Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2497 1579693 1497275 2026-07-16T03:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuhusu|Misri ya sasa | ile ya kale|Misri ya Kale}} {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Misri |jina_asili = ''Gumhūriyyat Misr al-ʿArabiyya'' ([[Kiarabu]]) |bendera = File:Flag of Egypt.svg |nembo = File:Coat of arms of Egypt.svg |kaulimbiu = |wimbo = ''Biladi, Biladi, Biladi'' (Nchi yangu, nchi yangu, nchi yangu) <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.ogg]]</div> |ramani = Egypt (orthographic projection).svg |mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Cairo]] |lugha_rasmi = [[Kiarabu]] |kabila = |dini = |aina_ya_serikali = Jamhuri ya nusu-rais wa umoja chini ya utawala wa Udikteta |utaifa = Mmisri |kiongozi1 = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] |cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] |kiongozi2 = [[Mostafa Madbouly]] |cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] |eneo_jumla = 1,010,408 |idadi_ya_watu_makisio = {{increase}} 100,075,480 |mwaka_wa_makisio = 2020 |msongamano = 99 |pato_ppp = {{increase}} $2.232 Trilioni <ref name='auto1'>{{Cite Web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY|title=Egypt GDP profile|accessdate=2025-01-30}}</ref> |pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $20,799 <ref name='auto1'/> |orodha_ya_pato_la_taifa_ppp = 18 |plt = {{decrease}} $380.044 Bilioni <ref name='auto1'/> |mwaka_pato = 2024 |pato_kwa_mtu = {{decrease}} $3,542 <ref name='auto1'/> |cheo_plt_kawaida = 42 |hdi = {{increase}} 0.728 |mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 |orodha_ya_hdi = 105 |mwaka_wa_hdi = 2022 |gini = 31.9 |mwaka_gini = 2019 |sarafu = [[Pauni ya Misri]] (EGP) |eneo_la_saa = [[Muda sanifu wa dunia|UTC]]+2 |msimbo_simu = 20 |tld = .eg |upande_wa_kuendesha = Kulia }} '''Misri''' (kwa [[Kiarabu]]: '''مصر''', ''Masr'') rasmi kama '''Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Misri''' ni nchi iliyoko kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Afrika]], na sehemu ndogo kwenye Rasi ya Sinai ya Asia. Inapakana na [[Libya]] upande wa magharibi, [[Sudan]] upande wa kusini, [[Israeli]] na Ukanda wa Gaza upande wa kaskazini-mashariki, na upande wa kaskazini na Bahari ya Mediterania. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu wapatao milioni 112, inashika nafasi ya 14 kwa idadi ya watu duniani na ya tatu kwa idadi ya watu barani Afrika. [[Cairo]] ndiyo mji mkuu na jiji kubwa zaidi la Misri. Misri ni makazi ya mojawapo ya ustaarabu wa kale na wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi duniani, ambao ulianza zaidi ya miaka 5,000 iliyopita. Ilikuwa kitovu cha ustaarabu wa kale wa Wamisri, ambao ulichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika [[historia]] ya [[binadamu]] katika nyanja kama vile uandishi, usanifu wa majengo, hisabati, na utawala. Piramidi, mahekalu, na sanamu ya Sphinx ni alama za kudumu za urithi huu tajiri. Misri imeendelea kuwa kitovu cha [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]] na kisiasa katika ulimwengu wa [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kiislamu]] kwa karne nyingi. Misri ya kisasa inaendeshwa kama jamhuri ya nusu-urais na inachukuliwa kuwa taifa lenye nguvu katika kanda ya Afrika na Mashariki ya Kati. Uchumi wake ni wa aina mbalimbali, ukitegemea kilimo, utalii, uzalishaji wa viwandani, na Mfereji wa Suez—ambao ni njia muhimu ya biashara duniani. Licha ya changamoto kama vile idadi kubwa ya watu, ukosefu wa ajira, na usimamizi wa rasilimali, Misri inaendelea kuwa na nafasi muhimu katika diplomasia ya kikanda na masuala ya kimataifa. ==Jina == *Jina la Misri kwa [[Kiswahili]] linalingana na jina rasmi la <big><big>مصر</big></big> Miṣr katika [[lugha]] ya Kiarabu. Ni jina la Kale jinsi inavyoonekana katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ambako inaitwa Mitzrayim (מִצְרַיִם, wingi wa Misri kumaanisha Misri ya Juu na Misri ya Chini). Maana ya jina hili ni "nchi". *Katika enzi ya [[Misri ya Kale]] nchi iliitwa na wenyeji Km.t (''Kemet'') inayomaaniosha "nchi nyeusi" kwa kutaja [[ardhi]] "nyeusi" (=yenye [[rutuba]]) ya [[bonde]] la [[Naili]], tofauti na ardhi [[nyekundu]] ya [[jangwa]]. *Majina ya [[Mzungu|Kizungu]] ya "Egypt" ([[ing.]]), "Egypte" ([[far.]]), "Ägypten" ([[jer.]]) yanatokana na jina la [[Kigiriki]] '''Αίγυπτος''' (''aigyptos''). Hakuna hakika juu ya maana asilia ya neno. Wengine huamini neno limetokana na jina la [[hekalu]] muhimu mjini [[Memphis (Misri)|Memphis]]. Neno hili ni pia asili ya jina "[[Wakopti]]" na hii ni jinsi wenyeji wa Misri walivyojiita wakati wa [[utawala]] wa [[Dola la Roma]] ==Jiografia== Misri imepakana na [[Bahari]] ya [[Mediteranea]], [[Israeli]], Eneo la mamlaka ya [[Palestina]], [[ghuba ya Suez]], ghuba ya [[Aqaba]], [[Bahari ya Shamu]], [[Sudan]] na [[Libya]]. Umbo la nchi hufanana na [[trapeza]]. [[Tabianchi]] ni [[yabisi]] sana na maeneo makubwa ni [[jangwa]], pamoja na [[oasisi]] na maeneo ya [[savana]] ya miiba. Karibu wananchi wote huishi ndani ya kanda nyembamba ya [[bonde]] la mto [[Naili]]. Bonde hili linavuka nchi kuanzia mpakani na [[Sudani]] katika kusini kuelekea kaskazini hadi mdomo wa mto kwenye [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]]. Ardhi pande zote mbili za mto inamwagiliwa na kulimwa. Kwatika umbali mdogo kutoka mto jangwa inaanza. Takriban kilomita 250 kabla ya [[mdomo]] Naili inagawanyika katika [[mkono|mikono]] mbalimbali na kuunda [[delta ya mto]]. Kanda hili bichi si zaidi ya [[asilimia]] 5 za eneo lote la nchi, ila 98% za wananchi wote huishi humo. Kwa hiyo Naili huitwa "Baba wa Misri", kwa maana bila mto huo pasingekuwepo [[taifa]] hili. [[Mji mkuu]] wa [[Kairo]] uko mwanzoni mwa eneo la [[delta]]. Nchi yote huwa na kanda asilia zifuatazo: * [[Oasisi]] ya mto Naili: mto umechimba bonde kama [[mfereji]] katika [[mwamba]] asilia ya nchi. Ndani ya bonde hili jembamba lenye [[upana]] hadi [[kilomita]] 25 kuna kanda la ardhi yenye rutuba kuanzia [[Ziwa Nasser]] hadi Kairo. * Delta ya Naili: upande wa kaskazini wa Kairo Naili inajigawa katika mikono miwili mikuu na kati ya mikono hiyo miwili kuna eneo la delta yenye [[km²]] 23,000 kwa [[umbo]] la [[pembetatu]]. Inajaa ardhi ya rutuba kutokana na [[tope|matope]] ya Naili iliyopelekwa huko na [[mafuriko]] katika muda wa miaka elfu kadhaa. Eneo hili linalimwa kote na kumwagiliwa likiwa na mikono midogo ya kando ya Naili. * Jangwa la Magharibi: ni eneo kubwa upande wa magharibi wa Naili lisilo na [[milima]] mikubwa. Kaskazini mwake kuna [[tambarare]] ya Lybia iliyo takriban [[mita]] 240 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari|juu ya uwiano wa bahari]]. Kusini mwake linainama eneo la [[mbonyeo]] wa [[Qatara]] hadi mita 133 chini ya UB, halafu jangwa linapanda tena juu kuelekea kusini magharibi. :Ndani ya eneo hili kubwa kuna [[beseni]] kadhaa pamoja na oasisi za Siwa, Bahariyya, Farafra, Dakhla na Charga. Kilomita 100 upande wa kusini-magharibi wa Kairo kuna oasisi kubwa ya Fayyum pamoja na [[ziwa la Warun]] lenye eneo la km² 230. * Jangwa la Mashariki: ni eneo upande wa mashariki wa mto Naili. Huko kuna milima inayopanda juu ya mita 2,000 pamoja na [[wadi]] yaani bonde kali. Jangwa linatelemka hadi mfereji wa [[Bahari ya Shamu]] ambao ni sehemu ya [[Bonde la Ufa]] linaloanza [[Palestina]] na kuendelea hadi [[Ziwa Nyasa]]. * Rasi ya Sinai: ni eneo la jangwa na milima inayofikia hadi mita 2637 (Jabal Katharina). ==Historia== {{main|Historia ya Misri}} Nchi hiyo ni kati ya [[Kitovu|vitovu]] vya [[ustaarabu]] wa [[binadamu]], na kwa sababu hiyo inavutia [[watalii]] wengi. ===Historia ya awali=== Katika kipindi cha [[historia ya awali]] tangu takriban miaka [[6000 KK|6000]] [[KK]] wakazi wa Misri walikuwa na [[kilimo]] cha [[nafaka]]. Walikuwa na [[teknolojia]] ya [[Zama za Mawe]]. Wakati ule [[Jangwa la Sahara]] lilipanuka na kuwalazimisha watu kukaa karibu zaidi kwenye [[mto Nile]] na kwenye [[oasisi]] kama [[Faiyum]]. Katika [[mazingira]] ya [[jangwa]] [[bonde la Nile]] liliwavuta watu kutokana na [[rutuba]] kubwa ya [[ardhi]] iliyoongezwa kila mwaka upya kwa njia ya mafuriko yaliyotandaza [[matope]] kutoka [[nyanda za juu]] kwenye ardhi. [[Utafiti]] wa [[akiolojia]] umegundua ya kwamba wakazi hao wa [[bonde]] walianzisha tamaduni mbalimbali zilizokuwa tofauti kati yao lakini zilizowasiliana kibiashara. Mifano ya kwanza ya [[mwandiko]] wa [[hiroglifi]] imepatikana kwenye [[ufinyanzi|vyungu vilivyofinyangwa]] mnamo [[3200 KK]]. ===Misri ya Kale=== Katika [[karne]] zilizofuata, mnamo [[3000 KK]] yalitokea muungano wa sehemu mbalimbali wa Misri chini ya [[wafalme]] wenye nguvu wanaotajwa kwa cheo cha [[farao]]. Katika [[historia]] iliyotungwa na waandishi [[Wagiriki wa Kale]] ni kwa kawaida [[Farao Menes]] anayetajwa kuwa mtawala wa kwanza aliyeunganisha Misri ya Kaskazini na Misri ya Kusini kuwa [[milki]] moja. Lakini leo hii inajulikana kuna wafalme waliomtangulia waliokuwa tayari na milki kubwa. Hata hivyo Menes alianzisha utawala wa [[nasaba]] mbalimbali zilizofuatana, pamoja na vipindi vya kati ambako [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na mafarakano katika nasaba ziliweza kugawa nchi tena kwa muda. Mafarao wa [[Misri ya Kale]] walifaulu mara kadhaa kupanua [[mamlaka]] yao hadi ndani ya [[Sudani]] ya leo, na pia kwa vipindi juu ya sehemu za [[Palestina]] na [[Syria]] ya leo. Mara kadhaa wavamizi kutoka nje walifaulu kushika utawala juu ya Misri kama vile [[Waiksosi|Wahyksos]] kutoka Palestina / [[Kanaan]], [[Wakushi]] kutoka [[Nubia]] au watu kutoka [[Lybia]]. Wavamizi hao walitumia pia cheo cha Farao wakijaribu kuendeleza tabia nyingi za milki za awali. Hatimaye wote walipinduliwa tena na viongozi wazalendo walioanzisha nasaba mpya. Mwaka [[525 KK]] mfalme wa [[Uajemi]] aliteka Misri. Kwa kipindi kifupi Wamisri waliweza kuwaondoa tena na kuendelea chini ya watawala wazalendo. ===Misri ya Ptolemi (Wagiriki) na chini ya Roma=== Uvamizi wa [[Aleksander Mkuu]] mwaka [[332 KK]] ulianzisha kipindi cha Misri ya Kigiriki. Mji mpya wa Aleksandria ulikuwa mji mkuu mpya. [[Jemadari]] wa Wagiriki walitumia pia cheo cha Farao na kutawala kama [[nasaba ya Ptolemi]], lakini tabaka ya watawala ilikuwa na [[utamaduni]] tofauti sana na wananchi wakulima wa kawaida. Wakati wafalme Wagiriki waliendelea kutawala milki mpya ilienea kutoka magharibi ya Mediteranea iliyokuwa [[Dola la Roma]]. [[Malkia]] wa mwisho wa Misri alikuwa [[Kleopatra]]. Baada ya [[kifo]] chake Misri ilikuwa [[jimbo]] la Dola la [[Roma]]. Utawala wa Kiroma uliendelea kwa karne 6. Katika muda huu [[Ukristo]] ulianza kuenea katika Misri. Nchi ilikuwa haraka kitovu muhimu cha [[imani]] mpya na [[Ukristo wa Kikopti]] uliendeleza [[liturgia]] na [[mapokeo]] ya pekee na kupeleka mfumo huu wa Ukristo hadi Sudani na [[Ethiopia]]. Lakini hali ilikuwa ngumu baada ya [[Gavana|magavana]] wa Roma na baadaye wa [[Bizanti]] kujaribu kuwalazimisha Wakopti kufuata liturgia na mafundisho ya [[Kanisa]] rasmi yaani [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]]. ===Uvamizi wa Kiarabu na Misri ya Kiislamu=== Kwenye mwaka 639 jeshi la Waarabu Waislamu lilivamia Misri na kuteka nchi yote katika muda wa miaka 3. Wenyeji wengi waliokuwa Wakristo Wakopti hawakuwapinga kwa sababu walipendelea Waislamu kuliko Wakristo Waorthodoksi waliowahi kuwakandamiza vikali katika miaka iliyotangulia. Kwa karne kadhaa idadi kubwa bado walikuwa Wakristo lakini kuanzia karne ya 12 idadi ya Waislamu ilikuwa kubwa zaidi kwa sababu Wakristo walipaswa kulipa kodi zaidi na vipindi kadhaa vya mateso vilitokea na yote ilisababisha kuhamia kwa wananchi kwenda dini mpya. Watawala wapya hawakutumia Aleksandria kuwa mji mkuu bali walianzisha mji mpya wa Fustat karibu na [[Babylon ya Misri]]<ref>Leo hii sehemu zote mbili ziko ndani ya Jiji la Kairo</ref>, pale ambako mto Nile unajigawa na kuanzisha [[delta]] yake. Hadi mwaka 969 Misri ilitawaliwa na watawala Waislamu Wasunni waliokuwa kwa jina magavana na wawakilishi wa makhalifa huko Dameski au Baghdad, lakini zaidi watawala wa kujitegemea hali halisi. Mwaka 969 Wafatimi kutoka sehemu za Tunisia ya leo walivamia na kuteka nchi wakianzisha ukhalifa wao. Wafatimi walikuwa [[Waismaili]], wakati ule mwelekeo wa kimapinduzi ya [[Shia]]. Walianzisha makao makuu yao nje ya Fustat na Babylon wakaiita "Al-Qahira", yaani mwenye ushindi, na hii ilikuwa chanzo cha Kairo ya leo. Wakati wa [[vita za misalaba]] Wafatimi walishindwa na askari wa Wasunni waliendelea kuunda nasaba ya masultani wa Mamluki wa Misri. ===Jimbo la Milki ya Osmani=== Mnamo mwaka 1517 [[Waosmani]] walivamia na kuteka Misri. Hadi [[karne ya 19]] Misri ikaendelea kama jimbo la Milki ya Osmani, kisheria hata hadi Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Hali halisi nchi ilikuwa na kipindi kifupi kama milki ya kujitegemea wakati wa karne ya 19, hadi kusimamiwa na Uingereza hasa kwa shabaha ya kutawala [[mfereji wa Suez]] na kushuka kwa ngazi ya nchi lindwa. Mwaka [[1914]] ilitangazwa kuwa [[nchi lindwa]] chini ya Uingereza; tangazo la [[uhuru]] la mwaka [[1922]] bado liliacha athira kubwa kwa Uingereza. ===Uhuru=== Tangu mwaka [[1952]] Misri imepata uhuru kamili, na tangu hapo ilitawala pia mfereji wa Suez. ==Demografia== [[File:Egypt 2010 population density1.png|left|thumb|Msongamano (watu kwa [[kilometa mraba]]).]] Wakazi wengi (91%) ni Wamisri asili. Wengine ni [[Waazaba]], [[Waturuki]], [[Wagiriki]], [[Wabeduini]], [[Waberberi]], [[Wanubi]] n.k. Wahamiaji kutoka Sudan na nchi nyingine ni milioni 5 hivi, wakati Wamisri wanaoishi ugenini ni milioni 2.7. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiarabu Sanifu cha Kisasa]], wakati wananchi wanatumia kwa kawaida aina mbalimbali za [[Kiarabu]], hasa [[Kiarabu cha Kimisri]] (68%) Upande wa [[dini]], [[sheria]] zinazitambua 3 tu: [[Uislamu]], ambao ndio [[dini rasmi]], [[Ukristo]] na [[Uyahudi]]. Uwiano wa wafuasi wa dini hizo haujulikani vizuri, lakini Waislamu (hasa [[Wasunni]]) ni kama 90%, Wakristo (hasa [[Wakopti]] wanaoendelea kufuata [[Ukristo]] uliokuwa unatawala kabla ya [[Waarabu]] kuteka nchi katika [[karne ya 7]]) ni walau 10%, wakati Wayahudi wamehama karibu wote. == Tazama pia == * [[Mikoa ya Misri]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya Misri]] * [[Historia ya Misri]] * [[Misri ya Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Misri]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Egypt}} ;Serikali * [http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/ Egypt's Government Services Portal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/ |date=20060320212726 }} (Arabic, English) * [http://www.eip.gov.eg/ Egypt Information Portal] (Arabic, English) * [http://www.idsc.gov.eg/ Egypt Information and Decision Support Center] (Arabic, English) * [http://www.sis.gov.eg/ Egypt State Information Services] (Arabic, English, French) * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html |date=20121119025919 }} * [http://www.egypt.travel/ Egyptian Tourist Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://www.egypt.travel/ |date=20120503222352 }} ;Taarifa za jumla * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{CIA World Factbook link|eg|Egypt}} * [http://www.africa.com/egypt/ Egypt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.com/egypt/ |date=20160118224906 }} profile from [[Africa.com]] * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Egypt}} * {{Wikiatlas|Egypt}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/egypt.html Egypt Maps] – [[Perry-Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas at Austin]] ;Biashara * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/EGY/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Egypt] ;Mengineyo * ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17321 History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of Recent Discovery]'' by Leonard William King, at Project Gutenberg. * [http://www.ibtada.com/ibtada.php?cur_page=main&sub=submain&mainpage=ajaib_ghar&page=qadeem_mesar&pgno=1 Egyptian History (urdu)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibtada.com/ibtada.php?cur_page=main&sub=submain&mainpage=ajaib_ghar&page=qadeem_mesar&pgno=1 |date=20180523152541 }} * ''By Nile and Tigris'' - a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British museum between 1886 and 1913, by Sir [[E. A. Wallis Budge]], 1920 ([http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/ DjVu] {{Wayback|url=http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/ |date=20081121055457 }} and [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/1f/ layered PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/1f/ |date=20081121055457 }} formats) * [http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt] {{Wayback|url=http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm |date=20080602082144 }}. {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Misri| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maeneo ya Biblia]] [[Jamii:Mashariki ya Kati]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 6k6rywt0keoi2wiifuvyrcvuw461ugn 0 19123 1579672 1578069 2026-07-15T19:52:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Kujiua | Image = Edouard Manet 059.jpg| Caption = ''Kujiua'' kadiri ya [[Édouard Manet]] [[1877]]–[[1881]] | ICD10 = {{ICD10|X|60||x|60}}–{{ICD10|X|84||x|60}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|E950}} |MedlinePlus = 001554 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 288598 | MeshName = Suicide | MeshNumber = F01.145.126.980.875 }} <!-- Fasili na vipengele vya hatari --> '''Kujiua''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]] "suicide" kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''suicidium'', lililotokana na ''sui caedere'', "kujiua") ni kitendo cha [[mtu]] kujisababishia [[kifo]] kwa makusudi ama kwa kufanya kitu kinachoharibu [[uhai]] wake au kwa kuacha yale yanayohitajika kuuendeleza kama [[kula]] au [[kunywa]]. Kuna sababu mbalimbali kwa nini watu wanajiua, kama vile *hali mbaya ya [[wasiwasi]], [[hofu]] au matatizo inayomsababisha kutaka kuepukana nayo mara moja<ref>https://www.dailysignal.com/2022/06/13/study-connects-jump-in-youth-suicide-with-transgender-treatments-lack-of-parental-consent/?inf_contact_key=52c5d855ea18910d25fdd65d9dc7222b4dfbc39d7283b2cb89d5189540b69330</ref> *[[ugonjwa wa akili]] *[[maumivu]] makali *kuona [[aibu]] kubwa pamoja na [[utamaduni]] kufundisha ni heri kufa kuliko kuishi na aibu *kujisikia kuwa na [[wajibu]] wa kumaliza [[maisha]] kwa [[heshima]] ya [[taifa]], [[dini]], [[ukoo]], [[familia]] au mengine. Mara nyingi, watu hujiua kufuatia hali ya [[kukata tamaa]] iliyosababishwa na [[tatizo la kiakili]] kama vile [[fadhaiko]], [[maradhi ya hisia mseto]], [[skizofrenia]], [[ulevi]] au matumizi ya [[dawa za kulevya]].<ref name=Hawton2009>{{cite journal |author=Hawton K, van Heeringen K |title=Suicide|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-18-24-2009_373_9672/page/1372 |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9672 |pages=1372–81 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19376453 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}</ref> Vipengele vya dhiki kama vile [[matatizo ya kifedha]] au matatizo katika [[mahusiano ya kijamii]] huchangia sana. [[Juhudi]] za kuzuia kujiua hujumuisha kupunguza uwezekano wa kufikia [[bunduki]], kutibu [[magonjwa ya akili]], kuzuia matumizi mabaya ya [[dawa]] na kuboresha [[hali ya uchumi]]. <!--Mbinu na Uenezi--> [[Mbinu]] za kujiua ni nyingi na upendeleo hutegemea [[mazingira]] na utamaduni. <ref>[http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489.pdf Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database]</ref>. Inayotumika zaidi hutofautiana katika nchi mbalimbali na huhusishwa kwa kiasi na mbinu zinazopatikana. Mara nyingi hujumuisha: [[kujinyonga]], [[kunywa sumu]] na kutumia bunduki. *Watu wa [[Marekani]] hupendelea kujipigia risasi (52[[%]] za wale waliojiua [[mwaka]] [[2005]]); inaonekana sababu kubwa ni ya kwamba kuna bunduki nyingi zinazopatikana kirahisi *[[Wajerumani]] hupendelea kujinyonga kwa [[kamba]] (50%), kujipigia risasi kunatokea mara chache ([[sheria]] kuhusu kumiliki bunduki ni kali) *Katika [[Ulaya ya Mashariki]] karibu wote wanaojiua hujinyonga kwa kamba *Kwenye nchi za [[wakulima]] wengi kama [[Asia]], [[Amerika Kusini]] na pia [[Ureno]] wengi hutumia [[sumu]] mbalimbali hasa za kuua [[wadudu]] *Katika nchi ndogo ambako watu huishi hasa [[Mji|mjini]] kama [[Hong Kong]] au [[Luxemburg]] kuna [[asilimia]] kubwa wanaoruka kutoka [[Jengo|majengo]] marefu. Kwa jumla [[wanaume]] hutumia zaidi mbinu kali kama [[silaha]] au kujinyonga, [[wanawake]] njia ambazo ni pole zaidi kama kunywa sumu au kujizamisha kwenye [[maji]]. [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linakadiria kwamba [[duniani]] kote kila baada ya [[sekunde]] 39 mtu mmoja anajiua, maana yake takriban watu 800,000 hadi [[milioni]] 1 hujiua kila mwaka. Kwa hiyo tendo la kujiua ni kati ya sababu muhimu za [[kifo]] cha watu, ni kisababishi kikuu cha 10 cha vifo vyote [[Ulimwengu|ulimwenguni]].<ref name=Hawton2009/><ref name=Var2012/> [[Idadi]] ya wanaume wanaojiua kwa jumla inazidi mara [[nne]] ile ya wanawake. [[Wazee]] hujiua kushinda [[vijana]]. <ref>[http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicide_rates_chart/en/index.html Taarifa ya [[WHO]]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meier|first=Marshall B. Clinard, Robert F.|title=Sociology of deviant behavior|year=2008|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-0-495-81167-1|page=169|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VB3OezIoI44C&pg=PA169|edition=14th ed.}}</ref> Pamoja na wale wanaofaulu, kila mwaka kuna majaribio kati ya milioni 10 hadi 20<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A |title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective |journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=181–5 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=16946849 |pmc=1489848 }}</ref>. Majaribio hayo mara nyingi huwa ya [[watoto]] na [[wanawake]]. [[Waganga]] wa kisasa huona kujiua kama tatizo la [[afya]] ya [[nafsi]]; mara nyingi watu wanaojaribu kujiua hawataki kufa bali kuepukana na matatizo na kama wangeona njia ya kuachana na tatizo wasingejiua. Hivyo majaribio ya kujiua inaweza kuwa ya kuwaonyesha watu wa mazingira ya kwamba kuna tatizo zito na kuomba msaada. Watu wanaorudia mara nyingi majaribio ya kujiua wanafaulu hatimaye kama hali yao haibadiliki. <!--Historia, jamii na utamaduni--> Katika mafundisho ya dini nyingi tendo la kujiua linatazamwa kama [[dhambi]] au kosa. [[Dini za Kiibrahimu]] zinachukulia kujiua kuwa dhambi kwa sababu ya [[imani]] juu ya [[utakatifu wa uhai]], [[heshima]] na [[thamani ya maisha]]. Katika [[Ulaya]] hadi [[karne ya 19]] watu waliojiua hawakuzikwa [[kaburi|makaburini]] pamoja na watu wengine lakini kando. Nchi mbalimbali zilikuwa na sheria dhidi ya wale waliojiua na jaribio lilitazamwa kama [[kosa la jinai]]. Ingawa kosa la kujiua au kujaribu kujiua lilichangia [[adhabu]] ya kisheria hapo awali katika [[mataifa ya magharibi]], kwa sasa haliadhibiwi. Kosa hili limesalia kuwa [[hatia]] katika mataifa mengi ya [[Kiislamu]]. Kuna pia [[jamii]] ambako hatua ile inaheshimiwa kama azimio la kila mtu. Katika utamaduni wa enzi za [[samurai]] nchini [[Japani]] kujiua kulitazamwa kama nafasi ya [[Ukabaila|mkabaila]] kujirudishia heshima yake kama ameshindwa au kuonekana na kosa kubwa. Hivyo [[seppuku]] iliheshimiwa kama mbinu ya kulipia kosa la kushindwa au njia ya utetezi. Katika utamaduni wa [[Uhindi]] [[mjane]] alisifiwa kama alijiua baada ya kifo cha [[mume]] wake hasa kwa kujichoma pamoja na [[maiti]] ya [[marehemu]]. [[Sati]] katika [[mazishi]] ya [[Kihindi]], ambayo sasa imeharamishwa, ilimhitaji [[mjane]] [[kujitoa kafara]] kwa kujichoma katika [[kimbwi]] cha [[mazishi]] ya [[Mume|mumewe]], kwa [[hiari]] au kwa kushinikizwa na [[familia]] na [[jamii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2002-08-07 |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 20]] na [[Karne ya 21|21]], kujiua kwa mbinu ya [[kujitoa kafara]] kumetumika kama mbinu ya utetezi, na [[kamikaze]] na [[kujiua kwa bomu]] kama harakati za kijeshi au kigaidi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=N|title=Rethinking suicide bombing.|journal=Crisis|year=2009|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}</ref> Hivyo katika [[vita]] vilivyopita [[askari]] walisifiwa kama waliamua kujiua kwa kutumia [[miili]] yao kama silaha dhidi ya adui. Mfano mashuhuri ni [[rubani|marubani]] wa [[kamikaze]] wa Japani waliojirusha pamoja na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] zao dhidi ya [[meli]] za Marekani wakati wa [[vita kuu ya pili ya dunia]]. [[Wanamgambo]] wa [[Tamil Tiger]] nchini [[Sri Lanka]] walishambulia jeshi la [[serikali]] mara nyingi kwa [[Bomu|mabomu]] hai yaani askari waliobeba bomu na kujilipua karibu na maadui. Mbinu hiyohiyo inatumiwa pia katika dunia ya [[Kiislamu]] na wanamgambo na [[Ugaidi|magaidi]] mbalimbali, hasa katika nchi kama [[Palestina]], [[Irak]] au [[Afghanistan]]. Ilitumiwa pia na magaidi kutoka [[Checheniya]] dhidi ya [[Warusi]]. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Fasili== Kujiua ni kitendo cha "kujitoa uhai".<ref>{{cite book|title=Stedman's medical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th ed.}}</ref> Kujaribu kujiua ni kitendo cha kujidhuru kwa lengo la kujiangamiza, bila kufanikiwa kujiua.<ref name=Krug2002>{{cite book|last=Krug|first=Etienne|title=World Report on Violence and Health (Vol. 1)|year=2002|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Genève|isbn=978-92-4-154561-7|page=185|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA185}}</ref> [[Usaidizi wa kujiua]] ni pale mtu anapomsaidia mwingine kujiua kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja; kupitia [[ushauri]] au mbinu za kujiua.<ref name=Gullota2002>{{cite book|last=Gullota|first=edited by Thomas P.|title=The encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion|year=2002|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum|location=New York|isbn=978-0-306-47296-1|page=1112|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Elx37xzO0bsC&pg=PA1112|coauthors=Bloom, Martin}}</ref> Hii ni tofauti na [[eutenasia]] ambapo mtu mwingine huhusika zaidi katika kusababisha kifo cha mwingine.<ref name=Gullota2002/> [[Mawazo ya kujiua]] ni kuwaza jinsi ya kujiangamiza.<ref name=Krug2002/> ==Vipengele vya hatari== [[File:Suicide cases from 16 American states (2008).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Hali zinazochangia kujiua katika majimbo 16 ya Marekani mwaka wa 2008.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Karch|first=DL|coauthors=Logan, J; Patel, N; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC)|title=Surveillance for violent deaths—National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2008.|journal=Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C. : 2002)|date=2011 Aug 26|volume=60|issue=10|pages=1–49|pmid=21866088}}</ref>]] Vipengele vinavyoathiri hatari ya kujiua hujumuisha [[ugonjwa wa akili]], [[matumizi mabaya ya dawa]], hali ya [[Saikolojia|kisaikolojia]], kiutamaduni, [[familia]] na vitengo vya kijamii na [[jenetikia]].<ref name=Hawton2012/> [[Ugonjwa wa akili]] na matumizi mabaya ya [[dawa]] mara nyingi hutokea kwa pamoja.<ref name=Drug2011/> Vipengele vingine vya hatari ni pamoja na jaribio la kujiua la hapo awali,<ref name=EB2011/> uwepo wa mbinu za kujiua, historia ya kujiua katika familia au uwepo wa [[jeraha kuu la ubongo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=G|coauthors=Tate, R|title=Suicidality in people surviving a traumatic brain injury: prevalence, risk factors and implications for clinical management.|journal=Brain injury : [BI]|date=2007 Dec|volume=21|issue=13–14|pages=1335–51|pmid=18066936|doi=10.1080/02699050701785542}}</ref> Kwa mfano, viwango vya kujiua vimetambulika kuwa vya juu katika familia zilizo na bunduki kuliko zisizo nazo.<ref name="Miller 393–408">{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=M|coauthors=Azrael, D; Barber, C|title=Suicide mortality in the United States: the importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide.|journal=Annual review of public health|date=2012 Apr|volume=33|pages=393–408|pmid=22224886|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124636}}</ref> Vipengele vya kijamii na kiuchumi, kama vile [[ukosefu wa ajira]], [[umaskini]], [[kukosa makazi]] na [[ubaguzi]] vinaweza kusababisha fikira za kutaka kujiua.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB |title=Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2003-04_160_4/page/765 |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=765–72|year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12668367 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.765}}</ref> Takriban 15-40% ya watu huacha [[ujumbe wa kujiua]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilliland|first=Richard K. James, Burl E.|title=Crisis intervention strategies|publisher=Brooks/Cole|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-1-111-18677-7|page=215|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=E2sKf-sexZwC&pg=PA215|edition=7th ed.}}</ref> Jenetikia huonekana kuhusika kwa kati ya 38% na 55% ya mitindo ya kujiua.<ref name=Brent2008>{{cite journal|last=Brent|first=DA|coauthors=Melhem, N|title=Familial transmission of suicidal behavior.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychiatric-clinics-of-north-america_2008-06_31_2/page/157|journal=The Psychiatric clinics of North America|date=2008 Jun|volume=31|issue=2|pages=157–77|pmid=18439442|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.02.001|pmc=2440417}}</ref> [[Wakongwe wa vita]] wana hatari zaidi ya kujiua kufuatia viwango vya juu vya [[magonjwa ya akili]] na matatizo ya kiafya yanayohusishwa na [[vita]].<ref name=Martyr2009>{{cite journal|last=Rozanov|first=V|coauthors=Carli, V|title=Suicide among war veterans.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=2012 Jul|volume=9|issue=7|pages=2504–19|pmid=22851956|doi=10.3390/ijerph9072504|pmc=3407917}}</ref> ===Matatizo ya akili=== [[Matatizo ya akili]] mara nyingi huwepo wakati wa kujiua, huku kadirio zikiwa kati ya 27%<ref name="University of Manchester Centre for Mental Health and Risk">{{cite web|last=University of Manchester Centre for Mental Health and Risk|title=The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness|url=http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/cmhr/centreforsuicideprevention/nci/reports/annual_report_2012.pdf|accessdate=25 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021945/http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/cmhr/centreforsuicideprevention/nci/reports/annual_report_2012.pdf|archivedate=2013-01-16|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021945/http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/cmhr/centreforsuicideprevention/nci/reports/annual_report_2012.pdf}}</ref> hadi zaidi ya 90%.<ref name=EB2011/> Katika [[wagonjwa]] waliolazwa katika kitengo cha magonjwa ya akili, hatari yao ya kujiua kikamilifu katika [[maisha]] yao yote huwa takriban 8.6%<ref name=EB2011/> [[Nusu]] ya watu wote wanaofariki kutokana na kujiua wanaweza kuwa na tatizo kuu la fadhaiko; uwepo wa hali hii au mojawapo ya [[matatizo ya kihisia]], kama vile [[maradhi ya hisia mseto]] huongeza hatari ya kujiua kwa mara 20.<ref name=Che2012>{{cite book|last=Chehil|first=Stan Kutcher, Sonia|title=Suicide Risk Management A Manual for Health Professionals.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chicester|isbn=978-1-119-95311-1|pages=30–33|year=2012|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fV8_1u0c7l0C&pg=PA31|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Hali nyingine zinazochangia kujiua ni pamoja na [[skizofrenia]] (14%), [[matatizo ya nafsi]] (14%),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bertolote|first=JM|coauthors=Fleischmann, A; De Leo, D; Wasserman, D|title=Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: revisiting the evidence.|journal=Crisis|year=2004|volume=25|issue=4|pages=147–55|pmid=15580849}}</ref> [[maradhi ya hisia mseto]],<ref name=Che2012/> na [[tatizo la dhiki baada ya kiwewe]].<ref name=EB2011/> Takriban 5% ya watu wenye [[skizofrenia]] hufa kutokana na kujiua.<ref name=Lancet09>{{vcite journal |author=[[Jim van Os|van Os J]], Kapur S |title=Schizophrenia |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9690 |pages=635–45 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19700006 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf |accessdate=2013-11-28 |archivedate=2013-06-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623065810/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf }}</ref> [[Matatizo ya kula]] ni hali nyingine yenye hatari ya juu.<ref name=Tint2010/> Historia ya jaribio la awali la kujiua ni [[ishara]] kuu ya kujiua kikamilifu baadaye.<ref name=EB2011>{{cite journal|last=Chang|first=B|coauthors=Gitlin, D; Patel, R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies.|journal=Emergency medicine practice|date=2011 Sep|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|pmid=22164363}}</ref> Takriban 20% ya visa vya kujiua hutanguliwa na jaribio la kujiua. 1% ya watu waliojaribu kujiua hufaulu kujiua katika mwaka mmoja<ref name=EB2011/>, na zaidi ya 5% hufaulu kujiua baada ya miaka 10&nbsp;.<ref name=Tint2010/> Ingawa vitendo vya kujidhuru havichukuliwi kama majaribio ya kujiua, kuwepo kwa mtindo wa kujidhuru huhusishwa na hatari zaidi ya kujiua.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17606825 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.161.7.634 | volume=161 | issue=7 | title=The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population | year=2007 |month=July | author=Whitlock J, Knox KL | journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | pages=634–40}}</ref> Kwa takriban 80% ya visa vya kujiua kikamilifu, mwathiriwa huwa amemtembelea [[daktari]] katika [[mwaka]] huo kabla ya kujiua,<ref name=Pir1998/> ikijumuisha 45% ya visa katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|mwezi]] uliotangulia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Luoma|first=JB|coauthors=Martin, CE; Pearson, JL|title=Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2002-06_159_6/page/909|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|date=2002 Jun|volume=159|issue=6|pages=909–16|pmid=12042175}}</ref> Takriban 25%-40% ya watu wanaojiua huwa wamepokea [[huduma]] ya afya ya kiakili katika mwaka uliotangulia. <ref name="University of Manchester Centre for Mental Health and Risk"/><ref name=Pir1998>{{cite journal|last=Pirkis|first=J|coauthors=Burgess, P|title=Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review.|journal=The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science|date=1998 Dec|volume=173|pages=462–74|pmid=9926074}}</ref> ===Matumizi ya vileo=== [[File:The Drunkard's Progress 1846.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|"Kuendelea kwa Mlevi", 1846 huonyesha jinsi ulevi unavyoweza kupelekea kujiua]] [[Kutumia vileo]] ni [[kipengele cha hatari]] cha pili kikuu kinachopelekea kujiua, baada ya [[mfadhaiko mkuu]] na [[maradhi ya nafsi mseto]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Perrotto|first=Jerome D. Levin, Joseph Culkin, Richard S.|title=Introduction to chemical dependency counseling|year=2001|publisher=Jason Aronson|location=Northvale, N.J.|isbn=978-0-7657-0289-0|pages=150–152|url=http://books.google.com/?id=felzn3Ntd-cC&pg=RA1-PA151}}</ref> Ulevi wa muda mrefu na [[Ulevi|ulevi wa muda mfupi]] huhusishwa na kujiua.<ref name=Drug2011/><ref name=Fadem2004/> Ikiwa hali hii itaambatana na masikitiko ya kibinafsi, kama vile [[Msiba|kufiwa]], hatari huongezeka zaidi.<ref name=Fadem2004>{{cite book|last=Fadem|first=Barbara|title=Behavioral science in medicine|year=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3669-5|page=217|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=KB-g-oBfApsC&q=217}}</ref> Hali kadhalika, kutumia dawa za kulevya huhusishwa na matatizo ya afya ya kiakili.<ref name=Drug2011/> <!--Vitulizo (EtOH, benzodiazepines, opioids--> Watu wengi huwa wameathiriwa na [[kitulizo|dawa za kutuliza na kuwezesha usingizi]] (kama vile pombe au benzodiazepines) wakati wa kujiua <ref name=Youssef2008>{{cite journal |author=Youssef NA, Rich CL |title=Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review |journal=Ann Clin Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=3|pages=157–69 |year=2008|pmid=18633742 |doi=10.1080/10401230802177698 |url=}}</ref>,huku ulevi ukiwepo katika 15%-61% ya visa.<ref name=Drug2011/> Nchi zilizo na viwango vya juu vya ulevi wa pombe na idadi kubwa ya baa pia huwa na viwango vya juu vya kujiua<ref name=ETOH2006/>. Uhusiano huu huhusishwa hasa na matumizi ya [[vinywaji vikali vilivyotoneshwa]] kuliko pombe kamili.<ref name=Drug2011/> Takriban 2.2-3.4% ya watu waliotibiwa kutokana na ulevi katika wakati fulani maishani mwao hufa kwa kujiua.<ref name=ETOH2006>{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=L|title=Alcohol consumption and suicide.|journal=QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|date=2006 Jan|volume=99|issue=1|pages=57–61|pmid=16287907|doi=10.1093/qjmed/hci146}}</ref> Walevi wanaojaribu kujiua kwa kawaida huwa wanaume wazee na ambao wamejaribu kujiua hapo awali.<ref name=Drug2011/>Kati ya 3% na 35% ya vifo vya watu wanaotumia heroini hutokana na kujiua (takriban mara 14 zaidi ya wale wasiotumia).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Darke S, Ross J |title=Suicide among heroin users: rates, risk factors and methods|journal=Addiction |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1383–94 |year=2002|month=November |pmid=12410779 |doi= 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0965-2140&date=2002&volume=97&issue=11&spage=1383}}</ref> <!--Vichangamshi--> Matumizi mabaya ya [[kokeini]] na [[methamphetamine]] huhusiana pakubwa na kujiua.<ref name=Drug2011/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Darke|first=S|coauthors=Kaye, S; McKetin, R; Duflou, J|title=Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use.|journal=Drug and alcohol review|date=2008 May|volume=27|issue=3|pages=253–62|pmid=18368606|doi=10.1080/09595230801923702}}</ref> Katika watumizi wa kokeini, hatari huwa ya juu zaidi katika awamu ya kusitisha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jr|first=Frank J. Ayd,|title=Lexicon of psychiatry, neurology, and the neurosciences|year=2000|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-7817-2468-5|page=256|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ea_QVG2BFy8C&q=256|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Waliotumia [[dawa za kuvuta]] pia huwa katika hatari, na takriban 20% yao hujaribu kujiua wakati fulani, huku zaidi ya 65% wakikusudia kujiua.<ref name=Drug2011/> Hata hivyo, [[bangi]] haitambuliki kuongeza hatari ikitumika pekee.<ref name=Drug2011/> [[Uvutaji tumbaku]] huhusishwa na hatari ya kujiua.<ref name=Hughes2008>{{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=JR|title=Smoking and suicide: a brief overview.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_drug-and-alcohol-dependence_2008-12-01_98_3/page/n4|journal=Drug and alcohol dependence|date=2008 Dec 1|volume=98|issue=3|pages=169–78|pmid=18676099|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.003}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi mdogo kuhusu kuwepo kwa uhusiano huu; hata hivyo, imedhaniwa kuwa watu waliohatarishwa kwa [[moshi]] pia huhatarishwa kwa kujiua. Uvutaji husababisha matatizo ya afya yanayomfanya mtu kutaka kujiua. Pia, uvutaji huathiri [[kemia]] ya [[ubongo]] na kusababisha uwezekano wa kujiua.<ref name=Hughes2008/> ===Kubahatishia matatizo=== Kubahatishia matatizo huhusishwa na ongezeko la [[mawazo ya kujiua]] na majaribio ikilinganishwa na watu wa kawaida. <ref>{{cite book |first1=Stefano |last1=Pallanti |first2=Nicolò Baldini |last2=Rossi|first3=Eric |last3=Hollander |chapter=11. Pathological Gambling |editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Hollander |editor2-first=Dan J. | editor2-last=Stein |title=Clinical manual of impulse-control disorders |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u2wVP8KJJtcC&pg=PA253 |year=2006|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-136-1 |page=253}}</ref> Kati ya 12% na 14% ya wabahatishi wa kipatholojia hujaribu kujiua.<ref name=Oliv2008/> Kiwango cha kujiua cha wake zao huwa mara tatu zaidi ya kile cha umma.<ref name=Oliv2008>{{cite journal|last=Oliveira|first=MP|coauthors=Silveira, DX; Silva, MT|title=[Pathological gambling and its consequences for public health].|journal=Revista de saude publica|date=2008 Jun|volume=42|issue=3|pages=542–9|pmid=18461253}}</ref> Vipengele vingine vinavyoongeza hatari kwa wanaobahatishia matatizo hujumuisha ugonjwa wa akili, ulevi wa pombe na dawa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen|first=M|coauthors=Rossow, I|title=[Gambling and suicidal behaviour].|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke|date=2008 Jan 17|volume=128|issue=2|pages=174–6|pmid=18202728}}</ref> ===Hali za kimatibabu=== Kuna uhusiano kati ya uwezekano wa kujiua na matatizo ya afya, ikijumuisha:<ref name=Tint2010/>[[maumivu ya muda mrefu]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Manthorpe|first=J|coauthors=Iliffe, S|title=Suicide in later life: public health and practitioner perspectives.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-geriatric-psychiatry_2010-12_25_12/page/1230|journal=International journal of geriatric psychiatry|date=2010 Dec|volume=25|issue=12|pages=1230–8|pmid=20104515|doi=10.1002/gps.2473}}</ref> [[jeraha la ubongo lenye kiwewe]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Simpson GK, Tate RL |title=Preventing suicide after traumatic brain injury: implications for general practice |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=229–32 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17708726 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/187_04_200807/sim11240_fm.html |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910033458/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/187_04_200807/sim11240_fm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> saratani,<ref name=Ang2012>{{cite journal|last=Anguiano|first=L|coauthors=Mayer, DK; Piven, ML; Rosenstein, D|title=A literature review of suicide in cancer patients.|journal=Cancer nursing|date=2012 Jul–Aug|volume=35|issue=4|pages=E14-26|pmid=21946906|doi=10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822fc76c}}</ref> watu wanaofanyiwa [[hemodialisi]], wenye [[VVU]], [[erithematosasi ya kitaratibu ya lupusi]] miongini mwa hali zingine.<ref name=Tint2010/> Utambuzi wa saratani huongeza hatari ya kujiua baadaye kwa takriban mara mbili.<ref name=Ang2012/> Ukithiri wa ongezeko la uwezekano wa kujiua ulijikita hata baada ya kurekebishwa kutokana na maradhi ya mfadhaiko na ulevi. Hatari katika watu wenye hali nyingi za kimatibabu huwa juu zaidi. Matatizo ya afya nchini Japan yanaorodheshwa kama sababu kuu ya kujiua.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yip|first=edited by Paul S.F.|title=Suicide in Asia : causes and prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/suicideinasiacau0000unse|year=2008|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789622099432|page=[https://archive.org/details/suicideinasiacau0000unse/page/11 11]|pages=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HuHQbtlyM40C&pg=PA11}}</ref> Matatizo ya usingizi kama vile [[insomnia]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ribeiro|first=JD|coauthors=Pease, JL; Gutierrez, PM; Silva, C; Bernert, RA; Rudd, MD; Joiner TE, Jr|title=Sleep problems outperform depression and hopelessness as cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation and behavior in young adults in the military.|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=2012 Feb|volume=136|issue=3|pages=743–50|pmid=22032872|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.049}}</ref> na [[apnea ya usingizi]] ni vipengele vya hatari vya mfadhaiko na kujiua. Wakati mwingine, masumbufu ya usingizi yanaweza kuwa vipengele vya hatari ya kujiua bila kutegemea mfadhaiko.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bernert|first=RA|coauthors=Joiner TE, Jr; Cukrowicz, KC; Schmidt, NB; Krakow, B|title=Suicidality and sleep disturbances.|journal=Sleep|date=2005 Sep|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1135–41|pmid=16268383}}</ref> Hali nyingine za kimatibabu zinaweza kuwepo, huku zikiwa na dalili sawa na matatizo ya kihisia, ikiwa ni pamoja na:[[hipouthiroidi]], [[ugonjwa wa Alzheimer|Alzheimer]], [[kansa ya ubongo]], [[erithematosasi ya kitaratibu ya lupusi]] na madhara ya dawa (kama vile [[viziba beta]] na [[steroidi]]).<ref name=EB2011/> ===Hali za kimawazo na kijamii=== Baadhi ya hali za kimawazo na kijamii huongeza hatari ya kujiua, ikujumuisha: [[kukosa matumaini]], kupoteza furaha katika maisha, fadhaiko na wasiwasi.<ref name=Che2012/> Uwezo duni wa kusuluhisha matatizo, ukosefu wa uwezo aliokua nao mtu na udhibiti duni wa hisia pia unaweza kuchangia kujiua.<ref name=Che2012/><ref name=Joiner2005>{{cite journal|last=Joiner TE|first=Jr|coauthors=Brown, JS; Wingate, LR|title=The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2005_56/page/287|journal=Annual review of psychology|year=2005|volume=56|pages=287–314|pmid=15709937|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070320}}</ref>Katika watu wazima, wazo la kuwa mzigo kwa watu wengine ni kipengele kikuu.<ref name=Van2011>{{cite journal|last=Van Orden|first=K|coauthors=Conwell, Y|title=Suicides in late life.|journal=Current psychiatry reports|date=2011 Jun|volume=13|issue=3|pages=234–41|pmid=21369952|doi=10.1007/s11920-011-0193-3|pmc=3085020}}</ref><ref name=Van2011/> Dhiki za awali, kama vile kifo cha jamaa au rafiki, kupoteza kazi au kujitenga na jamii (kama vile kuishi pekee) huongeza hatari.<ref name=Che2012/> Watu ambao hawajawai kuoa pia wana hatari ya juu zaidi.<ref name=EB2011/> Kujihusisha na dini kunaweza kupunguza hatari ya kujiua.<ref name=Religion2009>{{cite journal|last=Koenig|first=HG|title=Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: a review.|journal=Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie|date=2009 May|volume=54|issue=5|pages=283–91|pmid=19497160}}</ref> Hali hii imehusishwa na msimamo hasi wa dini dhidi ya kujiua, na uhusiano mkuu ulioko katika dini.<ref name=Religion2009/> [[Waislamu]], wakilingashwa na watu wa dini zingine, huwa na kiwango cha chini zaidi cha kujiua.<ref name=Islam2006>{{cite journal|last=Lester|first=D|title=Suicide and islam.|journal=Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research|year=2006|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}</ref> Baadhi ya watu wanaweza kujiua ili kuepuka [[ukatili]] au [[ubaguzi]].<ref name=Cox2012>{{cite journal |last1= Cox |first1= William T. L. |last2= Abramson |first2= Lyn Y. |last3= Devine |first3= Patricia G. |last4= Hollon |first4= Steven D. |year= 2012 |title= Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective |journal= [[Perspectives on Psychological Science (journal)|Perspectives on Psychological Science]] |volume= 7 |issue= 5 |pages= 427–449 |publisher= |doi= 10.1177/1745691612455204 |url= http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/5/427.abstract |accessdate= |archive-date= 2012-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121020230619/http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/5/427.abstract |dead-url= yes }}</ref> Historia ya [[dhuluma za kimapenzi]] dhidi ya watoto u<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wegman|first=HL|coauthors=Stetler, C|title=A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychosomatic-medicine_2009-10_71_8/page/805|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|date=2009 Oct|volume=71|issue=8|pages=805–12|pmid=19779142|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bb2b46}}</ref> na muda aliokaa mtu kwenye [[utunzaji wa walezi]] pia huwa vipengele vya hatari.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Oswald|first=SH|coauthors=Heil, K; Goldbeck, L|title=History of maltreatment and mental health problems in foster children: a review of the literature.|journal=Journal of pediatric psychology|date=2010 Jun|volume=35|issue=5|pages=462–72|pmid=20007747|doi=10.1093/jpepsy/jsp114}}</ref> Dhuluma za kimapenzi huaminika kuchangia hadi takriban 20% ya hatari ya kijumla.<ref name=Brent2008/> Maelezo ya [[saikolojia ya mageuko]] kuhusu kujiua ni kwamba kunaweza kuboresha [[uwezo wa kimalezi]]. Hii inaweza kutokea iwapo mtu anayejiua hawezi kupata watoto wengine na anaendelea kutumia raslimali za jamii kwa kuendelea kuishi. Pingamizi ni kuwa vifo vya watu waliobaleghe wenye afya mara nyingi haviongezi uwezo wa kimalezi. [[Utohozi]] katika mazingira tofauti na aliyozaliwa mtu unaweza kupelekea marekebisho mabaya katika mazingira anayoishi mtu kwa sasa.<ref name=Joiner2005/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Confer|first=Jaime C.|coauthors=Easton, Judith A.; Fleischman, Diana S.; Goetz, Cari D.; Lewis, David M. G.; Perilloux, Carin; Buss, David M.|title=Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_february-march-2010_65_2/page/110|journal=American Psychologist|date=1 January 2010|volume=65|issue=2|pages=110–126|doi=10.1037/a0018413|pmid=20141266}}</ref> Umaskini huhusishwa na hatari ya kujiua.<ref name=Stark2011>{{cite journal|last=Stark|first=CR|coauthors=Riordan, V; O'Connor, R|title=A conceptual model of suicide in rural areas.|journal=Rural and remote health|year=2011|volume=11|issue=2|page=1622|pmid=21702640}}</ref>Ongezeko la umaskini ukilinganishwa na watu walio karibu huongeza hatari ya kujiua.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daly|first=Mary|title=Relative Status and Well-Being: Evidence from U.S. Suicide Deaths|journal=Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series|date=Sept 2012|url=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2012/wp12-16bk.pdf|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019134902/http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2012/wp12-16bk.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Zaidi ya [[wakulima]] 200,000 nchini [[India]] wametekeleza kujiua kuanzia 1997 kwa sababu ya [[deni]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lerner|first=George|title=Activist: Farmer suicides in India linked to debt, globalization|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-05/world/india.farmer.suicides_1_farmer-suicides-andhra-pradesh-vandana-shiva?_s=PM:WORLD|accessdate=13 February 2013|newspaper=CNN World|date=Jan 5,2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116020225/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-01-05/world/india.farmer.suicides_1_farmer-suicides-andhra-pradesh-vandana-shiva?_s=PM%3AWORLD|archivedate=2013-01-16}}</ref> Nchini [[China]], uwezo wa kujiua ni mara tatu zaidi katika maeneo ya mashambani kuliko mijini, kufuatia matatizo ya kifedha katika maeneo hayo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Law|first=S|coauthors=Liu, P|title=Suicide in China: unique demographic patterns and relationship to depressive disorder.|journal=Current psychiatry reports|date=2008 Feb|volume=10|issue=1|pages=80–6|pmid=18269899}}</ref> ===Vyombo vya habari=== [[Vyombo vya habari]], ikiwa ni pamoja na [[mtandao]], huchangia pakubwa.<ref name=Hawton2012/> Jinsi vyombo hivi vinavyowasilisha kujiua inaweza kuwa na athari mbaya, huku habari zilizotiliwa mkazo, kusisitizwa na kurudiwa huku zikisifia matukio ya kujiua zikiwa na athari kuu zaidi.<ref name=Boh2012>{{cite journal|last=Bohanna|first=I|coauthors=Wang, X|title=Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide: a review of effectiveness.|journal=Crisis|year=2012|volume=33|issue=4|pages=190–8|pmid=22713977|doi=10.1027/0227-5910/a000137}}</ref> Mbinu moja ya kujiua inapoangaziwa kwa kina, umaarufu wake unaweza kuongezeka kwenye umma.<ref name=Yip2012/> Kichochezi cha kusambaza hisia za kujiua au [[uigaji kujiua]] hujulikana kama [[athari ya Werther]] kutokana na [[mhusika]] mkuu katika [[kitabu]] cha [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'' aliyejiua.<ref name=Sia2012/>Hatari hii ni kubwa zaidi katika vijana wanaosifia [[kifo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stack S |title=Suicide in the media: a quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_suicide-life-threatening-behavior_2005-04_35_2/page/121 |journal=Suicide Life Threat Behav |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=121–33|year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15843330 |doi=10.1521/suli.35.2.121.62877 }}</ref> Inaonekana kuwa, ingawa vyombo vya habari vina ushawishi mkubwa, ushawishi wa vyombo vya burudani ni wa kupotosha. Kinyume cha athari ya Werther ni ile inayoitwa athari ya Papageno, ambapo kuwasilisha habari kuhusu mbinu mwafaka za ukabilianaji kunaweza kupelekea matokeo bora ya kinga. Neno hili linatokana na mhusika katika [[tamthilia]] ya [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] iitwayo ''[[The Magic Flute]]''. Mhusika huyu alitaka kujiua kwa kuogopa kumtopeza mpenzi wake hadi marafiki zake wakamshawishi asijiue. <ref name=Sia2012>{{cite journal|last=Sisask|first=M|coauthors=Värnik, A|title=Media roles in suicide prevention: a systematic review.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=2012 Jan|volume=9|issue=1|pages=123–38|pmid=22470283|doi=10.3390/ijerph9010123|pmc=3315075}}</ref> Hatari ya kujiua inaweza kupungua iwapo vyombo vya habari vitafuatilia miongozo inayofaa ya kuripoti.<ref name=Boh2012/> Inaweza kuwa vigumu kupata uwajibikaji wa wataalamu wa [[mawasiliano]], hasa katika muda mrefu wa usoni.<ref name=Boh2012/> ===Kujiua kirazini=== Kujiua ki[[razini]] ni kujiua baada ya kufanya uamuzi kwa [[akili timamu]], <ref name=Loue2008>{{cite book|last=Loue|first=Sana|title=Encyclopedia of aging and public health : with 19 tables|year=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-387-33753-1|page=696|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rTMrB0AutLwC&pg=PA696}}</ref> ingawa baadhi ya watu husema kuwa kujiua hakuwezi kuwa jambo la [[busara]].<ref name=Loue2008/>Kitendo cha kujiua ili kuwanufaisha watu wengine hujulikana kama [[kujiua kiutu]].<ref name=Moody2010>{{cite book|last=Moody|first=Harry R.|title=Aging : concepts and controversies|year=2010|publisher=Pine Forge Press|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-4129-6966-6|page=158|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=qj8GS77QAgwC&pg=PA158|edition=6th ed.}}</ref> Mfano wa aina hii ni mzee akijiua ili kuwaachia watoto wake mali nyingi katika jamii.<ref name=Moody2010/> Katika baadhi ya tamaduni za [[Eskimo]], hatua ya kujiua kiutu imeonekana kama kitendo cha heshima, ujasiri au hekima.<ref name=Hales2012/> [[Shambulio la kujiua]] ni kitendo cha kisiasa ambapo mshambulizi huwavamia watu wengine akifahamu kuwa kitendo hicho kitapelekea kifo chake. <ref>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Tarek Sobh,|title=Innovations and advances in computer sciences and engineering|year=2010|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-90-481-3658-2|page=503|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=B-Zf1sQZapMC&pg=PA503|edition=Online-Ausg.}}</ref> Baadhi ya watu wanaojiua kwa bomu hufanya hivyo ili kupata umaarufu wa [[ufiadini]].<ref name=Martyr2009/> Mashambulizi ya [[Kamikaze]] yalitekelezwa kama wito mkuu au wajibu wa kimaadili.<ref name=Hales2012>{{cite book|last=Hales|first=edited by Robert I. Simon, Robert E.|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of suicide assessment and management|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-58562-414-0|page=714|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=H8tigTjBCRkC&pg=PA714|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> [[Kujiua baada ya mauaji]] ni kitendo cha [[uuaji wa binadamu]] kinachofuatiwa punde na mtu aliyetekeleza mauaji hayo kujiua mwenyewe.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eliason|first=S|title=Murder-suicide: a review of the recent literature.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-academy-of-psychiatry-and-the-law_2009_37_3/page/371|journal=The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2009|volume=37|issue=3|pages=371–6|pmid=19767502}}</ref> [[Mauaji ya halaiki]] mara nyingi hutekelezwa chini ya [[ushawishi wa rika|ushawishi wa kijamii]] ambapo washirika humpa kiongozi mamlaka ya kuwafanyia atakavyo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=William Kornblum in collaboration with Carolyn D.|title=Sociology in a changing world|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-1-111-30157-6|page=27|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT51|edition=9e [9th ed].}}</ref> Mauaji ya watu wengi yanaweza kutekelezwa na hata watu wawili tu, maarufu kama [[mkataba wa kujiua]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Robert Jean|title=Campbell's psychiatric dictionary|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-515221-0|page=636|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Vrlsos_O13UC&pg=PA636|edition=8th ed.}}</ref> Katika hali za kujaribu kuhalalisha, ambapo kuendelea kuishi kutapelekea mateso, watu wengi hutumia kujiua kama mbinu ya kuepuka. <ref>{{cite book|last=Veatch|first=ed. by Robert M.|title=Medical ethics|year=1997|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Sudbury, Mass. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-86720-974-7|page=292|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=UCOT4sj-DwUC&pg=PA292|edition=2. ed.}}</ref> Baadhi ya wafungwa katika [[kambi za mkusanyiko]] waliripotiwa kujiua kimakusidi kwa kugusa ua za umeme.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutman|first=Yisrael|title=Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp|year=1998|publisher=Publ. in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. by Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-20884-2|page=400|edition=1st pbk. ed.|coauthors=editors, Michael Berenbaum,}}</ref> ==Mbinu== [[File:SuicideCFR.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Uchunguzi vifo kwa kujiua nchini Marekani.<ref name="Miller 393–408"/>]] Mbinu maarufu ya kujiua hutofautiana katika nchi mbalimbali. Mbinu inayoongoza katika maeneo tofauti ni pamoja na [[kujia kwa kujinyonga|kunyonga]], [[kunywa sumu]] na kujiua kwa [[bunduki]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ajdacic-Gross V |title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database |journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=86 |issue=9 |pages=726–32 |year=2008|month=September |pmid=18797649 |pmc=2649482 |doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489 |author-separator=,|author2=Weiss MG |author3=Ring M |display-authors=3 |last4=Hepp |first4=U |last5=Bopp |first5=M|last6=Gutzwiller |first6=F |last7=Rössler |first7=W}}</ref> Tofauti hizi zinaaminika kusababishwa na upatikanaji wa mbinu mbalimbali kulingana na kila eneo.<ref name=Yip2012/> Mapitio ya nchi 56 yalionyesha kuwa mbinu ya kujinyonga ilikuwa maarufu zaidi katika idadi kubwa ya nchi hizi, <ref>Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta, ''et al''.{{PDFlink|[http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v86n9/a17v86n9.pdf "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database"]|267&nbsp;KB}}. ''[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]]'' '''86''' (9): 726–732. September 2008. Accessed 2 August 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110920054902/http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v86n9/a17v86n9.pdf Archived] 2 August 2011. See[http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/index.html html version] {{Wayback|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/07-043489/en/index.html |date=20131208175622 }}. The data can be seen here [http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/9/0042-9686_86_07-043489-table-T1.html |date=20110923003222 }}</ref> ikihasibia 53% ya visa vya kujiua kwa wanaume na 39% katika wanawake. <ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Rory C.|editor1-last=O'Connor |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Platt |editor3-first=Jacki|editor3-last=Gordon |title=International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3fDGLWQtwFkC&pg=PA34 |date=1 June 2011 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-119-99856-3|page=34}}</ref> Kote ulimwenguni, 30% ya visa vya kujiua hutokana na kunywa sumu. Visa vya kutumia mbinu hii, hata hivyo ni tofauti sana, kutoka 4% bara Uropa hadi zaidi ya 50% katika eneo la Pasifiki. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F |title=The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |page=357 |year=2007 |pmid=18154668 |pmc=2262093|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-357}}</ref> Mbinu hii pia ni maarufu [[Marekani Kusini]] kwa sababu ya hali rahisi ya kupatikana kwa sumu za ukulima. <ref name=Yip2012/> Katika nchi nyingi, kuzidisha kipimo cha dawa husababisha takriban 60% ya visa vya kujiua miongoni mwa wanawake na 30% katika wanaume.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geddes|first=John|title=Psychiatry|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-923396-0|page=62|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=F4THKWvbAPEC&pg=PA62|edition=4th ed.|coauthors=Price, Jonathan; Gelder, Rebecca McKnight; with Michael; Mayou, Richard}}</ref> Idadi kubwa ya vifo hivi hutokea bila mpango, na hutokea katika kipindi kikali cha mashaka.<ref name=Yip2012/> Kiasi cha vifo hutofautiana na mbinu iliyotumika; bunduki: 80-90%, kuzama: 65-80%, kujinyonga: 60-85%, mivuke ya gari: 40-60%, kujirusha: 35-60%, [[kujiua kwa moshi wa makaa|kuchoma makaa]]: 40-50%, sumu ya kuua wadudu: 6-75%, kuzidisha kiasi cha dawa: 1.5-4%.<ref name=Yip2012/> Mbinu za kujiua zilizojaribiwa zaidi hutofautiana na mbinu kuu zaidi, huku kukiwa na 85% ya majaribio ya kuzidisha kiasi cha dawa katika mataifa yaliyostawi.<ref name=Tint2010/> Nchini Marekani, 57% ya visa vya kujiua vimehusisha kutumia bunduki, huku mbinu hii ikitumiwa zaidi na wanaume kuliko wanawake. <ref name=EB2011/> Mbinu iliyofuatia kwa umaarufu ni kujinyonga katika wanaume na kunywa sumu katika wanawake.<ref name=EB2011/> Mbinu hizi kwa pamoja zilichangia 40% ya visa vya kujiua nchini Marekani. <ref name=USStats2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.suicide.org/suicide-statistics.html |title=U.S. Suicide Statistics (2005) |accessdate=2008-03-24}}</ref> Nchini Uswisi, ambapo takriban kila mtu humiliki bunduki, idadi kubwa zaidi ya visa vya kujiua ni kwa kujinyonga. <ref>{{cite book|last=Eshun|first=edited by Sussie|title=Culture and mental health sociocultural influences, theory, and practice|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, U.K.|isbn=9781444305814|page=301|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Y6uUDBBGqF4C&pg=PA301|coauthors=Gurung, Regan A.R.}}</ref> Visa vya kujiua ni maarufu nchini [[Hong kong]] na [[Singapore]] huku vikiwa 50% na 80% mtawalia. <ref name=Yip2012/> Nchini Uchina, mbinu kuu zaidi ni kunywa sumu. <ref name=WRVp196>{{cite book|last=Krug|first=Etienne|title=World Report on Violence and Health, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Genève|isbn=9789241545617|page=196|pages=http://books.google.ca/books?id=db9OHpk-TksC&pg=PA196}}</ref> Nchini Japani, kujitoa matumbo, yaani [[seppuku]] au hara-kiri, bado hutokea, <ref name=WRVp196/>ingawa kujinyonga ndiyo njia kuu zaidi. <ref>{{cite book|last=(editor)|first=Diego de Leo|title=Suicide and euthanasia in older adults : a transcultural journey|url=https://archive.org/details/suicideeuthanasi0000unse|year=2001|publisher=Hogrefe & Huber|location=Toronto|isbn=9780889372511|page=[https://archive.org/details/suicideeuthanasi0000unse/page/121 121]}}</ref> ==Pathofisiolojia== Hakuna [[pathofisiolojia]] ya kujiua au mfadhaiko iliyo bayana, unganishi na ya kimsingi. <ref name=EB2011/> Hata hivyo, kujiua huaminika kutokana na mwingilianao wa vipengele vya kimtindo, kimazingira na kijamii na magonjwa ya akili. <ref name=Yip2012/> Viwango vya chini vya [[kipengele cha neurotrofiki zitokanazo na ubongo]] (KNZU) huhusishwa moja kwa moja na kujiua <ref>{{cite journal|last=Pjevac|first=M|coauthors=Pregelj, P|title=Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour.|journal=Psychiatria Danubina|date=2012 Oct|volume=24 Suppl 3|pages=S336-41|pmid=23114813}}</ref> na pasipo moja kwa moja jinsi vinavyochangia mfadhaiko mkuu, matatizo ya baada ya kiwewe, skizofrenia na [[matatizo ya ung’ang’anizi shurutishi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=L|title=The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathophysiology of adolescent suicidal behavior.|journal=International journal of adolescent medicine and health|year=2011|volume=23|issue=3|pages=181–5|pmid=22191181}}</ref> Uchunguzi wa [[Atopsi|Uchunguzi maiti]] umetambua viwango vya chini vya KNZU katika [[hipokampasi]] na [[koteksi ya mbele]] kwa watu walio au wasio na hali za ugonjwa wa akili. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=L|title=Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and suicidal behavior.|journal=QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians|date=2011 May|volume=104|issue=5|pages=455–8|pmid=21051476|doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcq207}}</ref> [[Serotonini]], ambayo ni [[niurotransmita]] ya ubongo, huanimika kuwa katika kiwango cha chini katika watu wanaojiua. Hii ni kwa kimsingi wa kupatikana kwa viwango vya juu vya [[kipokezi cha 5- HT2A]] vinavyopatikana baada ya kufa. <ref name=Dwi2012>{{cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=Yogesh|title=The neurobiological basis of suicide|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis/CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-1-4398-3881-5|page=166|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5hcOf_SM-U0C&pg=PA166}}</ref> Ushahidi mwingine ni pamoja na viwango vya chini vya [[asidi ya hidroksindoletisia-5]], zao linalopatikana baada ya serotonini kumeng’enywa, katika [[kiowevu cha uti wa mgongo]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stein|first=edited by George|title=Seminars in general adult psychiatry|year=2007|publisher=Gaskell|location=London|isbn=978-1-904671-44-2|page=145|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=6PGzHFuS1xkC&pg=PA145|edition=2. ed.|coauthors=Wilkinson, Greg}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ushahidi wa moja kwa moja ni mgumu kupata. <ref name=Dwi2012/> [[Epigenetikia]], somo la mabadiliko ya udhihirisho wa kijeni katika kuitikia vipengele vya kimazingira visivyobadilisha [[DNA]], pia inaaminika kuchangia katika kubaini hatari ya kujiua.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autry|first=AE|coauthors=Monteggia, LM|title=Epigenetics in suicide and depression.|journal=Biological Psychiatry|date=2009 Nov 1|volume=66|issue=9|pages=812–3|pmid=19833253|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.033|pmc=2770810}}</ref> ==Kinga== [[File:suicidemessageggb01252006.JPG|thumb|Kama mpango wa kuzuia visa vya kujiua, picha hii inahamsisha kuhusu simu maalum kwenye [[Daraja la Golden Gate]] iliyounganishwa na [[simu ya dharura ya ushauri]].]] Kuzuia kujiua ni neno linalotumika kumaanisha juhudi za pamoja za kupunguza matukio ya kujiua kupitia hatua za kuzuia. Kupunguza ufikiaji mbinu fulani za kujiua, kama vile bunduki au sumu, hupunguza hatari hii. <ref name=Yip2012/><ref name=WHO2012/> Hatua nyingine ni pamoja na kupunguza ufikiaji makaa na kuweka vizuizi kwenye madaraja na reli za chini ya ardhi. <ref name=Yip2012/> Matibabu dhidi ya uraibu wa dawa za kulevya na pombe, mfadhaiko na majaribio ya kujiua pia yanaweza kuwa mwafaka. <ref name=WHO2012/> Baadhi ya wataalam wamependekeza ufikiaji pombe kama mkakati wa kuzuia (kama vile kupunguza idadi za baa.) <ref name=Drug2011>{{cite journal|last=Vijayakumar|first=L|coauthors=Kumar, MS; Vijayakumar, V|title=Substance use and suicide.|journal=Current opinion in psychiatry|date=2011 May|volume=24|issue=3|pages=197–202|pmid=21430536|doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283459242}}</ref> Ingawa [[simu ya dharura ya ushauri]] hutumika sana, ushahidi uliopo ni mdogo wa kuunga mkono au kupinga ufanisi wake. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Sakinofsky|first=I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|date=2007 Jun|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|pmid=17824349}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Suicide|url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter3/sec5_1.html|work=The United States Surgeon General|accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref> Katika vijana ambao awali wamekusudia kujiua, [[matibabu ya kubadilisha mawazo]] yametambulika kuboresha matokeo. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=J|coauthors=Hetrick, SE; Martin, C|title=Preventing suicide in young people: systematic review.|journal=The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry|date=2011 Jan|volume=45|issue=1|pages=3–26|pmid=21174502|doi=10.3109/00048674.2010.511147}}</ref> [[Ukuaji wa uchumi]] unaweza kupunguza viwango vya visa vya kujiua kupitia uwezo wake wa kupunguza umaskini. <ref name=Stark2011/> Juhudi za kuongeza mahusiano ya kijamii, hasa katika wanaume wazee zinaweza kuwa mwafaka. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Fässberg|first=MM|coauthors=van Orden, KA; Duberstein, P; Erlangsen, A; Lapierre, S; Bodner, E; Canetto, SS; De Leo, D; Szanto, K; Waern, M|title=A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=3|pages=722–45|pmid=22690159|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030722|pmc=3367273}}</ref> ===Uchunguzi wa kimatibabu=== Takwimu zilizopo hazitoshi kuelezea matokeo ya uchunguzi wa kimatibabu kwa umma na viwango vya hatima vya viwango vya kujiua. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=SB|coauthors=O'Connor, EA; Eder, M; Whitlock, EP|title=Screening for child and adolescent depression in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.|journal=Pediatrics|date=2009 Apr|volume=123|issue=4|pages=e716-35|pmid=19336361|doi=10.1542/peds.2008-2415}}</ref> Kwa kuwa kuna watu wengi wasio katika hatari ya kujiua wanaopata matokeo chanya kupitia mbinu hii, kuna wasiwasi kuwa uchunguzi unaweza kuongeza kwa kiasi kikubwa utumiaji wa raslimali za huduma ya afya. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Horowitz|first=LM|coauthors=Ballard, ED; Pao, M|title=Suicide screening in schools, primary care and emergency departments.|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|date=2009 Oct|volume=21|issue=5|pages=620–7|pmid=19617829|doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283307a89|pmc=2879582}}</ref> Hata hivyo, inapendekezwa kuwachunguza watu walio katika hatari kuu ya kujiua. <ref name=EB2011/> Kuuliza kuhusu uwezo wa kujiua hakuonekani kuongeza hatari hii.<ref name=EB2011/> ===Maradhi ya akili=== Katika watu walio na matatizo ya akili, aina kadhaa za matibabu zinaweza kupunguza hatari ya kujiua. Watu walio na hisia za kujiua wanaweza kulazwa katika kituo cha utunzaji wa kiakili, kwa hiari au bila hiari yao. <ref name=EB2011/> Kwa kawaida, vifaa anavyoweza kutumia mtu kujiumiza huondolewa. <ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli)) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies |location=New York |year=2010|pages=1940–1946|isbn=0-07-148480-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Baadhi ya madaktari huwaagiza wagonjwa kutia saini [[mkataba wa kuzuia kujiua]] ambapo wanaahidi kutojiumiza iwapo wataachiliwa. <ref name=EB2011/> Hata hivyo, ushahidi hauonyeshi matokeo mengi ya hatua hii. <ref name=EB2011/> Iwapo mtu yuko katika kiasi kidogo cha hatari, matibabu ya [[mgonjwa]] wa nje yanaweza kupangiwa. <ref name=Tint2010/> Kulazwa kwa muda mfupi hospitalini hakujatambulika kuwa na ufanisi zaidi ya utunzaji wa kijamii ili kunufaisha matokeo kwa wale walio na [[tatizo la nafsi hafifu]], ambao huwa na hisia za muda mrefu za kujiua. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Paris|first=J|title=Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-disorders_2004-06_18_3/page/240|journal=Journal of personality disorders|date=June 2004|volume=18|issue=3|pages=240–7|pmid=15237044|doi=10.1521/pedi.18.3.240.35443}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goodman|first=M|coauthors=Roiff, T; Oakes, AH; Paris, J|title=Suicidal risk and management in borderline personality disorder.|journal=Current psychiatry reports|date=2012 Feb|volume=14|issue=1|pages=79–85|pmid=22113831|doi=10.1007/s11920-011-0249-4}}</ref> Kuna ushahidi wa kutosha kuonyesha kuwa [[matibabu ya kisaikolojia]], hasa [[matibabu ya kitabia ya upembuzi]], hupunguza uwezo wa kujiua katika vijana baleghe <ref name=Can2010>{{cite journal|last=Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health|first=(CADTH)|title=Dialectical behaviour therapy in adolescents for suicide prevention: systematic review of clinical-effectiveness.|journal=CADTH technology overviews|year=2010|volume=1|issue=1|pages=e0104|pmid=22977392|pmc=3411135}}</ref> pamoja na wale walio na [[tatizo la nafsi hafifu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stoffers|first=JM|coauthors=Völlm, BA; Rücker, G; Timmer, A; Huband, N; Lieb, K|title=Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Aug 15|volume=8|pages=CD005652|pmid=22895952|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ushahidi haujapata upungufu katika visa kamilifu vya kujiua. <ref name=Can2010/> Kuna utata kuhusu manufaa ya [[matibabu ya mfadhaiko]], ikilinganishwa na madhara yake. <ref name=Hawton2012/> Katika vijana, matibabu mapya zaidi, kama vile [[Kizuizi chaguzi cha uchukuzi wa serotonini|KCUS]] huaminiwa kuongeza hatari ya kujiua kutoka watu 25 hadi 40 kwa kila 1000. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Hetrick|first=SE|coauthors=McKenzie, JE; Cox, GR; Simmons, MB; Merry, SN|title=Newer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents.|journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)|date=2012 Nov 14|volume=11|pages=CD004851|pmid=23152227|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004851.pub3}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika watu wazee,matibabu haya yanawaweza kupunguza hatari ya kujiua.<ref name=EB2011/> [[Lithiamu]] huaminika kuwa mwafaka katika kupunguza hatari katika watu walio na maradhi ya hisia mseto na maradhi ya mfadhaiko mkuu hadi kufikia viwango sawa na watu wengine wa kawaida. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Baldessarini|first=RJ|coauthors=Tondo, L; Hennen, J|title=Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings.|journal=The Journal of clinical psychiatry|year=2003|volume=64 Suppl 5|pages=44–52|pmid=12720484}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cipriani|first=A|coauthors=Pretty, H; Hawton, K; Geddes, JR|title=Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2005-10_162_10/page/1805|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|date=2005 Oct|volume=162|issue=10|pages=1805–19|pmid=16199826|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1805}}</ref> ==Uenezi== [[File:Self-inflicted injuries world map - Death - WHO2004.svg|thumb|left| Vifo kutokana na majeraha ya kujidhuru kwa kila watu 100,000&nbsp; mwaka wa 2004. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |year=2009 |work=World Health Organization}}</ref> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|unknown}} {{legend|#ffff65|<3}} {{legend|#fff200|3-6}} {{legend|#ffdc00|6-9}} {{legend|#ffc600|9-12}} {{legend|#ffb000|12-15}} {{legend|#ff9a00|15-18}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|18-21}} {{legend|#ff6e00|21-24}} {{legend|#ff5800|24-27}} {{legend|#ff4200|27-30}} {{legend|#ff2c00|30-33}} {{legend|#cb0000|>33}} {{Multicol-end}}]] Takriban 0.5% hadi 1.4% ya watu hufikia kifo kwa kujiua. <ref name=Var2012/><ref name=EB2011/> Kote ulimwenguni kufikia mwaka wa 2008/2009, kujiua ni kisababishi cha kumi kikuu <ref name=Hawton2009/>, huku takriban watu 800,000 hadi milioni moja wakifa kila mwaka, ikipelekea [[kima cha vifo]] cha watu 11.6 kwa kila 100,00 kwa mwaka. <ref name=Var2012/> Kima cha vifo kimeongezeka hadi 60% kutoka miaka ya 1960 hadi 2012, <ref name=WHO2012>{{cite web |title=Suicide prevention |publisher=World Health Organization|date=Aug 31,2012|work=WHO Sites: Mental Health|url=http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/|accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref> huku ongezeko hili likitambulika hasa katika [[nchi zinazostawi|mataifa yanayostawi]].<ref name=Hawton2009/> Kwa kila kisa cha kujiua, kuna majaribio mengine 10 hadi 14 ya kujiua. <ref name=EB2011/> Viwango vya kujiua hutofautiana pakubwa kati ya nchi na wakati. <ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal|last=Värnik|first=P|title=Suicide in the world.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=2012 Mar|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|pmid=22690161|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760|pmc=3367275}}</ref> Takwimu kwa asilimia ya vifo mwaka wa 2008 zilikuwa: Afrika 0.5%, Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia 1.9%, Marekani 1.2 na Uropa 1.4%. <ref name=Var2012/> Viwango kwa kila watu 100,00 vilikuwa: Australia 8.6, Canada 11.1, Uchina 12.7, India 23.2, Uingereza 7.6, Marekani 11.4. <ref>{{cite web|title=Deaths estimates for 2008 by cause for WHO Member States|url=http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> Kujiua kumerodheshwa katika nafasi ya 10 kama [[kifo|kisababishi cha kifo]] kinachoongoza nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2009, ikiwa ni takriban visa 36,000 kila mwaka. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Haney|first=EM|coauthors=O'Neil, ME; Carson, S; Low, A; Peterson, K; Denneson, LM; Oleksiewicz, C; Kansagara, D|title=Suicide Risk Factors and Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review|date=2012 Mar|pmid=22574340}}</ref> Takriban watu 650,000 hupatikana katika idara ya dharura kila mwaka kutokana na majaribio ya kujiua. <ref name=EB2011/> Nchi za [[Lithuania]], Japani na Hangeria zina viwango vikubwa zaidi vya aina za kujiua. <ref name=Var2012/> Nchi zilizo na idadi kuu zaidi ya visa vya kujiua ni Uchina na India, zikihasibia zaidi ya nusu yaidadi yote <ref name=Var2012/> Nchini Uchina, kujiua ni kisababishi cha 5 kikuu cha kifo. <ref name=China2009/> ===Jinsia=== {{Double image|right|Suicide world map - 2009 Male.svg|200|Suicide world map - 2009 Female,2.svg|200|Suicide rate per 100,000 males (left) and female (right) (data from 1978–2008). {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|< 1}} {{legend|#fff200|1–5}} {{legend|#ffdc00|5–5.8}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ffc600|5.8–8.5}} {{legend|#ffb000|8.5–12}} {{legend|#ff9a00|12–19}} {{legend|#ff8400|19–22.5}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff6e00|22.5–26}} {{legend|#ff5800|26–29.5}} {{legend|#ff4200|29.5–33}} {{legend|#ff2c00|33–36.5}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#cb0000|>36.5}} {{Multicol-end}} ||}} Katika mataifa ya magharibi, wanaume hufa mara 3 hadi 4 zaidi kutokana na kujiua kuliko wanawake, ingawa wanawake hujaribu kujiua mara 4 zaidi. <ref name=Var2012/><ref name=EB2011/> Hali hii imesababishwa na wanaume kutumia mbinu kali zaidi za kujiua. <ref name=Sue2012>{{cite book|last=Sue|first=David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Diane Sue, Stanley|title=Understanding abnormal behavior|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-1-111-83459-3|page=255|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=mTs--Kt-9a0C&pg=PA255|edition=Tenth ed., [student ed.]}}</ref> Tofauti hii inadhihirika zaidi katika watu wa umri wa zaidi ya miaka 65, huku visa vya kujiua kwa wanaume vikiwa zaidi ya vya wanawake kwa hadi mara 10. <ref name=Sue2012/> [[Uchina]] kuna mojawapo ya viwango vikuu zaidi vya kujiua kwa wanawake duniani, na ndiyo nchi pekee ambapo viwango vya kujiua kwa wanawake ni zaidi ya wanaume (uwiano wa 0.9). <ref name=Var2012/><ref name=China2009>{{cite journal|last=Weiyuan|first=C|title=Women and suicide in rural China.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2009-12_87_12/page/888|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2009 Dec|volume=87|issue=12|pages=888–9|pmid=20454475|doi=10.2471/BLT.09.011209|pmc=2789367}}</ref> Katika Mashariki mwa [[Mediteranea]], viwango vya kujiua ni karibu sawa baina ya wanaume na wanawake. <ref name=Var2012/> Katika wanawake, viwango vikubwa vya visa vya kujiua vinapatikana [[Korea Kusini]], ikiwa ni watu 22 kwa watu 100,000, huku kukiwa na viwango vya juu Asia ya Kusini Mashariki na Magharibi mwa Pasifiki kwa jumla.<ref name=Var2012/> Siku hizi linajitokeza pia suala la kujiua kwa [[msenge|wasenge]] <ref>https://www.heritage.org/gender/report/puberty-blockers-cross-sex-hormones-and-youth-suicide?inf_contact_key=86b22e8dd681576dcc0588920cc6f65d842e902fbefb79ab9abae13bfcb46658</ref> ===Umri=== Visa vingi vya kujiua katika nchi nyingi hutokea katika watu wa umri wa makamo<ref name=Pit2012>{{cite journal|last=Pitman|first=A|coauthors=Krysinska, K; Osborn, D; King, M|title=Suicide in young men.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2383|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jun 23|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2383–92|pmid=22726519|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60731-4}}</ref> au wazee.<ref name=Yip2012>{{cite journal|last=Yip|first=PS|coauthors=Caine, E; Yousuf, S; Chang, SS; Wu, KC; Chen, YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2393|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jun 23|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|pmid=22726520|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}</ref> Hata hivyo, idadi kamili ya visa vya kujiua ni vingi katika watu wa umri wa kati ya miaka 15 na 29, kwa sababu ya idadi ya watu iliyopo katika kikundi hiki.<ref name=Var2012/> Nchini Merikani, visa hivi hutokea kwa wingi katika [[wanaume wa asili ya kizungu|kizungu]], hasa wa umri wa zaidi ya miaka 80, ingawa watu wa umri wa chini hujaribu kujiua mara nyingi.<ref name=EB2011/> Kujiua ni kisababishi cha pili kikuu cha vifo katika umri wa [[kubaleghe|baleghe]]<ref name=Hawton2012>{{cite journal|last=Hawton|first=K|coauthors=Saunders, KE; O'Connor, RC|title=Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-23-29-2012_379_9834/page/2373|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jun 23|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2373–82|pmid=22726518|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5}}</ref> na katika wanaume wachanga ni cha pili baada ya vifo vya kiajali. <ref name=Pit2012/> Katika mataifa yaliyostawi, visa hivi ni visababishi vya 30% ya vifo vya wanaume wachanga.<ref name=Pit2012/> Katika mataifa yanayostawi, viwango vya visa hivi ni sawa, ingawa kwa ujumla huchangia idadi ndogo ya vifo vya kijumla kufuatia kiwango cha juu cha vifo kutokana na [[kiwewe (matibabu)|kiwewe]].<ref name=Pit2012/> Kinyume na sehemu zingine, vifo kufuatia kujiua katika Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia hutokea zaidi katika wanawake wachanga kuliko waliokomaa.<ref name=Var2012/> ==Historia== [[Image:106 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel CVI.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kujiua kwa Decebalus, kutoka katika [[Safu ya Trajan]].]] Katika [[Athene|Atheni ya Kale]], mtu aliyejiua bila idhini ya serikali alinyimwa haki ya kuzikwa kwa njia ya kawaida. Mtu huyu alizikwa peke yake, mpakani mwa jiji, bila kiashirio chochote cha kaburi lake.<ref>{{cite book|last=Szasz|first=Thomas|title=Fatal freedom : the ethics and politics of suicide|year=1999|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-275-96646-1|page=11|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5AqzlMdurkcC&pg=PA11}}</ref> Katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na [[Roma ya Kale]], njia ya kujiua ilikubaliwa kama njia ya kuonyesha kushindwa vitani <ref name=Maris2000/>. Ingawa kujiua kulikubalika mwanzoni katika Roma ya kale, baadaye kuliharamishwa kama kosa dhidi ya serikali kwa sababu ya gharama za kiuchumi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickinson|first=Michael R. Leming, George E.|title=Understanding dying, death, and bereavement|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-0-495-81018-6|page=290|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=L8ETDRsB8ZYC&pg=PA290|edition=7th ed.}}</ref> Amri ya uhalifu iliyotolewa na [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa]] mwaka wa 1670 ilitoa adhabu kali zaidi: maiti ya mtu aliyejiua ilibururwa mitaani huku kichwa kikielekezwa chini, kisha kuninginishwa au kutupwa kenye biwi la takataka. Vile vile, mali yote ya mshukiwa ilichukuliwa.<ref>{{cite book|first=ed. by W.S.F. Pickering|title=Durkheim's Suicide : a century of research and debate|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-415-20582-5|page=69|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9KQO6dGY1cwC&pg=PA69|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref name=Maris540>{{cite book|last=Maris|first=Ronald|title=Comprehensive textbook of suicidology|year=2000|publisher=Guilford Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-57230-541-0|page=540|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA540}}</ref>. Katika historia ya Ukristo, watu waliojaribu kujiua walikuwa [[kutengwa|wakitengwa]], huku waliokufa kufuatia kujiua wakizikwa nje ya eneo takatifu la makaburi.<ref name=McL2007/> Katika miaka ya mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 nchini Uingereza, jaribio la kujiua lilifananishwa na [[jaribio la kuua]] na adhabu yake ilikuwa kunyongwa.<ref name=McL2007/> Katika karne ya 19 barani Uropa, mtazamo wa kujiua ulibadilishwa kutoka mtazamo kuwa kulisababishwa na [[dhambi]], hadi kuwa kulisababiswa na [[wazimu]].<ref name=Maris540/>. ==Jamii na Utamaduni== ===Sheria=== [[File:Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg|thumb|A ''[[tantō]]'' Kisu kilichotayarishwia ''[[seppuku]]''.]] Katika mataifa mengi ya Ulaya, kujiua hakuchukuliwi tena kama hatia,<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12}}</ref> ingawa mtazamo huo ulikuwepo katika mataifa mengi ya Uropa kuanzia [[Enzi za Kati]] hadi angalau [[miaka ya 1800]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Paperno|first=Irina|title=Suicide as a cultural institution in Dostoevsky's Russia|year=1997|publisher=Cornell university press|location=Ithaca|isbn=978-0-8014-8425-4|page=60|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=m3pqf8f-6bMC&pg=PA60}}</ref> Mataifa mengi ya Kiislamu huchukulia bado kujiua kama hatia.<ref name="Islam2006"/> Nchini [[Australia]], kujiua si hatia.<ref>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=David Lanham&nbsp;... [et|title=Criminal laws in Australia|year=2006|publisher=The Federation Press|location=Annandale, N.S.W.|isbn=978-1-86287-558-6|page=229|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=D97doQ1iZx4C&pg=PA229}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ni hatia kumshauri, [[uchochezi|kumchochea]], au kumsadia na kumshawishi mtu kujaribu kujiua. Sheria inamruhusu kikamilifu mtu yeyote kutumia "kiwango chochote cha nguvu kama itakavyohitajika" ili kumzuia mwingine asijiue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duffy|first=Michael Costa, Mark|title=Labor, prosperity and the nineties : beyond the bonsai economy|year=1991|publisher=Federation Press|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-86287-060-4|page=315|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TqZqTHwvCH8C&pg=PA315|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Milki ya Kaskazini mwa Australia iliruhusu, kwa muda mfupi kutoka [[1996]] hadi [[1997]], kifo halali cha kusaidiwa na [[daktari]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Quill|first=Constance E. Putnam; foreword by Timothy E.|title=Hospice or hemlock? : searching for heroic compassion|year=2002|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-89789-921-5|page=143|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=GmFwa3I7vqMC&pg=PA143}}</ref> Barani Uropa, hakuna taifa lolote linalochukulia kitendo au jaribio la kujiua kama hatia kwa sasa.<ref name=McL2007/> [[Uingereza]] na [[Wales]] ziliondoa sheria iliyoharamisha kujiua kupitia [[Sheria ya kijiua ya 1961]], nayo [[Jamhuri]] ya [[Ayalandi]] ikifuatia mwaka wa [[1993]]. <ref name=McL2007/> Neno "kutenda" lilitumika kurejelea uharamu wa kujiua. Hata hivyo, mashirika mengi yamekoma kulitumia kwa sababu ya mtazamo mbaya ya neno hili.<ref>Holt, Gerry.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14374296 "When suicide was illegal"]. [[BBC News]] 3 August 2011. Accessed 11 August 2011.</ref><ref name=guardian_style>{{cite web|title=Guardian & Observer style guide|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/s|work=Guardian website|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> Nchini India, kujiua ni hatia, na jamii ya mwathiriwa inaweza kushtakiwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=editors, Nitish Dogra, Sangeet|title=Climate change and disease dynamics in India|publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7993-412-8|page=256|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=UGrUgX-nKTIC&pg=PA256}}</ref> Nchini Ujerumani, eutenasia ni haramu na mtu anayeshuhudia mwingine akijiua anaweza kuhukumiwa kwa kutotoa usaidizi wakati wa dharura.<ref>"German politician Roger Kusch helped elderly woman to die"[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4251894.ece Times Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4251894.ece |date=20100601051855 }} July 2, 2008</ref> [[Uswisi]] hivi majuzi imepiga hatua katika kuruhusu [[usaidizi wa kujiua]] kwa watu walio na ugonjwa wa muda mrefu wa akili. [[Mahakama kuu]] ya [[Lausanne]], katika hukumu moja mwaka wa [[2006]], ilimpa mtu ambaye hakutajwa jina, mwenye tatizo la kiakili la muda mrefu idhini ya kujiua.<ref name=pmid17649899>{{cite journal|author=Appel, JM |title=A Suicide Right for the Mentally Ill? A Swiss Case Opens a New Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hastings-center-report_may-june-2007_37_3/page/n43 |journal=Hastings Center Report |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=21–23 |year=2007 |pmid=17649899|doi=10.1353/hcr.2007.0035 |month=May }}</ref> Nchini Merikani, kujiua si hatia, ingawa watu wanaojaribu kujiua wanaweza kuadhibiwa.<ref name=McL2007>{{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Columba|title=Suicide-related behaviour understanding, caring and therapeutic responses|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, England|isbn=978-0-470-51241-8|page=24|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=I2FJRbekdC8C&pg=PA24}}</ref> Kujiua kwa kusaidiwa na daktari ni halali katika [[jimbo]] la [[Oregon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/127.html|title=Chapter 127.800–995 The Oregon Death with Dignity Act|publisher=[[Oregon State Legislature]]|accessdate=2013-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916065501/http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/127.html|archivedate=2013-09-16}}</ref> na Washington.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chapter 70.245 RCW, The Washington death with dignity act|url=http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.245|work=[[Washington State Legislature]]}}</ref> ===Dini=== [[File:A Hindoo Widow Burning Herself with the Corpse of her Husband.jpg|thumb|Mjane [[Mhindu]] akijichoma pamoja na maiti ya mumewe, miaka ya 1820.]] Katika [[madhehebu]] mengi ya [[Ukristo]] kujiua huchukuliwa kama [[dhambi]], kwa msingi wa [[maandishi]] ya [[wanateolojia]] wenye ushawishi mkuu kama vile [[Agostino wa Hippo]] na [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Hata hivyo, kujiua hakukuchuliwa kama dhambi katika [[kanuni za Justiniani]] za [[Milki ya Bizanti]], kwa mfano.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Ronald Roth, D.Acu.|url=http://www.acu-cell.com/suicide.html|title=Suicide & Euthanasia – a Biblical Perspective|publisher=Acu-cell.com|accessdate=2009-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418073913/http://acu-cell.com/suicide.html|archivedate=2009-04-18|=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418073913/http://acu-cell.com/suicide.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/suicide.htm|title=Norman N. Holland, Literary Suicides: A Question of Style|publisher=Clas.ufl.edu|accessdate=2009-05-06|archivedate=2009-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528090133/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/suicide.htm}}</ref> Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]], suala la kujiua liko kwenye msingi wa [[Amri Kumi|amri]] "Usiue" (iliyoidhinishwa na Yesu katika [[Agano Jipya]]; taz. [[Injili ya Mathayo|Math 19:18]]), pamoja na dhana kuwa [[uhai]] ni [[zawadi]] kutoka kwa Mungu, hivyo haufai kudhalilishwa au kuchezewa. Vile vile, kuua ni kinyume cha "amri asilia", hivyo huathiri mpango mkuu wa Mungu hapa duniani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p3s2c2a5.htm#2280 |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – PART 3 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 2 ARTICLE 5 |publisher=Scborromeo.org |date=1941-06-01|accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> Hata hivyo, inaaminiwa kuwa ugonjwa wa akili au woga mkuu wa kuteseka hupunguza jukumu la mtu anayejiua.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p3s2c2a5.htm#2282|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – PART 3 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 2 ARTICLE 5 |publisher=Scborromeo.org|date=1941-06-01 |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> Hoja pinzani ni pamoja na ifuatayo: kuwa [[Amri Kumi|Amri ya tano]] imefasiliwa kifasaha kama "usitekeleze mauaji", ambayo hailengi moja kwa moja mtu binafsi; yaani Mungu amempa uhuru kila binadamu kujichagulia; ya kuwa mtu akijiua hajavunja Sheria za Mungu, sawa na kuponya ugonjwa; na kuwa visa kadhaa vya watu waliojiua vimesimuliwa katika Biblia bila kuambatana na laana yoyote.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/sui_bibl.htm |title=The Bible and Suicide |publisher=Religioustolerance.org |accessdate=2009-05-06 |archivedate=2014-07-15 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140715063310/http://www.religioustolerance.org/sui_bibl.htm }}</ref> Desturi za Kiyahudi huzingatia umuhimu wa kudhamini maisha yaliyopo, hivyo kujiua huchukuliwa kuwa sawa na mtu kujinyima wema wa Mungu duniani. Licha ya hayo, katika hali mbaya ambapo hakuna chaguo lingine ila kuuawa au kulazimishwa kuisaliti dini yao, Wayahudi walijiua binafsi au [[kujiua kwa umati]] (tazama [[Masada]], [[Mateso ya kwanza ya Wayahudi nchini Ufaransa]], na [[York Castle]], kwa mifano). Kwa ukumbusho wa tahadhari, kuna [[sala]] katika [[liturujia]] ya Kiyahudi ya "kisu kiwapo kooni" kwa watu wanaokufa "kulitukuza jina la Mungu "(tazama [[kifodini]]). Matendo haya yamepokewa kwa njia mbalimbali na watawala wa Kiyahudi, huku yakichukuliwa na baadhi ya watu kama mfano bora wa wafiadini mashujaa, huku wengine wakiyachukulia kama hatia kwa watu kujiua kwa kutazamia ufiadini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religionfacts.com/euthanasia/judaism.htm |title=Euthanasia and Judaism: Jewish Views of Euthanasia and Suicide |accessdate=2008-09-16 |publisher=ReligionFacts.com |archivedate=2006-05-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506200930/http://www.religionfacts.com/euthanasia/judaism.htm }}</ref> [[Uislamu]] haukubali kujiua.<ref name="Islam2006"/> Katika [[Uhindu]] kwa jumla, kujiua hakukubaliwi, hivyo huchukuliwa kuwa dhambi sawa na kumuua mtu mwingine katika jamii ya kisasa ya Kihindu. [[Maandiko ya Kihindu]] yanasema kuwa mtu anayejiua huingia katika ulimwengu wa pepo, akitangatanga duniani hadi wakati ambapo angekufa iwapo hangejiua.<ref>Hindu Website. [http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_suicide.asp Hinduism and suicide]</ref> Hata hivyo, Uhindu hukubali [[haki ya kujiua]] kupitia njia isiyo na dhuluma ya kujinyima chakula hadi kufa, inayojulikana kama ''[[Prayopavesa]]''.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml|title= Hinduism –Euthanasia and Suicide|date= 2009-08-25|publisher= BBC}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Prayopavesa hukubalika tu kwa watu wasiokuwa na hamu au matarajio, wala majukumu maishani. [[Ujaini]] una desturi sawa na hii, iitwayo ''[[Santhara]]''. Desturi ya [[Sati]], au kujitoa kafara kwa wajane, ilikuwepo katika [[Karne za Kati]]. ===Falsafa=== Maswali mengi yameulizwa katika falsafa ya kujiua, ikiwa ni pamoja na fasili ya kujiua, ikiwa kujiua ni chaguo la busara au la, na kuruhusika kimaadili.<ref name="StanfordSuicide">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/suicide/ |title=Suicide (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |publisher=Plato.stanford.edu |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> Mitazamo ya kifalsafa inayohusu kujiua kama jambo linaloweza kukubalika kimaadili hutofautiana kutoka upinzani, (kwa kuchukulia kujiua kama mwiko) hadi kuchukulia kujiua kama haki ya [[Kimungu]] ya mtu yeyote (hata mtoto mwenye afya njema) anayeamini kwamba amefikia, kwa busara na [[dhamiri]], uamuzi wa kukatisha maisha yake. Wapinzani wa kujiua ni pamoja na wanafalsafa Wakristo kama vile [[Agostino wa Hippo]] na [[Thomas Aquinas]],<ref name="StanfordSuicide" /> [[Immanuel Kant]]<ref>Kant, Immanuel. (1785) ''Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals'', M. Gregor (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-521-56673-5. p177.</ref> na, kwa njia moja [[John Stuart Mill]] – malengo ya Mill kuhusu umuhimu wa [[uhuru]] na [[kujitawala]] yalipelekea yeye kupinga chaguo ambazo zingemzuia mtu kufanya uamuzi wa kibinafsi katika siku za usoni.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Safranek John P | year = 1998 | title = Autonomy and Assisted Suicide: The Execution of Freedom | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_hastings-center-report_july-august-1998_28_4/page/n34| journal = The Hastings Center Report |volume = 28 | issue = 4| page = 33 }}</ref> Watu wengine huchukulia kujiua kama jambo halali la kujichagulia kibinafsi. Waafiki wa dhana hii husisitiza kuwa mtu yeyote hafai kushurutishwa kuteseka kinyume na mapenzi yake, hasa kutokana na hali kama vile ugonjwa usiotibika, ugonjwa wa akili na uzee usiokuwa na uwezekano wa kuimarika. Waafiki hawa hupinga imani ya kwamba, kila wakati, kujiua ni jambo lisilo la busara, badala yake wakihimiza kuwa linaweza kuwa chaguo halali la mwisho, kwa watu wanopitia maumivu makali au dhiki.<ref>Raymond Whiting: A natural right to die: twenty-three centuries of debate, pp. 13–17; Praeger (2001) ISBN 0-313-31474-8</ref> Dhana nyingine yenye msimamo mkali inahimiza kuwa watu wanapaswa kuruhusiwa wajichagulie kufa bila kuzingatia iwapo wanateseka au la. Waafiki mashuhuri wa [[dhana]] hii ni pamoja na mwanafalsafa [[Mskoti]] [[David Hume]]<ref name="StanfordSuicide" /> na Mmarekani mwana bayojilia na maadili [[Jacob M. Appel|Jacob Appel]].<ref name=pmid17649899 /><ref>[[Wesley J. Smith]], Death on Demand: The assisted-suicide movement sheds its fig leaf, ''The Weekly Standard'', June 5, 2007</ref> ===Utetezi=== [[Image:Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps - The Suicide - Walters 3742.jpg|thumb|Katika picha hii iliyochorwa na Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, kisufugutu, bastola na daftari iliyolazwa sakafuni zinaashiria kwamba tukio hili la kutisha limetendeka; mchoraji amejiua.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url=http://art.thewalters.org/detail/1589 |title= The Suicide}}</ref>]] Utetezi wa kujiua umetokea katika tamaduni nyingi. [[Jeshi la Japani]], katika Vita vya pili vya dunia, liliruhusu na kutukuza mashambulizi ya [[kamikaze]]. Haya yalikuwa mashambulizi ya kujiua yaliyotekelezwa na wanajeshi [[wanahewa]] wa Milki ya Japani dhidi ya vyombo vya majini vya Majeshi ya Muungano katika awamu za mwisho za uhamasisho wa Pasifiki wa Vita II vya Dunia. Jamii ya Japani kwa jumla imechukuliwa kama "inayoruhusu" kujiua<ref name="ozawa-desilva">{{cite journal|last=Ozawa-de Silva|first=C|title=Too lonely to die alone: internet suicide pacts and existential suffering in Japan.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_culture-medicine-and-psychiatry_2008-12_32_4/page/516|journal=Culture, medicine and psychiatry|date=2008 Dec|volume=32|issue=4|pages=516–51|pmid=18800195|doi=10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0}}</ref>. Pekuzi mtandaoni kuhusu kijiua hutoa kurasa za mtandao ambazo huruhusu au kuwezesha majaribio ya kujiua kwa kiwango cha 10-30%.<!-- <ref name=Dur2011/> --> Kuna maoni kuwa kurasa kama hizo zinaweza kuchochea watu walio hatarini hadi wakajiua.<!-- <ref name=Dur2011/> -->Baadhi ya watu hutia [[mkataba wa kujiua]] mtandaoni, wakiwa na marafiki waliokuwa wakijuana mbeleni au waliopatana katika [[vyumba vya majadiliano]] au [[vikao vya mtandao|majojpo ya habari]].<!-- <ref name=Dur2011/> --> Hata hivyo, mtandao pia unaweza kusaidia kuzuia kujiua kupitia vikundi vya mahusiano kwa watu waliotengwa.<ref name=Dur2011>{{cite journal|last=Durkee|first=T|coauthors=Hadlaczky, G; Westerlund, M; Carli, V|title=Internet pathways in suicidality: a review of the evidence.|journal=International journal of environmental research and public health|date=2011 Oct|volume=8|issue=10|pages=3938–52|pmid=22073021|doi=10.3390/ijerph8103938|pmc=3210590}}</ref> ===Maeneo=== Baadhi ya maeneo yamekuwa maarufu kwa visa vingi vya majaribio ya kujiua.<ref name=Robinson2012/> Haya ni pamoja na [[Daraja la Golden Gate]], Jimbo la [[San Francisco]]; [[msitu wa Aokigahara]], Japani;<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=ed. by Peter|title=Research themes for tourism|year=2010|publisher=CABI|location=Oxfordshire [etc.]|isbn=978-1-84593-684-6|page=172|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=219aFMSRPqgC&pg=PA172|coauthors=Heitmann, Sine; Dieke, Peter}}</ref> [[Beachy Head]], Uingereza;<ref name=Robinson2012>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=edited by David Picard, Mike|title=Emotion in motion : tourism, affect and transformation|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey|isbn=978-1-4094-2133-7|page=176|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=PjuY_4Vy_UUC&pg=PT176}}</ref> na [[Bloor Street Viaduct]], jijini [[Toronto]].<ref name=Dennis2008>{{cite book|last=Dennis|first=Richard|title=Cities in modernity : representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840 – 1930|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-521-46841-1|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Gq9_uNNkmKUC&pg=PA20|edition=Repr.}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2010, Daraja la Golden Gate limekuwa na zaidi ya visa 1300 vya kujiua kwa kuruka tangu daraja hilo kujengwa mnamo [[1937]].<ref name=McDougall2010>{{cite book|last=McDougall|first=Tim|title=Helping children and young people who self-harm : an introduction to self-harming and suicidal behaviours for health professionals|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-49913-2|page=23|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2VfP1-o0BgcC&pg=PA23|coauthors=Armstrong, Marie; Trainor, Gemma}}</ref> Maeneo mengi ambapo visa vingi vya kujiua hutokea yana vizuizi vilivyojengwa ili kuzuia visa hivi.<ref name=Bateson2008>{{cite book|last=Bateson|first=John|title=Building hope : leadership in the nonprofit world|year=2008|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-34851-8|page=180|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=GUzq5qNegkYC&pg=PA180}}</ref> Maeneo haya ni pamoja na [[Luminous Veil]] jijini Toronto,<ref name=Dennis2008/>na vizuizi katika [[mnara wa Eiffel]] jijini Paris na [[Jengo la Empire State]] jijini New York.<ref name=Bateson2008/> Tangu mwaka wa 2001, kizuizi kinaendelea kujengwa katika daraja la Golden Gate <ref name=Miller2011>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=David|title=Child and Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: School-Based Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60623-997-1|page=46|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=bAHcIUDoVEoC&pg=PA46}}</ref> Vizuizi vimeonekana kuwa mwafaka sana. ==Spishi nyingine== Baadhi ya watu hudhani kuwa kujiua hakuwezi kutokea katika [[viumbehai]] wengine, kwa sababu kujiua huhitaji jaribio la hiari la kufa.<ref name=Maris2000>{{cite book|last=Maris|first=Ronald|title=Comprehensive textbook of suicidology|year=2000|publisher=Guilford Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-57230-541-0|pages=97–103|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA97}}</ref> Mitindo inayohusishwa na kujiua imetambulika katika [[salmonela]] zinazojitahidi kushindana na [[bakteria]] kwa kuchochea [[mfumo wa kingamwili]] dhidi ya bakteria hizi.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26obsalm.html?ref=science|title=In Salmonella Attack, Taking One for the Team|author=Chang, Kenneth|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=New York Times|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Hatua za kujikinga kwa kujiua zimetambulika katika aina ya [[mchwa]] wa [[Brazil]], ''Forelius pusillus'', ambapo kikundi kidogo cha mchwa huacha [[usalama]] wa [[kiota]] kila [[usiku]], baada ya kufunga milango wakiwa nje. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Preemptive Defensive Self-Sacrifice by Ant Workers|url=http://www.cyf-kr.edu.pl/~rotofils/Tofilski_etal_2008.pdf|format=PDF|author=Tofilski,Adam; Couvillon, MJ;Evison, SEF; Helantera, H; Robinson, EJH; Ratnieks, FLW|year=2008|volume=172|pmid=18928332|issue=5|journal=The American Naturalist|doi=10.1086/591688|pages=E239–E243}}</ref> [[Afidi ya choroko]], anapotishwa na [[mbawakawa]], anaweza kujilipua na kutapakaa ili kuwakinga wengine, na hata wakati mwingine anaweza kuwaua mbawakawa hao.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/animal-suicide-behavior.html|title=Animal Suicide Sheds Light on Human Behavior|author=Larry O'Hanlon|date=Mar 10, 2010|publisher=Discovery News|postscript=<!--None-->|journal=|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2010-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725200146/http://news.discovery.com/animals/animal-suicide-behavior.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Baadhi ya spishi za [[mchwa]] wana walinzi wanaojilipua hivyo kuwafunika adui zao na michozo inayoshikamanisha.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/10_october/20/life_horrors.shtml|title=Life In The Undergrowth|publisher=BBC|postscript=<!--None-->|author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)|first4=A.|last4=Peppuy|first3=V.|last3=Van Tuyen|volume=44|first2=A.|issue=3|journal=Insectes Sociaux|date=August, 1997|last2=Robert|page=289|doi=10.1007/s000400050049|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/m727aywa4mdf04ln/|publisher=Birkhäuser Basel|author=Bordereau, C|postscript=<!--None-->|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418174725/http://www.springerlink.com/content/m727aywa4mdf04ln/|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418174725/http://www.springerlink.com/content/m727aywa4mdf04ln/}}</ref> Kumekuwa na ripoti zisizotegemewa za [[mbwa]], [[farasi]] na [[pomboo]] wanaojiua, ingawa ushahidi uliopo ni mdogo na hauaminiki.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|title=Do Animals Commit Suicide? A Scientific Debate|date=Mar. 19, 2010|author=Nobel, Justin|publisher=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html|postscript=<!--None-->|journal=|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2013-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817103106/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817103106/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1973486,00.html}}</ref> Kumekuwa na utafiti mdogo wa kisayansi kuhusu kujiua kwa wanyama.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52352.x|title=Suicide Research|first2=J. John|last2=Mann|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120752899/abstract|author=Stoff, David|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|publisher=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=836|issue=Neurobiology of Suicide, The : From the Bench to the Clinic|year=1997|pages=1–11|postscript=<!--None-->|bibcode=1997NYASA.836....1S|access-date=2013-11-28|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418174725/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120752899/abstract|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418174725/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120752899/abstract}}</ref> ==Visa maarufu== Mfano wa kujiua kwa halaiki ni [[kujiua kwa kidini]] mwaka wa [[1978]] mjini [[Jonestown]], ambapo wanachama 918 wa [[Peoples Temple]], wa [[madhehebu]] ya Kimarekani, wakiongozwa naye [[Jim Jones]], walijiua kwa kunywa [[Flavor Aid]] ya [[zabibu]] iliyochanganywa na [[Sianidi ya potasiamu|sianidi]].<ref>Hall 1987, p.282</ref><ref name="tape">[http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/DeathTape/death.html "Jonestown Audiotape Primary Project."] {{Wayback|url=http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/DeathTape/death.html |date=20130518030445 }} ''Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple''. San Diego State University.{{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5vybbZjSY|date =2011-01-24}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1944, zaidi ya Wajapani 10,000 walijiua katika siku za mwisho za [[Vita vya Saipan]], baadhi yao wakiruka kutoka "Suicide Cliff" na "Banzai Cliff".<ref>John Toland, ''The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945'', Random House, 1970, p. 519</ref> Mgomo wa kususia chakula, nchini Ayalandi mwaka 1981, ulioongozwa na [[Bobby Sands]], ulisababisha vifo vya watu 10. Kisababishi cha vifo hivi kilirekodiwa na [[coroner]] kama "njaa ya kujitakia," badala ya kujiua. Kisababishi hiki kilibadilishwa na kuwa "njaa" kwenye vyeti vya kifo baada ya familia za waathiriwa kulalamika.<ref name=Philosophy59OKeeffe>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/3750951 Suicide and Self-Starvation], Terence M. O'Keeffe, [[Philosophy (journal)|''Philosophy'']], Vol. 59, No. 229 (Jul., 1984), pp. 349–363</ref> Katika Vita vya II vya Dunia [[Erwin Rommel]] aligunduliwa kufahamu mbeleni kuhusu [[Njama ya Julai 20]] kuhusu maisha ya Hitler, hivyo akatishwa kwa [[hukumu ya umma]], kuuawa na jeshi na pia familia yake kulipiziwa kisasi iwapo hatajua.<ref>{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Bruce|title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/exitrommeltunisi0000wats |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/exitrommeltunisi0000wats/page/170 170]|isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Maadili]] [[Category:Tiba]] [[Category:Sheria]] [[Category:Dini]] beb9v2hafz7rd3hc0a9r9okndpm25ey 0 29168 1579704 1118687 2026-07-16T06:33:26Z Dorotheoio 90971 1579704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Susumu Tonegawa Photo.jpg||thumbnail|right|280px|Susumu Tonegawa]] [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Susumu Tonegawa''' (amezaliwa 5 Septemba 1939 -11 Julai 2026) alikuwa mwanabiolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Japani]]. Hasa alichunguza sifa za [[kingamaradhi]]. Mwaka wa [[1987]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]]'''. {{Mbegu-Nobel}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tonegawa, Susumu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] ag0t5t99lub8fyph4gcktsyzq9osgi5 0 39770 1579768 896104 2026-07-16T10:20:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Norrköpings rådhus 2008-05-10 bild01.jpg|thumb|250px|Ukumbi wa Norrköping]] [[Picha:Norrköping in Sweden.png|thumb|180px|]] '''Norrköping''' ni mji kubwa nchini [[Uswidi]]. Ni mji mkubwa wa kumi katika nchi wa Uswidi. Kuna wakazi 83,561 (mwaka 2005). Iko kando ya [[Mto Motala]]. Kuna bendi simfoni, uwanja wa ndege na tawi la [[Chuo Kikuu cha Linköping]] == Jiografia == Eneo lake ni 34.78 [[km²]]. <gallery> Picha:Stadsbiblioteket Norrköping april 2005.jpg|''Maktaba ya mji'' Picha:St Olai kyrka i Norrköping april 2005.jpg|''Kanisa la Mtume Olof Picha:Motalastrom.jpg|''Mto Motala'' </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.norrkoping.se/ www.norrkoping.se] {{Wayback|url=http://www.norrkoping.se/ |date=20060127233208 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] 3yb9iufhlajxagy4xaq0u80ebcavxb0 0 40493 1579710 1336635 2026-07-16T07:59:07Z ChriKo 35 Nyongeza spishi mpya 1579710 wikitext text/x-wiki ^{''Kwa mfalme au mwene mkuu wa kwanza wa Washambaa tazama "[[Mbegha]]"''} {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Mbega | picha = Angola Colobus Monkey 2.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mbega mweupe kusi | domeni = [[Eukaryota]] <small>(Viumbe walio na seli zenye kiini)</small> | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mamalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Primates]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana kiasi na [[binadamu]])</small> | nusuoda = [[Haplorrhini]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana kiasi na [[kima]])</small> | oda_ya_chini = [[Simiiformes]] <small>(Wanyama kama kima)</small> | oda_ndogo = [[Catarrhini]] <small>(Kima wa Dunia ya Kale)</small> | familia_ya_juu = [[Cercopithecoidea]] | familia = [[Cercopithecidae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na [[kima (kabila)|kima]])</small> | nusufamilia = [[Colobinae]] <small>([[Mbega]])</small> | jenasi = ''[[Colobus]]'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811</small><br /> ''[[Nasalis]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|E. Geoffroy]], 1812</small><br /> ''[[Piliocolobus]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Trémeau de Rochebrune|Rochebrune]], 1877</small><br /> ''[[Presbytis]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz|Eschscholtz]], 1821</small><br /> ''[[Procolobus]]'' <small>Rochebrune, 1877</small><br /> ''[[Pygathrix]]'' <small>E. Geoffroy, 1812</small><br /> ''[[Rhinopithecus]]'' <small>[[Henri Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1872</small><br /> ''[[Semnopithecus]]'' <small>[[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest|Desmarest]], 1822</small><br /> ''[[Simias]]'' <small>[[Gerrit Smith Miller|Miller]], 1903</small><br /> ''[[Trachypithecus]]'' <small>[[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1862</small> }} '''Mbega''' (pia: '''mbegha''' <ref>linganisha kamusi kama Websters dictionary; lakini kuna uwezekano wa kwamba tahajia hiyo ni ama kosa la kuchanganya "mbega" = kima na Mbegha= chifu wa kihistoria wa Washambaa au matamshi ya kieneo</ref> ) ni [[kima]] wa [[nusufamilia]] [[Colobinae]] katika [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Cercopithecidae]]. Wanatokea [[Afrika]] na [[Asia]]. [[Spishi]] nyingi huishi [[mti|mitini]] lakini spishi nyingine huishi [[savana]] zenye miti na hata mijini. Vidole gumba vya spishi za Afrika vimekuwa vigutu pengine ili kurahisisha kwenda katika miti. Mbega hula [[jani|majani]], [[ua|maua]] na [[tunda|matunda]], pengine [[mdudu|wadudu]] na wanyama wadogo. == Spishi za Afrika == * ''Colobus angolensis'', [[Mbega Mweupe Kusi]] ([[w:Angola Colobus|Southern Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. angolensis'', [[Mbega wa Sclater]] ([[w:Sclater's Black-and-white Colobus|Sclater's Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. cordieri'', [[Mbega wa Cordier]] ([[w:Cordier's Black-and-white Colobus|Cordier's Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. cottoni'', [[Mbega wa Powel-Cotton]] ([[w:Powel-Cotton's Black-and-white Colobus|Powel-Cotton's Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. nova'', [[Mbega Mweupe wa Mahale]] ([[w:Mahale Black-and-white colobus|Mahale Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. palliatus'', [[Mbega Mweupe Pwani]] ([[w:Tanzania Black-and-white Colobus|Tanzania Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. prigoginei'', [[Mbega wa Prigogine]] ([[w:Prigogine's Black-and-white Colobus|Prigogine's Black-and-white Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus a. ruwenzorii'', [[Mbega Mweupe wa Ruwenzori]] ([[w:Ruwenzori Black-and-white Colobus|Ruwenzori Black-and-white Colobus]]) * ''Colobus congoensis'', [[Mbegu mweusi wa Lomami]] au likweli ([[w:Likweli|Likweli]]) * ''Colobus guereza'' (=''abyssinicus''), [[Mbega Mweupe Mashariki]], Kuluzu au Dolo ([[w:Eastern black-and-white colobus|Eastern black-and-white colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. caudatus'', [[Mbega wa Kilima Njaro]] ([[w:Kilimanjaro Colobus|Kilimanjaro Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. dodingae'', [[Mbega wa Vilima Dodinga]] ([[w:Dodinga Hills Colobus|Dodinga Hills Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. gallarum'', [[Mbega wa Milima Djaffa]] ([[w:Djaffa Mountains Colobus|Djaffa Mountains Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. guereza'', [[Mbega wa Mto Omo]] ([[w:Omo River Colobus|Omo River Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. kikuyuensis'', [[Mbega wa Mlima Kenya]] ([[w:Mt. Kenya colobus|Mt. Kenya colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. matschiei'', [[Mbega wa Mau]] ([[w:Mau Forest Colobus|Mau Forest Colobus]]) ** ''Colobus g. occidentalis'', [[Mbega Mweupe Magharibi]] ([[w:Western Black-and-white Colobus|Western]] au Congo Black-and-white Colobus) ** ''Colobus g. percivali'', [[Mbega wa Mlima Uaraguess]] ([[w:Mt. Uaraguess Colobus|Mt. Uaraguess Colobus]]) * ''Colobus polykomos'', [[Mbega Mfalme]] ([[w:King Colobus|King Colobus]]) * ''Colobus satanas'', [[Mbega Mweusi]] ([[w:Black Colobus|Black Colobus]]) * ''Colobus vellerosus'', [[Mbega Mapaja-meupe]] ([[w:White-thighed Colobus|White-thighed Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus badius'', [[Mbega Mwekundu Magharibi]] ([[w:Western Red Colobus|Western Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus foai'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Afrika ya Kati]] ([[w:Central African Red Colobus|Central African Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus gordonorum'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Udzungwa]] ([[w:Udzungwa Red Colobus|Udzungwa Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus kirkii'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Unguja]] ([[w:Zanzibar Red Colobus|Zanzibar Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus pennantii'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Pennant]] ([[w:Pennant's Colobus|Pennant's Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus preussi'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Preuss]] ([[w:Preuss's Red Colobus|Preuss's Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus rufomitratus'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Tana]] ([[w:Tana River Red Colobus|Tana River Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus tephrosceles'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Uganda]] ([[w:Ugandan Red Colobus|Ugandan Red Colobus]]) * ''Piliocolobus tholloni'', [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Chuapa]] ([[w:Thollon's Red Colobus|Thollon's Red Colobus]]) * ''Procolobus verus'', [[Mbega Kijanikijivu]] ([[w:Olive Colobus|Olive Colobus]]) == Spishi za Asia == * ''Nasalis larvatus'' ([[w:Proboscis Monkey|Proboscis Monkey]]) * ''Presbytis chrysomelas'' ([[w:Sarawak Surili|Sarawak Surili]]) * ''Presbytis comata'' ([[w:Javan Surili|Javan Surili]]) * ''Presbytis femoralis'' ([[w:Banded Surili|Banded Surili]]) * ''Presbytis frontata'' ([[w:White-fronted Surili|White-fronted Surili]]) * ''Presbytis hosei'' ([[w:Hose's Langur|Hose's Langur]]) * ''Presbytis melalophos'' ([[w:Sumatran Surili|Sumatran Surili]]) * ''Presbytis natunae'' ([[w:Natuna Island Surili|Natuna Island Surili]]) * ''Presbytis potenziani'' ([[w:Mentawai Langur|Mentawai Langur]] or Joja) * ''Presbytis rubicunda'' ([[w:Maroon Leaf Monkey|Maroon Leaf Monkey]]) * ''Presbytis siamensis'' ([[w:White-thighed Surili|White-thighed Surili]]) * ''Presbytis thomasi'' ([[w:Thomas's Langur|Thomas's Langur]]) * ''Pygathrix cinerea'' ([[w:Gray-shanked Douc|Grey-shanked Douc]]) * ''Pygathrix nemaeus'' ([[w:Red-shanked Douc|Red-shanked Douc]]) * ''Pygathrix nigripes'' ([[w:Black-shanked Douc|Black-shanked Douc]]) * ''Rhinopithecus avunculus'' ([[w:Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey|Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey]]) * ''Rhinopithecus bieti'' ([[w:Black Snub-nosed Monkey|Black Snub-nosed Monkey]]) * ''Rhinopithecus brelichi'' ([[w:Gray Snub-nosed Monkey|Grey Snub-nosed Monkey]]) * ''Rhinopithecus roxellana'' ([[w:Golden Snub-nosed Monkey|Golden Snub-nosed Monkey]]) * ''Semnopithecus ajax'' ([[w:Kashmir Gray Langur|Kashmir Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus dussumieri'' ([[w:Southern Plains Gray Langur|Southern Plains Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus entellus'' ([[w:Northern Plains Gray Langur|Northern Plains Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus hector'' ([[w:Tarai Gray Langur|Tarai Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'' ([[w:Black-footed Gray Langur|Black-footed Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus priam'' ([[w:Tufted Gray Langur|Tufted Grey Langur]]) * ''Semnopithecus schistaceus'' ([[w:Nepal Gray Langur|Nepal Grey Langur]]) * ''Simias concolor'' ([[w:Pig-tailed Langur|Pig-tailed Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus auratus'' ([[w:Javan Lutung|Javan Lutung]]) * ''Trachypithecus barbei'' ([[w:Tenasserim Lutung|Tenasserim Lutung]]) * ''Trachypithecus cristatus'' ([[w:Silvery Lutung|Silvery Lutung]] or Silvered Leaf Monkey) * ''Trachypithecus delacouri'' ([[w:Delacour's Langur|Delacour's Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus ebenus'' ([[w:Indochinese Black Langur|Indochinese Black Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus francoisi'' ([[w:Francois' Langur|François's Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus geei'' ([[w:Gee's Golden Langur|Gee's Golden Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus germaini'' ([[w:Indochinese Lutung|Indochinese Lutung]]) * ''Trachypithecus hatinhensis'' ([[w:Hatinh Langur|Hatinh Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus johnii'' ([[w:Nilgiri Langur|Nilgiri Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus laotum'' ([[w:Laotian Langur|Laotian Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus obscurus'' ([[w:Dusky Leaf Monkey|Dusky Leaf Monkey]]) * ''Trachypithecus phayrei'' ([[w:Phayre's Leaf Monkey|Phayre's Leaf Monkey]]) * ''Trachypithecus pileatus'' ([[w:Capped Langur|Capped Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus poliocephalus'' ([[w:White-headed Langur|White-headed Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus popa'' ([[w:Popa Langur|Popa Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus shortridgei'' ([[w:Shortridge's Langur|Shortridge's Langur]]) * ''Trachypithecus vetulus'' ([[w:Purple-faced Langur|Purple-faced Langur]]) == Picha == <gallery> File:Colubusmonkey.JPG|Mbega mweupe mashariki File:Colobus polykomos.jpg|Mbega mfalme File:Piliocolobus temminckii 0004.jpg|Mbega mwekundu magharibi File:ZanzibarRedColobus2.jpeg|Mbega mwekundu wa Unguja File:Grooming Reds.jpg|Mbega mwekundu wa Uganda </gallery> <gallery> File:Proboscis Monkey.jpg|Proboscis monkey File:Portrait of a Douc.jpg|Red-shanked douc File:RhinopitecusBieti.jpg|Black snub-nosed monkey File:Goldstumpfnasen (Rhinopithecus roxellana).jpg|Golden snub-nosed monkey File:Macaque India 2.jpg|Southern plains grey langurs File:Semnopithecus entellus Agra 2.jpg|Northern plains grey langurs File:Semnopithecus hypoleucos.JPG|Black-footed grey langur File:Semnopithecus priam.jpg|Tufted grey langur File:Ebony Langur Javan Lutung Trachypithecus auratus at Bronx Zoo 2 cropped.jpg|Javan lutung File:Stavenn Trachypithecus cristatus 01.jpg|Silvery lutung File:Trachypithecus francoisi 3399.jpg|François's langur File:Golden Langur.jpg|Golden langur File:Nilgiri langur.jpg|Nilgiri langur File:Duskyleafmonkey1.jpg|Dusky leaf monkey File:Capped langur in manas.jpg|Capped langur </gallery> ==Marejeo== <references/> {{Primates|C}} [[Jamii:Kima na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Wanyama wa Afrika]] 5x6cogih8tkf0ay3tp3eu0n17wdfrn3 0 52798 1579689 916924 2026-07-16T01:11:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579689 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>^{Kwa pesa ya Ujerumani tazama makala ya [[Mark (pesa)]]}</center> [[Picha:Mark vapen.svg |thumb|200px|]] [[Picha:Mark Municipality in Västra Götaland County.png|thumb|200px|]] '''Mark''' ni manispaa nchini [[Uswidi]]. Kuna wakazi 33,829 (mwaka 2005). == Jiografia == Eneo lake ni 1,018 [[km²]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.mark.se www.mark.se] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mark.se/ |date=20090117225232 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] s3azsix2pks0irgzlk1f6qp6gb1xhs1 0 56303 1579688 899412 2026-07-16T00:58:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mariestadskyline.JPG|thumb|350px|Mariestad]] [[Picha:Mariestad kommun.png|thumb|250px|]] '''Mariestad''' ni mji na manispaa nchini [[Uswidi]]. Kuna wakazi 25,000 (mwaka 2005). Iko kando ya [[Ziwa Vänern]]. == Jiografia == Eneo lake ni 10.96 [[km²]]. <gallery> Picha:Mariestad church.jpg|''Kanisa la Mariestad'' </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.mariestad.se/ www.mariestad.se] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mariestad.se/ |date=20090302111058 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] 1jxkwcpn8d55u5utj7hntdy74xubanl 0 60110 1579676 1465566 2026-07-15T21:16:22Z MaleLiz 26975 1579676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Chris.jpeg|thumb|right|250px| {{ PAGENAME }}]] '''Christopher R. Mwashinga, Jr''' (amezaliwa Januari 9, [[1965]]) ni [[mchungaji]], [[mwanateolojia]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[vitabu]] na [[mshairi]] kutoka nchi ya [[Tanzania]] anayeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha vitabu vya mashairi, teolojia, utume na historia ya dini. [[Mashairi]] yake yamechapishwa [[Singapore]] <ref> ''El Shadai Magazine.''</ref>, Tanzania <ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 1991; January 1992; </ref>, Kenya <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of 18 June 1995; 13 August 1995</ref> na Marekani<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007; ''Literature Evangelist Magazine'' published by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, June 1996; and ''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>. Anaandika vitabu kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]]. __TOC__ ==Asili na Familia== Dkt Christopher Mwashinga alizaliwa akiwa mtoto wa tatu wa mzee Richard Male Mwashinga kutoka katika ukoo wa kichifu (Mwene) katika kitongoji cha [[Igawilo]], jijini [[Mbeya]], na mama Christine Mwaselela toka kitongoji cha [[Inyala]], Mbeya, nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kwa miaka mingi wazazi wake waliishi katika eneo la [[Uyole]] ndani ya Jiji la Mbeya.<ref> ''Moments of my Christian Experience'', Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2016</ref> ==Elimu== Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga alisoma katika shule ya msingi Ngare-Nairobi, mkoani Kilimanjaro. Alihitimu elimu ya sekondari katika shule za [[Igawilo]] Sekondari iliyoko jijini Mbeya [[1988]] [[kidato cha nne]] na Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea [[1991]][[kidato cha sita]]. Alipomaliza masomo ya sekondari, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Arusha (UoA) kusomea theolojia mwaka [[1993]]. Mwaka [[1994]] alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki,[[Baraton nchini Kenya]] alipotunukiwa shahada ya kwanza BA katika theolojia mwaka [[1997]]<ref>''Gazeti la Parapanda'' Gazeti Na. 2, Toleo la 1, Januari-Juni, [[2004]]</ref>. Vile vile alitunukiwa shahada mbili za uzamili katika mambo ya theolojia,[[Master of Divinity]] MDiv ([[2008]])<ref>''IN TOUCH'' Volume 2 Issue 3. A Newsletter of the Seminary Student Forum, March [[2008]]. Andrews University.</ref> na Master of Arts, MA in Systematic Theology,([[2010]])<ref>Bruce Bauer, ed. ''Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities.'' Berrien Springs, MI: Department of World Mission, Andrews University, 2010, 79-82.</ref>,zote katika Chuo Kikuu cha Andrews kilichopo katika jimbo la Michigan nchini [[Marekeni]]; alihitimu na shahada ya Udaktari wa Falsafa ([[Ph.D]]) katika fani ya theolojia (Systematic Theology).<ref>''The Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016: 33-51</ref> ==Huduma kwa Vijana na Wanafunzi== [[Picha:Christopher Mwashinga 048.jpg|thumb|right|250px| {{PAGENAME}}]] Dkt. Mwashinga alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa idara ya Elimu na Vijana katika Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania la Kanisa la Waadventista wa Sabato kuanzia 1997-2005.<ref>Mwashinga, ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania linajumuisha mikoa ya [[Dar Es Salaam]], Morogoro, Dodoma, Pwani, Mtwara na Lindi kwa upande wa Tanzania bara, na mikoa yote ya Tanzania visiwani. Kazi yake ilimpatia fursa ya kukutana na wakuu wa vyuo vikuu vingi katika mabara matano duniani. Sauti yake ilikuwa ikisikika mara kwa mara katika vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki hasa kati ya 1992-2005. Kila mwaka alikuwa akifanya mikutano mikubwa ya Injili katika majumba ya mikutano ya vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile Nkrumah Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] , Multi-Purpose Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Sokoine]], New Assembly Hall [[Chuo Kikuu Mzumbe]]; na katika taasisi nyingine nyingi za elimu ya juu nchini Tanzania kama vile Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Tiba, Muhimbili, Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi, Chuo cha Usimamizi wa Fedha (IFM) Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha, Taasisi ya Teknolojia Dar Es Salaam, [[Chuo Kikuu Arusha]], Chuo cha Ufundi Mbeya n.k.<ref>Christopher Mwashinga,Jr ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Volume II: Sermons, Speeches, and Poems'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books,2014),609.</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Vile vile katika mikutano ya kila mwaka ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki alikuwa mhutubu katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]],Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, Baraton, na Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Mombasa, vilivyopo nchini Kenya. Katika nchi ya Uganda alihutubu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere na Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Mbarara. Mikutano yake ilihudhuriwa na wanafunzi na wahadhiri wengi katika vyuo hivyo. Katika hotuba zake pamoja na kuhubiri Injili, alitumia fursa hiyo kuwahamasisha wanafunzi na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu kutokata tamaa na kuweka malengo ya juu katika kutoa mchango wao wa huduma bora kwa jamii kwa ujumla. Mara nyingi alikemea ubaguzi, ubinafsi, kupenda pesa zaidi kuliko kupenda watu, na alisisitiza kwamba ili nchi yoyote iendelee, wasomi wake lazima wawajibike katika kufanya kazi kwa bidii na maarifa,huku wakiwajali wananchi wa kawaida ambao wengi wao hawajapata fursa yakusoma katika taasisi za elimu ya juu kama wao. Alizoea kuwakumbusha wasikilizaji wake kwamba maendeleo siku zote yanaanzia chini kwenda juu na siyo kinyume chake. "Wananchi wa kawaida wakiendelea, nchi itaendelea." Siku zote aliwasisitizia juu ya umuhimu wa kuwa wazalendo kweli kweli na kwamba ni muhimu kuwa na mapenzi mema na nchi yao. Aliwakumbusha wasomi kwamba Ukristo wa kweli na uzalendo wa kweli havipingani. Mtu anaweza kuwa Mkristo wa kweli na mzalendo wa kweli kwa wakati mmoja. Vile vile mtu anaweza kuwa na mafanikio kitaaluma na akawa na bidii katika maswala ya imani. Kitabu chake kiitwacho ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' ni makusanyo ya baadhi ya hotuba zake zilizopendwa sana na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania. Vile vile baadhi mahuburi yake aliyoyahubiri katika vyuo vikuu vingi yamechapishwa katika kitabu kinachoitwa: ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope.''<ref>''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref> == Ushairi na Uandishi== ===Ushairi=== Kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini, Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga amekuwa akiandika mashairi ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza. Mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yamechapwa katika magazeti na vitabu maarufu kakika nchi mbalimbali duniani. Nchini Tanzania mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yalitokea zaidi katika gazeti la ''Sunday News'' hasa katika miaka ya tisini.<ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 6, 1991; ''Sunday News'' January 19,1992; ''Sunday News'' May 10, 1992 </ref> Yalichapishwa vile vile katika nchini Kenya katika gazeti maarufu la "Sunday Nation" <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of June 18, 1995; Jaly 9, 1995; November 26, 1995</ref>. Yalichapishwa pia nchini Singapore, na Marekani. Nchini Marekani, mashairi yake yalichapishwa na makampuni makubwa kama vile ''The League of American Poets''<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007</ref> na Famous Poets Press katika kitabu chao cha Mashairi Makuu ya Ulimwengu wa Magharibi (Great Poems of the Western World)<ref>''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>; <ref>''PS:It's Poetry: An Anthology of Eclectic Contemporary Poems Written by Poets Around the Globe.''</ref>. Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika magazeti na majarida mbalimbali pia ikiwa ni pamoja na gazeti la ''Sauti Kuu''<ref> ''Sauti Kuu'' Alhamisi, Januari 30, 2020; Alhamisi, Februari 13,2020; Alhamisi, Januari 13-19, 2022.</ref> Mashairi yake mengi yanapatikana katika vitabu vyake vitano vya Kiingereza, [[''Beaches of Golden Sand'']]: Inspirational Poems''; ''Windows of Love''; ''Ocean of Grace''; ''Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' na ''Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga.'' Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika vitabu zaidi ya kumi ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni''; ''Kilele cha Tumaini''; ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka: Diwani ya Christopher Mwashinga]]''; ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini''; ''Mdomo Mmoja na Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ;''Mionzi ya Matumaini''; ''Njia ya Matumaini''; "Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya 3: Mashairi'' na ''Mwenge wa Matumaini.'' Mashairi yake pia yamekuwa yakighanwa au kusomwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama vile televisheni na redio katika nchi mbalimbali duniani.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lCJjpEFs3Q </ref> ; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkCL5NfJFxQ</ref> ;<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3WXarWW5SQ </ref>; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvcEfEt7BH4 </ref> Historia ya kazi yake ya kutunga mashairi ya Kiswahili inapatikana hapa [[Ushairi wa Christopher Richard Mwashinga]]. ===Uandishi wa vitabu vingine=== Pamoja na vitabu vya mashairi, Dkt. Mwashinga ameandika vitabu vingine zaidi ya ishirini ikiwa ni pamoja na: '' A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ; ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'', ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope'', ''Barua na Mashairi'' ,'' Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'', ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Channgamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'', ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka,'' pamoja na majuzuu kadhaa ya makusanyo ya kazi zake za Kiingereza na za Kiswahili ikiwa ni pamoja na The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vols I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX. Pia Kazi zake za Kiswahili Juzuu ya 1,2,3,na 4. Journals and Diaries (1)'' Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2017</ref>. Vitabu vyake vimechapishwa na makala zake za kisomi na kitaaluma zimechapishwa na makampuni mbalimbali ya uchapishaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[AuthorHouse]], ''Journal of the Adventist Theological Society''; ''Journal of Adventist Mission Studies''; ''Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' na vingine vimechapishwa na Maximum Hope Books (Independent-publishing) kwa kushirikiana na Amazon.com. == Uanachama katika vyama vya kitaaluma== * Adventist Theological Society * American Academy of Religion * Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters * American Academy of Poets * Evangelical Theological Society ==Machapisho yake== ===Vitabu vya Kiswahili=== ==Ushairi== * 2024: ''Asubuhi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8307617687 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 1'' ISBN: 979-8323583485 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 2'' ISBN: 979-8345221402 * 2023: ''Pwani ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798868370052 * 2022: ''Mwenge wa Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8409199289 * 2021: ''Njia ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798517546630 * 2020: ''Mionzi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798656208864 * 2019: ''Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-3-6 * 2018: ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-1-2 * 2017: ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka]]'' ISBN 978-0-990-32931-2 * 2016: ''Kilele Cha Tumaini'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-9-9 * 2014: ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-3-7 ==Vitabu vingine== * 2026: ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka'' ISBN 9798185897300 * 2020: ''Waraka wa Paulo kwa Waefeso" ISBN 979-8666909997'' * 2018: ''Kumtumaini Yesu'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-0-5 * 2017: ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Changamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-2-0 * 2014: ''Waadventista Wasabato na Utunzaji wa Sabato: Historia Fupi'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-5-1 * 2013: ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-1-3 * 2013: ''Barua na Mashairi'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-6-1 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiswahili za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2019: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya I: Maandiko ya Awali'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-2-9 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu II: Utume, Theolojia, Mahubiri, Barua'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-7-4 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu III: Mashairi'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-5-0 ===Vitabu vya Kiingereza=== *''2019: Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN 978-1696-7894-3-1 *''2019: Crisscrossing the United States'' ISBN 978-1693-3522-6-3 *''2016: Moments of my Christian Experience'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-7-5 *''2016: Ocean of Grace'' ISBN 978-1524620974 *''2014: Insights From Bible Lands: Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and Greece'' (2014) ISBN 978-0-9832322-7-8 *''2013: Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' (2013) ISBN 978-0-9832322-5-4 *''2012: Enduring the Cross:Messages of Salvation of Hope'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-0-9 *''2011: Windows of Love'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-30 *''2011: Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' (2011) ISBN 9780983232216 *''2009: Beaches of Golden Sand: Inspirational Poems'' (2009) ISBN 978-0-615-30674-2 *''2020: A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ISBN 979-8669049034 *''2021: Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN: 9798795994154 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope'' ISBN|979-8302205506 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope: Bilingual Edition-English-Swahili'' ISBN|979-8303846012 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiingereza za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. I, Letters'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-8-5 *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. II, Sermons, Addresses, and Poems'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-9-2 *''2020: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. III, Theology and Mission'' ISBN 978-0-9903293-4-3 *''2017: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IV, Journals and Diaries'' (1) ISBN 978-0-9903293-2-9 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. VIII, Miscellaneous'' ISBN 9798316136865 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IX, The Salvation of the Unevangelized'' ISBN 979-8269214320 == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Mbeya]] dlduac2a72rqxcmimi0ee36lllodxh1 1579677 1579676 2026-07-15T21:34:52Z MaleLiz 26975 1579677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Chris.jpeg|thumb|right|250px| {{ PAGENAME }}]] '''Christopher R. Mwashinga, Jr''' (amezaliwa Januari 9, [[1965]]) ni [[mchungaji]], [[mwanateolojia]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[vitabu]] na [[mshairi]] kutoka nchi ya [[Tanzania]] anayeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha vitabu vya mashairi, teolojia, utume na historia ya dini. [[Mashairi]] yake yamechapishwa [[Singapore]] <ref> ''El Shadai Magazine.''</ref>, Tanzania <ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 1991; January 1992; </ref>, Kenya <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of 18 June 1995; 13 August 1995</ref> na Marekani<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007; ''Literature Evangelist Magazine'' published by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, June 1996; and ''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>. Anaandika vitabu kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]]. __TOC__ ==Asili na Familia== Dkt Christopher Mwashinga alizaliwa akiwa mtoto wa tatu wa mzee Richard Male Mwashinga kutoka katika ukoo wa kichifu (Mwene) katika kitongoji cha [[Igawilo]], jijini [[Mbeya]], na mama Christine Mwaselela toka kitongoji cha [[Inyala]], Mbeya, nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kwa miaka mingi wazazi wake waliishi katika eneo la [[Uyole]] ndani ya Jiji la Mbeya.<ref> ''Moments of my Christian Experience'', Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2016</ref> ==Elimu== Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga alisoma katika shule ya msingi Ngare-Nairobi, mkoani Kilimanjaro. Alihitimu elimu ya sekondari katika shule za [[Igawilo]] Sekondari iliyoko jijini Mbeya [[1988]] [[kidato cha nne]] na Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea [[1991]][[kidato cha sita]]. Alipomaliza masomo ya sekondari, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Arusha (UoA) kusomea theolojia mwaka [[1993]]. Mwaka [[1994]] alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki,[[Baraton nchini Kenya]] alipotunukiwa shahada ya kwanza BA katika theolojia mwaka [[1997]]<ref>''Gazeti la Parapanda'' Gazeti Na. 2, Toleo la 1, Januari-Juni, [[2004]]</ref>. Vile vile alitunukiwa shahada mbili za uzamili katika mambo ya theolojia,[[Master of Divinity]] MDiv ([[2008]])<ref>''IN TOUCH'' Volume 2 Issue 3. A Newsletter of the Seminary Student Forum, March [[2008]]. Andrews University.</ref> na Master of Arts, MA in Systematic Theology,([[2010]])<ref>Bruce Bauer, ed. ''Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities.'' Berrien Springs, MI: Department of World Mission, Andrews University, 2010, 79-82.</ref>,zote katika Chuo Kikuu cha Andrews kilichopo katika jimbo la Michigan nchini [[Marekeni]]; alihitimu na shahada ya Udaktari wa Falsafa ([[Ph.D]]) katika fani ya theolojia (Systematic Theology).<ref>''The Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016: 33-51</ref> ==Huduma kwa Vijana na Wanafunzi== [[Picha:Christopher Mwashinga Juu ya Mlima Sinai 048.jpg|thumb|right|250px| {{PAGENAME}}]] Dkt. Mwashinga alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa idara ya Elimu na Vijana katika Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania la Kanisa la Waadventista wa Sabato kuanzia 1997-2005.<ref>Mwashinga, ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania linajumuisha mikoa ya [[Dar Es Salaam]], Morogoro, Dodoma, Pwani, Mtwara na Lindi kwa upande wa Tanzania bara, na mikoa yote ya Tanzania visiwani. Kazi yake ilimpatia fursa ya kukutana na wakuu wa vyuo vikuu vingi katika mabara matano duniani. Sauti yake ilikuwa ikisikika mara kwa mara katika vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki hasa kati ya 1992-2005. Kila mwaka alikuwa akifanya mikutano mikubwa ya Injili katika majumba ya mikutano ya vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile Nkrumah Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] , Multi-Purpose Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Sokoine]], New Assembly Hall [[Chuo Kikuu Mzumbe]]; na katika taasisi nyingine nyingi za elimu ya juu nchini Tanzania kama vile Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Tiba, Muhimbili, Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi, Chuo cha Usimamizi wa Fedha (IFM) Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha, Taasisi ya Teknolojia Dar Es Salaam, [[Chuo Kikuu Arusha]], Chuo cha Ufundi Mbeya n.k.<ref>Christopher Mwashinga,Jr ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Volume II: Sermons, Speeches, and Poems'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books,2014),609.</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Vile vile katika mikutano ya kila mwaka ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki alikuwa mhutubu katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]],Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, Baraton, na Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Mombasa, vilivyopo nchini Kenya. Katika nchi ya Uganda alihutubu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere na Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Mbarara. Mikutano yake ilihudhuriwa na wanafunzi na wahadhiri wengi katika vyuo hivyo. Katika hotuba zake pamoja na kuhubiri Injili, alitumia fursa hiyo kuwahamasisha wanafunzi na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu kutokata tamaa na kuweka malengo ya juu katika kutoa mchango wao wa huduma bora kwa jamii kwa ujumla. Mara nyingi alikemea ubaguzi, ubinafsi, kupenda pesa zaidi kuliko kupenda watu, na alisisitiza kwamba ili nchi yoyote iendelee, wasomi wake lazima wawajibike katika kufanya kazi kwa bidii na maarifa,huku wakiwajali wananchi wa kawaida ambao wengi wao hawajapata fursa yakusoma katika taasisi za elimu ya juu kama wao. Alizoea kuwakumbusha wasikilizaji wake kwamba maendeleo siku zote yanaanzia chini kwenda juu na siyo kinyume chake. "Wananchi wa kawaida wakiendelea, nchi itaendelea." Siku zote aliwasisitizia juu ya umuhimu wa kuwa wazalendo kweli kweli na kwamba ni muhimu kuwa na mapenzi mema na nchi yao. Aliwakumbusha wasomi kwamba Ukristo wa kweli na uzalendo wa kweli havipingani. Mtu anaweza kuwa Mkristo wa kweli na mzalendo wa kweli kwa wakati mmoja. Vile vile mtu anaweza kuwa na mafanikio kitaaluma na akawa na bidii katika maswala ya imani. Kitabu chake kiitwacho ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' ni makusanyo ya baadhi ya hotuba zake zilizopendwa sana na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania. Vile vile baadhi mahuburi yake aliyoyahubiri katika vyuo vikuu vingi yamechapishwa katika kitabu kinachoitwa: ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope.''<ref>''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref> == Ushairi na Uandishi== ===Ushairi=== Kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini, Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga amekuwa akiandika mashairi ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza. Mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yamechapwa katika magazeti na vitabu maarufu kakika nchi mbalimbali duniani. Nchini Tanzania mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yalitokea zaidi katika gazeti la ''Sunday News'' hasa katika miaka ya tisini.<ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 6, 1991; ''Sunday News'' January 19,1992; ''Sunday News'' May 10, 1992 </ref> Yalichapishwa vile vile katika nchini Kenya katika gazeti maarufu la "Sunday Nation" <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of June 18, 1995; Jaly 9, 1995; November 26, 1995</ref>. Yalichapishwa pia nchini Singapore, na Marekani. Nchini Marekani, mashairi yake yalichapishwa na makampuni makubwa kama vile ''The League of American Poets''<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007</ref> na Famous Poets Press katika kitabu chao cha Mashairi Makuu ya Ulimwengu wa Magharibi (Great Poems of the Western World)<ref>''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>; <ref>''PS:It's Poetry: An Anthology of Eclectic Contemporary Poems Written by Poets Around the Globe.''</ref>. Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika magazeti na majarida mbalimbali pia ikiwa ni pamoja na gazeti la ''Sauti Kuu''<ref> ''Sauti Kuu'' Alhamisi, Januari 30, 2020; Alhamisi, Februari 13,2020; Alhamisi, Januari 13-19, 2022.</ref> Mashairi yake mengi yanapatikana katika vitabu vyake vitano vya Kiingereza, [[''Beaches of Golden Sand'']]: Inspirational Poems''; ''Windows of Love''; ''Ocean of Grace''; ''Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' na ''Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga.'' Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika vitabu zaidi ya kumi ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni''; ''Kilele cha Tumaini''; ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka: Diwani ya Christopher Mwashinga]]''; ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini''; ''Mdomo Mmoja na Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ;''Mionzi ya Matumaini''; ''Njia ya Matumaini''; "Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya 3: Mashairi'' na ''Mwenge wa Matumaini.'' Mashairi yake pia yamekuwa yakighanwa au kusomwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama vile televisheni na redio katika nchi mbalimbali duniani.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lCJjpEFs3Q </ref> ; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkCL5NfJFxQ</ref> ;<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3WXarWW5SQ </ref>; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvcEfEt7BH4 </ref> Historia ya kazi yake ya kutunga mashairi ya Kiswahili inapatikana hapa [[Ushairi wa Christopher Richard Mwashinga]]. ===Uandishi wa vitabu vingine=== Pamoja na vitabu vya mashairi, Dkt. Mwashinga ameandika vitabu vingine zaidi ya ishirini ikiwa ni pamoja na: '' A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ; ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'', ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope'', ''Barua na Mashairi'' ,'' Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'', ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Channgamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'', ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka,'' pamoja na majuzuu kadhaa ya makusanyo ya kazi zake za Kiingereza na za Kiswahili ikiwa ni pamoja na The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vols I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX. Pia Kazi zake za Kiswahili Juzuu ya 1,2,3,na 4. Journals and Diaries (1)'' Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2017</ref>. Vitabu vyake vimechapishwa na makala zake za kisomi na kitaaluma zimechapishwa na makampuni mbalimbali ya uchapishaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[AuthorHouse]], ''Journal of the Adventist Theological Society''; ''Journal of Adventist Mission Studies''; ''Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' na vingine vimechapishwa na Maximum Hope Books (Independent-publishing) kwa kushirikiana na Amazon.com. == Uanachama katika vyama vya kitaaluma== * Adventist Theological Society * American Academy of Religion * Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters * American Academy of Poets * Evangelical Theological Society ==Machapisho yake== ===Vitabu vya Kiswahili=== ==Ushairi== * 2024: ''Asubuhi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8307617687 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 1'' ISBN: 979-8323583485 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 2'' ISBN: 979-8345221402 * 2023: ''Pwani ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798868370052 * 2022: ''Mwenge wa Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8409199289 * 2021: ''Njia ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798517546630 * 2020: ''Mionzi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798656208864 * 2019: ''Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-3-6 * 2018: ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-1-2 * 2017: ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka]]'' ISBN 978-0-990-32931-2 * 2016: ''Kilele Cha Tumaini'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-9-9 * 2014: ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-3-7 ==Vitabu vingine== * 2026: ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka'' ISBN 9798185897300 * 2020: ''Waraka wa Paulo kwa Waefeso" ISBN 979-8666909997'' * 2018: ''Kumtumaini Yesu'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-0-5 * 2017: ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Changamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-2-0 * 2014: ''Waadventista Wasabato na Utunzaji wa Sabato: Historia Fupi'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-5-1 * 2013: ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-1-3 * 2013: ''Barua na Mashairi'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-6-1 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiswahili za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2019: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya I: Maandiko ya Awali'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-2-9 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu II: Utume, Theolojia, Mahubiri, Barua'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-7-4 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu III: Mashairi'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-5-0 ===Vitabu vya Kiingereza=== *''2019: Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN 978-1696-7894-3-1 *''2019: Crisscrossing the United States'' ISBN 978-1693-3522-6-3 *''2016: Moments of my Christian Experience'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-7-5 *''2016: Ocean of Grace'' ISBN 978-1524620974 *''2014: Insights From Bible Lands: Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and Greece'' (2014) ISBN 978-0-9832322-7-8 *''2013: Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' (2013) ISBN 978-0-9832322-5-4 *''2012: Enduring the Cross:Messages of Salvation of Hope'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-0-9 *''2011: Windows of Love'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-30 *''2011: Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' (2011) ISBN 9780983232216 *''2009: Beaches of Golden Sand: Inspirational Poems'' (2009) ISBN 978-0-615-30674-2 *''2020: A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ISBN 979-8669049034 *''2021: Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN: 9798795994154 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope'' ISBN|979-8302205506 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope: Bilingual Edition-English-Swahili'' ISBN|979-8303846012 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiingereza za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. I, Letters'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-8-5 *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. II, Sermons, Addresses, and Poems'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-9-2 *''2020: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. III, Theology and Mission'' ISBN 978-0-9903293-4-3 *''2017: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IV, Journals and Diaries'' (1) ISBN 978-0-9903293-2-9 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. VIII, Miscellaneous'' ISBN 9798316136865 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IX, The Salvation of the Unevangelized'' ISBN 979-8269214320 == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Mbeya]] prdpx2t47y8k99xqnq1ygzq5cax8lo7 1579678 1579677 2026-07-15T21:35:41Z MaleLiz 26975 1579678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Chris.jpeg|thumb|right|250px| {{ PAGENAME }}]] '''Christopher R. Mwashinga, Jr''' (amezaliwa Januari 9, [[1965]]) ni [[mchungaji]], [[mwanateolojia]], [[mwandishi]] wa [[vitabu]] na [[mshairi]] kutoka nchi ya [[Tanzania]] anayeishi nchini [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha vitabu vya mashairi, teolojia, utume na historia ya dini. [[Mashairi]] yake yamechapishwa [[Singapore]] <ref> ''El Shadai Magazine.''</ref>, Tanzania <ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 1991; January 1992; </ref>, Kenya <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of 18 June 1995; 13 August 1995</ref> na Marekani<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007; ''Literature Evangelist Magazine'' published by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, June 1996; and ''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>. Anaandika vitabu kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]]. __TOC__ ==Asili na Familia== Dkt Christopher Mwashinga alizaliwa akiwa mtoto wa tatu wa mzee Richard Male Mwashinga kutoka katika ukoo wa kichifu (Mwene) katika kitongoji cha [[Igawilo]], jijini [[Mbeya]], na mama Christine Mwaselela toka kitongoji cha [[Inyala]], Mbeya, nchini [[Tanzania]]. Kwa miaka mingi wazazi wake waliishi katika eneo la [[Uyole]] ndani ya Jiji la Mbeya.<ref> ''Moments of my Christian Experience'', Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2016</ref> ==Elimu== Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga alisoma katika shule ya msingi Ngare-Nairobi, mkoani Kilimanjaro. Alihitimu elimu ya sekondari katika shule za [[Igawilo]] Sekondari iliyoko jijini Mbeya [[1988]] [[kidato cha nne]] na Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea [[1991]][[kidato cha sita]]. Alipomaliza masomo ya sekondari, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Arusha (UoA) kusomea theolojia mwaka [[1993]]. Mwaka [[1994]] alihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki,[[Baraton nchini Kenya]] alipotunukiwa shahada ya kwanza BA katika theolojia mwaka [[1997]]<ref>''Gazeti la Parapanda'' Gazeti Na. 2, Toleo la 1, Januari-Juni, [[2004]]</ref>. Vile vile alitunukiwa shahada mbili za uzamili katika mambo ya theolojia,[[Master of Divinity]] MDiv ([[2008]])<ref>''IN TOUCH'' Volume 2 Issue 3. A Newsletter of the Seminary Student Forum, March [[2008]]. Andrews University.</ref> na Master of Arts, MA in Systematic Theology,([[2010]])<ref>Bruce Bauer, ed. ''Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities.'' Berrien Springs, MI: Department of World Mission, Andrews University, 2010, 79-82.</ref>,zote katika Chuo Kikuu cha Andrews kilichopo katika jimbo la Michigan nchini [[Marekeni]]; alihitimu na shahada ya Udaktari wa Falsafa ([[Ph.D]]) katika fani ya theolojia (Systematic Theology).<ref>''The Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016: 33-51</ref> ==Huduma kwa Vijana na Wanafunzi== [[Picha:Christopher Mwashinga 048.jpg|thumb|right|250px| {{PAGENAME}}]] Dkt. Mwashinga alifanya kazi kama Mkurugenzi wa idara ya Elimu na Vijana katika Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania la Kanisa la Waadventista wa Sabato kuanzia 1997-2005.<ref>Mwashinga, ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania linajumuisha mikoa ya [[Dar Es Salaam]], Morogoro, Dodoma, Pwani, Mtwara na Lindi kwa upande wa Tanzania bara, na mikoa yote ya Tanzania visiwani. Kazi yake ilimpatia fursa ya kukutana na wakuu wa vyuo vikuu vingi katika mabara matano duniani. Sauti yake ilikuwa ikisikika mara kwa mara katika vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki hasa kati ya 1992-2005. Kila mwaka alikuwa akifanya mikutano mikubwa ya Injili katika majumba ya mikutano ya vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile Nkrumah Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] , Multi-Purpose Hall [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo cha Sokoine]], New Assembly Hall [[Chuo Kikuu Mzumbe]]; na katika taasisi nyingine nyingi za elimu ya juu nchini Tanzania kama vile Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi ya Tiba, Muhimbili, Chuo Kikuu cha Ardhi, Chuo cha Usimamizi wa Fedha (IFM) Chuo cha Ufundi Arusha, Taasisi ya Teknolojia Dar Es Salaam, [[Chuo Kikuu Arusha]], Chuo cha Ufundi Mbeya n.k.<ref>Christopher Mwashinga,Jr ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Volume II: Sermons, Speeches, and Poems'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books,2014),609.</ref><ref>Seventh-day Adventist Year Book 2005, p. 51</ref> Vile vile katika mikutano ya kila mwaka ya wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu vya Afrika Mashariki alikuwa mhutubu katika vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama vile [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]],Chuo Kikuu cha Moi, Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, Baraton, na Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Mombasa, vilivyopo nchini Kenya. Katika nchi ya Uganda alihutubu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere na Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Mbarara. Mikutano yake ilihudhuriwa na wanafunzi na wahadhiri wengi katika vyuo hivyo. Katika hotuba zake pamoja na kuhubiri Injili, alitumia fursa hiyo kuwahamasisha wanafunzi na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu kutokata tamaa na kuweka malengo ya juu katika kutoa mchango wao wa huduma bora kwa jamii kwa ujumla. Mara nyingi alikemea ubaguzi, ubinafsi, kupenda pesa zaidi kuliko kupenda watu, na alisisitiza kwamba ili nchi yoyote iendelee, wasomi wake lazima wawajibike katika kufanya kazi kwa bidii na maarifa,huku wakiwajali wananchi wa kawaida ambao wengi wao hawajapata fursa yakusoma katika taasisi za elimu ya juu kama wao. Alizoea kuwakumbusha wasikilizaji wake kwamba maendeleo siku zote yanaanzia chini kwenda juu na siyo kinyume chake. "Wananchi wa kawaida wakiendelea, nchi itaendelea." Siku zote aliwasisitizia juu ya umuhimu wa kuwa wazalendo kweli kweli na kwamba ni muhimu kuwa na mapenzi mema na nchi yao. Aliwakumbusha wasomi kwamba Ukristo wa kweli na uzalendo wa kweli havipingani. Mtu anaweza kuwa Mkristo wa kweli na mzalendo wa kweli kwa wakati mmoja. Vile vile mtu anaweza kuwa na mafanikio kitaaluma na akawa na bidii katika maswala ya imani. Kitabu chake kiitwacho ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' ni makusanyo ya baadhi ya hotuba zake zilizopendwa sana na jumuiya za vyuo vikuu vya Tanzania. Vile vile baadhi mahuburi yake aliyoyahubiri katika vyuo vikuu vingi yamechapishwa katika kitabu kinachoitwa: ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope.''<ref>''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope,'' 250-252</ref> == Ushairi na Uandishi== ===Ushairi=== Kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini, Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga amekuwa akiandika mashairi ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza. Mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yamechapwa katika magazeti na vitabu maarufu kakika nchi mbalimbali duniani. Nchini Tanzania mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yalitokea zaidi katika gazeti la ''Sunday News'' hasa katika miaka ya tisini.<ref>Tanzania's ''Sunday News'' of October 6, 1991; ''Sunday News'' January 19,1992; ''Sunday News'' May 10, 1992 </ref> Yalichapishwa vile vile katika nchini Kenya katika gazeti maarufu la "Sunday Nation" <ref> Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of June 18, 1995; Jaly 9, 1995; November 26, 1995</ref>. Yalichapishwa pia nchini Singapore, na Marekani. Nchini Marekani, mashairi yake yalichapishwa na makampuni makubwa kama vile ''The League of American Poets''<ref> ''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, published in 2007</ref> na Famous Poets Press katika kitabu chao cha Mashairi Makuu ya Ulimwengu wa Magharibi (Great Poems of the Western World)<ref>''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010</ref>; <ref>''PS:It's Poetry: An Anthology of Eclectic Contemporary Poems Written by Poets Around the Globe.''</ref>. Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika magazeti na majarida mbalimbali pia ikiwa ni pamoja na gazeti la ''Sauti Kuu''<ref> ''Sauti Kuu'' Alhamisi, Januari 30, 2020; Alhamisi, Februari 13,2020; Alhamisi, Januari 13-19, 2022.</ref> Mashairi yake mengi yanapatikana katika vitabu vyake vitano vya Kiingereza, [[''Beaches of Golden Sand'']]: Inspirational Poems''; ''Windows of Love''; ''Ocean of Grace''; ''Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' na ''Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga.'' Mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yamechapishwa katika vitabu zaidi ya kumi ikiwa ni pamoja na ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni''; ''Kilele cha Tumaini''; ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka: Diwani ya Christopher Mwashinga]]''; ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini''; ''Mdomo Mmoja na Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ;''Mionzi ya Matumaini''; ''Njia ya Matumaini''; "Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya 3: Mashairi'' na ''Mwenge wa Matumaini.'' Mashairi yake pia yamekuwa yakighanwa au kusomwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya habari kama vile televisheni na redio katika nchi mbalimbali duniani.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lCJjpEFs3Q </ref> ; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkCL5NfJFxQ</ref> ;<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3WXarWW5SQ </ref>; <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvcEfEt7BH4 </ref> Historia ya kazi yake ya kutunga mashairi ya Kiswahili inapatikana hapa [[Ushairi wa Christopher Richard Mwashinga]]. ===Uandishi wa vitabu vingine=== Pamoja na vitabu vya mashairi, Dkt. Mwashinga ameandika vitabu vingine zaidi ya ishirini ikiwa ni pamoja na: '' A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ; ''Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'', ''Enduring the Cross: Messages of Salvation and Hope'', ''Barua na Mashairi'' ,'' Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'', ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Channgamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'', ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka,'' pamoja na majuzuu kadhaa ya makusanyo ya kazi zake za Kiingereza na za Kiswahili ikiwa ni pamoja na The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vols I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX. Pia Kazi zake za Kiswahili Juzuu ya 1,2,3,na 4. Journals and Diaries (1)'' Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope, 2017</ref>. Vitabu vyake vimechapishwa na makala zake za kisomi na kitaaluma zimechapishwa na makampuni mbalimbali ya uchapishaji ikiwa ni pamoja na [[AuthorHouse]], ''Journal of the Adventist Theological Society''; ''Journal of Adventist Mission Studies''; ''Andrews University Seminary Student Journal'' na vingine vimechapishwa na Maximum Hope Books (Independent-publishing) kwa kushirikiana na Amazon.com. == Uanachama katika vyama vya kitaaluma== * Adventist Theological Society * American Academy of Religion * Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters * American Academy of Poets * Evangelical Theological Society ==Machapisho yake== ===Vitabu vya Kiswahili=== ==Ushairi== * 2024: ''Asubuhi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8307617687 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 1'' ISBN: 979-8323583485 * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 2'' ISBN: 979-8345221402 * 2023: ''Pwani ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798868370052 * 2022: ''Mwenge wa Matumaini'' ISBN: 979-8409199289 * 2021: ''Njia ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798517546630 * 2020: ''Mionzi ya Matumaini'' ISBN: 9798656208864 * 2019: ''Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-3-6 * 2018: ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-1-2 * 2017: ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka]]'' ISBN 978-0-990-32931-2 * 2016: ''Kilele Cha Tumaini'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-9-9 * 2014: ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-3-7 ==Vitabu vingine== * 2026: ''Ujumbe wa Malaika Watatu Umasaini: Maisha na Huduma ya Dkt. John Aza Kisaka'' ISBN 9798185897300 * 2020: ''Waraka wa Paulo kwa Waefeso" ISBN 979-8666909997'' * 2018: ''Kumtumaini Yesu'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-0-5 * 2017: ''Uadventista Barani Afrika: Changamoto na Fursa za Ukuaji'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-2-0 * 2014: ''Waadventista Wasabato na Utunzaji wa Sabato: Historia Fupi'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-5-1 * 2013: ''Utume na Ukristo Katika Afrika Mashariki'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-1-3 * 2013: ''Barua na Mashairi'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-6-1 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiswahili za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2019: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu ya I: Maandiko ya Awali'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-2-9 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu II: Utume, Theolojia, Mahubiri, Barua'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-7-4 *''2020: Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu III: Mashairi'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-5-0 ===Vitabu vya Kiingereza=== *''2019: Short Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN 978-1696-7894-3-1 *''2019: Crisscrossing the United States'' ISBN 978-1693-3522-6-3 *''2016: Moments of my Christian Experience'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-7-5 *''2016: Ocean of Grace'' ISBN 978-1524620974 *''2014: Insights From Bible Lands: Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and Greece'' (2014) ISBN 978-0-9832322-7-8 *''2013: Mission Theology and a History of Christian Missions in East Africa'' (2013) ISBN 978-0-9832322-5-4 *''2012: Enduring the Cross:Messages of Salvation of Hope'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-0-9 *''2011: Windows of Love'' (2012) ISBN 978-0-9832322-30 *''2011: Rays of Hope: Living to Make a Difference'' (2011) ISBN 9780983232216 *''2009: Beaches of Golden Sand: Inspirational Poems'' (2009) ISBN 978-0-615-30674-2 *''2020: A History of Christianity in East Africa: The Beginning and Development of Missions'' ISBN 979-8669049034 *''2021: Collected Poems of Christopher Mwashinga'' ISBN: 9798795994154 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope'' ISBN|979-8302205506 * 2024: ''The Shore of Hope: Bilingual Edition-English-Swahili'' ISBN|979-8303846012 ===Mradi wa makusanyo ya kazi za Kiingereza za Christopher Mwashinga=== *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. I, Letters'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-8-5 *''2014: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. II, Sermons, Addresses, and Poems'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-9-2 *''2020: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. III, Theology and Mission'' ISBN 978-0-9903293-4-3 *''2017: The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IV, Journals and Diaries'' (1) ISBN 978-0-9903293-2-9 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. VIII, Miscellaneous'' ISBN 9798316136865 * 2025: ''The Works of Christopher Mwashinga Vol. IX, The Salvation of the Unevangelized'' ISBN 979-8269214320 == Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Mbeya]] dlduac2a72rqxcmimi0ee36lllodxh1 0 66385 1579776 1522974 2026-07-16T11:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Origen3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Origen.]] '''Origen''', kwa [[Kigiriki]] Ὠριγένης ''Ōrigénēs'', ([[185]] - [[253]]), [[mwana]] wa [[mfiadini]] [[Leonidas wa Aleksandria]], alikuwa [[padri]] kutoka [[Aleksandria]] ([[Misri]]) aliyehamia [[Kaisarea]] ([[Palestina]]) na kuendeleza kazi yake kama [[mtaalamu]] maarufu wa [[Biblia]].<ref>''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (Detroit: Gale, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0</ref><ref>[[Hans Urs von Balthasar]], Origen of Alexandria: ''Spirit and Fire: A Thematic Anthology of His Writings''</ref><ref>[[Papa Benedikto XVI]] alitoa hotuba mbili juu yake.</ref><ref>Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square, Wednesday 25 Aprili 2007, ''Origen of Alexandria: life and work''.[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070425_en.html]</ref><ref>https://dacb.org/stories/egypt/origen/</ref>. ==Sala yake== Yesu, miguu yangu ni michafu. Njoo kama mtumwa kwangu, mimina maji katika beseni lako, njoo unitawadhe miguu. Ninapoomba hivyo najua kuwa nathubutu mno, lakini naogopa tishio lililotolewa uliponiambia, “Nisipokutawadha miguu, huna ushirika nami”. Basi, osha miguu yangu, kwa kuwa naonea shauku urafiki wako. ==Tazama pia== *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] ==Vyanzo== * {{Rejea jarida|last=Bostock |first=Gerald |year=2003 |title=Origen: the Alternative to Augustine? |journal=The Expository Times |volume=114 |issue=10 |pages=327 |doi=10.1177/001452460311401001}} * {{Rejea kitabu|first=Ronald E. |last=Heine |title=Origen: Scholarship in the service of the Church |publisher=OUP |location=Oxford |year=2010 |pages= 275 |isbn=978-0-19-920908-8}} * {{Rejea kitabu|first=Joseph Wilson |last=Trigg |title=Origen: the Bible and philosophy in the third-century church |publisher=SCM Press |location=London |year=1985 |pages= |isbn=0-334-02234-7}} * {{Rejea kitabu|first=Joseph Wilson |last=Trigg |title=Origen |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-415-11836-0}} * {{Rejea kitabu|first=Henri |last=Crouzel |title=Origen |url=https://archive.org/details/origen0000crou |publisher=Harper & Row |location=San Francisco |year=1989 |pages= |isbn=0-06-061632-6}} ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition: 100-600''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. * The Commentary of Origen On S. John's Gospel, the text revised and with a critical introduction and indices by A. E. Brooke (2 vols., Cambridge University Press, 1896) * B. F. Westcott, 'Origen', in ''Dictionary of Christian Biography'' * [[Rowan Williams]], 'Origen: between orthodoxy and heresy', in ''Origeniana Septima'', ed. W. Bienert, U. Kuhneweg (1999), p.&nbsp;3-14. * Thomas P. Scheck (Author), Joseph T. Lienhard S.J. (Foreword), ''Origen and the History of Justification: The Legacy of Origen's Commentary on Romans'', 2008, University of Notre Dame Press, ISBN 0-268-04128-8 ISBN 9780268041281 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V-HYAAAAMAAJ&q=9780268041281&dq=9780268041281&hl=en&ei=RpiOTvOeAqahsQKgi8mUAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA] ==Viungo vya nje== * Translations ** Translations of some of Origen's writings can be found in [[Ante-Nicene Fathers]] or in [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/ The Fathers of the Church]. Material not in those collections includes: ** [http://sites.google.com/site/demontortoise2000/Home/origen_dialog_with_heracleides Dialogue with Heracleides] {{Wayback|url=http://sites.google.com/site/demontortoise2000/Home/origen_dialog_with_heracleides |date=20140225000215 }} ** [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/origen_on_prayer_02_text.htm On Prayer] - at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers Tertullian.org]. ** [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/origen_philocalia_02_text.htm Philocalia] - at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers Tertullian.org]. * Analysis and Criticism ** Modern *** [http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/patrology/schoolofalex2/ Coptic Church on Origen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/patrology/schoolofalex2/ |date=20150713124328 }} *** The two-part Roman Catholic meditation on Origen by Pope Benedict XVI: [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070425_en.html April 25, 2007] and [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070502_en.html May 2, 2007]. ** Ancient *** [http://www.comparativereligion.com/anathemas.html The Anathemas Against Origen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.comparativereligion.com/anathemas.html |date=20150728085019 }} *** [http://www.theandros.com/evagrius.html Evagrius Ponticus and the Condemnation of Origen] * Derivative Summaries ** [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11306b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Origen and Origenism] ** [http://www.iep.utm.edu/o/origen.htm Origen Entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] ** [http://31.1911encyclopedia.org/O/OR/ORIGEN.htm Origen] in the 1911 [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] ** [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=128&letter=O&search=Origen Jewish Encyclopedia: Origen] ** [http://www.tlogical.net/bioorigen.htm Origen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tlogical.net/bioorigen.htm |date=20161020012729 }} from New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge * Bibliography ** [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/origen.php EarlyChurch.org.uk] Extensive bibliography and on-line articles. * Original Texts ** [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0185-0254-_Origenes.html Greek and Latin Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca, with Analytical Indexes and Concordances (Lexicon Proprium)] * Other Resources ** [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/origen2.htm Table of Origen's Works with Links to Texts and Translations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/origen2.htm |date=20150717061749 }} {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 185]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 253]] [[Jamii:Wanateolojia wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] jy1gtq337fmfnfyheishes9c8owp79t 0 68962 1579649 1288402 2026-07-15T15:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Food into a refrigerator - 20111002.jpg|thumb|Chakula ndani ya jokofu lililofunguliwa.]] [[File:LG refrigerator interior.jpg|thumb|Jokofu lingine kubwa zaidi likiwa na [[friza]].]] '''Jokofu''' (pia: '''jirafu''', tena '''friji''' kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] "fridge", [[kifupisho]] cha "refrigerator" kilichotumika tangu [[karne ya 17]]) ni chombo chenye [[umbo]] la [[kabati]] au [[sanduku]] kinachotumika mara nyingi kuhifadhi [[vinywaji]], [[vyakula]] na vitu vingine kama hivyo ili viweze kudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi ya siku zile ambazo zingedumu bila kuhifadhiwa humo. Ni aina za [[kipozaji]] kinachopoza yale yaliyo ndani yake. Pia jokofu hutumika kwenye kugandisha vitu kama vinywaji, vyakula n.k. au hutumika kuvipa ubaridi. == Historia == [[File:Gorrie Ice Machine.png|right|thumb|Mpangilio wa mashine ya barafu ya mashine ya barafu ya John Gorrie ya 1841.]] Jokofu ni kifaa kilichotengenezwa na [[Wazungu]] kuanzia katikati ya [[karne ya 18]], na hasa mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 19]]. Kabla ya [[uvumbuzi]] wa friji, [[barafu]] zilitumiwa kutoa hifadhi ya [[baridi]] kwa zaidi ya [[mwaka]] mzima. Njia ya asili bado hutumiwa wakati wa kula [[chakula]] cha leo. Kwenye [[milima]] au kwenye [[mchanga]] wa [[theluji]] ndiyo njia rahisi iliyotumiwa kufanya [[vinywaji]] kuwa baridi, na wakati wa [[majira ya baridi]] mtu anaweza kuweka [[maziwa]] safi kwa muda mrefu tu kwa kuiweka nje. ==Marejeo== * Rees, Jonathan. ''Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America'' (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 256 pages == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Domestic refrigerators}} * [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers] {{Wayback|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm |date=20200531033655 }} * [http://home.howstuffworks.com/refrigerator.htm How Refrigerators Work] Article by [[HowStuffWorks]] * [https://www.alcainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Domestic_Technology2.pdf Refrigerators] {{Wayback|url=https://www.alcainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Domestic_Technology2.pdf |date=20161008004445 }}, [[Canada Science and Technology Museum]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILggTDscjhM How modern household refrigerators are made] (video) {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Samani]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] pqbp0k3hdbajkyt9eeur4l3srw0axfu 10 69214 1579713 915137 2026-07-16T08:06:55Z ChriKo 35 Nyongeza spishi mpya 1579713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox with collapsible groups |name = Primates |state = <includeonly>collapsed</includeonly><noinclude>autocollapse</noinclude> |title = Spishi za [[Primates]] zilizo hai hadi sasa |above = Himaya: [[Mnyama|Animalia]]{{·}} Faila: [[Chordata]]{{·}} Ngeli: [[Mamalia|Mammalia]]{{·}} Ngeli ya chini: [[Zatheria]]{{·}} Divisheni: [[Placentalia]]{{·}} [[Primates]] |selected = {{{1|}}} | group1 = Nusuoda [[Strepsirrhini]] | group2 = {{Nobold|Familia ya juu [[Lemuroidea]]}} | abbr2 = L.1 | list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Cheirogaleidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Allocebus]]'' | list1 = [[Lemuri Kibete masikio-singa|Lemuri kibete masikio-singa (''A. trichotis'')]] | group2 = ''[[Lemuri Kibete|Cheirogaleus]]'' | list2 = [[Lemuri Kibete Masikio-manyoya|Lemuri kibete masikio-manyoya (''C. crossleyi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kibete Mkubwa|Lemuri kibete mkubwa (''C. major'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kibete Mkia-mnono|Lemuri kibete mkia-mnono (''C. medius'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kibete Kijivu|Lemuri kibete kijivu (''C. minusculus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kibete wa Sibree|Lemuri kibete wa Sibree (''C. sibreei'')]] | group3 = ''[[Lemuri-panya|Microcebus]]'' | list3 = [[Lemuri-panya wa Arnhold|Lemuri-panya wa Arnhold (''M. arnholdi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Bibi Berthe|Lemuri-panya wa Bibi Berthe (''M. berthae'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Bongolava|Lemuri-panya wa Bongolava (''M. bongolavensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Danfoss|Lemuri-panya wa Danfoss (''M. danfossi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Gerp|Lemuri-panya wa Gerp (''M. gerpi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Mwekundu|Lemuri-panya mwekundu (''M. griseorufus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Jolly|Lemuri-panya wa Jolly (''M. jollyae'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Goodman|Lemuri-panya wa Goodman (''M. lehilahytsara'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa MacArthur|Lemuri-panya wa MacArthur (''M. macarthurii'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Claire|Lemuri-panya wa Claire (''M. mamiratra'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Margot Marsh|Lemuri-panya wa Margot Marsh (''M. margotmarshae'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Marohita|Lemuri-panya wa Marohita (''M. harohita'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Mittermeier|Lemuri-panya wa Mittermeier (''M. mittermeieri'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Kijivu|Lemuri-panya kijivu (''M. murinus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Mdogo|Lemuri-panya mdogo (''M. myoxinus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Hudhurungi|Lemuri-panya hudhurungi (''M. ravelobensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Kahawia|Lemuri-panya kahawia (''M. rufus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Sambirano|Lemuri-panya wa Sambirano (''M. sambiranensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Simmons|Lemuri-panya wa Simmons (''M. simmonsi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya wa Anosy|Lemuri-panya wa Anosy (''M. tanosi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Mwekundu Kaskazi|Lemuri-panya mwekundu kaskazi (''M. tavaratra'')]] | group4 = ''[[Lemuri-panya Mkubwa|Mirza]]'' | list4 = [[Lemuri-panya Mkubwa Kusi|Lemuri-panya mkubwa kusi (''M. coquereli'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-panya Mkubwa Kaskazi|Lemuri-panya mkubwa kaskazi (''M. zaza'')]] | group5 = ''[[Lemuri Baka-taga|Phaner]]'' | list5 = [[Lemuri Baka-taga wa Mlima Kaharabu|Lemuri baka-taga wa Mlima Kaharabu (''P. electromontis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Baka-taga wa Masoala|Lemuri baka-taga wa Masoala (''P. furcifer'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Baka-taga Hudhurungi|Lemuri baka-taga hudhurungi (''P. pallescens'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Baka-taga wa Pariente|Lemuri baka-taga wa Pariente (''P. parienti'')]] }} | group2 = [[Daubentoniidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Ai-ai|Daubentonia]]'' | list1 = [[Ai-ai|Ai-ai (''D. madagascariensis'')]] }} | group3 = ''[[Indriidae]]'' | list3 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Lemuri-sufu|Avahi]]'' | list1 = [[Lemuri-sufu wa Betsileo|Lemuri-sufu wa Betsileo (''A. betsileo'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu wa Bemaraha|Lemuri-sufu wa Bemaraha (''A. cleesei'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu Mashariki|Lemuri-sufu mashariki (''A. laniger'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu Kusi|Lemuri-sufu kusi (''A. meridionalis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu wa Moore|Lemuri-sufu wa Moore (''A. mooreorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu Magharibi|Lemuri-sufu magharibi (''A. occidentalis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu wa Peyrieras|Lemuri-sufu wa Peyrieras (''A. peyrierasi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu wa Ramanantsoavana|Lemuri-sufu wa Ramanantsoavana (''A. ramanantsoavana'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-sufu wa Sambirano|Lemuri-sufu wa Sambirano (''A. unicolor'')]] | group2 = ''[[Indri|Indri]]'' | list2 = [[Indri|Indri (''I. indri'')]] | group3 = ''[[Sifaka|Propithecus]]'' | list3 = [[Sifaka Mweupe|Sifaka mweupe (''P. candidus'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka wa Coquerel|Sifaka wa Coquerel (''P. coquereli'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka Kichwa-cheusi|Sifaka kichwa-cheusi (''P. coronatus'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka wa Decken|Sifaka wa Decken (''P. deckenii'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka Taji|Sifaka taji (''P. diadema'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka wa Milne-Edwards|Sifaka wa Milne-Edwards (''P. edwardsi'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka Mweusi|Sifaka mweusi (''P. perrieri'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka Utosi-dhahabu|Sifaka utosi-dhahabu (''P. tattersalli'')]]{{·}} [[Sifaka wa Verreaux|Sifaka wa Verreaux (''P. verreauxi'')]] }} | group4 = ''[[Lemuridae]]'' | list4 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Eulemur]]'' | list1 = [[Lemuri Kichwa-cheupe|Lemuri kichwa-cheupe (''E. albifrons'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri ???|Lemuri ??? (''E. collaris'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kichwa-kijivu|Lemuri kichwa-kijivu (''E. cinereiceps'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Taji|Lemuri taji (''E. coronatus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Paji-njano|Lemuri paji-njano (''E. flavifrons'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Kahawia|Lemuri kahawia (''E. fulvus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Mweusi|Lemuri mweusi (''E. macaco'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-nguchiro|Lemuri-nguchiro (''E. mongoz'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Tumbo-jekundu|Lemuri tumbo-jekundu (''E. rubriventer'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Paji-jekundu|Lemuri paji-jekundu (''E. rufifrons'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri Mwekundu|Lemuri mwekundu (''E. rufus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri wa Sanford|Lemuri wa Sanford (''E. sanfordi'')]] | group2 = ''[[Lemuri-mwanzi|Hapalemur]]'' | list2 = [[Lemuri-mwanzi wa Alaotra|Lemuri-mwanzi wa Alaotra (''E. alaotrensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-mwanzi Dhahabu|Lemuri-mwanzi dhahabu (''E. aureus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-mwanzi wa Gilbert|Lemuri-mwanzi wa Gilbert (''E. gilberti'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-mwanzi Mdodo Mashariki|Lemuri-mwanzi mdogo mashariki (''E. griseus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-mwanzi Mdogo Kusi|Lemuri-mwanzi mdogo kusi (''E. meridionalis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-mwanzi Mdogo Magharibi|Lemuri-mwanzi mdogo magharibi (''E. occidentalis'')]] | group3 = ''[[Lemuri Mkia-miviringo|Lemur]]'' | list3 = [[Lemuri Mkia-miviringo|Lemuri mkia-miviringo (''L. catta'')]] | group4 = ''[[Lemuri-mwanzi Mkubwa|Prolemur]]'' | list4 = [[Lemuri-mwanzi Mkubwa|Lemuri-mwanzi mkubwa (''P. simus'')]] | group5 = ''[[Lemuri-ukosi|Varecia]]'' | list5 = [[Lemuri-ukosi Mwekundu|Lemuriukosi mwekundu (''V. rubra'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-ukosi Mweupe-na-mweusi|Lemuriukosi mweupe-na-mweusi (''V. variegata'')]] }} | group5 = ''[[Lemuri-spoti|Lepilemuridae]]'' | list5 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Lemuri-spoti|Lepilemur]]'' | list1 = [[Lemuri-spoti wa AEECL|Lemuri-spoti wa AEECL (''L. aeeclis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Ahmanson|Lemuri-spoti wa Ahmanson (''L. ahmansoni'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Ankarana|Lemuri-spoti wa Ankarana (''L. ankaranensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Betsileo|Lemuri-spoti wa Betsileo (''L. betsileo'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Mgongo-kijivu|Lemuri-spoti mgongo-kijivu (''L. dorsalis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Milne-Edwards|Lemuri-spoti wa Milne-Edwards (''L. edwardsi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Fleurete|Lemuri-spoti wa Fleurete (''L. fleuretae'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Grewcock|Lemuri-spoti wa Grewcock (''L. grewcockorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Holland|Lemuri-spoti wa Holland (''L. hollandorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Hubbard|Lemuri-spoti wa Hubbard (''L. hubbardorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa James|Lemuri-spoti wa James (''L. jamesorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Miguu-myeupe|Lemuri-spoti miguu-myeupe (''L. leucopus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Meno-madogo|Lemuri-spoti meno-madogo (''L. microdon'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Daraina|Lemuri-spoti wa Daraina (''L. milanoii'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Mittermeier|Lemuri-spoti wa Mittermeier (''L. mittermeieri'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Chororo|Lemuri-spoti chororo (''L. mustelinus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Otto|Lemuri-spoti wa Otto (''L. otto'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Petter|Lemuri-spoti wa Petter (''L. petteri'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Randrianasolo|Lemuri-spoti wa Randrianasolo (''L. randrianasoloi'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Mkia-mwekundu|Lemuri-spoti mkia-mwekundu (''L. ruficaudatus'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Sahamalaza|Lemuri-spoti wa Sahamalaza (''L. sahamalazensis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Scott|Lemuri-spoti wa Scott (''L. scottorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Seal|Lemuri-spoti wa Seal (''L. seali'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti Kaskazi|Lemuri-spoti kaskazi (''L. septentrionalis'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Hawk|Lemuri-spoti wa Hawk (''L. tymerlachsonorum'')]]{{·}} [[Lemuri-spoti wa Wright|Lemuri-spoti wa Wright (''L. wrightae'')]] }} }} | group3 = {{Nobold|Familia ya juu [[Lorisoidea]]}} | abbr3 = L.2 | list3 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Koni|Lorisidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Arctocebus]]'' | list1 = [[Koni Dhahabu|Koni dhahabu (''A. aureus'')]]{{·}} [[Koni wa Kalabari|Koni wa Kalabari (''A. calabarensis'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:Slender loris|Loris]]'' | list2 = [[w:Gray slender loris|Grey slender loris (''L. lydekkerianus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red slender loris|Red slender loris (''L. tardigradus'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Slow loris|Nycticebus]]'' | list3 = [[w:Nycticebus bancanus|Bangka slow loris (''N. bancanus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bengal slow loris|Bengal slow loris (''N. bengalensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Nycticebus borneanus|Kalimantan slow loris (''N. borneanus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Sunda slow loris|Sunda slow loris (''N. coucang'')]]{{·}} [[w:Javan slow loris|Javan slow loris (''N. javanicus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Nycticebus kayan|Kayan River slow loris (''N. kayan'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bornean slow loris|Bornean slow loris (''N. menagensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Pygmy slow loris|Pygmy slow loris (''N. pygmaeus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Koni|Perodicticus]]'' | list4 = [[Koni wa Kawaida|Koni wa kawaida (''P. potto'')]] | group5 = ''[[Koni rongo|Pseudopotto]]'' | list5 = [[Koni Rongo|Koni rongo (''P. martini'')]] }} | group2 = [[Komba|Galagidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:8em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Komba Kucha-sindano|Euoticus]]'' | list1 = [[Komba Kucha-sindano Kusi|Komba kucha-sindano kusi (''E. elegantulus'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Kucha-sindano Kaskazi|Komba kucha-sindano kaskazi (''E. pallidus'')]] | group2 = ''[[Galago]]'' | list2 = [[Komba Somali|Komba Somali (''G. gallarum'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Miwani|Komba miwani (''G. matschiei'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Kusi|Komba kusi (''G. moholi'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Magharibi|Komba magharibi (''G. senegalensis'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Miwani|Komba miwani (''G. matschiei'')]] | group3 = ''[[Komba Mdogo|Galagoides]]'' | list3 = [[Komba Mdogo wa Kenya|Komba mdogo wa Kenya (''G. cocos'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Demidoff|Komba mdogo wa Demidoff (''G. demidovii'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Grant|Komba mdogo wa Grant (''G. granti'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Malawi|Komba mdogo wa Malawi (''G. nyasae'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Uluguru|Komba mdogo wa Uluguru (''G. orinus'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Rondo|Komba mdogo wa Rondo (''G. rondoensis'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Thomas|Komba mdogo wa Thomas (''G. thomasi'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mdogo wa Pwani|Komba mdogo wa pwani (''G. zanzibaricus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Komba Mkubwa|Otolemur]]'' | list4 = [[Komba-miyombo|Komba-miyombo (''O. crassicaudatus'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mkubwa Kaskazi|Komba mkubwa kaskazi (''O. garnettii'')]]{{·}} [[Komba Mkubwa wa Kavirondo|Komba mkubwa wa Kavirondo (''O. monteiri'')]] | group5 = ''[[Komba-kindi|Sciurocheirus]]'' | list5 = [[Komba-kindi wa Allen|Komba-kindi wa Allen (''S. alleni'')]]{{·}} [[Komba-kindi wa Gaboni|Komba-kindi wa Gaboni (''S. gabonensis'')]]{{·}} [[Komba-kindi wa Makande|Komba-kindi wa Makande (''S. makandensis'')]] }} }} |group4 = Nusuoda [[Haplorrhini]] |group5 = ''Oda ya chini [[Tarsiformes]]'' |abbr5 = T |list5 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[w:Tarsier|Tarsiidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[w:Philippine tarsier|Carlito]]'' | list1 = [[w:Philippine tarsier|Philippine tarsier (''C. syrichta'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:Horsfield's tarsier|Cephalopachus]]'' | list2 = [[w:Horsfield's tarsier|Horsfield's tarsier (''C. bancanus'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Tarsius|Tarsius]]'' | list3 = [[w:Dian's tarsier|Dian's tarsier (''T. dentatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tarsius fuscus|''T. fuscus'']]{{·}} [[w:Lariang tarsier|Lariang tarsier (''T. lariang'')]]{{·}} [[w:Peleng tarsier|Peleng tarsier (''T. pelengensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Sangihe tarsier|Sangihe tarsier (''T. sangirensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Spectral tarsier|Spectral tarsier (''T. tarsier'')]]{{·}} [[w:Siau Island tarsier|Siau Island tarsier (''T. tumpara'')]]{{·}} [[w:Pygmy tarsier|Pygmy tarsier (''T. pumilus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Wallace's tarsier|Wallace's tarsier (''T. wallacei'')]] }} }} | group6 = ''Oda ya chini [[Simiiformes]]'' | group7 = {{nobold|Oda ndogo [[Platyrrhini]]}} | abbr7 = P | list7 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Atelidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[w:Howler monkey|Alouatta]]'' | list1 = [[Ursine howler|Ursine howler (''A. arctoidea'')]]{{·}} [[Red-handed howler|Red-handed howler (''A. belzebul'')]]{{·}} [[Black howler|Black howler (''A. caraya'')]]{{·}} [[Coiba Island howler|Coiba Island howler (''A. coibensis'')]]{{·}} [[Spix's red-handed howler|Spix's red-handed howler (''A. discolor'')]]{{·}} [[Brown howler|Brown howler (''A. guariba'')]]{{·}} [[Juruá howler|Juruá howler (''A. juara'')]]{{·}} [[Guyanan red howler|Guyanan red howler (''A. macconnelli'')]]{{·}} [[Amazon black howler|Amazon black howler (''A. nigerrima'')]]{{·}} [[Mantled howler|Mantled howler (''A. palliata'')]]{{·}} [[Guatemalan black howler|Guatemalan black howler (''A. pigra'')]]{{·}} [[Purus red howler|Purus red howler (''A. puruensis'')]]{{·}} [[Bolivian red howler|Bolivian red howler (''A. sara'')]]{{·}} [[Venezuelan red howler|Venezuelan red howler (''A. seniculus'')]]{{·}} [[Maranhão red howler|Maranhão red howler (''A. ululata'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:Spider monkey|Ateles]]'' | list2 = [[White-fronted spider monkey|White-fronted spider monkey (''A. belzebuth'')]]{{·}} [[Peruvian spider monkey|Peruvian spider monkey (''A. chamek'')]]{{·}} [[Black-headed spider monkey|Black-headed spider monkey (''A. fusciceps'')]]{{·}} [[Geoffroy's spider monkey|Geoffroy's spider monkey (''A. geoffroyi'')]]{{·}} [[Brown spider monkey|Brown spider monkey (''A. hybridus'')]]{{·}} [[White-cheeked spider monkey|White-cheeked spider monkey (''A. marginatus'')]]{{·}} [[Red-faced spider monkey|Red-faced spider monkey (''A. paniscus'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Woolly spider monkey|Brachyteles]]'' | list3 = [[Southern muriqui|Southern muriqui (''B. arachnoides'')]]{{·}} [[Northern muriqui|Northern muriqui (''B. hypoxanthus'')]] | group4 = ''[[w:Woolly monkey|Lagothrix]]'' | list4 = [[Gray woolly monkey|Grey woolly monkey (''L. cana'')]]{{·}} [[Brown woolly monkey|Brown woolly monkey (''L. lagotricha'')]]{{·}} [[Colombian woolly monkey|Colombian woolly monkey (''L. lugens'')]]{{·}} [[Silvery woolly monkey|Silvery woolly monkey (''L. poeppigii'')]] | group5 = ''[[w:Yellow-tailed woolly monkey|Oreonax]]'' | list5 = [[Yellow-tailed woolly monkey|Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (''O. flavicauda'')]] }} | group2 = [[Cebidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[w:Goeldi's marmoset|Callimico]]'' | list1 = [[w:Goeldi's marmoset|Goeldi's marmoset (''C. goeldii'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:Marmoset|Callithrix]]'' | list2 = [[w:Buffy-tufted marmoset|Buffy-tufted marmoset (''C. aurita'')]]{{·}} [[w:Buffy-headed marmoset|Buffy-headed marmoset (''C. flaviceps'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-headed marmoset|White-headed marmoset (''C. geoffroyi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Common marmoset|Common marmoset (''C. jacchus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Wied's marmoset|Wied's marmoset (''C. kuhlii'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-tufted marmoset|Black-tufted marmoset (''C. penicillata'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset|Callibella]]'' | list3 = [[w:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset|Roosmalen's dwarf marmoset (''C. humilis'')]] | group4 = ''[[w:Pygmy marmoset|Cebuella]]'' | list4 = [[w:Pygmy marmoset|Pygmy marmoset (''C. pygmaea'')]] | group5 = ''[[w:Gracile capuchin monkey|Cebus]]'' | list5 = [[w:White-fronted capucin|White-fronted capucin (''C. albifrons'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-headed capucin|White-headed capucin (''C. capucinus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Kaapori capucin|Kaapori capucin (''C. kaapori'')]]{{·}} [[w:Weeper capucin|Weeper capucin (''C. olivaceus'')]] | group6 = ''[[w:Lion tamarin|Leontopithecus]]'' | list6 = [[w:Superagui lion tamarin|Superagui lion tamarin (''L. caissara'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden-headed lion tamarin|Golden-headed lion tamarin (''L. chrysomelas'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black lion tamarin|Black lion tamarin (''L. chrysopygus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden lion tamarin|Golden lion tamarin (''L. rosalia'')]] | group7 = ''[[w:Mico (genus)|Mico]]'' | list7 = [[w:Rio Acari marmoset|Rio Acari marmoset (''M. acariensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Silvery marmoset|Silvery marmoset (''M. argentatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Gold-and-white marmoset|Gold-and-white marmoset (''M. chrysoleucus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Emilia's marmoset|Emilia's marmoset (''M. emiliae'')]]{{·}} [[w:Santarem marmoset|Santarem marmoset (''M. humeralifera'')]]{{·}} [[w:Hershkovitz's marmoset|Hershkovitz's marmoset (''M. intermedius'')]]{{·}} [[w:White marmoset|White marmoset (''M. leucippe'')]]{{·}} [[w:Manicore marmoset|Manicore marmoset (''M. manicorensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Marca's marmoset|Marca's marmoset (''M. marcai'')]]{{·}} [[w:Maués marmoset|Maués marmoset (''M. mauesi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-tailed marmoset|Black-tailed marmoset (''M. melanura'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-headed marmoset|Black-headed marmoset (''M. nigriceps'')]]{{·}} [[w:Satéré marmoset|Satéré marmoset (''M. saterei'')]] | group8 = ''[[w:Tamarin|Saguinus]]'' | list8 = [[w:Pied tamarin|Pied tamarin (''S. bicolor'')]]{{·}} [[w:Brown-mantled tamarin|Brown-mantled tamarin (''S. fuscicollis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Geoffroy's tamarin|Geoffroy's tamarin (''S. geoffroyi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Graells's tamarin|Graells's tamarin (''S. graellsi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Emperor tamarin|Emperor tamarin (''S. imperator'')]]{{·}} [[w:Mottle-faced tamarin|Mottle-faced tamarin (''S. inustus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-lipped tamarin|White-lipped tamarin (''S. labiatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-footed tamarin|White-footed tamarin (''S. leucopus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Martins's tamarin|Martins's tamarin (''S. martinsi'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-mantled tamarin|White-mantled tamarin (''S. melanoleucus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-handed tamarin|Red-handed tamarin (''S. midas'')]]{{·}} [[w:Moustached tamarin|Moustached tamarin (''S. mystax'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black tamarin|Black tamarin (''S. niger'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-mantled tamarin|Black-mantled tamarin (''S. nigricollis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Cotton-top tamarin|Cotton-top tamarin (''S. oedipus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-capped tamarin|Red-capped tamarin (''S. pileatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden-mantled tamarin|Golden-mantled tamarin (''S. tripartitus'')]] | group9 = ''[[w:Squirrel monkey|Saimiri]]'' | list9 = [[w:Black-capped squirrel monkey|Black-capped squirrel monkey (''S. boliviensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Central American squirrel monkey|Central American squirrel monkey (''S. oerstedii'')]]{{·}} [[w:Common squirrel monkey|Common squirrel monkey (''S. sciureus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bare-eared squirrel monkey|Bare-eared squirrel monkey (''S. ustus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black squirrel monkey|Black squirrel monkey (''S. vanzolinii'')]] | group10 = ''[[w:Robust capuchin monkey|Sapajus]]'' | list10 = [[w:Tufted capucin|Tufted capucin (''S. apella'')]]{{·}} [[w:Blond capucin|Blond capucin (''S. flavius'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-striped capucin|Black-striped capucin (''S. libidinosus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black capucin|Black capucin (''S. nigritus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden-bellied capucin|Golden-bellied capucin (''S. xanthostemos'')]] }} | group3 = [[Pitheciidae]] | list3 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[w:Uakari|Cacajao]]'' | list1 = [[w:Aracá uakari|Aracá uakari (''C. ayresi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bald uakari|Bald uakari (''C. calvus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Neblina uakari|Neblina uakari (''C. hosomi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden-backed uakari|Golden-backed uakari (''C. melanocephalus'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:Titi|Callicebus]]'' | list2 = [[w:Madidi titi|Madidi titi (''C. aureipalatii'')]]{{·}} [[w:Baptista Lake titi|Baptista Lake titi (''C. baptista'')]]{{·}} [[w:Barbara Brown's titi|Barbara Brown's titi (''C. barbarabrownae'')]]{{·}} [[w:Prince Bernhard's titi|Prince Bernhard's titi (''C. bernhardi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Brown titi|Brown titi (''C. brunneus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Chestnut-bellied titi|Chestnut-bellied titi (''C. caligatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Ashy black titi|Ashy black titi (''C. cinerascens'')]]{{·}} [[w:Coimbra Filho's titi|Coimbra Filho's titi (''C. coimbra'')]]{{·}} [[w:Coppery titi|Coppery titi (''C. cupreus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-tailed titi|White-tailed titi (''C. discolor'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-eared titi|White-eared titi (''C. donacophilus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Hershkovitz's titi|Hershkovitz's titi (''C. dubius'')]]{{·}} [[w:Hoffmanns's titi|Hoffmanns's titi (''C. hoffmannsi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Lucifer titi|Lucifer titi (''C. lucifer'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black titi|Black titi (''C. lugens'')]]{{·}} [[w:Colombian black-handed titi|Colombian black-handed titi (''C. medemi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Coastal black-handed titi|Coastal black-handed titi (''C. melanochir'')]]{{·}} [[w:Rio Beni titi|Rio Beni titi (''C. modestus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-bellied titi|Red-bellied titi (''C. moloch'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-fronted titi|Black-fronted titi (''C. nigrifrons'')]]{{·}} [[w:Rio Mayo titi|Rio Mayo titi (''C. oenanthe'')]]{{·}} [[w:Ollala Brothers' titi|Ollala Brothers' titi (''C. olallae'')]]{{·}} [[w:Ornate titi|Ornate titi (''C. ornatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-coated titi|White-coated titi (''C. pallescens'')]]{{·}} [[w:Atlantic titi|Atlantic titi (''C. personatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Rio Purus titi|Rio Purus titi (''C. purinus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-headed titi|Red-headed titi (''C. regulus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Stephen Nash's titi|Stephen Nash's titi (''C. stephennashi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Collared titi|Collared titi (''C. torquatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Vieira's titi|Vieira's titi (''C. vieirai'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Bearded saki|Chiropotes]]'' | list3 = [[w:White-nosed saki|White-nosed saki (''C. albinasus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-backed bearded saki|Red-backed bearded saki (''C. chiropotes'')]]{{·}} [[w:Brown-backed bearded saki|Brown-backed bearded saki (''C. israelita'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black bearded saki|Black bearded saki (''C. satanas'')]]{{·}} [[w:Uta Hick's bearded saki|Uta Hick's bearded saki (''C. utahickae'')]] | group4 = ''[[w:Saki monkey|Pithecia]]'' | list4 = [[w:Equatorial saki|Equatorial saki (''P. aequatorialis'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-footed saki|White-footed saki (''P. albicans'')]]{{·}} [[w:Rio Tapajós saki|Rio Tapajós saki (''P. irrorata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Monk saki|Monk saki (''P. monachus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-faced saki|White-faced saki (''P. pithecia'')]] }} }} | group8 = {{nobold|Oda ndogo [[Catarrhini]]}} | abbr8 = C | list8 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Cercopithecidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Kima wa Allen|Allenopithecus]]'' | list1 = [[Kima wa Allen|Kima wa Allen (''A. nigroviridis'')]] | group2 = ''[[w:White-eyelid mangabey|Cercocebus]]'' | list2 = [[Kaku Kijivu|Kaku kijivu (''C. agilis'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku Mweusi|Kaku mweusi (''C. atys'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku Tumbo-dhahabu|Kaku tumbo-dhahabu (''C. chrysogaster'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Tana|Kaku wa Tana (''C. galeritus'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Sanje|Kaku wa Sanje (''C. sanjei'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku Utosi-mwekundu|Kaku utosi-mwekundu (''C. torquatus'')]] | group3 = ''[[w:Guenon|Cercopithecus]]'' | list3 = [[Kima Koo-jeupe|Kima koo-jeupe (''C. albogularis'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Mkia-mwekundu|Kima mkia-mwekundu (''C. ascanius'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Campbell|Kima wa Campbell (''C. campbelli'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Masharubu|Kima masharubu (''C. cephus'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Dent|Kima wa Dent (''C. denti'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Diana|Kima wa Diana (''C. diana'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Fedha|Kima fedha (''C. doggetti'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Kongo|Kima wa Kongo (''C. dryas'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Tumbo-jekundu|Kima tumbo-jekundu (''C. erythrogaster'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Masikio-mekundu|Kima masikio-mekundu (''C. erythrotis'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Uso-bundi|Kima uso-bundi (''C. hamlyni'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Mgongo-dhahabu|Kima mgongo-dhahabu (''C. kandti'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa L'Hoest|Kima wa L'Hoest (''C. lhoesti'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Lesula|Kima lesula (''C. lomamiensis'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Lowe|Kima wa Lowe (''C. lowei'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Buluu|Kima buluu (''C. mitis'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Mona|Kima wa Mona (''C. mona'')]]{{·}} [[Karasinga|Karasinga (''C. neglectus'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Pua-nyeupe|Kima pua-nyeupe (''C. nictitans'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Pua-doa|Kima pua-doa (''C. petaurista'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Ushungi|Kima ushungi (''C. pogonias'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Preuss|Kima wa Preuss (''C. preussi'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Roloway|Kima wa Roloway (''C. roloway'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Sclater|Kima wa Sclater (''C. sclateri'')]]{{·}} [[Kima Matako-madoa|Kima matako-madoa (''C. solatus'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Wolf|Kima wa Wolf (''C. wolfi'')]] | group4 = ''[[Ngedere|Chlorocebus]]'' | list4 = [[Ngedere Habeshi|Ngedere Habeshi (''C. aethiops'')]]{{·}} [[Ngedere wa Kongo|Ngedere wa Kongo (''C. cynosuros'')]]{{·}} [[Ngedere wa Bale|Ngedere wa Bale (''C. djamdjamensis'')]]{{·}} [[Ngedere Mashariki|Ngedere mashariki (''C. pygerythrus'')]]{{·}} [[Ngedere Magharibi|Ngedere magharibi (''C. sabaeus'')]]{{·}} [[Ngedere wa Afrika wa Kati|Ngedere wa Afrika wa Kati (''C. tantalus'')]] | group5 = ''[[Mbega Mweupe-na-mweusi|Colobus]]'' | list5 = [[Mbega Mweupe Kusi|Mbega mweupe kusi (''C. angolensis'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mweusi wa Lomami|Mbega mweusi wa Lomami (''C. congoensis'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mweupe Mashariki|Mbega mweupe mashariki (''C. guereza'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mfalme|Mbega mfalme (''C. polykomos'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mweusi|Mbega mweusi (''C. satanas'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mapaja-meupe|Mbega mapaja-meupe (''C. vellerosus'')]] | group6 = ''[[Kima Mwekundu|Erythrocebus]]'' | list6 = [[Kima Mwekundu|Kima mwekundu (''E. patas'')]] | group7 = ''[[w:Crested mangabey|Lophocebus]]'' | list7 = [[Kaku Mashavu-kijivu|Kaku mashavu-kijivu (''L. albigena'')]]{{·}} [[Babakoto|Babakoto (''L. aterrimus'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Johnston|Kaku wa Johnston (''L. johnstoni'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Opdenbosch|Kaku wa Opdenbosch (''L. opdenboschi'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Kilima Osmani|Kaku wa Kilima Osmani (''L. osmani'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Uganda|Kaku wa Uganda (''L. ugandae'')]] | group8 = ''[[w:Macaque|Macaca]]'' | list8 = [[w:Stump-tailed macaque|Stump-tailed macaque (''M. arctoides'')]]{{·}} [[w:Assam macaque|Assam macaque (''M. assamensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Formosan rock macaque|Formosan rock macaque (''M. cyclopis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Crab-eating macaque|Crab-eating macaque (''M. fascicularis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Japanese macaque|Japanese macaque (''M. fuscata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Heck's macaque|Heck's macaque (''M. hecki'')]]{{·}} [[w:Northern pig-tailed macaque|Northern pig-tailed macaque (''M. leonina'')]]{{·}} [[w:Moor macaque|Moor macaque (''M. maura'')]]{{·}} [[w:Rhesus macaque|Rhesus macaque (''M. mulatta'')]]{{·}} [[w:Arunachal macaque|Arunachal macaque (''M. munzala'')]]{{·}} [[w:Southern pig-tailed macaque|Southern pig-tailed macaque (''M. nemestrina'')]]{{·}} [[w:Gorontalo macaque|Gorontalo macaque (''M. nigrescens'')]]{{·}} [[w:Celebes crested macaque|Celebes crested macaque (''M. nigra'')]]{{·}} [[w:Booted macaque|Booted macaque (''M. ochreata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Pagai Island macaque|Pagai Island macaque (''M. pagensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bonnet macaque|Bonnet macaque (''M. radiata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Siberut macaque|Siberut macaque (''M. siberu'')]]{{·}} [[w:Lion-tailed macaque|Lion-tailed macaque (''M. silenus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Toque macaque|Toque macaque (''M. sinica'')]]{{·}} [[Kaku wa Barbari|Kaku wa Barbari (''M. sylvanus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tibetan macaque|Tibetan macaque (''M. thibetana'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tonkean macaque|Tonkean macaque (''M. tonkeana'')]] | group9 = ''[[w:Mandrillus|Mandrillus]]'' | list9 = [[w:Nyani dirili|Nyani dirili (''M. leucophaeus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Nyani mandirili|Nyani mandirili (''M. sphinx'')]] | group10 = ''[[w:Talapoin|Miopithecus]]'' | list10 = [[Kima wa Gaboni|Kima wa Gaboni (''M. ogouensis'')]]{{·}} [[Kima wa Angola|Kima wa Angola (''M. talapoin'')]] | group11 = ''[[w:Proboscis monkey|Nasalis]]'' | list11 = [[w:Proboscis monkey|Proboscis monkey (''N. larvatus'')]] | group12 = ''[[w:Baboon|Papio]]'' | list12 = [[Nyani wa Kawaida|Nyani wa kawaida (''P. anubis'')]]{{·}} [[Nyani Mashariki|Nyani mashariki (''P. cynocephalus'')]]{{·}} [[Nyani Koti|Nyani Koti (''P. hamadryas'')]]{{·}} [[Nyani Magharibi|Nyani magharibi (''P. papio'')]]{{·}} [[Nyani Kusi|Nyani kusi (''P. ursinus'')]] | group13 = ''[[Mbega Mwekundu|Piliocolobus]]'' | list13 = [[Mbega Mwekundu Magharibi|Mbega mwekundu magharibi (''P. badius'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Afrika ya Kati|Mbega wwekundu wa Afrika ya Kati (''P. foai'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Udzungwa|Mbega mwekundu wa Udzungwa (''P. gordonorum'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Unguja|Mbega mwekundu wa Unguja (''P. kirkii'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Pennant|Mbega mwekundu wa Pennant (''P. pennantii'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Preuss|Mbega mwekundu wa Preuss (''P. preussi'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Tana|Mbega mwekundu wa Tana (''P. rufomitratus'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Uganda|Mbega mwekundu wa Uganda (''P. tephrosceles'')]]{{·}} [[Mbega Mwekundu wa Chuapa|Mbega mwekundu wa Chuapa (''P. tholloni'')]] | group14 = ''[[w:Surili|Presbytis]]'' | list14 = [[w:Sarawak surili|Sarawak surili (''P. chrysomelas'')]]{{·}} [[w:Javan surili|Javan surili (''P. comata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Banded surili|Banded surili (''P. femoralis'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-fronted surili|White-fronted surili (''P. frontata'')]]{{·}} [[w:Hose's langur|Hose's langur (''P. hosei'')]]{{·}} [[w:Sumatran surili|Sumatran surili (''P. melalophos'')]]{{·}} [[w:Natuna Island surili|Natuna Island surili (''P. natunae'')]]{{·}} [[w:Mentawai langur|Mentawai langur (''P. potenziani'')]]{{·}} [[w:Maroon leaf monkey|Maroon leaf monkey (''P. rubicunda'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-thighed surili|White-thighed surili (''P. siamensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Thomas's langur|Thomas's langur (''P. thomasi'')]] | group15 = ''[[Mbega Kijanikijivu|Procolobus]]'' | list15 = [[Mbega Kijanikijivu|Mbega kijanikijivu (''P. verus'')]] | group16 = ''[[w:Douc|Pygathrix]]'' | list16 = [[w:Gray-shanked douc|Grey-shanked douc (''P. cinerea'')]]{{·}} [[w:Red-shanked douc|Red-shanked douc (''P. nemaeus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-shanked douc|Black-shanked douc (''P. nigripes'')]] | group17 = ''[[w:Snub-nosed monkey|Rhinopithecus]]'' | list17 = [[w:Tonkin snub-nosed monkey|Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (''R. avunculus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black snub-nosed monkey|Black snub-nosed monkey (''R. bieti'')]]{{·}} [[w:Gray snub-nosed monkey|Grey snub-nosed monkey (''P. brelichi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Golden snub-nosed monkey|Golden snub-nosed monkey (''P. roxellana'')]]{{·}} [[w:Myanmar snub-nosed monkey|Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (''P. strykeri'')]] | group18 = ''[[w:Kipunji|Rungwecebus]]'' | list18 = [[Kaku Kipunji|Kaku kipunji (''R. kipunji'')]] | group19 = ''[[w:Gray langur monkey|Semnopithecus]]'' | list19 = [[w:Kashmir gray langur|Kashmir grey langur (''S. ajax'')]]{{·}} [[w:Southern plains gray langur|Southern plains grey langur (''S. dussumieri'')]]{{·}} [[w:Northern plains gray langur|Northern plains grey langur (''S. entellus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tarai gray langur|Tarai grey langur (''S. hector'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black-footed gray langur|Black-footed grey langur (''S. hypoleucos'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tufted gray langur|Tufted grey langur (''S. priam'')]]{{·}} [[w:Nepal gray langur|Nepal grey langur (''S. hypoleucos'')]] | group20 = ''[[w:Pig-tailed langur|Simias]]'' | list20 = [[w:Pig-tailed langur|pig-tailed langur (''S. concolor'')]] | group21 = ''[[w:Gelada|Theropithecus]]'' | list12 = [[Nyani Gelada|Nyani gelada (''T. gelada'')]] | group22 = ''[[w:Lutung|Trachypithecus]]'' | list22 = [[w:Javan lutung|Javan lutung (''T. auratus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Tenasserim lutung|Tenasserim lutung (''T. barbei'')]]{{·}} [[w:Silvery lutung|Silvery lutung (''T. cristatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Delacour's langur|Delacour's langur (''T. delacouri'')]]{{·}} [[w:Indochinese black langur|Indochinese black langur (''T. ebenus'')]]{{·}} [[w:François' langur|François's langur (''T. francoisi'')]]{{·}} [[w:Gee's golden langur|Gee's golden langur (''T. geei'')]]{{·}} [[w:Indochinese lutung|Indochinese lutung (''T. germaini'')]]{{·}} [[w:Hatinh langur|Hatinh langur (''T. hatinhensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Nilgiri langur|Nilgiri langur (''T. johnii'')]]{{·}} [[w:Laotian langur|Laotian langur (''T. laotum'')]]{{·}} [[w:Dusky leaf monkey|Dusky leaf monkey (''T. obscurus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Phayre's leaf monkey|Phayre's leaf monkey (''T. phayrei'')]]{{·}} [[w:Capped langur|Capped langur (''T. pileatus'')]]{{·}} [[w:White-headed langur|White-headed langur (''T. poliocephalus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Shortridge's langur|Shortridge's langur (''T. shortridgei'')]]{{·}} [[w:Purple-faced langur|Purple-faced langur (''T. vetulus'')]] }} | group2 = [[Giboni|Hylobatidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[w:Hoolock gibbon|Hoolock]]'' | list1 = [[w:Western hoolock gibbon|Western hoolock gibbon (''H. hoolock'')]]{{·}} [[w:Eastern hoolock gibbon|Eastern hoolock gibbon (''H. leuconedys'')]] | group2 = ''[[Hylobates]]'' | list2 = [[w:Agile gibbon|Agile gibbon (''H. agilis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Bornean white-bearded gibbon|Bornean white-bearded gibbon (''H. albibarbis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Kloss's gibbon|Kloss's gibbon (''H. klossii'')]]{{·}} [[w:Lar gibbon|Lar gibbon (''H. lar'')]]{{·}} [[w:Silvery gibbon|Silvery gibbon (''H. moloch'')]]{{·}} [[w:Müller's Bornean gibbon|Müller's Bornean gibbon (''H. muelleri'')]]{{·}} [[w:Pileated gibbon|Pileated gibbon (''H. pileatus'')]] | group3 = ''[[Nomascus]]'' | list3 = [[w:Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon|Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon (''N. annamensis'')]]{{·}} [[w:Black crested gibbon|Black crested gibbon (''N. concolor'')]]{{·}} [[w:Yellow-cheeked gibbon| Yellow-cheeked gibbon (''N. gabriellae'')]]{{·}} [[w:Eastern black crested gubbon|Eastern black crested gubbon (''N. nasutus'')]]{{·}} [[w:Northern white-cheeked gibbon|Northern white-cheeked gibbon (''N. leucogenys'')]]{{·}} [[w:Southern white-cheeked gibbon|Southern white-cheeked gibbon (''N. siki'')]] | group4 = ''[[w:Siamang|Symphalangus]]'' | list4 = [[w:Siamang|Siamang (''S. syndactylus'')]] }} | group3 = [[Hominidae]] | list3 = {{Navbox subgroup | groupstyle = width:9.5em; background:#efefff; | liststyle = width:auto; | oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7; | evenstyle = background:transparent; | group1 = ''[[Ngagi|Gorilla]]'' | list1 = [[Ngagi Mashariki|Ngagi mashariki (''G. beringei'')]]{{·}} [[Ngagi Magharibi|Ngagi magharibi (''G. gorilla'')]] | group2 = ''[[Binadamu|Homo]]'' | list2 = [[Binadamu|Binadamu (''H. sapiens'')]] | group3 = ''[[Sokwe Mtu|Pan]]'' | list3 = [[Bonobo|Bonobo (''P. paniscus'')]]{{·}} [[Sokwe Mtu wa Kawaida|Sokwe Mtu wa Kawaida (''P. troglodytes'')]] | group4 = ''[[Orangutanu|Pongo]]'' | list4 = [[Orangutanu wa Sumatra|Orangutanu wa Sumatra (''P. abelii'')]]{{·}} [[Orangutanu wa Borneo|Orangutanu wa Borneo (''P. pygmaeus'')]] }} }} }} Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu masanduku ya uanapwa ya spishi angalia: [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc|Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc]]. [[Jamii:Masanduku ya uanapwa ya familia za mamalia]] ge5h2gfjw65gt2cvvokgbc94wehoh3n 0 84324 1579660 1578987 2026-07-15T16:53:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa (3434312871).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Utatu mtakatifu]], [[Addis Ababa]].]] '''Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia''' (kwa [[Kiamhara]] የኢትዮጵያ:ኦርቶዶክስ:ተዋሕዶ:ቤተ:ክርስቲያን, ''Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan'') ni [[madhehebu]] ya [[dini]] ya [[Ukristo]] iliyotawala watu wa jamii ya [[Waamhara]] kwa [[karne]] kadhaa hadi sasa. Wakristo hao wanaotaka kuzingatia [[imani sahihi]] ni sehemu muhimu katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na [[Eritrea]]<ref>[http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infoamra.htm FDRE States: Basic Information - Amhara] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infoamra.htm |date=20070310212630 }}, Population (accessed 26 Machi 2006)</ref>. Kwa sasa ni kubwa zaidi [[duniani]] kuliko mengine yote ya jamii ya [[Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki]], likiwa na waumini [[milioni]] 45-50.<ref>{{cite web|last =|first =|title = Ethiopia: Orthodox Head Urges Churches to Work for Better World|url = http://allafrica.com/stories/200609121188.html|accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref> wengi wao wakiishi nchini Ethiopia,<ref>Berhanu Abegaz, [http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities"] (accessed 6 April 2006)</ref> lakini pia [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Ulaya]] na [[Amerika]]. ==Historia== [[File:Display of Procesional Crosses, Church of Bet Maryam, Lalibela, Ethiopia (3230772118).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Padri]] wa Kiethiopia akionyesha [[Msalaba|misalaba]] kwa ajili ya [[maandamano]] ya [[ibada]].]] Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia linaendeleza [[ushirika]] na [[Kanisa la Misri]] tangu lilipoanzishwa na [[mtakatifu]] [[Frumensyo]] aliyetumwa na mtakatifu [[Atanasi]], [[Patriarki]] wa [[Aleksandria]] katikati ya [[karne ya 4]] [[BK]]. Hata hivyo mwaka [[1959]] lilikubaliwa liwe na Patriarki wake mwenyeji na kujiongoza. Kwa jumla [[Dayosisi|majimbo]] ni 44 na [[Askofu|maaskofu]] 60. ==Kalenda== Kufuatana na [[mapokeo]] ya huko [[Misri]], [[Epifania]] na [[Pasaka]] ni [[sikukuu]] muhimu sana, na husherehekewa kwa kufanya mambo kama vile [[Saumu|kufunga kula]] na kucheza. Pia kuna siku kadhaa katika [[mwaka]] ambapo ni [[mboga]] za [[Jani|majani]] pekee na [[samaki]] ndio huruhisiwa kuliwa. ==Desturi== [[Ndoa]] huweza kuanzishwa au kupangwa wakati [[mwanamume]] ana [[umri]] wa miaka kumi na..., au ishirini na... [[utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]], [[wasichana]] wanaruhusiwa kuolewa wakiwa na umri wa miaka 14 hadi 18, lakini katika [[karne ya 20]], mambo yamebadilika, hivyo sasa umri mdogo kuliko wote wa kuolewa ni miaka 18, na suala hili linasimamiwa na [[serikali]]. [[Ndoa ya kiserikali|Ndoa za kiserikali]] ni nyingi japo pia, wapo watu wanaofunga ndoa katika makani mbalimbali. Na baada ya kufunga ndoa kanisani, suala la [[talaka]] halipo na haliwezekani. Kila [[familia]] hufanya [[sherehe]] ya ndoa baada ya [[harusi]]. Tangu kuzaliwa, [[padri]] hutembelea familia kwa ajili ya kumbariki [[mtoto]], na pia [[tohara|kutahiri]] mtoto kama ni wa kiume. [[Mama]] wa mtoto, hutakiwa kukaa ndani kwa siku 40 baada ya kujifungua kama mtoto ni wa kiume na kukaa ndani kwa siku 80 kwa mtoto ni wa kike kabla ya kwenda kanisani kwa ajili ya [[ubatizo]]. == Sanaa == [[File:Icon - FrontLeft - Small.jpg|right|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Kiethiopia inayowaonyesha [[Yesu msulubiwa]], [[Bikira Maria]] na [[mtakatifu Joji]].]] [[Sanaa]] ya nchini Ethiopia kwa ujumla imeegamia katika masuala ya dini na michoro ya dini. Mmoja kati ya michoro mizuri zaidi ya vitu au watu wenye [[macho]] makubwa na mara nyingi huwa ni watu wanaohusiana na [[Biblia]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} *Archbishop Yesehaq. 1997. ''The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church: an Integrally African Church.'' Winston-Derek Publishers. *Mikre-Sellassie Gebre-Amanuel. 1993. “The Bible and Its Canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.” ''The Bible Translator'' 44/1:111-123. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Ethiopian Orthodox Church}} *[http://ethiopianorthodox.org/biography/englishethiopianliturgy.pdf Divine Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church] *[http://www.nazret.com/directory/index.php?c=57 Ethiopian Orthodox Church Directory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nazret.com/directory/index.php?c=57 |date=20061120075520 }} Directory of Ethiopian Orthodox Churches *[http://www.ethiopianreview.com/directory_religion/ Ethiopian Review's Directory of Ethiopian churches] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/directory_religion/ |date=20160729193917 }} *[http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/religion.htm Ethiopian Religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism & Paganism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/religion.htm |date=20201119205011 }} *[http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/indexenglish.html Bilingual Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church site – English version] *[http://ethioview.com/religions-ethiopia.html List of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church websites] {{Wayback|url=http://ethioview.com/religions-ethiopia.html |date=20101218114000 }} *[http://www.eotc.faithweb.com/ Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church] (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -the oldest site) *[http://www.tewahedo.org/ Tewahedo Songs & Records] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tewahedo.org/ |date=20230725232750 }} *[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=7&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 CNEWA article by Ronald Roberson: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=7&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |date=20191026210158 }} *[http://kidane-mehret.org/liturgy.html Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Anaphoras] {{Wayback|url=http://kidane-mehret.org/liturgy.html |date=20080704115943 }} *[http://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/workingpaper52.pdf Abbink, J. ''A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia''. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2003] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/workingpaper52.pdf |date=20180128032229 }} ([[PDF]]) *[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/harden_ethiopic_literature.htm AN INTRODUCTION TO Ethiopic Christian Literature BY J. M. HARDEN, D.D., LL.D. Canon of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1926] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/harden_ethiopic_literature.htm |date=20090917033708 }} *[http://www.tewahedo.org/index.html Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church outside of Ethiopia – includes music and preaching] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tewahedo.org/index.html |date=20160717233114 }} *[https://secure.flickr.com/photos/alexeik/galleries/72157622849128261/ Ethiopian Crucifixes Gallery] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Ukristo nchini Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] hu48ej0lizl3kqf38w2mf7t7g8u490x 0 87710 1579679 1388733 2026-07-15T21:42:02Z MaleLiz 26975 1579679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ushairi wa Dkt. [[Christopher Richard Mwashinga]]''' unapatikana katika [[vitabu]] vingi alivyoviandika kwa [[Kiingereza]]<ref>Christopher Mwashinga, ''Beeches of Golden Sand: Inspirational Poems'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Marejeo Books, 2009)</ref> na [[Kiswahili]]<ref>Christopher R. Mwashinga, ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books, 2014)</ref>. Makala hii inatoa historia fupi ya [[ushairi]] wake wa Kiswahili. == Historia ya ushairi == Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga, aliyezaliwa [[tarehe]] [[9 Januari]] [[1965]], ni [[mshairi]] kutoka nchi ya [[Tanzania]], [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Amekuwa akiandika na kughani mashairi ya Kiswahili tangu mwaka [[1978]] alipokuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[darasa]] la [[nne]] katika [[Shule ya msingi]] ya Ngare-Nairobi iliyoko Siha Magharibi, katika [[wilaya ya Hai]], [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]], nchini [[Tanzania]]. Uandishi wake wa mashairi ya Kiswahili umegawanyika katika vipindi vinne vikubwa: 1978-1984; 1985-1991; 1999-2018, 2018 hadi leo. === Kipindi cha kwanza: 1978-1984 === Kipindi cha kwanza kinaanzia mwaka 1978 na kutambaa hadi mwaka 1984. Ingawa Mshairi alihitimu masomo yake ya elimu ya msingi mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi Ngare-Nairobi iliyoko Siha Magharibi, mkoani Kilimanjaro, bado aliendelea kuandika mashairi hata baada ya kumaliza masomo yake. Alianza kuandika mashairi ya Kiswahili akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na mitatu hivi, wakati huo akiwa mwanafunzi wa darasa la nne katika Shule hiyo ya Msingi ya Ngare-Nairobi. Wakati huo aliandika mashairi mengi, lakini kwa kuwa hakuwa na njia bora ya kuyahifadhi, yote yalipotea. Yeye mwenyewe anakumbuka sehemu tu ya beti za baadhi ya mashairi ya kipindi hiki cha kwanza. Mfano mzuri ni shairi moja refu lililozungumzia habari za kijana mmoja wa kufikirika aliyeitwa Hasani ambaye alichaguliwa kwenda masomoni Songea, Tanzania ya kusini na baadaye akapatiwa nafasi ya kuendela na masomo ya elimu ya juu nchini Japan. Mistati miwili ya ubeti mmojawapo anaoukumbuka ulikuwa na maneno yafuatayo: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">Mambo yakawa ni mambo, sijui apewe nini Akachaguliwa ng’ambo, miaka miwili Japani. </poem> Mashairi yote aliyoyatunga wakati huo yalihadithia mambo ya kijamii au kujadili masuala ya kisiasa. Hakuandika shairi lolote la kidini. ===Kipindi cha pili: 1985-1991=== Kipindi cha pili cha utunzi wa mashairi ya Dkt. Christopher Mwashinga kilianza rasmi mwezi Desemba mwaka 1985 wakati akiwa bado anaishi Kilimanjaro Magharibi. Mwezi Aprili mwaka huo wa 1985 alipokuwa nyumbani kwao Uyole, Mbeya akitembelea wazazi na ndugu zake, alisikia kwa mara ya kwanza ujumbe wa Kiadventista na kuupokea. Aliporudi mkoani Kilimanjaro, alibatizwa katika Kanisa la Waadventista wa Sabato, Majengo, Moshi mnamo tarehe 18 Mei, 1985. Baada ya kubatizwa aliendelea kuishi katika eneo la Mpodoni huko huko Siha Magharibi. Akitokea Mpodoni, aliendelea kuhudhuria ibada katika kundi la Matadi SDA lililokuwa chini ya kanisa la Majengo Moshi wakati huo. Kama miezi saba tangu alipojiunga na kundi hili la Matadi SDA, idara ya vijana ya kundi iliandaa tamasha la vijana kama sehemu ya programu maalumu za kufungia mwaka. Hapo ndipo kiongozi wa vijana wakati huo, Bw. Yohana Jackson, alipomwomba Christopher Mwashinga aandike shairi litakaloimbwa wakati wa tamasha hilo, naye akakubali. Kwa hiyo siku ya Ijumaa, Desemba 27, 1985 Christopher Mwashinga, wakati huo akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini, alitunga shairi la beti nane aliloliita,”Tunapomaliza Mwaka.” Shairi hili liliimbwa kesho yake, Jumamosi, Desemba 28, 1985 wakati wa tamasha lililofana sana la vijana wa kundi hilo. Hilo ndilo lililokuwa shairi lake la kwanza alilotunga lenye maudhui ya kidini. Ubeti wa saba wa shairi hilo una maneno yafwatayo: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">Katika yetu maombi, Mungu ulitusikia, Na tulipotenda dhambi, ulitusamehe pia, Mkutano wa makambi, ulitufanikishia Tunapomaliza mwaka, Mungu tunakushukuru. </poem> Kuandikwa kwa shairi hili la kwanza la kiroho ndiko kulikopiga kipenga cha kuanzisha rasmi enzi mpya ya utunzi wa mashairi ya Kikristo ambayo Mwashinga ameidumisha kwa kipindi cha zaidi ya miaka thelathini iliyofuata. Baada ya mwanzo huu wa enzi mpya uliotokea kama ajali, akiwa bado anaishi Kilimanjaro Magharibi, Mwshinga aliendelea kutunga mashairi ya Kikristo ambayo mengine aliwapa rafiki zake kama zawadi. Kwa bahati mbaya mashairi hayo yote yalipotea na huenda hayatapatikana tena. Mwaka uliofuata, siku ya Jumapili, Machi 10. 1986, Christopher Mwashinga alisafiri toka Kilimanjaro Magharibi kulekea nyumbani kwao Uyole, Mbeya ambako aliwasili kesho yake Machi 11, 1986. Aliamua kuhamishia makao yake makuu Mbeya kwa minajili ya kuendelea na masomo yake ya sekondari. Akiwa Mbeya, aliendelea kutunga mashairi ya Kikristo kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa mfano Julai 14, 1986 alitunga shairi aliloliita, “Kazi Ilo Mbele Yetu.” Shairi hili liliimbwa katika mkutano wa makambi ya Waadventista wa Sabato uliofanyika mwezi Agosti katika eneo la Iganzo, Mbeya. Shairi hili, ambalo ni moja ya mashairi yake machache ya awali yaliyosalia, liliimbwa na akina dada watatu, yaani Eva, Ellen na Jane ambao ni mabinti wa mzee Rupia, aliyekuwa Mwinjilisti maarufu wa Vitabu nchini Tanzania wakati huo. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo yake ya kidato cha nne katika Shule ya Sekondari Igawilo, Mbeya mwaka 1988, Dkt. Mwashinga alifaulu na kujiunga na Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea mwezi Julai 1989. Akiwa shuleni Songea, aliandika mashairi kadha wa kadha ya Kikristo ikiwa ni pamoja na shairi lake liitwalo, "Yesu Rafiki wa Watoto,” lililoimbwa katika mkutano wa makambi ya Songea mjini Agosti 25, 1989. Mwezi mmoja tu kabla ya mwisho wa mwaka huo, yaani siku ya Alhamisi, Novemba 30, 1989, ndipo alipoandika shairi lake linalojulikana na wengi nchini Tanzania. Shairi hili la beti 44, aliliita, ”Nimeguswa na Upendo wa Yesu.” Shairi la mwisho kabisa alilotunga akiwa Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea, ni shairi fupi la beti tatu aliloliita, ”Yapendeza Kuonana,” Shairi hili aliliambatisha na barua yake ya mwisho kwa wazazi na ndugu zake waliokuwa nyumbani kwao Uyole, Mbeya wakimsubiri awasili nyumbani baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya kidato cha sita. Shairi hili lilitungwa Jumapili, Mei 5, 1991. Kufuatia kuhitimu masomo yake ya kidato cha sita katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Wavulana Songea, Dkt. Mwashinga aliondoka na kurudi nyumbani kwao Uyole, Mbeya. Kwa muda wote uliobaki wa mwaka 1991, hakuandika shairi lolote la Kiswahili. Sababu inaweza kuwa kwamba wakati huu akiwa Mbeya, alielekeza nguvu zake nyingi katika kuandika na kuchapisha mashairi ya Kikristo kwa lugha ya Kiingereza. Kwa mfano mwezi Oktoba mwaka huo huo aliandika shairi lake la kwanza la Kiingereza liitwalo ”The Glorious Deliverance,” ambalo lilichapishwa katika gazeti lililokuwa likitoka kila Jumapili liitwalo Sunday News la Oktoba 6, 1991. Mashairi yake mengine mawili ya Kiingereza yalifuata haraka, yaani ”To the Pilgrims,” lililochapishwa Januari 19,1992 na "Our Doomed World" lililochapishwa Mei 10,1992. Hadi Januari 8, 1993 Mwashinga alipoondoka Mbeya kwenda Arusha kujiunga na Chuo cha Kiadventista Tanzania (Tanzania Adventsit College) kusomea masomo ya uchungaji na theolojia, hakuna ushahidi kwamba aliandika shairi lolote jingine la Kiswahili ambalo linafahamika. Hata hivyo, kuanzia mwaka 1993 alipoanza masomo hapo Tanzania Adventist College hadi mwezi Julai 1997 alipohitimu masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza katika theolojia kutoka katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, Baraton, nchini Kenya, alikuwa ameshachapisha mashairi ya Kikristo zaidi ya kumi, yote kwa lugha ya Kiingereza. Mashairi hayo yalichapishwa na Sunday Nation,[[Kenya]],<ref>Kenya's ''Sunday Nation'' of 18 June 1995; 13 August 1995.</ref> nchini Kenya na Literature Evangelist nchini Marekani <ref> ''Literature Evangelist Magazine'' published by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, June 1996.</ref> Ni jambo la kushangaza kwamba kwa muda huo wote hakuandika shairi lolote la Kiswahili ingawa kuna ushahidi kwamba mapenzi yake kwa mashairi ya Kiswahili hayakuzima. Mara kwa mara pale alipoalikwa kuhubiri au kuhutubia makundi ya vijana wa Kikristo, alizoea kughani mashairi yake ya zamani na hasa shairi liitwalo ”Nimeguswa na Upendo wa Yesu.” Kwa mfano, baada ya kurudi Tanzania mwaka 1997 na kuanza kazi yake kama Mkurugenzi wa Chaplansia wa Jimbo la Mashariki mwa Tanzania katika Kanisa la Waadventista wa Sabato bado aliendelea kughani mashairi yake mara kwa mara. === Kipindi cha tatu: 1999-2018=== Kipindi cha tatu cha ushairi wa Christopher Mwashinga kilianza mwaka 1999 na kuimarika zaidi miaka kadhaa baadaye pale alipojiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Andrews, nchini Marekani mwaka 2005. Kabla ya mwaka 2009, ukiacha mashairi yake ya Kiingereza yaliyochapishwa katika magazeti mbalimbali pamoja na diwani kadhaa zilizochapishwa nchini Marekani, <ref>''The League of American Poets' Anthology: A Treasury of American Poetry'' Vol. III, 2007 and ''Great Poems of the Western World'', 2010.</ref> kazi zake nyingi hazikuwa zimechapishwa. Jambo hili lilionesha uwezekano wa kazi zake kupotea kabisa. Kwa hiyo, ilipofika mwaka 2009, Christopher Mwashinga mwenyewe aliamua kuanza mradi mkubwa na wa muda mrefu wa kuchapisha maandiko yake ya awali ya Kiingereza na Kiswahili. Huu ulikuwa ni mkakati maalumu wa kuyahifadhi maandiko yake kwa manufaa ya kizazi cha sasa na vizazi vijavyo. Wakati huu ndipo alipoamua pia kuchapisha mashairi yake ya Kiswahili kwa malengo hayo hayo. Kwa hiyo, mwezi Februari mwaka 2013 wakati kitabu chake cha kwanza cha Kiswahili kiitwacho Barua na Mashairi kilipochapishwa nchini Marekani, mashairi yake ya Kiswahili yapatayo arobaini na sita yalichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa. Kazi hii ilifuatiwa na kitabu kingine kiitwacho Sauti Toka Ughaibuni: Mashairi ya Matumaini (2014) ambacho kilihusisha mashairi yote yaliyotokea katika Barua na Mashairi pamoja na nyongeza ya mashairi mengine mapya ambayo yalichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza. Sauti Toka Ughaibuni kilifuatiwa na kitabu kingine cha mashairi yake kiitwacho Kilele cha Tumaini (2016) ambacho kilihusisha mashairi mapya ambayo hayakuwahi kuchapishwa mahali popote na wakati wowote kabla ya wakati huo. Kuchapishwa kwa vitabu hivi kulifungua pazia la enzi angavu ya mashairi ya Kikristo kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Katika kipindi cha miaka ya karibuni kumekuwa na mrejesho chanya kutoka kwa wapenzi wa tungo za Mshairi huyu katika nchi mbalimbali, hasa Marekani na Tanzania. Diwani yake iitwayo ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka]]'' ambayo inajumuisha mashairi yake yote ya Kiswahili aliyoyaandika katika kipindi cha miongo mitatu, 1985-2016 ilichapishwa mwaka 2017. Hii ilifuatiwa na diwani nyingine iitwayo ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini'' iliyochapishwa mwaka 2018. Mashairi yake mengine yamechapishwa katika gazeti la ''Sauti Kuu'' chini Tanzania. <ref> Ona kwa mfano ''Sauti Kuu '' Toleo Na. 13 Alhamisi Aprili 16-Jumatano Aprili 22, 2020 </ref>. Mengine somwa au kughanwa katika mikutano mbalimbli ya kijamii na kidini katika nchi mbalimbali duniani. Kwa mfano shairi lake maarufu lijulikanalo kama "Njozi Haiwezi Kufa" liliwasilishwa katika Kongamano la Kimataifa la Vijana Afrika (Pan African Youth Congress) lililofanyika katika Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki, Baraton, nchini Kenya, Desemba 2019 <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss7plu-z7J0&t=2070s </ref>. Vilevile mashairi yake yametumika katika mikutano mingine nchini Tanzania <ref> https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-y7pHWONOjy_Qw5o_zr8zw </ref>. Miaka ya karibuni, vituo mbalimbali vya radio na televisheni nchini Tanzania vimekuwa vikitumia mashairi yake katika vipindi vyao ili kufikisha ujumbe wa matumaini kwa watazamaji na wasikilizaji wao. Kwa mfano kituo kikubwa cha televisheni cha Hope Channel Tanzania katika kipindi chao cha Mbiu ya Kusini na Morning Star Radio <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ueqo7aNoGJA&t=948s </ref>. === Kipindi cha Nne: 2018 hadi sasa === Kipindi cha nne. Kipindi cha nne cha ushairi wa Christopher Mwashinga kinaanzia mwaka 2018 na kuendelea hadi sasa. Ingawa kwa namna moja au nyingine kipindi hiki kinaweza kuonekana kama ni mwendelezo wa kipindi cha tatu, hata hivyo kuna mambo makubwa matatu yaliyojitokeza kuanzia mwaka huo yanakifanya kipindi hicho kuwa tofauti na vipindi vilivyotangulia. (1) Mashairi ya watoto. Mwashinga alianza rasmi kuandika mashairi ya watoto mwezi Januari mwaka 2018. Wakati wa safari yake ya ndege kati ya London, Uingereza na Chicago, Marekani, akiwa angani aliandika mashairi mawili ya Watoto ambayo ni: “Kipepeo” na “Miguu Midogo.” Mashairi haya yalitokea katika kitabu chake cha kwanza cha mashairi ya watoto kiitwacho ''Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili'' kilichochapishwa nchini Marekani mwaka 2019. Lifuatalo ni shairi liitwalo “Kipepeo,” ambalo lilikuwa shairi la kwanza aliloliandika wakati wa safari hiyo. <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">Mtazame kipepeo, jinsi anavyopepea, Kazaliwa leoleo, lakini anatembea, Nampenda kipepeo, kwa Mungu namuombea, Haya njoo kipepeo, njoo tucheze pamoja <ref> Christopher Mwashinga, ‘’Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto’’ (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books, 2019), 17 </ref> </poem> (2) Mashairi ya mtindo randuu. Katika kipindi hiki cha nne, kwa mara ya kwanza Mwashinga alianza kuandika mashairi ya Kiswahili kwa mtindo wa Kifaransa ujulikanao kama Rondeau. Kwa Kiswahili bahari hii anaiita bahari ya randuu. Randuu ni shairi lenye beti tatu na mishororo kumi na tano. Lina vina vya kati na vya mwisho. Katika shairi hilo kipande cha kwanza cha mshororo wa kwanza (yaani ukwapi) kinatumika kama mshororo wa mwisho katika ubeti wa pili na wa tatu kama inavyoonekana katika shairi hili hapa chini: JIJI LINALOPENDEZA <poem style="margin-left: 2em;"> Jiji linalopendeza, Mungu katuandalia, Ni zuri lakushangaza, mwangaza umetulia, Mwokozi mwenye uweza, ndiye aliyelijenga, Umilele waangaza, chozi sitolengelenga, Matamu yake machenza, hilo nimelisikia, Ninashindwa kueleza, jinsi navyojisikia, Mungu atupe uweza, faraja kutupatia, Nimekwishapeleleza, jiji halina kimbunga, Jiji linalopendeza. Watoto wachezacheza, maisha wafurahia, Ajali na majeneza, hayo hayataingia, Mungu ameshaeleza, huzuni ataipinga, Daima tutapendeza, tutaishi kwenye mwanga, Tutaimba na kucheza, machozi yatakimbia, Jiji linalopendeza.</poem> (3) Mashairi ya bahari ya Ukawafi na Mavue. Katika kipindi hiki cha nne Mwashinga pia alianza kuandika mashairi katika bahari za Ukawafi na Mavue. Ukawafi ni shairi la vipande vitatu (ukwapi, utao, na mwandamo) na mavue ni shairi la vipande vinne (ukwapi, utao, mwandamo, na ukingo) katika kila mshororo. Ndani ya kipindi hiki cha nne, mashairi yake ya ukawafi na mauve yamechapishwa katika vitabu vyake na katika magazeti pia. Ubeti wa nne wa shairi lililoandikwa katika bahari ya Ukawafi liitwalo “Msimu wa Machipuko” unasema: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;"> Msimu wa machipuko, nje ukiangalia, ni kama vile mkeka, Popote huku na huko, unaliona zulia, kijani kisichochoka, Hata bila ya mbeleko, watoto wanatulia, wakaliapo ukoka, Msimu wa machipuko, wengi waufurahia, wazazi, dada na kaka.<ref> ''Njia ya Matumaini'' (Berrien Springs, MI: Maximum Hope Books, 2021)</ref>.</poem> Mfano wa mashairi yake yaliyoandikwa katika bahari ya Mavue ni pamoja na shairi linaloitwa “Hasi Imekuwa Chanya,” lilochapishwa katika gazeti la ''Sauti Kuu.'' <poem style="margin-left: 2em;"> Sauti ya baragumu, katika tufani, upepo wa hari, chini ninakaa, Niipokeapo simu, sauti moyoni, yatangaza shwari, usoni nang’aa, Umeiondoa ndimu, mwangu mdomoni, sasa ni tayari, chungwa kulitwaa, Sauti yako ni tamu, katika tufani, wanipa habari, njema kama taa.<ref> Gazetii la ''Sauti Kuu'', Alhamisi, Februari 24-Machi2, 2022</ref>.</poem> == Vitabu vya mashairi ya Kiswahili== * 2013: ''Barua na Mashairi'' ISBN 978-0-9832322-6-1 * 2014: ''Sauti Toka Ughaibuni'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-3-7 * 2016: ''Kilele cha Tumaini'' ISBN 978-9987-9460-9-9 * 2017: ''[[Tumaini Lenye Baraka: Diwani ya Christopher Mwashinga]]'' ISBN 978-0-990-32931-2 * 2018: ''Sauti ya Faraja na Matumaini'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-1-2 * 2019: ''Mdomo Mmoja, Masikio Mawili: Mashairi ya Watoto'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-3-6 * 2020: ''Kazi za Christopher Mwashinga, Juzuu III: Mashairi'' ISBN 978-9976-5177-5-0 * 2020: ''Mionzi ya Matumaini'' ISBN 979-8656208864 * 2021: ''Njia ya Matumaini'' ISBN 979-8514262328 * 2022: ''Mwenge wa Matumaini'' ISBN 979-8409199289 * 2023: ''Pwani ya Matumaini'' ISBN 9798868370052 * 2024: ''Mashairi ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia Juzuu ya 1'' {{ISBN|9798876149060}} * 2024: ''Mashairi Ya Christopher Mwashinga: Akademia, Juzuu Ya 2'' {{ISBN|979-8345221402}} * 2024: ''Asubuhi ya Matumaini'' {{ISBN|979-8307617687}} ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kiswahili]] ar8zurd87y3bnx7llv3e5k5t208izvm 0 90171 1579705 1572364 2026-07-16T07:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtumishi wa Mungu''' ni [[jina]] la [[heshima]] linalotumika katika [[Biblia]] na katika [[Ukristo]] kwa [[mtu]] anayesadikiwa kumtumikia [[Mungu]] kwa namna ya pekee. ==Katika Biblia== Katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] jina hilo ni la juu kuliko "[[nabii]]", kwa sababu jina hilo lilikuwa na maana mbalimbali, hata mbaya, kwa mfano "[[kichaa]]" au "[[nabii wa uongo]]". Linapatikana humo mara tano <ref>The Hebrew Bible refers to [[Moses]] as "the servant of [[Elohim]]" (עֶֽבֶד הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים ''‘eḇeḏ-hā’ĕlōhîm''; {{bibleref|1 Chronicles|6:49|9}}, {{bibleref|2 Chronicles|24:9|9}}, {{bibleref|Nehemiah|10:29|9}}, and {{bibleref|Daniel|9:11|9}}). {{bibleref|Judges|2:8|9}} and {{bibleref|2 Timothy|2:15|9}} refer to [[Joshua]] as "the slave of Yahweh" (עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה, ''‘eḇeḏ [[Yahweh]]'').</ref>, halafu mara nne katika [[Agano Jipya]]<ref>The New Testament also describes Moses in this way in {{bibleref|Revelation|15:3|9}} (τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ''tou doulou tou Theou''). [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God" in {{bibleref|Titus|1:1|9}} (δοῦλος Θεοῦ, ''doulos Theou''), while [[Epistle of James|James]] calls himself "<U>a</U> servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ" (θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ''Theou kai Kyriou Iēsou Christou doulos'') in {{bibleref|James|1:1|9}}. {{bibleref|1 Peter|2:16|9}} describes "servants of God" (Θεοῦ δοῦλοι, ''Theou douloi'') being free to act within the bounds of God's will. Following usage conventions established in the [[Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]], the word "servant" is never capitalized or used as a title of nobility. ("The servant is not greater than his lord.") {{bibleref|John|13:16|9}}; {{bibleref|John|15:20|9}}; {{bibleref|Matthew|25:21|9}}</ref>. ==Katika Ukristo== Siku hizi linatumiwa na Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali kwa maana tofauti. ==Katika Kanisa Katoliki== Katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao [[maisha]] yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa [[watakatifu]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} [[File:Bezoek_president_Nyerere_van_Tanzania_president_Nyerere_spreekt_in_de_Eerste_Ka,_Bestanddeelnr_933-2627.jpg|thumb|[[Julius Nyerere|Julius Kambaragwe Nyerere]], [[rais]] wa [[Tanzania]], ''mtumishi wa Mungu'' tangu mwaka [[2005]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/47400</ref>.]] [[File:Don oreste benzi.jpg|thumb|[[Oreste Benzi]], [[Upadri|padri]] [[mwanajimbo]] wa [[Italia]], ''mtumishi wa Mungu'' tangu mwaka [[2014]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91554</ref>.]] Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi ya watakatifu|maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood |date=20170516162044 }}. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Tofauti na hilo ni jina ''Servus Servorum Dei'' (Mtumishi wa Watumishi wa Mungu), ambalo kuanzia [[Papa Gregori I]] linatumiwa na [[Mapapa]] kujitambulisha kwa [[unyenyekevu]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mtumishi mteswa]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] 731abrkax4tpoxui3mmueg1atto4uv2 0 90181 1579674 1172641 2026-07-15T20:04:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:stcyprian.jpg|thumb|[[Picha takatifu]] ya Mt. Sipriano wa [[Karthago]], aliyehimiza umakini katika kutangaza watakatifu.]] '''Kutangaza watakatifu''' ni tendo ambalo baadhi ya [[madhehebu]] ya [[Ukristo]] yanatambua rasmi kwamba muumini aliyefariki [[dunia]] alikuwa [[mtakatifu]]. Hapo jina lale linandikwa katika orodha maalumu. ==Historia== Awali, watu walipewa [[heshima]] hii bila [[kesi]] yoyote, lakini baadaye zilipangwa taratibu mbalimbali ili kuwa na hakika zaidi. Wa kwanza kuheshimiwa hivyo walikuwa [[wafiadini]], lakini kufikia [[karne ya 4]] Wakristo wengine walikuwa na sifa kubwa ya kuungama [[imani]] yao si kwa kuifia bali kwa kuitekeleza kwa bidii [[maisha|maishani]] mwao. Mifano ya namna hiyo ni [[Hilarioni wa Gaza]] na [[Efrem wa Syria]] [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|upande wa mashariki]], na [[Martino wa Tours]] na [[Hilari wa Poitiers]] [[Ukristo wa Magharibi|upande wa magharibi]]. Basi, kwa [[ruhusa]] ya [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]], majina yao yalianza kutajwa wakati wa [[liturujia]], na makaburi yao yalizidi kutembelewa kama yale ya wafiadini. [[Sipriani mfiadini]] (aliuawa mwaka [[258]]) alidai umakini mkubwa katika kuchunguza [[ushahidi]] ili kukubali [[ukweli]] wa [[kifodini]] chochote. [[Augustino wa Hippo]] (alifariki [[430]]) aliandika juu ya utaratibu uliofuatwa kwao wakati wake kwa kuhusisha maaskofu wote wa [[kanda ya Kanisa]]. ==Kanisa Katoliki== [[File:Pintoricchio 018 detail.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papa Pius II]] anamtangaza [[Katerina wa Siena]] kuwa mtakatifu.]] Kuanzia [[karne za kati]], katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] uamuzi wa mwisho<ref>"Beatification, in the present discipline, differs from canonization in this: that the former implies (1) a locally restricted, not a universal, permission to venerate, which is (2) a mere permission, and no precept; while canonization implies a universal precept" ([http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm Beccari, Camillo. "Beatification and Canonization".] ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Accessed 27 May 2009.).</ref> ni wa [[Papa]] tu, na unafuata hatua ndefu ili kupata uthibitisho mkubwa. Uamuzi huo unafanya waumini kuwa na hakika kwamba [[roho]] ya aliyetangazwa mtakatifu iko [[mbinguni]], hivyo anaweza kutajwa katika [[litania ya watakatifu]] na katika [[ibada]] nyingine. {{Kutangaza watakatifu}} *Jina ''Mtumishi wa Mungu'' linatumika hasa<ref>[[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum]] – Vincenzo Criscuolo, Daniel Ols, Robert J. Sarno (ed.), ''Le Cause dei Santi. Sussidio per lo Studium'', [[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]], 3rd edition, Rome 2014, p. 342.</ref> kwa waumini wafu ambao maisha yao yameanza kuchunguzwa ili kuona kama hatimaye wataweza kutangazwa watakatifu.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E7D61E31F931A25751C1A9629C8B63 "Pressing Sainthood for a Beloved Archbishop"]. (12 December 2004) by Marek Fuchs. ''The New York Times''. Accessed 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050929_saraiva-martins-beatif_en.html CONGREGATION FOR THE CAUSES OF SAINTS: NEW PROCEDURES IN THE RITE OF BEATIFICATION]</ref> Jina hilo halimaanishi kuwa kweli mhusika alimtumikia Mungu kiaminifu hadi [[kifo]] chake, bali kwamba watu wengiwengi wanaona hivyo, hata [[askofu]] wa [[Dayosisi|jimbo]] alifungua [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza mtakatifu. *Baada ya hatua hiyo kukamilika kwa Papa kuthibitisha [[ushujaa]] wa [[maadili]] yake yote, au [[kifodini]] chake, mtumishi huyo ataanza kuitwa ''[[Mstahili heshima]]''. *Kisha kuthibitisha kwamba [[muujiza]] wowote umetokea kwa [[maombezi]] yake, Papa atamtangaza [[mwenye heri]]. *Baada ya muujiza mwingine atamalizia kwa kumtangaza mtakatifu.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood "John Paul II declared Venerable, moves one step closer to sainthood"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood |date=20170516162044 }}. ''CNA''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 Mercedarian Missionaries' founder to be beatified.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61687 |date=20120308204506 }} 5 October 2006. ''Saipan Tribune''. Retrieved 28 February 2010</ref> Kesi hizo katika hatua zote zinasimamiwa na [[idara]] maalumu yenye makao makuu huko [[Vatikani]]. Mara chache Mapapa wamekubali heshima ambayo Mkristo aliyekufa tangu muda mrefu na kuitwa na watu "mtakatifu" tangu hapo iendelee rasmi.<ref>According to the rules [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (''regnat'' 17 August 1740 - 3 May 1758) instituted, there are three conditions for an equipollent canonization: (1) existence of an ancient ''cultus'' of the person, (2) a general and constant attestation to the virtues or martyrdom of the person by credible historians, and (3) uninterrupted fame of the person as a worker of miracles.</ref> ==Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi== [[File:Пиотровский. батакская резня. 1889 год.jpeg|thumb|Wakristo waliouawa na Waturuki huko [[Bulgaria]] ([[1876]]) walitangazwa watakatifu tarehe [[3 Aprili]] [[2011]].]] Taratibu za [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] ni tofauti na hizo juu. Tarehe [[24 Aprili]] [[2015]] huko [[Etchmiadzin]], [[makao makuu]] ya kiroho ya [[Armenia|Waarmenia]], [[Patriarki]] Katolikosi [[Karekin II]] aliwatangaza kwa jumla wananchi waliouawa na [[Waturuki]] miaka 100 iliyopita kuwa watakatifu wafiadini. Ndio tangazo kubwa kuliko yote kwa [[idadi]] ya wahusika, labda [[milioni]] [[moja]] na [[nusu]]. ==Ushirika wa Anglikana== Waanglikana wanaheshimu watakatifu, lakini mmoja tu, [[Charles I wa Uingereza]] aliwahi kutangazwa (mwaka 1660).<ref name="Mitchell2012">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Jolyon|title=Martyrdom: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/martyrdomverysho0000mitc|date=29 November 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191642449|page=[https://archive.org/details/martyrdomverysho0000mitc/page/n99 99]|quote=In 1660 the convocations of Canterbury and York canonized King Charles.}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== * {{citation |first=Eric Waldram |last=Kemp |title=Canonization and Authority in the Western Church |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1948 }} ==Viungo vya nje== '''Wakatoliki''' * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_25011983_divinus-perfectionis-magister_en.html ''Divinus Perfectionis Magister''] Apostolic Constitution of Pope John Paul II (English) * [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/index.htm Congregation for the Causes of Saints] Vatican Website * [http://friarsminor.org/xvii4-9.html Historical Sketch of Canonization] Friarsminor.org '''Waorthodoksi''' * [http://www.roca.org/OA/14/14x.htm What does "Glorification" mean?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.roca.org/OA/14/14x.htm |date=20070614105021 }} Fr. Alexey Young * [http://www.pravmir.com/article_149.html Glorification of Saints – Russian Orthodox Church] Archpriest Georgiy Mitrofanov * [http://www.pravmir.com/article_153.html The blood of martyrs is the life-giving seed of Christianity!] Glorification of saints in the 20th century * [http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/glorification_saints.htm On the Glorification of Saints] Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky * [http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/Holy_Relics/St._John_Maximovitch/index.shtml Glorification of St. John Maximovitch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/Holy_Relics/St._John_Maximovitch/index.shtml |date=20070307125057 }} Discussion and photos {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Kanisa Katoliki]] [[Jamii:Waorthodoksi]] [[Jamii:Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Waanglikana]] cgwxdmdsr4x7hj7iud6iyaeg3wmnwgu 0 90997 1579702 1521269 2026-07-16T05:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki 2 | Jina = Mr Joel Joseph | Img = | Img_capt = | Img_size = | Jina la kuzaliwa = Joel Vicent Joseph | Jina lingine = Mr Joel Joseph | Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1985|3|31|df=yes}} |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa= [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] | majina_mengine = Mr Joel Joseph | Kazi yake = [[mwanamuziki]] | Aina = [[Bongo Flava]] | Miaka ya kazi = 2002 mpaka sasa | Tovuti = http://www.instagram.com/mrjoelvjoseph | Uraia = Mtanzania }} '''Joel Vicent Joseph''' (anajulikana kama '''Mr Joel Joseph'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/mr-joel-joseph|title=Mr Joel Joseph Biography|language=en|work=Music In Africa|accessdate=2018-07-04}}</ref>; alizaliwa [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], [[31 Machi]] [[1985]]) ni mwanamuziki na [[meneja wa vipaji]]<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Hamornize atengana na meneja wake|date=2019-01-03|url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-46748076|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://amdb.co/artist/mr-puaz|title=Mr Puaz Biography, Songs & Albums|language=en|work=AMDb|accessdate=2019-01-24|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922153145/https://amdb.co/artist/mr-puaz}}</ref> kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Mr Joel Joseph alisainiwa chini ya studio ya rekodi iitwayo [[WCB Wasafi]] ili kumsimamia [[Harmonize]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/joel-vincent-joseph-meet-the-man-tasked-to-handle-harmonize-by-diamond-photos/6b7dq6w|title=Meet the man tasked to handle Harmonize by Diamond (Photos)|date=2018-05-08|language=en-US|work=Facebook|accessdate=2019-03-05|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419162452/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/joel-vincent-joseph-meet-the-man-tasked-to-handle-harmonize-by-diamond-photos/6b7dq6w|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Watiri|first=Sue|title=Meet the man tasked to handle Harmonize by Diamond (Photos)|url=http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/meet-harmonize-s-manager-joel-vincent-joseph-id8354277.html|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-04|archive-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211633/http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/meet-harmonize-s-manager-joel-vincent-joseph-id8354277.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=ONE ON ONE: Harmonize|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/buzz/ONE-ON-ONE-Harmonize/441236-4558108-vl20olz/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref>.Ni mwanzilishi wa lebo ya muziki inayoitwa Puaz Music Records. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Joel amezaliwa jijini Arusha, Tanzania tarehe 31 Machi 1985, mahali wazazi wake wamekulia na kuishi. Alihitimu masomo yake ya [[sekondari]] mwaka [[2005]] [[Marangu Secondary School]], alikwenda katika chuo cha uhandisi wa kompyuta kiitwacho [[New Horizon Institute]] na kupata shahada yake ya kompyuta. Baadae aliendeleza masomo yake kwa kuchuku kozi mbali mbali kwa kutumia elimu ya mtandaoni (E- Learning) na kujichukulia vyeti vya kozi mbali mbali ikiwemo Usimamizi wa ajira kutoka [http://www.harvardbusiness.org/harvard-managementor Harvards Business Publishing]. == Maisha ya Kimuziki == Mr Joel Joseph<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tanzanian-singer-publish-music-business-book|title=Tanzanian singer 'to publish music business book'|date=2018-08-09|language=en|work=Music In Africa|accessdate=2019-01-24|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718103139/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/tanzanian-singer-publish-music-business-book|url-status=dead}}</ref> alianza muziki akiwa na miaka 21, Alikuwa akijihusisha na kuimba nyimbo za wasanii wengine (Cover Songs) ambapo ilimpelekea kujua kwamba ana uwezo wa kuimba hivyo kutunga nyimbo zake mwenyewe. Mnamo mwaka 2005, Mr. Joel Joseph aliingia kurekodi wimbo wake wa kwanza uitwao ''SWEET BABY'', uliorekodiwa chini ya studio za [[Grandmaster Records]] zilizopo jijini Arusha,Tanzania. 2006 alishiriki kutoa wimbo mwingine akiwa katika kundi akitumia jina Nizzo B<ref name=":2" />. Wimbo huo unaitwa [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B072FS6G3W "USIKU WA LEO"] kazi ambayo imefanya vizuri kwenye "Purebreak Chart" kubwa za Ufaransa. Hivi karibuni, Joel ameachia albamu fupi yake ya kwanza yenye nyimbo nne (4) ambapo albamu fupi hii ameipa jina la "Afro Jungle". Albamu hii ina mchanganyiko wa nyimbo kama, "Mash Mash", "Simama", Higher Love" pamoja na "Nakupenda".<ref>https://notjustok.com/article/joel-joseph-drops-afro-jungle-ep/</ref> == Kazi yake ya meneja wa talanta == Mnamo mwaka [[2018]] Mr.Joel Joseph alisainiwa chini ya usimamizi wa studio rekodi iitwayo WCB Wasafi kwa ajili ya kumsimamia mwanamuziki Harmonize katika kazi zake. Moja kati ya mafanikio ya kazi kubwa alizofanya ni kumjenga Harmonize na kuikuza sanaa yake ya muziki. katika kazi zilizoleta mafanikio makubwa moja wapo ilikuwa ni "kwangwaru" ambayo ni kazi ilibadilisha maisha ya mwanamuziki Harmonize kwa upande mkubwa,na hii ilimpa nafasi kubwa sana ya kuwa mmoja wa mameneja [[hodari]] wa [[Talanta]] Tanzania. kuacha "kwangwaru"" Mr Joel Joseph amezisimamia kazi nyingine zikiwemo "Dm Chick" iliyomshirikisha mwanamuziki wa Ghana "Sarkdie", Atarudi pamoja na Kadamshi. " Kwangwaru iliwezakuchukua nafasi mbali mbali na kushiriki katika tuzo mbali mbali Afrika ikiwemo African Muzik Awards (AFRIMMA). Licha ya kuwafanya kazi na Harmonize , pia Mr Joel ameshawahikufanya kazi na msanii Shetta akiwa kama meneja wake.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://afromuziki.com/mr-puaz/|title=Mr Puaz|author=Steve Biko|date=2019-02-09|language=en-US|work=Afro Muziki|accessdate=2019-03-05|archive-date=2019-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062506/https://afromuziki.com/mr-puaz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka [[2018]] mwishoni Mr Joel alitangaza rasmi kuacha kufanya kazi Wasafi Classic Baby (WCB) na kuacha kufanya kazi na msanii Harmonize.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://mpasho.co.ke/exclusive-harmonizes-manager-mr-puaz-exits-wcb/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Harmonize's manager Mr Puaz exits WCB|author=Queen Serem|date=2019-01-04|language=en-GB|work=Mpasho News|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa BBC<ref name=":1" /> ilieleza kuwa Mr puaz alitengana na mwanamuziki huyo kwa sababu ya kutofautiana katika mazingira ya kazi na vile vile kauli. == Vitabu == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Jina ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Mchapaji ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |ISBN |- | 2023 |''Mwenendo Wa Biashara Ya Muziki Barani Afrika)'' |Pencil Publishers |{{ISBN|978-93-56676-61-9}} |} ==Filamu== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; background: #f9f9f0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Filamu ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Wadhifa |- |2018 |''10X10'' |''Mwigizaji'' na ''Mwongozaji'' |- |2009 |''A Grain Of Sand'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |2008 |''Bongo Land II: There Is No Place Like Home'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |1991 |''The History & Usage Of Khanga In East Africa'' |''Mwigizaji'' |- |} = Albamu = {| class="wikitable" !Jina la wimbo !Mwaka |- |''"Sweet Baby"'' |2004 |- |''"Usiku wa leo"'' |2015 |''"Party la leo"'' |2023 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | q=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q29961853 | display=Joel Vicent Joseph}} * [http://www.joeljoseph.org/ Official Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joeljoseph.org/ |date=20180809180116 }} * {{IMDb name|nm9306626 }} * {{Amg name|865318}} * {{Twitter|mrJoelvJoseph| mr Joel Joseph}} * [https://www.instagram.com/mrjoelvjoseph/ mr Joel Joseph] kwenye [[Instagram]] * [https://www.facebook.com/MrJoelvJoseph/ mr Joel Joseph] kwenye [[Facebook]] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-TZ}} {{DEFAULTSORT:mr Joel Joseph}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocreatives edit-a-thon 2024 in Tanzania]] cva5c70ppntxphhxbbh7cbr0c619g0j 0 123061 1579655 1563971 2026-07-15T16:19:01Z ~2026-34651-68 90960 1579655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:6309Guido Buchwald.JPG|220px|right]] '''Guido Buchwald''' (alizaliwa [[24 Januari]] [[1961]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Ujerumani]]. Aliwahi kucheza [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Ujerumani|timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani]]. Buchwald ameichezea [[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Ujerumani|timu ya taifa ya Ujerumani]] tangu mwaka wa 1984. Buchwald alicheza Ujerumani katika mechi 76, akifunga mabao 4.<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> ==Takwimu== <ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan="3"|[[Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Ujerumani|Timu ya Taifa ya Ujerumani]] |- !Mwaka||Mechi||Magoli |- |1984||3||0 |- |1985||0||0 |- |1986||7||0 |- |1987||7||0 |- |1988||6||0 |- |1989||6||0 |- |1990||12||0 |- |1991||6||1 |- |1992||13||1 |- |1993||10||2 |- |1994||6||0 |- !Jumla||76||4 |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ujerumani]] flnz90qgihmswurogbss34zyjva0g0d 0 126974 1579701 1521227 2026-07-16T05:48:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary.svg|thumb|Logo ya Moyo Safi.]] '''Moyo Safi wa Maria''' ni namna [[Wakatoliki]] wanavyomheshimu [[Bikira Maria]] kwa [[maisha ya Kiroho|maisha yake ya Kiroho]] kama yanavyodokezwa na [[Luka]] katika [[Injili]] yake. Humo alisisitiza [[tabia]] ya [[Mama]] wa [[Yesu]] ya kuweka na kutafakari [[moyo|moyoni]] mwake yote yaliyomhusu [[Mwana|Mwanae]].<ref name=mauriello>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/DevImacc.html |title=Mauriello, Rev. Matthew R., "Devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary", University of Dayton |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703075248/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/DevImacc.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2020-06-19 |archivedate=2013-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703075248/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/DevImacc.html }}</ref><ref name=bainvel>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07168a.htm Bainvel, Jean. "Devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary". ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 20 December 2012]</ref> Kwa kawaida moyo wake unachorwa umechomwa kwa [[panga]] [[Saba (namba)|saba]] au una vidonda saba kulingana na [[mateso]] yaliyompata kwa ajili ya Yesu. [[Heshima]] kwa moyo wa Maria inaendana na [[ibada]] kwa [[Moyo Mtakatifu wa Yesu]]<ref name=cna>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/popular-marian-devotions/the-immaculate-heart-of-mary/ |title="The Immaculate Heart of Mary", Catholic News Agency |accessdate=2020-06-19 |archive-date=2020-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713020838/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/popular-marian-devotions/the-immaculate-heart-of-mary |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kati ya [[watakatifu]] waliowahi kuwa na heshima hiyo kuna [[Anselm wa Canterbury]], [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]], [[Matilda wa Ringelheim]], [[Gertrudi wa Thuringia]] na [[Brigita wa Uswidi]].<ref name=Roten>[https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/h/heart-of-mary.php Roten, Johan G. "The Heart of Mary", Marian Library, University of Dayton, June 4, 2013]</ref> Baadaye [[Yohane Eudes]] (alifariki [[1681]]) alieneza heshima hiyo na kufanya iwe na adhimisho katika [[kalenda]] ya [[liturujia]], kwanza huko [[Autun]] [[mwaka]] [[1648]] halafu katika [[Dayosisi|majimbo]] mengine ya [[Ufaransa]]. Pia alianzisha mashirika mbalimbali kwa ajili hiyo na kutoa [[kitabu]] kikubwa ''Coeur Admirable'' (''Moyo wa Ajabu'', 1681).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHRIST/dev2hear.txt |title=EWTN on the Hearts of Jesus and Mary |accessdate=2020-06-19 |archivedate=2010-05-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512165153/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHRIST/dev2hear.txt }}</ref><ref>''Life of the Venerable John Eudes'' by Charles De Montzey, Cousens Press 2008, ISBN 1-4097-0537-4 page 215</ref> Hatimaye, mwaka [[1805]] [[Papa Pius VII]] aliruhusu [[sikukuu]] ya namna hiyo.<ref>''Saints and feasts of the liturgical year'' by Joseph N. Tylenda 2003 ISBN 0-87840-399-X page 118</ref> == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category-inline|Immaculate Heart of Mary}} * [http://www.sticna.com/consecration_to_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary.html Consecration to the Hearts of Jesus and Mary] * [http://www.thegoldenprayer.org/rosary.html First Saturdays Rosary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thegoldenprayer.org/rosary.html |date=20200620075250 }} * [https://www.piercedhearts.org/hearts_jesus_mary/apparitions/fatima/MemoriasI_en.pdf "''Fátima in Sister Lúcia's own words''"] – Free online version of the memoir book written by Sister Lucia, O.C.D. * [https://fatima.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-True-Story-of-Fatima.pdf "The True Story of Fatima"] – Free online version of the book written by Father John de Marchi, I.M.C. {{Bikira Maria}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Bikira Maria]] mk762bw36igfi5y567rsxx2o0941wxb 0 134226 1579694 1520824 2026-07-16T03:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.svg|thumb|334px|{{legend|#00aa00|Nchi zilizokubali mkataba}} {{legend|#ff1111|Nchi wanachama wa UM ambazo hazijakubali}}.]] '''Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia''' wa [[mwaka]] [[1961]] ni [[mkataba]] wa kimataifa ambao unafafanua mfumo wa uhusiano wa kidiplomasia kati ya [[nchi huru]]. Inabainisha [[haki]] za [[wanadiplomasia]] zinazowawezesha kufanya [[kazi]] zao bila [[hofu]] ya kulazimishwa au kunyanyaswa na nchi wanapotumwa. Hivyo unaunda [[msingi]] wa kisheria wa [[kinga ya kidiplomasia]]. [[Kanuni]] za mkataba huo zinachukuliwa kuwa msingi mmojawapo katika uhusiano wa kimataifa. Hadi Oktoba [[2018]], umeshakubaliwa na nchi 192. <ref name="ratifications">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&clang=_en|work=United Nations Treaty Collection|title=Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> == Historia == Tangu kale [[Balozi|mabalozi]] au wawakilishi rasmi wa nchi au [[watawala]] wa kigeni walipewa [[hadhi]] maalumu. Hata hivyo, kuna mifano kwamba balozi alikamatwa, kuteswa au hata kuuawa akipeleka [[ujumbe]] wake. Jaribio la kwanza la kuweka kinga ya kidiplomasia katika [[umbo]] la kisheria lilitokea katika mapatano ya [[Mkutano wa Vienna]] mwaka [[1815]]. Hii ilifuatiwa baadaye na Mkataba kuhusu Maafisa wa Kidiplomasia wa [[Havana]] wa mwaka [[1928]]. Mkataba wa 1961 uliamuliwa baada ya kushauriana katika mikutano ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Tokeo moja maalumu lilikuwa kutambuliwa kwa hali ya kidiplomasia ya nchi ya [[Mji wa Vatikani]] (kwa [[jina]] la [[Ukulu mtakatifu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-see-waves-diplomatic-immunity-for-accused-nuncio-to-france-22125 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-02 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309151830/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-see-waves-diplomatic-immunity-for-accused-nuncio-to-france-22125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Miaka miwili baadaye, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulipitisha Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kibalozi ([[:en:Vienna Convention on Consular Relations|Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]]). ==Muhtasari== Kwa jumla mkataba unaratibu uhusiano kati ya nchi inayotuma na nchi inayopokea ubalozi na wanadiplomasia wake. *'''Kifungu cha 9''': Nchi iliyompokea mwanadiplomasia inaweza kumtangaza wakati wowote na kwa sababu yoyote kuwa mtu asiyetakiwa ''(persona non grata)'' . Nchi iliyomtuma inabidi kumrudisha kwao mtu huyu katika kipindi kisicho kirefu, la sivyo mtu huyu anaweza kupoteza kinga yake ya kidiplomasia. *'''Kifungu cha 22''': Jengo la ubalozi wa kidiplomasia haliwezi kuingiliwa na nchi inayopokea isipokuwa kwa idhini ya mkuu wa ubalozi huo. Kwa kuongezea, nchi inayopokea lazima ilinde ubalozi kutoka kwa kuingiliwa au uharibifu. Nchi inayopokea hairuhusiwi kamwe kufanya utafiti wa majengo wala kuchukua nyaraka au mali zake. Kifungu cha 30 kinaingiza makao ya kibinafsi ya wanadiplomasia katika ulinzi huo. *'''Kifungu cha 24''': kinathibitisha kuwa nyaraka za kidiplomasia haziwezi kushikwa wala kufunguliwa na nchi inayopokea. *'''Kifungu cha 27''': Nchi inayopokea lazima iruhusu na kulinda mawasiliano kati ya wanadiplomasia wa ubalozi na nchi iliyowatuma bila makwazo yoyote. Mfuko wa kidiplomasia haupaswi kufunguliwa kamwe, hata kama kuna mashaka ya matumizi mabaya kama magendo. Mjumbe wa kidiplomasia hapaswi kamwe kukamatwa au kuwekwa kizuizini. *'''Kifungu cha 29''' Wanadiplomasia hawapaswi kukamatwa kwa namna yoyote au kuwekwa kizuizini. Wana kinga dhidi ya mashtaka ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe au ya jinai, ingawa nchi inayotuma inaweza kuachana na haki hiyo kwa hiari yake chini ya kifungu cha 32. *'''Kifungu cha 31''' Kinga cha kidiplomasia hakilindi vitendo vya mwanadiplomasia katika nchi inayopokea akinunua mali, akihusika katika urithi au akiendesha biashara au uchumi nje ya kazi yake rasmi. *'''Kifungu cha 34''' kinazungumzia juu ya msamaha wa ushuru wa wanadiplomasia wakati Kifungu cha 36 kinathibitisha kwamba mawakala wa kidiplomasia wamesamehewa ushuru wa forodha. *'''Kifungu cha 37''' Wanafamilia wa wanadiplomasia ambao wanaishi katika nchi inayopokea wanastahili kinga nyingi sawa na wanadiplomasia wenyewe. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}  == Viungo vya nje == * [http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf Matini ya Mkataba wa Vienna (Kiingereza)] * [http://www.corpsdiplomatique.cd/VIENNA_CONVENTION_1961_ON_DIPLOMATIC_RELATIONS.pdf Itifaki za Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.corpsdiplomatique.cd/VIENNA_CONVENTION_1961_ON_DIPLOMATIC_RELATIONS.pdf |date=20210309105238 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414085829/http://www.viennaconventionondiplomaticrelations50thanniv.org/ Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia Tovuti ya Maadhimisho ya Miaka 50 Iliyoundwa na Mradi wa Maadhimisho ya Miaka 50 ya VCDR] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vcdr/vcdr.html Ujumbe wa utangulizi wa Eileen Denza, noti ya historia ya kiutaratibu na nyenzo za kusikilizwa] juu ya ''Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Jumba la kumbukumbu la Historia ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Denza_DCL.html Hotuba ya] Eileen Denza inayoitwa Sheria ya ''Kidiplomasia na ya Kibalozi - Maswala ya Mada'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Mfululizo wa Mihadhara ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Dugard_DP.html Hotuba ya] John Dugard iliyoitwa ''Ulinzi wa Kidiplomasia'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Mfululizo wa Mihadhara ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] [[Jamii:Diplomasia]] [[Jamii:Mikataba ya kimataifa]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] o3hzd5wn1xuhnk1sbz0c8d78gx821bg 1579698 1579694 2026-07-16T05:15:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.svg|thumb|334px|{{legend|#00aa00|Nchi zilizokubali mkataba}} {{legend|#ff1111|Nchi wanachama wa UM ambazo hazijakubali}}.]] '''Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia''' wa [[mwaka]] [[1961]] ni [[mkataba]] wa kimataifa ambao unafafanua mfumo wa uhusiano wa kidiplomasia kati ya [[nchi huru]]. Inabainisha [[haki]] za [[wanadiplomasia]] zinazowawezesha kufanya [[kazi]] zao bila [[hofu]] ya kulazimishwa au kunyanyaswa na nchi wanapotumwa. Hivyo unaunda [[msingi]] wa kisheria wa [[kinga ya kidiplomasia]]. [[Kanuni]] za mkataba huo zinachukuliwa kuwa msingi mmojawapo katika uhusiano wa kimataifa. Hadi Oktoba [[2018]], umeshakubaliwa na nchi 192. <ref name="ratifications">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&clang=_en|work=United Nations Treaty Collection|title=Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> == Historia == Tangu kale [[Balozi|mabalozi]] au wawakilishi rasmi wa nchi au [[watawala]] wa kigeni walipewa [[hadhi]] maalumu. Hata hivyo, kuna mifano kwamba balozi alikamatwa, kuteswa au hata kuuawa akipeleka [[ujumbe]] wake. Jaribio la kwanza la kuweka kinga ya kidiplomasia katika [[umbo]] la kisheria lilitokea katika mapatano ya [[Mkutano wa Vienna]] mwaka [[1815]]. Hii ilifuatiwa baadaye na Mkataba kuhusu Maafisa wa Kidiplomasia wa [[Havana]] wa mwaka [[1928]]. Mkataba wa 1961 uliamuliwa baada ya kushauriana katika mikutano ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Tokeo moja maalumu lilikuwa kutambuliwa kwa hali ya kidiplomasia ya nchi ya [[Mji wa Vatikani]] (kwa [[jina]] la [[Ukulu mtakatifu]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-see-waves-diplomatic-immunity-for-accused-nuncio-to-france-22125 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-04-02 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309151830/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/holy-see-waves-diplomatic-immunity-for-accused-nuncio-to-france-22125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Miaka miwili baadaye, [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulipitisha Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kibalozi ([[:en:Vienna Convention on Consular Relations|Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]]). ==Muhtasari== Kwa jumla mkataba unaratibu uhusiano kati ya nchi inayotuma na nchi inayopokea ubalozi na wanadiplomasia wake. *'''Kifungu cha 9''': Nchi iliyompokea mwanadiplomasia inaweza kumtangaza wakati wowote na kwa sababu yoyote kuwa mtu asiyetakiwa ''(persona non grata)'' . Nchi iliyomtuma inabidi kumrudisha kwao mtu huyu katika kipindi kisicho kirefu, la sivyo mtu huyu anaweza kupoteza kinga yake ya kidiplomasia. *'''Kifungu cha 22''': Jengo la ubalozi wa kidiplomasia haliwezi kuingiliwa na nchi inayopokea isipokuwa kwa idhini ya mkuu wa ubalozi huo. Kwa kuongezea, nchi inayopokea lazima ilinde ubalozi kutoka kwa kuingiliwa au uharibifu. Nchi inayopokea hairuhusiwi kamwe kufanya utafiti wa majengo wala kuchukua nyaraka au mali zake. Kifungu cha 30 kinaingiza makao ya kibinafsi ya wanadiplomasia katika ulinzi huo. *'''Kifungu cha 24''': kinathibitisha kuwa nyaraka za kidiplomasia haziwezi kushikwa wala kufunguliwa na nchi inayopokea. *'''Kifungu cha 27''': Nchi inayopokea lazima iruhusu na kulinda mawasiliano kati ya wanadiplomasia wa ubalozi na nchi iliyowatuma bila makwazo yoyote. Mfuko wa kidiplomasia haupaswi kufunguliwa kamwe, hata kama kuna mashaka ya matumizi mabaya kama magendo. Mjumbe wa kidiplomasia hapaswi kamwe kukamatwa au kuwekwa kizuizini. *'''Kifungu cha 29''' Wanadiplomasia hawapaswi kukamatwa kwa namna yoyote au kuwekwa kizuizini. Wana kinga dhidi ya mashtaka ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe au ya jinai, ingawa nchi inayotuma inaweza kuachana na haki hiyo kwa hiari yake chini ya kifungu cha 32. *'''Kifungu cha 31''' Kinga cha kidiplomasia hakilindi vitendo vya mwanadiplomasia katika nchi inayopokea akinunua mali, akihusika katika urithi au akiendesha biashara au uchumi nje ya kazi yake rasmi. *'''Kifungu cha 34''' kinazungumzia juu ya msamaha wa ushuru wa wanadiplomasia wakati Kifungu cha 36 kinathibitisha kwamba mawakala wa kidiplomasia wamesamehewa ushuru wa forodha. *'''Kifungu cha 37''' Wanafamilia wa wanadiplomasia ambao wanaishi katika nchi inayopokea wanastahili kinga nyingi sawa na wanadiplomasia wenyewe. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}}  == Viungo vya nje == * [http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf Matini ya Mkataba wa Vienna (Kiingereza)] * [http://www.corpsdiplomatique.cd/VIENNA_CONVENTION_1961_ON_DIPLOMATIC_RELATIONS.pdf Itifaki za Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.corpsdiplomatique.cd/VIENNA_CONVENTION_1961_ON_DIPLOMATIC_RELATIONS.pdf |date=20210309105238 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414085829/http://www.viennaconventionondiplomaticrelations50thanniv.org/ Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia Tovuti ya Maadhimisho ya Miaka 50 Iliyoundwa na Mradi wa Maadhimisho ya Miaka 50 ya VCDR] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vcdr/vcdr.html Ujumbe wa utangulizi wa Eileen Denza, noti ya historia ya kiutaratibu na nyenzo za kusikilizwa] juu ya ''Mkataba wa Vienna juu ya Mahusiano ya Kidiplomasia'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Jumba la kumbukumbu la Historia ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Denza_DCL.html Hotuba ya] Eileen Denza inayoitwa Sheria ya ''Kidiplomasia na ya Kibalozi - Maswala ya Mada'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Mfululizo wa Mihadhara ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] * [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Dugard_DP.html Hotuba ya] John Dugard iliyoitwa ''Ulinzi wa Kidiplomasia'' katika [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Mfululizo wa Mihadhara ya Maktaba ya Usikilizaji ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sheria ya Kimataifa] [[Jamii:Diplomasia]] [[Jamii:Mikataba ya kimataifa]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] tbkb5dwk3mfo3y89rje4vuglviqo3xx 0 136256 1579709 1521723 2026-07-16T07:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Nadine Smith | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = | picha = Nadine Smith at the 1993 NGLTF Creating Change Conference.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Nadine Smith kwenye Mkutano wa Kitaifa juu ya mapenzi ya jisia moja ya mwaka 1993 kwa ajili ya kuleta mabadiliko. | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Kuhariri Nadine Smith | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = Mwandishi | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dini = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Nadine Smith''' ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[ushoga]]. Alikuwa [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji wa "Equality Florida" tangu kuanzishwa kwake mnamo [[1997]] na anahudumia kama mwanasheria. Aliishi Tallahassee wakati huo. Mnamo [[1986]], Smith alihudumu katika bodi ya waanzilishi wa Shirika la Kimataifa la Mashoga na Wasagaji "International Gay and Lesbian Organization".<ref name="EqualityFlorida">{{Citation|title=Equality Florida|url=http://eqfl.org/about/staff.html|access-date=11 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020023142/http://eqfl.org/about/staff.html|archive-date=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://www.bilerico.com/2009/08/what_were_you_doing_25_years_ago.php | title=What Were You Doing 25 Years Ago? | accessdate=2021-05-23 | archivedate=2016-04-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401014704/http://www.bilerico.com/2009/08/what_were_you_doing_25_years_ago.php }}</ref> Smith ametambuliwa kama kiongozi wa kitaifa na mashirika yakiwemo ya Kikosi cha Kitaifa cha Mashoga na Wasagaji, Kampeni ya Haki za Binadamu, Kikosi Kazi cha Haki za Binadamu cha Florida, Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Haki za Wasagaji (NCLR) na Jukwaa la Kitaifa la Uongozi wa Wasagaji na Wajinsia.<ref name="EqualityFlorida"/> Mwanahabari wa zamani, Smith ameandika safu zilizoshirikiwa kwa machapisho ya mashoga. Smith alikuwa mwandishi wa habari anayeshinda tuzo ya WUSF (FM) | WUSF, mshirika wa Redio ya Umma ya Kitaifa huko Tampa, na baadaye alikua mwandishi wa Jarida la Tampa. Smith pia alishiriki Freelancer kwa machapisho ya kimataifa na ya ndani. Mnamo [[1991]], Smith alikuwa wa kwanza kutoka kwa wasagaji Mwafrika-Mmarekani kuwania kuchaguliwa Halmashauri ya Jiji la Tampa. Alifanikiwa kupata kura nyingi kwa asilimia 42 katika marudio. Mnamo [[1993]], Smith alikuwa sehemu ya mkutano wa kihistoria wa ofisi nchini humo. Smith alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza wa "March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation" 1993 Machi huko Washington, akiratibu vyombo vya habari vya kitaifa na kimataifa. Pia alitumikia kwa vipindi vinne kama mwenyekiti mwenza wa Shirikisho la Mashirika ya Utetezi ya LGBT ya Jimbo. Smith alihudhuria Chuo cha Jeshi la Anga la Merekani baada ya kuhitimu Shule ya Upili huko Panama City. Aliondoka baada ya kupitishwa kwa sera ya "Don't Ask Don't Tell" mnamo [[1993]]. Alipata digrii ya Mawasiliano kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Florida "University of South Florida". Mnamo [[1995]], Smith aliwahi kuwa msimamizi wa kampeni za Wananchi huko Tampa, juhudi iliyofanikiwa kuzuia kufutwa kwa sheria ya haki za binadamu ya jiji, ambayo ilijumuisha mwelekeo wa kijinsia. Smith amekuwa mtetezi wa wazi wa uhalifu wa kupambana na chuki na sheria ya kupinga uonevu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| url=http://thedailyvoice.com/voice/2008/03/uniting-to-end-hate-violence-000272.php| title=Ridgewood Library's MakerSpace Returns with the School Year| date=2015-08-03| accessdate=2021-05-23| archive-date=2012-04-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402091303/http://thedailyvoice.com/voice/2008/03/uniting-to-end-hate-violence-000272.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo [[2008]], juhudi za Usawa Florida zilisababisha kupitishwa kwa sheria ya kitaifa ya kupambana na uonevu ambayo imechochea wilaya na shule zote jimboni huko kuzingatia na kutambua umuhumu wa jinsia zote na kupingana na uonevu na unyanyasaji. Kuanzia [[2006]] - [[2009]], Smith alihudumu katika Bodi ya Haki kwa Familia Zote za LGBT, akifanya juhudi za kutetea familia za kishoga dhidi ya sheria iliyopiga marufuku utambuzi wa [[ndoa za jinsia moja]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-WvWbeSCQ0</ref> Kipimo ambacho kilipitishwa kwa takriban 62% ya kura pia kilipiga marufuku ulinzi wa "usawa na ndoa". Mnamo [[2007]], Smith alikamatwa katika kikao cha Largo, Florida. Baraza la jiji baada ya kumpa mtu kipeperushi ambacho kilikuwa na maneno "Usibague".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti | url=http://pandagon.blogsome.com/2007/03/02/equality-florida-activist-in-largo-arrested-for-handing-out-anti-discrimination-flyers/ | title=Blogsome | accessdate=2021-05-23 | archivedate=2010-07-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720045730/http://pandagon.blogsome.com/2007/03/02/equality-florida-activist-in-largo-arrested-for-handing-out-anti-discrimination-flyers | =https://web.archive.org/web/20100720045730/http://pandagon.blogsome.com/2007/03/02/equality-florida-activist-in-largo-arrested-for-handing-out-anti-discrimination-flyers }}</ref> Baraza lilikuwa linajadili ikiwa atamfukuza kazi Susan Stanton, msimamizi wa jiji ambaye alikuwa amehama kutoka kwa mume wake na kwenda kwa mwanamke. Mashtaka hayo yalifutwa baadaye. Mkuu wa Polisi wa Halmashauri ya Jiji alitoa msamaha rasmi. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2010]] Smith alileta sheria ya kutaka kupitishwaa ushoga Florida. Wakati wa hafla ya Ikulu, alimpa Rais Obama picha ya wavulana wawili wa jimbo la Florida linajaribu kulenga kuzuia kubaguliwa kwa mashoga.<ref>[http://eqfl.blogspot.com/2010/06/letter-from-nadine-smith-dear-mr.html Letter to the President]</ref> Smith amewahi kuwa msemaji wa Usawa Florida akilaani marufuku ya kupitishwa, haswa akipinga serikali kwa kutumia pesa nyingi za walipa kodi kufadhili mwanaharakati anayepinga mashoga.<ref>http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/11/1623961/bill-mccullom-requested-hiring.html</ref> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.eqfl.org Equality Florida] * [http://www.IGLYO.com IGLYO] * [http://blogs.creativeloafing.com/dailyloaf/2010/06/23/equality-floridas-nadine-smith-hands-president-obama-a-letter-calling-on-him-to-end-floridas-gay-adoption-ban-video/ Smith Gives Letter to President Obama] {{Wayback|url=http://blogs.creativeloafing.com/dailyloaf/2010/06/23/equality-floridas-nadine-smith-hands-president-obama-a-letter-calling-on-him-to-end-floridas-gay-adoption-ban-video/ |date=20110131155053 }} * [http://nbjc.org/news/black-lgbt-history-day-10.html Black LGBT history] {{Wayback|url=http://nbjc.org/news/black-lgbt-history-day-10.html |date=20110316145234 }} * [http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_local_namesblog/2008/03/gay-marriage-de.html Marriage Debate Florida] {{Wayback|url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_local_namesblog/2008/03/gay-marriage-de.html |date=20110130053553 }} * [http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/st-petersburg-mayor-to-attend-gay-pride-parade-to-get-sense-of-atmosphere/1104477 Mayor makes inroads] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/localgovernment/st-petersburg-mayor-to-attend-gay-pride-parade-to-get-sense-of-atmosphere/1104477 |date=20160304003408 }} * [http://www.pamshouseblend.com/diary/11223/no-excuses-no-delays-do-we-really-mean-it No Excuses? Do We Really Mean It] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pamshouseblend.com/diary/11223/no-excuses-no-delays-do-we-really-mean-it |date=20110130061557 }} <ref>[https://stpetecatalyst.com/influencers/influencer-nadine-smith/ Influencer Nadine Smith]</ref> <ref>[https://www.eqfl.org/2017/press6 Nadine Smith Named Honorary Co-Chair of National Equality for Unity and Pride]</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Arusha Translation-a-thon]] e33cebkq8z9p5te0wuzl4x9m4r69qoo 0 139764 1579747 1522192 2026-07-16T09:39:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nieuwe Afrikaanse Handels-Vennootschap (NAHV)''' ("''New African Trade Association''") ilikuwa [[kampuni]] ya [[biashara]] ya [[Uholanzi]] iliyoanzishwa mnamo [[1880]], ambayo iliendelea hadi [[mwaka]] [[1982]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=van der Laan|first=H. Laurens|date=1983|title=Trading in the Congo: The NAHV from 1918 to 1955|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601327|journal=African Economic History|issue=12|pages=241–259|doi=10.2307/3601327|issn=0145-2258}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Obdeijn|first=Herman|date=1983|title=The New Africa Trading Company and the Struggle for Import Duties in the Congo Free State, 1886-1894|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601324|journal=African Economic History|issue=12|pages=195–212|doi=10.2307/3601324|issn=0145-2258}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gahetna.nl/archievenoverzicht/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.18.10.09.ead.pdf Nationaal Archief - Inventaris van het archief van de Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels-Vennootschap (NAHV)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gahetna.nl/archievenoverzicht/pdf/NL-HaNA_2.18.10.09.ead.pdf |date=20200831093026 }}. (PDF)</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Kampuni za Uholanzi]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] p5x9x2arkatffa81zw9b9uoyjrjpouz 0 144321 1579686 1534646 2026-07-16T00:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:SaintMaríadelCarmenSallésBarangueras.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|[[Picha]] yake halisi.]] '''Maria wa Mlima Karmeli''' (jina la awali: '''Carmen Sallés y Barangueras'''; [[Vic]], [[Barcelona]], [[9 Aprili]] [[1848]] - [[Madrid]], [[25 Julai]] [[1911]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] nchini [[Hispania]] ambaye alianzisha [[shirika]] lake lijulikanalo kama [[Masista Wakonsesyoni Wamisionari]]. Alitaka shirika hilo jipya lizingatie utunzaji wa [[wanawake]] wote na kupigania [[haki]] zao<ref name=SQPN>{{cite web|url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-maria-del-carmen-salles-barangueras/|title=Saint María del Carmen Sallés Barangueras|publisher=Saints SQPN|date=25 July 2016|accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/91057</ref>. [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alimtangaza [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[15 Machi]] [[1998]] na [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[21 Oktoba]] [[2012]]<ref name=CA>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/future-spanish-saints-intercession-cured-3-year-old/|title=Future Spanish saint's intercession cured 3-year-old|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=1 March 2012|accessdate=23 March 2017|archive-date=2017-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428194250/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/future-spanish-saints-intercession-cured-3-year-old/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[6 Desemba]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1911.htm Hagiography Circle] * [http://catholicsaints.info/saint-maria-del-carmen-salles-barangueras/ Saints SQPN] * [http://www.womenofgrace.com/blog/?p=12927 Women of Grace] * [https://zenit.org/articles/blessed-maria-of-mt-carmen-salles-y-barangueras-mother-carmen/ Zenit] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1848]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1911]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Hispania]] eqr3e39cfywdzbk2wm3yrybrkeqz17h 0 147185 1579761 1522240 2026-07-16T09:50:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2020-02-13 Deutscher Bundestag IMG 3091 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|upright|Nina Warken (2020)]] '''Nina Warken''' (alizaliwa [[15 Mei]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Ujerumani]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa chama cha [[Chama cha Kikristo cha Kidemokrasia cha Ujerumani|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) ambaye amekuwa akihudumu kama mwanachama wa Bundestag kutoka jimbo la [[Baden-Württemberg]] tangu 2013. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Warken alikua mwanachama wa kwanza wa Bundestag baada ya uchaguzi wa shirikisho la Ujerumani wa [[2013]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/nina-warken|title=Nina Warken|work=CDU/CSU-Fraktion|accessdate=2020-03-23}}</ref> Ametumikia kwenye Kamati ya Mambo ya Ndani (2013-2017; tangu 2020), <ref>Norbert Wallet (September 24, 2020), [https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.nach-armin-schusters-abgang-suedwest-cdu-will-innenpolitischen-einfluss-wahren.c4d8f56c-7980-4b92-b1d7-6ed25c97d09b.html Nach Armin Schusters Abgang: Südwest-CDU will innenpolitischen Einfluss wahren] {{Wayback|url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.nach-armin-schusters-abgang-suedwest-cdu-will-innenpolitischen-einfluss-wahren.c4d8f56c-7980-4b92-b1d7-6ed25c97d09b.html |date=20241203172255 }} ''[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]]''.</ref> Kamati ya Masuala ya Ulaya (2018), na Kamati ya Masuala ya Kisheria na Ulinzi wa Watumiaji (tangu 2018). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06|title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection|work=German Bundestag|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-23|archive-date=2020-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209012433/https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Warken alipoteza kiti chake kwenye uchaguzi wa shirikisho la Ujerumani 2017, lakini alikuwa mstari wa mbele ikiwa Mwanachama wa [[Baden-Württemberg]] alijiuzulu. Hili lilitokea tarehe 23 Novemba 2018, Stephan Harbarth alipochaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Mahakama ya Kikatiba ya Shirikisho la Ujerumani . Alichukua kiti chake tarehe 5 Desemba 2018. {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa katika Historia ya Ujerumani]] ihqpaldp3jp9k8jbitw41afjs0i4rew 0 148046 1579643 1515663 2026-07-15T14:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johan Oldert''' ([[1912]]-[[1984]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] na [[mchongaji]] wa nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] alijulikana sana kwa uchoraji na uchongaji hasa [[picha]] za [[shaba]]. <ref name="crouse">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://artdealers.co.za/johan-oldert/|title=Johan Oldert|accessdate=28 Feb 2017|work=Crouse Art Gallery website|archive-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920094258/http://artdealers.co.za/johan-oldert/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Afrocuration Project 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wachoraji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:wachongaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wiki4uni]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1984]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] 9itzd5hgbcr60mui8ouftxw4uqvo1x1 0 157965 1579690 1520119 2026-07-16T02:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maixant Magloire Mombollet''' (alizaliwa 17 Januari 1981 huko Bangui, [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]) Ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa chuo kikuu kutoka The Citadel mnamo mwaka 2000-2004. Amechezea timu ya taifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati mwaka 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 na 2009 FIBA Championships Africa, na kuisaidia timu hiyo kufika robo fainali mwaka wa 2005, 2007, na 2009.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kiến Thức Bóng Rổ, Cá Độ Bóng Rổ Thabet -|url=https://basketpedya.com/|accessdate=2022-09-02|language=vi|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112193042/http://www.basketpedya.com/Acc002InfJug.php?idjug=62727|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/pid/51312/sid/6599/tid/259/profile.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-02 |archivedate=2012-08-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817144734/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/player/p/pid/51312/sid/6599/tid/259/profile.html }}</ref>Kwa sasa anacheza nafasi ya mbele katika Orcines inayoshiliki ligi ya kikapu [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] 6eju1nkm87mwwuec3gmozqna942kpri 0 160606 1579771 1522553 2026-07-16T10:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Nzi mweleaji | picha = Syrphidae poster.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Bango la nzi weleaji (spishi za picha 5 na 7 tu zinatokea Afrika ya Mashariki | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Arthropoda]] (Wanyama wenye miguu yenye viungo) | nusufaila = [[Hexapoda]] (Wanyama wenye miguu sita) | ngeli = [[Insecta]] (Wadudu) | ngeli_ya_chini = [[Pterygota]] (Wadudu wenye mabawa) | oda = [[Diptera]] (Wadudu wenye mabawa mawili tu) | nusuoda = [[Brachycera]] (Diptera wenye vipapasio vifupi) | familia_ya_juu = [[Syrphoidea]] | familia = [[Syrphidae]] | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision = '''Nusufamilia 4:''' * ''[[Eristalinae]]'' <small>[[Edward Newman|Newman]], 1834</small> * ''[[Microdontinae]]'' <small>[[Camillo Rondani|Rondani]], 1821</small> * ''[[Pipizinae]]'' <small>Rondani, 1856</small> * ''[[Syrphinae]]'' <small>Latreilla, 1802</small> }} '''Nzi weleaji''' (kutoka kwa [[Kiing.]] [[w:Hover fly|hoverflies]]) ni [[nzi]] wa [[familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Syrphidae]] katika [[oda]] [[Diptera]] wanaojulikana kwa tabia yao ya kuelea angani. [[Spishi]] nyingi huiga [[nyigu]] au [[nyuki]] kwa rangi zao mara nyingi kali sana. [[Nzi-nyuki]] huelea pia, lakini hawa wana [[nywele]] nyingi kwa kawaida. ==Maelezo== Urefu wa nzi weleaji huanzia [[mm]] 3 hadi 21<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273341/hover-fly|title=Hover fly|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|year=2009|access-date=December 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Stubbs">{{cite book |last1=Stubbs |first1=Alan E. |last2=Falk |first2=Steven J |title=British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide |edition=2nd |year=1983 |publisher=[[British Entomological and Natural History Society]] |location=London |isbn=1-899935-03-7 |pages=253, xvpp }}</ref>. Umbo lao hutofautiana kutoka kwa mrefu na mwembamba hadi mkubwa na mwenye nywele nyingi. Spishi nyingi zina madoa na/au milia ya rangi kali kama [[njano]], [[nyekundu]] au kahawianyekundu. Hata hivyo, wengine ni takriban kabisa [[nyeusi]], [[kahawia]] au hata [[kijani]]<ref name="Hutchinson">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Hover+Fly|title=Hoverfly|access-date=December 6, 2009|encyclopedia=Hutchinson Encyclopedia|publisher=Helicon Publishing|year=2009|archivedate=2012-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162845/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Hover+Fly}} {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Hover+Fly |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-09-30 |archivedate=2012-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162845/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Hover+Fly }}</ref>. Baadhi ya rangi husababishwa na [[akisiko]] la [[mwanga]] na kubadilika kulingana na [[pembe]] ya mwanga. Spishi zenye rangi kali hufanana na nyigu au nyuki na hujaribu kuwadanganya [[mbuai]] kwa njia hiyo. Hii inaitwa [[uigizo]] ([[w:Mimicry|mimicry]]). Isipokuwa wachache<ref name="Reemer08">{{cite journal |last=Reemer |first=Menno |year=2008 |title=''Surimyia'', a new genus of Microdontinae, with notes on ''Paragodon'' Thompson, 1969 (Diptera, Syrphidae) |journal=[[Zoologische Mededelingen]] |volume=82 |pages=177–188 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/261778 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>, nzi weleaji wanatofautishwa na inzi wengine kwa kuwa na [[vena]] bandia ulio [[sambamba]] na vena yao ya nne ya [[kingoringori]] ya [[bawa|mabawa]]<ref name="Britannica" />. Porini, hii ni ngumu kuonwa na huko wanatambuliwa kwa urahisi zaidi na tabia yao ya kuelea. Hata hivyo, hawaelei wakati wa kujilisha. Hiyo ni njia rahisi ya kuwatofautisha na nzi-nyuki, ambao kwa kweli huelea wakati wa kujilisha, isipokuwa kwa idadi ndogo ya spishi, na pia huiga nyuki. Kwa njia nyinginezo za kutofautisha makundi haya mawili ya nzi, angalia makala kuhusu nzi-nyuki. Wapevu hujilisha kwa [[mbochi]] na [[chavua]]<ref name="Hutchinson" />. [[Buu|Mabuu]], kwa upande mwingine, hula [[chakula|vyakula]] mbalimbali. Baadhi hujilisha kwa dutu ya [[mmea|mimea]] au [[mnyama|wanyama]] zinazooza, huku wengine hula [[kidukari|vidukari]], tiripsi na wadudu wengine wanaonyonya mimea<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Schmidt">{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Martin |last2=Thewes |first2=Ulrich |last3=Thies |first3=Carsten |last4=Tscharntke |first4=Teja |title=Aphid suppression in mulched cereals |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |date=2004 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00205.x |s2cid=85070615 }}</ref>. Spishi mbuai hufaidia [[mkulima|wakulima]] na [[Mtunza bustani|watunza bustani]], kwani vidukari huharibu mazao, na mabuu wa nzi weleaji hutumiwa mara nyingi katika [[udhibiti wa kibiolojia]]. Hii ni pamoja na mojawapo ya spishi zinazoenea sana za nzi weleaji, ''[[Episyrphus balteatus]]'', ambaye mabuu yake hula vidukari. Spishi fulani, kama vile ''[[Merodon equestris]]'' au ''[[Eumerus tuberculatus]]'', zinawajibika kwa [[uchavushaji]]. Mabuu ya spishi fulani huishi [[maji]]ni, kama vile mabuu ya ''[[Eristalis tenax]]''. Wana [[neli]] ya kupumulia kwenye ncha yao ya nyuma na kwa sababu ya hiyo huitwa mabuu wenye [[mkia]] wa [[panya]]<ref name="Britannica" />. Huishi katika maji yaliyotuama, hata maji taka<ref name="Maggots">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aguilera A, Cid A, Regueiro BJ, Prieto JM, Noya M |title=Intestinal myiasis caused by ''Eristalis tenax'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_1999-09_37_9/page/3082 |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]] |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=3082 |date=September 1999 |doi=10.1128/JCM.37.9.3082-3082.1999 |pmid=10475752 |pmc=85471 }}</ref>. Mara kwa mara wanaweza kuendelea kuishi ndani ya [[matumbo]] baada ya kumezwa kwa bahati mbaya na kusababisha shida kidogo kabla ya kutolewa nje<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whish-Wilson PB |title=A possible case of intestinal myiasis due to ''Eristalis tenax'' |journal=[[The Medical Journal of Australia]] |volume=173 |issue=11–12 |pages=652 |year=2000 |pmid=11379520 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/whishwilson/whishwilson.html |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb139374.x |s2cid=12898612 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112158/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/whishwilson/whishwilson.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. ==Spishi kadhaa za Afrika ya Mashriki== {{Columns | width = 30em | col1 = * ''Afrosyrphus varipes'' * ''Allobaccha marginata'' * ''Allobaccha picta'' * ''Allograpta calopus'' * ''Allograpta varipes'' * ''Asarkina africana'' * ''Asarkina gemmata'' * ''Betasyrphus claripennis'' * ''Betasyrphus hirticeps'' * ''Ceriana gloriosa'' * ''Chrysogaster poecilops'' * ''Episyrphus trisectus'' * ''Eristalinus aeneus'' * ''Eristalinus euzonus'' * ''Eristalinus megacephalus'' * ''Eristalinus smaragdinus'' * ''Eristalis tenax'' * ''Eumerus erythrocerus'' * ''Eumerus serratus'' * ''Eupeodes corollae'' * ''Graptomyza nigricavum'' * ''Graptomyza suavissima'' | col2 = * ''Hovaxylota vulcana'' * ''Mallota aperta'' * ''Melanostoma alticola'' * ''Melanostoma floripeta'' * ''Melanostoma scalare'' * ''Mesembrius africanus'' * ''Mesembrius lagopus'' * ''Microdon luteiventris'' * ''Microdon rugosus'' * ''Ornidia obesa'' * ''Paragus capricomi'' * ''Paragus punctatus'' * ''Phytomia bulligera'' * ''Phytomia incisa'' * ''Rhingia cyanoprora'' * ''Rhingia pycnosoma'' * ''Senaspis dentipes'' * ''Senaspis xanthorrhoea'' * ''Simoides crassipes'' * ''Sphaerophoria retrocurva'' * ''Syritta carbonaria'' * ''Syritta flaviventris'' }} ==Picha== <gallery> Eristalinus aeneus 03.JPG|''Eristalinus aeneus'' Eristalinus megacephalus ( Rossi, 1794) Eye-spotted Hoverfly (23714008226).jpg|''Eristalinus megacephalus'' ComputerHotline - Syrphidae sp. (by) (6).jpg|''Eristalis tenax'' Emerus feae.jpg|''Eumerus feae'' Eumerus paulae 2021-02-21 11-56.jpg|''Eumerus paulae'' Eupeodes corollae (female) - Flickr - S. Rae (2).jpg|''Eupeodes corollae'' Diptera-Syrphidae-Melanostoma-scalare-201208050081.JPG|''Melanostoma scalare'' MOSCA ~1.JPG|''Ornidia obesa'' Paragus haemorrhous 01.JPG|''Paragus haemorrhous'' Sphaerophoria rueppelli 01.JPG|''Sphaerophoria rueppelli'' </gallery> [[Jamii:Nzi na jamaa]] alkdjakt5vre4h6rmt5p414969jnli7 0 180299 1579775 1534038 2026-07-16T11:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Lewes FC Women 1 Manchester Utd Women 3 FAC QF 19 03 2023-225 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Ona Batlle (2023)]] {{Infobox Football Player | jinalamchezaji = Ona Batlle | picha = | jinakamili = Ona Batlle Pascual | tareheyakuzaliwa = [[10 Juni]] [[1999]] | mjialiozaliwa = Vilassar de Mar | nchialiozaliwa = [[Hispania]] | urefu = 1.65 m | nafasi = beki wa pembeni | klabuyasasa = | nambayaklabu = | miakayavijana = | klabuzavijana = | miaka = | vilabu = | caps(goals) = | miakayataifa = | timuyataifa = | nationalcaps(goals) = | pcupdate = | ntupdate = }} '''Ona Batlle Pascual''' (alizaliwa [[10 Juni]] [[1999]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] ambaye anacheza kama beki wa pembeni wa klabu ya Liga F Barcelona na timu ya taifa ya Uhispania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=El Barça Femenino seguirá fichando a jugadoras de primer nivel|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/femenino/20170709/423977615702/el-barca-femenino-seguira-fichando-a-jugadoras-de-primer-nivel.html|work=Mundo Deportivo|date=2017-07-08|accessdate=2024-04-13|language=es}}</ref> Batlle alizaliwa na kukulia katika mji ndani ya jimbo la Barcelona,na kuanza kucheza mpira wa miguu na Vilassar de Mar. Alichezea vilabu vya Barcelona, Madrid CFF, Levante na Manchester United.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Debut histórico del Madrid Femenino en Liga Iberdrola|url=https://madridcff.com/debut-historico-del-madrid-femenino-en-liga-iberdrola/|work=Web Oficial Madrid CFF|date=2017-09-05|accessdate=2024-04-13|language=es-AR|author=Andrés Baqué García-Margallo}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Noticias|url=https://www.levanteud.com/noticias|work=www.levanteud.com|accessdate=2024-04-13|language=es}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] k339bob9yus95m7lnl7g6h109kyuron 0 188607 1579683 1519123 2026-07-15T23:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mkuwe Isale''' (anajulikana kama '''Mamy Baby'''; amezaliwa [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]], [[Novemba 12]], [[1989]]) ni mtangazaji wa redio na mwanahabari kutoka [[Tanzania]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-01-21|title=Clouds FM Top 20: List ya midundo 20 ya wiki, leo January 21, 2018 - Millard Ayo|url=https://millardayo.com/8c1ls/|accessdate=2024-09-30|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2017-04-02|title=CloudsFM Top 20: Ngoma 20 kali zilizopangwa kwenye list leo April 2 - Millard Ayo|url=https://millardayo.com/twn20/|accessdate=2024-09-30|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BMT {{!}} DADA HOOD KUUNGA MKONO JUHUDI ZA RAIS SAMIA KUINUA MICHEZO YA WANAWAKE.|url=https://www.bmt.go.tz/news/dada-hood-kuunga-mkono-juhudi-za-rais-samia-kuinua-michezo-ya-wanawake|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=www.bmt.go.tz}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Yahu|first=Joel|date=2024-02-16|title=AUDIO Rosa Ree Ft Chemical X Frida Amani X S2kizzy X Mamy Baby (Dada Hood) - Naona Love MP3 DOWNLOAD — citiMuzik|url=https://www.citimuzik.com/2024/02/audio-rosa-ree-ft-chemical-x-frida-amani-x-s2kizzy-x-mamy-baby-dada-hood-naona-love-mp3-download.html|accessdate=2024-09-30|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=DADA HOOD NAONA LOVE ROSA REE X CHEMICAL X FRIDA AMANI X S 2 KIZZY X MAMY BABY|url=https://archive.org/details/dadahoodnaonaloverosareexchemicalxfridaamanixs2kizzyxmamybaby|access-date=2024-09-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Digital|first=Mtanzania|date=2017-06-24|title=DADA HOOD; ILIKUWA BONGE LA CHEMISTRY AISEE!|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/dada-hood-ilikuwa-bonge-la-chemistry-aisee/|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=Mtanzania|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216130324/https://mtanzania.co.tz/dada-hood-ilikuwa-bonge-la-chemistry-aisee/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Isale alizaliwa kwenye familia ya kichifu ya [[Wanyamwezi]], Fundikira. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tribute To Chief Fundikira|url=https://venansioahabwe.com/news/tribute-to-chief-fundikira|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=venansioahabwe.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Rockel|first=Stephen J.|date=June 2019|title=The Tutsi and the Nyamwezi: Cattle, Mobility, and the Transformation of Agro-Pastoralism in Nineteenth-Century Western Tanzania|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/tutsi-and-the-nyamwezi-cattle-mobility-and-the-transformation-of-agropastoralism-in-nineteenthcentury-western-tanzania/1AA1CAC7FAE61611D6706B3A5F04297F|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=46|pages=231–261|doi=10.1017/hia.2019.5|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> Alianza elimu yake rasmi katika [[Shule ya msingi|Shule ya Msingi Isike]] na baadaye akajiunga na Shule ya Sekondari ya Kazima. Akiongozwa na shauku ya mawasiliano na kusimulia hadithi, aliamua kusoma [[uandishi wa habari]], na kupata Diploma ya Juu kutoka Chuo cha Royal cha Uandishi wa Habari. Msingi huu wa taaluma yake katika media ndio chanzo cha kazi yake katika [[vyombo vya habari]] na zaidi.. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-11-19|title=MamyBaby|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/mamybaby|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=Music In Africa|language=en|archive-date=2024-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008210211/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/mamybaby|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo [[Desemba 30]], [[2022]], Mamy Baby alisherehekea tukio muhimu katika maisha yake binafsi kwa kufunga ndoa na [[Dk. Hassan Abbas]], aliyekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa [[Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Utamaduni na Michezo|Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Sanaa na Michezo nchini Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-12-30|title=Dkt. Hassan Abbas Afunga Ndoa na Mtangazaji wa Clouds Mamy Baby – Video|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/dkt-hassan-abbas-afunga-ndoa-na-mtangazaji-wa-clouds-mamy-baby-video/|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=Global Publishers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-12-30|title=Dk Abbas afunga ndoa na Mamy Baby wa Clouds - HabariLeo|url=https://habarileo.co.tz/dk-abbasi-afunga-ndoa-na-mamy-baby-wa-clouds/|accessdate=2024-09-30|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dk Hassan Abbas katibu mkuu Wizara ya Habari, Utamaduni, Sanaa na Michezo – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/dk-hassan-abbas-katibu-mkuu-wizara-ya-habari-utamaduni-sanaa-na-michezo-04-2021/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> Dk Hassan Abbas kwa sasa ni Katibu Mkuu wa [[Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii]] nchini Tanzania. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dkt. Abbas katibu Mkuu Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/dkt-abbas-katibu-mkuu-wizara-ya-maliasili-na-utalii-02-2023/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-02-26|title=President Samia makes changes in cabinet and regional administration|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/president-samia-makes-changes-in-cabinet-and-regional-administration-4138402|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Habari {{!}} Wizara ya Ulinzi na Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa|url=https://www.modans.go.tz/news/780|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=www.modans.go.tz}}</ref> == Kazi == Kazi ya Mamy Baby katika vyombo vya habari ilianza mwaka [[2009]] [[Arusha (mji)|mjini Arusha]], ambapo alifanya kazi katika Mambo Jambo (MJ FM). Shauku yake ya redio ilimpelekea kujiunga na Radio 5, ambapo alifanya kazi kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] hadi [[2013]]. Mnamo mwaka 2013, alijiunga na East Africa Radio, ambapo alihost kipindi cha The Cruise pamoja na [[Sam Misago]] na [[DJ Sinyorita]] hadi mwaka [[2015]]. Mnamo mwaka [[2016]], Mamy Baby alihamia [[Clouds FM]], ambapo alikua sehemu ya timu ya XXL, kipindi bora cha burudani katika kituo hicho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=XXL ya Clouds FM yafunga mwaka na Wanavyuo Tanzania – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/xxl-ya-clouds-fm-yafunga-mwaka-na-wanavyuo-tanzania-12-2021/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> Pamoja na B Dozen, [[Adam Mchomvu]] na [[KenedyTheRemedy]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mama alinifundisha maisha, namna ya kuwajali wanawake wengine – Jux – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/mama-alinifundisha-maisha-namna-ya-kuwajali-wanawake-wengine-jux-03-2021/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> alendelea kujenga sifa yake kama mmoja wa sauti zinazotambulika zaidi katika redio ya burudani nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vuta N'kuvute: Dj Sinyorita na Mami wa EA Radio wachukuliwa na... – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/vuta-nkuvute-dj-sinyorita-na-mami-wa-ea-radio-wachukuliwa-na-04-2016/|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> == Mchango na Ushawishi == Clouds FM, Mamy Baby amekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuutangaza [[Muziki wa Tanzania|muziki na utamaduni wa Kitanzania]]. Mamy anaendelea kuleta mabadiliko kupitia ''DADA HOOD'', mpango wake unaojitolea kuwatia moyo na kuwaelekeza wasichana Vijana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-03-08|title=SIKU YA WANAWAKE Warembo wanavyoupiga mwingi Bongo {{!}} JAMHURI MEDIA|url=https://www.jamhurimedia.co.tz/siku-ya-wanawake-warembo-wanavyoupiga-mwingi-bongo/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=www.jamhurimedia.co.tz|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=zanzinews.com|title=Wasanii wa Kike Dada Hood,BMT Kuunga Mkono Juhudi za Rais Mhe. Samia Suluhu Kusaidia Michezo Nchini.|url=http://www.zanzinews.com/2022/02/wasanii-wa-kike-dada-hoodbmt-kuunga.html|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=ZanziNews}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=mzalendoeditor|date=2022-02-23|title=WASANII WAKIKE, DADAHOOD, BMT KUUNGA MKONO JUHUDI ZA RAIS SAMIA KUSAIDIA MICHEZO NCHINI|url=https://mzalendo.co.tz/2022/02/23/dada-hood-kuunga-mkono-juhudi-za-rais-samia-kusaidia-michezo-nchini/|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=Mzalendo|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News {{!}}MINISTRY OF CULTURE ARTS AND SPORTS|url=https://www.michezo.go.tz/news/wasanii-wakike-dadahood-bmt-kuunga-mkono-juhudi-za-rais-samia-kusaidia-michezo-nchini|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=www.michezo.go.tz|archive-date=2024-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009035237/https://www.michezo.go.tz/news/wasanii-wakike-dadahood-bmt-kuunga-mkono-juhudi-za-rais-samia-kusaidia-michezo-nchini|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1989|}} [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Tanzania]] thqwzxo0p50jk1b3bm1vqnwlw5q2zbu 0 189563 1579773 1522600 2026-07-16T11:01:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tochukwu Gbubemi Ojogwu''' (alizaliwa [[19 Oktoba]] [[1993]]), maarufu kama Odumodublvck, ni rapa, mwimbaji na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Sare|first=Watimagbo|date=2019|title=Happy Birthday Odumodublvck|url=https://www.facebook.com/reeplaysumtin/videos/795579367528503/?app=fbl|access-date=2023-05-24|website=Facebook.com}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Akitokea katika eneo la Anioma lililoko Jimbo la [[Delta State|Delta]], na kuzaliwa jijini [[Lagos]], alihamia na familia yake jijini [[Abuja]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 7. Alipata elimu ya sekondari ya chini katika shule ya Christ the King College huko Gwagwalada, [[Abuja]],<ref name="Radr Africa">{{cite web|last1=Idowu|first1=Anu-oluwapo|title=Nigerian Drill; Odumodublvck is the Heartbeat of Afro Drill Rap.|url=https://radrafrica.com/radrmusic/nigerian-drill-odumodublvck-is-the-heartbeat-of-afro-drill-rap/|website=Radr Africa|access-date=6 December 2022|date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ambako alipata jina la kisanii "Odumodu" katika mwaka wake wa pili wa sekondari ya chini.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alake|first1=Motolani|title=Pulse Torch Vol. 3: Meet ODUMODUBLVCK, the enigmatic Abuja-based rapper|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pulse-torch-vol-3-meet-odumodublvck-the-enigmatic-abuja-based-rapper-interview/lrsym4x|website=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=13 December 2022|language=en|date=13 April 2021|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530010117/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pulse-torch-vol-3-meet-odumodublvck-the-enigmatic-abuja-based-rapper-interview/lrsym4x|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Radr Africa" /> Alisoma mwaka wa kwanza wa elimu ya juu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bowen, kisha akaacha na kumalizia masomo yake katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos]], Akoka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Bassey|first=Ekaete|title=Why I dropped out of Bowen varsity, Odumodublvck reveals|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-dropped-out-of-bowen-varsity-odumodublvck-reveals/|access-date=2023-09-17|website=The Nation}}</ref><ref name="Radr Africa" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1993]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] ogbe5xtmnddwttspvk2ntvgg73epvh8 0 197064 1579653 1385033 2026-07-15T16:11:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja''' [[S.J.]] (alizaliwa [[20 Desemba]] [[1934]]) ni [[kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Indonesia]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa kardinali mwaka 1994, akiwa Mwindonesia wa pili kushika cheo hicho. Alihudumu kama [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa Semarang kutoka 1983 hadi 1996 na kama Askofu Mkuu wa Jakarta kutoka 1996 hadi 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Darmaatmadja, Julius Riyadi, S.J.*|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55182/darmaatmadja-julius-riyadi-sj*|website=[[Catholic News Agency]]|publisher=CNA|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=2025-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112044319/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55182/darmaatmadja-julius-riyadi-sj*|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Wajesuiti]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu wa Indonesia]] 19da201b9g2nz0opv84e223pwst5yju 0 201129 1579719 1521900 2026-07-16T08:30:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Natacha Aguilar de Soto |picha = Natacha Aguilar de Soto SCQ+2021.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Aguilar de Soto in 2021 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = [[Utafiti]] wa [[Pomboo]] na [[Nyangumi]] |kazi_yake = |nchi = }} '''Natacha Aguilar de Soto''' ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[biolojia]] ya baharini kutoka [[Uhispania]], anayefanya kazi katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Visiwa vya Canary. Yeye ni mtafiti na [[Mnadhiri|mhadhiri]] wa mpango wa Ramón y Cajal katika Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La ULL, foco internacional del estudio de cetáceos|url=https://www.ull.es/portal/noticias/2017/natacha-aguilar-cetaceos/|work=ULL - Noticias|date=2017-07-24|accessdate=2025-02-11|author=prensa2}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Awards {{!}}|url=https://www.ull.es/institutos/university-institute-women-studies/awards/|accessdate=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216054040/https://www.ull.es/institutos/university-institute-women-studies/awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain’s Canary Islands Declared a Hope Spot Amid Global Climate Change Discussion at CoP25|url=https://mission-blue.org/2019/12/spains-canary-islands-declared-a-hope-spot-amid-global-climate-change-discussion-at-cop25/|work=Mission Blue|date=2019-12-11|accessdate=2025-02-11|language=en-US|author=Eric Valinsky}}</ref>na amewahi kuwa mtafiti wa Marie Skłodowska-Curie katika Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL) na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Uundaji wa Miundo ya Kiekolojia (CREEM) cha Chuo Kikuu cha St. Andrews (SMRU).Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa [[utafiti]] wa pomboo na nyangumi katika '''BIOECOMAC''' (Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación) cha Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NATACHA AGUILAR|url=https://rtvc.es/natacha-aguilar/|work=Radio Televisión Canaria|date=2022-05-31|accessdate=2025-02-11|language=es|author=RTVC}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Hispania]] 8072rbarktk57yxzx824db87rib1bbx 0 205165 1579770 1464759 2026-07-16T10:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya | logo = [[File:Nyimbo Mpya Logo.png|thumb|Nembo Rasmi ya Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya]] | logo_caption = Nembo Rasmi ya Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya | url = https://www.nyimbompya.com | language = Kiswahili | type = Jukwaa la kutiririsha muziki na habari (Music streaming and news platform) | registration = Hiari (Optional) | owner = Nyimbo Mpya Media | headquarters = Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | country = Tanzania | launched = 2020 | current_status = Inatumika (Active) | mobile_app = Ndiyo }} '''Nyimbo Mpya''' (pia inajulikana chini ya chapa yake mpya kama '''Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya''') ni [[tovuti]] ya [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiingereza]] inayoongoza kama jukwaa la kutiririsha na kupakua muziki, video, na habari za burudani. Tovuti hii imejitolea kuwapa watumiaji ufikiaji wa haraka wa maudhui ya muziki ya kisasa, hasa kutoka kwa wasanii wa [[Tanzania]] na kanda ya [[Afrika]]. == Historia == Nyimbo Mpya ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 na Joseph, ikiwa na lengo la kuleta mapinduzi katika utoaji wa habari za [[muziki]] na burudani. Kutokana na ukuaji wa haraka na upanuzi wa huduma, hususani katika utiririshaji (streaming) na upakuaji wa muziki, kampuni ilianza mchakato wa kubadilisha jina la chapa yake kuu hadi "Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya" mnamo Oktoba 20 2025. Lengo la mabadiliko haya lilikuwa kuakisi vyema utambulisho wake wa kisasa kama chanzo kikuu cha maudhui ya sauti na habari za muziki. Tovuti imekua kwa kasi na kufikia hadhira kubwa, hasa katika maeneo yanayozungumza Kiswahili na Kiingereza. == Huduma == Jukwaa la Audio Mpya/Nyimbo Mpya linatoa huduma mbalimbali, ikiwemo: *'''Audio Mpya''': Upakuaji salama na usikilizaji (streaming) wa nyimbo mpya, ukiwa kipaumbele kipya cha jukwaa. *'''Video Mpya''': Video za muziki, mahojiano, na matukio ya burudani yanayovuma. *'''Habari za Burudani''': Taarifa za hivi karibuni kuhusu maisha na kazi za wasanii wa ndani na kimataifa. *'''Orodha za Muziki''': Mikondo ya nyimbo zinazoongoza katika chati za muziki na maudhui yaliyopendekezwa na wahariri. == Programu ya Simu == Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya inapatikana pia kupitia programu ya simu (Simu App), inayowezesha watumiaji kufikia maudhui ya tovuti kupitia vifaa vya [[Android]]. Programu inaweza kupakuliwa kutoka [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=official.nyimbompya.com Google Play Store]. == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://www.nyimbompya.com Tovuti Rasmi ya Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nyimbompya.com/ |date=20250315102455 }} * [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=official.nyimbompya.com Programu ya Simu ya Nyimbo Mpya - Audio Mpya kwenye Google Play Store] [[Jamii:tovuti]] 6mtbs53fek27o8uhixgq2viprsr6w88 4 208508 1579631 1579477 2026-07-15T13:53:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1579631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 616 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 707 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2810 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 993 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 758 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 474 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 501 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 283 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28905 || ↓ -4.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 168.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2810 || ↑ +0.9% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 2308 || ↑ +1333.5% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1133 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 758 || ↑ +98.4% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 698 || ↓ -0.9% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 608 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 513 || ↓ -4.1% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 505 || ↓ -38.1% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 501 || ↑ +82.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} fx1vj1uym8z81roih9cep5aqxcvbgra 1579632 1579631 2026-07-15T13:56:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1579632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 616 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 707 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2810 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 993 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 758 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 474 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 501 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 283 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29411 || ↓ -3.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 171.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2810 || ↑ +0.9% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 2308 || ↑ +1333.5% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1133 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 758 || ↑ +98.4% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 698 || ↓ -0.9% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 608 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 513 || ↓ -4.1% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 505 || ↓ -38.1% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 501 || ↑ +82.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 1hakfwahue3rktd7rv0e0rsl91gskcg 1579668 1579632 2026-07-15T19:20:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1579668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 616 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 707 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2810 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 993 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 758 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 474 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 501 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 283 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29411 || ↓ -3.6% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 171.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2810 || ↑ +0.9% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 2308 || ↑ +1333.5% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1133 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 758 || ↑ +98.4% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 698 || ↓ -0.9% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 608 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 513 || ↓ -4.1% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 505 || ↓ -38.1% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 501 || ↑ +82.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 70vm1o6f9uqyejiyp9gbthw70tb69j1 1579669 1579668 2026-07-15T19:21:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1579669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-15) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-15)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 616 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 707 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2810 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 993 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 415 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 758 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 281 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 474 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 305 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 337 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 501 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 414 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 421 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 437 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 283 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 324 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29405 || ↓ -3.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 171.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2810 || ↑ +0.9% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 2308 || ↑ +1333.5% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1133 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 758 || ↑ +98.4% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 698 || ↓ -0.9% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 608 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 513 || ↓ -4.1% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 505 || ↓ -38.1% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 501 || ↑ +82.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} ou9swrtk541h8kbtd7ljift019n41pg 1579691 1579669 2026-07-16T02:54:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1579691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-16) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-16)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 587 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 688 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2808 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1101 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 325 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 676 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1570 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 490 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 410 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 29405 || ↓ -3.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 171.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2810 || ↑ +0.9% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 2308 || ↑ +1333.5% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1133 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 758 || ↑ +98.4% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 699 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 698 || ↓ -0.9% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 608 || ↓ -12.0% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 513 || ↓ -4.1% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 505 || ↓ -38.1% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 501 || ↑ +82.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} oi9oiyhvk4vkyqnkbttm1ztqu64ktvi 1579692 1579691 2026-07-16T03:16:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1579692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-16) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-16)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 587 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 688 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2808 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1101 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 325 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 676 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1570 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 490 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 410 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27223 || ↓ -11.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 158.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2808 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1570 || ↑ +73.3% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1101 || ↓ -16.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 766 || ↑ +97.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 688 || ↓ -5.0% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 676 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 587 || ↓ -16.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 494 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 490 || ↑ +30.7% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 487 || ↓ -39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} gryf55bt024b4s75nf2wtif9crauxhv 1579716 1579692 2026-07-16T08:22:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1579716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-16) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-16)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 587 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 688 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2808 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1101 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 325 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 676 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1570 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 490 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 410 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34966 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27223 || ↓ -11.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 158.3 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2808 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1570 || ↑ +73.3% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1101 || ↓ -16.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 766 || ↑ +97.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 688 || ↓ -5.0% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 676 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 587 || ↓ -16.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 494 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 490 || ↑ +30.7% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 487 || ↓ -39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 129 || 9.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} a7622dh45h62fb24slfbs8lx3dcguby 1579718 1579716 2026-07-16T08:23:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1579718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-16) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-16)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 587 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 688 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2808 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1101 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 325 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 487 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 676 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1570 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 490 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 410 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 208 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 425 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 207 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34967 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 27954 || ↓ -12.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 162.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2808 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1570 || ↑ +73.3% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1101 || ↓ -16.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 766 || ↑ +97.9% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 688 || ↓ -5.0% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 676 || ↓ -5.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 587 || ↓ -16.5% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 494 || ↓ -10.0% |- | 9 || [[Kanada]] || 490 || ↑ +30.7% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 487 || ↓ -39.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 130 || 9.4% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} aitwvmg7j9p5rktvhr3jslfk1li6vnb 1 208677 1579664 1436190 2026-07-15T18:10:10Z MBDOGG MASTER 79952 /* Habari, Naomba msaada kuboresha ukurasa huu wa Mb Dogg kwa taarifa sahihi zaidi. Mabadiliko muhimu: 1. Jina kamili: Mbwana Mohamedi Ally - si Mohammed Ali 2. Tarehe ya kuzaliwa: 17 Mei 1983 - si 28 Agosti 1983 3. Kuongeza majina mengine: Dady Master, MB Daddy, MBDogg Master 4. Kuongeza discografia kamili: Albamu "Si Ulinambia" 2006 na "Akili Yangu" 2010 na tracklist zake 5. Kuongeza historia kamili na vyanzo 10 Nimeandaa article kamili hapa chini. Naomba mhariri anisaidie kuibandika: [NA W... 1579664 wikitext text/x-wiki == New Wikipedia create == I created a new Wikipedia account, now I need to delete this account, what should I do? '''[[Mtumiaji:MBDOGG MASTER|MBDOGG MASTER]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MBDOGG MASTER|majadiliano]])''' 14:01, 7 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Habari, Naomba msaada kuboresha ukurasa huu wa Mb Dogg kwa taarifa sahihi zaidi. Mabadiliko muhimu: 1. Jina kamili: Mbwana Mohamedi Ally - si Mohammed Ali 2. Tarehe ya kuzaliwa: 17 Mei 1983 - si 28 Agosti 1983 3. Kuongeza majina mengine: Dady Master, MB Daddy, MBDogg Master 4. Kuongeza discografia kamili: Albamu "Si Ulinambia" 2006 na "Akili Yangu" 2010 na tracklist zake 5. Kuongeza historia kamili na vyanzo 10 Nimeandaa article kamili hapa chini. Naomba mhariri anisaidie kuibandika: [NA WEKA ARTICLE YOTE NILIOKUPA JUU] Asante sana. == '''[[Mtumiaji:MBDOGG MASTER|MBDOGG MASTER]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MBDOGG MASTER|majadiliano]])''' 18:10, 15 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0qy144xe29veeb0p5zwv4jilq2b4u0q 0 215015 1579682 1459437 2026-07-15T22:40:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia''' (au '''maendeleo ya kiteknolojia''') ni mchakato wa jumla wa uvumbuzi, ubunifu na kuenea kwa [[teknolojia]] au michakato.<ref name="Econ refsdon't">• "[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_B000125&edition=&field=keyword&q=technical%20change&topicid=&r biased and biased technological change]" by Peter L. Rousseau.<br /><br />&nbsp; • "[http://www.dictionaryofeconomictimes.com/article?id=pde2008_S000493&edition=&field=keyword&q=technical%20change&topicid=&result_number=4 skill-biased technical change]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" by Giovanni L. Violante.''</ref> Kwa asili, mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia yanashughulikia uvumbuzi ya teknolojia (ikiwa ni pamoja na michakato) na biashara za kiteknolojia au kutolewa kama chanzo wazi kupitia utafiti na maendeleo (kuzalisha teknolojia zinazoibuka), uboreshaji unaoendelea ya teknolojia (ambayo mara nyingi huwa chini ya gharama kubwa), na usambazaji wa teknolojia katika sekta au jamii (ambayo wakati mwingine inahusisha usumbufu na muunganiko). Kwa kifupi, mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia yanategemea sana teknolojia bora na zaidi. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Wiki Loves STEAMIA 2025]] 7cl6ha3bya8n61ehn8k3r07cdzxhitq 3 216870 1579706 1466856 2026-07-16T07:35:46Z Neriah 46921 1579706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|The account has vanished. Because no edits have been made to the account, it is best to delete this page, which contains personal information.}} '''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. 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If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 07:15, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) gx0igpn64ftso5esotg8mpv6bqc2yss 0 218941 1579697 1521019 2026-07-16T04:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Chabâa''' (Kiarabu: محمد شبعة; a [[1935]] - [[2013]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa taswira wa [[Moroko]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chabâa’s Concept of the "3 As" - Articles – bauhaus imaginista|url=http://www.bauhaus-imaginista.org/articles/2430/chabaa-s-concept-of-the-3-as|access-date=2021-04-21|website=www.bauhaus-imaginista.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421034334/http://www.bauhaus-imaginista.org/articles/2430/chabaa-s-concept-of-the-3-as|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-07-25|title=وفاة التشكيلي محمد شبعة الذي داعب الريشة بألوان الشعب|url=https://www.febrayer.com/14530.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=فبراير.كوم {{!}} موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=وزارة الثقافة تنعي الفنان التشكيلي محمد شبعة – وزارة الثقافة|url=https://www.minculture.gov.ma/?p=8572|access-date=2021-04-21|language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cultural Foundation|url=https://culturalfoundation.ae/en/exhibitions/mohammed-chabaa-visual-consciousness|access-date=2021-04-21|website=culturalfoundation.ae|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421040615/https://culturalfoundation.ae/en/exhibitions/mohammed-chabaa-visual-consciousness|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of the [[School of Fine Arts of Casablanca|Casablanca School]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-06-13|title=Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents - On the Concept of Painting and the Plastic Language|url=https://post.moma.org/on-the-concept-of-painting-and-the-plastic-language/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=post|language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Shule ya [[Casablanca]] na kiongozi wa sanaa ya kisasa na usasa katika [[Global South]]. <ref name=":0" /> Mtazamo wake wa fani nyingi wa sanaa ulikuja kuwa ishara ya mwamko wa kitamaduni ambao ulifanyika nchini Moroko katika kipindi kilichofuata mwisho wa Ulinzi wa [[Ufaransa]].<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Moroko]] 99ra4b12jehxxdrqpm5cvzmf8ukjkql 0 220575 1579722 1521950 2026-07-16T08:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579722 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nawal''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka [[Komori]] ambaye muziki wake unachochewa na athari za jadi za Komori na unajumuisha sauti kutoka kwa tamaduni za Kiafrika na Kiarabu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nawal's musical journey to liberation|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2007/06/22/nawals_musical_journey_to_liberation/|work=Boston.com|language=en|access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref> Alizaliwa katika familia ya muziki, alikulia akisikiliza sauti kama dhikr (kuimba kwa Sufi) katika misikiti, muziki wa twarab, na muziki maarufu kutoka kwenye mawimbi ya redio. Anakua mchanganyiko wa midundo ya Komori, polyphony ya Bantu, sauti za Indo-Kiarabu-Kipersia na kuimba kwa Sufi, na anaunda mchanganyiko wa miziki wa mizizi ya asili. Anacheza vyombo vingi, ikiwemo gitaa na qanbūs. Anaimba kwa lugha za [[Komori]], [[Kiarabu]], Kifaransa na [[Kiingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Frank Bessem's Musiques d'Afrique: Nawal|url=http://musiques-afrique.com/frames/art_nawal.html|work=musiques-afrique.com|accessdate=2026-01-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Orodha ya rekodi == * 2001: ''Kweli'' * 2007: ''Aman'' == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1965}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Komori]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Komori]] ncjrio2l5kas9god3bjyy4uz6y6firr 0 223689 1579700 1491651 2026-07-16T05:38:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mory Diaw''' (alizaliwa [[22 Juni]], [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayekipiga katika nafasi ya [[mlinda mlango]] kwa [[klabu]] ya [[Ufaransa]] ya Le Havre AC. Alizaliwa nchini Ufaransa, lakini anawakilisha timu ya taifa ya Senegal (Senegal national football team). ==Kazi ya klabu== Diaw alianza taaluma yake katika timu za vijana za Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (PSG). Alicheza mechi moja ya wakubwa, akiwa dakika 17 katika mchezo wa kirafiki dhidi ya TSV Hartberg mnamo [[8 Julai]], [[2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psg.fr/en/Actus/003001/Article/67441/Une-victoire-pour-demarrer |title=Paris Start with a Win |date=8 July 2014 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=Paris Saint Germain |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023738/http://www.psg.fr/en/Actus/003001/Article/67441/Une-victoire-pour-demarrer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baada ya kuachiliwa na PSG mwaka 2015, Diaw alisaini mkataba na klabu ya Segunda Liga (LigaPro) ya Ureno, C.D. Mafra, mnamo [[29 Julai]], [[2015]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/segunda_liga/artigo/2015/07/29/mafra-contrata-mory-diaw |title=Mafra contrata Mory Diaw |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=Sapo de Sporto |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Mnamo Aprili 2017, Diaw alijaribiwa na klabu ya EFL Championship ya Leeds United F.C..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.24heures.ch/sports/ls/mory-diaw-signe-pour-six-mois-au-ls/story/13503728|author=Sport-Center|title=Mory Diaw signe pour six mois au LS|work=[[24 heures (Switzerland)|24 heures]]|access-date=26 June 2019|date=26 June 2019}}.</ref> ==Kazi ya kimataifa== Diaw alifanya debut yake ya kimataifa kwa timu ya taifa ya Senegal katika ushindi wa kirafiki wa bao 4–2 dhidi ya Brazil national football team mnamo [[21 Juni]], [[2023]]. Mnamo Desemba 2023, alitajwa katika kikosi cha Senegal kwa 2023 Africa Cup of Nations kilichochezwa nchini [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/67840713|title=Afcon 2023: Senegal and Sadio Mane set for defence of title|date=29 December 2023|access-date=29 December 2023|work=BBC Sport Africa}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Alizaliwa Ufaransa na ana asili ya Senegal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cissé |first=Bacary |date=18 June 2014 |title=ECHO DE LA TANIERE - MORY DIAW, GARDIEN DE BUT PARIS SG - "Intégrer la Tanière n'est plus un rêve, mais un objectif" |language=French |publisher=seneplus.com |url=http://www.seneplus.com/article/echo-de-la-taniere-mory-diaw-gardien-de-paris-sg-%C2%ABint%C3%A9grer-la-tani%C3%A8re-n%E2%80%99est-plus-un-r%C3%AAve |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] s2mee89vjqlvl3fud99uueng2606iro 0 229448 1579703 1529072 2026-07-16T06:01:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asanda Lusaseni Mvana'''<ref name="bill">{{cite news|title= South African Singer-Songwriter Msaki Spreads Her Wings With Angelic Voice on Billboard Live At-Home |url= [https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9388519/msaki-live-at-home-performance/](https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/9388519/msaki-live-at-home-performance/) |access-date=19 October 2021|publisher = billboard.com}}</ref> (amezaliwa tarehe 31 Desemba 1988), anayejulikana kitaaluma kama '''Msaki''', ni mtunzi wa muziki, mwimbaji na mwandishi wa nyimbo kutoka Afrika Kusini. Alizaliwa na kukulia katika East London, na tangu utotoni alijihusisha na shughuli za muziki. Alianza rasmi taaluma yake ya muziki mwaka 2008 akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 alipokuwa mwanachama wa bendi ya muziki wa rock mbadala wakati akisoma chuoni.<ref>{{cite news|title= Msaki on Afternoon Express |url= [https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/msaki/5145](https://afternoonexpress.co.za/guests/msaki/5145) |access-date=19 October 2021|publisher =afternoonexpress.co.za}}</ref> Alitoa EP yake ya kwanza ''Nal'ithemba'' (2013) pamoja na albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio ''Zaneliza: How The Water Moves'' (2016), iliyoteuliwa katika kipengele cha Best Adult Contemporary Album. == Maisha ya awali == Asanda Lusaseni Mvana alizaliwa mwaka 1988 mjini East London, Eastern Cape.<ref name="bill" /> Baba yake alikuwa DJ na bibi yake alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 minutes with Msaki|url=[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-04-29-5-minutes-with-msaki/|](https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-04-29-5-minutes-with-msaki/|) publisher=SowetanLIVE|access-date=2022-01-20|first=Thabile|last=Mokone|date=2019-04-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alisoma katika shule ya sekondari ya Cathcart na baadaye Nelson Mandela University, kabla ya kuacha masomo baada ya mwaka mmoja.<ref name="LIVE" /> Kisha alijiunga na [[Rhodes University]] ambako alipata shahada ya uzamili ya Master of Fine Arts.<ref name="LIVE">{{cite web|title=Msaki takes long walk to stardom|url=[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2019-05-10-msaki-takes-long-walk-to-stardom/|first=](https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2019-05-10-msaki-takes-long-walk-to-stardom/|first=) Emmanuel|last=Tjiya|work=Sowetan LIVE|access-date=10 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2008 alijiunga na kundi la muziki wa rock mbadala The Patience lililokuwa East London na pia bendi ya majaribio ya kielektroniki Johnny Cradle iliyokuwa Cape Town.<ref name="showme">{{cite web|title=Asanda Msaki Mvana, the angel-voiced songstress {{!}} East London |url=[https://showme.co.za/east-london/lifestyle/asanda-msaki-mvana-the-angel-voiced-songstress/|](https://showme.co.za/east-london/lifestyle/asanda-msaki-mvana-the-angel-voiced-songstress/|) website=showme.co.za}}</ref> Mwaka uliofuata (2009), alikuwa mpiga gitaa na mwimbaji kiongozi katika duo ya Kate and I iliyoundwa Grahamstown. Mwaka 2012, Msaki alihudhuria shule ya muziki huko North Carolina, Marekani. == Kazi ya muziki == Alianzisha lebo yake binafsi ya muziki, One Shushu Day Artistry, na kutoa EP yake ya kwanza ''Nal'ithemba'' mwaka 2013 iliyotayarishwa na Cobus Van Dyk.<ref>{{cite news|title=Msaki the musician to play a gig in Gugs {{!}} News24|url=[https://www.news24.com/news24/msaki-the-musician-to-play-a-gig-in-gugs-20180404|access-date=5](https://www.news24.com/news24/msaki-the-musician-to-play-a-gig-in-gugs-20180404|access-date=5) April 2018|location=South Africa|publisher =News24}}</ref> Mwaka 2016, alishinda tuzo ya Ovation katika tamasha la 7th Standard Bank Ovation Awards na pia tuzo ya dhahabu nafasi ya kwanza katika Cape Town Fringe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Bank Ovations winners 2016|url=[https://m.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/477/147696.html|access-date=11](https://m.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/477/147696.html|access-date=11) July 2016|publisher=BizCommunity}}</ref> Wimbo wake "Imfama Ziyabona" ulitolewa mwaka 2016 na ukaingia kwenye chati za Metro FM kwa wiki 19 mfululizo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Msaki: Music helps me sort through the joy and mess of life – The Citizen| publisher= The Citizen| access-date=2022-05-12|url=[https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/msaki-music-helps-me-sort-through-the-joy-and-mess-of-life/|first=Vhahangwele](https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/msaki-music-helps-me-sort-through-the-joy-and-mess-of-life/|first=Vhahangwele) |last=Nemakonde|date=2016-09-24}}</ref> Mwezi Juni 2017, alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ''Zaneliza: How The Water Moves'' nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Msaki & The Golden Circle {{!}} Music In Africa|date=May 30, 2017|url=[https://www.musicinafrica.net/gig-guide/msaki-golden-circle|publisher=Music](https://www.musicinafrica.net/gig-guide/msaki-golden-circle|publisher=Music) In Africa|access-date=3 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilitayarishwa kwa ushirikiano na Nduduzo Makhathini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Exploring Msaki's Genre-Defying Voice - OkayAfrica|url=[https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-music-msaki-interview/|publisher=OkayAfrica|first=Nadia|last=](https://www.okayafrica.com/south-african-music-msaki-interview/|publisher=OkayAfrica|first=Nadia|last=) Neophytou|access-date=8 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Iliitangaza zaidi albamu hiyo, alitumbuiza katika National Arts Festival. Katika hafla ya 23 ya South African Music Awards, albamu hiyo iliteuliwa kwa Best Adult Contemporary Album. Alishirikiana na DJ wa Afrika Kusini Prince Kaybee katika wimbo "Fetch Your Life" uliotolewa tarehe 8 Februari 2019, ambao ulifika namba moja kwenye chati za iTunes Dance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prince Kaybee's Fetch Your Life, featuring Msaki, tops iTunes Charts – JustNje|url=[https://justnje.com/prince-kaybees-fetch-your-life-featuring-msaki-tops-itunes-charts/|date=2019-02-08|website=JustNje|](https://justnje.com/prince-kaybees-fetch-your-life-featuring-msaki-tops-itunes-charts/|date=2019-02-08|website=JustNje|) access-date=2022-02-22}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwezi Novemba 2019, alitoa wimbo "Pearls To Swine" akimshirikisha TRESOR na Kid X, ulioteuliwa kwa Best Produced Video.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch! Msaki Set To Release New Visuals "Pearls To Swine" Ft Tresor & Kid X - SA Music Magazine|url=[https://samusicmag.co.za/2019/11/watch-msaki-set-to-release-new-visuals-pearls-to-swine-ft-tressor-kid-x/amp/|publisher=SA](https://samusicmag.co.za/2019/11/watch-msaki-set-to-release-new-visuals-pearls-to-swine-ft-tressor-kid-x/amp/|publisher=SA) Music Magazine|access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> Mwaka 2021 alishiriki katika albamu ya mkusanyiko ''Rhythms of Zamunda (Music Inspired By: Coming 2 America)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Def Jam Recordings & Def Jam Africa Present Rhythms Of Zamunda: Music Inspired By Coming 2 America Arriving March 5th |url=https://www.defjam.com/def-jam-recordings-def-jam-africa-present-rhythms-of-zamunda-music-inspired-by-coming-2-america-arriving-march-5th/#/ |website=[www.defjam.com](http://www.defjam.com) |access-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-date=2023-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503221703/https://www.defjam.com/def-jam-recordings-def-jam-africa-present-rhythms-of-zamunda-music-inspired-by-coming-2-america-arriving-march-5th/#/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tarehe 19 Novemba 2021 alitoa mradi wake wa albamu mbili ''Platinumb Heart''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Msaki Releases Highly Anticipated Double Album|first=Akshay|last=Bhanawat|date=2021-11-19|access-date=2021-11-19|url=[https://themusicessentials.com/amp/music/msaki-platinumb-heart-beating-platinumb-heart-open/|](https://themusicessentials.com/amp/music/msaki-platinumb-heart-beating-platinumb-heart-open/|) publisher=THE – Music Essentials}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mnamo 2023 alitoa albamu ya pamoja ''Synthetic Hearts'' akiwa na Tubatsi Moloi.<ref>{{cite web | url=[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-msaki-and-tubatsi-moloi-release-joint-album-synthetic-hearts](https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-msaki-and-tubatsi-moloi-release-joint-album-synthetic-hearts) | title=SA: Msaki and Tubatsi Moloi release joint album Synthetic Hearts | date=March 14, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia alishirikiana na Sun-El Musician katika wimbo "Amandla" uliotolewa mwaka 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sun-El on collab with Msaki|url=[https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/news/sun-el-on-collab-with-msaki-i-wanted-to-support-my-best-friend-through-a-hard-time-she-was-going-through-20231103|date=2023-11-03}}](https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/news/sun-el-on-collab-with-msaki-i-wanted-to-support-my-best-friend-through-a-hard-time-she-was-going-through-20231103|date=2023-11-03}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> Mnamo 2026, alitoa EP ya pamoja ''Entropy'' akiwa na [[Jesse Clegg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/28/born-from-deep-friendship-and-loss-jesse-clegg-and-msaki-release-entropy-collab-album|title=Born](https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/02/28/born-from-deep-friendship-and-loss-jesse-clegg-and-msaki-release-entropy-collab-album|title=Born) from deep friendship and loss: Jesse Clegg and Msaki release 'Entropy' collab album|publisher=Eye Witness News|date=2026-02-28}}</ref> == Televisheni == Mwaka 2021 alionekana kama jaji mgeni katika kipindi cha ''Idols South Africa'' msimu wa 17.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi Magic - Msaki to act as guest judge this Sunday – Idols SA|url=[https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/idols-sa/news/msaki-to-act-as-guest-judging-this-sunday-idols-sa/news|date=November](https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/idols-sa/news/msaki-to-act-as-guest-judging-this-sunday-idols-sa/news|date=November) 13, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2024 alijiunga na kipindi cha mashindano ya uimbaji ''uShuni Womhlaba'' kama jaji.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Zulu, Phuzekhemisi, Msaki & Sho Madjozi unveil as judges of Ushuni Womhlaba|url=[https://wayamagazine.co.za/2024/06/20/big-zulu-phuzekhemisi-msaki-sho-madjozi-unveil-as-judges-of-ushuni-womhlaba/|date=2024-06-20}}](https://wayamagazine.co.za/2024/06/20/big-zulu-phuzekhemisi-msaki-sho-madjozi-unveil-as-judges-of-ushuni-womhlaba/|date=2024-06-20}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] o6m3tunhv7yuqlxow0iahbniom7us3y 0 229685 1579746 1529104 2026-07-16T09:36:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicole Oyeyemisi Payne''' (alizaliwa [[18 Januari]] [[2001]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa ambaye anacheza kama [[Beki|mlinzi]] wa Ligi ya Soka ya Wanawake ya Orlando Pride (NWSL). Alizaliwa Marekani, anaiwakilisha Nigeria katika ngazi ya kimataifa. == Maisha ya awali == Payne alizaliwa na kukulia [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], [[Alabama]], ambapo alihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Oak Mountain == Kazi == Payne alisoma Chuo Kikuu cha West Virginia huko Morgantown, [[West Virginia]] kwa miaka mitatu, akihamia Chuo Kikuu cha Southern California kwa mwaka wake wa nne na wa mwisho. Payne alisaini mkataba na Paris Saint-Germain ya Ligi Daraja la 1 ya Ufaransa mnamo Julai 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=20 July 2023|title=Nicole Payne joins Paris Saint-Germain|url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/nicole-payne-signs-for-paris-saint-germain-until-2026|accessdate=18 February 2024|work=Paris Saint-Germain}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mechi yake ya kwanza (kati ya nne hadi sasa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=18 February 2024|title=Nicole Payne loaned out to Portland Thorns FC|url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/nicole-payne-loaned-out-by-paris-saint-germain-to-portland-thorns-fc-2023-2024|accessdate=18 February 2024|work=Paris Saint-Germain|archive-date=2025-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118132821/https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/content/nicole-payne-loaned-out-by-paris-saint-germain-to-portland-thorns-fc-2023-2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> ) kwa PSG ilikuja kama mchezaji mbadala katika ushindi wa 5-2 dhidi ya Dijon FCO mnamo Novemba 12, 2023, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=14 November 2023|title=Nicole Payne Excited To Make Division One Féminine Debut With PSG|url=https://superfalconsshow.com/nicole-payne-excited-to-make-division-one-feminine-debut-with-psg/|accessdate=18 February 2024|work=Super Falcons Show|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> huku akianza kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo Januari 20, 2024 katika ushindi wa 8-1 dhidi ya FC Girondins de Bordeaux . <ref name="Portland">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Portland Thorns FC|date=18 February 2024|title=Thorns FC acquire defender Nicole Payne on loan from Paris Saint-Germain|url=https://www.thorns.com/news/thorns-fc-acquire-defender-nicole-payne-on-loan-from-paris-saint-germain|accessdate=18 February 2024|work=Portland Thorns FC|language=}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 2024, alikopwa kwa Portland Thorns ya Ligi ya Soka ya Wanawake ya Taifa kwa msimu wa 2024. <ref name="Portland2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Portland Thorns FC|date=18 February 2024|title=Thorns FC acquire defender Nicole Payne on loan from Paris Saint-Germain|url=https://www.thorns.com/news/thorns-fc-acquire-defender-nicole-payne-on-loan-from-paris-saint-germain|accessdate=18 February 2024|work=Portland Thorns FC|language=}}</ref> Miezi mitano baada ya mkopo wake, Payne alinunuliwa moja kwa moja na Thorns. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Buchanan|first=Ryne|date=2024-07-02|title=Thorns permanently acquire defender Nicole Payne from Paris Saint-Germain|url=https://www.kptv.com/2024/07/02/thorns-permanently-acquire-defender-nicole-payne-paris-saint-germain/|accessdate=2025-12-03|work=KPTV|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 16, 2026, Orlando Pride ilitangaza kwamba walikuwa wamemsaini Payne kwa mkataba wa mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Orlando Pride signs Seven Castain, Cara Martin and Nicole Payne to one-year contracts|url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/pride/news/orlando-pride-signs-seven-castain-cara-martin-and-nicole-payne-to-one-year-contracts|publisher=[[Orlando Pride]]|accessdate=17 January 2026|date=16 January 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Payne aliitwa kwenye timu ya taifa ya Marekani ya vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 17 mwaka wa 2017. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/15/22/17/20170815-news-u17wnt-to-face-england-u17-wnt-twice-in-portland-oregon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184251/http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2017/08/15/22/17/20170815-news-u17wnt-to-face-england-u17-wnt-twice-in-portland-oregon|archivedate=18 October 2017|title=U-17 WNT to Face England Twice in Portland, Oregon - U.S. Soccer}}</ref> Payne alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya kikosi cha wakubwa kwa Nigeria mnamo tarehe 10 Juni 2021 kama mchezaji mbadala dakika ya 90 katika mchezo wa kirafiki dhidi ya Jamaica ambao walipoteza 0-1. <ref name="GSA-Debut">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-06-10/jamaica-vs-nigeria/2375811/|title=Match Report of Jamaica vs Nigeria – 2021-06-10 – FIFA Friendlies – Women|work=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref> Payne aliitwa kwenye kikosi cha Nigeria kwa ajili ya Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika la Wanawake la 2022. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/|title=Morocco 2022: Waldrum picks Ebi, Oshoala, Plumptre, 22 others for Women AFCON|publisher=[[Nigeria Football Federation]]|date=25 June 2022|accessdate=26 March 2025|archivedate=19 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719084845/https://www.thenff.com/2022/06/morocco-2022-waldrum-picks-ebi-oshoala-plumptre-22-others-for-women-afcon/}}</ref> Payne aliitwa kwenye kikosi cha Nigeria kwa ajili ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 2024. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thenff.com/paris-2024-olympics-waldrum-picks-ajibade-nnadozie-oshoala-15-others/|title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Waldrum picks Ajibade, Nnadozie, Oshoala, 15 others|publisher=[[Nigeria Football Federation]]|work=thenff.com|date=3 July 2024}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Alizaliwa [[Birmingham, Alabama]], kwa wazazi wa Nigeria, Payne ni dada mdogo wa wachezaji wenzake wa mpira wa miguu Toni Payne na Stephen Payne . Yeye na dada yake Toni wamecheza pamoja katika timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Nigeria . <ref name="GSA-Debut2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-06-10/jamaica-vs-nigeria/2375811/|title=Match Report of Jamaica vs Nigeria – 2021-06-10 – FIFA Friendlies – Women|work=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] 7wt2wld3svvd3wyky305eaxh9ffbikw 0 235552 1579680 1544228 2026-07-15T22:05:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luciana Gonçalves de Novaes''', anajulikana zaidi kama '''Luciana Novaes''' (5 Juni 1983 – 27 Aprili 2026), alikuwa mfanyakazi wa jamii (social worker) na mwanasiasa wa [[Brazil]] kutoka chama cha [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] (PT). Aliweka historia kwa kuchaguliwa mara tatu kama Diwani wa Jiji (city councillor) la [[Rio de Janeiro]], akijulikana kitaifa kwa kazi yake thabiti ya kisheria na kijamii kwa ajili ya kutetea haki za watu wenye ulemavu (PWDs).<ref name="carta">{{Rejea tovuti |date=April 28, 2026 |title=Quem foi Luciana Novaes, vereadora do Rio que teve morte cerebral confirmada |url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cartaexpressa/quem-foi-luciana-novaes-vereadora-do-rio-que-teve-morte-cerebral-confirmada/ |website=CartaCapital |language=pt-BR|archive-date=April 29, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://www.camara.rio/ Wasifu wa zamani katika Halmashauri ya Jiji la Rio de Janeiro] {{Wayback|url=https://www.camara.rio/ |date=20260519151950 }} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1983|2026|Novaes, Luciana}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Brazil]] 7duxed12s8fldy8rss7eu4sdvfzuz1p 0 239598 1579695 1555315 2026-07-16T04:50:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Ali Hamze''', anajulikana pia kama '''Mamede''', alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Brazil]] mwenye asili ya [[Lebanoni|Lebanon]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Paraná perde Mohamed Ali Hamzé, deputado e ex-prefeito de Cambará {{!}} Agência Estadual de Notícias - Histórico de 2003 a 2010 |url=https://arquivo2003.aen.pr.gov.br/Galeria-de-Imagens/Parana-perde-Mohamed-Ali-Hamze-deputado-e-ex-prefeito-de-Cambara |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=arquivo2003.aen.pr.gov.br |archive-date=2024-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201013357/https://arquivo2003.aen.pr.gov.br/Galeria-de-Imagens/Parana-perde-Mohamed-Ali-Hamze-deputado-e-ex-prefeito-de-Cambara |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Paraná |first=Assembleia Legislativa do |title=Presidência da Assembléia Legislativa |url=https://www.assembleia.pr.leg.br/comunicacao/noticias/presidencia-da-assembleia-legislativa-1 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Paraná |language=pt-br |archive-date=2024-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201013706/https://www.assembleia.pr.leg.br/comunicacao/noticias/presidencia-da-assembleia-legislativa-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alikuwa Meya wa [[Cambará]], [[Paraná (jimbo)|Paraná]], kwa vipindi vitatu, na Bunge la Jimbo la Paraná|mbunge wa jimbo la Paraná kuanzia mwaka 2006 hadi kifo chake mnamo mwaka 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2008-07-24 |title=Morre deputado estadual e ex-prefeito no Paraná |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2008/07/24/interna_politica,21262/morre-deputado-estadual-e-ex-prefeito-no-parana.shtml |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Acervo |language=pt-BR }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||2008|Hamze, Mohamed Ali}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Brazil]] 8x38bsvhrrroursu0l48v5y46udbjfg 0 241871 1579744 1578592 2026-07-16T09:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nice wise.jpg|268x268px|thumb|Picha yake.]] '''Nice Wise''' (au '''Nice_Wise255'''; jina halisi: '''Nice Misana Busara''';<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nice Wise, The Rising Kid On The Block In Tanzania|url=https://www.kampalaedgetimes.com/meet-nice-wise-the-rising-kid-in-tanzania/|date=2023-08-25|accessdate=2026-06-29|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215143744/https://www.kampalaedgetimes.com/meet-nice-wise-the-rising-kid-in-tanzania/|url-status=dead}}</ref> alizaliwa 6 Julai 2000) ni [[mwanamuziki]], [[mwigizaji]], mtayarishaji wa maudhui na mwanamitandao kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Alipata umaarufu kupitia maudhui yake ya burudani na matangazo ya moja kwa moja (live streams) kwenye mtandao wa TikTok, kabla ya kupanua shughuli zake katika muziki na uigizaji. Pia ametoa nyimbo mbalimbali, ikiwemo ''Wengine''. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9Tde2R0LCU YouTube])<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Washa JavaScript ili utafute|url=https://www.google.com/httpservice/retry/enablejs?sei=PWpCap7_L6Kh5NoPv4mriQI|work=www.google.com|accessdate=2026-06-29}}</ref> == Maisha == Nice Misana Busara alikulia katika mji wa [[Bunda Mjini|Bunda]], [[mkoa wa Mara]], ambako alianza kuonyesha kipaji chake katika sanaa na burudani tangu akiwa na umri mdogo. Malezi yake katika mazingira ya kitamaduni yalichangia kukuza uwezo wake wa kuimba, kuigiza na kubuni maudhui ya kidijitali.<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi == Nice Wise alianza kujulikana kupitia video fupi na matangazo ya moja kwa moja kwenye TikTok, ambapo alivutia maelfu ya wafuasi kutokana na ucheshi, ubunifu na uwezo wake wa kuwashirikisha watazamaji. Umaarufu huo ulimwezesha kujijengea jina kama mmoja wa watayarishaji wa maudhui wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tik Tok Star, Nice Wise Blows Up With “Wengine” - Ghetto Radio|url=https://ghettoradio.co.ke/tik-tok-star-nice-wise-blows-up-with-wengine/|date=2024-02-13|accessdate=2026-06-29|language=en-US|author=Steve Osaka}}</ref> Mbali na TikTok, Nice Wise amejihusisha na: * Muziki * Uigizaji * Ushawishi wa mitandaoni (Influencer) * Ubalozi wa bidhaa (Brand Ambassador) * Utengenezaji wa maudhui ya kidijitali == Muziki == Katika safari yake ya muziki, Nice Wise ameachia nyimbo kadhaa zinazochanganya ladha ya Afro Pop na Bongo Flava. Miongoni mwa kazi zake zinazojulikana ni wimbo ''Wengine'', aliomshirikisha ''Viongozi 255''. Wimbo huo ulipokelewa vizuri na mashabiki na kuchangia kuongeza umaarufu wake kama msanii wa muziki<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-Mtanzania}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] 4qj41u0lvewjjirirq9cefy7y3hc5p5 0 241896 1579681 1578532 2026-07-15T22:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1579681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Luol Deng OBE | picha = Deng2-20190120 (cropped).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Deng akiwa na Minnesota Timberwolves mwaka 2019 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 16 Aprili 1985 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Wau, Sudan Kusini | uraia = Sudan Kusini / Uingereza | urefu = futi 6 inchi 9 (2.06 m) | uzito = pauni 237 (107 kg) | shule_ya_upili = St Mary's Roman Catholic, Croydon, London; Blair Academy, Blairstown, New Jersey | chuo = Duke (2003–2004) | mwaka_wa_drafti = 2004 | raundi_ya_drafti = 1 | chaguo_la_drafti = 7 | timu_ya_drafti = Phoenix Suns | mwanzo_wa_kazi = 2004 | mwisho_wa_kazi = 2019 | mwanzo_wa_ukochi = Hakuna rasmi | namba_ya_jezi = 9 | nafasi = Small forward / Power forward | miaka1 = 2004–2013 | timu1 = Chicago Bulls | miaka2 = 2013 | timu2 = Cleveland Cavaliers | miaka3 = 2014–2015 | timu3 = Miami Heat | miaka4 = 2016–2017 | timu4 = Los Angeles Lakers | miaka5 = 2018 | timu5 = Minnesota Timberwolves | mafanikio = 2× NBA All-Star (2012, 2013); NBA All-Defensive Second Team (2011); NBA All-Rookie First Team (2004); USBWA National Freshman of the Year (2004); All-ACC (Timu ya Tatu, 2004); Parade All-American (2003); McDonald's All-American (2003) | ligi_ya_takwimu = NBA | alama = 13,361 (14.8 ppg) | rebounds = 5,468 (6.1 rpg) | assists = 2,042 (2.3 apg) }} '''Luol Ajou Deng''' (alizaliwa 16 Aprili 1985) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa kikapu wa kulipwa mwenye asili ya [[Sudan Kusini]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]]. Alichaguliwa mara mbili kwenye kikosi cha Nyota wa NBA na alijumuishwa kwenye timu ya pili ya ulinzi ya NBA, mnamo mwaka 2012. Alizaliwa nchini Sudan Kusini, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Jamhuri ya Sudan (1985–2019)|Sudan]], Deng alikimbia nchi hiyo pamoja na familia yake akiwa mtoto, na hatimaye walihamia katika Uingereza. Alipata uraia wa Uingereza mnamo mwaka 2006, na ameichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/basketball/49463953{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baada ya kucheza mpira wa kikapu wa vyuo vikuu katika timu ya [[Duke Blue Devils men's basketball|Duke Blue Devils]] ya nchini [[Marekani]], Deng alichaguliwa na klabu ya [[Phoenix Suns]] ya nchini humo katika raundi ya kwanza ya mchujo wa ghafla ya uchaguzi wa wachezaji wapya wa NBA akiwa chaguo la saba kwa ujumla. Alichaguliwa kwenye timu ya kwanza ya wachezaji wapya wa NBA akiwa na umri wa miaka 19 mnamo mwaka 2005. Mchezaji huyo wa nafasi ya mbele kidogo alikuwa mchezaji wa kikosi cha nyota akiwa na timu ya Bulls katika miaka ya 2012 na 2013 kabla ya kucheza nusu ya msimu wa 2013–14 na klabu ya [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]. Baada ya kukaa kwa nusu msimu tu na Cleveland, Deng alijiunga na [[Miami Heat]] kwa msimu wa 2014–15. Alicheza misimu miwili katika timu ya Heat kabla ya kusaini mkataba na Lakers mnamo mwaka 2016. Alitumia msimu wake wa mwisho na klabu ya [[Minnesota Timberwolves]].<ref>https://www.nba.com/news/luol-deng-retires-bulls</ref> Deng amekuwa rais wa shirikisho la mpira wa kikapu la Sudan Kusini tangu mwaka 2019. Yeye ni kocha msaidizi wa timu ya taifa ya mpira wa kikapu ya wanaume ya Sudan Kusini na hapo awali aliwahi kuhudumu kama kocha mkuu wa timu hiyo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kikapu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kikapu wa Sudan Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] e4inwtvmeddgxt2ui26g4rotzfyg80y 0 242073 1579740 1579514 2026-07-16T09:11:58Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuhusu|kambi ya wakimbizi|mji wenye jina sawa|Jabalia}} '''Kambi ya Jabalia''' ni kambi ya wakimbizi ya [[Wapalestina]] iliyopo katika Mkoa wa Gaza Kaskazini kwenye [[Ukanda wa Gaza]], kilomita 3 kaskazini mwa mji wa [[Jabalia]]. Kabla ya uharibifu mkubwa uliotokea, kambi hii ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini [[Palestina]], ikiwa na zaidi ya wakazi 100,000. Kambi hii ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 1.4 pekee, jambo linaloifanya kuwa moja ya maeneo yenye msongamano mkubwa zaidi wa watu duniani. Kambi hii ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka [[1948]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ili kuwahifadhi watu waliolazimika kukimbia makazi yao wakati wa kufukuzwa kwa Wapalestina (tukio la [[Nakba]]). Mwanzoni kambi hii ilikuwa na mahema na majengo ya muda, lakini kadiri idadi ya watu ilivyoongezeka, iligeuka kuwa eneo la mjini lenye majengo ya ghorofa yaliyosongamana. Tangu [[Vita vya Siku Sita]] vya mwaka [[1967]], kambi hii imekuwa chini ya uvamizi wa kijeshi wa [[Israel]] pamoja na maeneo mengine ya Ukanda wa Gaza. Kutokana na mashambulizi ya Israel, kambi hii imeharibiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=Gazans returning to Jabalia describe 'horrifying' destruction |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cl44v6e8461o |website=BBC |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref><ref>Culbertson, Shelly, Kobi Ruthenberg, Robert Lane, Nitay Lehrer, Mary E. Vaiana, and C. Ross Anthony, ''From Camps to Communities: Post-Conflict Shelter in Gaza''. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2025. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3486-2.html</ref>. == Historia == Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jabalia ilianzishwa mwaka 1948 na Umoja wa Mataifa kufuatia kukimbizwa kwa Wapalestina. Mwanzoni ilijumuisha mahema na vibanda vya muda. Baada ya muda, idadi ya watu ilikua na kambi ikabadilika kuwa eneo la makazi ya kudumu yenye majengo ya ghorofa. Kabla ya kuanza kwa vita vya sasa, ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini Palestina ikiwa na idadi ya watu wapatao 100,000. Baada ya Vita vya Siku Sita vya mwaka 1967, kambi hiyo iliwekwa chini ya utawala wa Israel, jambo lililosababisha takriban watu 2,000 wengine kuyahama makazi yao. === Matukio ya Ghasia na Migogoro === Kambi hii imekuwa uwanja wa ghasia nyingi katika [[Mgogoro wa Israeli na Palestina]]: * Intifada ya Kwanza: Harakati za [[Intifada ya Kwanza]] mnamo Desemba [[1987]] zilianzia ndani ya kambi hii ya Jabalia. Israel inaichukulia kambi hii kama "ngome kuu ya [[Hamas]]". * Operesheni ya siku za majuto (2004): Wakati wa [[Intifada ya Pili]], operesheni ya kijeshi ya Israel ilisababisha vifo vya Wapalestina zaidi ya 155 na uharibifu mkubwa wa nyumba na mashamba, huku athari kubwa ikitokea Jabalia. * Shambulio la Shule ya Al-Fakhura (2009): Shule hii ilishambuliwa tarehe 6 Januari 2009 wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Gaza. * Vita vya Gaza vya 2014: Mizinga ya jeshi la Israel ilipiga shule ya shirika la [[UNRWA]] kambini hapo, na kuua takriban Wapalestina 15 waliokuwa wamejificha humo. Msemaji wa Umoja wa Mataifa alilaani vikali tukio hilo akisema, "Watoto wameuawa wakiwa wamelala kando ya wazazi wao leo dunia imeaibika." === Hali ya Maisha Kabla ya Vita vya Sasa === Kabla ya kulipuka kwa vita vya sasa, shirika la UNRWA liliripoti hali mbaya ya maisha kambini humo, ikiwa ni pamoja na msongamano mkubwa vya watu, majengo yasiyo salama, na huduma duni. Changamoto nyingine zilikuwa: * Kiwango kikubwa cha ukosefu wa ajira (kinachosababishwa na vizuizi vya kiuchumi tanyi mwaka 2005 vinavyozuia Wapalestina kufanya kazi Israel). * Kukatika kwa umeme mara kwa mara na uhaba wa vifaa vya ujenzi. * Maji yasiyo salama (ambapo asilimia 90 ya maji yalitajwa kutofaa kwa matumizi ya binadamu). == Uharibifu Wakati vya Vita vya Sasa == Kambi ya wakimbizi ya Jabalia imekuwa shabaha ya mashambulizi ya anga ya mara kwa mara kutoka kwa jeshi la Israel. === Mwaka 2023 === Mnamo tarehe 31 Oktoba 2023, shambulio la anga la Israel liliua takriban Wapalestina 50 na kuzika wengine zaidi ya 100 chini ya vifusi. Hospitali ya Indonesia iliripoti kuwa wahanga wengi walikuwa wanawake na watoto. Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Gaza ilitangaza kuwa kambi hiyo "iliharibiwa kabisa". Msemaji wa Jeshi la Israel (IDF), Daniel Hagari, alithibitisha shambulio hilo akidai lililenga na kumuua kamanda wa Hamas aliyeongoza mashambulizi ya Oktoba 7, pamoja na kuharibu miundombinu ya mahandaki chini ya kambi hiyo, madai ambayo Hamas iliyakanusha. === Mwaka 2024 === Mnamo tarehe 6 Februari 2024, jeshi la Israel lilijiondoa kwa muda kambini humo. Waandishi wa habari waliripoti kuwa kambi nzima ilibaki kuwa magofu na "hakuna nyumba hata moja iliyobaki salama ya kuishi". Mnamo tarehe 12 Mei 2024, vikosi vya Israel vilivamia tena kambi hiyo kwa kutumia vifaru na mabomu ya ndege. Baada ya kujiondoa tena mwishoni mwa mwezi Mei, asilimia 70 ya kambi ilikuwa imesawazishwa kabisa na kuwa vifusi. Vikosi vya uokoaji viliokoa miili 120 kutoka chini ya magofu. Mamlaka za manispaa za Palestina zilitangaza rasmi kambi ya Jabalia kama "eneo la maafa makubwa". Mnamo Oktoba 2024, mashambulizi mengine yalisababisha vifo vya watu 33 na kujeruhi wengine 85. Kufikia Desemba 2024, iliripotiwa kuwa ni familia chache sana zilizobaki zikiishi ndani ya kambi hiyo kutokana na kiwango kikubwa cha uharibifu. == Tazama Pia == * [[Ukanda wa Gaza]] * [[Nakba]] * [[Naksa]] * [[Mgogoro wa Israeli na Palestina]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Palestina]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Palestina]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Israeli]] 45viuprr6s2hod4uhlqi1mj07asl5zg 0 242074 1579739 1579517 2026-07-16T09:10:49Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Hart Sheik''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika ukanda wa [[Jimbo la Somali]] mashariki mwa [[Ethiopia]], karibu na mpaka wa [[Somalia]]. Kambi hii ilifunguliwa mnamo mwaka [[1988]] ili kupokea maelfu ya wakimbizi kutoka Kaskazini mwa Somalia (ambayo sasa ni nchi inayojitawala ya [[Somaliland]]) waliokuwa wakikimbia vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na utawala wa kidikteta wa [[Siad Barre]]. Wakati wa kilele chake, Hart Sheik ilitambuliwa kama kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi duniani. == Historia na muktadha == Kambi hiyo ilianzishwa haraka sana katikati ya mwaka 1988 kufuatia mashambulizi makali ya anga na ya ardhini yaliyofanywa na jeshi la serikali ya Somalia dhidi ya miji ya [[Hargeisa]] na [[Burao]]. Ndani ya miezi michache tu, zaidi ya Wasomali [[Isaaq|wa ukoo wa Isaaq]] wapatao 250,000 walivuka mpaka na kuingia Ethiopia, wakitafuta hifadhi katika eneo kame la Hart Sheik. Mwanzoni, shirika la [[UNHCR]] na mashirika mengine ya kibinadamu yalikabiliwa na changamoto kubwa sana ya kutoa huduma za dharura kwa sababu eneo hilo halikuwa na vyanzo vya maji safi na lilikuwa mbali sana ni miundombinu mikuu ya usafirishaji. == Changamoto za kibinadamu == Katika miaka yake ya mapema, hali ya maisha ndani ya kambi ya Hart Sheik ilikuwa ngumu mno kutokana na sababu kadhaa: * Uhaba wa maji: Hii ilikuwa changamoto kubwa zaidi. Kwa miaka mingi, maji yalilazimika kusafirishwa kwa kutumia malori ya tanki kutoka umbali wa kilomita kadhaa (hasa kutoka mji wa [[Jijiga]]), jambo lililokuwa na gharama kubwa sana na lisilo endelevu. * Magonjwa na lishe duni: Kutokana na mrundikano mkubwa wa watu na uhaba wa maji safi, magonjwa kama ya kuhara (kipindupindu) na utapiamlo yalikuwa tishio kubwa kwa watoto na watu wazima. Hata hivyo, kadiri miaka ilivyosonga mbele, kambi hiyo ilibadilika na kuwa kama mji mdogo wenye masoko makubwa, biashara ndogondogo, na mifumo ya elimu ya msingi iliyoratibiwa na wakimbizi wenyewe kwa ushirikiano na UNHCR. == Kufungwa kwa kambi == Kufuatia kuanguka kwa utawala wa Siad Barre mwaka 1991 na kuimarika kwa amani na usalama katika eneo la Somaliland, wakimbizi wengi walianza kurejea makwao kwa hiari. Mchakato wa kuwarejesha wakimbizi hao nyumbani uliongezeka kasi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000. Mnamo tarehe 1 Julai [[2004]], shirika la UNHCR lilitangaza rasmi kufungwa kwa kambi ya Hart Sheik baada ya kundi la mwisho la wakimbizi kuondoka kwa hiari kurudi nyumbani kwao Hargeisa. Baada ya kufungwa kwake, miundombinu iliyobaki ilikabidhiwa kwa mamlaka za serikali ya Ethiopia na jamii ya wenyeji wa eneo hilo. == Tazama pia == * [[Hargeisa]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[UNHCR]] * [[Jimbo la Somali]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Somalia]] p0ksejycfca2w9869ma5u7fijbim8hp 0 242075 1579738 1579518 2026-07-16T09:10:23Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Itang''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa sana ya wakimbizi iliyopo karibu na mji mdogo wa Itang katika jimbo la [[Gambela]], magharibi mwa [[Ethiopia]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka [[1983]] kufuatia kulipuka kwa Vita vya Pili vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe nchini [[Sudan]] (ambavyo baadaye vilisababisha kupatikana kwa uhuru wa [[Sudan Kusini]]). Wakati wa kilele chake mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, Itang ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi barani Afrika na moja ya kubwa zaidi duniani, ikihifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi 280,000, idadi iliyokuwa kubwa zaidi kuliko idadi ya wenyeji wote wa jimbo la Gambela wakati huo. == Historia na muktadha wa siasa == Ukuaji wa haraka wa kambi ya Itang ulichochewa sana na mazingira ya kisiasa ya kikanda: * Ushirikiano wa SPLA na Ethiopia: Serikali ya kijeshi ya [[Derg]] nchini Ethiopia, iliyoongozwa na [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], ilikuwa ikikiunga mkono kikosi cha waasi cha [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (SPLA) chini ya [[John Garang]] ili kupambana na serikali ya Khartoum. * Udhibiti wa kambi: Tofauti na kambi nyingine za kawaida za wakimbizi zilizosimamiwa kikamilifu na [[UNHCR]], kambi ya Itang ilikuwa chini ya udhibiti mkubwa wa kijeshi na kiutawala wa kikosi cha SPLA. Waasi wa SPLA walitumia kambi hii kama kituo cha kuandikisha askari wapya (ikiwa ni pamoja na askari watoto), kupata misaada ya chakula, na kutoa mafunzo ya kijeshi kabla ya kuwarudisha wapiganaji mstari wa mbele nchini Sudan. == Changamoto za kijamii na kiikolojia == Uwepo wa kambi ya Itang ulileta athari kubwa na za kudumu katika jimbo la Gambela: * Mgongano wa kikabila: Idadi kubwa ya wakimbizi waliokuja Itang walikuwa wa kabila la [[Wanuer]] kutoka Sudan. Hali hii ilivuruga uwiano wa idadi ya watu na kuleta migogoro mikubwa ya ardhi na rasilimali kati ya Wanuer na wenyeji wa kabila la [[Waanuak]] (Anyuak) ambao kihistoria walikuwa wengi katika eneo hilo. * Uharibifu wa mazingira: Kutokana na msongamano mkubwa wa watu wanaohitaji kuni kwa ajili ya kupikia na ujenzi, maeneo makubwa ya misitu inayozunguka Itang na mto Baro yalikatwa kabisa, jambo lililosababisha mmomonyoko mkubwa wa udongo. == Kuanguka na kufungwa kwa kambi == Mnamo Mei [[1991]], utawala wa kijeshi wa Mengistu nchini Ethiopia uliangushwa na vikosi vya waasi vya [[EPRDF]]. Serikali mpya ya Ethiopia iliamua kusitisha uhusiano wa karibu na kundi la SPLA la Sudan Kusini. Kufuatia mabadiliko haya ya ghafla ya kisiasa na kukatizwa kwa ulinzi wao, wakimbizi wote wa Kinyuer na wapiganaji wa SPLA waliokuwa katika kambi ya Itang walilazimika kuikimbia kambi hiyo haraka sana ndani ya siku chache tu. Walivuka mto Baro kurudi upande wa Sudan kuzuia kushambuliwa na majeshi mapya ya Ethiopia na makundi pinzani. Kambi ya Itang ilibaki tupu na ketelekezwa kabisa mnamo katikati ya mwaka 1991. == Tazama pia == * [[Gambela]] * [[SPLA]] * [[John Garang]] * [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Sudan]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ethiopia]] izltd7k8n2k9lk9mkxtf7wycii5kkiw 0 242076 1579737 1579519 2026-07-16T09:10:00Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Dzaleka''' ni kambi pekee ya wakimbizi inayofanya kazi nchini [[Malawi]]. Kambi hii ipo katika Wilaya ya Dowa, takriban kilomita 40 kaskazini mwa jiji la [[Lilongwe]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la nchi hiyo. Kambi hii ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka [[1994]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia shirika la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya Malawi. Mwanzoni, eneo hili lilikuwa jela lenye ulinzi mkali (Jela la Dzaleka) iliyojengwa wakati wa utawala wa rais wa kwanza wa Malawi, [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], ambapo wafungwa wa kisiasa walikuwa wakizuiliwa. == Idadi ya Watu na Chimbuko == Kambi ya Dzaleka ilisanifiwa awali kubeba takriban wakimbizi 9,000 hadi 10,000. Hata hivyo, kutokana na migogoro inayoendelea katika ukanda wa Maziwa Makuu na Pembe ya Afrika, kambi hii inakabiliwa na msongamano mkubwa sana wa watu: * Inahifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi 50,000 hadi kufikia miaka ya hivi karibuni. * Wakazi wake wanatoka katika nchi mbalimbali zilizokumbwa na vita ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC) ambao ndio wengi zaidi, wakifuatiwa na wakimbizi kutoka [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], na [[Ethiopia]]. == Changamoto za Kibinadamu == Hali ya maisha ndani ya kambi ya Dzaleka inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa za kimfumo na kisheria: * Sheria ya Kizuizi: Malawi inafuata sera kali ya kuwataka wakimbizi wote kuishi ndani ya kambi pekee. Wakimbizi hawaruhusiwi kufanya kazi nje ya kambi au kusafiri kwenda maeneo mengine ya nchi bila kibali maalum cha serikali. * Huduma Duni: Kutokana na mrundikano wa watu, kuna changamoto kubwa ya uhaba wa chakula, maji safi, huduma za afya, na miundombinu duni ya elimu kwa watoto. * Uhamisho wa Lazima: Mnamo mwaka 2023, serikali ya Malawi ilitekeleza operesheni ya kuwakamata na kuwarudisha kambini kwa nguvu wakimbizi wote waliokuwa wakiishi na kuendesha biashara katika miji mbalimbali nchini humo, jambo lililosababisha msongamano mkubwa zaidi na malalamiko kutoka kwa mashirika ya haki za binadamu. == Elimu na Utamaduni == Licha ya changamoto hizo, Dzaleka imekuwa kitovu cha ubunifu wa kitamaduni na elimu: * Tamasha la Tumaini: Kila mwaka tangu 2014, kambi hii imekuwa mwenyeji wa tamasha kubwa la sanaa na muziki lililoanzishwa na wakimbizi wenyewe linalojulikana kama ''Tumaini Festival''. Tamasha hili huvutia wasanii na watazamaji kutoka duniani kote na linalenga kukuza amani, mshikamano, na kuonesha vipaji vya wakimbizi. * Elimu ya Juu: Mashirika kama Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) yanatoa mafunzo ya elimu ya juu na kozi za ufundi stadi ndani ya kambi ili kuwasaidia vijana kujikwamua kiuchumi. == Tazama Pia == * [[Malawi]] * [[UNHCR]] * [[Kambi za wakimbizi]] [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Malawi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Malawi]] 8yfugothtlxcvpzqce4g7nrsr0gra8p 0 242079 1579736 1579523 2026-07-16T09:09:35Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Lusenda''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika eneo la Fizi, mkoani [[Kivu ya Kusini]], mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC). Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Juni [[2015]] na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya DRC (kupitia tume yake ya kitaifa ya wakimbizi - CNR) ili kuwapa hifadhi ya dharura raia wa [[Burundi]] waliokuwa wakikimbia machafuko makubwa ya kisiasa na ghasia nchini mwao. == Idadi ya Watu na Chimbuko == Kambi ya Lusenda ilijengwa awali ikiwa na uwezo wa kubeba takriban wakimbizi 10,000. Hata hivyo, kutokana na kuendelea kwa mzozo nchini Burundi, idadi ya wakimbizi iliongezeka kwa kasi sana: * Kambi hii imekuja kuhifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Kirundi 30,000, jambo lililosababisha msongamano mkubwa na shinikizo kwenye rasilimali chache zilizopo. * Karibu asilimia 60 au zaidi ya wakazi wa kambi hii ni watoto na vijana walio chini ya umri wa miaka 18. == Changamoto za Usalama na Maisha == Maisha katika kambi ya Lusenda yanakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za kibinadamu na kiusalama: * Usalama Mdogo: Kambi ipo katika mkoa wa Kivu ya Kusini, eneo ambalo lina historia ndefu ya uasi na uwepo wa makundi mengi ya kijeshi yenye silaha (kama vile makundi ya Mai-Mai). Kumekuwa na matukio ya mara kwa mara ya unyanyasaji, uporaji, na vitisho vya usalama dhidi ya wakimbizi na wafanyakazi wa kutoa misaada. * Uhaba wa Chakula na Huduma za Afya: Mashirika ya kibinadamu yamekuwa yakikabiliwa na upungufu mkubwa wa fedha, jambo linalosababisha kupunguzwa kwa mgao wa chakula na uhaba wa dawa muhimu katika zahanati za kambi. * Mvutano na Wenyeji: Ingawa kumekuwa na ushirikiano fulani, uwepo wa idadi kubwa ya wakimbizi unaweka shinikizo kubwa kwenye ardhi ya kilimo, kuni, na vyanzo vya maji safi, jambo ambalo nyakati nyingine husababisha migogoro midogo kati ya wakimbizi na jamii ya wenyeji wa Kikongo. == Miradi ya Maendeleo na Ushirikiano == Ili kupunguza mvutano na wenyeji na kukuza kujitegemea, UNHCR na mashirika mengine yameanzisha miradi mbalimbali inayohusisha pande zote mbili: * Kilimo cha Pamoja: Wakimbizi na wenyeji wanapewa maeneo ya ardhi ili kulima mazao kwa pamoja na kushiriki katika biashara ndogo ndogo kwenye masoko ya eneo hilo. * Msaada wa Kisaikolojia na Elimu: Kuna shule za msingi na sekondari zilizoanzishwa kambini ili kuhakikisha watoto wa wakimbizi wanaendelea na masomo yao ya mtaala wa Kongo au Burundi. == Tazama Pia == * [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Burundi]] * [[Kivu ya Kusini]] * [[UNHCR]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Burundi]] s71s1hvla1449007gbtg8p022o29stx 0 242082 1579735 1579526 2026-07-16T09:08:58Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya M'Bera''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo kusini-mashariki mwa nchi ya [[Mauritania]], takriban kilomita 50 kutoka mpaka wa [[Mali]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mapema mwaka [[2012]] kufuatia kulipuka kwa mapigano ya silaha na uasi wa vikundi vya Tuareg na wanamgambo wa Kiislamu kaskazini mwa Mali. Kambi hii inasimamiwa na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya Mauritania na mashirika mengine ya kibinadamu. == Idadi ya Watu na Chimbuko == Kambi ya M'Bera inahifadhi raia waliokimbia machafuko kutoka Mali, hasa kutoka mikoa ya kaskazini kama vile [[Timbuktu]], [[Gao]], na [[Kidal]]. * Idadi ya wakimbizi kambini hapo imekuwa ikibadilika kulingana na hali ya usalama nchini Mali, lakini mara nyingi imezidi watu 50,000 hadi kufikia zaidi ya 80,000 katika miaka ya hivi karibuni kutokana na kuendelea kwa ghasia katika ukanda wa [[Sahel]]. * Jamii kubwa zinazoishi katika kambi hii ni pamoja na watu wa kabila la [[Watuareg]] (Tuareg), [[Waarabu]] wa Mali, na [[Wafutani]] (Fulani/Peul). == Hali ya Kijiografia na Mazingira == Kambi ya M'Bera ipo katika mazingira magumu sana ya kijiografia: * '''Hali ya Hewa ya Jangwani:''' Eneo hili lipo katika ukanda wa jangwa la [[Sahara]], ambapo joto linaweza kupanda hadi nyuzi joto 50 za [[Selsiasi]] wakati wa kiangazi. Kuna dhoruba za mara kwa mara za mchanga na uhaba mkubwa wa mvua. * '''Uhaba wa Rasilimali:''' Kutokana na ukavu wa eneo hilo, kuna shinikizo kubwa kwenye vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi na nishati ya kuni, jambo linalohitaji usimamizi wa karibu ili kuepusha migogoro kati ya wakimbizi na wenyeji wa Mauritania. == Maisha na Uchumi Kambini == Licha ya changamoto za mazingira, kambi ya M'Bera imejenga mfumo thabiti wa kijamii na kiuchumi: * '''Ufugaji na Biashara:''' Kwa kuwa jamii nyingi za kaskazini mwa Mali (hasa Watuareg na Waarabu) ni wafugaji wa asili, wengi wao walivuka mpaka na wanyama wao (ng'ombe, mbuzi, na ngamia). Biashara ya maziwa, nyama, na ufundi wa mikono imeshamiri ndani ya kambi. * '''Elimu na Afya:''' UNHCR na washirika wake wamejenga shule kadhaa za msingi na sekondari zinazofuata mtaala wa masomo wa Mali ili kurahisisha wanafunzi kuendelea na masomo pindi watakaporejea nyumbani. Pia kuna vituo vya afya vinavyotoa huduma za bure na lishe kwa watoto wanaokabiliwa na utapiamlo. == Tazama Pia == * [[Mauritania]] * [[Mali]] * [[Sahel]] * [[UNHCR]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Mali]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Mauritania]] r85wvkifuukziyekxyipuwd0klts86k 0 242084 1579734 1579527 2026-07-16T09:04:14Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Highlands in Gicumbi, Rwanda.jpg|thumb|300px|Milima ya Wilaya ya Gicumbi nchini Rwanda, eneo lenye miiba na miteremko mikali ambapo kambi ya Gihembe ilijengwa juu yake.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Gicumbi, Mkoa wa Kaskazini nchini [[Rwanda]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Desemba [[1997]] na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya Rwanda.<ref name="unhcr_gihembe">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Gihembe Refugee Camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/gihembe-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Lengo kuu la kuanzishwa kwake lilikuwa kuwapa hifadhi ya dharura maelfu ya wakimbizi wa Kikongo (hasa wa kabila la [[Watutsi]] kutoka jimbo la [[Kivu ya Kaskazini]]) waliokuwa wakikimbia ghasia, vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe, na mateso ya kikabila nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC). == Wakazi na maisha yao == Kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili, Gihembe ilikuwa makazi ya kudumu kwa jamii kubwa ya wakimbizi: * Kambi hii ilihifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Kikongo '''12,000''' hadi '''15,000'''.<ref name="unhcr_gihembe" /> * Kizazi kizima cha watoto kilizaliwa na kukulia ndani ya kambi hii, huku wakipata elimu ya msingi na sekondari kupitia shule zilizojengwa kambini hapo ambazo zilifuata mtaala wa elimu wa Rwanda. == Mazingira na kufungwa kwake == Tofauti na kambi nyingine zinazoendelea kufanya kazi, Gihembe ilikabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za kimazingira zilizopelekea kufungwa kwake rasmi mnamo mwaka [[2021]]:<ref name="relocation_gihembe">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Relocation of Congolese refugees from Gihembe to Mahama camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/15291-unhcr-and-government-relocate-congolese-refugees-from-gihembe-to-mahama-camp.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=20 Septemba 2021|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Mmomonyoko wa udongo:''' Kambi ilijengwa juu ya mlima mwinuko sana. Kwa miaka mingi, ukataji wa miti kwa ajili ya kuni na ujenzi wa nyumba duni ulisababisha mmomonyoko mkubwa wa udongo na mianya mikubwa ya ardhi iliyotishia usalama wa maisha ya wakimbizi na nyumba zao.<ref>{{cite web|title=Landslides threat to Gihembe refugee camp|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/174910/News/inside-the-threat-of-landslides-at-gihembe-refugee-camp|website=The New Times|date=12 Machi 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Uhamisho wa wakazi:''' Serikali ya Rwanda kupitia Wizara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura (MINEMA) kwa ushirikiano na UNHCR iliamua kuifunga kambi hiyo ili kulinda mazingira na kuwahakikishia usalama wakazi wake. Wakimbizi wote walioishi Gihembe walihamishiwa kwa usalama katika [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama]] iliyopo Wilaya ya Kirehe, mkoani Mashariki, ambayo ina miundombinu bora na salama zaidi.<ref name="relocation_gihembe" /> == Kuhamia nchi za tatu == Katika kipindi cha kuwepo kwake, mamia ya wakimbizi kutoka kambi ya Gihembe walipata fursa ya kufanyiwa mchakato wa kuhamishiwa katika nchi za tatu zilizoendelea kama vile [[Marekani]], [[Kanada]], na mataifa kadhaa ya [[Ulaya]], ambapo walianza maisha mapya kama raia wa nchi hizo. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama]] * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kiziba]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] d0unre7008ek4rzbp7f8t29nwbddp13 0 242085 1579732 1579529 2026-07-16T09:00:57Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Paysannat L school near Mahama Refugee Camp Rwanda.jpg|thumb|300px|Wanafunzi katika shule ya Paysannat L iliyopo kando ya kambi ya Mahama, ambapo watoto wa wakimbizi na wa jamii ya wenyeji husoma pamoja.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama''' ni kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini [[Rwanda]]. Kambi hii ipo katika Wilaya ya Kirehe, Mkoa wa Mashariki, karibu kabisa na mpaka wa Rwanda na [[Burundi]] uliotenganishwa na [[Mto Kagera]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Aprili [[2015]] na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na Serikali ya Rwanda, kupitia Wizara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura (MINEMA).<ref name="unhcr_mahama">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Mahama Refugee Camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/mahama-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Lengo lake kuu lilikuwa kupokea na kuwahifadhi maelfu ya raia wa Burundi waliokuwa wakikimbia machafuko ya kisiasa na ghasia zilizotokana na uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2015 nchini mwao.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burundian refugees find safe haven in Rwanda’s Mahama camp|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/6/1/burundian-refugees-find-safe-haven-in-rwandas-mahama-camp|website=Al Jazeera|date=1 Juni 2015|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Wakazi wa kambi == Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, kambi ya Mahama imekua kwa kasi na kuwa makazi makubwa ya jamii mchanganyiko: * '''Wakimbizi wa Burundi:''' Kambi ilianza kwa kupokea Warundi waliokuwa wakikimbia machafuko, na ndani ya muda mfupi ikawa makazi ya Warundi zaidi ya 50,000. * '''Wakimbizi wa DRC:''' Kuanzia mwaka [[2021]], kambi hii ilianza kupokea wakimbizi wa Kikongo kufuatia kufungwa kwa [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] na kuhamishwa kwa wakazi wake kwa sababu za kimazingira.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda relocates Congolese refugees from Gihembe to Mahama camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/15291-unhcr-and-government-relocate-congolese-refugees-from-gihembe-to-mahama-camp.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=20 Septemba 2021|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Hadi kufikia katikati ya miaka ya 2020, kambi hii inasitiri zaidi ya wakimbizi '''60,000''' kwa ujumla, jambo linaloifanya kuwa kambi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu nchini Rwanda.<ref name="unhcr_mahama" /> == Ubora na miundombinu == Kambi ya Mahama inatajwa na mashirika mengi ya kibinadamu kama mfano bora wa usimamizi wa kambi za wakimbizi barani Afrika kutokana na miundombinu yake thabiti:<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahama: A model refugee camp in Rwanda|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/rwandan-camp-shows-how-best-house-refugees-long-term|publisher=UNHCR|date=24 Oktoba 2017|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Makazi imara:''' Tofauti na kambi nyingi zinazotumia mahema, nyumba za Mahama zimejengwa kwa matofali ya udongo yaliyochomwa na kuezekwa kwa mabati, jambo linalowapa wakazi usalama na faragha. * '''Maji safi:''' Kambi ina mtambo wake maalum wa kusafisha maji uliopo kando ya Mto Kagera, unaozalisha mamilioni ya lita za maji safi kila siku kwa ajili ya wakimbizi na jamii inayowazunguka ya wenyeji wa Rwanda. * '''Elimu mchanganyiko:''' Watoto wa wakimbizi wanasoma pamoja na watoto wa jamii ya wenyeji katika shule kubwa za msingi na sekondari zilizoanzishwa karibu na kambi hiyo, kama vile shule ya Paysannat L. Shule hizi zinafuata mtaala wa Rwanda na zinasaidia kujenga mshikamano mkubwa kati ya wakimbizi na wenyeji. * '''Afya:''' Kuna vituo vya afya vilivyo na vifaa vizuri vinavyotoa huduma za matibabu ya dharura, uzazi, na matibabu ya magonjwa sugu. == Uchumi na kujitegemea == Serikali ya Rwanda na UNHCR zinatekeleza sera ya kujumuisha wakimbizi katika mifumo ya maendeleo. Ndani ya Mahama, wakimbizi wanaruhusiwa kufanya biashara, kuanzisha miradi ya kilimo, na hata kufanya kazi nje ya kambi. Kuna masoko makubwa ndani ya kambi ambapo Warundi, Wakongo, na Wanyarwanda wanafanya biashara pamoja, jambo linalochangia kukuza uchumi wa Wilaya ya Kirehe. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kiziba]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Burundi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] 2y5gfo6s3xvkx7bh8dovat06jqm5fr8 1579733 1579732 2026-07-16T09:03:37Z Muddyb 379 picha 1579733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Elite Center of Maison Shalom at Mahama refugee camp in Rwanda.jpg|thumb|300px|Kituo cha wakimbizi cha Mahama]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama''' ni kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini [[Rwanda]]. Kambi hii ipo katika Wilaya ya Kirehe, Mkoa wa Mashariki, karibu kabisa na mpaka wa Rwanda na [[Burundi]] uliotenganishwa na [[Mto Kagera]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Aprili [[2015]] na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]] kwa ushirikiano na Serikali ya Rwanda, kupitia Wizara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura (MINEMA).<ref name="unhcr_mahama">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Mahama Refugee Camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/mahama-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Lengo lake kuu lilikuwa kupokea na kuwahifadhi maelfu ya raia wa Burundi waliokuwa wakikimbia machafuko ya kisiasa na ghasia zilizotokana na uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2015 nchini mwao.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burundian refugees find safe haven in Rwanda’s Mahama camp|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/6/1/burundian-refugees-find-safe-haven-in-rwandas-mahama-camp|website=Al Jazeera|date=1 Juni 2015|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Wakazi wa kambi == Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, kambi ya Mahama imekua kwa kasi na kuwa makazi makubwa ya jamii mchanganyiko: * '''Wakimbizi wa Burundi:''' Kambi ilianza kwa kupokea Warundi waliokuwa wakikimbia machafuko, na ndani ya muda mfupi ikawa makazi ya Warundi zaidi ya 50,000. * '''Wakimbizi wa DRC:''' Kuanzia mwaka [[2021]], kambi hii ilianza kupokea wakimbizi wa Kikongo kufuatia kufungwa kwa [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] na kuhamishwa kwa wakazi wake kwa sababu za kimazingira.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda relocates Congolese refugees from Gihembe to Mahama camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/15291-unhcr-and-government-relocate-congolese-refugees-from-gihembe-to-mahama-camp.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=20 Septemba 2021|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Hadi kufikia katikati ya miaka ya 2020, kambi hii inasitiri zaidi ya wakimbizi '''60,000''' kwa ujumla, jambo linaloifanya kuwa kambi yenye idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu nchini Rwanda.<ref name="unhcr_mahama" /> == Ubora na miundombinu == Kambi ya Mahama inatajwa na mashirika mengi ya kibinadamu kama mfano bora wa usimamizi wa kambi za wakimbizi barani Afrika kutokana na miundombinu yake thabiti:<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahama: A model refugee camp in Rwanda|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/rwandan-camp-shows-how-best-house-refugees-long-term|publisher=UNHCR|date=24 Oktoba 2017|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Makazi imara:''' Tofauti na kambi nyingi zinazotumia mahema, nyumba za Mahama zimejengwa kwa matofali ya udongo yaliyochomwa na kuezekwa kwa mabati, jambo linalowapa wakazi usalama na faragha. * '''Maji safi:''' Kambi ina mtambo wake maalum wa kusafisha maji uliopo kando ya Mto Kagera, unaozalisha mamilioni ya lita za maji safi kila siku kwa ajili ya wakimbizi na jamii inayowazunguka ya wenyeji wa Rwanda. * '''Elimu mchanganyiko:''' Watoto wa wakimbizi wanasoma pamoja na watoto wa jamii ya wenyeji katika shule kubwa za msingi na sekondari zilizoanzishwa karibu na kambi hiyo, kama vile shule ya Paysannat L. Shule hizi zinafuata mtaala wa Rwanda na zinasaidia kujenga mshikamano mkubwa kati ya wakimbizi na wenyeji. * '''Afya:''' Kuna vituo vya afya vilivyo na vifaa vizuri vinavyotoa huduma za matibabu ya dharura, uzazi, na matibabu ya magonjwa sugu. == Uchumi na kujitegemea == Serikali ya Rwanda na UNHCR zinatekeleza sera ya kujumuisha wakimbizi katika mifumo ya maendeleo. Ndani ya Mahama, wakimbizi wanaruhusiwa kufanya biashara, kuanzisha miradi ya kilimo, na hata kufanya kazi nje ya kambi. Kuna masoko makubwa ndani ya kambi ambapo Warundi, Wakongo, na Wanyarwanda wanafanya biashara pamoja, jambo linalochangia kukuza uchumi wa Wilaya ya Kirehe. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kiziba]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Burundi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] ttolgqbtxzsn8r0ikpblgq381bajg4f 0 242156 1579730 1579599 2026-07-16T08:56:38Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579730 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kiziba Refugee Camp, Karongi, Rwanda.jpg|thumb|300px|Mwonekano wa kambi ya Kiziba iliyopo juu ya vilima vya Wilaya ya Karongi nchini Rwanda.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kiziba''' ni kambi ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Karongi, Mkoa wa Magharibi nchini [[Rwanda]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Desemba [[1996]], na kuifanya kuwa kambi kongwe zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini Rwanda ambayo bado inafanya kazi hadi sasa.<ref name="unhcr_kiziba">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Kiziba Refugee Camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/kiziba-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Wizara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura nchini Rwanda (MINEMA) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]]. == Chimbuko na wakazi == Kambi ya Kiziba ilianzishwa ili kupokea maelfu ya raia wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC), hasa wale wa kabila la [[Watutsi]] kutoka jimbo la [[Kivu ya Kaskazini]], waliokuwa wakikimbia mapigano na mateso ya kikabila wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Kongo]]: * Kambi hii inahifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Kikongo '''15,000'''.<ref name="unhcr_kiziba" /> * Kwa kuwa kambi hii imedumu kwa takriban miongo mitatu, karibu asilimia 70 ya wakazi wake wa sasa ni vijana na watoto waliozaliwa na kukulia ndani ya kambi hiyo bila kuwahi kuiona nchi yao ya asili ya Kongo. == Mazingira yake == Kiziba ipo katika eneo lenye changamoto kubwa za kijiografia: * '''Eneo la milimani:''' Kambi hii imejengwa juu kabisa ya milima mirefu ya Wilaya ya Karongi, karibu na [[Ziwa Kivu]]. Kutokana na urefu wa eneo hilo, baridi huwa ni kali sana wakati wa usiku na nyakati za asubuhi. * '''Mmomonyoko wa udongo:''' Kama ilivyokuwa kwa [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]], mteremko mkali wa milima hii unaiweka kambi ya Kiziba katika hatari ya mmomonyoko wa udongo na maporomoko ya ardhi wakati wa msimu wa mvua kubwa. == Jamii na elimu == Licha ya changamoto za kimaisha, kambi hii imefanikiwa kuweka mifumo mizuri ya kijamii: * '''Elimu:''' Watoto wa wakimbizi wanasoma katika shule zilizopo karibu na kambi ambazo zinaendeshwa kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya Rwanda. Hii inawapa fursa ya kusoma masomo ya msingi na sekondari kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] na kufuata mtaala wa Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congolese refugees in Rwanda: Kiziba camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/generation-born-exile-rwandas-oldest-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|date=20 Juni 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Kujiajiri na biashara:''' Wakimbizi wengi ndani ya kambi hujishughulisha na biashara ndogo ndogo, kazi za mikono, na kilimo kidogo ili kuongeza kipato cha familia zao badala ya kutegemea misaada ya chakula pekee. == Usalama na machafuko == Kambi ya Kiziba imewahi kushuhudia migogoro ya kiusalama katika historia yake. Mnamo mwezi Februari [[2018]], kulitokea maandamano makubwa ya wakimbizi kambini hapo wakipinga kupunguzwa kwa ruzuku ya chakula na posho kwa asilimia 25 na shirika la UNHCR.<ref name="hrw_kiziba">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Protest Deaths in Refugee Camp|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/13/rwanda-protest-deaths-refugee-camp|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=13 Aprili 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Maandamano hayo yalileta mapigano makali kati ya wakimbizi na vikosi vya usalama nchini Rwanda, jambo lililosababisha vifo vya wakimbizi wasiopungua kumi na mmoja na wengine wengi kujeruhiwa, tukio lililoleta masikitiko makubwa kutoka kwa mashirika ya haki za kibinadamu duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Police killed Congolese refugees in Kiziba camp|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/rwanda-police-must-not-use-excessive-force-against-refugees/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=23 Februari 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama]] * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] t673ks0rbygioomvdnqjz1fv1lrzawo 1579731 1579730 2026-07-16T08:58:40Z Muddyb 379 1579731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kiziba_refugee_camp.jpg|alt=Watoto watano wamekaa juu ya kilima. Chini yao kuna majengo kadhaa marefu ya ghorofa moja yaliyotawanyika.|thumb|Watoto juu ya kilima katika kambi ya wakimbizi ya Kiziba (2014)]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kiziba''' ni kambi ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Karongi, Mkoa wa Magharibi nchini [[Rwanda]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Desemba [[1996]], na kuifanya kuwa kambi kongwe zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini Rwanda ambayo bado inafanya kazi hadi sasa.<ref name="unhcr_kiziba">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Kiziba Refugee Camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/rw/kiziba-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Wizara ya Usimamizi wa Dharura nchini Rwanda (MINEMA) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la [[UNHCR]]. == Chimbuko na wakazi == Kambi ya Kiziba ilianzishwa ili kupokea maelfu ya raia wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC), hasa wale wa kabila la [[Watutsi]] kutoka jimbo la [[Kivu ya Kaskazini]], waliokuwa wakikimbia mapigano na mateso ya kikabila wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Kongo]]: * Kambi hii inahifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi wa Kikongo '''15,000'''.<ref name="unhcr_kiziba" /> * Kwa kuwa kambi hii imedumu kwa takriban miongo mitatu, karibu asilimia 70 ya wakazi wake wa sasa ni vijana na watoto waliozaliwa na kukulia ndani ya kambi hiyo bila kuwahi kuiona nchi yao ya asili ya Kongo. == Mazingira yake == Kiziba ipo katika eneo lenye changamoto kubwa za kijiografia: * '''Eneo la milimani:''' Kambi hii imejengwa juu kabisa ya milima mirefu ya Wilaya ya Karongi, karibu na [[Ziwa Kivu]]. Kutokana na urefu wa eneo hilo, baridi huwa ni kali sana wakati wa usiku na nyakati za asubuhi. * '''Mmomonyoko wa udongo:''' Kama ilivyokuwa kwa [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]], mteremko mkali wa milima hii unaiweka kambi ya Kiziba katika hatari ya mmomonyoko wa udongo na maporomoko ya ardhi wakati wa msimu wa mvua kubwa. == Jamii na elimu == Licha ya changamoto za kimaisha, kambi hii imefanikiwa kuweka mifumo mizuri ya kijamii: * '''Elimu:''' Watoto wa wakimbizi wanasoma katika shule zilizopo karibu na kambi ambazo zinaendeshwa kwa ushirikiano na serikali ya Rwanda. Hii inawapa fursa ya kusoma masomo ya msingi na sekondari kwa lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] na kufuata mtaala wa Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congolese refugees in Rwanda: Kiziba camp|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/generation-born-exile-rwandas-oldest-refugee-camp|publisher=UNHCR|date=20 Juni 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * '''Kujiajiri na biashara:''' Wakimbizi wengi ndani ya kambi hujishughulisha na biashara ndogo ndogo, kazi za mikono, na kilimo kidogo ili kuongeza kipato cha familia zao badala ya kutegemea misaada ya chakula pekee. == Usalama na machafuko == Kambi ya Kiziba imewahi kushuhudia migogoro ya kiusalama katika historia yake. Mnamo mwezi Februari [[2018]], kulitokea maandamano makubwa ya wakimbizi kambini hapo wakipinga kupunguzwa kwa ruzuku ya chakula na posho kwa asilimia 25 na shirika la UNHCR.<ref name="hrw_kiziba">{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Protest Deaths in Refugee Camp|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/13/rwanda-protest-deaths-refugee-camp|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=13 Aprili 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Maandamano hayo yalileta mapigano makali kati ya wakimbizi na vikosi vya usalama nchini Rwanda, jambo lililosababisha vifo vya wakimbizi wasiopungua kumi na mmoja na wengine wengi kujeruhiwa, tukio lililoleta masikitiko makubwa kutoka kwa mashirika ya haki za kibinadamu duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Police killed Congolese refugees in Kiziba camp|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/rwanda-police-must-not-use-excessive-force-against-refugees/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=23 Februari 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mahama]] * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Gihembe]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iocfg1ycgycl47ylahzq1rsjk4ahhnc 0 242157 1579728 1579601 2026-07-16T08:53:22Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mae la refugee camp border.jpg|thumb|300px|Nyumba za mianzi zilizosongamana kando ya miamba ya milima katika kambi ya Mae La, magharibi mwa nchi ya Uthai.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mae La''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Tha Song Yang, Mkoa wa Tak, magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Uthai]] (Thailand), karibu na mpaka wa [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[1984]] na inatambuliwa kama kambi kubwa zaidi kati ya kambi tisa za wakimbizi zilizopo kando ya mpaka wa Uthai na Myanmar.<ref name="tbc_maela">{{cite web|title=Mae La Camp|url=https://www.theborderconsortium.org/where-we-work/camps-in-thailand/mae-la/|publisher=The Border Consortium|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Kamati ya Wakimbizi ya Karen (KRC) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Uthai pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa. == Chimbuko lake == Mae La ilianzishwa kufuatia mapigano makali kati ya jeshi la serikali ya Myanmar na kikundi cha waasi cha chama cha ''Karen National Union'' (KNU). Machafuko hayo yalilazimisha maelfu ya raia wa kabila la [[Karen]] (pamoja na makabila madogo kama Karenni na Mon) kukimbilia usalama wao nchini Uthai: * Ilianza kama makazi madogo yaliyohifadhi takriban watu 1,100 mnamo mwaka 1984. * Kutokana na mashambulizi ya kijeshi yaliyotokea mara kwa mara mpakani na kufungwa kwa kambi ndogo za jirani, wakimbizi wengi walihamishiwa Mae La na kuifanya ikue kwa kasi sana.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> == Idadi ya wakazi na maisha yao == Kambi ya Mae La imekuwa makazi ya kudumu kwa maelfu ya watu kwa zaidi ya miongo minne sasa: * Kambi hii inasitiri takriban wakimbizi kati ya '''30,000''' hadi '''40,000''', na kuifanya iononekane kama mji mdogo uliojitegemea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nanuam|first=Wassana|title=Safety first in Karen camp|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/415510/safety-first-in-karen-camp|website=Bangkok Post|date=16 Juni 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya wakazi wa kambi hiyo ni wa kabila la Karen, wengi wakiwa ni Wakristo huku wengine wakiwa ni Wabudha na Waislamu. * Nyumba nyingi ndani ya kambi zimejengwa kwa nguzo za mianzi na kuezekwa kwa majani makavu ya migomba au nyasi. Muundo huu unatokana na sheria kali za serikali ya Uthai zinazokataza ujenzi wa majengo ya kudumu ya zege au matofali kwa ajili ya wakimbizi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowles|first=Nell|title=Inside the world's longest running refugee camp|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25414603|website=BBC News|date=22 Desemba 2013|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Miundombinu na huduma == Licha ya changamoto za kisheria na kubanwa kwa uhuru wa kwenda nje, Mae La ina miundombinu thabiti ya kijamii iliyoanzishwa na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs): * '''Elimu:''' Kambi ina mfumo mzuri wa shule kuanzia chekechea, shule za msingi, sekondari, hadi vyuo vya ufundi na vyuo vya Biblia. Kiwango cha elimu cha hapa ni kizuri kiasi cha kuvutia hata vijana kutoka ndani ya Myanmar wanaovuka mpaka kwa siri kuja kusoma Mae La.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> * '''Afya:''' Kuna kliniki kadhaa zinazoendeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa kama vile ''Première Urgence Internationale'' (PUI) zinazotoa matibabu, huduma za uzazi, na msaada wa kisaikolojia. == Changamoto zake == * '''Uzuiaji wa safari:''' Serikali ya Uthai haijasaini Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Wakimbizi wa mwaka 1951. Kwa sababu hiyo, wakimbizi wa Mae La hawaruhusiwi kisheria kutoka nje ya kambi bila kibali maalum, na wale wanaokiuka sheria hiyo kwenda kutafuta kazi wanakabiliwa na hatari ya kukamatwa na kurudishwa kwao. * '''Utegemezi wa misaada:''' Kupungua kwa ufadhili wa kimataifa kwa miaka mingi kumefanya upatikanaji wa chakula na mahitaji mengine muhimu kuwa wa kusuasua sana. == Kuhamia nchi za tatu == Kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2014, Mae La ilikuwa kitovu kikuu cha mpango wa kimataifa wa kuhamishia wakimbizi katika nchi za tatu. Maelfu ya wakimbizi wa kabila la Karen walipata fursa ya kuhamia nchi kama vile [[Marekani]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[New Zealand]], na baadhi ya mataifa ya Ulaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refugees from Burma resettlement program|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2014/1/52e796e69/resettlement-burmese-refugees-thailand-surpasses-90000.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=28 Januari 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi za wakimbizi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Uthai]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Myanmar]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uthai]] eyiehvql8y6wpl1lukwky9r1n6pbas9 1579729 1579728 2026-07-16T08:55:37Z Muddyb 379 1579729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mae La refugee camp2.jpg|thumb|250px|Kambi ya Mae La katika [[Mkoa wa Tak]], Thailand, ni mojawapo ya kambi tisa kubwa za [[UNHCR]] nchini Thailand ambako zaidi ya wakimbizi 700,000, [[Waomba hifadhi|waomba hifadhi]], na watu wasio na uraia wamekimbilia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Thailand|url=https://www.unhcr.org/thailand.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=UNHCR|language=en}}</ref>]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mae La''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Tha Song Yang, Mkoa wa Tak, magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Uthai]] (Thailand), karibu na mpaka wa [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[1984]] na inatambuliwa kama kambi kubwa zaidi kati ya kambi tisa za wakimbizi zilizopo kando ya mpaka wa Uthai na Myanmar.<ref name="tbc_maela">{{cite web|title=Mae La Camp|url=https://www.theborderconsortium.org/where-we-work/camps-in-thailand/mae-la/|publisher=The Border Consortium|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Kamati ya Wakimbizi ya Karen (KRC) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Uthai pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa. == Chimbuko lake == Mae La ilianzishwa kufuatia mapigano makali kati ya jeshi la serikali ya Myanmar na kikundi cha waasi cha chama cha ''Karen National Union'' (KNU). Machafuko hayo yalilazimisha maelfu ya raia wa kabila la [[Karen]] (pamoja na makabila madogo kama Karenni na Mon) kukimbilia usalama wao nchini Uthai: * Ilianza kama makazi madogo yaliyohifadhi takriban watu 1,100 mnamo mwaka 1984. * Kutokana na mashambulizi ya kijeshi yaliyotokea mara kwa mara mpakani na kufungwa kwa kambi ndogo za jirani, wakimbizi wengi walihamishiwa Mae La na kuifanya ikue kwa kasi sana.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> == Idadi ya wakazi na maisha yao == Kambi ya Mae La imekuwa makazi ya kudumu kwa maelfu ya watu kwa zaidi ya miongo minne sasa: * Kambi hii inasitiri takriban wakimbizi kati ya '''30,000''' hadi '''40,000''', na kuifanya iononekane kama mji mdogo uliojitegemea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nanuam|first=Wassana|title=Safety first in Karen camp|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/415510/safety-first-in-karen-camp|website=Bangkok Post|date=16 Juni 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya wakazi wa kambi hiyo ni wa kabila la Karen, wengi wakiwa ni Wakristo huku wengine wakiwa ni Wabudha na Waislamu. * Nyumba nyingi ndani ya kambi zimejengwa kwa nguzo za mianzi na kuezekwa kwa majani makavu ya migomba au nyasi. Muundo huu unatokana na sheria kali za serikali ya Uthai zinazokataza ujenzi wa majengo ya kudumu ya zege au matofali kwa ajili ya wakimbizi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowles|first=Nell|title=Inside the world's longest running refugee camp|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25414603|website=BBC News|date=22 Desemba 2013|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Miundombinu na huduma == Licha ya changamoto za kisheria na kubanwa kwa uhuru wa kwenda nje, Mae La ina miundombinu thabiti ya kijamii iliyoanzishwa na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs): * '''Elimu:''' Kambi ina mfumo mzuri wa shule kuanzia chekechea, shule za msingi, sekondari, hadi vyuo vya ufundi na vyuo vya Biblia. Kiwango cha elimu cha hapa ni kizuri kiasi cha kuvutia hata vijana kutoka ndani ya Myanmar wanaovuka mpaka kwa siri kuja kusoma Mae La.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> * '''Afya:''' Kuna kliniki kadhaa zinazoendeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa kama vile ''Première Urgence Internationale'' (PUI) zinazotoa matibabu, huduma za uzazi, na msaada wa kisaikolojia. == Changamoto zake == * '''Uzuiaji wa safari:''' Serikali ya Uthai haijasaini Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Wakimbizi wa mwaka 1951. Kwa sababu hiyo, wakimbizi wa Mae La hawaruhusiwi kisheria kutoka nje ya kambi bila kibali maalum, na wale wanaokiuka sheria hiyo kwenda kutafuta kazi wanakabiliwa na hatari ya kukamatwa na kurudishwa kwao. * '''Utegemezi wa misaada:''' Kupungua kwa ufadhili wa kimataifa kwa miaka mingi kumefanya upatikanaji wa chakula na mahitaji mengine muhimu kuwa wa kusuasua sana. == Kuhamia nchi za tatu == Kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2014, Mae La ilikuwa kitovu kikuu cha mpango wa kimataifa wa kuhamishia wakimbizi katika nchi za tatu. Maelfu ya wakimbizi wa kabila la Karen walipata fursa ya kuhamia nchi kama vile [[Marekani]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[New Zealand]], na baadhi ya mataifa ya Ulaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refugees from Burma resettlement program|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2014/1/52e796e69/resettlement-burmese-refugees-thailand-surpasses-90000.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=28 Januari 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi za wakimbizi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Uthai]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Myanmar]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uthai]] efr9ml22sd5bjlcbuf1h7qzed6bzfty 1579772 1579729 2026-07-16T10:55:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mae La refugee camp2.jpg|thumb|250px|Kambi ya Mae La katika [[Mkoa wa Tak]], Thailand, ni mojawapo ya kambi tisa kubwa za [[UNHCR]] nchini Thailand ambako zaidi ya wakimbizi 700,000, [[Waomba hifadhi|waomba hifadhi]], na watu wasio na uraia wamekimbilia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Thailand|url=https://www.unhcr.org/thailand.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=UNHCR|language=en}}</ref>]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Mae La''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Wilaya ya Tha Song Yang, Mkoa wa Tak, magharibi mwa nchi ya [[Uthai]] (Thailand), karibu na mpaka wa [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[1984]] na inatambuliwa kama kambi kubwa zaidi kati ya kambi tisa za wakimbizi zilizopo kando ya mpaka wa Uthai na Myanmar.<ref name="tbc_maela">{{cite web|title=Mae La Camp|url=https://www.theborderconsortium.org/where-we-work/camps-in-thailand/mae-la/|publisher=The Border Consortium|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Kambi hii inasimamiwa na Kamati ya Wakimbizi ya Karen (KRC) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na Wizara ya Mambo ya Ndani ya Uthai pamoja na mashirika mbalimbali ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa. == Chimbuko lake == Mae La ilianzishwa kufuatia mapigano makali kati ya jeshi la serikali ya Myanmar na kikundi cha waasi cha chama cha ''Karen National Union'' (KNU). Machafuko hayo yalilazimisha maelfu ya raia wa kabila la [[Karen]] (pamoja na makabila madogo kama Karenni na Mon) kukimbilia usalama wao nchini Uthai: * Ilianza kama makazi madogo yaliyohifadhi takriban watu 1,100 mnamo mwaka 1984. * Kutokana na mashambulizi ya kijeshi yaliyotokea mara kwa mara mpakani na kufungwa kwa kambi ndogo za jirani, wakimbizi wengi walihamishiwa Mae La na kuifanya ikue kwa kasi sana.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> == Idadi ya wakazi na maisha yao == Kambi ya Mae La imekuwa makazi ya kudumu kwa maelfu ya watu kwa zaidi ya miongo minne sasa: * Kambi hii inasitiri takriban wakimbizi kati ya '''30,000''' hadi '''40,000''', na kuifanya iononekane kama mji mdogo uliojitegemea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nanuam|first=Wassana|title=Safety first in Karen camp|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/415510/safety-first-in-karen-camp|website=Bangkok Post|date=16 Juni 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya wakazi wa kambi hiyo ni wa kabila la Karen, wengi wakiwa ni Wakristo huku wengine wakiwa ni Wabudha na Waislamu. * Nyumba nyingi ndani ya kambi zimejengwa kwa nguzo za mianzi na kuezekwa kwa majani makavu ya migomba au nyasi. Muundo huu unatokana na sheria kali za serikali ya Uthai zinazokataza ujenzi wa majengo ya kudumu ya zege au matofali kwa ajili ya wakimbizi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowles|first=Nell|title=Inside the world's longest running refugee camp|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25414603|website=BBC News|date=22 Desemba 2013|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Miundombinu na huduma == Licha ya changamoto za kisheria na kubanwa kwa uhuru wa kwenda nje, Mae La ina miundombinu thabiti ya kijamii iliyoanzishwa na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs): * '''Elimu:''' Kambi ina mfumo mzuri wa shule kuanzia chekechea, shule za msingi, sekondari, hadi vyuo vya ufundi na vyuo vya Biblia. Kiwango cha elimu cha hapa ni kizuri kiasi cha kuvutia hata vijana kutoka ndani ya Myanmar wanaovuka mpaka kwa siri kuja kusoma Mae La.<ref name="tbc_maela" /> * '''Afya:''' Kuna kliniki kadhaa zinazoendeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa kama vile ''Première Urgence Internationale'' (PUI) zinazotoa matibabu, huduma za uzazi, na msaada wa kisaikolojia. == Changamoto zake == * '''Uzuiaji wa safari:''' Serikali ya Uthai haijasaini Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Wakimbizi wa mwaka 1951. Kwa sababu hiyo, wakimbizi wa Mae La hawaruhusiwi kisheria kutoka nje ya kambi bila kibali maalum, na wale wanaokiuka sheria hiyo kwenda kutafuta kazi wanakabiliwa na hatari ya kukamatwa na kurudishwa kwao. * '''Utegemezi wa misaada:''' Kupungua kwa ufadhili wa kimataifa kwa miaka mingi kumefanya upatikanaji wa chakula na mahitaji mengine muhimu kuwa wa kusuasua sana. == Kuhamia nchi za tatu == Kati ya mwaka 2005 na 2014, Mae La ilikuwa kitovu kikuu cha mpango wa kimataifa wa kuhamishia wakimbizi katika nchi za tatu. Maelfu ya wakimbizi wa kabila la Karen walipata fursa ya kuhamia nchi kama vile [[Marekani]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[New Zealand]], na baadhi ya mataifa ya Ulaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refugees from Burma resettlement program|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2014/1/52e796e69/resettlement-burmese-refugees-thailand-surpasses-90000.html|publisher=UNHCR|date=28 Januari 2014|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi za wakimbizi]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Uthai]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Myanmar]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uthai]] 5bwkcx2qzdkp6r0tniti22lboaj72i6 0 242158 1579725 1579602 2026-07-16T08:47:47Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Camp de Moria (Lesbos, Grèce) (34105263654).jpg|thumb|300px|Vibanda vya dharura vilivyosongamana kwenye mashamba ya mizeituni nje ya uzio rasmi wa kambi ya Moria, Lesbos.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Moria''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi barani [[Ulaya]]. Kambi hii ilikuwa karibu na kijiji cha Moria kwenye Kisiwa cha [[Lesbos]] nchini [[Ugiriki]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[2015]] kama kituo cha muda cha usajili na utambuzi wa wahamiaji waliokuwa wakivuka [[Bahari ya Aegean]] kutokea [[Turuki]] kuelekea mataifa ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Howden|first=Daniel|title=The most notorious refugee camp in Europe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/15/inside-moria-refugee-camp-lesbos-greece|website=The Guardian|date=15 Juni 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Moria ilikuja kufahamika duniani kote kama ishara ya mgogoro mkubwa wa wakimbizi barani Ulaya kutokana na mazingira magumu ya kibinadamu na mrundikano uliopitiliza wa watu. == Chimbuko na mrundikano == Kambi ya Moria ilijengwa ikiwa na uwezo wa kuhifadhi takriban watu '''3,000''' tu kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria refugee camp: 'Our lives are like hell'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49845182|website=BBC News|date=27 Septemba 2019|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na wimbi kubwa la watu waliokuwa wakikimbia vita na umaskini kutoka [[Syria]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], na mataifa mbalimbali ya Afrika: * Kufikia mwaka 2020, kambi hiyo ilikuwa imezidiwa hadi kuhifadhi zaidi ya watu '''20,000'''.<ref name="hrw_moria">{{cite web|title=Greece: Fire At Notorious Moria Refugee Camp|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/09/greece-fire-notorious-moria-refugee-camp|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Ongezeko hili lililazimisha kambi kupanuka nje ya uzio wake wa usalama na kutengeneza makazi duni ya vibanda vya plastiki na mbao kwenye mashamba ya mizeituni yaliyozunguka eneo hilo (eneo lililoitwa "Moria Olive Grove"). == Mazingira ya kibinadamu == Hali ya maisha ndani ya Moria ilikosolewa vikali na mashirika ya kutetea haki za kibinadamu kama vile [[Human Rights Watch]] na [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] (MSF):<ref name="hrw_moria" /> * '''Usafi duni:''' Kulikuwa na uhaba mkubwa wa vyoo na mabafu, ambapo mamia ya watu walilazimika kuchangia choo kimoja, hali iliyosababisha milipuko ya magonjwa mara kwa mara. * '''Chakula na maji:''' Wakimbizi walilazimika kusimama kwenye foleni ndefu kwa saa kadhaa ili kupata milo duni na maji safi ya kunywa. * '''Ulinzi na usalama:''' Ukosefu wa ulinzi wa kutosha ulisababisha ongezeko la vurugu, wizi, na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake na watoto, hasa nyakati za usiku kutokana na giza totoro. == Moto na kufungwa kwake == Mnamo usiku wa tarehe 8 na 9 Septemba [[2020]], mfululizo wa moto mkubwa ulizuka na kusambaa kwa kasi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya kambi hiyo:<ref>{{cite web|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|title=Fire Destroys Most of Europe’s Largest Refugee Camp|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/europe/greece-lesbos-moria-fire.html|website=The New York Times|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Moto huo uliharibu karibu kambi yote na kuacha zaidi ya wakimbizi 12,000 bila hifadhi yoyote ya dharura. * Serikali ya Ugiriki ilieleza kuwa moto huo ulianzishwa makusudi na baadhi ya wakazi waliokuwa wakipinga amri ya karantini baada ya kugundulika kwa wagonjwa wa [[UVIKO-19]] kambini hapo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria: Greek authorities arrest six over refugee camp fire|url=https://www.dw.com/en/moria-greek-authorities-arrest-six-over-refugee-camp-fire/a-54939922|website=Deutsche Welle|date=15 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Baada ya maafa hayo, kambi ya Moria ilifungwa kabisa. Wakimbizi walioachwa bila makazi walihamishiwa kwa muda katika kambi mpya ya dharura ya Kara Tepe (iliyojulikana pia kama Moria II), kabla ya kuhamishiwa kwenye vituo bora zaidi au kupelekwa katika nchi nyingine za Ulaya. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ugiriki]] gcebfstcr26zt225xc9rslwscfs91xc 1579726 1579725 2026-07-16T08:50:58Z Muddyb 379 1579726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Offline Wikipedia in Greece for Syrian Refugee Camp 2017 06.png|thumb|right|Moria mwaka 2017]] [[File:Offline Wikipedia in Greece for Syrian Refugee Camp 2017 01.png|thumb|right|Makazi ya waomba hifadhi]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-After Fire-2022--Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Majengo ya malazi (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Majengo ya malazi (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-Entrance-Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-Room After Fire-2022--Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Chumba chenye uharibifu wa moto (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Chumba chenye uharibifu wa moto (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Moria''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi barani [[Ulaya]]. Kambi hii ilikuwa karibu na kijiji cha Moria kwenye Kisiwa cha [[Lesbos]] nchini [[Ugiriki]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[2015]] kama kituo cha muda cha usajili na utambuzi wa wahamiaji waliokuwa wakivuka [[Bahari ya Aegean]] kutokea [[Turuki]] kuelekea mataifa ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Howden|first=Daniel|title=The most notorious refugee camp in Europe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/15/inside-moria-refugee-camp-lesbos-greece|website=The Guardian|date=15 Juni 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Moria ilikuja kufahamika duniani kote kama ishara ya mgogoro mkubwa wa wakimbizi barani Ulaya kutokana na mazingira magumu ya kibinadamu na mrundikano uliopitiliza wa watu. == Chimbuko na mrundikano == Kambi ya Moria ilijengwa ikiwa na uwezo wa kuhifadhi takriban watu '''3,000''' tu kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria refugee camp: 'Our lives are like hell'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49845182|website=BBC News|date=27 Septemba 2019|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na wimbi kubwa la watu waliokuwa wakikimbia vita na umaskini kutoka [[Syria]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], na mataifa mbalimbali ya Afrika: * Kufikia mwaka 2020, kambi hiyo ilikuwa imezidiwa hadi kuhifadhi zaidi ya watu '''20,000'''.<ref name="hrw_moria">{{cite web|title=Greece: Fire At Notorious Moria Refugee Camp|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/09/greece-fire-notorious-moria-refugee-camp|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Ongezeko hili lililazimisha kambi kupanuka nje ya uzio wake wa usalama na kutengeneza makazi duni ya vibanda vya plastiki na mbao kwenye mashamba ya mizeituni yaliyozunguka eneo hilo (eneo lililoitwa "Moria Olive Grove"). == Mazingira ya kibinadamu == Hali ya maisha ndani ya Moria ilikosolewa vikali na mashirika ya kutetea haki za kibinadamu kama vile [[Human Rights Watch]] na [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] (MSF):<ref name="hrw_moria" /> * '''Usafi duni:''' Kulikuwa na uhaba mkubwa wa vyoo na mabafu, ambapo mamia ya watu walilazimika kuchangia choo kimoja, hali iliyosababisha milipuko ya magonjwa mara kwa mara. * '''Chakula na maji:''' Wakimbizi walilazimika kusimama kwenye foleni ndefu kwa saa kadhaa ili kupata milo duni na maji safi ya kunywa. * '''Ulinzi na usalama:''' Ukosefu wa ulinzi wa kutosha ulisababisha ongezeko la vurugu, wizi, na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake na watoto, hasa nyakati za usiku kutokana na giza totoro. == Moto na kufungwa kwake == Mnamo usiku wa tarehe 8 na 9 Septemba [[2020]], mfululizo wa moto mkubwa ulizuka na kusambaa kwa kasi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya kambi hiyo:<ref>{{cite web|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|title=Fire Destroys Most of Europe’s Largest Refugee Camp|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/europe/greece-lesbos-moria-fire.html|website=The New York Times|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Moto huo uliharibu karibu kambi yote na kuacha zaidi ya wakimbizi 12,000 bila hifadhi yoyote ya dharura. * Serikali ya Ugiriki ilieleza kuwa moto huo ulianzishwa makusudi na baadhi ya wakazi waliokuwa wakipinga amri ya karantini baada ya kugundulika kwa wagonjwa wa [[UVIKO-19]] kambini hapo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria: Greek authorities arrest six over refugee camp fire|url=https://www.dw.com/en/moria-greek-authorities-arrest-six-over-refugee-camp-fire/a-54939922|website=Deutsche Welle|date=15 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Baada ya maafa hayo, kambi ya Moria ilifungwa kabisa. Wakimbizi walioachwa bila makazi walihamishiwa kwa muda katika kambi mpya ya dharura ya Kara Tepe (iliyojulikana pia kama Moria II), kabla ya kuhamishiwa kwenye vituo bora zaidi au kupelekwa katika nchi nyingine za Ulaya. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ugiriki]] d27hzeriyg7oyepnznz6pslhx0s2vw1 1579727 1579726 2026-07-16T08:51:38Z Muddyb 379 1579727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Offline Wikipedia in Greece for Syrian Refugee Camp 2017 06.png|thumb|right|Moria mwaka 2017]] [[File:Offline Wikipedia in Greece for Syrian Refugee Camp 2017 01.png|thumb|right|Makazi ya waomba hifadhi]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-After Fire-2022--Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Majengo ya malazi (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Majengo ya malazi (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-Entrance-Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] [[File:Moria-Camp-Lesvos-Room After Fire-2022--Photo-James O'Leary.jpg|alt=Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Chumba chenye uharibifu wa moto (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary|thumb|Kambi ya Moria, Lesbos Ugiriki. Chumba chenye uharibifu wa moto (Baada ya kufungwa, 2022) Picha - James O'Leary]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Moria''' ilikuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi barani [[Ulaya]]. Kambi hii ilikuwa karibu na kijiji cha Moria kwenye Kisiwa cha [[Lesbos]] nchini [[Ugiriki]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[2015]] kama kituo cha muda cha usajili na utambuzi wa wahamiaji waliokuwa wakivuka [[Bahari ya Aegean]] kutokea [[Uturuki|Turuki]] kuelekea mataifa ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Howden|first=Daniel|title=The most notorious refugee camp in Europe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/15/inside-moria-refugee-camp-lesbos-greece|website=The Guardian|date=15 Juni 2018|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Moria ilikuja kufahamika duniani kote kama ishara ya mgogoro mkubwa wa wakimbizi barani Ulaya kutokana na mazingira magumu ya kibinadamu na mrundikano uliopitiliza wa watu. == Chimbuko na mrundikano == Kambi ya Moria ilijengwa ikiwa na uwezo wa kuhifadhi takriban watu '''3,000''' tu kwa wakati mmoja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria refugee camp: 'Our lives are like hell'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49845182|website=BBC News|date=27 Septemba 2019|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na wimbi kubwa la watu waliokuwa wakikimbia vita na umaskini kutoka [[Syria]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], na mataifa mbalimbali ya Afrika: * Kufikia mwaka 2020, kambi hiyo ilikuwa imezidiwa hadi kuhifadhi zaidi ya watu '''20,000'''.<ref name="hrw_moria">{{cite web|title=Greece: Fire At Notorious Moria Refugee Camp|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/09/greece-fire-notorious-moria-refugee-camp|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Ongezeko hili lililazimisha kambi kupanuka nje ya uzio wake wa usalama na kutengeneza makazi duni ya vibanda vya plastiki na mbao kwenye mashamba ya mizeituni yaliyozunguka eneo hilo (eneo lililoitwa "Moria Olive Grove"). == Mazingira ya kibinadamu == Hali ya maisha ndani ya Moria ilikosolewa vikali na mashirika ya kutetea haki za kibinadamu kama vile [[Human Rights Watch]] na [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] (MSF):<ref name="hrw_moria" /> * '''Usafi duni:''' Kulikuwa na uhaba mkubwa wa vyoo na mabafu, ambapo mamia ya watu walilazimika kuchangia choo kimoja, hali iliyosababisha milipuko ya magonjwa mara kwa mara. * '''Chakula na maji:''' Wakimbizi walilazimika kusimama kwenye foleni ndefu kwa saa kadhaa ili kupata milo duni na maji safi ya kunywa. * '''Ulinzi na usalama:''' Ukosefu wa ulinzi wa kutosha ulisababisha ongezeko la vurugu, wizi, na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake na watoto, hasa nyakati za usiku kutokana na giza totoro. == Moto na kufungwa kwake == Mnamo usiku wa tarehe 8 na 9 Septemba [[2020]], mfululizo wa moto mkubwa ulizuka na kusambaa kwa kasi katika maeneo mbalimbali ya kambi hiyo:<ref>{{cite web|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|title=Fire Destroys Most of Europe’s Largest Refugee Camp|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/09/world/europe/greece-lesbos-moria-fire.html|website=The New York Times|date=9 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> * Moto huo uliharibu karibu kambi yote na kuacha zaidi ya wakimbizi 12,000 bila hifadhi yoyote ya dharura. * Serikali ya Ugiriki ilieleza kuwa moto huo ulianzishwa makusudi na baadhi ya wakazi waliokuwa wakipinga amri ya karantini baada ya kugundulika kwa wagonjwa wa [[UVIKO-19]] kambini hapo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moria: Greek authorities arrest six over refugee camp fire|url=https://www.dw.com/en/moria-greek-authorities-arrest-six-over-refugee-camp-fire/a-54939922|website=Deutsche Welle|date=15 Septemba 2020|access-date=16 Julai 2026}}</ref> Baada ya maafa hayo, kambi ya Moria ilifungwa kabisa. Wakimbizi walioachwa bila makazi walihamishiwa kwa muda katika kambi mpya ya dharura ya Kara Tepe (iliyojulikana pia kama Moria II), kabla ya kuhamishiwa kwenye vituo bora zaidi au kupelekwa katika nchi nyingine za Ulaya. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Ugiriki]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Ugiriki]] 5wdtjwualm8oltxsu1vekvfsy40z36p 0 242159 1579723 1579603 2026-07-16T08:40:57Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Azraq Refugee Camp (14041724219).jpg|thumb|300px|Mwonekano wa makazi yaliyopangwa kwa mfumo wa vijiji katika kambi ya Azraq nchini Yordani.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Azraq''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo karibu na mji wa Azraq katika Mkoa wa Zarqa, nchini [[Yordani]]. Kambi hii ilifunguliwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 30 Aprili [[2014]] ili kupunguza mrundikano wa wakimbizi katika [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]], kufuatia ongezeko kubwa la raia waliokuwa wakikimbia [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Syria]]. Kambi hii inasimamiwa kwa ushirikiano kati ya serikali ya Yordani na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]). == Usanifu na upangaji kambi == Tofauti na kambi nyingine nyingi duniani ambazo huanza kama makazi ya dharura yasiyo na mpangilio, Azraq ilisanifiwa kwa umakini mkubwa kabla ya kuanza kupokea watu: * '''Mfumo wa vijiji:''' Kambi imegawanywa katika maeneo manne madogo yanayoitwa ''vijiji''. Kila kijiji kina huduma zake muhimu kama vile kliniki, viwanja vya michezo, na shule ili kuwapunguzia wakazi safari ndefu za kutafuta huduma. * '''Makazi imara:''' Badala ya mahema ya kawaida ya vitambaa yanayoharibiwa haraka na upepo wa jangwani, hapa hutumiwa vibanda imara vya mabati vyenye uwezo wa kuzuia joto kali na baridi. == Idadi ya wakazi na nishati == * '''Idadi ya watu:''' Kambi ina uwezo wa kuhifadhi hadi watu 55,000, lakini kwa sasa inasitiri takriban wakimbizi wa Syria '''40,000'''. * '''Nishati ya jua:''' Azraq inasifika duniani kote kwa kuwa kambi ya kwanza kutumia nishati ya jua kwa kiwango kikubwa. Tangu mwaka 2017, mradi mkubwa wa umeme wa jua umeiwezesha kila familia kupata nishati ya uhakika kwa ajili ya mwanga, majokofu, na chaji za simu. == Changamoto zake == Licha ya miundombinu hii mizuri, wakazi wa Azraq wanakabiliwa na vikwazo kadhaa: * '''Tabianchi ngumu:''' Kambi ipo katikati ya jangwa lenye joto kali la mchana, baridi kali ya usiku, na dhoruba za mara kwa mara za mchanga. * '''Kujitenga:''' Kambi ipo umbali wa kilomita 20 kutoka mji wa karibu wa Azraq na takriban kilomita 80 kutoka mji mkuu [[Amman]]. Umbali huu unawafanya wakazi kujihisi wametengwa na unawanyima fursa za kupata ajira nje ya kambi. * '''Uzuiaji wa safari:''' Kutokana na taratibu za usalama nchini Yordani, wakimbizi wanapaswa kuwa na vibali maalum ili kuruhusiwa kutoka nje ya kambi. == Tazama pia == *[[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Syria]] 11mt9faxvbhmu2x0m81gjtn7evjpsst 1579724 1579723 2026-07-16T08:46:11Z Muddyb 379 1579724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Entrée du camp d'Azraq.jpg|thumb|Lango la kuingilia kambi hiyo, Mei 2018]] [[Image:Desmond Swayne briefed water pumping Azraq Refugee Camp Jordan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Waziri wa Uingereza wa [[Idara ya Maendeleo ya Kimataifa]], [[Desmond Swayne]], akipewa maelezo na [[UNICEF]] kuhusu usambazaji wa maji kwa njia ya pampu katika kambi ya wakimbizi ya Azraq mnamo Julai 2015.]] '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Azraq''' ni kambi kubwa ya wakimbizi iliyopo karibu na mji wa Azraq katika Mkoa wa Zarqa, nchini [[Yordani]]. Kambi hii ilifunguliwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 30 Aprili [[2014]] ili kupunguza mrundikano wa wakimbizi katika [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]], kufuatia ongezeko kubwa la raia waliokuwa wakikimbia [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Syria]]. Kambi hii inasimamiwa kwa ushirikiano kati ya serikali ya Yordani na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=251&country=107&region=73 | title=Syria Regional Refugee Response – Azraq | publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-date=19 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919093257/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=251&country=107&region=73 | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/unhcr-jordan-azraq-refugee-camp-factsheet-december-2024 | title=UNHCR Jordan: Azraq Refugee Camp - Factsheet, December 2024 | date=4 March 2025 | publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) | access-date=17 June 2025 }}</ref> == Usanifu na upangaji kambi == Tofauti na kambi nyingine nyingi duniani ambazo huanza kama makazi ya dharura yasiyo na mpangilio, Azraq ilisanifiwa kwa umakini mkubwa kabla ya kuanza kupokea watu: * '''Mfumo wa vijiji:''' Kambi imegawanywa katika maeneo manne madogo yanayoitwa ''vijiji''. Kila kijiji kina huduma zake muhimu kama vile kliniki, viwanja vya michezo, na shule ili kuwapunguzia wakazi safari ndefu za kutafuta huduma. * '''Makazi imara:''' Badala ya mahema ya kawaida ya vitambaa yanayoharibiwa haraka na upepo wa jangwani, hapa hutumiwa vibanda imara vya mabati vyenye uwezo wa kuzuia joto kali na baridi. == Idadi ya wakazi na nishati == * '''Idadi ya watu:''' Kambi ina uwezo wa kuhifadhi hadi watu 55,000, lakini kwa sasa inasitiri takriban wakimbizi wa Syria '''40,000'''. * '''Nishati ya jua:''' Azraq inasifika duniani kote kwa kuwa kambi ya kwanza kutumia nishati ya jua kwa kiwango kikubwa. Tangu mwaka 2017, mradi mkubwa wa umeme wa jua umeiwezesha kila familia kupata nishati ya uhakika kwa ajili ya mwanga, majokofu, na chaji za simu. == Changamoto zake == Licha ya miundombinu hii mizuri, wakazi wa Azraq wanakabiliwa na vikwazo kadhaa: * '''Tabianchi ngumu:''' Kambi ipo katikati ya jangwa lenye joto kali la mchana, baridi kali ya usiku, na dhoruba za mara kwa mara za mchanga. * '''Kujitenga:''' Kambi ipo umbali wa kilomita 20 kutoka mji wa karibu wa Azraq na takriban kilomita 80 kutoka mji mkuu [[Amman]]. Umbali huu unawafanya wakazi kujihisi wametengwa na unawanyima fursa za kupata ajira nje ya kambi. * '''Uzuiaji wa safari:''' Kutokana na taratibu za usalama nchini Yordani, wakimbizi wanapaswa kuwa na vibali maalum ili kuruhusiwa kutoka nje ya kambi. == Tazama pia == *[[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Kambi za wakimbizi nchini Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Syria]] 1p43n4i0wvu86gos8i3sh8zpc9vrh0x 0 242160 1579721 1579604 2026-07-16T08:37:03Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Zaatari''' ni kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi nchini [[Yordani]] na Mashariki ya Kati kwa ujumla. Kambi hii ipo umbali wa takriban kilomita 10 mashariki mwa mji wa Mafraq, kaskazini mwa Yordani, karibu sana na mpaka wa [[Syria]]. Zaatari ilifunguliwa rasmi mnamo tarehe 28 Julai [[2012]] ili kuwapokea raia wa Syria waliokuwa wakikimbia [[Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Syria]] vilivyoanza mwaka 2011. Tangu wakati huo, kambi hii imekuwa ishara kuu ya athari za kijamii na kibinadamu za mgogoro wa Syria. Kambi inasimamiwa kwa pamoja na serikali ya Yordani na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]). == Idadi ya Watu na Ukuaji == Tangu kuanzishwa kwake, Zaatari ilikua kwa kasi kubwa sana na kuwa moja ya makazi yenye mkusanyiko mkubwa wa watu nchini Yordani: * Katika kilele cha mrundikano mnamo mwaka [[2013]], kambi hiyo ilihifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi '''200,000''', na kuifanya kwa muda kuwa mji wa nne kwa ukubwa nchini Yordani. * Baada ya ufunguzi wa kambi mpya kama ya Azraq na kuhamia kwa wakimbizi wengi katika maeneo ya mijini nchini Yordani au nchi za tatu, idadi ya wakaazi ilitulia na kufikia takriban watu '''80,000'''. == Miundombinu na Maisha == Zaatari imebadilika kutoka kambi ya dharura ya mahema hadi kuwa makazi thabiti ya nusu-kudumu: * '''Makazi:''' Mahema yote ya zamani yamebadilishwa na kuwa nyumba za mabati ambazo hutoa ulinzi bora dhidi ya baridi kali ya majira ya baridi na joto kali la jangwani wakati wa kiangazi. * '''Nishati na Maji:''' Kambi hiyo ina mtandao mkubwa wa nishati ya jua unaotoa umeme kwa saa kadhaa kwa siku. Pia ina mfumo wa kisasa wa mabomba ya kusambaza maji safi na kutoa maji taka ili kuboresha hali ya usafi. * '''Elimu na Afya:''' Kuna shule kadhaa zinazoendeshwa kwa ushirikiano wa wizara ya elimu ya Yordani, pamoja na kliniki na hospitali zinazotoa huduma za afya bure kwa wakimbizi. == Tazama pia == *[[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Azraq]] {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Yordani]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Syria]] hkijd4hz7m3myzou8k3op0nywj4on2g 0 242163 1579720 1579607 2026-07-16T08:34:28Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Refugee Children Joy.jpg|thumb|Watoto katika makazi ya wakimbizi ya Nakivale.]] [[File:Epilepsy medical outreach in Nakivale Refugee settlement.jpg|thumb|'''Msafara wa huduma za matibabu ya kifafa katika makazi ya wakimbizi ya Nakivale.''']] '''Makazi ya Wakimbizi ya Nakivale''' ni makazi makubwa na ya kihistoria ya wakimbizi yaliyopo katika Wilaya ya Isingiro, Mkoa wa Magharibi nchini [[Uganda]]. Yakiwa yameanzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[1958]], makazi haya yanatajwa kuwa miongoni mwa makazi ya wakimbizi ya zamani zaidi barani [[Afrika]] yanayoendelea kufanya kazi hadi sasa. Makazi haya yanasimamiwa kwa pamoja na Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Uganda (OPM) na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]). == Jiografia na ukubwa == Nakivale inachukua eneo kubwa sana la kijiografia: * Eneo lake lina ukubwa wa takriban '''kilomita za mraba 184'''. * Makazi haya yanajumuisha maeneo ya malisho, mashamba, milima, na yanapakana na Ziwa Nakivale ambalo ni chanzo muhimu cha maji na shughuli za uvuvi kwa wakazi wake. == Idadi ya watu na mataifa == Nakivale inasifika kwa kuwa na jamii mchanganyiko na ya kitamaduni inayowakilisha mataifa mengi ya Afrika: * Makazi haya yanahifadhi zaidi ya wakimbizi '''140,000''' hadi '''170,000'''. * Wakazi wake wanatoka katika nchi mbalimbali zikiwemo [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC), [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan Kusini]], na [[Kenya]]. * Jamii hizi tofauti zinaishi kwa amani katika kanda (zones) mbalimbali zilizotengwa ndani ya makazi hayo, huku kila jamii ikichangia utofauti wa lugha na utamaduni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/69449|title=Uganda - Refugee Statistics April 2019 - Nakivale|website=UNHCR Uganda|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tutapona.com/#!about_us/csgz|title=Tutapona trauma counseling with child soldiers and war victims|website=Tutapona trauma counseling with child soldiers and war victims|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.resettlement.eu/page/congolese-drc-refugees|title=Congolese (DRC) refugees {{!}} European Resettlement Network|website=www.resettlement.eu|access-date=2016-05-14}}</ref> == Kujitegemea na uchumi == Sawa na makazi mengine nchini Uganda, Nakivale inafuata sera ya maendeleo inayomwezesha mkimbizi kujitegemea badala ya kutegemea misaada pekee: * '''Kilimo:''' Kila familia ya mkimbizi inapewa kipande cha ardhi kwa ajili ya kilimo cha chakula kama vile [[mahindi]], [[maharage]], na [[migomba]]. * '''Biashara na Teknolojia:''' Ndani ya Nakivale kuna mji mdogo wa kibiashara wenye maduka, masoko, migahawa, na hata huduma za kifedha. Aidha, kambi hii imekuwa kitovu cha ubunifu ambapo vijana wakimbizi wameanzisha miradi ya kijamii na kiteknolojia (kama vile vituo vya mafunzo ya kompyuta na ushonaji) ili kutengeneza fursa za ajira.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robert|title=Nakivale – Windle International Uganda|url=https://windleuganda.org/nakivale/|access-date=2020-09-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagenda|first=Emmanuel|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56199907|title=Land problems in Nakivale Settlement and the implications for refugee protection in Uganda|date=2003|publisher=Refugee Law Project|oclc=56199907}}</ref> == Changamoto == Licha ya mafanikio yake kama mfano wa kuigwa duniani, Nakivale inakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa: * '''Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi:''' Uhaba wa mvua na ukame wa mara kwa mara katika Wilaya ya Isingiro huathiri vibaya kilimo ambacho ndio nguzo kuu ya chakula na kipato kwa wakimbizi. * '''Shinikizo la Miundombinu:''' Ongezeko endelevu la wakimbizi wapya kutoka nchi zenye migogoro kama DRC linasababisha mzigo mkubwa kwenye huduma za kijamii kama vile shule, zahanati, na upatikanaji wa maji safi. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Uganda]] i4l839ep3j8l0arir9s1lrvdsxhg75l 0 242164 1579630 1579471 2026-07-15T13:52:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1579630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Pharrell Williams | picha = Pharrell Williams 2024 (54133384149).jpg | maelezo = Williams mwaka 2024 | jina la kuzaliwa = Pharrell Lanscilo Williams<ref name="GrammyBio">{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/pharrell-williams/7310|title=Artist: Pharrell Williams|work=Recording Academy|date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> | majina mengine = {{flat list| * Pharrell * Skateboard P * Sk8brd * Auto Goon * Magnum, the Verb Lord * Station Wagon P * Yellow Lightning }} | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1973|4|5}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], Marekani | kazi yake = {{flat list| * Mwanamuziki * mwimbaji * mtunzi wa nyimbo * rapa * mtayarishaji wa muziki * mbunifu wa mitindo }} | elimu = [[Northwestern University]] (aliacha masomo) | miaka ya kazi = 1992–sasa | ndoa = {{marriage|Helen Lasichanh|2013}} | watoto = 4 | jamaa = [[Timbaland]] (binamu)<ref>{{cite web|author=Mika|title=Timbaland Reveals Pharrell is His Cousin at 'The Cruz Show'|date=February 13, 2016|url=https://theneptunes.org/2016/02/timbaland-reveals-pharrell-is-his-cousin-at-the-cruz-show/|publisher=[[The Neptunes]]|access-date=February 13, 2016}}</ref> | tuzo = [[List of awards and nominations received by Pharrell Williams|Orodha kamili]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist 2 | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | aina = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p281403|pure_url=yes}}|title=Pharrell Williams – Overview|last=Kellman|first=Andy|website=[[Allmusic]]|access-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref>|[[Funk music|Funk]]|[[Rock music|Rock]]}} | ala = {{flat list| * Sauti * kinanda * ngoma }} | studio = {{flat list| * [[I Am Other]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] * [[Arista Records|Arista]] * [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] * [[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]] }} | ameshirikiana na = {{flat list| * [[The Neptunes]] * [[N.E.R.D.]] * [[Child Rebel Soldier]] }} | wavuti = {{URL|pharrellwilliams.com}} }} | sahihi = Pharrell Williams sig.svg }} '''Pharrell Lanscilo Williams''' (alizaliwa Aprili 5, 1973) ni mwanamuziki wa Marekani, mwandishi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa muziki, na mbunifu wa mitindo. Hapo awali alijulikana kama nusu ya kwanza ya kundi la utayarishaji wa muziki la [[the Neptunes]], ambalo alilianzisha kwa kushirikiana na [[Chad Hugo]] mnamo mwaka 1992.<ref name="Sony/ATV">{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyatv.com/en/songwriters/637/pharrell-williams|title=Pharrell Williams|publisher=[[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]]|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> Kazi kumi na tano kati ya [[Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa The Neptunes|kazi zao za utayarishaji]] zimefanikiwa kuingia kwenye kumi bora za chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], ikijumuisha nyimbo nne zilizoshika nafasi ya kwanza kabisa kwenye chati hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.63414/title.billboard-proclaims-pharrell-the-neptunes-the-greatest-hip-hop-producers-of-21st-century|title=The Neptunes Named the Greatest Modern Hip Hop Producers by Billboard|date=July 22, 2021|website=HipHopDX.com|access-date=February 24, 2024|archive-date=February 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224093624/https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.63414/title.billboard-proclaims-pharrell-the-neptunes-the-greatest-hip-hop-producers-of-21st-century|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-nerd-01jun01,0,7745056.story|title=Los Angeles Times|access-date=December 11, 2011 |first=Chris|last=Lee|date=June 1, 2008}}</ref> Wawili hao pia walianzisha bendi ya [[Muziki wa Rock|rock]] na [[hip-hop]] ya [[N.E.R.D.]] wakishirikiana na [[Shay Haley]] mnamo mwaka 1999, ambapo Williams alikuwa mwimbaji mkuu. Anatajwa kuwa mmoja wa watayarishaji wenye ushawishi mkubwa zaidi katika [[muziki wa pop]] wa kisasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.capitalxtra.com/artists/pharrell-williams/lists/the-most-influential-man-in-music/|title=The Story of How Pharrell Became the Most Influential Man in Music|website=Capital XTRA|access-date=December 9, 2021|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209214015/https://www.capitalxtra.com/artists/pharrell-williams/lists/the-most-influential-man-in-music/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/pharrell-williams-rick-rubin-most-awarded-producers-2000s-9605820/|title=Pharrell Williams, Rick Rubin & More of the Most Awarded Producers of the 2000s|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=July 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://exclaim.ca/amparticle/pharrell_williams-the_pharrell_phenomenon|title=Pharrell Williams the Pharrell Phenomenon|work=Exclaim}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/like-the-song-these-guys-wrote-it-20040515-gdxu7b.html|title=Like the song? These guys wrote it|date=May 15, 2004|work=The Age}}</ref> Pia amechangia kuandaa muziki wa filamu zote za katuni za mfululizo wa ''[[Despicable Me (mfululizo wa filamu)|Despicable Me]]''. Williams alianzisha studio ya kurekodi muziki ya [[Star Trak Entertainment]] akishirikiana na Hugo mnamo mwaka 2001, ikiwa chini ya usimamizi wa [[Arista Records]]. Wimbo wa kwanza wa Williams kama msanii wa kujitegemea mnamo mwaka 2003, "[[Frontin']]" (akishirikiana na [[Jay-Z]]), ulishika nafasi ya tano kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Baadaye alisaini mkataba na kampuni za [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] na [[Interscope Records]] kwa ajili ya kuachia albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[In My Mind (albamu ya Pharrell Williams)|In My Mind]]'' (2006), iliyoshika nafasi ya tatu kwenye chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] licha ya kupokea maoni mseto kutoka kwa wakosoaji wa muziki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/149f91ef-1287-46da-9a8e-87fee02f1471|title=BBC|access-date=December 11, 2011}}</ref> Williams alitayarisha na kushirikishwa na [[T.I.]] kwenye wimbo wa msanii wa Star Trak, [[Robin Thicke]], wa mwaka 2013 uitwao "[[Blurred Lines]]", ulioshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na kupata cheti cha [[cheti cha RIAA|platinamu ya kiwango cha almasi]] kutoka kwa chama cha Chama cha Sekta ya Kurekodi ya Marekani (RIAA). Mwaka huo huo, kushirikishwa kwake pamoja na [[Nile Rodgers]] kwenye wimbo wa [[Daft Punk]] uitwao "[[Get Lucky (wimbo wa Daft Punk)|Get Lucky]]" kulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati na kushinda tuzo ya Grammy ya Rekodi Bora ya Mwaka na Utendaji Bora wa Pop wa Kundi/Wawili katika Tuzo za 56 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy. Wimbo wa Williams wa mwaka 2013, "[[Happy (wimbo wa Pharrell Williams)|Happy]]"—ulioandaliwa kwa ajili ya kibwagizo cha filamu ya ''[[Despicable Me 2]]''—ukawa wimbo wake wa pili kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati mwaka huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/daft-punk-pharrell-williams-nile-rodgers-win-record-year|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321015819/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/videos/daft-punk-pharrell-williams-nile-rodgers-win-record-year|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2019|title=Daft Punk, Pharrell Williams, Nile Rodgers Win Record Of The Year|date=January 26, 2014|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref> Pia ulitumika kama wimbo mkuu wa albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Girl (albamu ya Pharrell Williams)|Girl]]'' (2014), iliyoshika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya ''Billboard'' 200 na kupokelewa vizuri sana na wakosoaji.<ref name="second album" /> Williams amepokea tuzo na teuzi mbalimbali. Ameshinda tuzo 13 za Grammy, zikiwemo tatu za Mtayarishaji Bora wa Mwaka, Isiyo ya Klasiki (moja akiwa kama mwanachama wa kundi la the Neptunes). Pia ameteuliwa mara mbili kuwania Tuzo za [[Tuzo za Academy|Oscar (Academy Award)]]: mwaka 2014 kwa ajili ya Wimbo Bora wa Asili kupitia "Happy"; na mwaka 2017 kwa ajili ya Filamu Bora akiwa mtayarishaji wa filamu ya ''[[Hidden Figures]]''. Kama mmiliki pekee, alianzisha kampuni ya sanaa na vyombo vya habari ya [[I Am Other]] mnamo mwaka 2012, ambayo inafanya kazi kama studio ya kurekodi na mwavuli wa ubunifu wa miradi yake mingine, ikiwemo nembo yake ya mitindo na duka la nguo la [[Billionaire Boys Club (duka la nguo)|Billionaire Boys Club]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url= https://hypebeast.com/2020/4/pharrell-williams-iamother-soundcloud-compilation-album-emerging-talent-search|title=Pharrell Williams, i am OTHER, and SoundCloud Talent Search|date=April 24, 2020|website=Hypebeast.com}}</ref> Amekuwa mkurugenzi wa ubunifu wa mavazi ya wanaume katika nembo ya [[Louis Vuitton]] tangu mwaka 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Pharrell Williams |url=https://fashionmag.us/2023/02/pharrell-williams-is-louis-vuittons-next-mens-designer/}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Williams alizaliwa mnamo Aprili 5, 1973, mjini [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]],<ref name="Allmusic" /><ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/06/popandrock.pharrellwilliams|title=Just Williams|last=Bainbridge|first=Luke|date=November 5, 2005|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=December 13, 2008|location=London}}</ref> akiwa mtoto mkubwa kati ya watoto watatu wa kiume wa Carolyn (mwalimu) na Pharoah Williams (fundi mjenzi wa majumba).<ref>{{cite web|date=October 13, 2003|title=Pharrell Williams|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20148349,00.html|access-date=November 28, 2008}}</ref><ref name="fdr1">Ilielezwa kwenye kipindi cha ''[[Finding Your Roots]]'', Februari 16, 2021</ref> Asili ya familia yake inaenda nyuma kwa vizazi vingi katika majimbo ya [[Virginia]] na [[North Carolina]]. Mmoja wa mababu zake alisafiri kwenda [[Afrika Magharibi]] mnamo mwaka 1831, jambo lililowahamasisha ndugu wengine kuhama kutoka Marekani kwenda [[Liberia]] mnamo mwaka 1832.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 2014|title=Why Pharrell Almost Didn't Exist|work=Megan Smolenyak's Blog|url=http://megansmolenyak.com/pharrell/|access-date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> Williams alikutana na [[Chad Hugo]] wakiwa kwenye kambi ya muziki ya majira ya joto katika darasa la saba, ambapo Williams alikuwa akipiga ngoma na Hugo akipiga [[saksofoni ya tenor]].<ref name="Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/12/1084289744331.html|title=Like the song? These guys wrote it|last=Campbell|first=Melissa|date=May 15, 2004|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=May 22, 2007|location=Melbourne}}</ref> Walisoma Shule ya Upili ya Princess Anne ambapo walikuwa wanachama wa bendi ya shule hiyo iliyoitwa Fabulous Marching Cavaliers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-feb-08-ca-shiver8-story.html|title=Virginia is for hip-hop lovers|last=Shiver|first=Jube Jr.|date=February 8, 2004|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref> Williams alihitimu shule ya upili mnamo mwaka 1991 na akasoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern kwa miaka miwili kabla ya kuacha masomo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/pharrell-williams-profile-happiness-is-his-truth-9463049.html?amp |title=Pharrell Williams - profile: Happiness is his truth |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=May 30, 2014 |access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref> == Kazi == === 1992–2004: The Neptunes na N.E.R.D. === Mapema miaka ya 1990, Williams alianzisha kundi la hip-hop lililoitwa Surrounded by Idiots akishirikiana na [[Chad Hugo]], Magoo, na binamu yake [[Timbaland]]; kundi likafa kabla ya kurekodi wimbo wowote.<ref name="NYTimestyle">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/magazine/style-the-sound.html|title=Style; The Sound|last=Frere-Jones|first=Sasha|date=February 8, 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref> Baadaye alianzisha kundi la watu wanne la mtindo wa R&B lililoitwa [[the Neptunes]], akiwa na Hugo pamoja na marafiki zao [[Shay Haley]] na Mike Etheridge.<ref name="Yolk">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.yolk.com/v092/chadhugo1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508073207/http://www.yolk.com/v092/chadhugo1.html|url-status=dead|title=YOLK Generasian Next &#124; 2.0 Archive|archive-date=May 8, 2006|website=Yolk.com|access-date=April 5, 2026}}</ref> Walishiriki katika onyesho la vipaji la shule ya upili, ambapo waligunduliwa na mtayarishaji [[Teddy Riley]], ambaye studio yake ilikuwa karibu na shule hiyo.<ref name="Yolk" /> Baada ya kuhitimu masomo yao, kundi hilo lilisaini mkataba na Riley.<ref name="Yolk" /> Williams aliandika mistari ya Riley kwenye wimbo maarufu wa [[Wreckx-n-Effect]] wa mwaka 1992 uitwao "[[Rump Shaker (wimbo)|Rump Shaker]]".<ref name="NYTimestyle"/> Wakiwa kama the Neptunes, Williams na Hugo walitayarisha wimbo wa [[N.O.R.E.|Noreaga]] wa mwaka 1998 uitwao "[[Superthug]]".<ref name="NYTimestyle"/> The Neptunes walianza kufanya kazi na kundi la rap la [[Clipse]] (wasanii wa rap [[Pusha T]] na [[No Malice|Malice]]) mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, na walifanya kazi kwenye albamu ya Clipse, ''[[Exclusive Audio Footage]]'', ambayo haikuwahi kuachiwa rasmi.<ref name="ExclusiveAudioFootage">{{cite web |last1=Winistorfer |first1=Andrew |title=On 'Exclusive Audio Footage,' The Long-Lost Clipse Album |url=https://magazine.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/exclusive-audio-footage/ |website=VinylMePlease |access-date=September 20, 2020 |date=April 19, 2018 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802062347/https://magazine.vinylmeplease.com/magazine/exclusive-audio-footage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Neptunes walitayarisha wimbo wa [[Mystikal]] uitwao "[[Shake Ya Ass]]" (2000), wimbo wa [[Jay-Z]] uitwao "[[I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)]]" (2000), na wimbo wa [[Nelly]] uitwao "[[Hot in Herre]]" (2002).<ref name="NYTimestyle"/> Walifanya kazi na mwimbaji [[Kelis]], wakitayarisha albamu zake mbili za kwanza za studio, ''[[Kaleidoscope (albamu ya Kelis)|Kaleidoscope]]'' (1999) na ''[[Wanderland]]'' (2001).<ref name="Kelis">{{cite magazine |last1=Saponara |first1=Michael |title=Kelis Claims The Neptunes Kept All the Profits From Her First Two Albums |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/kelis-neptunes-pharrell-8549698/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Billboard |access-date=September 19, 2020 |date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2001, kundi la [[N.E.R.D.]], ambalo liliundwa na Williams, Hugo, na Haley, lilitoa albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[In Search of... (albamu ya N.E.R.D.)|In Search of...]]''.<ref name="InSearchOf">{{cite web |last1=Bierut |first1=Patrick |title='In Search Of...': N*E*R*D's 21st-Century Hip-Hop Mission Statement |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/stories/nerd-in-search-of-debut-album/ |website=UDiscover Music |access-date=September 20, 2020 |date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> Williams na Hugo walisajili kundi la Clipse kwenye studio ya [[Arista Records]] kupitia lebo yake ya [[Star Trak Entertainment]] mnamo mwaka 2001.<ref name="Yale Daily News">{{cite web|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/19305 |title=Rap duo 'Clipse' rocks the gangsta hip-hop scene |last=Torbati |first=June |date=December 8, 2006 |work=[[Yale Daily News]] |access-date=March 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212024815/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/19305 |archive-date=February 12, 2007 }}</ref> The Neptunes walitayarisha nyimbo kwenye albamu ya mwimbaji [[Babyface (mwanamuziki)|Babyface]] ya mwaka 2001, ''[[Face2Face (albamu ya Babyface)|Face2Face]]'', ikiwa ni pamoja na wimbo wake mkuu wa kwanza "[[There She Goes (wimbo wa Babyface)|There She Goes]]".<ref name="NYTimestyle"/> The Neptunes walitayarisha pia nyimbo za [[Britney Spears]] zilizoitwa "[[I'm a Slave 4 U]]" na "[[Boys (wimbo wa Britney Spears)|Boys]]" kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya tatu ya studio, ''[[Britney (albamu)|Britney]]'' (2001).<ref name="Age"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449404/20010928/nerd.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040224083819/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449404/20010928/nerd.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 24, 2004|title=Neptunes' Pharrell Williams Rethinks R&B|work=MTV News|access-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2002, Clipse walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Lord Willin']]'', iliyotayarishwa kikamilifu na the Neptunes.<ref name="LordWillin">{{cite web |last1=Allah |first1=Sha Be |title=Today in Hip-Hop History: The Clipse Release Their Debut LP 'Lord Willin' 18 Years Ago |url=https://thesource.com/2020/08/20/today-in-hip-hop-history-the-clipse-release-their-debut-lp-lord-willin-18-years-ago/ |website=[[The Source (magazine)|The Source]] |publisher=The Source |access-date=September 20, 2020 |date=August 20, 2020}}</ref> Mwaka huo huo, the Neptunes walitayarisha nyimbo nyingi kwenye albamu ya kwanza ya [[Justin Timberlake]] iliyoitwa ''[[Justified (albamu)|Justified]]'', ikijumuisha nyimbo za "[[Señorita (wimbo wa Justin Timberlake)|Señorita]]", "[[Like I Love You]]", na "[[Rock Your Body]]".<ref name="NYTimestyle"/> Mnamo mwaka 2003, the Neptunes walitoa albamu ya mkusanyiko iliyoitwa ''[[Clones (albamu)|Clones]]''.<ref name="Clones">{{cite web |last1=Pemberton |first1=Rollie |title=The Neptunes: Clones Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5876-clones/ |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |publisher=Pitchfork |access-date=September 20, 2020 |date=August 25, 2003}}</ref> Kulingana na utafiti mmoja usio na jina wa mwezi Agosti 2003 uliotajwa na gazeti la ''[[The Age]]'', iligundulika kuwa the Neptunes walitayarisha karibu asilimia 20 ya nyimbo zilizokuwa zikipigwa kwenye redio za Uingereza wakati huo; utafiti mwingine nchini Marekani uligundua kuwa walitayarisha asilimia 43 ya nyimbo zote za redioni.<ref name=Age/> The Neptunes walitayarisha wimbo wa [[Snoop Dogg]] uitwao "[[Drop It Like It's Hot]]" (2004), ambao pia ulishirikisha sauti ya Williams.<ref name="Drop">{{cite web |last1=Fu |first1=Eddie |title=Knowledge Drop: How Crips Pressured Pharrell To Produce Snoop Dogg's "Drop It Like It's Hot" |url=https://genius.com/a/how-crips-pressured-pharrell-to-produce-snoop-dogg-s-drop-it-like-it-s-hot |website=[[Genius (website)|Genius]] |publisher=Genius |access-date=September 19, 2020 |date=November 16, 2019}}</ref> == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Pharrell Williams|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Pharrell Williams|}} === Albamu za peke yake === * ''[[In My Mind (albamu ya Pharrell Williams)|In My Mind]]'' (2006) * ''[[Girl (albamu ya Pharrell Williams)|Girl]]'' (2014) === Kandamseto === * ''In My Mind: The Prequel'' (akishirikiana na [[DJ Drama]], 2006) * ''The Billionaire Boys Club Tape'' (2012) * ''Black Yacht Rock Vol. 1, City of Limitless Access'' (2024) === Albamu za ushirikiano === ;Akiwa na N.E.R.D. * ''[[In Search of... (albamu ya N.E.R.D.)|In Search of...]]'' (2002) * ''[[Fly or Die]]'' (2004) * ''[[Seeing Sounds]]'' (2008) * ''[[Nothing (albamu ya N.E.R.D.)|Nothing]]'' (2010) * ''[[No One Ever Really Dies]]'' (2017) ;Akiwa na the Neptunes * ''[[Clones (albamu)|Clones]]'' (2003) == Filamu == * ''[[Despicable Me (filamu)|Despicable Me]]'' (2010) – Mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[Get Him to the Greek]]'' (2010) – Yeye mwenyewe * ''[[Despicable Me 2]]'' (2013) – Mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[The Voice (kipindi cha TV cha Marekani)|The Voice]]'' (2014–16) – Yeye mwenyewe * ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' (2014) – Mwandishi msaidizi wa muziki, mwanachama wa The Magnificent Six * ''[[The Simpsons]]'' (2015) – Yeye mwenyewe (Sehemu ya: "[[Walking Big & Tall]]") (sauti) * ''[[Pitch Perfect 2]]'' (2015) – Yeye mwenyewe * ''[[Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping]]'' (2016) – Yeye mwenyewe * ''[[Hidden Figures]]'' (2016) – Mtayarishaji, mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[Despicable Me 3]]'' (2017) – Mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[The Grinch (filamu)|The Grinch]]'' (2018) – Msimulizi (sauti) * ''[[Black Is King]]'' (2020) – Muonekano maalum * ''[[North Hollywood (filamu)|North Hollywood]]'' (2020) – Mtayarishaji * ''[[A Man Named Scott]]'' (2021) – Yeye mwenyewe * ''[[Sing 2]]'' (2021) – Alfonso (sauti) * ''[[Despicable Me 4]]'' (2024) – Mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[Piece by Piece (filamu ya 2024)|Piece by Piece]]'' (2024) – Yeye mwenyewe (sauti); mtayarishaji, mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]'' (2024) – Mtunzi wa muziki * ''[[Golden (filamu ambayo haijakamilika)|Golden]]'' (2025) – Mtayarishaji, mtunzi wa muziki (filamu ilifutwa kabla ya hatua ya uhariri wa mwisho na [[Universal Filmed Entertainment Group|Universal Studios]])<ref name=Donnelly/> * ''[[In Whose Name?]]'' (2025) – Yeye mwenyewe ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viung vya nje== {{commons category}} * {{official website|http://www.pharrellwilliams.com/}} * {{IMDb name|1214289}} {{Pharrell Williams}} {{BD|1973}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji muziki wa Marekani]] 2ndegfxhptdouupqpid7z2palkfr6vr 0 242165 1579717 1579609 2026-07-16T08:22:55Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bidi Bidi settlement.jpg|thumb|Kanda ya 1 ya mapokezi ya Bidibidi]] [[File:Bidibidi main market in zone 1.jpg|thumb|Bidibidi soko la kanda ya 1]] [[File:Zone 4 Abrimajo Youth.jpg|thumb|Kanda ya 4 vijana wakishiriki katika miradi ya mafunzo ya Wikimedia]] '''Makazi ya Wakimbizi ya Bidi Bidi''' ni makazi makubwa sana ya wakimbizi yaliyopo katika [[Wilaya ya Yumbe]], kaskazini mwa [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uganda - Bidibidi camp (as of Feb 2017)|url=http://reliefweb.int/map/uganda/uganda-bidibidi-camp-feb-2017|website=reliefweb|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> Yakiwa yamefunguliwa rasmi mnamo mwezi Agosti [[2016]] ili kupokea maelfu ya watu waliokimbia vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini [[Sudan Kusini]], makazi haya yalikuwa kwa kasi ya ajabu na kuwa kambi kubwa zaidi ya wakimbizi barani [[Afrika]] na ya pili kwa ukubwa duniani (baada ya makazi ya wakimbizi wa Rohingya kule Cox's Bazar, [[Bangladesh]]). == Chimbuko na Historia == Mnamo Julai 2016, mapigano makali yalizuka upya katika mji mkuu wa Sudan Kusini, [[Juba]], jambo lililosababisha wimbi kubwa la raia kukimbilia nchi jirani ya Uganda: * Serikali ya Uganda ilifungua eneo la Bidi Bidi ambalo hapo awali lilikuwa kijiji kidogo cha msituni chenye makazi machache ya wenyeji. * Ndani ya miezi michache tu, makazi hayo yalipokea zaidi ya wakimbizi '''270,000''', idadi ambayo ilizidi uwezo wa miundombinu mingi ya kimsingi wakati huo na kulazimu mashirika ya kimataifa kuingilia kati kwa haraka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/how-bidibidi-uganda-refugee-camp-became-city/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401102211/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/how-bidibidi-uganda-refugee-camp-became-city/|archive-date=1 April 2019|title=In Uganda, a unique urban experiment is underway. The world's second-largest refugee camp is slowly but surely transforming into a permanent city.|publisher=National Geographic|date=April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Thrasher |first1=Alan R. |title=Bidi |date=13 January 2015 |encyclopedia=Oxford Music Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.l2275090 |last2=Lam |first2=June L.F.}}.</ref> == Muundo na usimamizi == Ili kurahisisha usimamizi na utoaji wa huduma, Bidi Bidi iligawanywa katika kanda tano kuu za kiutawala (Zoni 1 hadi 5): * Kila kanda ina huduma zake za kijamii kama vile vituo vya afya, shule za msingi na sekondari, na mifumo ya usambazaji maji. * Makazi haya yanachukua eneo kubwa la takriban '''kilomita za mraba 250'''. * Usimamizi unafanywa na Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu wa Uganda (OPM) kwa ushirikiano wa karibu na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]) pamoja na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGOs). == Ujumuishaji na misha ya kila siku == Bidi Bidi inafuata mtindo wa kipekee wa Uganda wa kutowafungia wakimbizi kwenye kambi zenye fensi: * '''Kumiliki Ardhi na Kilimo:''' Kila kaya inapewa kiwanja kwa ajili ya kujenga nyumba ya dongo na nyasi (tukul) na kufanya kilimo kidogo cha mboga na nafaka. * '''Muingiliano wa Kijamii:''' Wakimbizi wanaruhusiwa kufanya biashara na kushirikiana kwa karibu na jamii ya wenyeji wa kabila la [[Alur]] na [[Lugbara]] wanaoishi wilayani Yumbe. Hali hii imesaidia kuzuia migogoro ya kijamii. * '''Mabadiliko ya Miundombinu:''' Kutokana na uwekezaji wa mashirika ya misaada, barabara zilizounganisha wilaya ya Yumbe ziliboreshwa, na hospitali pamoja na shule mpya zilizojengwa sasa zinahudumia wakimbizi na Waganda wenyeji kwa pamoja. == Changamoto == Ingawa hali imetulia tangu kuanzishwa kwake, Bidi Bidi bado inakabiliwa na changamoto zifuatazo: * '''Uhaba wa Maji na Nishati:''' Eneo la kaskazini mwa Uganda ni kavu sana. Kusukuma maji ya kutosha kwa ajili ya mamia ya maelfu ya watu ni gharama kubwa. Pia, ukataji wa miti kwa ajili ya kupata kuni za kupikia umesababisha uharibifu mkubwa wa mazingira ya asili. * '''Kupungua kwa Misaada:''' Kutokana na mizozo mipya duniani, ufadhili wa kifedha kutoka kwa wafadhili wa kimataifa umepungua, jambo linalosababisha kupunguzwa kwa posho za chakula na rasilimali za elimu kambini. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nakivale]] * [[Makazi ya Wakimbizi ya Kyangwali]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} 5xzjrrbtzk32f9cx8r0abc2lhnmns0c 0 242166 1579715 1579610 2026-07-16T08:11:21Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Nayapara''' ni kambi ya wakimbizi iliyopo katika Upazila ya Teknaf, Wilaya ya Cox's Bazar nchini [[Bangladesh]]. Kambi hii ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo mwaka [[1992]] ili kuhifadhi wakimbizi wa jamii ya [[Warohingya]] waliokuwa wakikimbia mateso ya kidini na kikabila nchini [[Myanmar]] (zamani ikijulikana kama Burma). Nayapara, pamoja na kambi jirani ya Kutupalong, kwa miaka mingi zilikuwa kambi mbili pekee rasmi zinazotambuliwa na serikali ya Bangladesh katika eneo la Cox's Bazar kabla ya wimbi kubwa la wakimbizi wa mwaka [[2017]]. == Historia na chimbuko == Mnamo mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, operesheni za kijeshi nchini Myanmar zilisababisha zaidi ya Warohingya 250,000 kukimbilia Bangladesh: * Serikali ya Bangladesh kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi ([[UNHCR]]) ilianzisha kambi ya Nayapara kama kitovu cha dharura cha kutoa hifadhi na chakula. * Tofauti na kambi za wakimbizi nchini [[Uganda]], wakimbizi katika kambi za Bangladesh hawaruhusiwi kufanya kazi kisheria wala kumiliki ardhi, hivyo wanategemea kikamilifu misaada ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohingya Refugee Crisis Explained |url=https://www.unrefugees.org/news/rohingya-refugee-crisis-explained/ |website=www.unrefugees.org |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=19 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2016 |title=Stories from the Rohingya Camps in Bangladesh |url=http://markjisaacs.com/displaced-people-of-asia/stories-rohingya-camps-bangladesh/ |accessdate=14 July 2017}}</ref> == Hali ya maisha na miundombinu == Maisha ndani ya Nayapara yanakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa kutokana na msongamano wa watu: * '''Makazi:''' Nyumba nyingi zimejengwa kwa kutumia mianzi na turubai za plastiki kutokana na sheria za nchi hiyo zinazozuia ujenzi wa majengo ya kudumu (zege) kwa wakimbizi. * '''Maji na Usafi:''' Kutokana na msongamano mkubwa wa watu katika eneo dogo, upatikanaji wa maji safi ya kunywa na mifumo ya majitaka ni changamoto kubwa inayoletea hatari ya magonjwa ya mlipuko. * '''Elimu na Huduma:''' Mashirika ya kibinadamu yanatoa huduma za afya na elimu ya msingi, ingawa masomo hutolewa kwa mtaala usio rasmi kwa lugha ya Kimyanmar au Kirohingya ili kujiandaa na kurejea nyumbani kwao siku zijazo. == Matukio na changamoto == Kambi hii imekumbwa na matukio kadhaa makubwa ya dharura kwa miaka mingi: * '''Ajali za Moto:''' Mnamo Januari [[2021]], moto mkubwa uliowaka nyakati za usiku uliharibu mamia ya vibanda vya makazi, na kuacha zaidi ya wakimbizi 3,500 bila makazi ndani ya masaa machache. * '''Mazingira na Hali ya Hewa:''' Eneo la Cox's Bazar linakabiliwa na msimu mkali wa dhoruba za kitropiki ([[Kimbunga]]) na mvua za monsuni kila mwaka. Mvua hizi husababisha maporomoko ya ardhi na mafuriko yanayoharibu vibanda vilivyojengwa kwenye milima ya mchanga. == Tazama pia == * [[Kambi ya Wakimbizi ya Kutupalong]] * [[Warohingya]] * [[UNHCR]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Myanmar]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Bangladesh]] ghkosx37ocny1w4otm9yeloeijx63v6 0 242167 1579714 1579613 2026-07-16T08:08:05Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lise Meitner.tif|thumb|Dr. Lise Meitner.]] '''Lise Meitner''' (7 Novemba 1878 – 27 Oktoba 1968) alikuwa [[mwanafizikia]] mashuhuri wa [[Austria]] (baadaye alichukua uraia wa [[Uswidi]]) ambaye alifanya utafiti wa upainia katika nyanja za [[unyuklia]] na [[fizikia ya mionzi]] Pamoja na mwanakemia [[Otto Hahn]], Meitner aligundua mchakato wa [[myeyungano wa nyuklia]] (kwa Kiingereza: ''nuclear fission'') wa elementi ya [[Urani]] pale inapofyonza [[neutroni]]. Ugunduzi huu ulikuwa msingi mkuu wa maendeleo ya [[nishati ya nyuklia]] na [[silaha za nyuklia]]. Licha ya mchango wake mkubwa, Meitner hakujumuishwa katika Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia ya mwaka [[1944]] iliyotunzwa kwa Otto Hahn pekee, jambo linalochukuliwa na wanahistoria wengi kama moja ya dhuluma kubwa zaidi katika historia ya Tuzo za Nobel. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lise Meitner alizaliwa mjini [[Vienna]], Austria-Hungaria, katika familia ya Kiyahudi ya kiwango cha kati. * Katika kipindi hicho, wasichana nchini Austria hawakuwa wakiruhusiwa kujiunga na taasisi za elimu ya juu. Hata hivyo, kutokana na usaidizi wa wazazi wake, alipata mafunzo binafsi. * Mnamo mwaka [[1901]], alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Vienna]] ambako alisomea fizikia chini ya mwanafizikia mashuhuri [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]. * Mwaka [[1905]], alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kupata shahada ya udaktari (PhD) ya fizikia katika chuo kikuu hicho. == Kazi ya sayansi na ushirikiano na Otto Hahn == Baada ya kupata PhD, Meitner alihamia mjini [[Berlin]], [[Ujerumani]], mwaka [[1907]] ambapo alianza kushirikiana na mwanakemia kijana Otto Hahn katika Taasisi ya Kemia ya Kaiser Wilhelm. * '''Changamoto za Kijinsia:''' Katika miaka yake ya kwanza huko Berlin, wanawake hawakuruhusiwa kufanya kazi katika maabara kuu. Meitner alilazimika kufanya kazi bure (bila mshahara) katika chumba kidogo cha mbao kilichokuwa karakana ya chini ya ardhi (basement). * '''Ushirikiano:''' Pamoja na Hahn, waligundua isotopu kadhaa mpya na elementi mpya ya mionzi iitwayo '''[[Protaktini]]''' mnamo mwaka [[1917]]. * Mwaka [[1926]], Meitner alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza nchini Ujerumani kupata cheo cha uprofesa kamili wa fizikia katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin]]. == Kukimbia Ujerumani ya Nazi == Kufuatia kupanda madarakani kwa chama cha [[Nazi]] chini ya [[Adolf Hitler]] mwaka [[1933]], Wayahudi wengi walifukuzwa kazi. Meitner alilindwa kwa muda mfupi kutokana na uraia wake wa Austria, lakini baada ya Ujerumani kuivamia na kuimeza Austria ([[Anschluss]]) mnamo Machi [[1938]], maisha yake yalikuwa hatarini. Mnamo Julai 1938, kwa usaidizi wa wanasayansi wenzake, alitoroka Ujerumani kisiri kupitia mpaka wa Uholanzi na hatimaye akapata hifadhi nchini [[Uswidi]] (Sweden), ambako alifanya kazi katika Taasisi ya Nobel ya Fizikia huko [[Stockholm]]. == Ugunduzi wa mtengano wa nyuklia (1938) == Hata akiwa uhamishoni Uswidi, Meitner aliendelea kuwasiliana na Otto Hahn kwa siri kupitia barua: 1. Mnamo Desemba 1938, Hahn na msaidizi wake Fritz Strassmann walifanya majaribio huko Berlin na kugundua kwamba kulipua neutroni kwenye Urani kulizalisha elementi nyepesi ya [[Bari]] (Barium), matokeo ambayo yaliwashangaza sana kwani hawakuelewa jinsi gani elementi nzito kama Urani ingeweza kupasuka. 2. Meitner, akishirikiana na mpwa wake [[Otto Frisch]] waliokuwa likizoni nchini Uswidi, walifanya hesabu za kifizikia wakitumia nadharia ya [[Albert Einstein]] ya uhusiano wa nishati na masi ($E=mc^2$). 3. Waligundua kwamba kiini cha atomu ya Urani kilikuwa kimepasuka katikati (mtengano) na kutoa nishati kubwa sana. Frisch alitengeneza neno la Kiingereza **"fission"** (mtengano) kuelezea mchakato huo. == Mradi wa Manhattan na Tuzo ya Nobel == Wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], Meitner alialikwa kujiunga na [[Mradi wa Manhattan]] (Manhattan Project) nchini Marekani uliokuwa ukitengeneza bomu la kwanza la atomu. Alikataa katakata mwaliko huo akisema maarufu: > *"Sitaki kuwa na uhusiano wowote na bomu!"* Mnamo mwaka 1944, Kamati ya Nobel ilitunza Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia kwa Otto Hahn pekee kwa ajili ya ugunduzi wa mtengano wa nyuklia. Kutojumuishwa kwa Meitner kulikosolewa sana wakati huo na hadi leo inatajwa kama moja ya makosa makubwa ya upendeleo wa kijinsia katika kamati hiyo. == Kifo na urithi == Lise Meitner alihamia nchini [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1960]] ambapo alifariki dunia mnamo tarehe 27 Oktoba 1968 akiwa na umri wa miaka 89. Kwenye kaburi lake huko Hampshire, mpwa wake Otto Frisch aliandika maneno haya: > *"Lise Meitner: mwanafizikia ambaye hakupoteza ubinadamu wake."* === Heshima za baadaye === * Mnamo mwaka [[1997]], elementi mpya ya kikemia ya syntetiki yenye namba ya atomu 109 ilipewa jina la '''[[Meitnerium]]''' (alama yake ikiwa '''Mt''') kwa heshima yake. Yeye ndiye mwanamke pekee asiye wa kifalme kuwa na elementi ya kemikali iliyopewa jina lake pekee (Marie Curie anashiriki jina la 'Curium' na mumewe Pierre). == Tazama pia == * [[Otto Hahn]] * [[Nishati ya nyuklia]] * [[Meitnerium]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} {{BD|1878|1968}} [[Jamii:wanafizikia wa Austria]] [[Jamii:wanafizikia wa Uswidi]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] 0cnsh7rkey7954ajhw6pq2none6m519 0 242171 1579712 1579617 2026-07-16T08:06:44Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Sir Ernst Boris Chain''' (19 Juni 1906 – 12 Agosti 1979) alikuwa mwanabiokemia wa [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uingereza]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/chain-facts.html |title=Ernst B. Chain |publisher=Nobel Foundation |year=2013 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oIlAAAAMAAJ&q=Ernst+Chain+russian+industrialist |title=The more ye mow us down the more we grow: antibiotics in perspective |first=Arderne A. |last=Forder |publisher=University of Cape Town |year=1984 |isbn=9780799209501 }}</ref> ambaye alishinda [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] mnamo mwaka [[1945]]. Alipokea tuzo hiyo kwa ushirikiano na [[Alexander Fleming]] na [[Howard Florey]] kwa ajili ya kazi yao ya ugunduzi wa dawa ya '''[[penisilini]]''' na athari zake za kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali ya maambukizi ya bakteria. Mchango mkubwa wa Chain ulikuwa katika utafiti wa kibiolojia na kikemia uliowezesha kusafisha na kujenga muundo wa kikemia wa penisilini ili iweze kuzalishwa kwa wingi viwandani na kutumika kama dawa salama kwa binadamu. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ernst Boris Chain alizaliwa mjini [[Berlin]], Ujerumani, katika familia ya Kiyahudi. * Baba yake, Michael Chain, alikuwa mhandisi wa kemikali aliyetokea nchini [[Urusi]]. * Alisoma kemia na fizikia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Friedrich Wilhelm (sasa kinajulikana kama [[Chuo Kikuu cha Humboldt cha Berlin]]) na kuhitimu mwaka [[1930]]. * Baada ya chama cha [[Nazi]] kuingia madarakani nchini Ujerumani mwaka [[1933]], Chain alilazimika kukimbia nchi hiyo kutokana na asili yake ya Kiyahudi. Alihamia Uingereza akiwa na kiasi kidogo sana cha fedha. == Kazi ya sayansi na ugunduzi wa Penisilini == Baada ya kuwasili Uingereza, Chain alianza kufanya utafiti chini ya uongozi wa mwanabiokemia [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge]]. Mnamo mwaka [[1935]], alikubali mwaliko kutoka kwa Howard Florey kujiunga na Shule ya Patholojia ya Sir William Dunn katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]]. Hapa ndipo ushirikiano wao mkubwa ulipoanza: 1. Mwaka [[1928]], Alexander Fleming alikuwa amegundua kimeng'enya cha penisilini kutoka kwenye ukungu wa ''Penicillium notatum'', lakini alishindwa kukisafisha ili kukifanya kuwa dawa thabiti. 2. Chain na Florey waliamua kufanyia kazi utafiti huo wa Fleming uliokuwa umesahaulika. Chain alitumia ujuzi wake mkubwa wa biokemia kufanikiwa kutenganisha, kusafisha, na kujenga muundo wa kikemia wa penisilini . 3. Jaribio lao la kwanza kwa panya mwaka [[1940]] na baadaye kwa binadamu lilithibitisha kuwa penisilini ilikuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kuua bakteria hatari bila kudhuru seli za mwili<ref name="www3.imperial.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_5-11-2012-10-8-10 |title=Sir Ernst Chain is honoured in building naming ceremony |first=Natasha |last=Martineau |work=[[Imperial College London]] |date=5 November 2012 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220641/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_5-11-2012-10-8-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kazi hii ilitokea kipindi cha [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], ambapo dawa hiyo ilisaidia kuokoa maisha ya maelfu ya askari waliojeruhiwa vitani kutokana na maambukizi ya vidonda. == Tuzo ya Nobel na maisha ya baadaye == Mnamo mwaka 1945, Chain, Florey, na Fleming walitunukiwa kwa pamoja Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia au Tiba kwa mchango wao wa kihistoria. Baada ya vita, Chain alihamia nchini [[Italia]] mwaka [[1948]] ambako aliongoza kituo cha utafiti cha kemikali ya biolojia huko Roma (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). Alirejea Uingereza mwaka [[1961]] na kuwa profesa wa biokemia katika Chuo cha Imperial , nafasi aliyoishikilia hadi aliporogea kustaafu. == Kifo na urithi == Sir Ernst Boris Chain alifariki dunia mnamo tarehe 12 Agosti 1979 huko Castlebar, Ireland, akiwa na umri wa miaka 73. Anakumbukwa kama mmoja wa nguzo kuu za mapinduzi ya matibabu ya viuavijasumu (antibiotics). Jengo la Idara ya Biokemia katika Chuo cha Imperial London lilipewa jina lake kama heshima kwa mchango wake mkubwa kwenye sayansi. == Tazama pia == * [[Alexander Fleming]] * [[Howard Florey]] * [[Penisilini]] * [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} {{BD|1906|1979}} [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Uingereza]] ffh4y4gba9diy1t5iwh9lzetgfuya70 0 242172 1579687 1579499 2026-07-16T00:56:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zuri Adele''' ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Malika Williams katika mfululizo wa tamthilia Good Trouble. == Maisha ya awali == Adele alikulia katika familia iliyojihusisha na sanaa na elimu, ikiwa na washairi wa maonyesho, wachezaji, waandishi, waigizaji na waelimishaji. Alisoma katika ''Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls'' kabla ya kuendelea na masomo yake katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Staying Grounded with Zuri Adele|url=https://www.jejunemagazine.com/home/zuri-adele|access-date=18 August 2025|website=jejunemagazine.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] l78q36358khpgmcbi16le9v5mvmep5s 0 242174 1579711 1579618 2026-07-16T08:05:35Z Muddyb 379 clean up using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 1579711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leo Szilard''' (11 Februari 1898 – 30 Mei 1964) alikuwa mwanafizikia na mvumbuzi mzaliwa wa nchi ya [[Hungaria]] (baadaye alichukua uraia wa [[Marekani]]) ambapo alikuja kuwa mmoja wa wanasayansi muhimu zaidi katika maendeleo ya nishati ya nyuklia na utengenezaji wa bomu la atomu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fizikaiszemle.hu/archivum/fsz9703/marsl.html |title=A marslakók legendája |first=György |author-link=György |last=Marx |access-date=April 7, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409175959/http://fizikaiszemle.hu/archivum/fsz9703/marsl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Szilard ndiye aliyegundua wazo la mmenyuko mfululizo wa nyuklia (nuclear chain reaction) mnamo mwaka [[1933]], akapata [[hatimiliki]] ya wazo hilo mwaka [[1936]], na baadaye akashirikiana na [[Enrico Fermi]] kujenga tanuri la kwanza kabisa la kinyuklia duniani (Chicago Pile-1) mnamo mwaka [[1942]]. Licha ya mchango wake mkubwa katika kuanzisha zama za atomu, Szilard alikuwa mpinzani mkubwa wa matumizi ya silaha za nyuklia dhidi ya raia baada ya kuona athari zake. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Leo Szilard alizaliwa mjini [[Budapest]], Hungaria, katika familia ya Kiyahudi ya kiwango cha juu. * Alionyesha kipaji kikubwa cha hisabati na sayansi tangu utotoni. Mwaka [[1916]], alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Budapest kusomea uhandisi. * Baada ya kujiunga na jeshi wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], alihamia [[Ujerumani]] mwaka [[1919]] ili kuendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/html/physics/0207094|title=Fermi and Szilard|first=Nina |last=Byers|access-date=May 23, 2015}}</ref> * Alihamia [[Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin]] ambapo alisoma fizikia chini ya wanasayansi mashuhuri kama [[Albert Einstein]], [[Max Planck]], na [[Max von Laue]]. Alipata PhD yake ya fizikia mwaka [[1922]]. == Ugunduzi wa mmenyuko mfululizo wa nyuklia == Mnamo mwaka [[1933]], kufuatia kupanda madarakani kwa chama cha [[Nazi]] chini ya [[Adolf Hitler]], Szilard alitoroka Ujerumani na kukimbilia [[Uingereza]]. Ilikuwa mjini [[London]] mnamo Septemba 1933 ambapo Szilard alipata wazo la kihistoria: * Alipokuwa akisubiri taa za barabarani ibadilike rangi, alitafakari madai ya mwanafizikia [[Ernest Rutherford]] aliyesema kuwa haiwezekani kuzalisha nishati kutokana na atomu. * Szilard aligundua kuwa kama kuna elementi inayoweza kufyonza neutroni moja na kisha kutoa neutroni mbili au zaidi wakati wa kupasuka, mchakato huo unaweza kujirudia wenyewe mfululizo na kutoa nishati kubwa sana.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |title=Über die Ausdehnung der phänomenologischen Thermodynamik auf die Schwankungserscheinungen |language=de |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=753–788 |date=December 1, 1925 |doi=10.1007/BF01331713 |issn=0044-3328 |first=Leo |last=Szilard |bibcode = 1925ZPhy...32..753S |s2cid=121162622 }}</ref> * Wazo hili lilikuwa ndio msingi wa mmenyuko mfululizo wa nyuklia . Alisajili hataza ya siri ya wazo hili nchini Uingereza ili kuzuia lisiangukie mikononi mwa watafiti wa kijeshi wa Ujerumani. == Barua ya Einstein-Szilard na mradi wa Manhattan == Mnamo mwaka [[1938]], Szilard alihamia Marekani kufanya utafiti katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]]. Baada ya kusikia kuwa wanasayansi wa Ujerumani (akiwemo Lise Meitner na Otto Hahn) wamegundua mtengano wa nyuklia mnamo Desemba 1938, Szilard alihofia kuwa serikali ya Nazi ingetengeneza bomu la atomu kwanza. 1. Julai [[1939]], Szilard alitembelea rafiki yake wa zamani [[Albert Einstein]] huko Long Island, New York. Alimuelezea Einstein uwezekano wa kutengenezwa kwa bomu la atomu kupitia mmenyuko mfululizo wa Urani. 2. Kwa pamoja, waliandika barua ya kihistoria kwenda kwa Rais wa Marekani, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (inayojulikana kama '''Barua ya Einstein-Szilard'''), wakimwonya kuhusu hatari hiyo na kupendekeza Marekani ianze utafiti wake wa nyuklia. 3. Barua hii ilisababisha kuanzishwa kwa kamati ambayo baadaye ilikuja kuwa '''[[Mradi wa Manhattan]]''' uliounda mabomu ya kwanza ya atomu. == Upinzani dhidi ya bomu la Atomu == Punde tu baada ya kuwa wazi kuwa Ujerumani haitafanikiwa kutengeneza bomu la atomu (na baada ya Ujerumani kushindwa vita mnamo Mei 1945), Szilard alijaribu kwa nguvu zake zote kuzuia Marekani lisitumie bomu hilo dhidi ya [[Japani]]. * Alizungusha waraka (Szilard Petition) uliotiwa saini na wanasayansi 70 wa Mradi wa Manhattan, wakimsihi Rais [[Harry S. Truman]] asitumie bomu la atomu dhidi ya miji ya Japani bila kutoa onyo la wazi kwanza au kufanya maonyesho ya nguvu ya bomu hilo mahali pasipo na watu. * Ombi lao lilipuuzwa, na mabomu hayo yaliangushwa huko [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]] mnamo Agosti 1945. == Kazi ya baadaye, biolojia, na kifo == Baada ya vita, akiwa amesikitishwa sana na mbio za silaha za nyuklia, Szilard aliamua kuacha kabisa masomo ya fizikia ya nyuklia: * Alihamia kwenye fani ya '''[[biolojia ya molekuli]]''' ( na kufanya tafiti muhimu katika kuelewa mifumo ya seli na vinasaba. * Alikuwa mwanaharakati mkubwa wa amani na kudhibiti silaha za nyuklia, akiwa mmoja wa waasisi wa mkutano wa kwanza wa Pugwash uliolenga kuzuia vita vya kinyuklia. * Mwaka [[1960]], aligundulika kuwa na saratani ya kibofu cha mkojo. Alitumia ujuzi wake wa kifizikia kubuni tiba ya mionzi kwa ajili yake mwenyewe, ambayo ilifanikiwa kumponya saratani hiyo. Leo Szilard alifariki dunia akiwa usingizini kutokana na mshtuko wa moyo mnamo 27 Mei 1964 huko La Jolla, California, akiwa na umri wa miaka 66. == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{WFR}} {{BD|1898|1964}} [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:wanafizikia wa Hungaria]] [[Jamii:wanafizikia wa Marekani]] 92mg56biwqk7s8dbvpbvr298u3n7zrn 0 242197 1579634 1579562 2026-07-15T14:20:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisabeth Troy Antwi''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[6 Februari]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/12156/4-vini-ft-elizabeth-troy/|title='Forever Young' Official Chart History - Official Charts Company|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]}}</ref> Ameonekana katika nyimbo kadhaa zilizofanikiwa kuingia kwenye orodha ya nyimbo 40 bora nchini Uingereza, zikiwemo '''"'''Crazy Love'''"''' ya MJ Cole na "Hold On to Me" mwaka [[2000]], pamoja na "Fever" ya B.Traits mwaka [[2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/raingods-with-zippos-fish-roadrunner-records-review-by-glenn-astarita.php|title=Fish: Raingods With Zippos|work=All About Jazz|first=Glenn|last=Astarita|date=1 May 1999|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref> Pia alishiriki kuandika na kuimba wimbo wa mwaka [[1996]] uitwao "Headstrong", ambao ulitumika katika wimbo wa filamu Mars Attacks!. Elisabeth pia alishiriki kuandika na kuimba wimbo "Incomplete" pamoja na Fish katika albamu yake ya mwaka [[1999]] Raingods with Zippos, na baadaye alitoa sauti za kuunga mkono kwenye albamu yake ya mwaka [[2013]] A Feast of Consequences. Kuanzia mwaka 2013 hadi [[2016]], alifanya ziara za muziki pamoja na kundi la Clean Bandit.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-21|title=Black History Month: In Conversation w/ Elisabeth Troy (Clean Bandit, MJ Cole) -|url=https://plus.pointblankmusicschool.com/black-history-month-in-conversation-w-elisabeth-troy-clean-bandit-mj-cole/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Point Blank’s Online Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] oty29kr67q2jf837918r0nsfddu1dcm 0 242201 1579673 1579600 2026-07-15T19:53:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1579673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tymika Tafari''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[4 Mei]] [[1995]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa kike kutoka [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa majukumu yake katika kipindi cha televisheni Slip, ambapo yeye pamoja na waigizaji wenzake waliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Utendaji Bora wa Kikundi katika Mfululizo wa Vichekesho kwenye Tuzo za 12 za Skrini za Kanada mwaka [[2024]].<ref>Devon Banfield, [https://nowtoronto.com/culture/canadian-screen-awards-queer-and-now/ "‘Heated Rivalry’ & ‘Settle Down’ lead a huge year for Queer stories at the Canadian Screen Awards"]. ''[[Now (newspaper)|Now]]'', May 28, 2026.</ref><ref name="cs 24">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.academy.ca/2024/zoe-lister-jones/|title=Zoe Lister-Jones, Tymika Tafari, Amar Chadha-Patel|website=Canadian Academy: 2024 Canadian Screen Awards|date=6 March 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Pia aliteuliwa kwa tuzo ya Utendaji Bora wa Kusaidia katika Mfululizo wa Wavuti kwenye Tuzo za 14 za Skrini za Kanada mwaka 2026 kutokana na nafasi yake katika kipindi cha wavuti Settle Down. Mbali na kazi hizo, Tafari ameonekana katika filamu kama The Marijuana Conspiracy, Dinner with Friends na Son of Sara: Volume 1. Pia ameshiriki katika mfululizo wa wavuti kama Chateau Laurier na Revenge of the Black Best Friend, pamoja na kutoa sauti katika vipindi vya uhuishaji vikiwemo My Little Pony: Make Your Mark, Gary and His Demons, Total Drama Island, PAW Patrol na Work It Out Wombats!.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Son of Sara|url=https://tiff.net/films/son-of-sara|access-date=2025-10-26|website=TIFF|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Tracy|first=Andrew|title=Houston Bone’s ‘Son of Sara’ to premiere at Blood in the Snow|url=https://playbackonline.ca/2025/10/27/houston-bones-son-of-sara-to-premiere-at-blood-in-the-snow/|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Goodfellow|first=Melanie|date=2026-01-28|title=Saban Films Takes U.S. For Houston Bone’s Horror ‘Son of Sara: Volume 1’|url=https://deadline.com/2026/01/saban-films-us-houston-bones-horror-son-sara-volume-1-1236700121/|access-date=2026-04-23|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Squires|first=John|date=June 18, 2026|title=‘Son of Sara’ Exclusive Trailer – ‘Rosemary’s Baby’ for a New Generation|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/exclusives/3956580/son-of-sara-exclusive-trailer-rosemarys-baby-for-a-new-generation/|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] d8313ju8o3tsmyuqci3wzftfu3b0w3r 0 242202 1579670 1579622 2026-07-15T19:41:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tawana Vicenia Brawley''' (alizaliwa [[15 Desemba]] [[1971]]) ni mwanamke Mwafrika Mmarekani kutoka [[New York]] ambaye alipata umaarufu mwaka [[1987]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 15 kutokana na madai ya tukio la utekaji nyara na ubakaji lililodaiwa kufanywa na wanaume wanne weupe kwa kipindi cha siku nne. Mnamo tarehe [[28 Novemba]] [[1987]], Brawley alipatikana ndani ya mfuko wa taka baada ya kutoweka kwa siku nne kutoka nyumbani kwake huko Wappingers Falls, New York. Alikuwa na maandishi ya matusi ya kibaguzi mwilini na alikuwa amefunikwa na kinyesi. Brawley aliwashutumu wanaume wanne weupe kwa kumteka na kumbaka, na kesi hiyo ilipata uangalizi mkubwa nchini Marekani kutokana na hali aliyopatikana nayo, umri wake, pamoja na watu mashuhuri aliowataja katika madai yake.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Media Show: The Changing Face of the News, 1985–1990|last=Diamond|first=Edwin|publisher=MIT Press|year=1991|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|quote=The great paradox of Brawley 2 was that this dumb show went on for months, encouraged by the authorities and the media. The 'white power structure' – as Sharpton calls it – all but propped up the advisers' shaky scenarios. The governor and the attorney general, their eyes on electoral politics as well as the case, gave the appearance of trying to avoid offense to any constituency, black or white.}}</ref> Mawakili na wanaharakati waliokuwa wakimsaidia, akiwemo Al Sharpton, Alton H. Maddox na C. Vernon Mason, walichangia katika kulifanya suala hilo lijulikane kitaifa. Baada ya uchunguzi, baraza kuu la majaji mnamo Oktoba [[1988]] lilihitimisha kuwa hakukuwa na ushahidi wa kutosha kuthibitisha kuwa Brawley alikuwa mwathirika wa unyanyasaji wa kingono kwa nguvu, na likaeleza kuwa huenda tukio hilo lilikuwa limetengenezwa. Steven Pagones, aliyekuwa mmoja wa watu aliowashutumu, baadaye alifanikiwa katika kesi ya kashfa dhidi ya Brawley na washauri wake. Tukio hilo lilizua mjadala mkubwa nchini Marekani kuhusu ubaguzi wa rangi, vyombo vya habari na namna jamii ilivyoshughulikia madai ya unyanyasaji. Baadhi ya viongozi na wasomi wa Kiafrika Marekani walimsaidia Brawley na kuhoji namna taarifa zilivyowasilishwa, huku familia yake ikiendelea kusisitiza kuwa madai yake yalikuwa ya kweli.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Richard|title=Opinion {{!}} A VINDICATED MAN|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/07/16/a-vindicated-man/f83e8a95-cca2-4379-9c7e-f4fc43c7b7af/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=January 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=April 26, 2022|title=Doubling down on a fraud {{!}} Christopher Silvester|url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/may-2022/doubling-down-on-a-fraud/|access-date=2023-09-02|website=The Critic Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Marekani]] ttar4jsz1k3ux3ni8n4o1xhx7m9qehc 0 242205 1579633 1579627 2026-07-15T14:13:40Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1579633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vicki Anderson''' (alizaliwa akiitwa jina la Myra Barnes; [[21 Novemba]] [[1939]] - [[3 Julai]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mwimbaji wa muziki wa soul kutoka [[Marekani]], alifahamika zaidi kwa maonyesho yake akiwa na James Brown Revue. Alirekodi nyimbo zake kadhaa akitumia jina lake la kuzaliwa pamoja na jina lake la kisanii. Alikuwa mjane wa Bobby Byrd na mama wa mwanamuziki Carleen Anderson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Vicki+Anderson|title=Vicki Anderson Discography at Discogs|website=[[Discogs]]|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vicki Anderson Has Died|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/vicki-anderson-has-died-cause-of-death/|access-date=5 July 2023|publisher=Clash Music|date=4 July 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.articobits.com/obituaries/watkins-funeral-home-mcdonough-chapel/mrs-vicki-andersonbyrd-obituary Mrs. Vicki Anderson-Byrd]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1939]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Marekani]] efgk8r4q4h9rtqauz9fx63qmylipy3o 0 242206 1579635 2026-07-15T14:22:01Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Victoria Platt''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="tvs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=12146|title=Victoria Platt &#124; TVSA|website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> == Kazi == Platt alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[1985]] alipoonekana katika kipindi cha The Cosby Show cha [[NBC]]. Mwaka uliofuata alicheza katika filamu iitwayo Round Midnight pamoja na Dexter Gordon.<r...' 1579635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Platt''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="tvs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=12146|title=Victoria Platt &#124; TVSA|website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> == Kazi == Platt alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[1985]] alipoonekana katika kipindi cha The Cosby Show cha [[NBC]]. Mwaka uliofuata alicheza katika filamu iitwayo Round Midnight pamoja na Dexter Gordon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://victoriaplatt.com/about|title=bio|website=Victoria Platt}}</ref> Katika jukwaa la Broadway, aliigiza pamoja na Gregory Hines katika tamthilia ya muziki Jelly's Last Jam, na baadaye akacheza nafasi ya Altovise Davis, mke wa Sammy Davis Jr., katika tamthilia ya muziki Sammy Jr. Pia aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Ukumbi ya NAACP kwa kazi zake katika Opening Doors na Hope Runs Eternal, na kwa Tuzo ya Ovation kutokana na tamthilia ya muziki wa hip-hop Venice mwaka [[2013]]. Kwenye [[televisheni]], mwaka [[1998]] alimuigiza Josephine Baker katika filamu ya HBO Winchell. Kuanzia Oktoba 1998 hadi majira ya joto ya mwaka [[2001]], aliigiza kama Vicky Spaulding katika tamthilia ya mchana ya CBS Guiding Light. Baadaye alionekana kama mwigizaji mgeni katika vipindi kama CSI: Miami, Crossing Jordan, Strong Medicine, Castle, Criminal Minds na Lucifer. Mwaka [[2010]] alikuwa sehemu ya waigizaji wa kudumu wa mfululizo wa ABC The Gates, na mwaka [[2014]] alipata nafasi ya kujirudia katika mfululizo wa CW Star-Crossed. Pia alionekana mara tano katika mfululizo wa NCIS, NCIS: Los Angeles na NCIS: New Orleans, akicheza wahusika watatu tofauti. Kuanzia mwaka [[2020]] hadi [[2021]], Platt alikuwa na nafasi ya kujirudia kama Dkt. Amanda Raynor katika tamthilia ya mchana ya NBC Days of Our Lives. Kutokana na nafasi hiyo, aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Daytime Emmy ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Mgeni katika Mfululizo wa Tamthilia kwenye Tuzo za 48 za Daytime Emmy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/guiding-light/theactors/platt_victoriag.php|title=About the Actors &#124; Victoria G. Platt &#124; Guiding Light on Soap Central|website=soapcentral.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] jagidj3yv15h4lwlwxtfzbl2mfsogiv 1579685 1579635 2026-07-16T00:33:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1579685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Platt''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 21]], [[1972]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref name="tvs">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=12146|title=Victoria Platt &#124; TVSA|website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> == Kazi == Platt alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[1985]] alipoonekana katika kipindi cha The Cosby Show cha [[NBC]]. Mwaka uliofuata alicheza katika filamu iitwayo Round Midnight pamoja na Dexter Gordon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://victoriaplatt.com/about|title=bio|website=Victoria Platt}}</ref> Katika jukwaa la Broadway, aliigiza pamoja na Gregory Hines katika tamthilia ya muziki Jelly's Last Jam, na baadaye akacheza nafasi ya Altovise Davis, mke wa Sammy Davis Jr., katika tamthilia ya muziki Sammy Jr. Pia aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Ukumbi ya NAACP kwa kazi zake katika Opening Doors na Hope Runs Eternal, na kwa Tuzo ya Ovation kutokana na tamthilia ya muziki wa hip-hop Venice mwaka [[2013]]. Kwenye [[televisheni]], mwaka [[1998]] alimuigiza Josephine Baker katika filamu ya HBO Winchell. Kuanzia Oktoba 1998 hadi majira ya joto ya mwaka [[2001]], aliigiza kama Vicky Spaulding katika tamthilia ya mchana ya CBS Guiding Light. Baadaye alionekana kama mwigizaji mgeni katika vipindi kama CSI: Miami, Crossing Jordan, Strong Medicine, Castle, Criminal Minds na Lucifer. Mwaka [[2010]] alikuwa sehemu ya waigizaji wa kudumu wa mfululizo wa ABC The Gates, na mwaka [[2014]] alipata nafasi ya kujirudia katika mfululizo wa CW Star-Crossed. Pia alionekana mara tano katika mfululizo wa NCIS, NCIS: Los Angeles na NCIS: New Orleans, akicheza wahusika watatu tofauti. Kuanzia mwaka [[2020]] hadi [[2021]], Platt alikuwa na nafasi ya kujirudia kama Dkt. Amanda Raynor katika tamthilia ya mchana ya NBC Days of Our Lives. Kutokana na nafasi hiyo, aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Daytime Emmy ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Mgeni katika Mfululizo wa Tamthilia kwenye Tuzo za 48 za Daytime Emmy.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/guiding-light/theactors/platt_victoriag.php|title=About the Actors &#124; Victoria G. Platt &#124; Guiding Light on Soap Central|website=soapcentral.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] d0ff3ltlib4f8b2mpr14l2qsr6z5ja6 0 242207 1579636 2026-07-15T14:26:18Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tiffany Mack''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Mariah Garland katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za kusisimua za ''The Emperor of Ocean Park''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiffany Mack, a cast member in the Netflix series "Marvel's Jessica Jones," poses at a special screening of the show at the ArcLight Hollywood, Tuesday, May 28, 2019, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)|url=https://www.alamy.com/tif...' 1579636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiffany Mack''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Mariah Garland katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za kusisimua za ''The Emperor of Ocean Park''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiffany Mack, a cast member in the Netflix series "Marvel's Jessica Jones," poses at a special screening of the show at the ArcLight Hollywood, Tuesday, May 28, 2019, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)|url=https://www.alamy.com/tiffany-mack-a-cast-member-in-the-netflix-series-marvels-jessica-jones-poses-at-a-special-screening-of-the-show-at-the-arclight-hollywood-tuesday-may-28-2019-in-los-angeles-photo-by-chris-pizzelloinvisionap-image510715884.html|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=alamy.com}}</ref> == Kazi == Jukumu kubwa la kwanza la Tiffany Mack katika taaluma yake ya uigizaji lilikuwa la Florida Grange katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''Hap and Leonard''. Baadaye alipata nafasi ya kujirudia kama Zaya Okonjo katika mfululizo wa mashujaa Jessica Jones. Pia aliigiza kama Mariah Garland katika mfululizo wa ''The Emperor of Ocean Park'', akishirikiana na mwigizaji Forest Whitaker.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emperor of Ocean Park's Tiffany Mack on Mariah's 'Unique Relationship'|url=https://www.cbr.com/emperor-of-ocean-park-tiffany-mack-interview/|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=cbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MGM+'s 'Emperor of Ocean Park' Series Casts Grantham Coleman In Lead Role, Tiffany Mack & Paulina Lule Also Star|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mgm-emperor-of-ocean-park-series-grantham-coleman-1235643347/|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=deadline.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] e2lvvv5ki7gx4llud78ywu2d7jzird0 1579671 1579636 2026-07-15T19:47:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1579671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiffany Mack''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Mariah Garland katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za kusisimua za ''The Emperor of Ocean Park''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tiffany Mack, a cast member in the Netflix series "Marvel's Jessica Jones," poses at a special screening of the show at the ArcLight Hollywood, Tuesday, May 28, 2019, in Los Angeles. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)|url=https://www.alamy.com/tiffany-mack-a-cast-member-in-the-netflix-series-marvels-jessica-jones-poses-at-a-special-screening-of-the-show-at-the-arclight-hollywood-tuesday-may-28-2019-in-los-angeles-photo-by-chris-pizzelloinvisionap-image510715884.html|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=alamy.com}}</ref> == Kazi == Jukumu kubwa la kwanza la Tiffany Mack katika taaluma yake ya uigizaji lilikuwa la Florida Grange katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''Hap and Leonard''. Baadaye alipata nafasi ya kujirudia kama Zaya Okonjo katika mfululizo wa mashujaa Jessica Jones. Pia aliigiza kama Mariah Garland katika mfululizo wa ''The Emperor of Ocean Park'', akishirikiana na mwigizaji Forest Whitaker.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emperor of Ocean Park's Tiffany Mack on Mariah's 'Unique Relationship'|url=https://www.cbr.com/emperor-of-ocean-park-tiffany-mack-interview/|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=cbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=MGM+'s 'Emperor of Ocean Park' Series Casts Grantham Coleman In Lead Role, Tiffany Mack & Paulina Lule Also Star|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mgm-emperor-of-ocean-park-series-grantham-coleman-1235643347/|access-date=September 18, 2025|website=deadline.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] k4t9q6mwj4m61mdruyo4s5e48p31zlu 0 242208 1579637 2026-07-15T14:30:39Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Magi Merlin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Kanada]]. == Maisha na kazi == Magi Merlin (hutamkwa Mahd-j-eye) anatoka [[Montreal]], Kanada. Mbali na kuwa mwimbaji, pia ni mcheshi. Mwaka [[2026]], alianza kutoa nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza. Alianza na wimbo "POPSTAR", kisha akafuatisha na "SpiceKick" na "So Smart". Albamu yake ya kwanza, POWER HOUSE, ilitarajiwa kutolewa tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[2026]] kupitia lebo za ONErpm...' 1579637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magi Merlin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Kanada]]. == Maisha na kazi == Magi Merlin (hutamkwa Mahd-j-eye) anatoka [[Montreal]], Kanada. Mbali na kuwa mwimbaji, pia ni mcheshi. Mwaka [[2026]], alianza kutoa nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza. Alianza na wimbo "POPSTAR", kisha akafuatisha na "SpiceKick" na "So Smart". Albamu yake ya kwanza, POWER HOUSE, ilitarajiwa kutolewa tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[2026]] kupitia lebo za ONErpm na Bonsound. Mwaka [[2025]], Magi Merlin aliigiza nafasi ya Chloe katika filamu Mile End Kicks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-07|title=Magi Merlin shares new video for "So Smart" from upcoming LP|url=https://www.killbeatmusic.com/media-releases/2026/5/7/magi-merlin-shares-new-video-for-so-smart-from-upcoming-lp|access-date=2026-05-15|website=Killbeat Music|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-05-07|title=Magi Merlin finds self-compassion on new single So Smart|url=https://news.bonsound.com/magi-merlin-finds-self-compassion-on-new-single-so-smart|access-date=2026-05-15|website=Bonsound|language=en}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] il3ia0bk8yumwnf2lzywbzoa7nt4es7 1579659 1579637 2026-07-15T16:41:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1579659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Magi Merlin''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Kanada]]. == Maisha na kazi == Magi Merlin (hutamkwa Mahd-j-eye) anatoka [[Montreal]], Kanada. Mbali na kuwa mwimbaji, pia ni mcheshi. Mwaka [[2026]], alianza kutoa nyimbo kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya kwanza. Alianza na wimbo "POPSTAR", kisha akafuatisha na "SpiceKick" na "So Smart". Albamu yake ya kwanza, POWER HOUSE, ilitarajiwa kutolewa tarehe [[10 Julai]] [[2026]] kupitia lebo za ONErpm na Bonsound. Mwaka [[2025]], Magi Merlin aliigiza nafasi ya Chloe katika filamu Mile End Kicks.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2026-05-07|title=Magi Merlin shares new video for "So Smart" from upcoming LP|url=https://www.killbeatmusic.com/media-releases/2026/5/7/magi-merlin-shares-new-video-for-so-smart-from-upcoming-lp|access-date=2026-05-15|website=Killbeat Music|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|first=|date=2026-05-07|title=Magi Merlin finds self-compassion on new single So Smart|url=https://news.bonsound.com/magi-merlin-finds-self-compassion-on-new-single-so-smart|access-date=2026-05-15|website=Bonsound|language=en}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] dagyx1te88l7j9boh8988brzxwdszcc 0 242209 1579638 2026-07-15T14:34:34Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Nia Jervier''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Kelsey katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za vichekesho ''Dear White People'', na Tierra katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''The Chi.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Classic Lives Forever: Nia Jervier is Living Her Truth & Ready for The Resurgence|url=https://hevisibilityproject.com/breaking-3/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=hevisibilityproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|tit...' 1579638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nia Jervier''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Kelsey katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za vichekesho ''Dear White People'', na Tierra katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''The Chi.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Classic Lives Forever: Nia Jervier is Living Her Truth & Ready for The Resurgence|url=https://hevisibilityproject.com/breaking-3/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=hevisibilityproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='The Chi': Showtime Adds Nia Jervier & Carolyn Michelle Smith To Season 5 As Recurring|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/nia-jervier-carolyn-michelle-smith-the-chi-season-5-recurring-1234935009/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=deadline.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] r3x0xv1915mgma1tc4418nao66hn51d 1579665 1579638 2026-07-15T18:22:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1579665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nia Jervier''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Kelsey katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za vichekesho ''Dear White People'', na Tierra katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''The Chi.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Classic Lives Forever: Nia Jervier is Living Her Truth & Ready for The Resurgence|url=https://hevisibilityproject.com/breaking-3/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=hevisibilityproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='The Chi': Showtime Adds Nia Jervier & Carolyn Michelle Smith To Season 5 As Recurring|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/nia-jervier-carolyn-michelle-smith-the-chi-season-5-recurring-1234935009/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=deadline.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] bdunuobu7c0ukebc1cqktmv2ambrhm9 0 242210 1579639 2026-07-15T14:37:17Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Laurneá Wilkerson''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Akitumia jina la kisanii Laurneá, ametoa albamu nne za studio, zikiwemo Betta Listen iliyotolewa mwaka [[1997]]. Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha nyimbo zilizopata mafanikio kama "Can't Let Go", iliyofika nafasi ya 55 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na nafasi ya 20 kwenye chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]. Nyimbo zake nyingine zilizojulikana ni pamoja na "...' 1579639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurneá Wilkerson''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Akitumia jina la kisanii Laurneá, ametoa albamu nne za studio, zikiwemo Betta Listen iliyotolewa mwaka [[1997]]. Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha nyimbo zilizopata mafanikio kama "Can't Let Go", iliyofika nafasi ya 55 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na nafasi ya 20 kwenye chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]. Nyimbo zake nyingine zilizojulikana ni pamoja na "Infatuation", iliyofika nafasi ya 37 kwenye chati ya Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, na "Days of Youth", iliyofika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Chati ya Singles ya [[Uingereza]]. Wilkerson pia ameshiriki kama mwimbaji wa sauti za nyuma katika vikundi vya muziki kama Arrested Development na Loose Ends. Mbali na muziki, ameonekana katika filamu kama Hoodlum, School Daze na Sing. mwbadb3to37a5oct5mz8tbmdvlg8if6 1579640 1579639 2026-07-15T14:39:17Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 1579640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurneá Wilkerson''' ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3205/laurnea/|title=LAURNEA - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Akitumia jina la kisanii Laurneá, ametoa albamu nne za studio, zikiwemo Betta Listen iliyotolewa mwaka [[1997]]. Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha nyimbo zilizopata mafanikio kama "Can't Let Go", iliyofika nafasi ya 55 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]] na nafasi ya 20 kwenye chati ya [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]].<ref name="A Musical Progression">{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Harrington|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1998/01/18/a-musical-progression/a7cd356d-6ab0-49b6-9a63-dd0d0ba2b92b/|title=A Musical Progression|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=14 March 2021|date=18 January 1998}}</ref> Nyimbo zake nyingine zilizojulikana ni pamoja na "Infatuation", iliyofika nafasi ya 37 kwenye chati ya Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, na "Days of Youth", iliyofika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Chati ya Singles ya [[Uingereza]]. Wilkerson pia ameshiriki kama mwimbaji wa sauti za nyuma katika vikundi vya muziki kama Arrested Development na Loose Ends. Mbali na muziki, ameonekana katika filamu kama Hoodlum, School Daze na Sing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0929125/|title=Laurnea Wilkerson|website=IMDb|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] hm4e3ug6joodvffy43zhows2861bg7n 0 242211 1579641 2026-07-15T14:49:09Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Damita Jo Freeman''' ni dansi na mwigizaji kutoka [[Marekani]], ambaye alianza kujulikana kupitia kipindi cha [[televisheni]] Soul Train. Mwaka [[1973]], Freeman alikua mmoja wa dansi waliokuwa wakionyeshwa zaidi katika kipindi hicho baada ya kuonekana kwa mara ya pili, ambapo mwanamuziki Joe Tex alimwalika jukwaani kucheza wimbo wake "I Gotcha" katika onyesho lisilopangwa. Mshirika wake wa kawaida wa kucheza dansi kwenye Soul Train alikuwa Don Campbel...' 1579641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damita Jo Freeman''' ni dansi na mwigizaji kutoka [[Marekani]], ambaye alianza kujulikana kupitia kipindi cha [[televisheni]] Soul Train. Mwaka [[1973]], Freeman alikua mmoja wa dansi waliokuwa wakionyeshwa zaidi katika kipindi hicho baada ya kuonekana kwa mara ya pili, ambapo mwanamuziki Joe Tex alimwalika jukwaani kucheza wimbo wake "I Gotcha" katika onyesho lisilopangwa. Mshirika wake wa kawaida wa kucheza dansi kwenye Soul Train alikuwa Don Campbell. Uchezaji wake ulivutia watazamaji kutokana na mtindo wake wa kucheza uliokuwa na mchanganyiko wa udhibiti, nguvu na ubunifu, huku akitumia kamera na muziki kwa namna iliyomfanya atambulike kama mmoja wa wachezaji maarufu wa kipindi hicho.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurweb.com/2019/01/damita-jo-freeman-former-soul-train-dancer-spills-tea-with-lee-bailey/|title=Damita Jo Freeman: Former 'Soul Train' Dancer Spills Tea with Lee Bailey|first=Electronic Urban|last=Report|date=11 January 2019|website=eurweb.com|accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://50bold.com/issoul-trains-damita-jo-freeman/|title=Where is…Soul Train's Damita Jo Freeman?|first=Judyth|last=Watson-Remy|date=10 December 2017|website=50bold.com|accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iloveoldschoolmusic.com/remember-the-pop-locking-soul-train-dancer-damita-jo-found-her-2/|title=Remember The Pop Locking 'Soul Train' Dancer, Damita Jo? Found Her!|author=|date=6 May 2017|website=iloveoldschoolmusic.com|accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] aeuaq897uzeygcvidvzpospxoesxgeu 0 242212 1579642 2026-07-15T14:52:30Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Agenia Walker Clark''' ni msimamizi wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye amekuwa rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha Fisk tangu mwaka [[2023]]. Kabla ya nafasi hiyo, alihudumu kama afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa shirika la ''Girl Scouts of Middle Tennessee'' kwa kipindi cha miaka 19.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kyaw|first=Arrman|date=2023-09-14|title=Dr. Agenia Walker Clark Appointed President of Fisk University.|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership-po...' 1579642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agenia Walker Clark''' ni msimamizi wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye amekuwa rais wa Chuo Kikuu cha Fisk tangu mwaka [[2023]]. Kabla ya nafasi hiyo, alihudumu kama afisa mkuu mtendaji (CEO) wa shirika la ''Girl Scouts of Middle Tennessee'' kwa kipindi cha miaka 19.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kyaw|first=Arrman|date=2023-09-14|title=Dr. Agenia Walker Clark Appointed President of Fisk University.|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/leadership-policy/article/15634309/dr-agenia-walker-clark-appointed-president-of-fisk-university|access-date=2023-10-14|website=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] r7otqj5bzs9oc8sjlunschje03atfux 0 242213 1579644 2026-07-15T14:55:30Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Andrea Tovar''' ni mshindi wa taji la urembo kutoka [[Colombia]]. Alishinda taji la ''Miss Colombia'' [[2015]] na baadaye kuiwakilisha Colombia katika mashindano ya ''Miss Universe'' [[2016]], ambapo alimaliza akiwa mshindi wa pili.<ref name="elpais">{{cite web|title=¿Quién es Jealisse Andrea Tovar, la nueva señorita Colombia?|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/entretenimiento/noticias/quien-jealisse-andrea-tovar-nueva-senorita-colombia|publisher=El...' 1579644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Tovar''' ni mshindi wa taji la urembo kutoka [[Colombia]]. Alishinda taji la ''Miss Colombia'' [[2015]] na baadaye kuiwakilisha Colombia katika mashindano ya ''Miss Universe'' [[2016]], ambapo alimaliza akiwa mshindi wa pili.<ref name="elpais">{{cite web|title=¿Quién es Jealisse Andrea Tovar, la nueva señorita Colombia?|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/entretenimiento/noticias/quien-jealisse-andrea-tovar-nueva-senorita-colombia|publisher=El País|date=16 Nov 2015|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123091739/http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/entretenimiento/noticias/quien-jealisse-andrea-tovar-nueva-senorita-colombia|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kolombia]] aehfurrxd0c9wy249fda2zbu139qpzs 0 242214 1579645 2026-07-15T14:59:56Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Pat Hartley''' ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] na mtayarishaji kutoka [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Hungaria]]. Katika miaka ya [[1960]], alishiriki katika baadhi ya filamu za majaribio za Andy Warhol, zikiwemo Screen Test, My Hustler na Prison zilizotengenezwa katika mazingira ya ''The Factory'' ya Warhol. Pia alionekana katika filamu Rainbow Bridge pamoja na mwanamuziki Jimi Hendrix, na baadaye katika filamu Absolute Beginners. Hartley al...' 1579645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pat Hartley''' ni [[mwigizaji]], mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] na mtayarishaji kutoka [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya [[Hungaria]]. Katika miaka ya [[1960]], alishiriki katika baadhi ya filamu za majaribio za Andy Warhol, zikiwemo Screen Test, My Hustler na Prison zilizotengenezwa katika mazingira ya ''The Factory'' ya Warhol. Pia alionekana katika filamu Rainbow Bridge pamoja na mwanamuziki Jimi Hendrix, na baadaye katika filamu Absolute Beginners. Hartley aliolewa na mtengenezaji wa filamu Dick Fontaine, na pamoja walianzisha kampuni ya utengenezaji wa filamu Grapevine Pictures huko New York katika miaka ya [[1980]]. Kampuni hiyo ilitengeneza filamu za makala kama I Heard It Through the Grapevine, iliyomshirikisha mwandishi James Baldwin kuhusu uzoefu wake katika Amerika Kusini wakati wa harakati za haki za kiraia, pamoja na Art Blakey: The Jazz Messenger.<ref>{{cite web|magazine=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/pat-hartley-and-lynne-tillman-reflect-on-james-baldwins-centennial|title=Pat Hartley and Lynne Tillman Reflect on James Baldwin's Centennial|author=Tillman, Lynne|date=January 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=October 16, 2023|title=I Heard It Through the Grapevine with James Baldwin|publisher=Harvard Film Archive|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/i-heard-it-through-the-grapevine-with-james-baldwin}}</ref> Hartley na Fontaine ni wazazi wa mkosoaji wa muziki Smokey Fontaine. Mbali na filamu, Hartley pia amefanya kazi katika kuongoza, kubuni na kuandika video za muziki kwa wasanii mbalimbali, wakiwemo Johnny Rotten, Afrika Bambaataa na Keith LeBlanc.<ref name="H">{{cite web|title=Dick Fontaine & Pat Hartley Collection|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/collections/fontaine-hartley-collection|publisher=[[Harvard Film Archive]]|access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] tmh1toem9yhtt93ps0drc6lnom4584q 0 242215 1579646 2026-07-15T15:05:58Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sandra Reaves-Phillips''' ([[23 Desemba]] [[1944]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uga.edu/actress-singer-sandra-reaves-phillips-bring-late-great-ladies-of-jazz-and-b/|title=Actress, singer Sandra ReAves-Phillips bring 'Late Great Ladies of Jazz and Blues' to Pe|first=Bobby|last=Tyler|date=September 26, 2005}}</ref> Alizaliwa Mullins, South Carolina...' 1579646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sandra Reaves-Phillips''' ([[23 Desemba]] [[1944]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uga.edu/actress-singer-sandra-reaves-phillips-bring-late-great-ladies-of-jazz-and-b/|title=Actress, singer Sandra ReAves-Phillips bring 'Late Great Ladies of Jazz and Blues' to Pe|first=Bobby|last=Tyler|date=September 26, 2005}}</ref> Alizaliwa Mullins, [[South Carolina]], na alianza kazi yake ya ''Broadway'' mwaka [[1973]] akicheza nafasi ya Mama Younger katika tamthilia ya muziki Raisin. Baadaye alishiriki katika maonyesho mbalimbali ya jukwaani, yakiwemo Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, Black and Blue, Blues in the Night, Harmony, American Dreams, Before It Hits Home na The Late Great Ladies of Blues and Jazz. Kwa kazi yake ya jukwaani, aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Joseph Jefferson kutokana na tamthilia Low Down Dirty Blues mwaka [[2010]]. Pia alipokea uteuzi mara mbili wa Tuzo ya Helen Hayes na alishinda Tuzo ya Ligi ya Maigizo ya Migizaji Bora kwa nafasi yake katika Rollin' kwenye T.O.B.A. kwenye Broadway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeffawards.org/news/jeff-equity-award-nominations-announced|title=Jeff Equity Award Nominations Announced &#124; The Joseph Jefferson Awards|website=www.jeffawards.org}}</ref> Reaves-Phillips pia alionekana katika filamu mbalimbali, zikiwemo The Happy Hooker (1975), Round Midnight ([[1986]]), ambayo ilimletea uteuzi wa NAACP Image Award ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Filamu, Lean on Me ([[1989]]) na For Love or Money ([[1993]]). Katika televisheni, alionekana katika vipindi kama Homicide: Life on the Street na Law & Order. Sandra Reaves-Phillips alifariki tarehe 29 Desemba 2023, siku sita baada ya kutimiza miaka 79.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newworldstation.com/artistlisting/sandra-reaves-phillips|title=Artist - Sandra Reaves-Phillips on NewWorldstation.com|website=NewWorldStation.com - Taking Artists, Filmmakers and Producers to A Global Market - Enjoy quality music, video, film, television and more - a Division of 360EI}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] h48psgsgu8an6e7fqpkgqgk548dicyk 1579666 1579646 2026-07-15T19:13:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1579666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sandra Reaves-Phillips''' ([[23 Desemba]] [[1944]] – [[29 Desemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.uga.edu/actress-singer-sandra-reaves-phillips-bring-late-great-ladies-of-jazz-and-b/|title=Actress, singer Sandra ReAves-Phillips bring 'Late Great Ladies of Jazz and Blues' to Pe|first=Bobby|last=Tyler|date=September 26, 2005}}</ref> Alizaliwa Mullins, [[South Carolina]], na alianza kazi yake ya ''Broadway'' mwaka [[1973]] akicheza nafasi ya Mama Younger katika tamthilia ya muziki Raisin. Baadaye alishiriki katika maonyesho mbalimbali ya jukwaani, yakiwemo Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, Black and Blue, Blues in the Night, Harmony, American Dreams, Before It Hits Home na The Late Great Ladies of Blues and Jazz. Kwa kazi yake ya jukwaani, aliteuliwa kwa Tuzo ya Joseph Jefferson kutokana na tamthilia Low Down Dirty Blues mwaka [[2010]]. Pia alipokea uteuzi mara mbili wa Tuzo ya Helen Hayes na alishinda Tuzo ya Ligi ya Maigizo ya Migizaji Bora kwa nafasi yake katika Rollin' kwenye T.O.B.A. kwenye Broadway.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.jeffawards.org/news/jeff-equity-award-nominations-announced|title=Jeff Equity Award Nominations Announced &#124; The Joseph Jefferson Awards|website=www.jeffawards.org}}</ref> Reaves-Phillips pia alionekana katika filamu mbalimbali, zikiwemo The Happy Hooker (1975), Round Midnight ([[1986]]), ambayo ilimletea uteuzi wa NAACP Image Award ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Filamu, Lean on Me ([[1989]]) na For Love or Money ([[1993]]). Katika televisheni, alionekana katika vipindi kama Homicide: Life on the Street na Law & Order. Sandra Reaves-Phillips alifariki tarehe 29 Desemba 2023, siku sita baada ya kutimiza miaka 79.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.newworldstation.com/artistlisting/sandra-reaves-phillips|title=Artist - Sandra Reaves-Phillips on NewWorldstation.com|website=NewWorldStation.com - Taking Artists, Filmmakers and Producers to A Global Market - Enjoy quality music, video, film, television and more - a Division of 360EI}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] fu8bhmus0v0azo90xaf3fx9ox36xo07 0 242216 1579647 2026-07-15T15:09:40Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Natasha Dawn Irons''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] wa chama cha Labour Party. Amekuwa Mbunge wa Croydon East tangu mwaka [[2024]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Croydon East - General election results 2024|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001186}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]]' 1579647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natasha Dawn Irons''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] wa chama cha Labour Party. Amekuwa Mbunge wa Croydon East tangu mwaka [[2024]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Croydon East - General election results 2024|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001186}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] nms3k7td5ruuh1g7brna6yymyjcfsfj 0 242217 1579648 2026-07-15T15:13:53Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Fonda Rae''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki]] wa [[R&B]] kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nyimbo zake maarufu za klabu kama "Over Like a Fat Rat" na "Touch Me". Wimbo "Touch Me" uliandikwa baadaye na mtunzi wa nyimbo Cathy Dennis. Fonda Rae pia amefanya kazi na wasanii mbalimbali, wakiwemo Don Armando, Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Taka Boom, The Fat Boys na Debbie Harry.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fonda-rae-m...' 1579648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fonda Rae''' ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki]] wa [[R&B]] kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa nyimbo zake maarufu za klabu kama "Over Like a Fat Rat" na "Touch Me". Wimbo "Touch Me" uliandikwa baadaye na mtunzi wa nyimbo Cathy Dennis. Fonda Rae pia amefanya kazi na wasanii mbalimbali, wakiwemo Don Armando, Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Taka Boom, The Fat Boys na Debbie Harry.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fonda-rae-mn0000179974/biography|title=Fonda Rae – Biography|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|first=Andy|last=Kellman|accessdate=2012-04-23}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] qm8v7sdc9to9za7rggxfm0g4546azyi 0 242218 1579650 2026-07-15T15:19:23Z Ramadhani Mushi 61176 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Shanelle Jackson''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Michigan]] akiwakilisha wilaya ya 9 kuanzia mwaka [[2007]] hadi [[2012]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kassel|first=Matthew|date=2022-01-14|title=Former Michigan state legislator mounts challenge to Rashida Tlaib|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/01/shanelle-jackson-rashida-tlaib-michigan-congress/|access-date=2023-...' 1579650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shanelle Jackson''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Michigan]] akiwakilisha wilaya ya 9 kuanzia mwaka [[2007]] hadi [[2012]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kassel|first=Matthew|date=2022-01-14|title=Former Michigan state legislator mounts challenge to Rashida Tlaib|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/01/shanelle-jackson-rashida-tlaib-michigan-congress/|access-date=2023-02-26|website=Jewish Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza muda wake katika bunge hilo, alifanya kazi katika sekta binafsi. Jackson alipata Shahada ya Kwanza (B.A.) ya Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan, na baadaye akapata Shahada ya Uzamili (M.A.) ya Haki ya Kijamii kutoka Chuo cha Marygrove.<ref name="legis">{{cite web|url=https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/legislator/LegislatorDetail/591|title=Legislator Details - Shanelle Jackson|publisher=[[Library of Michigan]]|accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] 8ykm7llzjigwkqzcg11uy4pcx0yioh0 1579667 1579650 2026-07-15T19:20:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1579667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shanelle Jackson''' (alizaliwa [[15 Juni]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la [[Michigan]] akiwakilisha wilaya ya 9 kuanzia mwaka [[2007]] hadi [[2012]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Kassel|first=Matthew|date=2022-01-14|title=Former Michigan state legislator mounts challenge to Rashida Tlaib|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/01/shanelle-jackson-rashida-tlaib-michigan-congress/|access-date=2023-02-26|website=Jewish Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza muda wake katika bunge hilo, alifanya kazi katika sekta binafsi. Jackson alipata Shahada ya Kwanza (B.A.) ya Sayansi ya Siasa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan, na baadaye akapata Shahada ya Uzamili (M.A.) ya Haki ya Kijamii kutoka Chuo cha Marygrove.<ref name="legis">{{cite web|url=https://mdoe.state.mi.us/legislators/legislator/LegislatorDetail/591|title=Legislator Details - Shanelle Jackson|publisher=[[Library of Michigan]]|accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] fwha5f97zizvbdwu3w8g8giumrpcmc2 2 242219 1579651 2026-07-15T15:46:49Z Amanich7 44301 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Amanich ni jina langu la pili. Ninapenda fasihi.' 1579651 wikitext text/x-wiki Amanich ni jina langu la pili. Ninapenda fasihi. 4t0229ymlpo1bln36ofeerahl8ybei8 2 242220 1579652 2026-07-15T15:59:03Z Amanich7 44301 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' Ninapenda fasihi! <P>' 1579652 wikitext text/x-wiki Ninapenda fasihi! <P> pfrvyh1fn8gaamajplfq9y4020psrin 1579654 1579652 2026-07-15T16:14:09Z Amanich7 44301 1579654 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. 5mieeyemmzrgk5isqhvx2xyaoxivq11 1579656 1579654 2026-07-15T16:20:47Z Amanich7 44301 1579656 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. r5sfz6xoc1u44izdqj2vph7600axet4 1579657 1579656 2026-07-15T16:28:55Z Amanich7 44301 1579657 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). m9f0qaaxyd6dh9kebjpvbojogsgvlwi 1579658 1579657 2026-07-15T16:38:56Z Amanich7 44301 1579658 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br><br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Ilipochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Urusi mwaka wa 1991, iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> i6tg91tpq2wdhjffdxbt2upyb46vvfp 1579661 1579658 2026-07-15T17:03:19Z Amanich7 44301 1579661 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br><br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Ilipochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Urusi mwaka wa 1991, iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> 2qynpfb84l1sfprg19a68eham7sc05n 1579662 1579661 2026-07-15T17:09:10Z Amanich7 44301 1579662 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Ilipochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Urusi mwaka wa 1991, iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> 1xktd3rdt6n0vyhz3zrbh6j9amd9yla 1579663 1579662 2026-07-15T17:16:49Z Amanich7 44301 1579663 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = Эдуард Вениаминович Лимонов (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Ilipochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Urusi mwaka wa 1991, iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> el2jd2o3envoscx9md5krc3sdvh9tk6 1579696 1579663 2026-07-16T04:51:43Z Amanich7 44301 1579696 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = Эдуард Вениаминович Лимонов (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Kitabu hicho kilichochapishwa Kwa mara ya Kwanza Nchini Urusi Mwaka wa 1991, kimeuzwa kwa nakala zaidi ya milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> e3adtyfwlxii611rn02mi4o5w2y66d0 1579769 1579696 2026-07-16T10:28:40Z Amanich7 44301 1579769 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> His the most popular novels are... {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = Эдуард Вениаминович Лимонов (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Kitabu hicho kilichochapishwa Kwa mara ya Kwanza Nchini Urusi Mwaka wa 1991, kimeuzwa kwa nakala zaidi ya milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> mka8d4t2b7y109489rpkss7c21fq3qe 0 242221 1579675 2026-07-15T21:01:39Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Filamu 2 | jina = The Furious | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | mwongozaji = [[Kenji Tanigaki]] | mwandishi = | mtayarishaji = | nyota = [[Xie Miao]]<br />[[Joe Taslim]]<br />Yang Enyou<br />[[Brian Le]]<br />Joey Iwanaga<br />[[Yayan Ruhian]]<br />[[Jeeja Yanin]] | muziki = | mpiga_picha = | mhariri = | kampuni_ya_utayarisha...' 1579675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = The Furious | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | mwongozaji = [[Kenji Tanigaki]] | mwandishi = | mtayarishaji = | nyota = [[Xie Miao]]<br />[[Joe Taslim]]<br />Yang Enyou<br />[[Brian Le]]<br />Joey Iwanaga<br />[[Yayan Ruhian]]<br />[[Jeeja Yanin]] | muziki = | mpiga_picha = | mhariri = | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = | msambazaji = | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|2025|9|6|Toronto|2026|6|12|Hong Kong}} | muda = | nchi = Hong Kong | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = | mapato = | imetolewa = }} '''''The Furious''''' (Kichina kilichorahisishwa: 火遮眼) ni filamu ya mapigano ya lugha ya Kiingereza kutoka Hong Kong ya mwaka 2025, iliyoongozwa na [[Kenji Tanigaki]]. Ndani ya filamu hii, [[Xie Miao]] anaigiza kama mwanamume wa kawaida ambaye, kwa msaada wa mwandishi wa habari aitwaye Navin ([[Joe Taslim]]), anapambana na genge kubwa la wahalifu ili kumwokoa binti yake aliyetekwa nyara (Yang Enyou). Waigizaji wengine kwenye filamu hii ni pamoja na [[Brian Le]], Joey Iwanaga, [[Yayan Ruhian]], na [[Jeeja Yanin]]. Filamu hii ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza duniani katika Tamasha la 50 la Kimataifa la Filamu la Toronto mnamo Septemba 6, 2025. Ilitolewa rasmi kwenye kumbi za sinema nchini Hong Kong mnamo Juni 12, 2026 na kupokea sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji wa filamu. == Hadithi == Katika jiji moja huko Asia Kusini-Mashariki, mwandishi wa habari aitwaye Matia anachunguza mtandao wa ndani wa utoroshaji wa watoto unaofanya kazi bila kizuizi, licha ya mume wake, Navin, kumtaka arejee nyumbani. Matia anafanikiwa kuwakuta watoto waliotekwa na kupambana na watekaji hao ili kumsaidia mtoto mmoja kutoroka. Hata hivyo, kiongozi wa watekaji hao aitwaye Paklung, pamoja na msaidizi wake anayetumia kisu cha [[kukri]] na upinde aitwaye Tak, wanawasili eneo hilo. Tak anamuua mtoto huyo na kumteka nyara Matia. Miezi kadhaa baadaye, Wang Wei, ambaye ni fundi bubu na mjane, anatembelewa na binti yake, Rainy, anayetaka warejee wote nchini China. Wei anakataa ombi hilo, akikusudia kumtuma Rainy arejee peke yake. Rainy anaondoka kwa hasira na kukutana na mvulana anayechechemea ambaye anamvuta kwenye mtego na kisha kutekwa na watekaji nyara wa binadamu wanaoongozwa na Ho. Wei anawatafuta na kupambana na watekaji hao, lakini hatimaye wanafanikiwa kutoroka wakiwa na Rainy. Wei anatoa taarifa kwa polisi wa eneo hilo, lakini mkuu wa polisi, ambaye anafanya kazi kwa siri na Paklung, anafunga uchunguzi huo. Baadaye, polisi wanagundua kuwa Wei ana maisha ya nyuma yasiyojulikana. Wakati huo huo, Navin anachunguza kutoweka kwa Matia kwa kujifanya anataka kununua watoto kutoka kwa mtekaji aitwaye Song, ambaye ni "baba" wa Ho, kwenye klabu yake ya ngumi za siri. Wei, akikumbuka ushahidi uliowaunganisha watekaji hao na klabu hiyo ya ngumi, anafika hapo pia. Mmoja wa watekaji anamgundua Wei na kuwahimiza wenzake wamshambulie. Kutokana na vurugu hizo, Song anaamuru Navin auawa. Navin na Wei (ambaye anatumia nyundo kupigana) wanajilinda dhidi ya washambuliaji wao, kisha wanapigana wao kwa wao kabla ya kugundua kuwa wana adui mmoja na kuamua kuungana. Baada ya kuchambua ushahidi waliokusanya, Wei anapata mwanga wa taarifa na kuelekea na Navin kwenye kiwanda cha barafu cha Song ambako inasemekana watoto walikuwa wanashikiliwa. Wei na Navin wanampiga vibaya Song, wasaidizi wake, pamoja na Ho aliyekuwa akipigana kwa nyundo kubwa ya chuma, lakini hawawajui watoto walipo. Wei na Navin wanampiga Song kwa mshtuko wa umeme (torture) ili kupata taarifa, naye anafichua kuwa watoto walihamishiwa eneo linaloitwa "Snake Pit" (Shimo la Nyoka) na kwamba Matia alishauawa. Baada ya wawili hao kuondoka, Song anajaribu kutoroka, lakini Paklung na Tak wanawasili na kumuua. Ho anakuja kuzinduka baadaye na kuukuta mwili wa Song. Kwenye eneo la Snake Pit, Rainy anamshambulia mtekaji mmoja na kuanzisha jaribio la watoto kutoroka, ingawa wengi wao wanakamatwa tena. Wei na Navin wanawasili, wanapambana na watekaji na kufanikiwa kuungana na Rainy. Navin anaanza kurusha matangazo ya moja kwa moja kwenye mtandao (live-stream) kupitia akaunti ya marehemu mke wake Matia ili kuonyesha uokoaji huo, jambo linalofanya umma na polisi kuhamasika na kufika eneo la tukio. Mkuu wa polisi anawaamuru askari wake kuuzuia umma usiingilie kati wakati watekaji wengi zaidi wakifika kuwazuia Wei na Navin. Navin anamwambia Wei na Rainy waondoke salama wakati yeye akiendelea kupigana, lakini Rainy anamshawishi Wei kuwasaidia watoto wote waliotekwa kutoroka. Amri ya mkuu wa polisi inatenguliwa na sajenti wake aitwaye Yadong, na polisi waliobaki pamoja na raia wanajumuika kusaidia. Huku Navin na Wei wakiwadhibiti watekaji kwa kipigo kikali, wananchi wanafanikiwa kumwokoa Rainy na watoto wengine, huku Yadong akimpiga risasi mtekaji mmoja ili kumwokoa yule mvulana aliyekuwa anachechemea. Watekaji walionusurika wanakamatwa, na watoto waliotekwa wanaunganishwa tena na familia zao. Navin na Wei wanazuiliwa usiku kucha kwenye seli ya kituo cha polisi, huku Rainy na yule mvulana anayechechemea wakiwa kituoni hapo pia. Wakati mkwe wa Paklung, ambaye ni bosi mkuu wa wahalifu, anajaribu kumtoa mhanga Paklung kwa mkuu wa polisi ili yeye abaki salama, Paklung anaamua kumuua mkwe wake huyo pamoja na wasaidizi wake, pamoja na mkuu wa polisi. Katika fujo hizo, anamuua kwa bahati mbaya mke wake aliyekuwa mjamzito. Paklung na Tak wanavamia kituo cha polisi kwa ajili ya kulipiza kisasi, wakiwaua polisi wengi na kumjeruhi vibaya Yadong. Wei na Navin wanatoroka kwenye seli ili kumlinda Rainy na yule mvulana anayechechemea. Wakati Wei na Navin wakipambana na Paklung na Tak, Ho naye anawasili na kuwashambulia wapiganaji wote. Tak anakiri kuhusika kwake katika mauaji ya Matia; Navin anajeruhiwa vibaya kwa kuchomwa visu na Tak lakini anafanikiwa kumng'ata Tak shingoni hadi kufa. Paklung anamuua Ho na kumwangusha Wei chini, lakini kabla ya hapo Wei alikuwa amemshambulia Paklung kwa mapigo mazito ya kichwani. Rainy na yule mvulana wanajiandaa kumlinda Wei, lakini Paklung anadondoka na kufa kutokana na majeraha ya ubongo yaliyosababishwa na mapigo ya Wei. Mwezi mmoja baadaye, Wei, Rainy, yule mvulana anayechechemea, na Yadong wanatawanya majivu ya Navin baharini, huku wakimkumbuka pia Matia. Kupitia kumbukumbu ya nyuma (flashback), jina la Wei linafahamika kwa mara ya kwanza pale alipomtajia Navin wakiwa kwenye seli ya polisi. Baada ya kutawanya majivu hayo, Wei anaanza kumweleza Rainy hadithi ya maisha yake. == Waigizaji == [[Picha:The cast of "The Furious" at the 2025 Toronto International Film Festival. 01.jpg|thumb|Kutoka kushoto kwenda kulia: [[Brian Le]], Joey Iwanaga, [[Joe Taslim]], [[Yayan Ruhian]], [[Xie Miao]], na mwongozaji [[Kenji Tanigaki]] kwenye Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Toronto la mwaka 2025]] * [[Xie Miao]] kama Wang Wei, fundi bubu mwenye maisha ya nyuma yaliyojaa siri ambaye binti yake anatekwa nyara.<ref name="VarietySeptember2025" /><ref name="IGNMarch2026">{{cite web|access-date=25 March 2026 |date=25 March 2026 |first=Jim |last=Vejvoda |title='The Furious': Exclusive Trailer for New Martial Arts Thriller Starring Xie Miao and Joe Taslim |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-furious-exclusive-trailer-for-new-martial-arts-thriller-starring-xie-miao-and-joe-taslim |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> * [[Joe Taslim]] kama Navin, mwandishi wa habari na mshirika wa Wang Wei anayetafuta mke wake, Matia, aliyetoweka.<ref name="VarietyApril2024" /><ref name="IGNMarch2026" /> * Yang Enyou kama Rainy, binti yake Wang Wei<ref name="VarietyApril2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movieweb.com/the-furious-release-boston-film-festival/ |title=The Most Hyped Action Thriller of the Year Hits US Fest This Month |date=3 March 2026 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |last=Fuge |first=Jonathan |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> * [[Brian Le]] kama Ho, msaidizi kwenye mtandao wa utoroshaji watoto na "mtoto" wa Song.<ref name="VultureReview"/> * Joey Iwanaga kama Paklung, mkwe mkatili wa bosi wa wahalifu na kiongozi wa mtandao wa utoroshaji watoto.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/the-furious-review-action-thriller |title='The Furious' is Action-Movie Excess at Its Most Exhilarating |date=10 June 2026 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |last=Rife |first=Katie |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Yayan Ruhian]] kama Tak, msaidizi mkuu wa Paklung anayetumia upinde kwenye mtandao huo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2190320/the-furious-2026-movie-review/ |title='The Furious' Review: The Best Action Movie of 2026 Will Punch You in the Face |date=10 June 2026 |website=[[/Film|SlashFilm]] |last=Evangelista |first=Chris |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Jeeja Yanin]] kama Matia Pham, mwandishi wa habari za uchunguzi anayejaribu kufichua mtandao huo wa utoroshaji watoto.<ref name="VultureReview" /> * Sahajak Boonthanakit kama Bwana Song, mmoja wa wasimamizi wa mtandao huo.<ref name="VultureReview" /> * [[Mimi Chu]] kama mmiliki wa saluni ya nywele.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patreon.com/as1_entertainment/posts/yu-shi-zhe-guo-161267083 |title=【娛事者︱郭靖言】 《火遮眼》 港產動作暴力極致 五人互搏定成經典 |date=17 June 2026 |publisher={{ill|As One Entertainment|zh|娛壹}} |via=[[Patreon]] |last=Kwok |first=Ching-yin |access-date=17 June 2026 |language=zh}}</ref> * Manatsanun Phanlerdwongsakul kama Yadong, sajenti wa polisi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-furious |title=The Furious |date=10 June 2026 |publisher=[[Common Sense Media]] |last=Anderson |first=Jeffrey M. |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Official|https://www.lionsgate.com/movies/the-furious}} * {{IMDb title|33311069}} [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Kenji Tanigaki]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Hongo Kong]] l4pkyebs6x7gbzumeshjmdli4jp48ms 1579684 1579675 2026-07-16T00:12:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1579684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = The Furious | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | mwongozaji = [[Kenji Tanigaki]] | mwandishi = | mtayarishaji = | nyota = [[Xie Miao]]<br />[[Joe Taslim]]<br />Yang Enyou<br />[[Brian Le]]<br />Joey Iwanaga<br />[[Yayan Ruhian]]<br />[[Jeeja Yanin]] | muziki = | mpiga_picha = | mhariri = | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = | msambazaji = | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|2025|9|6|Toronto|2026|6|12|Hong Kong}} | muda = | nchi = Hong Kong | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = | mapato = | imetolewa = }} '''''The Furious''''' (Kichina kilichorahisishwa: 火遮眼) ni filamu ya mapigano ya lugha ya Kiingereza kutoka Hong Kong ya mwaka 2025, iliyoongozwa na [[Kenji Tanigaki]]. Ndani ya filamu hii, [[Xie Miao]] anaigiza kama mwanamume wa kawaida ambaye, kwa msaada wa mwandishi wa habari aitwaye Navin ([[Joe Taslim]]), anapambana na genge kubwa la wahalifu ili kumwokoa binti yake aliyetekwa nyara (Yang Enyou). Waigizaji wengine kwenye filamu hii ni pamoja na [[Brian Le]], Joey Iwanaga, [[Yayan Ruhian]], na [[Jeeja Yanin]]. Filamu hii ilionyeshwa kwa mara ya kwanza duniani katika Tamasha la 50 la Kimataifa la Filamu la Toronto mnamo Septemba 6, 2025. Ilitolewa rasmi kwenye kumbi za sinema nchini Hong Kong mnamo Juni 12, 2026 na kupokea sifa nyingi kutoka kwa wakosoaji wa filamu. == Hadithi == Katika jiji moja huko Asia Kusini-Mashariki, mwandishi wa habari aitwaye Matia anachunguza mtandao wa ndani wa utoroshaji wa watoto unaofanya kazi bila kizuizi, licha ya mume wake, Navin, kumtaka arejee nyumbani. Matia anafanikiwa kuwakuta watoto waliotekwa na kupambana na watekaji hao ili kumsaidia mtoto mmoja kutoroka. Hata hivyo, kiongozi wa watekaji hao aitwaye Paklung, pamoja na msaidizi wake anayetumia kisu cha [[kukri]] na upinde aitwaye Tak, wanawasili eneo hilo. Tak anamuua mtoto huyo na kumteka nyara Matia. Miezi kadhaa baadaye, Wang Wei, ambaye ni fundi bubu na mjane, anatembelewa na binti yake, Rainy, anayetaka warejee wote nchini China. Wei anakataa ombi hilo, akikusudia kumtuma Rainy arejee peke yake. Rainy anaondoka kwa hasira na kukutana na mvulana anayechechemea ambaye anamvuta kwenye mtego na kisha kutekwa na watekaji nyara wa binadamu wanaoongozwa na Ho. Wei anawatafuta na kupambana na watekaji hao, lakini hatimaye wanafanikiwa kutoroka wakiwa na Rainy. Wei anatoa taarifa kwa polisi wa eneo hilo, lakini mkuu wa polisi, ambaye anafanya kazi kwa siri na Paklung, anafunga uchunguzi huo. Baadaye, polisi wanagundua kuwa Wei ana maisha ya nyuma yasiyojulikana. Wakati huo huo, Navin anachunguza kutoweka kwa Matia kwa kujifanya anataka kununua watoto kutoka kwa mtekaji aitwaye Song, ambaye ni "baba" wa Ho, kwenye klabu yake ya ngumi za siri. Wei, akikumbuka ushahidi uliowaunganisha watekaji hao na klabu hiyo ya ngumi, anafika hapo pia. Mmoja wa watekaji anamgundua Wei na kuwahimiza wenzake wamshambulie. Kutokana na vurugu hizo, Song anaamuru Navin auawa. Navin na Wei (ambaye anatumia nyundo kupigana) wanajilinda dhidi ya washambuliaji wao, kisha wanapigana wao kwa wao kabla ya kugundua kuwa wana adui mmoja na kuamua kuungana. Baada ya kuchambua ushahidi waliokusanya, Wei anapata mwanga wa taarifa na kuelekea na Navin kwenye kiwanda cha barafu cha Song ambako inasemekana watoto walikuwa wanashikiliwa. Wei na Navin wanampiga vibaya Song, wasaidizi wake, pamoja na Ho aliyekuwa akipigana kwa nyundo kubwa ya chuma, lakini hawawajui watoto walipo. Wei na Navin wanampiga Song kwa mshtuko wa umeme (torture) ili kupata taarifa, naye anafichua kuwa watoto walihamishiwa eneo linaloitwa "Snake Pit" (Shimo la Nyoka) na kwamba Matia alishauawa. Baada ya wawili hao kuondoka, Song anajaribu kutoroka, lakini Paklung na Tak wanawasili na kumuua. Ho anakuja kuzinduka baadaye na kuukuta mwili wa Song. Kwenye eneo la Snake Pit, Rainy anamshambulia mtekaji mmoja na kuanzisha jaribio la watoto kutoroka, ingawa wengi wao wanakamatwa tena. Wei na Navin wanawasili, wanapambana na watekaji na kufanikiwa kuungana na Rainy. Navin anaanza kurusha matangazo ya moja kwa moja kwenye mtandao (live-stream) kupitia akaunti ya marehemu mke wake Matia ili kuonyesha uokoaji huo, jambo linalofanya umma na polisi kuhamasika na kufika eneo la tukio. Mkuu wa polisi anawaamuru askari wake kuuzuia umma usiingilie kati wakati watekaji wengi zaidi wakifika kuwazuia Wei na Navin. Navin anamwambia Wei na Rainy waondoke salama wakati yeye akiendelea kupigana, lakini Rainy anamshawishi Wei kuwasaidia watoto wote waliotekwa kutoroka. Amri ya mkuu wa polisi inatenguliwa na sajenti wake aitwaye Yadong, na polisi waliobaki pamoja na raia wanajumuika kusaidia. Huku Navin na Wei wakiwadhibiti watekaji kwa kipigo kikali, wananchi wanafanikiwa kumwokoa Rainy na watoto wengine, huku Yadong akimpiga risasi mtekaji mmoja ili kumwokoa yule mvulana aliyekuwa anachechemea. Watekaji walionusurika wanakamatwa, na watoto waliotekwa wanaunganishwa tena na familia zao. Navin na Wei wanazuiliwa usiku kucha kwenye seli ya kituo cha polisi, huku Rainy na yule mvulana anayechechemea wakiwa kituoni hapo pia. Wakati mkwe wa Paklung, ambaye ni bosi mkuu wa wahalifu, anajaribu kumtoa mhanga Paklung kwa mkuu wa polisi ili yeye abaki salama, Paklung anaamua kumuua mkwe wake huyo pamoja na wasaidizi wake, pamoja na mkuu wa polisi. Katika fujo hizo, anamuua kwa bahati mbaya mke wake aliyekuwa mjamzito. Paklung na Tak wanavamia kituo cha polisi kwa ajili ya kulipiza kisasi, wakiwaua polisi wengi na kumjeruhi vibaya Yadong. Wei na Navin wanatoroka kwenye seli ili kumlinda Rainy na yule mvulana anayechechemea. Wakati Wei na Navin wakipambana na Paklung na Tak, Ho naye anawasili na kuwashambulia wapiganaji wote. Tak anakiri kuhusika kwake katika mauaji ya Matia; Navin anajeruhiwa vibaya kwa kuchomwa visu na Tak lakini anafanikiwa kumng'ata Tak shingoni hadi kufa. Paklung anamuua Ho na kumwangusha Wei chini, lakini kabla ya hapo Wei alikuwa amemshambulia Paklung kwa mapigo mazito ya kichwani. Rainy na yule mvulana wanajiandaa kumlinda Wei, lakini Paklung anadondoka na kufa kutokana na majeraha ya ubongo yaliyosababishwa na mapigo ya Wei. Mwezi mmoja baadaye, Wei, Rainy, yule mvulana anayechechemea, na Yadong wanatawanya majivu ya Navin baharini, huku wakimkumbuka pia Matia. Kupitia kumbukumbu ya nyuma (flashback), jina la Wei linafahamika kwa mara ya kwanza pale alipomtajia Navin wakiwa kwenye seli ya polisi. Baada ya kutawanya majivu hayo, Wei anaanza kumweleza Rainy hadithi ya maisha yake. == Waigizaji == [[Picha:The cast of "The Furious" at the 2025 Toronto International Film Festival. 01.jpg|thumb|Kutoka kushoto kwenda kulia: [[Brian Le]], Joey Iwanaga, [[Joe Taslim]], [[Yayan Ruhian]], [[Xie Miao]], na mwongozaji [[Kenji Tanigaki]] kwenye Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Toronto la mwaka 2025]] * [[Xie Miao]] kama Wang Wei, fundi bubu mwenye maisha ya nyuma yaliyojaa siri ambaye binti yake anatekwa nyara.<ref name="VarietySeptember2025" /><ref name="IGNMarch2026">{{cite web|access-date=25 March 2026 |date=25 March 2026 |first=Jim |last=Vejvoda |title='The Furious': Exclusive Trailer for New Martial Arts Thriller Starring Xie Miao and Joe Taslim |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-furious-exclusive-trailer-for-new-martial-arts-thriller-starring-xie-miao-and-joe-taslim |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> * [[Joe Taslim]] kama Navin, mwandishi wa habari na mshirika wa Wang Wei anayetafuta mke wake, Matia, aliyetoweka.<ref name="VarietyApril2024" /><ref name="IGNMarch2026" /> * Yang Enyou kama Rainy, binti yake Wang Wei<ref name="VarietyApril2024" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://movieweb.com/the-furious-release-boston-film-festival/ |title=The Most Hyped Action Thriller of the Year Hits US Fest This Month |date=3 March 2026 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |last=Fuge |first=Jonathan |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> * [[Brian Le]] kama Ho, msaidizi kwenye mtandao wa utoroshaji watoto na "mtoto" wa Song.<ref name="VultureReview"/> * Joey Iwanaga kama Paklung, mkwe mkatili wa bosi wa wahalifu na kiongozi wa mtandao wa utoroshaji watoto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/the-furious-review-action-thriller |title='The Furious' is Action-Movie Excess at Its Most Exhilarating |date=10 June 2026 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |last=Rife |first=Katie |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Yayan Ruhian]] kama Tak, msaidizi mkuu wa Paklung anayetumia upinde kwenye mtandao huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2190320/the-furious-2026-movie-review/ |title='The Furious' Review: The Best Action Movie of 2026 Will Punch You in the Face |date=10 June 2026 |website=[[/Film|SlashFilm]] |last=Evangelista |first=Chris |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Jeeja Yanin]] kama Matia Pham, mwandishi wa habari za uchunguzi anayejaribu kufichua mtandao huo wa utoroshaji watoto.<ref name="VultureReview" /> * Sahajak Boonthanakit kama Bwana Song, mmoja wa wasimamizi wa mtandao huo.<ref name="VultureReview" /> * [[Mimi Chu]] kama mmiliki wa saluni ya nywele.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.patreon.com/as1_entertainment/posts/yu-shi-zhe-guo-161267083 |title=【娛事者︱郭靖言】 《火遮眼》 港產動作暴力極致 五人互搏定成經典 |date=17 June 2026 |publisher={{ill|As One Entertainment|zh|娛壹}} |via=[[Patreon]] |last=Kwok |first=Ching-yin |access-date=17 June 2026 |language=zh}}</ref> * Manatsanun Phanlerdwongsakul kama Yadong, sajenti wa polisi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-furious |title=The Furious |date=10 June 2026 |publisher=[[Common Sense Media]] |last=Anderson |first=Jeffrey M. |access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{Official|https://www.lionsgate.com/movies/the-furious}} * {{IMDb title|33311069}} [[Jamii:Filamu zilizoongozwa na Kenji Tanigaki]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Hongo Kong]] gpcwypfua8pdhb4c3dyu8cdn9e36bgu 0 242222 1579699 2026-07-16T05:22:59Z Amanich7 44301 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = Эдуард Вениаминович Лимонов (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandi...' 1579699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov | picha = Eduard Limonov 2016 (cropped).jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 22 februari 1943 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Dzerzhinsk, Gorky Oblast, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = 17 Machi 2020 | mahala_alipofia = Moscow | majina_mengine = Эдуард Вениаминович Лимонов (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov''' (22 februari 1943 – 17 Machi 2020) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi na mwanasiasa wa urusi. Alihama kutoka Umoja wa Kisovyeti mwaka wa 1974, lakini alirejea Urusi mwaka wa 1991, ambapo alianzisha Chama cha Bolshevik cha Kitaifa. Chama hicho kilipigwa marufuku nchini humo mwaka wa 2007. <br> Kitabu chake maarufu zaidi ni ''It's Me, Eddie'' (Kirusi: ''Это я — Эдичка''). Riwaya hiyo iliandikwa New York mwaka wa 1976 na kuchapishwa Paris mwaka wa 1979. Kitabu hicho kilichochapishwa Kwa mara ya Kwanza Nchini Urusi Mwaka wa 1991, kimeuzwa kwa nakala zaidi ya milioni moja.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/edward-limonov/its-me-eddie/ |title=It's Me, Eddie |newspaper=Kirkus Reviews |date=1 July 1983 |access-date=1 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gessen |first=Keith |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2003/02/monumental_foolishness.html |title=The parable of a fascist writer. - Slate Magazine |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Urusi]] d7nqbxg0juw5pdo7wly8qmsqqmhsgo7 0 242223 1579741 2026-07-16T09:17:05Z Armadillo Jack 90850 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 1579741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|jina=Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas|native_name=University of Texas at Dallas|jina_la_picha=|ukubwa_wa_picha=|picha_alt=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kilatini=|wito=|wito_sw=|kimeanzishwa=|picha=<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:UoN.jpg|Coat of Arms of the University of Nairobi]] -->|aina=[[Public university|Public]]|wakfu=|undergrad=21,602|postgrad=Postgraduates 8,284 (fall 2024)[3]|chansela=Dr. Prabhas V. Moghe|vice_chancellor=|kampasi=|mji=Richardson|affiliations=|jimbo=Texas|nchi=United States|tovuti=[https://www.utdallas.edu/ utdallas.edu]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 2wq6pp5excw2l7d6n8b2319ykjupxhn 1579742 1579741 2026-07-16T09:17:51Z Armadillo Jack 90850 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 1579742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|jina=Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas|native_name=University of Texas at Dallas|jina_la_picha=|ukubwa_wa_picha=|picha_alt=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kilatini=|wito=|wito_sw=|kimeanzishwa=|picha=<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:UoN.jpg|Coat of Arms of the University of Nairobi]] -->|aina=[[Public university|Public]]|wakfu=|undergrad=21,602|postgrad=Postgraduates 8,284 (fall 2024)[3]|chansela=Dr. Prabhas V. Moghe|vice_chancellor=|kampasi=|mji=Richardson|affiliations=|jimbo=Texas|nchi=United States|tovuti=[https://www.utdallas.edu/ utdallas.edu]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas''' ( '''UTD''' au '''UT Dallas''' ) ni chuo kikuu cha utafiti wa umma huko [[Richardson, Texas]], Marekani. Ni taasisi iliyo kaskazini zaidi ya Mfumo wa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas . Hapo awali ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961 kama tawi la utafiti la kibinafsi la [[Texas Instruments]] . [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] l8j8rvf45xv2ihozlfq9da7onym0ss8 1579743 1579742 2026-07-16T09:20:03Z Armadillo Jack 90850 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 1579743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|jina=Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas|native_name=University of Texas at Dallas|jina_la_picha=|ukubwa_wa_picha=|picha_alt=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kilatini=|wito=|wito_sw=|kimeanzishwa=|picha=<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:UoN.jpg|Coat of Arms of the University of Nairobi]] -->|aina=[[Public university|Public]]|wakfu=|undergrad=21,602|postgrad=Postgraduates 8,284 (fall 2024)[3]|chansela=Dr. Prabhas V. Moghe|vice_chancellor=|kampasi=|mji=Richardson|affiliations=|jimbo=Texas|nchi=United States|tovuti=[https://www.utdallas.edu/ utdallas.edu]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas''' ( '''UTD''' au '''UT Dallas''' ) ni chuo kikuu cha utafiti wa umma huko [[Richardson, Texas]], Marekani. Ni taasisi iliyo kaskazini zaidi ya Mfumo wa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas . Hapo awali ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961 kama tawi la utafiti la kibinafsi la [[Texas Instruments]] .University of Texas at Dallas Chuo Kikuu cha Texas at Dallas (UTD) ni chuo kikuu kikubwa zaidi nchini Kenya, historia yake kama taasisi ya elimu ilianza [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] kabwq6bak9rscaajvp759i5pfu4sgxs 1579745 1579743 2026-07-16T09:20:56Z Armadillo Jack 90850 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363022199|University of Texas at Dallas]]" 1579745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university|jina=Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas|native_name=University of Texas at Dallas|jina_la_picha=|ukubwa_wa_picha=|picha_alt=|maelezo_ya_picha=|jina_la_kilatini=|wito=|wito_sw=|kimeanzishwa=|picha=<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:UoN.jpg|Coat of Arms of the University of Nairobi]] -->|aina=[[Public university|Public]]|wakfu=|undergrad=21,602|postgrad=Postgraduates 8,284 (fall 2024)[3]|chansela=Dr. Prabhas V. Moghe|vice_chancellor=|kampasi=|mji=Richardson|affiliations=|jimbo=Texas|nchi=United States|tovuti=[https://www.utdallas.edu/ utdallas.edu]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Chuo Kikuu cha Texas huko Dallas''' ( '''UTD''' au '''UT Dallas''' ) ni chuo kikuu cha utafiti wa umma huko [[Richardson, Texas]], Marekani. Ni taasisi iliyo kaskazini zaidi ya Mfumo wa Chuo Kikuu cha Texas . Hapo awali ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961 kama tawi la utafiti la kibinafsi la [[Texas Instruments]] .University of Texas at Dallas Chuo Kikuu cha Texas at Dallas (UTD) ni chuo kikuu kikubwa zaidi nchini Kenya, historia yake kama taasisi ya elimu ilianza [[Faili:Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Complex_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|thumb|Jengo la Uhandisi na Sayansi ya Kompyuta Kusini]] [[Faili:UT_Dallas_-_Full_Mark_Texas_Logo.jpg|alt=UT Dallas Texas logo|thumb|Nembo ya UT Dallas, iliyochochewa na nembo ya Texas Instruments]] [[Faili:UT_Dallas_School_of_Management.jpg|left|thumb|Naveen Jindal School of Management]] [[Faili:UT_Dallas_2_Color_Emblem_-_SVG_Brand_Identity_File.svg|alt=UTD Emblem Logo|thumb|150x150px|Nembo ya UT Dallas]] [[Faili:Natural_Science_Engineering_and_Research_Lab_building_(University_of_Texas_at_Dallas).jpg|left|thumb|Maabara ya Utafiti wa Sayansi Asilia na Uhandisi]] [[Faili:Outside_of_bh_wiki.jpg|thumb|Kituo cha Afya ya UbongoCenter for BrainHealth]] [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] dklmsbjdtibwsrrfa416mxjd28mr582 3 242224 1579748 2026-07-16T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579748 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) bp4hdbak4e2yb2cdsdpdx6gm8vwuyir 3 242225 1579749 2026-07-16T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579749 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) bp4hdbak4e2yb2cdsdpdx6gm8vwuyir 3 242226 1579750 2026-07-16T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579750 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) bp4hdbak4e2yb2cdsdpdx6gm8vwuyir 3 242227 1579751 2026-07-16T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579751 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) bp4hdbak4e2yb2cdsdpdx6gm8vwuyir 3 242228 1579752 2026-07-16T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579752 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) bp4hdbak4e2yb2cdsdpdx6gm8vwuyir 3 242229 1579753 2026-07-16T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579753 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242230 1579754 2026-07-16T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579754 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242231 1579755 2026-07-16T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579755 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242232 1579756 2026-07-16T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579756 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242233 1579757 2026-07-16T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579757 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242234 1579758 2026-07-16T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579758 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 082llh7j7iss1h4ai805dy9b0ic6qj8 3 242235 1579759 2026-07-16T09:50:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579759 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242236 1579760 2026-07-16T09:50:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579760 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242237 1579762 2026-07-16T09:50:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579762 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242238 1579763 2026-07-16T09:50:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579763 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242239 1579764 2026-07-16T09:50:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579764 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242240 1579765 2026-07-16T09:50:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579765 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1z8gnyqmn22vju7pwp09os7x5bbpsqi 3 242241 1579766 2026-07-16T09:51:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579766 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 6b4xl0e5zo3gdufl5b8b02xm5b53k4e 3 242242 1579767 2026-07-16T09:51:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1579767 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 16 Julai 2026 (UTC) 6b4xl0e5zo3gdufl5b8b02xm5b53k4e 0 242243 1579774 2026-07-16T11:28:38Z Eibrahim77 68081 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hayley Law''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Novemba]] mwaka [[1992]]) ni mwanamitindo na mwimbaji huko nchini [[Kanada]], anajulikana kwa uigizaji wake kama Valerie Brown kwenye mfululizo wa tamthilia wa CW uitwao Riverdale, Lizzie Elliot kwenye mfululizo wa sayansi ya kubuni wa ''Netflix'', ''Altered Carbon'', na ''Tess'' kwenye filamu ya vichekesho vyenye giza Spontaneous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/interview-riverdale-josie-pussycats/|title=Josi...' 1579774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hayley Law''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[18 Novemba]] mwaka [[1992]]) ni mwanamitindo na mwimbaji huko nchini [[Kanada]], anajulikana kwa uigizaji wake kama Valerie Brown kwenye mfululizo wa tamthilia wa CW uitwao Riverdale, Lizzie Elliot kwenye mfululizo wa sayansi ya kubuni wa ''Netflix'', ''Altered Carbon'', na ''Tess'' kwenye filamu ya vichekesho vyenye giza Spontaneous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/interview-riverdale-josie-pussycats/|title=Josie and the Pussycats Snag More Of Riverdale's Spotlight in Season 2|last = Puchko|first = Kristy|date = July 25, 2017|work = CBR|access-date = December 5, 2017}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{jamii: mwimbaji}} {{jamii: mwanamitindo}} 0t1rqxfatrd2y3s8gkhps29mmbruska