababisha kufanya upya sehemu ya maji kila baada ya siku saba, na maji yaliyoongezwa yanapaswa kuwa na kiwango thabiti cha ugumu. Kiwango cha ugumu wa nyuzi 14 hadi 25 unalingana vyema na aina nyingi za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria.. Kwenye akwaria za samaki wa maji yasiyo na chumvi, kiwango cha ugumu wa kioevu (TH) una uwezekano wa kusawazishwa kwa kuunganisha maji ya mifereji na maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO (reverse osmosis). Maji haya ya RO yana kiwango cha TH kinachokaribia sufuri. Kioevu hiki kinaweza kutengenezwa kupitia kifaa cha kuchuja cha RO au kupatikana kwenye maduka ya viumbe wa kufugwa nyumbani. Kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ujazo wa maji yaliyochujwa kwa mtambo wa RO yanayotakiwa ili kufikia kiwango cha TH ulichokusudia : : idadi ya lita za maji ya RO (kwa kipimo cha lita) = ujazo wa tanki la akwaria (kwa kipimo cha lita) × (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH inayotakiwa) / (TH ya maji ya bomba - TH ya maji ya osmosis). Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu, au TH (ugumu kamili), hutambuliwa kupitia vipimo maalum. Mchepuko huu wa madini mara kwa mara huonyeshwa kwa kutumia vipimo vya Kijerumani, au GH ( {{{2}}} ) au dH ( {{{2}}} ). Kwa madhumuni ya kugeuza vipimo vya Kijerumani (GH) kwenda kwenye vipimo vya Kifaransa (TH), kanuni hii hutumika : TH = 1,78 × 1 °GH . Kiwango cha madini kinachoshauriwa kwa ajili ya samaki wa dhahabu (goldfish), kiumbe anayejulikana na kupendwa kuliko wote miongoni mwa viumbe wanaofugwa kwenye akwaria, umewekwa wazi hapa . == Vipimo vya kipimo == Kwa kuwa inakadiria ayoni mbalimbali (kalsiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 40 na magnesiamu, yenye uzito wa moli wa 24), kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) hakiwezi kuwasilishwa kupitia kipimo kilichozoeleka mno kwenye sayansi ya miundo ya maji, ambacho ni miligramu kwa lita (mg/L) au vigawo vyake vyovyote. Katika nafasi yake, ina uwezo wa kuonyeshwa kwa kutumia kipimo cha kimataifa (SI), moli kwa kilo (mol/kg). Pamoja na hayo, ni maarufu zaidi kutumia miliekivalenti kwa lita (meq/L) : * digrii ya Kifaransa (°f au °fH) — Isichanganywe kabisa na , inaendana na kiasi cha mrundikano wa miligramu kumi za kalsiamu kaboneti ( CaCO3 ) ( 0,1 ) katika lita moja ya kioevu (ikimaanisha kiwango cha chokaa ) ; Kipimo cha Kijerumani (°GH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za oksidi ya kalsiamu (CaO) kwa lita ; Kipimo cha Marekani (°TH, kwa {{{2}}} ) kinalingana na miligramu kumi za hidroksidi ya kalsiamu (Ca(OH) 2 ) kwa lita. {| class="wikitable centre" style="text-align:center" |+ style="text-align:middle" |Vigezo vya kuzidishia viwango kwa madhumuni ya kukadiria ugumu wa kioevu kwenye vipimo mbadala: ! scope="col" | Thamani za kubadilisha ! scope="col" | Uzito wa molekuli ! scope="col" | °GH ! scope="col" | °TH ! scope="col" | °fH ! scope="col" | mg/L 3 ! scope="col" | meq/L ! scope="col" | mmol/L |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kifaransa (°fH) 3 | style="text-align:right" | 100 | 0.560 | 0.740 | 1 | 10 | 0.2 | 0.1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Kijerumani (°GH) CaO | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 1 | 1,321 | 1.786 | 17.8 | 0.357 | 0.178 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Shahada ya Marekani (TH) Ca(OH) 2 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | 0.757 | 1 | 1,351 | 14.3 | 0.285 | 0.142 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mg/L 3 (Marekani) | style="text-align:right" | 1 mg/L = | 0.056 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | meq/L ya ioni za [[Metali za udongo alikalini|metali za ardhini zenye alkali]] | style="text-align:right" | 1 meq /L = | 2.8 | 3.51 | 5 | 50 | 1 | 0.50 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | mmol/L ya ioni za metali ya ardhi ya alkali | style="text-align:right" | 1 mmol /L = | 5.6 | 7.02 | 10.00 | 100.0 | 2.00 | 1 |} * Wakazi wa Marekani kadhalika hutumia kipimo hiki cha " {{{2}}} » (gpg), kinacholingana na punje moja ( 64,8 ) ya kalsiamu kaboneti kwa kila galoni ya Kimarekani (inayokadiria lita 3,79 ), au 17,1. == Mbinu za vipimo == Ugumu wa kioevu hubainishwa kupitia njia ya utepuzi changamano, kwa kutumia dutu yenye nguvu ya ufungaji — EDTA, ambayo inajenga miosharabu pamoja na kationi za metali. Katika uhalisia wa kimaabara, metali zote za mpito, kwa mfano ayoni za chuma (Fe 2+ ), zina uwezo wa kutambuliwa viwango vyake — Hivyo basi, zinaleta muingiliano kwenye majaribio. — ingawa kiwango cha mrundikano wazo huhesabika kuwa ni haba mno baina ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu. Vilevile, thamani ya TH ina uwezo wa kukokotolewa kwa kujumlisha viwango vya kalsiamu na magnesiamu vilivyotambuliwa kupitia mbinu mbadala, kwa mfano uondoshaji wa taswira wa ufyonzaji wa atomiki au kromatografia ya ayoni. == Vidokezo == Vigezo tofauti vinatumiwa kufafanua mwenendo wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya vioevu, mafuta, au mchanganyiko wa gesi <ref>{{En}} [http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm ''Corrosion by water''] {{Wayback|url=http://64.224.111.143/technicallibrary/corrdoctors/Modules/NaturalWaters/Frames.htm |date=20071020200711 }}.</ref> . === Kiashiria cha kueneza cha Langelier (LSI) === Kipimo cha mshiko wa kujaa cha Langelier (LSI) ni namba isiyo na kitengo cha kipimo inayotumiwa kutambua uimara wa kalsiamu kabonati ndani ya maji. Inadhihirisha iwapo kioevu kitasababisha masalio, kitayeyusha madini, au kitafikia mlingano na kalsiamu kabonati. Katika mwaka wa 1936, Wilfred F. Langelier aligundua njia ya kukadiria viwango vya pH ambapo kioevu kinakuwa kimejaa kabisa kalsiamu kabonati (pH s ). Inakokotolewa kwa kupunguza pH ya kujaa (pH s ) kutoka kwenye thamani ya sasa ya pH ya maji. LSI huwasilishwa kama mwachano uliopo baina ya pH ya sasa ya kioevu na pH ya kujaa kwake : : LSI = pH kipimo - pH s . * Wakati LSI > 0, kioevu kimepitiliza kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na mwelekeo wa kujilundika na kutengeneza masalio ya 3 . * Wakati LSI = 0, kioevu kinakuwa kimebana vizuri (katika mlingano) na 3 .Masalio ya 3 hayajifanyizi wala hayayeyuki. * Wakati LSI < 0, kioevu kiko chini ya kiwango cha kujaa na huwa na tabia ya kumega 3 thabiti. == Tafsiri == Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu wa kioevu kisicho na madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu (kwa mfano maji yaliyochujwa kiviwanda au miyeyusho ya kemikali kali) unakuwa sufuri kabisa. === Maji ya asili === Kiwango cha jumla cha ugumu (TH) wa vyanzo vya maji vya asili kwa kawaida hukua kulingana na umbali kutoka pale yanapoanzia, wakati kioevu kinavyozidi kujaza mchanganyiko wa chumvichumvi na madini. Kwa vile maji ya asili ya maeneo ya ndani ya nchi (inland waters) mara nyingi yanabeba madini ya kalsiamu (kalsiamu bikabonati), kiwango chao cha TH kinakaribiana sana na kile cha ujumla wa mfumo wa alkali (TAC). === Maji ya bahari === Maji ya bahari yanabeba kiwango cha ugumu wa karibu digrii 750 za Kifaransa == Athari == === Afya ya binadamu === Utumiaji wa maji yenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini haukabiliwi na athari zozote hasi kwenye mwili wa mwanadamu. Madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ni miongoni mwa viungo muhimu vya miili yetu, na binadamu anapaswa kuwa navyo kwa ajili ya afya. Kioevu hiki kinaendelea kuwa salama kutumiwa bila kuzingatia jumla ya vipimo vyake vya ugumu (TH). Kuna mivukano kwenye kanuni hizi za kawaida, ambayo yanatokana na tabia za kikemia za virutubisho maalum vya madini. Kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini kina uwezo wa kuleta usumbufu kwa baadhi ya walaji ambao hawajajenga ustahimilivu navyo au kwa wale wanaokabiliwa na changamoto za kiafya kwenye figo zao. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Adikwu |first=Elias |last2=Ehigiator |first2=Ben |date=2020-05-11 |title=Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Testicular Oxidative Stress Markers and Histology of Male Rats |journal=Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=33–37 |doi=10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.33-37 |issn=2089-6514 |access-date=2022-02-17}}.</ref> . Utumiaji wa kioevu kilichochujwa kwa kutumia chumvi ya sodiamu unaruhusiwa, kwa kuwa kinaendelea kuwa salama kwa ajili ya unywaji. Hata hivyo ni muhimu kuangalia kiwango kikubwa cha madini ya sodiamu yaliyomo ambacho kina uwezo wa kuleta madhara kwa watu wanaosumbuliwa na shinikizo la juu la damu (hypertension), pamoja na kuhakikisha unapata madini ya kalsiamu na magnesiamu ya kutosha kupitia vyakula vya kila siku (kwa madhumuni ya kufidia Ca na Mg ambazo hazitapatikana tena kupitia maji hayo ya unywaji). Kioevu chenye madini mengi mara kwa mara huonekana kusababisha mwasho mwilini, khasusa kwenye ngozi laini au yenye mzio, na kina uwezo wa kufanya nywele kuwa kavu na ngumu (matokeo ya kifizikia). Kuna watu wanaoelezwa kuwa na mzio wa chokaa ambao hukabiliwa na mabaka mekundu, miwasho, au hisia ya kukakamaa kwa ngozi kufuatia mgusano wa ana kwa ana na kioevu chenye kiwango cha juu mno cha madini . Pamoja na hayo, dhana hizi hazina uthibitisho thabiti kutoka kwenye majaribio ya kitaalamu na mara kaya huchochewa na hoja za kibiashara za mafundi wanaosafisha maji. Matatizo ya ngozi yanayotokana na kioevu hiki yanadhaniwa kuwa yanajitokeza kwa namna nyingine (kwa sababu ya ulazima wa kutumia kiasi kikubwa cha sabuni, kama inavyofafanuliwa hapa chini) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Procédés anti-tartre « non conventionnels » : les recommandations de l’Anses|url=https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s-anti-tartre-%C2%AB-non-conventionnels-%C2%BB-les-recommandations-de-l%E2%80%99anses|accessdate=2019-06-03}}.</ref> . === Matatizo mengine : chokaa, sabuni ya kufulia === Kioevu chenye kiwango kikubwa cha madini husababisha kero katika shughuli za nyumbani kwa sababu ya kujitenga na kuganda kwa chokaa (kalsiamu kabonati). Kujitengeneza kwa tabaka hilo la chokaa kunaweza kuzuiliwa kwa kuondoa madini ya kalsiamu kupitia mbinu za kulainisha kioevu ama kwa kutumia mfumo wa osmosis ya kinyume (reverse osmosis). Fuatana na hilo, magamba ya chokaa hufanya povu la sabuni lishindwe kufanya kazi vizuri. Viwango vinavyoonyeshwa kwenye muongozo wa matumizi ya unga wa kufulia vinahusika hasa na kioevu chenye ugumu wa wastani (karibu digrii 15 za Kifaransa) na inalazimu viongezwe (ama vipunguzwe) iwapo unatumia kioevu chenye madini mengi (au kisicho na madini mengi). === Tazama pia === * [[Ubora wa maji]] * [[Maji salama]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu|url={{Google Livres|ZevzDAAAQBAJ}}|title=L'analyse de l'eau|last=Jean Rodier, [[Bernard Legube]] et Nicole Merlet|date=2016|publisher=Dunod|page=138-141}}. [[Jamii:Maji]] 9clwoshiwivgz4b96qfqc3qc9mopyr1 0 241384 1575990 2026-06-22T12:11:48Z Merci Kahubangwa 72758 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/190266853|Autoépuration]]" 1575990 wikitext text/x-wiki Neno '''kujitakasa''' '''linamaanisha''' michakato yote ya [[Biolojia|kibiolojia]], mchakato wa kifizikia na kikemia unaowezesha ardhi au mfumo wa ikolojia uliotengemaa kugeuza au kusafisha viambata vya kigeni vinavyoingizwa humo (uchafuzi wa mazingira), iwe ni kwa ajili ya daima (utakaso wa dhati) au kwa kipindi maalumu tu (utakaso wa mpito), bila kuhitaji usaidizi kutoka nje. Mchakato wa kujisafisha kwa mazingira usichanganywe na matukio ya mrundikano wa kibayolojia (bioaccumulation) ambayo yanaweza kuleta picha ya uwongo kuwa mazingira yamekuwa safi, wakati ambapo sumu bado imehifadhiwa humo ndani. Kama mfano, viumbe vyenye tabia ya kuchuja maji ili kupata chakula kama vile miamba (mussels) au chaza (oysters) vina uwezo wa kunyonya na kuhifadhi kiasi kikubwa cha metali nzito hatari ndani ya miili au magamba yao (njia ya asili ya viumbe hao kujilinda na sumu). Kwa miaka mingi, metali hizo zinakuwa zimefichwa na hazitaonekana zikielea kwenye maji, hata hivyo, baadhi ya sumu hizo zitaachiliwa upya pale ambapo magamba hayo yataanza kusagika au kuyeyuka mazingirani (mchakato huu unakuwa wa haraka zaidi iwapo maji yatakuwa na viwango vya juu vya asidi). == Masharti na vikwazo == Utakaso wa asili wa mazingira (autoépuration) unafanyika tu iwapo kuna mazingira wezeshi maalum na ndani ya viwango au ukomo maalumu (kiwango cha nafasi na wakati, pamoja na vigezo vya wingi na ubora). Inafaa kwa [[Uchafuzi wa ardhi|uchafuzi]] vitu vinavyoweza kumeng’enyika kibayolojia (kwa nadra sana katika mazingira yasiyo na oksijeni, na kwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi kwenye mazingira yenye oksijeni), hata hivyo, viambata vya sumu ambavyo havijatofautishwa kikamilifu, huchukua muda mrefu au mchakato mgumu kutoweka, kwa kawaida hupungua tu makali yake au huzama na kufichwa chini ya matope na masalio ya mto (sediments) mahali ambapo vinaweza kuachiliwa upya na kusafiri mazingirani. Uwezo wa asili wa kioevu kujitakasa huchochewa na kiwango cha hewa safi (oksijeni) pamoja na vichocheo vingine kama vile aina ya ardhi, hali ya usafi wa kioevu hicho, na kiwango cha joto lake. Kukiwepo na uhaba mkubwa wa hewa safi mazingirani, mizunguko ya mtengano isiyohitaji oksijeni (anaerobic digestion) huanza kufanya kazi. Hata hivyo, kwenye kioevu kilichoshiba hewa safi ya kutosha, masalio ya viumbe hai (kama yale yanayotokana na maji taka) hushambuliwa na kumeng'enywa kwa haraka sana na viumbe kama kuvu (fungi), bakteria, pamoja na viumbehai vingine vidogo vyenye jukumu la kuoza dutu mazingirani. == Changamoto == Utaratibu huu ni faida ya asili inayotolewa na mazingira (ecosystem service), hivyo hauna gharama za kifedha (katika maeneo na vipindi ambavyo mazingira wezeshi yanakuwepo). Ni nguzo kuu na kigezo cha lazima kwa ajili ya ustahimilivu wa mifumo ya asili (ecological resilience). Mchakato huu wa utakaso wa asili hufanya kazi vizuri tu pale ambapo ikolojia imetengemaa na bila kukabiliwa na mivurugano kutoka nje. Mikakati ya kupanda upya uoto wa asili inategemea mifumo ya namna hii. Kwa kiasi kikubwa, mifumo-msingi ya ikolojia (kama vile muunganisho wa maeneo ya kijani nchini Ufaransa, au mtandao wa ikolojia wa bara la Ulaya), ambayo inalenga kurudisha ubora wa maeneo, ina dhumuni la kufufua mazingira wezeshi ya kujisafisha na kujilinda yenyewe, jambo ambalo ni miongoni mwa sifa kuu za mifumo ya asili. == Mchakato == Mchakato huu wa utakaso wa asili unaweza kusababishwa na mifumo miwili tofauti : # Mifumo ya utakaso isiyo ya hiyari (passive purification), inayotokana na mabadiliko ya kifizikia na kikemia kama vile kujitenga na kuganda kwa dutu (precipitation), unyonzwaji wa ndani (absorption), upotezaji wa unyevu (dehydration), ugandaji wa vitu juu ya uso (adsorption), uchujaji wa kawaida (filtration), uachumiaji wa gesi (degassing), na mtengano unaosababishwa na mwanga wa jua (photodegradation)... # Mifumo ya utakaso inayochochewa kikamilifu na viumbehai (microorganisms, uoto wa asili, wanyama, pamoja na kuvu): viumbe hivi humeng'enya, hufanya kiumbe cha sumu kishindwe kufanya kazi (inactivation), na/au kufungia viambata hivyo vya uchafuzi mzima mzima au sehemu yake ndani ya mazingira husika (kama vile kwenye maji, hewa, au udongoni). Kutokana na mifumo ya kiutendaji iliyotajwa hapo awali, viambata vilivyomo mazingirani humeng'enywa na kutoweshwa kidogo kidogo, kwa kuwa hubadilishwa na kuwa sehemu ya tishu na nishati ya viumbehai (biomass). Hatua hii inapunguza athari za uchafuzi au kuzuia mrundikano hatari wa virutubisho kwenye maji (eutrophication), ilimradi tu viwango vya sumu au taka hizo havijavuka ukomo na wala havileti mivurugano mikubwa kwenye mfumo wa asili.. Baadhi ya viumbe hai vina mchango mkubwa na wa kipekee zaidi kuliko vingine. Kwa mfano, vijidudu vya bakteria hutumiwa maalum kwa ajili ya kusafisha maji taka au kwenye mitambo ya kuzalisha nishati ya biogesi (biogas plants). Mnyama aina ya "beaver" (panya-maji mjenzi), kupitia mabwawa anayoyajenga na udhibiti wake wa mtiririko wa maji, husaidia kwa kiwango kikubwa katika mifumo ya utakaso wa asili wa mito hiyo [1], ikiwemo kuchuja na kupunguza mrundikano wa virutubisho vya ziada kama vile nitrojeni na nitrati, kama ilivyothibitishwa kisayansi kwenye maeneo ya kilimo ndani ya bonde la Mto Nemunas nchini Lithuania [2] (bonde ambalo linakadiriwa kuwa na makazi ya beaver kati ya 10,000 hadi 12,000). <ref name="Lamsodis2005">Lamsodis R & Vaikasas S (2005) ''The potential to retain nitrogen in beaver ponds and delta floodplains of the River Nemunas''. Archiv für Hydrobiologie. Supplementband. Large rivers, 15(1-4), 225-241 ([http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17020293 résumé])</ref> ). Kome (mussels) na viumbe wengine wenye magamba mawili (bivalves) wanaochuja maji hunyonya metali nzito hatari na kuzifungia ndani ya magamba yao. Hata hivyo, mfumo huu unadhihirisha wazi jambo linaloitwa mrundikano wa kibayolojia (bioaccumulation). Maji yanaweza kuonekana kuwa safi kwa nje, lakini metali hizo hazitabaki humo milele: viumbe hao wanapokufa, magamba yao huanza kusagika na kumomonyoka, na hatimaye metali doomed nzito huachiliwa upya na kusambaa kwenye maji. == Tazama pia == === Makala zinazohusiana === {{Colonnes|* [[Épuration]] * [[Eau]] * [[Pédologie (géoscience)|Pédologie]] * [[Équilibre écologique]] * [[Génie écologique]] * [[Écosystème]] * [[Lagunage naturel]]|nombre=3}} === Viungo vya nje === === Marejeleo === * Streeter HW & Phelps EB (1958) ''[http://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/1590/C&EE148.pdf?seque Utafiti wa uchafuzi wa mazingira na utakaso wa asili wa Mto Ohio]'' . Idara ya Afya, Elimu, na Ustawi ya Marekani. * Lamsodis R & Vaikasas S (2005) ''Uwezo wa kuhifadhi nitrojeni katika mabwawa ya beaver na mabonde ya mafuriko ya delta ya Mto Nemunas'' . Archive für Hydrobiologie. Supplementband. Mito mikubwa, 15(1-4), 225-241 ( [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17020293 muhtasari] ). {{Reflist}}{{Lango|eau|assainissement|écologie}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hnv8aqt7zul9eii51zro7hs61745xxk 0 241385 1576039 2026-06-22T15:39:31Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Operesheni Dudula''' ni [[harakati]] iliyoanzishwa nchini [[South Africa]] ambayo baadaye ilijigeuzwa kuwa chama cha siasa. Kundi hilo limekuwa likijulikana kwa kampeni zake zinazolenga kupinga uhamiaji na kuwafukuza wahamiaji wanaoishi nchini humo.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/opinion/2025-08-03-operation-dudula-has-brought-fascism-to-south-africa/ Operation Dudula has brought fascism to South Africa], Imraan Buccu...' 1576039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Operesheni Dudula''' ni [[harakati]] iliyoanzishwa nchini [[South Africa]] ambayo baadaye ilijigeuzwa kuwa chama cha siasa. Kundi hilo limekuwa likijulikana kwa kampeni zake zinazolenga kupinga uhamiaji na kuwafukuza wahamiaji wanaoishi nchini humo.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/opinion/2025-08-03-operation-dudula-has-brought-fascism-to-south-africa/ Operation Dudula has brought fascism to South Africa], Imraan Buccus, ''Sunday Times'', 3 August 2025</ref> Jina "Dudula" ni neno la [[Kizulu]] lenye maana ya "kuwafukuza" au "kuwaondoa", likionyesha lengo kuu la harakati hiyo la kuondoa wahamiaji wanaodaiwa kuishi au kufanya kazi nchini Afrika Kusini kinyume cha sheria.<ref name="BBC Sep 23">{{cite news|last1=Charlie|first1=Ayanda|last2=Ford|author1-link=Ayanda Charlie|first2=Tamasin|title=Inside South Africa's Operation Dudula: 'Why we hate foreigners'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-66808346|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2023}}</ref> Operation Dudula ilianzishwa katika mji wa [[Soweto]], karibu na mji mkuu wa Afrik Kusini, [[Johannesburg]], na baadaye ikaenea katika maeneo mengine ya nchi. Kundi hilo linadai kuwa changamoto nyingi za kijamii na kiuchumi nchini Afrika Kusini zinachangiwa na uhamiaji haramu, usimamizi dhaifu wa mipaka, na sera za uhamiaji zisizo kali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Myeni|first=Thabi|title=What is Operation Dudula, South Africa's anti-migration vigilante?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/what-is-operation-dudula-s-africas-anti-immigration-vigilante|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ho|first=Ufrieda|date=2022-04-16|title=XENOPHOBIA: Nhlanhla Lux exposed – The disturbing picture behind the masks of the man heading Operation Dudula|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-16-nhlanhla-lux-exposed-the-disturbing-picture-behind-the-masks-of-the-man-heading-operation-dudula/|access-date=2022-05-04|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, harakati hiyo imekumbwa na ukosoaji mkubwa kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa [[haki za binadamu]], mashirika ya kiraia na baadhi ya viongozi wa kisiasa, ambao wameituhumu kwa kuchochea chuki dhidi ya wageni (''xenophobia'') na kuhusishwa na vitisho au mashambulizi dhidi ya wahamiaji. Kwa upande wake, Operation Dudula imekuwa ikikanusha kuwa harakati zake zinachochewa na chuki dhidi ya wageni. Kiongozi wa sasa wa kundi hilo ni Zandile Dabula. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: Afrika Kusini]] 8alkmuyre07cdq1cvv0pgm4kgtqdglf 1576042 1576039 2026-06-22T16:20:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1576042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Operesheni Dudula''' ni [[harakati]] iliyoanzishwa nchini [[South Africa]] ambayo baadaye ilijigeuzwa kuwa chama cha siasa. Kundi hilo limekuwa likijulikana kwa kampeni zake zinazolenga kupinga uhamiaji na kuwafukuza wahamiaji wanaoishi nchini humo.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/opinion/2025-08-03-operation-dudula-has-brought-fascism-to-south-africa/ Operation Dudula has brought fascism to South Africa], Imraan Buccus, ''Sunday Times'', 3 August 2025</ref> Jina "Dudula" ni neno la [[Kizulu]] lenye maana ya "kuwafukuza" au "kuwaondoa", likionyesha lengo kuu la harakati hiyo la kuondoa wahamiaji wanaodaiwa kuishi au kufanya kazi nchini Afrika Kusini kinyume cha sheria.<ref name="BBC Sep 23">{{cite news|last1=Charlie|first1=Ayanda|last2=Ford|author1-link=Ayanda Charlie|first2=Tamasin|title=Inside South Africa's Operation Dudula: 'Why we hate foreigners'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-66808346|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2023}}</ref> Operation Dudula ilianzishwa katika mji wa [[Soweto]], karibu na mji mkuu wa Afrik Kusini, [[Johannesburg]], na baadaye ikaenea katika maeneo mengine ya nchi. Kundi hilo linadai kuwa changamoto nyingi za kijamii na kiuchumi nchini Afrika Kusini zinachangiwa na uhamiaji haramu, usimamizi dhaifu wa mipaka, na sera za uhamiaji zisizo kali.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Myeni|first=Thabi|title=What is Operation Dudula, South Africa's anti-migration vigilante?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/what-is-operation-dudula-s-africas-anti-immigration-vigilante|access-date=2022-04-10|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Ho|first=Ufrieda|date=2022-04-16|title=XENOPHOBIA: Nhlanhla Lux exposed – The disturbing picture behind the masks of the man heading Operation Dudula|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-16-nhlanhla-lux-exposed-the-disturbing-picture-behind-the-masks-of-the-man-heading-operation-dudula/|access-date=2022-05-04|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> Hata hivyo, harakati hiyo imekumbwa na ukosoaji mkubwa kutoka kwa wanaharakati wa [[haki za binadamu]], mashirika ya kiraia na baadhi ya viongozi wa kisiasa, ambao wameituhumu kwa kuchochea chuki dhidi ya wageni (''xenophobia'') na kuhusishwa na vitisho au mashambulizi dhidi ya wahamiaji. Kwa upande wake, Operation Dudula imekuwa ikikanusha kuwa harakati zake zinachochewa na chuki dhidi ya wageni. Kiongozi wa sasa wa kundi hilo ni Zandile Dabula. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii: Siasa]] [[Jamii: Afrika Kusini]] hqe8e5hlwd0zqzysjlwokfbn2vfipzv 0 241386 1576050 2026-06-22T19:19:10Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maporomoko ya Bawa''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] ya aina ya ''horsetail'' yaliyopo katika eneo la Transkei, katika Mkoa wa Marashiriki ya Cape nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana anguko moja la moja kwa moja lenye urefu wa [[mita]] 103 na upana wa wastani wa mita 1.5.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bawa Falls, South Africa - World Waterfall Database|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Bawa-Falls-495|work=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|acce...' 1576050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Bawa''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] ya aina ya ''horsetail'' yaliyopo katika eneo la Transkei, katika Mkoa wa Marashiriki ya Cape nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana anguko moja la moja kwa moja lenye urefu wa [[mita]] 103 na upana wa wastani wa mita 1.5.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bawa Falls, South Africa - World Waterfall Database|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Bawa-Falls-495|work=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en}}</ref> Yapo karibu na kijiji cha KwaNdotshanga, karibu na [[mji]] wa Butterworth, kwenye tawimto la magharibi la Mto Gcuwa. Mto Gcuwa nao ni tawimto la kaskazini la Mto Great Kei. Kutokana na urefu wake mkubwa na [[mazingira]] ya asili yanayouzunguka, Maporomoko ya Bawa ni sehemu ya mandhari ya kuvutia katika eneo la Transkei la Afrika Kusini. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] o4lryg6nf959pfcgoi7e32nv8w95hp8 1576190 1576050 2026-06-22T22:48:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maporomoko ya Bawa''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] ya aina ya ''horsetail'' yaliyopo katika eneo la Transkei, katika Mkoa wa Marashiriki ya Cape nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana anguko moja la moja kwa moja lenye urefu wa [[mita]] 103 na upana wa wastani wa mita 1.5.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bawa Falls, South Africa - World Waterfall Database|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Bawa-Falls-495|work=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en}}</ref> Yapo karibu na kijiji cha KwaNdotshanga, karibu na [[mji]] wa Butterworth, kwenye tawimto la magharibi la Mto Gcuwa. Mto Gcuwa nao ni tawimto la kaskazini la Mto Great Kei. Kutokana na urefu wake mkubwa na [[mazingira]] ya asili yanayouzunguka, Maporomoko ya Bawa ni sehemu ya mandhari ya kuvutia katika eneo la Transkei la Afrika Kusini. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5t6c9tkwowvi5f6ytbx0iulxmmr5s4l 0 241387 1576051 2026-06-22T19:31:09Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Berlin|picha=Berlin Falls IMG 2556.JPG|nchi=Mpumalanga, Africa Kusini|urefu=Mita 80|mkondo=Mto Sabine}} '''Maporomoko ya Berlin''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Yapo karibu na eneo la God's Window na pia karibu na Maporomoko ya Lisbon, ambayo ndiyo marefu zaidi katika [[Mkoa]] wa Mpumalanga. Maporomoko haya ni sehemu ya [[Korongo]] la Mto Blyde (Blyde River Canyon) kwenye njia maaruf...' 1576051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Berlin|picha=Berlin Falls IMG 2556.JPG|nchi=Mpumalanga, Africa Kusini|urefu=Mita 80|mkondo=Mto Sabine}} '''Maporomoko ya Berlin''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Yapo karibu na eneo la God's Window na pia karibu na Maporomoko ya Lisbon, ambayo ndiyo marefu zaidi katika [[Mkoa]] wa Mpumalanga. Maporomoko haya ni sehemu ya [[Korongo]] la Mto Blyde (Blyde River Canyon) kwenye njia maarufu ya Panorama Route. Katika eneo la Sabie pia kuna maporomoko mengine kadhaa, yakiwemo Maporomoko ya Horseshoe, Maporomoko ya Lone Creek, Maporomoko ya Bridal Veil,Maporomoko ya Mac-Mac na Maporomoko ya Lisbon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=South African Tourism - Visit the Berlin Falls in Mpumalanga - Full article|url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014|work=www.southafrica.net|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Berlin huanguka kutoka katikati ya [[mwamba]] mrefu wenye urefu wa takribani mita 80. Muundo wake hufananishwa na mshumaa mkubwa, ambapo mkondo mwembamba wa maji juu ya maporomoko huonekana kama utambi wa mshumaa, na maji yanaposhuka husambaa na kuunda umbo linalofanana na mwili wa mshumaa kabla ya kutua kwenye bwawa lililo chini. Jina la Berlin Falls lilitokana na wachimbaji madini kutoka [[Ulaya]] waliofika [[Afrika]] Kusini wakati wa msako wa dhahabu. Wengi wao waliwapa maporomoko ya eneo hilo majina ya miji yao ya asili au maeneo kutoka nchi walikotoka. Watalii wanaotembelea Maporomoko ya Berlin wanaweza kutembea katika njia za asili, kufanya pikniki na kufurahia mandhari ya maporomoko hayo. Eneo hili pia ni makazi ya mmea wa Blyde River Protea, ambao hupatikana katika sehemu hii pekee ya mteremko wa Mpumalanga. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Sabie na huanguka kwa urefu wa mita 80 ndani ya [[bwawa]] la mviringo lililozungukwa na miamba yenye rangi nyekundu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Tourism - Visit the Berlin Falls in Mpumalanga - Full article|url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014|work=www.southafrica.net|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Asili ya Jina == Maporomoko ya Berlin yalipewa jina kutokana na Kijito cha Berlyn na Shamba la Berlyn, ambavyo ndivyo maeneo ambayo maporomoko hayo yapo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3pik7b1s2aiydvfnaaisna1x4oi9fwk 1576191 1576051 2026-06-22T22:49:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1576191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Berlin|picha=Berlin Falls IMG 2556.JPG|nchi=Mpumalanga, Africa Kusini|urefu=Mita 80|mkondo=Mto Sabine}} '''Maporomoko ya Berlin''' ni maporomoko ya [[maji]] yaliyopo katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Yapo karibu na eneo la God's Window na pia karibu na Maporomoko ya Lisbon, ambayo ndiyo marefu zaidi katika [[Mkoa]] wa Mpumalanga. Maporomoko haya ni sehemu ya [[Korongo]] la Mto Blyde (Blyde River Canyon) kwenye njia maarufu ya Panorama Route. Katika eneo la Sabie pia kuna maporomoko mengine kadhaa, yakiwemo Maporomoko ya Horseshoe, Maporomoko ya Lone Creek, Maporomoko ya Bridal Veil,Maporomoko ya Mac-Mac na Maporomoko ya Lisbon.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=South African Tourism - Visit the Berlin Falls in Mpumalanga - Full article|url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014|work=www.southafrica.net|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> Maporomoko ya Berlin huanguka kutoka katikati ya [[mwamba]] mrefu wenye urefu wa takribani mita 80. Muundo wake hufananishwa na mshumaa mkubwa, ambapo mkondo mwembamba wa maji juu ya maporomoko huonekana kama utambi wa mshumaa, na maji yanaposhuka husambaa na kuunda umbo linalofanana na mwili wa mshumaa kabla ya kutua kwenye bwawa lililo chini. Jina la Berlin Falls lilitokana na wachimbaji madini kutoka [[Ulaya]] waliofika [[Afrika]] Kusini wakati wa msako wa dhahabu. Wengi wao waliwapa maporomoko ya eneo hilo majina ya miji yao ya asili au maeneo kutoka nchi walikotoka. Watalii wanaotembelea Maporomoko ya Berlin wanaweza kutembea katika njia za asili, kufanya pikniki na kufurahia mandhari ya maporomoko hayo. Eneo hili pia ni makazi ya mmea wa Blyde River Protea, ambao hupatikana katika sehemu hii pekee ya mteremko wa Mpumalanga. Maporomoko haya yapo kwenye Mto Sabie na huanguka kwa urefu wa mita 80 ndani ya [[bwawa]] la mviringo lililozungukwa na miamba yenye rangi nyekundu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South African Tourism - Visit the Berlin Falls in Mpumalanga - Full article|url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014|work=www.southafrica.net|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Asili ya Jina == Maporomoko ya Berlin yalipewa jina kutokana na Kijito cha Berlyn na Shamba la Berlyn, ambavyo ndivyo maeneo ambayo maporomoko hayo yapo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] q4gsn7rbzchf2k3bhbya4792crb2dq5 0 241388 1576052 2026-06-22T19:39:36Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:SA04103-Wodospad Bridal Veil.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji ya Pazia la Harusi, eneo la Sabie]] '''Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] sita nje ya mji wa Sabie, katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa mita 70. Kwa kawaida, [[maji]] yake hutiririka polepole, jambo linalofanya yaonekane kama shela ya [[harusi]] (''bridal veil''), na ndiyo sababu ya jina lake. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridal...' 1576052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SA04103-Wodospad Bridal Veil.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji ya Pazia la Harusi, eneo la Sabie]] '''Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] sita nje ya mji wa Sabie, katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa mita 70. Kwa kawaida, [[maji]] yake hutiririka polepole, jambo linalofanya yaonekane kama shela ya [[harusi]] (''bridal veil''), na ndiyo sababu ya jina lake. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridal Veil Falls {{!}} SAFCOL|url=http://www.safcol.co.za/what-we-offer/ecotourism/bridal-veil-falls/|work=www.safcol.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref>Ni mojawapo ya maporomoko mengi yaliyopo katika eneo hilo kwenye Mto Sabie na ni kivutio maarufu cha utalii. [[Maporomoko]] haya yanafikika kwa gari, na eneo hilo lina maegesho pamoja na sehemu za kufanya pikniki katika ardhi ya SAFCOL. Kutoka eneo la maegesho, kuna njia ya miguu inayopita katika msitu wa asili kwa umbali wa takribani mita 750, ambayo huchukua karibu dakika 15 kufika kwenye maporomoko.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabie River Route|url=https://www.sabie.co.za/tour/sabie-route.html#bidal%20veil%20falls|work=www.sabie.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Utalii == Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi yapo kwenye njia maarufu ya Panorama, katika eneo lenye idadi kubwa ya maporomoko ya maji kuliko sehemu nyingine yoyote Kusini mwa Afrika. Watalii wengi hutembelea maporomoko haya kila siku na hulipa ada ndogo ili kuyaona. Pia ni sehemu ya matembezi ya Loerie , njia ya kutembea yenye urefu wa kilomita 10, ingawa kuna njia fupi ya takribani kilomita 6 inayozunguka eneo la maporomoko yenyewe. Aidha, Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi ni sehemu ya njia maarufu ya matembezi ya Fanie Botha, ambayo kwa ujumla ni [[safari]] ya siku tano, lakini pia ina chaguo za njia fupi kwa watembeaji wanaotaka safari fupi zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walks and Hikes - Sabie|url=https://sabie.co.za/about/hiking/#bridal|work=sabie.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] a8ik4mel9rfsdmisg9lcmahknt15ixd 1576192 1576052 2026-06-22T22:49:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1576192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:SA04103-Wodospad Bridal Veil.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji ya Pazia la Harusi, eneo la Sabie]] '''Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi''' yapo takribani [[kilomita]] sita nje ya mji wa Sabie, katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga nchini Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya yana urefu wa mita 70. Kwa kawaida, [[maji]] yake hutiririka polepole, jambo linalofanya yaonekane kama shela ya [[harusi]] (''bridal veil''), na ndiyo sababu ya jina lake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bridal Veil Falls {{!}} SAFCOL|url=http://www.safcol.co.za/what-we-offer/ecotourism/bridal-veil-falls/|work=www.safcol.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22|language=en-US}}</ref>Ni mojawapo ya maporomoko mengi yaliyopo katika eneo hilo kwenye Mto Sabie na ni kivutio maarufu cha utalii. [[Maporomoko]] haya yanafikika kwa gari, na eneo hilo lina maegesho pamoja na sehemu za kufanya pikniki katika ardhi ya SAFCOL. Kutoka eneo la maegesho, kuna njia ya miguu inayopita katika msitu wa asili kwa umbali wa takribani mita 750, ambayo huchukua karibu dakika 15 kufika kwenye maporomoko.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sabie River Route|url=https://www.sabie.co.za/tour/sabie-route.html#bidal%20veil%20falls|work=www.sabie.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Utalii == Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi yapo kwenye njia maarufu ya Panorama, katika eneo lenye idadi kubwa ya maporomoko ya maji kuliko sehemu nyingine yoyote Kusini mwa Afrika. Watalii wengi hutembelea maporomoko haya kila siku na hulipa ada ndogo ili kuyaona. Pia ni sehemu ya matembezi ya Loerie , njia ya kutembea yenye urefu wa kilomita 10, ingawa kuna njia fupi ya takribani kilomita 6 inayozunguka eneo la maporomoko yenyewe. Aidha, Maporomoko ya Pazia la Harusi ni sehemu ya njia maarufu ya matembezi ya Fanie Botha, ambayo kwa ujumla ni [[safari]] ya siku tano, lakini pia ina chaguo za njia fupi kwa watembeaji wanaotaka safari fupi zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Walks and Hikes - Sabie|url=https://sabie.co.za/about/hiking/#bridal|work=sabie.co.za|accessdate=2026-06-22}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] 4lr4gnrg985j3o4kx7nhvj26lqyjyte 1 241389 1576196 2026-06-23T01:36:19Z ~2026-36269-50 90457 /* Msahada wa mtaji */ mjadala mpya 1576196 wikitext text/x-wiki == Msahada wa mtaji == naomba msahada wa mtaji nifunguwe duka la vipodozi nime choka kuwa mwahiriwa kila siku [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-36269-50|&#126;2026-36269-50]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-36269-50|talk]]) 01:36, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) lzm7upqior53voegayfqzwyvjrwruwl 0 241390 1576201 2026-06-23T02:52:22Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Horseshoe Falls - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji asubuhi ya msimu wa baridi (msimu wa kiangazi)]] '''Maporomoko ya Horseshoe''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kilomita 4 kutoka Barabara ya Old Lydenburg kando ya Mto Sabie katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya ni ya kipekee kwa sababu yana umbo la kiatu cha farasi (''horseshoe''), ingawa si marefu sana. Kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kihistoria na kiasili, yametangazwa...' 1576201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Horseshoe Falls - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji asubuhi ya msimu wa baridi (msimu wa kiangazi)]] '''Maporomoko ya Horseshoe''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kilomita 4 kutoka Barabara ya Old Lydenburg kando ya Mto Sabie katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya ni ya kipekee kwa sababu yana umbo la kiatu cha farasi (''horseshoe''), ingawa si marefu sana. Kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kihistoria na kiasili, yametangazwa kuwa Mnara wa Taifa wa Afrika Kusini. Njia fupi ya kutembea kupitia [[mandhari]] nzuri ya asili huwafikisha wageni kwenye maporomoko haya ya aina ya mteremko (''cascade''). Wakiwa hapo, wageni wanaweza pia kuona aina mbalimbali za [[ndege]] na [[wanyamapori]] wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Horse Shoe Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.php|work=www.sa-venues.com|accessdate=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ingawa eneo hili linafikika kwa urahisi, wageni hulipa ada ndogo ili kuingia katika hifadhi ambako kivutio hiki kinapatikana. Maporomoko ya Horseshoe pia ni eneo maarufu kwa uvuvi wa samaki aina ya trout. == Vivutio vingine == Nchini Afrika Kusini pia kuna eneo linalojulikana kama '''Amphitheatre''' katika Hifadhi ya uKhahlamba-Drakensberg. Eneo hili lina [[miamba]] mikubwa yenye umbo la [[kiatu]] cha [[farasi]], jambo ambalo wakati mwingine linaweza kuchanganywa na Maporomoko ya Horseshoe kutokana na kufanana kwa umbo lao. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] pvqxgnax3ko7vf060v1zx8xhg266jbh 1576215 1576201 2026-06-23T06:58:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1576215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Horseshoe Falls - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Maporomoko ya maji asubuhi ya msimu wa baridi (msimu wa kiangazi)]] '''Maporomoko ya Horseshoe''' ni [[maporomoko]] ya maji yaliyopo kilomita 4 kutoka Barabara ya Old Lydenburg kando ya Mto Sabie katika Mkoa wa Mpumalanga, Afrika Kusini. Maporomoko haya ni ya kipekee kwa sababu yana umbo la kiatu cha farasi (''horseshoe''), ingawa si marefu sana. Kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kihistoria na kiasili, yametangazwa kuwa Mnara wa Taifa wa Afrika Kusini. Njia fupi ya kutembea kupitia [[mandhari]] nzuri ya asili huwafikisha wageni kwenye maporomoko haya ya aina ya mteremko (''cascade''). Wakiwa hapo, wageni wanaweza pia kuona aina mbalimbali za [[ndege]] na [[wanyamapori]] wa eneo hilo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Horse Shoe Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.php|work=www.sa-venues.com|accessdate=2026-06-23}}</ref> Ingawa eneo hili linafikika kwa urahisi, wageni hulipa ada ndogo ili kuingia katika hifadhi ambako kivutio hiki kinapatikana. Maporomoko ya Horseshoe pia ni eneo maarufu kwa uvuvi wa samaki aina ya trout. == Vivutio vingine == Nchini Afrika Kusini pia kuna eneo linalojulikana kama '''Amphitheatre''' katika Hifadhi ya uKhahlamba-Drakensberg. Eneo hili lina [[miamba]] mikubwa yenye umbo la [[kiatu]] cha [[farasi]], jambo ambalo wakati mwingine linaweza kuchanganywa na Maporomoko ya Horseshoe kutokana na kufanana kwa umbo lao. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-AfrikaKusini}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] o2julojizvdie66qln6ztitzwdetfh2 0 241391 1576202 2026-06-23T03:26:12Z Castro255 89781 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bwawa la Weija''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Densu nchini [[Ghana]], ambalo linaunga mkono kituo kikuu cha kutibu maji kwa ajili ya Jiji la Accra. Bwawa hili linaendeshwa na Kampuni ya maji ya Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NADMO - Weija Dam Spillage Ongoing ... Nadmo Success Story|url=http://www.nadmo.gov.gh/index.php/archives/5-main-article/main-article/124-weija-dam-spillage-is-ongoing-nadmo-success-story|work=www.nadmo.gov.gh|accessdate=2026-06-2...' 1576202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bwawa la Weija''' ni bwawa lililojengwa kwenye Mto Densu nchini [[Ghana]], ambalo linaunga mkono kituo kikuu cha kutibu maji kwa ajili ya Jiji la Accra. Bwawa hili linaendeshwa na Kampuni ya maji ya Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NADMO - Weija Dam Spillage Ongoing ... Nadmo Success Story|url=http://www.nadmo.gov.gh/index.php/archives/5-main-article/main-article/124-weija-dam-spillage-is-ongoing-nadmo-success-story|work=www.nadmo.gov.gh|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-gb|author=Amoani Emmanuel Ofori}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spillage of Weija dam causes 'severe' flooding at Glefe, Opetekwei - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/june-10th/spillage-of-weija-dam-causes-severe-flooding-at-glefe-opetekwei.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2026-06-23}}</ref> Bwawa la Weija husambaza takribani asilimia 80 ya maji safi ya matumizi kwa wakazi wa [[Accra]] na maeneo ya jirani. Ujenzi wake ulianza mwaka 1974 na kukamilika mwaka 1978 na kampuni ya Kiitaliano iliyojulikana kama Messrs Tahi. == Kumwagwa kwa maji ya bwawa == Mnamo Juni 2014, maji yalifunguliwa kutoka bwawani na kusababisha mafuriko katika eneo la Glefe. Baadhi ya waathirika walidai kuwa mafuriko hayo yalichangiwa na kutofanyika kwa uchimbaji wa mkondo wa mto unaoelekea baharini kutokana na kusubiri kumalizika kwa tamasha la Homowo. Mwezi Machi 2017, Ghana Water Company ilianza kumwaga maji kutoka bwawani ili kuzuia kiwango cha [[maji]] kisizidi kiwango cha juu kinachoruhusiwa. Hatua hiyo ilihitajika kutokana na msimu wa mvua na ilisababisha mafuriko katika maeneo ya Tetegu na Oblogo. Mwezi Machi 2021, malango ya bwawa yalifunguliwa baada ya kiwango cha maji kuongezeka ghafla kwa futi 1.9 ndani ya saa 24. Kiwango cha maji kiliongezeka kutoka futi 46.2 hadi futi 48.1, ambacho kilikuwa futi 1.1 juu ya kiwango salama cha uendeshaji cha futi 47. Kufunguliwa kwa malango kulifanyika ili kupunguza hatari ya bwawa kuharibika au kupasuka. Mwezi Oktoba 2022, bwawa lilimwaga maji mara mbili kutokana na mvua kubwa. Kiwango cha maji kilikuwa [[futi]] 49.5 wakati wa kumwagwa kwa kwanza mwanzoni mwa mwezi huo, na futi 47.9 wakati wa kumwagwa kwa pili baadaye mwezi huo. Bwawa la Weija ni mojawapo ya miundombinu muhimu zaidi ya maji nchini Ghana kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika usambazaji wa maji kwa mji mkuu wa Accra na maeneo yanayouzunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weija dam spillage causes flooding downstream|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/weija-dam-spillage-causes-flooding-downstream.html|work=Graphic Online|date=2022-10-04|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Ghana}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Ghana]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 5i0yb3cmyymln3iu374b9fo555i0es3 2 241392 1576209 2026-06-23T04:43:57Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 TAARIFA BINAFSI 1576209 wikitext text/x-wiki HD Master Plan (Hosea William Msigwa) Hosea William Msigwa (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama HD Master Plan; alizaliwa mnamo Februari 22) ni mwimbaji na mwandishi wa nyimbo wa miondoko ya Bongo Flava na Muziki wa Kizazi Kipya kutoka nchini Tanzania. Anafahamika zaidi kwa uwezo wake wa kuchanganya melodi za kuvutia na mashairi yenye uhalisia wa maisha ya Kitanzania. Kwa sasa, anafanya kazi zake za muziki chini ya usimamizi wa lebo huru ya Wenyewe Classic Group (WCG). MAISHA YA AWALI NA ELIMU HD Master Plan alizaliwa na kukulia katika Mji wa Mafinga, uliopo Wilaya ya Mufindi mkoani Iringa, Nyanda za Juu Kusini mwa Tanzania. Tangu akiwa mdogo, alionyesha mapenzi makubwa kwenye sanaa ya maonyesho na muziki, akivutiwa na mastaa wakubwa wa Bongo Flava waliokuwa wakitamba nchini kipindi hicho. Alianza kujifunza kuandika mashairi na kujaribu sauti yake kabla ya kuingia rasmi studio kurekodi kazi zake mwenyewe. TASNIA YA MUZIKI Baada ya kuhangaika kwa muda mrefu kama msanii anayeibukia (underground), kipaji cha HD Master Plan kilikuja kugunduliwa na uongozi wa Wenyewe Classic Group (WCG), kundi na lebo ya kijasiriamali inayosaidia kukuza vipaji vya wasanii wa mikoani. Kupitia lebo hiyo, alipata nafasi ya kufanya kazi na watayarishaji wazuri wa muziki na kuanza kutoa kazi zenye ubora wa ushindani wa soko la kitaifa. Muziki wake unajulikana kwa mchanganyiko wa mahadhi ya mahaba, maisha ya mtaani, na burudani ya kuchangamka, jambo linalomfanya akubalike na mashabiki wa rika zote. KAZI ZENYE JINA (Discography) Katika safari yake ya kimuziki, HD Master Plan amefanikiwa kuachia nyimbo kadhaa ambazo zimepokelewa vizuri kwenye vituo vya redio mkoani Iringa na kwenye mitandao ya kijamii. Miongoni mwa kazi zake maarufu ni pamoja na: 1. MY DARLING 2. WAAMBIE 3. TAMBA 4. DUNIA 5. MARIAMU 6. HATUNA DHAMBI 7. FEATURING MTINDO WA MUZIKI NA USHAWISHI HD Master Plan anawakilisha wimbi jipya la wasanii wanaothibitisha kuwa muziki mzuri na wenye viwango unaweza kutengenezwa nje ya jiji la Dar es Salaam (ambalo limezoeleka kama kitovu cha burudani). Anatumia utambulisho wake wa Mafinga na mkoa wa Iringa kama fahari, akilenga kuhamasisha vijana wengine wa mikoani kuwa na thubutu ya kufuata ndoto zao kupitia sanaa. e8odo5kg4uu7p9m59gvpktc27z4dqbi 3 241393 1576210 2026-06-23T04:45:27Z HD MASTER PLAN 50849 /* Je unamjua HD MASTER PLAN?? */ mjadala mpya 1576210 wikitext text/x-wiki == Je unamjua HD MASTER PLAN?? == MSANII WA MUZIKI? '''[[Mtumiaji:HD MASTER PLAN|HD MASTER PLAN]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HD MASTER PLAN|majadiliano]])''' 04:45, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) j5b2aaywgv5qrtadflz8976t7smtg1e 0 241394 1576214 2026-06-23T06:58:37Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Gene Simmons | jina_halisi = Chaim Witz | majina_mengine = {{plainlist| * Gene Klein * The Demon * God of Thunder * Dr. Love * Reginald Van Helsing }} | picha = Gene Simmons - Wacken Open Air 2024 05 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Simmons mwaka 2024 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1949|08|25|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Haifa, Israeli | uraia...' 1576214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Gene Simmons | jina_halisi = Chaim Witz | majina_mengine = {{plainlist| * Gene Klein * The Demon * God of Thunder * Dr. Love * Reginald Van Helsing }} | picha = Gene Simmons - Wacken Open Air 2024 05 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Simmons mwaka 2024 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1949|08|25|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Haifa, Israeli | uraia = {{plainlist| * Israeli * Marekani }} | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwanamuziki * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mtayarishaji wa rekodi * Mwigizaji * Mfanyabiashara * Mcheza maigizo wa televisheni }} | kipindi = 1970–sasa | mwenzi = Shannon Tweed (ndoa 2011–sasa) | washirika = {{plainlist| * Cher (1978–1980) * Diana Ross (1980–1983) }} | watoto = {{plainlist| * Nick Simmons * Sophie Simmons }} | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Rock ngumu (Hard rock) * Heavy metal }} | chombo = {{plainlist| * Gitaa la besi * Sauti }} | kikundi_cha_zamani = {{plainlist| * Kiss * Wicked Lester }} | asili = New York City, Marekani | tovuti = {{URL|genesimmons.com}} }} '''Gene Simmons''' (alizaliwa kama '''Chaim Witz'''; Agosti 25, 1949), anayejulikana pia kwa jina lake la jukwaani kama "'''the Demon'''" (Shetani), ni mwanamuziki wa [[Israeli]] na [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mpiga gitaa la besi na mwimbaji mkuu mwenza wa bendi ya muziki wa "hard rock" ya [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], ambayo aliianzisha kwa ushirikiano na [[Paul Stanley]], [[Ace Frehley]], na [[Peter Criss]] mnamo mwaka 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/musicians/gene-simmons |title=Gene Simmons Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}</ref> Simmons, pamoja na Stanley, walibaki kuwa wanachama wa kudumu wa bendi hiyo hadi iliposambaratika rasmi mnamo mwaka 2023. Simmons anajulikana pia kwa ulimi wake mrefu na kwa kipindi chake cha televisheni cha maisha halisi (reality show) kilichoitwa ''[[Gene Simmons Family Jewels]]'', kilichorushwa hewani kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/compose/tt0791404/ |title=Gene Simmons: Family Jewels |website=IMDb |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}</ref> Aliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa "Rock and Roll" ([[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]) mnamo mwaka 2014 kama mwanachama wa Kiss.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/kiss |title=KISS |website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 3vq31yvd4msex2o7leose8pvh6qog9a 0 241395 1576216 2026-06-23T07:06:13Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Milton Nascimento | jina_halisi = Milton Nascimento | majina_mengine = Bituca | picha = Milton Nascimento 2008.04.30 007.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Nascimento mwaka 2008 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1942|10|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Rio de Janeiro, Brazili | asili = Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, Brazili<ref>{{AllMusic|class=artist|i...' 1576216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Milton Nascimento | jina_halisi = Milton Nascimento | majina_mengine = Bituca | picha = Milton Nascimento 2008.04.30 007.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Nascimento mwaka 2008 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1942|10|26|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Rio de Janeiro, Brazili | asili = Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, Brazili<ref>{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p3369}}</ref> | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwimbaji * Mtunzi wa nyimbo * Mpiga gitaa }} | kipindi = 1962–2025 | aina_ya_muziki = {{plainlist| * Música Popular Brasileira (MPB) * Pop rock * Rock and roll * Jazz * Soft rock * Afrobeat * Worldbeat * Adult contemporary }} | chombo = {{plainlist| * Sauti * Gitaa * Piano }} | lebo = {{plainlist| * Warner Music Brazil * Universal Music Brazil * Sony Music Brazil * Philips * Mercury * CTI * EMI Music Brazil * Warner Bros. Records * Blue Note / EMI Records * Nonesuch / Elektra Records }} | tovuti = }} '''Milton Silva Campos do Nascimento''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 26, 1942),<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |date=1992 |publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]] |isbn=0-85112-939-0 |editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]] |edition=First |pages=1793, 1794}}</ref> anayejulikana pia kama '''Bituca''',<ref name="nickname">{{cite magazine |date=November 26, 2022 |title=Por que o apelido de Milton Nascimento é Bituca? |trans-title=Why is Milton Nascimento's nickname Bituca? |url=https://rollingstone.com.br/noticia/por-que-o-apelido-de-milton-nascimento-e-bituca/ |access-date=January 8, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |publisher=UOL |language=pt-BR}}</ref> ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mpiga ala mbalimbali za muziki kutoka nchini [[Brazil]]. Nascimento amerekodi albamu 32 za studio na ameshinda Tuzo tano za [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]], ikiwa ni pamoja na Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Dunia ([[Best World Music Album]]) kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya ''[[Nascimento (album)|Nascimento]]'' mnamo mwaka 1998,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pires |first1=Cláudia |date=February 27, 1998 |title=Música: "Nascimento" ganha Grammy em NY |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq27029832.htm |access-date=November 26, 2022 |publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]]}}</ref> pamoja na Tuzo kumi na mbili za Muziki za Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazilian Music Awards – Awarded Artists – Milton Nascimento |url=https://www.premiodamusica.com.br/premiado/milton-nascimento |website=Prêmio da Música Brasileira |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ameshirikiana na wasanii mbalimbali wakiwemo [[Björk]], [[Pat Metheny]], [[Caetano Veloso]], na [[Elis Regina]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] he348g9qi7gk2d3vzvgexiz51bbqsnk 0 241396 1576218 2026-06-23T07:16:36Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid | jina_halisi = Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid | majina_mengine = Iman | picha = Iman 1996.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Iman Mohamed mwaka 1994 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1955|7|25|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mogadiscio, Somaliland ya Kiitaliano | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwanamitindo * Mwigizaji }} | kipindi...' 1576218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid | jina_halisi = Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid | majina_mengine = Iman | picha = Iman 1996.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Iman Mohamed mwaka 1994 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1955|7|25|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Mogadiscio, Somaliland ya Kiitaliano | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwanamitindo * Mwigizaji }} | kipindi = 1975–sasa | tuzo = Tuzo ya Fashion Icon Lifetime Achievement (2011) | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Hassan (ndoa 1973–1975, talaka) * Spencer Haywood (ndoa 1977–1987, talaka) * David Bowie (ndoa 1992–2016, kifo) }} | watoto = 2 (akiwemo Lexi Jones) | rangi_ya_nywele = Kahawia nyeusi<ref name="Fmdiap">{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/iman_abdulmajid/ |title= Iman Abdulmajid – Profile |publisher= Fashion Model Directory |access-date= 9 May 2012}}</ref> | shirika_la_mitindo = Tess Management (London) | tovuti = }} '''Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid''' (alizaliwa kama '''Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid''', Julai 25, 1955), anayejulikana kwa jina moja tu kama '''Iman''', ni mwanamitindo na mwigizaji wa mchanganyiko wa asili ya [[Somalia]] na [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/personality/iman |title=Iman Biography |website=Biography.com |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa kivutio cha ubunifu wa wabunifu wa mavazi kama [[Gianni Versace]], [[Thierry Mugler]], [[Calvin Klein]], [[Donna Karan]], na [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], na anajulikana pia kwa kazi zake za kutoa msaada wa kibinadamu. Tangu alipoanza mnamo mwaka 1975, alipanda hadi kilele cha tasnia ya mitindo ya kimataifa, akijiweka kama mmoja wa wanamitindo mashuhuri zaidi duniani. Aliolewa na mwanamichezo [[Spencer Haywood]] kuanzia mwaka 1977 hadi 1987, na mwanamuziki [[David Bowie]] kuanzia mwaka 1992 hadi [[Death of David Bowie|kifo chake]] mnamo mwaka 2016. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] tjwr7fyxytq317ymvl019xibvdrsqcm 0 241397 1576219 2026-06-23T07:25:48Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Alexei Sayle | jina_halisi = Alexei David Sayle | picha = Alexei Sayle Cambridge 2016.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Sayle katika tamasha la fasihi kwenye jengo la Cambridge Union mwaka 2016 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1952|8|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Anfield, Liverpool, England | uraia = Uingereza | kazi = Mchekeshaji, mwig...' 1576219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Alexei Sayle | jina_halisi = Alexei David Sayle | picha = Alexei Sayle Cambridge 2016.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Sayle katika tamasha la fasihi kwenye jengo la Cambridge Union mwaka 2016 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1952|8|7|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Anfield, Liverpool, England | uraia = Uingereza | kazi = Mchekeshaji, mwigizaji, mwandishi | vyombo_vya_mawasiliano = Filamu, vichekesho vya jukwaani, maandiko, redio, televisheni | kipindi = 1979–sasa | aina_ya_vichekesho = {{plainlist| * Vichekesho mbadala (Alternative comedy) * Vichekesho vyeusi (Black comedy) * Vichekesho vya tabia (Character comedy) * Vichekesho vya mwili (Physical comedy) * Ucheshi wa ajabu (Surreal humour) * Parody }} | mwenzi = Linda Rawsthorn (ndoa 1974–sasa)<ref name="alexeisayle.me">{{cite web |url=http://www.alexeisayle.me/about-me/ |title=Alexei Sayle – About Me |publisher=Alexeisayle.me |date=7 August 1952 |access-date=24 January 2013 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511184407/http://www.alexeisayle.me/about-me/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''Alexei Sayle's Stuff'' * ''The Comic Strip Presents...'' * ''The Young Ones'' * ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'' * ''Gorky Park'' }} }} '''Alexei David Sayle''' (alizaliwa Agosti 7, 1952) ni mwigizaji, mwandishi, mchekeshaji wa jukwaani (stand-up comedian), mtangazaji wa televisheni, na msanii wa zamani wa kurekodi muziki wa [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa kiongozi mashuhuri katika vuguvugu la uchekeshaji mbadala (alternative comedy) nchini Uingereza mnamo miaka ya 1980. Alipigiwa kura na kuwa mchekeshaji wa jukwaani wa 18 kwa ukubwa wa muda wote kwenye kipindi cha [[Channel 4]] kiitwacho ''[[100 Greatest (TV series)|100 Greatest Stand-Ups]]'' mnamo mwaka 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/100_greatest_stand_ups/episodes/1/1/ |title=The 100 Greatest Stand-Ups – Episode 1.1. The 100 Greatest Stand-Ups 2007 – British Comedy Guide |publisher=Comedy.co.uk |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> Katika kura mpya zilizopigwa mnamo mwaka 2010, alishika nafasi ya 72.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-100-greatest-stand-ups/articles/greatest-stand-ups-of-all-time |title=The 100 Greatest Stand-Ups – Announcements – Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time! |publisher=Channel 4 |date=11 April 2010 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214118/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-100-greatest-stand-ups/articles/greatest-stand-ups-of-all-time |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sehemu kubwa ya uchekeshaji wa Sayle hufuata mapokeo ya [[Spike Milligan]] na [[Monty Python]], huku mtindo wake ukiegemea misingi ya mambo yasiyo ya kawaida na ya kidhahania .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/alexeisaylesstuff/ |title=Comedy – Alexei Sayle's Stuff |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> Kazi zake zinajulikana kwa mtazamo wa kubeza (cynicism) na uelewa wa kisiasa pamoja na uchekeshaji wa kutumia viungo vya mwili.<ref>{{cite news |author=Matt Trueman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/nov/17/alexei-sayle-returns-standup-comedy |title=Alexei Sayle returns to standup after 16-year break |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=21 July 2012 |location=London}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 2fc5vynd7s0kvqq9y57szlmy5p3n7zp 14 241398 1576220 2026-06-23T07:26:30Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]]' 1576220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji]] npm0e1ee6nce7b4jnqb03xbc80a24d4 0 241399 1576221 2026-06-23T07:44:53Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Bertolt Brecht | jina_halisi = Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht | picha = Bertolt-Brecht.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Brecht mwaka 1954 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1898|2|10|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Augsburg, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|1956|8|14|1898|2|10|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Berlin Mashariki, Ujerumani Mashariki | kazi...' 1576221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Bertolt Brecht | jina_halisi = Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht | picha = Bertolt-Brecht.jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Brecht mwaka 1954 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date|1898|2|10|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Augsburg, Ujerumani | tarehe_ya_kifo = {{Death date and age|1956|8|14|1898|2|10|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kifo = Berlin Mashariki, Ujerumani Mashariki | kazi = {{plainlist| * Mwandishi wa tamthilia * Mkurugenzi wa jukwaa * Mshairi * Mtunzi wa filamu }} | aina = Tamthilia ya kifasihi (Epic theatre) | mwenzi = {{plainlist| * Marianne Zoff (ndoa 1922–1927, talaka) * Helene Weigel (ndoa 1930–1956) }} | harakati = Tamthilia isiyo ya Aristotelian | kazi_mahususi = {{plainlist| * ''The Threepenny Opera'' * ''Life of Galileo'' * ''Mother Courage and Her Children'' * ''The Good Person of Szechwan'' * ''The Caucasian Chalk Circle'' * ''Mr Puntila and His Man Matti'' * ''The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui'' }} | watoto = 4 (akiwemo Hanne Hiob, Stefan Brecht, Barbara Brecht-Schall) | ndugu = Walter Brecht (kaka) | sahihi = Unterschrift Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956).png }} '''Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht''' (10 Februari 1898 – 14 Agosti 1956), anayejulikana kama '''Bertolt Brecht''' na '''Bert Brecht''', alikuwa mtaalamu wa ukumbi wa michezo, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mshairi wa [[Ujerumani]]. Akikuwa katika kipindi cha [[Jamhuri ya Weimar]], alipata mafanikio yake ya kwanza kama mwandishi wa michezo huko jijini [[Munich]] na kuhamia katika mji wa [[Berlin]] mnamo mwaka 1924, ambapo aliandika mchezo wa jukwaani, ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' kwa ushirikiano na [[Elisabeth Hauptmann]] na [[Kurt Weill]], na kuanza ushirikiano wa maisha yake yote na mtunzi wa muziki [[Hanns Eisler]]. Akiwa amezama katika mawazo ya [[Umaksi]] katika kipindi hiki, Brecht aliandika michezo ya mafundisho ya ''[[Lehrstücke]]'' na akawa mwanadharia mashuhuri wa jukwaa la kishujaa ([[epic theatre]], ambalo baadaye alipendelea kuliita "jukwaa la kijadili") na mtindo wa kutenganisha ({{lang|de|[[Verfremdungseffekt]]}}). Wakati Chama cha [[Nazi Party|Kinazi]] kilipoingia madarakani nchini Ujerumani mnamo mwaka 1933, Brecht alikimbia nchi yake ya asili, hapo awali akielekea [[Skandinavia]]. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]], alihamia Kusini mwa jimbo [[California]] nchini [[Marekani]], ambapo alijithibitisha kama mwandishi wa muswada wa filamu huku akichunguzwa kwa siri na [[FBI]].{{sfn|Willett|1990|pp=312–313}} Mnamo mwaka 1947, alikuwa miongoni mwa kundi la kwanza la wasanii wa filamu wa [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]] walioitwa mbele ya Kamati ya Bunge ya Shughuli Zisizo za Kimarekani kwa madai ya kujihusisha na Chama cha Kikomunisti.<ref name=Today_in_history>{{cite web |title=October 30, 1947 - Famed Playwright Brecht Testifies Before HUAC – Immediately Leaves the U.S. |date=29 August 2013 |publisher=Today in Civil Liberties History |access-date=13 October 2024 |url=https://todayinclh.com/?event=famed-playwright-brecht-testifies-before-huac}}</ref> Siku moja baada ya kutoa ushahidi wake, alirejea Ulaya, na hatimaye kuishi mashariki mwa Berlin, ambapo alianzisha kwa ushirikiano kampuni ya ukumbi wa michezo ya [[Berliner Ensemble]] pamoja na mke wake ambaye pia alikuwa mshirika wake wa muda mrefu, mwigizaji [[Helene Weigel]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1956]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] 25csjseusoxdb7d0gslozrzztc1slyk 3 241400 1576227 2026-06-23T09:48:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576227 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) qvyzlv80f1l3hajrchfvcqmcmhyeq64 3 241401 1576228 2026-06-23T09:48:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576228 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) qvyzlv80f1l3hajrchfvcqmcmhyeq64 3 241402 1576229 2026-06-23T09:48:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576229 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) qvyzlv80f1l3hajrchfvcqmcmhyeq64 3 241403 1576230 2026-06-23T09:48:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576230 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) qvyzlv80f1l3hajrchfvcqmcmhyeq64 3 241404 1576231 2026-06-23T09:48:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576231 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) qvyzlv80f1l3hajrchfvcqmcmhyeq64 3 241405 1576232 2026-06-23T09:49:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576232 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241406 1576233 2026-06-23T09:49:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576233 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241407 1576234 2026-06-23T09:49:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576234 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241408 1576235 2026-06-23T09:49:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576235 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241409 1576236 2026-06-23T09:49:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576236 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241410 1576237 2026-06-23T09:49:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576237 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 0qqwyb9nd369zbn58497ctgdf1le09n 3 241411 1576238 2026-06-23T09:50:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576238 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 070arx4vbdl43e153zvuz0u2lx9nw7w 3 241412 1576239 2026-06-23T09:50:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576239 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 070arx4vbdl43e153zvuz0u2lx9nw7w 3 241413 1576240 2026-06-23T09:50:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576240 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 070arx4vbdl43e153zvuz0u2lx9nw7w 3 241414 1576241 2026-06-23T09:50:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1576241 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) 070arx4vbdl43e153zvuz0u2lx9nw7w 0 241415 1576245 2026-06-23T10:23:04Z SciFusion 76137 Nimeunda kurasa 1576245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uhaba wa chakula ni hali inayotokea wakati jamii, eneo au nchi inapokosa kiasi cha kutosha cha [[chakula]] chenye lishe bora ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kila siku ya watu wake. Hali hii inaweza kuwa ya muda mfupi (kwa mfano baada ya [[maafa]] ya asili) au ya muda mrefu ([[sugu]]). == Sababu za Uhaba wa Chakula == Kuna mambo mengi yanayosababisha uhaba wa chakula duniani, hasa katika nchi zinazoendelea: * '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi:''' [[Ukataji miti]], [[ukame]] wa muda mrefu, na [[mafuriko]] huharibu [[kilimo]] na kupunguza uzalishaji wa mazao. * '''Vita na migogoro:''' [[Vita]] husababisha watu kukimbia makazi yao na kuacha mashamba, jambo linalofanya uzalishaji wa chakula kusimama. * '''Umaskini:''' Hata kama chakula kipo sokoni, [[umaskini]] huzuia familia nyingi kuwa na uwezo wa kifedha wa kukinunua. * '''Ongezeko la watu:''' Ukuaji wa haraka wa [[idadi ya watu]] duniani unazidi kasi ya uzalishaji na usambazaji wa chakula. * '''Magonjwa ya mimea na mifugo:''' [[Wadudu]] waharibifu (kama vile [[nzige]]) na magonjwa ya milipuko huangamiza [[mazao]] na [[mifugo]]. == Athari za Uhaba wa Chakula == Uhaba wa chakula una madhara makubwa kwa jamii: # '''Utapiamlo na Magonjwa:''' Ukosefu wa lishe bora husababisha [[utapiamlo]], hasa kwa [[watoto]], na kudhoofisha kinga ya mwili dhidi ya [[magonjwa]]. # '''Kushuka kwa Uchumi:''' Watu wenye njaa hawawezi kufanya kazi kwa ufanisi, jambo linalorudisha nyuma [[uchumi]] wa taifa. # '''Migogoro ya Kijamii:''' Njaa inaweza kusababisha vurugu, wizi, na hata [[maandamano]] dhidi ya serikali. == Suluhisho la Uhaba wa Chakula == Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hii, hatua zifuatazo ni muhimu: * Kuboresha [[teknolojia]] ya kilimo (kama vile kutumia [[umwagiliaji]] badala ya kutegemea [[mvua]]). * Kuanzisha maghala ya taifa ya kuhifadhi chakula cha akiba kwa ajili ya dharura. * Kusaidia [[wakulima wadogo]] kwa kuwapatia [[mbegu]] bora na [[mbolea]] kwa bei nafuu. * Kupunguza uharibifu wa mazingira ili kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. bejw5c2vw1r8c6y75dnz2nig5h7i13x