Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3665 1580473 1511480 2026-07-18T23:22:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Eldoret |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Eldoret katika Kenya |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu|Uasin Gishu]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 2009 |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 289380 |latd=0 |latm=31 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=35 |longm=17 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha: Skyline_of_Eldoret_Facing_West_from_Mups_Plaza.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Eldoret, Kenya]] '''Eldoret''' ni [[mji]] ulio [[magharibi]] mwa [[Kenya]]. Upo kwenye [[barabara kuu]] kati ya [[Nairobi]] - [[Kampala]] takriban [[km]] 300 kutoka [[jiji]] la Nairobi katika [[nyanda za juu]] magharibi mwa [[Bonde la Ufa]] kwenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 2100 - 2700 juu ya [[UB]]. Ukiwa na wakazi 289,380 (wakati wa [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2009]]<ref>[https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 Sensa ya Kenya 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 |date=20190109205229 }}, [[tovuti]] ya [[KNBS]], ilitazamwa Januari 2009.</ref>) ni mji wa [[tano]] kwa ukubwa nchini Kenya baada ya [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], [[Kisumu]] na [[Nakuru]] na ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[kaunti ya Uasin Gishu]]. ==Historia== Eneo la Eldoret lilikuwa linamilikiwa na [[jamii]] ya [[Wamaasai]] ingawa kwa sasa wakaaji wengi ni wa [[kabila]] la [[Wakalenjin]] na hasa [[Wanandi]] na [[Wakeiyo]]. Mji wenyewe ulianzishwa wakati wa [[ukoloni]] mwakani 1910 kwa ufunguzi wa kituo cha posta mahali ambako [[Reli ya Uganda|reli ya Mombasa-Uganda]] ilitakiwa kupita baadaye. Wakati ule [[makaburu]] kadhaa kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] walihamia Kenya wakitafuta mashamba mapya baada ya kushindwa na Waingereza vitani. Uingereza ilitaka kupatanisha makaburu na hali ya kulazimishwa kuwepo chini yake kwa kuwafungulia milango katika maeneo yake mengine. Mashamba ya walowezi wale katika nyanda za juu za Uasin Gishu yalikuwa msingi wa kiuchumi kwa maendeleo ya mji mchanga ulioitwa Eldoret kuanzia mwaka 1912. Tangu 1924 Eldoret iliunganishwa na njia ya [[reli]], 1928 mji ulipata maji ya bomba na tangu 1933 palikuwa na [[umeme]]. Wakazi walikuwa 193,830 mwaka 1999 (sensa),<ref> "Idadi ya Mitaa Mamlaka"(na mijini),Serikali ya Kenya, 1999,webpage: GovtKenya-Idadi ya-PDF. </ref>. Siku hizi Eldoret ni mji wa Kenya unaokua haraka. Rais [[Daniel Arap Moi]] alianzisha miradi mingi katika mji huo wakati wa utawala wake kama vile [[Chuo Kikuu]] na [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Eldoret|uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa]] mkubwa kushinda mahitaji ya mji. Eldoret ni nyumbani kwa wakimbiaji mashuhuri wa Kenya kama [[Kipchoge Keino]]. Kimo cha juu ni mazingira ya kufaa kwa mazoezi ya kukimbia kwa sababu mkimbiaji aliyezoea hapa huongeza uwezo wa mapafu yake atakuwa na faida akishindana baadaye kwa kimo cha chini. Kusini, [[Milima ya Cherangani]] kimo kinatofautiana kutoka juu ya mita 2100 juu ya usawa wa bahari katika uwanja wa ndege kwa zaidi ya mita 2700 katika maeneo ya jirani (futi 7000-9000). Jina "Eldoret" lina misingi ya [[Kimaasai]]: neno "eldare" maana yake ni "mto ulio na mawe" <ref name="SpiritEldoret">"Mji wa Eldoret" (historia), [[Delft University of Technology]] (TUDelft), Uholanzi, Oktoba 2004, webpage: [http://www.kenya.tudelft.nl/en/kenia/eldoret.html TUDelft-Eldoret.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kenya.tudelft.nl/en/kenia/eldoret.html |date=20050325201437 }}</ref> kwa sababu kitanda [[Sosiani]] ya [[mto]] ni karibu sana. Walowezi Weupe waliamua kuiita Eldoret kufanya kuwa rahisi kwa wao kutamka hayo. Katika mwanzo wa ukoloni, eneo lilikuwa linadhibitiwa na [[Waanndi]], kabla ya kuwa na [[Wamasai]] na kabla ya kuwa [[Sirikwa]]. Mji wa Eldoret wenyewe ulianza mwaka 1910 pamoja na Post Office juu ya kile alikuwa anajulikana kwa walowezi Weupe kama "Farm 64", "64" au "Sisibo" kwa wenyeji kwa sababu, wakati huo ilikuwa maili 64 kutoka [[Reli ya Uganda]] kujengwa [[Kibigori]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.mu.ac.ke/eldoret/eldhis.html |title=Eldoret |accessdate=2009-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313022952/http://www.mu.ac.ke/eldoret/eldhis.html |archivedate=2009-03-13 }}</ref> Mwaka wa 1908, eneo la Eldoret limekuwa makazi kwa wasemaji wa Kiafrikana kutoka Afrika ya Kusini ambao "trekked" kutoka Nakuru baada ya safari kutoka Afrika ya Kusini na bahari na reli kutoka Mombasa. Kutoka [Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] ya walowezi na wafanyabiashara walianza kuwasili muda mfupi baadaye. Wakati gavana waliamua kuanzisha kituo cha kiutawala, ya Post Office mara renamed kutoka "64" na jina la mji rasmi kama "Eldoret" mwaka 1912.<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> Kuwa kituo cha kiutawala unasababishwa na ongezeko kubwa katika biashara. Benki na maduka kadhaa walikuwa kujengwa.<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> [[Reli]] ya [[Uganda]] ugani, kutoka Kibigori kuelekea [[Uganda]], kufikiwa Eldoret 1924,<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> kuanzisha enzi mpya ya ustawi na ukuaji. Mwaka 1928, na maji ya bomba kutoka [[mto Mara Sosiani]]. Mwaka 1933, Afrika Mashariki na Power Lighting Company iliweka [[jenereta]].<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> Kwa wakati huo, Eldoret ilikuwa na ndege wadogo, na makazi ya kukodisha chini amekuwa yalijengwa.<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> [[Daniel Arap Moi]] alizaliwa katika [[kaunti ya Baringo|kaunti jirani ya Baringo]], na chini ya [[urais]] wake, mji ulikua zaidi. Mwaka 1984 [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]] kiliundwa na serikali, na jina lake linatokana na lile la rais huyo wa pili wa nchi. Tarehe 1 Januari 2008 na masaibu kushambuliwa na kuweka moto kanisa katika mji, ambako mamia ya watu walikuwa kuchukuliwa kimbilio wakati wa mauaji ya Kenya. Kama matokeo, hadi watu 40, wengi Wakikuyu, walikuwa kuchomwa moto hadi kufa.<ref name="SpiritEldoret" /> [[Lucas Sang]] aliuawa katika mji wakati njia yake nyumbani, wakati vurugu wanashangazwa Kenya Desemba 2007 katika Aftermath tata wa rais wa uchaguzi. == Mitaa kiutawala == Eldoret ni [[serikali]] na [[halmashauri]] ya [[manispaa]]. Manispaa imegawanywa katika [[kata]] [[kumi na tatu]]. Sita (Eldoret Kaskazini, Huruma, Kamukunji, Kapyemit, Kidiwa / Kapsuswa, na Uwanja / Viwanda) ni wa [[Eneo bunge la Eldoret Kaskazini]], tatu (Hospital, Kapsoya na Kimumu / Sergoit) ni katika [[Eneo bunge la Eldoret Mashariki]], na iliyobaki nne (Kipkenyo, Langas, Pioneers / [[Elgon View]] na Race Course) ni sehemu ya [[Eneo Bunge la Eldoret Kusini]]. Yote haya majimbo matatu kata zaidi ndani ya mamlaka nyingine kuliko Eldoret manisipaa <ref>Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya: ''[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Usajili wa vituo kwa eneo na jimbo uchaguzi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=20070628084749 }}''</ref> [[Meya]] wa sasa wa Eldoret ni Sammy Ruto. == Uchumi == [[Picha:AMPATH Project, Eldoret, Kenya.jpg|thumb|]] Mji sasa ni nyumbani kwa [[soko]] kubwa, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]], Eldoret International [[Airport]]. Pia inajulikana kwa [[jibini]] wake kiwandani. Meja viwanda ni pamoja na [[nguo]], [[ngano]], [[pareto]] na [[ngano]]. Mji ina idadi ya viwanda. Eldoret ni nyumbani kwa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Moi]] na idadi ya wanafunzi 14,855 kama wa 2006. Shule ya pili ya matibabu nchini Kenya, [[Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital]] (MTRH), ni pia ziko katika ndani ya mipaka ya mji wa Eldoret Town. Eldoret Polytechnic, ambayo ni [[Polytechnic]] ya tatu kitaifa, pia iko katika mji. Eldoret ni mji wa Kenya hadithi kadhaa Runners, kända wengi ambao ni [[Kipchoge Keino]]. The high urefu ni mafunzo bora ya ardhi kwa wengi kati na wanariadha wa umbali mrefu. The Runners kutoka Eldoret wamechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uchumi wa Eldoret winnings yao katika jamii duniani kote. Eldoret ni pia nimezungukwa na eneo ya kilimo sana, na kwa sababu hii ni nyumbani kwa wakulima wengi, ambao wengine kubeba mengi ya kisiasa na kiuchumi inflytande, pamoja Kibogys na Chemwenos. Eldoret pia ni nyumbani kwa idadi ya viwanda kutambuliwa kitaifa kama Raiplywoods, Ken-Knit na Lochab Brothers. Yote haya walikuwa kuanzisha viwanda na kuendelezwa na baadhi ya familia kongwe Indian asili katika eneo bonde la ufa yaani The Rai's, The Shah's, The Lochab's na The Patel's. Eldoret ina idadi ya mashamba. Karibu kila mali imekuwa ni utambulisho. Baadhi ya Estates pamoja na; [[Elgon View]], Langas, Huruma, Kapsoya, Kahoya, West Indies, Magharibi, Kipkaren, Kimumu, Yerusalemu, Pioneers miongoni mwa wengine wengi Kuna umati kukua kitaaluma katika Eldoret inayojitokeza sasa, ambaye uwepo ni kuwa waliona katika mji. Kutokana na Rufaa ya Moi Teaching Hospital na Eldoret Hospital, ambayo ni pia kuwa specialiserade radiolgy huduma na Madaktari Plaza, kuna uzoefu mwenyeji wa madaktari. Miongoni mwa wanasheria, kongwe imara katika kanda ni Nyairo na Kampuni, kwamba ilianzishwa na [[Momanyi Alfred Nyairo]] katika sixties na sasa inaendeshwa na mwanawe, AK Nyairo. Eldoret ni nyumbani pia ya Kimataifa ya Athletics Association Federations ([[IAAF]]) 's High Altitude Training Center kwa wanariadha wa Kenya na kimataifa. ==Usafiri== [[Picha:Eldoret 3.JPG|thumb]] [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Eldoret]] hutumiwa na mji huu na ulipigiwa kora kama uwanja safi kabisa nchini mwaka 2001. Njia Kuu ipitayo Africa nzima pia hupita kupitia mji. Reli ya Kenya na Uganda pia hupitia hapa.<ref name="cleanest">[http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/14032001/News/News35.html "Eldoret airport walipiga renaste",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/14032001/News/News35.html |date=20080213235001 }} [[The Daily Nation,|''The Daily Nation,'']] 14 Machi 2001.</ref> ==Miji pacha== *[[Indianapolis, Indiana]], Marekani (2007) <ref>[http://www.indygov.org/NR/rdonlyres/1F65860D-D840-4F9E-996B-8A34FF24EF6F/0/100807min.pdf Indianapolis City County Council Dondoo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.indygov.org/NR/rdonlyres/1F65860D-D840-4F9E-996B-8A34FF24EF6F/0/100807min.pdf |date=20081028184647 }} (2007-10-8).</ref> *[[Ithaca, New York]], Marekani <ref>[http://www.news10now.com/content/all_news/tompkinscortland_county/?SecID=111&amp;ArID=104809 News 10 Sasa: Race kupata mji dada uhusiano mbio]</ref> *[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], Marekani (2000) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Africa/Kenya |title=SCI: Sister Cities International |accessdate=2009-12-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324232925/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Africa/Kenya |archivedate=2005-03-24 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324232925/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Africa/Kenya }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons cat}} * [http://62.24.110.69/home/extern/eldoret/eldoret.php Eldoret - Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://62.24.110.69/home/extern/eldoret/eldoret.php |date=20041111232630 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/KE/8/Eldoret.html Mitaa Maps] * [http://www.eldoret.info ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eldoret.info/ |date=20210421012936 }} Tovuti ya Wakaaji wa Eldoret * [http://cheptiret.com Taarifa juu ya watu kote Eldoret] {{Wayback|url=http://cheptiret.com/ |date=20100310075827 }} * [http://home.hccnet.nl/theovlaar/raynestor/index.html ] Ray Nestor Paintings sanaa * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/KE/8/Eldoret.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 177m (alama nyekundu ni reli)] {{coord|0|31|N|35|17|E|region:KE_type:city|display=title}} {{Kaunti za Kenya}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Uasin Gishu]] [[Jamii:Eldoret]] ml4o87lyvvkbmsv91ggqp5y8ynveffo 0 13146 1580433 1573189 2026-07-18T14:57:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove|date=May 2014}} {{Infobox music genre |jina = Bongo flava |bgcolor = deepskyblue |rangi = white |asili ya mtindo = [[Hip hop]], [[Tanzanian music]] |asili ya utamaduni = 1990s [[Tanzania]] |ala = [[Bass guitar]], [[drums]], [[guitar]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[percussion]], [[vocals]] |umaarufu = Attention in Africa and worldwide |inatokana na = |fusiongenres= |orodhayaviana = [[List of African pop music genres]] |viana = |inapotendeka=[[Dar es Salaam]] |madanyingine = }} '''Bongo Flava''' ni [[jina]] badala la [[muziki]] wa [[hip hop ya Tanzania]]. Mtindo huu ulianzishwa kwenye [[miaka ya 1990]], hasa ukiwa kama mwigo au utokanaji wa [[hip hop]] kutoka [[Marekani]], ikiwa na ongezeko la athira ya muziki wa [[reggae]], [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[afrobeat]], [[dancehall]], na mitindo ya asili ya Kitanzania kama vile [[taarab]] na [[muziki wa dansi|dansi]], muunganiko ambao umeunda mtindo wa pekee wa muziki.<ref name="ReferenceA">Mueller, Gavin. "Bongoflava: The Primer." Stylus Magazine, 12 May 2005</ref> [[Mashairi]] kwa kawaida huwa kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]]. Jina la "Bongo Flava" ni tokeo la matini yaliyoharibiwa kutoka "bongo flavour", ambapo "bongo" ni wingi wa neno ''[[wikt:ubongo|ubongo]]'', ambapo mara nyingi huchukua nafasi ya kutaja jina la utani la [[Dar es Salaam]], jiji ambalo aina ya mtindo huu inatokea na wakati mwingine humaanisha pia nchi ya Tanzania. Katika bongo flava, sitiari ya "bongo" inaweza kutaja zaidi maana ya ujanjaujanja wa mtaani, ya ''msela'' au masela wingi wake.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Stroeken|first=Koen| title = Immunizing Strategies: Hip-Hop and Critique in Tanzania|journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]]|volume=75|issue=4|pages=488–509| date = Winter 2005|doi=10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.488}}</ref> Istilahi ya "Bongo Flava" ilitajwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1996 na Radio One 99.6 FM (moja kati ya redio za kwanza kabisa za binafsi nchini Tanzania) DR wa Redio [[Mike Mhagama]] ambaye alikuwa akijaribu kutofautisha kati ya muziki wa R & B na hip hop wa Marekani kupitia lipindi chake maarufu cha redio - 'DJ Show' ambapo enzi hizo vijana chipukizi walikuwa hawajaanza kutamba kwa mitindo yao wenyewe. DJ Show kilikuwa kipindi cha kwanza cha redio kukubali wanamuziki vijana wa Kitanzania wenye athira ya muziki wa Marekani - wakijieleza wenyewe kupitia uimbaji wa rap. Alisema hewani, "Baada ya kusikiliza kibao cha "R & B Flava" kilichoitwa 'No Diggity' kutoka Marekani, sasa inakuja "Bongo Flava" kutoka kwa [[Unique Sisters]], kutoka hapa nyumbani." Baada ya kusema hivyo katika kipindi, istilahi hii ya "Bongo Flava" ikanasa hadi leo hii. Asili ya mwanzo kabisa na jinsi "Bongo flava" ilivyoanzishwa nchini Tanzania ni kutokana na [[Taji Liundi]] akiwa kama kiini cha hadithi hii. Kifupi hakuna asili bila yeye. Taji Liundi pia anajulikana kama Master T, mwasisi, mwanzilishi na vilevile mtayarishaji wa kipindi cha Dj Show alishaanza kupiga nyimbo za wasanii wa ndani tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1994. Mike Mhagama baadaye akajiunga na kipindi akiwa chini ya ukufunzi wa Master T. Aliendelea na kutangaza kipindi hicho peke yake hata baada ya Master T kuondoka Radio One mnamo 1996. "Bongo Flava" ilikaa vizuri sana hata kabla ya rekodi za video au sauti. Vijana mjini Dar es salaam walikuwa wakirap ufukweni mwa bahari kupitia matamasha mbalimbali (yameandaliwa na [[Joseph Makama Kusaga|Joseph Kusaga]] ambaye anamiliki Mawingu Discothèque, baadaye Mawingu Studios na sasa ni [[Clouds Media Group]]), matamasha ya ndani yaliyochukua sura mpya rasmi baada ya kuanzisha mfululozo wa shindano la Yo!Rap Bonanza ambalo lilikuwa likichochewa na DJ Kim "And the Boyz" Magomelo. Baadhi ya vijana walikuwa wakijipanga au kujiita majina ya kutunga au kundi fulani, baadhi yao walikuwa wakijitegemea au kujiweka katika kikundi fulani katika tukio hilo ilimradi wapate nafasi ya kukamata mic. Moja kati ya waliowahi kutamba katika mashindano ya kushika mic mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ni pamoja na Adili au Nigga One. Msanii maarufu wa kwanza wa mtindo huu aliyewahi kuiga ngoma za Marekani ni [[Saleh Jabir]] ambaye alirap kwa Kiswahili kupitia biti ya Vanilla Ice, "Ice Ice Baby", yeye ndiye aliyeanza kuweka Kiswahili katika rap. Toleo lake lilikuwa maarufu, ilivunja rekodi na kuweza kupigwa hata katika Redio ya Taifa la Tanzania. Ulikuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa rap ya Kiswahili kupaa anga ya Tanzania. Moja kati ya makundi ya mwanzo kabisa kurekodi na kupeleka CD Radio One ili irushwe ilikuwa bendi ya Mawingu, kundi ambalo lilitamba sana mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1994. Walirekodia katika Studio za Mawingu. Wanachama wake walikuwa kina Othman Njaidi, Eliudi Pemba, Columba Mwingira, Sindila Assey, Angela, Robert Chuwa, Boniface Kilosa (a.k.a. Dj Boni Love) na baadaye Pamela ambaye aliimba kibao chao kilichovunja rekodi cha RnB/Rap "[[Oya Msela]]". Wimbo ulikuwa maarufu mno na baadaye hilo neno likabaki hadi leo. Bendi ya Mawingu hujadilika kama waanzilishi wa ladha aina ya RnB ya Bongo flava. Dar Young Mob lilikuwa kundi la kwanza la hip hop ya kweli kurekodi na Mawingu Studios chini ya utayarishaji wake Dj Boni Love. Lilikuwa kundi la kwanza kupigiwa kibao chao katika redio ya binafsi nchini Tanzania. ==Wasanii maarufu== [[File:Diamond Platnumz.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond Platnumz]]]] Kundi la kwanza la hip hop la Tanzania, [[Kwanza Unit]], 1993. Awali walikuwa wanaimba kwa Kiingereza lakini hatimaye wakawa wanaimba kwa Kiswahili. Moja kati ya wanachama wa zamani wa kundi hili ni [[Professor Jay]], kwa ni moja kati ya wasanii maarufu wa hip hop nchini Tanzania. Vilevile kundi la Diplomate lililokuwa na kina Saigon. Miongoni mwa wasanii maarufu wa Bongo Flava kwa sasa ni pamoja na [[Ali Kiba]], [[Juma Nature]], [[Lady Jaydee]], [[Mzungu Kichaa]], [[Geezy Mabovu]], [[Q Chillah]], [[TID]], [[Diamond Platnumz]], [[Dknob]] na wasanii wapya wa Bongo Flava kama vile [[Nay wa Mitego]], [[Ben Pol]], [[Dogo Fani]] na wengine wengi kama [[Gangwe Mobb]], [[Dully Sykes]] na [[Daz Baba]]. ==Picha== <gallery class="center" widths="195px" style="text-align:center"> Fid Q at the 2013 Zanzibar International Film Festival.jpg|[[Fid Q]] Khalid Mohamed (TID) at the 2015 Zanzibar International Film Festival.jpg|[[TID (musician)|TID]] A.Y. (musician).jpg|[[A.Y. (musician)|A.Y.]] Christian Bella at the 2015 Zanzibar International Film Festival.jpg|Christian Bella Mzungu Kichaa.jpg|[[Mzungu Kichaa]] Vanessa Mdee at ZIFF 2015.jpg|[[Vanessa Mdee]] </gallery> ==Tazama pia== * [[Muziki wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== <references /> ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.bongoexclusivetv.com Tovuti ya Bongo Flava] * [http://www.swahiliremix.com/ Tovuti ya Swahili Remix] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swahiliremix.com/ |date=20070124230554 }} * [http://www.mzibo.net/ Tovuti ya Mzibo] * [http://www.fly.co.uk/fly/archives/africamiddle_east_features/whos_who_in_bon.html/ Nani ni nani katika Bongo Flava?] * [http://www.mahusiano.com/ Tovuti ya Mahusiano] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mahusiano.com/ |date=20070625110351 }} * [http://www.bongoradio.com/ Tovuti ya Bongo Radio] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bongoradio.com/ |date=20170520184421 }} * [http://www.africanhiphop.com/ Tovuti ya African hiphop] * [http://www.africanizers.i8.com/ Tovuti ya Africanizers Music] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanizers.i8.com/ |date=20060525191705 }} *[https://www.nyimbompya.com/ Tovuti ya Nyimbo Mpya] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nyimbompya.com/ |date=20250315102455 }} {{mbegu-muziki-Afrika}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bongo, Flava}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa kizazi kipya]] [[Jamii:Hip hop]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:aina za muziki]] 406y4iyex82mg0pd2oe6fgyxgkradej 0 13952 1580459 1397974 2026-07-18T19:08:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Clint Eastwood | picha = ClintEastwoodSept10TIFF.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Eastwood mnamo 2010 | jina la kuzaliwa = Clinton Eastwood, Jr. | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1930|5|31}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[San Francisco]] [[Marekani]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = [[Mwigizaji]]<br />[[Matayarishaji wa filamu|Mtayarishaji]] | miaka ya kazi = 1955–hadi leo | ndoa = Maggie Johnson (1953–84; watoto wawili)<br />Dina Ruiz (1996–present; mtoto mmoja) | watoto = Kimber Tunis<br />Kyle Eastwood<br />Alison Eastwood<br />Scott Eastwood<br />Kathryn Reeves<br />Francesca Fisher-Eastwood<br />Morgan Eastwood | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Clinton Eastwood, Jr''' (amezaliwa [[31 Mei]] [[1930]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[filamu]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], [[Mwongozaji wa filamu|muongozaji]] na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anafahamika zaidi kwa kucheza [[filamu za Western]] maarufu kama [[Spaghetti Westerns]], ni [[filamu]] zinazotoka sana nchini [[Italia]] hiyo ilikuwa kwemye miaka ya [[60]] akiwa na [[muongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa ki[[italia]] [[Sergio Leone]], katika mfululizo wa filamu ya ''The Man with No Name''. Mfululizo huo kulikuwa na filamu kama ''A Fistful of Dollars'' (Iliyochezwa [[1964]]) For a Few Dollars More (Iliyochezwa [[1965]]) na The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Iliyochezwa [[1966]]). Mbali na filamu hizo Clint alicheza katika filamu nyingine mbalimbali ikiwemo ile ya ''Dirty Harry'' aliocheza kama Inspekta Dirty Harry Callahan katika mfululizo huo wa filamu ya ''Dirty Harry'' filamu ambayo ilitamba sana kwenye miaka ya [[1970]]. == Maisha ya Mwanzo == ==Filamu za Mwanzo== == Filamu Alizotoa == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! '''Mwaka''' || '''Jina la Filamu''' || '''Jina Alilotumia''' |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Revenge of the Creature'' || Lab Technician (''uncredited'') |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Francis in the Navy'' || Jonesey |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Lady Godiva (film)|Lady Godiva'' || First Saxon (''uncredited'') |- | 1955 in film|1955 || ''Tarantula (film)|Tarantula'' || Jet Squadron Leader (''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Never Say Goodbye (film)|Never Say Goodbye'' || Will (''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Star in the Dust'' || Tom (ranch hand; ''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''Away All Boats'' || Marine (Medic; ''uncredited'') |- | 1956 in film|1956 || ''The First Traveling Saleslady'' || Lieutenant Jack Rice, Roughrider |- | 1957 in film|1957 || ''Escapade in Japan'' || Dumbo Pilot (''uncredited'') |- | 1958 in film|1958 || ''With You In My Arms'' || George Moseley |- | 1958 in film|1958 || ''Ambush at Cimarron Pass'' || Keith Williams |- | 1959 in film|1959 || ''Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide'' (TV) || Rowdy Yates (1959-1966) |- | 1964 in film|1964 || ''A Fistful Of Dollars'' || Joe (The Man with No Name) |- | 1965 in film|1965 || ''For a Few Dollars More'' || Monco (The Man with No Name) |- | 1966 in film|1966 || ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'' || Blondie (The Man with No Name) |- | 1967 in film|1967 || ''The Witches (1967 film)|The Witches'' || Charlie (segment "Sera come le altre, Una") |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Hang 'Em High'' || Marshal Jed Cooper |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Coogan's Bluff (film)|Coogan's Bluff'' || Deputy Sheriff Walt Coogan |- | 1968 in film|1968 || ''Where Eagles Dare'' || Lieutenant Morris Schaffer |- | 1969 in film|1969 || ''Paint Your Wagon'' || Sylvester 'Pardner' Newel |- | 1970 in film|1970 || ''Two Mules for Sister Sara'' || Hogan |- | 1970 in film|1970 || ''Kelly's Heroes'' || Private Kelly |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''The Beguiled'' || Cpl. John McBurney |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''Play Misty for Me'' || David 'Dave' Garver <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1971 in film|1971 || ''Dirty Harry'' || Harry Callahan (fictional character)|Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callahan |- | 1972 in film|1972 || ''Joe Kidd'' || Joe Kidd |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''High Plains Drifter'' || The Stranger <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''Magnum Force'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1973 in film|1973 || ''Breezy'' || ''Director'' |- | 1974 in film|1974 || ''Thunderbolt and Lightfoot'' || Thunderbolt |- | 1975 in film|1975 || ''The Eiger Sanction (film)|The Eiger Sanction'' || Dr. Jonathan Hemlock <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1976 in film|1976 || ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' || Josey Wales<br />(''also directed'') |- | 1976 in film|1976 || ''The Enforcer (1976 film)|The Enforcer'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1977 in film|1977 || ''The Gauntlet'' || Ben Shockley <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1978 in film|1978 || ''Every Which Way But Loose'' || Philo Beddoe |- | 1979 in film|1979 || ''Escape from Alcatraz (film)|Escape from Alcatraz'' || Frank Morris |- | 1980 in film|1980 || ''Bronco Billy'' || Bronco Billy McCoy <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1980 in film|1980 || ''Any Which Way You Can'' || Philo Beddoe |- | 1982 in film|1982 || ''Firefox (film)|Firefox'' || Mitchell Gant <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1982 in film|1982 || ''Honkytonk Man'' || Red Stovall <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1983 in film|1983 || ''Sudden Impact'' || Harry Callahan<br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1984 in film|1984 || ''Tightrope (film)|Tightrope'' || Wes Block<br />(''also produced) |- | 1984 in film|1984 || ''City Heat'' || Lieutenant Speer |- | 1985 in film|1985 || ''Pale Rider'' || Preacher <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1986 in film|1986 || ''Heartbreak Ridge'' || Gunnery Sergent Tom 'Gunny' Highway <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1988 in film|1988 || ''The Dead Pool'' || Harry Callahan |- | 1988 in film|1988 || ''Bird (1988 film)|Bird'' || ''Director and producer'' |- | 1989 in film|1989 || ''Thelonius Monk: Straight, No Chaser (1989 film)|Thelonius Monk: Straight, No Chaser'' || ''Executive producer'' |- | 1989 in film|1989 || ''Pink Cadillac (film)|Pink Cadillac'' || Tommy Nowak |- | 1990 in film|1990 || ''White Hunter Black Heart'' || John Wilson <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1990 in film|1990 || ''The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie'' || Nick Pulovski <br />(''also directed'') |- | 1992 in film|1992 || ''Unforgiven'' || William 'Bill' Munny <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1993 in film|1993 || ''In the Line of Fire'' || Secret Service Agent Frank Horrigan |- | 1993 in film|1993 || ''A Perfect World'' || Chief Red Garnett <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1995 in film|1995 || ''The Bridges of Madison County (film)|The Bridges of Madison County'' || Robert Kincaid <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1995 in film|1995 || ''The Stars Fell on Henrietta'' || ''Producer'' |- | 1997 in film|1997 || ''Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil'' ||''Director and producer'' |- | 1997 in film|1997 || ''Absolute Power (film)|Absolute Power'' || Luther Whitney <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 1999 in film|1999 || ''True Crime (1999 film)|True Crime || Steve Everett <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2000 in film|2000 || ''Space Cowboys'' || Dr. Frank Corvin <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2002 in film|2002 || ''Blood Work'' || Terry McCaleb <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2003 in film|2003 || ''Mystic River (film)|Mystic River'' || Director and producer |- | 2004 in film|2004 || ''Million Dollar Baby'' || Frankie Dunn <br />(''also directed and produced'') |- | 2006 in film|2006 || ''Flags of Our Fathers (film)| Flags of Our Fathers'' || Director and producer |- | 2006 in film|2006 || ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' || ''Director and producer'' |- | 2008 in film|2008 || ''The Changeling (2008 film)|The Changeling'' || ''Director'' [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960798.html] |} == Filamu alizoongoza == * ''Unforgiven'' (1992) * ''A Perfect World'' (1993) * ''Mystic River'' (2003) * ''Million Dollar'' Baby (2004) * ''Flags of Our Fathers'' (2006) * ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' (2006) == Nyimbo Alizototunga == * "Unknown Girl" (Nyimbo Moja, 1961) * "Rowdy" (Nyimbo Moja) * "For You, For Me, For Evermore" (Nyimbo Moja) * ''Rawhide's Clint Eastwood Sings Cowboy Favorites'' (LP) * ''Paint Your Wagon (Nyimbo ya Filamu)Paint Your Wagon'' * ''Kelly's Heroes (Nyimbo ya Filamu)Kelly's Heroes]]'' * "Barroom Buddies" (Nyimbo Moja, 1980) na Merle Haggard * "Cowboy in a Three Piece Suit" (Nyimbo ya Moja, 1981) * "Make My Day" (Nyimbo Moja, 1984) with T.G. Sheppard * ''Eastwood After Hours: Moja kwa Moja Katika [[Carnegie Hall]]'' == Marejeo == * [http://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/people/celebrities/clinteastwood.asp saga.co.uk Clint still riding high, 19 October 2006] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saga.co.uk/magazine/people/celebrities/clinteastwood.asp |date=20070927061838 }} * [http://www.filmreference.com/film/78/Clint-Eastwood.html filmreference.com Clint Eastwood Wasifu] * [http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/Clint_Eastwood.html adherents.com The Religious Affiliation of actor/director Clint Eastwood] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/Clint_Eastwood.html |date=20100129172756 }} * [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/03/sunday/main671541.shtml CBS Evening News interview, Feb. 6, 2005]{{Wayback|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/03/sunday/main671541.shtml |date=20071013132826 }} * [http://www.vault.com/nr/main_article_detail.jsp?article_id=19109&cat_id=0&ht_type=2 Career] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vault.com/nr/main_article_detail.jsp?article_id=19109&cat_id=0&ht_type=2 |date=20181215171837 }} * [http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/artists/e/Clint-Eastwood/awards-319608.htmlClint Eastwood Awards] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.clinteastwood.net Tovuti Rasmi ya Clint] * [http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,1547569,00.html Picha na Burudani za kila wiki za Clint Eastwood] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,1547569,00.html |date=20071014210555 }} * [http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/eastwood/ Heasabu ya Sinema: Uteuzi Mkuu wa Waongozaji katika Database] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/eastwood/ |date=20101225031542 }} * [http://www.clinteastwood.org/forums Ukumbi wa Majadiliano wa Clint Eastwood] * [http://festivalpreviewjazz.blogspot.com/2007/09/berklee-makes-eastwoods-day-at-mjf.html Berkley Wamefanya siku ya Eastwood's katika MJF] {{Commons|Clint Eastwood}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eastwood, Clint}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji filamu]] [[Jamii:Watayarishaji Filamu wa Marekani]] jjsd0o6mygde14ua09oajg2figwcbgd 0 14847 1580489 881741 2026-07-19T02:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forum for the Restauration of Democracy (FORD)''' ilikuwa kwanza harakati halafu chama cha kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. ==Chanzo 1991== Ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na wanasiasa waliopinga [[mfumo wa chama kimoja]] na utawala wa [[KANU]] chini ya rais [[Daniel arap Moi]]. Shabaha ilikuwa mabadiliko ya kuruhusu vyama vingi na uhuru wa kidemokrasia. Wakati ule chama cha pekee kilichoruhusiwa kilikuwa KANU. Mfumo wa chama kimoja uliporomoka katika nchi nyingi za dunia baada ya mwisho wa ukomunisti na mabadiliko yaliyokwenda sambamba na mwisho wa [[vita baridi]] katika Afrika. ==Waanzilishi== Kati ya waanzilishaji walikuwa [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], [[Kenneth Matiba]], [[Martin Shikuku]], [[Masinde Muliro]] na [[Michael Wamalwa]]. Mwanzoni FORD ilipigwa marufuku lakini baadaye Moi alilazimishwa na nchi za nje walisaidia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya serikali kukubali kuwepo kwa FORD. Mwaka 1992 KANU ilikuwa tayari kubadilisha katiba ya kuruhusu vyama vingi. Walioanzisha vyama mara moja walikuwa Odinga aliyeandikisha FORD kama chama na Mwai Kibai aliyeandikisha [[Democratic Party (Kenya)|Democratic Party (DP)]]. FORD ilikuwa mwanzoni chama cha upinzani wa kitaifa wakati DP ilikuwa na nguvu katika maeneo ya Wakikuyu hasa. ==Farakano 1992 juu ya uongozi== Swali la nani atakuwa mgombea wa urais likaleta farakano kati ya Matiba na Odinga pamoja na wafuasi wao. Odinga aliondika kabla ya uchaguzi akianzisha chama cha [[Ford-Kenya]] na Matiba alibaki na [[Ford-Asili]]. Wamalwa pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya viongozi wa [[Waluhya]] alishikamana na Odinga. Farakano la Ford-Asili mwaka 1997 likaleta chaama cha tatu cha [[Ford-People]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |title=Will Nyoike sell Nyachae? Nation 13-05-2002 |accessdate=2008-01-05 |archive-date=2007-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505202923/http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Farakano hili lilihakikisha kushindwa kwa upinzani katika uchaguzi. Moi hakupata kura nyingi jula la kura 1,927,640 tu. Lakini kura zaidi ya milioni tatu za upinzani ziligawiwa kwa kundi zote tatu yaani Matiba (FORD-Asili) alimaliza na kura 1,354,856 votes, Kibaki (Democratic Party) na kura 1,035,507 na Odinga kwenye nafasi ya nne mwenye kura 903,866. FORD ilibaki na sifa ya kihistoria ya kufungua milango ya demokrasia nchini kenya lakini haikufaulu mipango mengine. <references /> [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] jm4732u0toeunibjo3f9mr6s8eprofh 1580497 1580489 2026-07-19T03:56:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forum for the Restauration of Democracy (FORD)''' ilikuwa kwanza harakati halafu chama cha kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. ==Chanzo 1991== Ilianzishwa mwaka 1991 na wanasiasa waliopinga [[mfumo wa chama kimoja]] na utawala wa [[KANU]] chini ya rais [[Daniel arap Moi]]. Shabaha ilikuwa mabadiliko ya kuruhusu vyama vingi na uhuru wa kidemokrasia. Wakati ule chama cha pekee kilichoruhusiwa kilikuwa KANU. Mfumo wa chama kimoja uliporomoka katika nchi nyingi za dunia baada ya mwisho wa ukomunisti na mabadiliko yaliyokwenda sambamba na mwisho wa [[vita baridi]] katika Afrika. ==Waanzilishi== Kati ya waanzilishaji walikuwa [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], [[Kenneth Matiba]], [[Martin Shikuku]], [[Masinde Muliro]] na [[Michael Wamalwa]]. Mwanzoni FORD ilipigwa marufuku lakini baadaye Moi alilazimishwa na nchi za nje walisaidia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya serikali kukubali kuwepo kwa FORD. Mwaka 1992 KANU ilikuwa tayari kubadilisha katiba ya kuruhusu vyama vingi. Walioanzisha vyama mara moja walikuwa Odinga aliyeandikisha FORD kama chama na Mwai Kibai aliyeandikisha [[Democratic Party (Kenya)|Democratic Party (DP)]]. FORD ilikuwa mwanzoni chama cha upinzani wa kitaifa wakati DP ilikuwa na nguvu katika maeneo ya Wakikuyu hasa. ==Farakano 1992 juu ya uongozi== Swali la nani atakuwa mgombea wa urais likaleta farakano kati ya Matiba na Odinga pamoja na wafuasi wao. Odinga aliondika kabla ya uchaguzi akianzisha chama cha [[Ford-Kenya]] na Matiba alibaki na [[Ford-Asili]]. Wamalwa pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya viongozi wa [[Waluhya]] alishikamana na Odinga. Farakano la Ford-Asili mwaka 1997 likaleta chaama cha tatu cha [[Ford-People]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |title=Will Nyoike sell Nyachae? Nation 13-05-2002 |accessdate=2008-01-05 |archive-date=2007-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505202923/http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Farakano hili lilihakikisha kushindwa kwa upinzani katika uchaguzi. Moi hakupata kura nyingi jula la kura 1,927,640 tu. Lakini kura zaidi ya milioni tatu za upinzani ziligawiwa kwa kundi zote tatu yaani Matiba (FORD-Asili) alimaliza na kura 1,354,856 votes, Kibaki (Democratic Party) na kura 1,035,507 na Odinga kwenye nafasi ya nne mwenye kura 903,866. FORD ilibaki na sifa ya kihistoria ya kufungua milango ya demokrasia nchini kenya lakini haikufaulu mipango mengine. <references /> [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] du2vhbsc72tgjqseu9t9go4xw4hx8a1 0 14871 1580486 1331847 2026-07-19T01:18:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''FORD-People''' (pia: '''FORD-P''') ni chama cha kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. Kwa Kiingereza ni ''Forum for the Restoration of Democracy for the People.'' Chama hiki ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1997 baada ya farakano la chama cha FORD-Asili. ==Chanzo katika FORD-Asili== Chama cha ''[[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy]]'' ([[FORD]]) ndicho kilikuwa chama cha kwanza kujihusisha na harakati na mambo ya kisiasa tangu mwaka wa 1991, kwa kupigania kuruhusiwa kwa mfumo wa vyama vingi na demokrasia kutoka kwa [[mfumo wa chama kimoja]] na utawala wa [[KANU]] nchini Kenya. Rais [[Daniel arap Moi]] alishinikizwa na jamii ya kimataifa kuidhinisha mfumo wa vyama vingi kwa kubadilisha sehemu [[2A]] ya katiba ya Kenya, iliyozuia kuwepo kwa vyama vingi vya kisiasa. Kabla ya uchaguzi wa 1992 [[FORD]] ilifarakana kati ya wafuasi wa viongozi [[Kenneth Matiba]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Kati (Kenya)|Mkoa wa Kati]] na [[Martin Shikuku]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Kenya)|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] kwa upande mmoja na kwa upande mwingine [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Nyanza]]. Wafuasi wa [[Odinga]] waliunda [[FORD-Kenya]]. Wafuasi wa Matiba waliendelea kwa jina la [[FORD-Asili]]. Baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1992, [[Matiba]] aliibuka wa pili baada ya [[Rais Moi]], hivyo basi kuunda chama cha upinzani bungeni. ==Kuundwa kwa Ford-P kutokana na farakano Matiba-Shikuku== Kabla ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1997 faragano lilitokea katika chama cha [[FORD-Asili]] kati ya mwenyekiti [[Kenneth Matiba]] na [[Martin Shikuku]] aliyekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa chama. [[Shikuku]] aliyekuwa na wafuasi wengi aliendelea kushikilia hatamu za ofisi ya chama. Nyumba ya ofisi ilikuwa mali ya Matiba aliyetimuliwa ofisi ya chama chake. Lakini Shikuku alienda akishika hati ya kusajiliwa kwa chama. Upande wa kundi la Matiba, mwanasiasa [[Kimani wa Nyoike]] alikuwa Katibu Mkuu. Bila mawasiliano na [[Matiba]][[wa Nyoike]] aliandikisha chama kipya kwa jina la [[Ford-People]] kwa sababu aliogopa kubaki bila chama iwapo [[Shikuku]] angefaulu kutetea haki ya kumiliki jina la Ford-Asili. [[Matiba]] alikata tamaa kuhusu hali ya siasa na akajiondoa katika shughuli zote za kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. Hivyo [[wa Nyoike]] alibaki na chama alichokuwa akiandaa kwa upande wa [[Matiba]] lakini bila kiongozi huyu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |title=Will Nyoike sell Nyachae? - taarifa ya "Nation" 13-05-2002 ilisomwa tar. 5.01-2008 |accessdate=2008-01-05 |archive-date=2007-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505202923/http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Uchaguzi wa 1997== Wanasiasa wengi wa kundi la [[Matiba]] hawakumfuata [[wa Nyoike]] katika [[Ford-People]] bali walijiunga na vyama vingine. Chama hiki kilipata viti vitatu bungeni baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1997. [[Wa Nyoike]] hakufaulu kuingia bungeni. [[FORD-P]] kilitokea kama chama kidogo chenye mizizi na ushawishi mwingi kutoka [[Mkoa wa Kati]]. ==Uchaguzi wa 2002== Kabla ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2002 [[wa Nyoike]] alifaulu kupatana na mwanasiasa [[Simeon Nyachae]] aliyewahi kujiuzulu kutoka kwa chama cha [[KANU]] mwaka wa 1999. [[Nyachae]] hakujiunga na umoja wa upinzani ulioanzishwa chini ya [[NAK (Kenya)|NAK]] na baadaye ukajulikana kama [[NARC|Rainbow Coalition]]. Katika uchaguzi huo,[[Nyachae]] aliibuka wa tatu katika kura ya urais na FORD-People ilifaulu kuchukua viti vyote vya [[Kisii]] na kuingia bungeni likiwa na kundi la wabunge 14 hivyo kuwa chama cha tatu baada ya [[NARC]] na [[KANU.]] ==Ushirikiano na Kibaki== Kati ya 2003/2004 mafarakano katika serikali ya [[NARC]] yalionekana kabisa hivyo wabunge wa FORD-People walitafutwa na serikali kwa kura zao. Katika mabadiliko ya serikali ya mwaka wa 2004 [[Nyachae]] aliteuliwa Waziri wa [[Nishati]] na chama chake kikaingia katika serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa. ==Uchaguzi wa 2007== Katika uchaguzi huu wimbi wa chama cha [[ODM]] uliovuma katika sehemu nyingi nchini, ulikifanya chama cha [[Ford-People]] kupoteza viti 11 vya ubunge kikiwemo kile cha [[Simeon Nyachae]]. ==Tanbihi== <references /> [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] 4pmnckmzt4fqx2v2qhdqq0iojoa2e2d 1580496 1580486 2026-07-19T03:52:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''FORD-People''' (pia: '''FORD-P''') ni chama cha kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. Kwa Kiingereza ni ''Forum for the Restoration of Democracy for the People.'' Chama hiki ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1997 baada ya farakano la chama cha FORD-Asili. ==Chanzo katika FORD-Asili== Chama cha ''[[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy]]'' ([[FORD]]) ndicho kilikuwa chama cha kwanza kujihusisha na harakati na mambo ya kisiasa tangu mwaka wa 1991, kwa kupigania kuruhusiwa kwa mfumo wa vyama vingi na demokrasia kutoka kwa [[mfumo wa chama kimoja]] na utawala wa [[KANU]] nchini Kenya. Rais [[Daniel arap Moi]] alishinikizwa na jamii ya kimataifa kuidhinisha mfumo wa vyama vingi kwa kubadilisha sehemu [[2A]] ya katiba ya Kenya, iliyozuia kuwepo kwa vyama vingi vya kisiasa. Kabla ya uchaguzi wa 1992 [[FORD]] ilifarakana kati ya wafuasi wa viongozi [[Kenneth Matiba]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Kati (Kenya)|Mkoa wa Kati]] na [[Martin Shikuku]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Kenya)|Mkoa wa Magharibi]] kwa upande mmoja na kwa upande mwingine [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]] kutoka [[Mkoa wa Nyanza]]. Wafuasi wa [[Odinga]] waliunda [[FORD-Kenya]]. Wafuasi wa Matiba waliendelea kwa jina la [[FORD-Asili]]. Baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1992, [[Matiba]] aliibuka wa pili baada ya [[Rais Moi]], hivyo basi kuunda chama cha upinzani bungeni. ==Kuundwa kwa Ford-P kutokana na farakano Matiba-Shikuku== Kabla ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1997 faragano lilitokea katika chama cha [[FORD-Asili]] kati ya mwenyekiti [[Kenneth Matiba]] na [[Martin Shikuku]] aliyekuwa Katibu Mkuu wa chama. [[Shikuku]] aliyekuwa na wafuasi wengi aliendelea kushikilia hatamu za ofisi ya chama. Nyumba ya ofisi ilikuwa mali ya Matiba aliyetimuliwa ofisi ya chama chake. Lakini Shikuku alienda akishika hati ya kusajiliwa kwa chama. Upande wa kundi la Matiba, mwanasiasa [[Kimani wa Nyoike]] alikuwa Katibu Mkuu. Bila mawasiliano na [[Matiba]][[wa Nyoike]] aliandikisha chama kipya kwa jina la [[Ford-People]] kwa sababu aliogopa kubaki bila chama iwapo [[Shikuku]] angefaulu kutetea haki ya kumiliki jina la Ford-Asili. [[Matiba]] alikata tamaa kuhusu hali ya siasa na akajiondoa katika shughuli zote za kisiasa nchini [[Kenya]]. Hivyo [[wa Nyoike]] alibaki na chama alichokuwa akiandaa kwa upande wa [[Matiba]] lakini bila kiongozi huyu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |title=Will Nyoike sell Nyachae? - taarifa ya "Nation" 13-05-2002 ilisomwa tar. 5.01-2008 |accessdate=2008-01-05 |archive-date=2007-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505202923/http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/politicalparties/Party1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Uchaguzi wa 1997== Wanasiasa wengi wa kundi la [[Matiba]] hawakumfuata [[wa Nyoike]] katika [[Ford-People]] bali walijiunga na vyama vingine. Chama hiki kilipata viti vitatu bungeni baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1997. [[Wa Nyoike]] hakufaulu kuingia bungeni. [[FORD-P]] kilitokea kama chama kidogo chenye mizizi na ushawishi mwingi kutoka [[Mkoa wa Kati]]. ==Uchaguzi wa 2002== Kabla ya uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 2002 [[wa Nyoike]] alifaulu kupatana na mwanasiasa [[Simeon Nyachae]] aliyewahi kujiuzulu kutoka kwa chama cha [[KANU]] mwaka wa 1999. [[Nyachae]] hakujiunga na umoja wa upinzani ulioanzishwa chini ya [[NAK (Kenya)|NAK]] na baadaye ukajulikana kama [[NARC|Rainbow Coalition]]. Katika uchaguzi huo,[[Nyachae]] aliibuka wa tatu katika kura ya urais na FORD-People ilifaulu kuchukua viti vyote vya [[Kisii]] na kuingia bungeni likiwa na kundi la wabunge 14 hivyo kuwa chama cha tatu baada ya [[NARC]] na [[KANU.]] ==Ushirikiano na Kibaki== Kati ya 2003/2004 mafarakano katika serikali ya [[NARC]] yalionekana kabisa hivyo wabunge wa FORD-People walitafutwa na serikali kwa kura zao. Katika mabadiliko ya serikali ya mwaka wa 2004 [[Nyachae]] aliteuliwa Waziri wa [[Nishati]] na chama chake kikaingia katika serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa. ==Uchaguzi wa 2007== Katika uchaguzi huu wimbi wa chama cha [[ODM]] uliovuma katika sehemu nyingi nchini, ulikifanya chama cha [[Ford-People]] kupoteza viti 11 vya ubunge kikiwemo kile cha [[Simeon Nyachae]]. ==Tanbihi== <references /> [[Jamii:Vyama vya kisiasa Kenya]] 56a7d15ug2h1xaa2fastn9pxl3og952 0 14897 1580410 1577155 2026-07-18T13:33:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Miaka ya mwisho */ 1580410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Francesco.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Mchoro wa zamani wa Fransisko wa Asizi unaoaminiwa kufanana naye kuliko yote]] '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Francesco d'Assisi'''; tangu [[Mtoto|utotoni]] [[jina]] la [[ubatizo]] '''Giovanni''', yaani Yohane (Mbatizaji), liliachwa kutumika; pia [[ubini]] '''mwana wa Petro Bernardone''' ulikuja kuachwa baada ya wao kushindana; [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[1181]] au [[1182]] - Assisi, [[3 Oktoba]] [[1226]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] [[shemasi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Baada ya kuishi [[ujana]] wenye raha, [[Uongofu|aliongokea]] maisha ya [[Injili|Kiinjili]] ili kumtumikia [[Yesu]] [[Kristo]] aliyekutana naye hasa katika watu [[maskini]] na walalahoi, akijifanya [[Ufukara wa hiari|fukara]] vilevile, na hatimaye alitaka kufa uchi ardhini. Akizungukazunguka huko na huko, hadi [[Nchi takatifu]], aliwahubiria watu wa kila aina [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu]] akilenga kuiga kikamilifu kila [[siku]] mfano wa Yesu kwa maneno na matendo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/21750</ref>. Alianzisha jumuiya ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] yenye [[tawi|matawi]] mbalimbali ambayo leo ni [[utawa]] wenye wafuasi wengi kuliko yote wakikadiriwa kukaribia [[milioni]] moja [[Dunia|duniani]] kote. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Gregori IX]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Julai]] [[1228]]. Anaheshimiwa na wengi hata nje ya [[Kanisa]] lake, ambalo limemtangaza [[msimamizi]] wa wanaoshughulikia [[hifadhi ya mazingira]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe [[4 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha na [[karama]] yake == === Ulaya na Kanisa mwishoni mwa karne XII === Fransisko alipozaliwa, [[Ulaya]] na [[Kanisa]] vilikuwa na hali ya kutatanisha kuliko kawaida, kutokana na mvutano kati ya mapya na ya kale. Mambo ya kale ni yale ya utawala wa ngazi mbalimbali ulioenea kutoka [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia [[karne IX]]: kila mtawala aliweza kugawa eneo lake na kuwakabidhi watawala wa chini akiwadai sehemu ya mapato na hasa msaada wakati wa vita, kufuatana na ahadi yao ya kuwa waaminifu kwake moja kwa moja. Utawala huo ulikuwa ukirithiwa na watoto ambao waliheshimiwa kama masharifu yaani watu wa ukoo bora na kutakiwa wawe hodari vitani. Ili watawale vizuri na kulinda maeneo yao walikuwa wakiishi katika [[ngome]] pamoja na watumishi wao. Watu wa kawaida waliishi mashambani katika hali ngumu sana hata wakaitwa watumwa wa ardhi. Hivyo Ulaya ilikuwa na [[askari]] na [[wakulima]] tu, mbali ya viongozi wa Kanisa na [[watawa]]. Kwa hali ya maisha watawa, ambao walikuwa aina ya [[wamonaki]] tu, na [[makleri]] wa juu walilingana na masharifu, ila makleri wa chini hawakuwa na [[elimu]] wala [[mali]] nyingi. Utajiri wa Kanisa, ambalo lilifikia kumiliki karibu nusu ya ardhi ya Ulaya nzima, uliwapotosha wengi na kuvuta miito ya bandia. Wengi walitambua haja ya [[urekebisho]] ndani ya Kanisa, na juhudi za pekee zilifanywa na wamonaki kama vile Hildebrando (ambaye akawa [[Papa Gregori VII]]) na Mt. [[Petro Damiani]] katika [[karne XI]], halafu na Mt. [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]] katika [[karne XII]] akihimiza kupambana na maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa hata kwa kutohudhuria [[ibada]] za wale wanaoishi vibaya. Jitihada hizo zilifanikiwa kidogo tu, kwa sababu ni vigumu kurekebisha mitindo mibaya iliyoenea, hasa katika mazingira ya [[dini]]. Hali hiyo ilichangia uenezi wa [[Waislamu]] na hasa wa [[Wakatari]] (maana yake Watu Safi); wazushi hao, baada ya kupata wafuasi kwa kushambulia maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa, walikuwa wakifundisha njia ya roho zao kukombolewa. Kwa kuwa eti, ulimwengu huu ni mbaya, si kazi ya [[Mungu]] wetu, ni lazima kujitenga nao kwa kukataa vitendo na vyakula vinavyohusika na [[uzazi]]. Viongozi wa Kanisa walichelewa kuona hatari hizo, mpaka zilipokwishaenea mno: ndipo walipoanza kuzikabili hata kwa [[silaha]] wakishirikiana na baadhi ya watawala. Hata hivyo [[uzushi]] ukaendelea kustawi, kwa kuwa wengi walipenda maisha magumu ya watu hao kuliko yale ya viongozi wa Kanisa; hivyo waliwasaidia wasikamatwe. Uzushi wa aina nyingine ulianza muda mfupi baadaye (karne XI hiyohiyo) huko [[Lyon]] (Ufaransa Kusini). Mchochezi wake ni [[Valdo]], ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara, akaguswa na [[Injili]], akawapeleka mabinti wake kuishi [[monasteri]]ni, akauza mali zake, akawagawia [[maskini]], akaanza kuhubiri huko na huko kama walivyofanya wengine kabla yake wakisisitiza [[ufukara]] kama njia bora ya [[wokovu]]. Wengi waliguswa wakajitahidi kushika masharti ya Injili, hata baadhi yao wakaanza kuwashambulia makleri wabaya, kususia ibada zao na kuwapiga pia. Msimamo huo ulipingwa vikali kama [[kiburi]] na [[unafiki]]. Basi Valdo na wengine walipokatazwa na maaskofu wasihubiri tena wakafikia hatua ya kuwakataa. Huko Italia Kaskazini walitokea wengine wakisisitiza kazi kuliko ufukara ([[Mafukara wa Lombardia]] na [[Wahumiliati]], maana yake Walionyenyekea) ambao walikuwa wote watengenezaji wa vitambaa duni vya [[sufu]] kwa ajili ya maskini na ambao walichanga mali na mapato wakiishi kishirika. Mifumo hiyo yote ilionyesha uhai wa dini, na juhudi za [[walei]] wengi kwa urekebisho wa Kanisa. Jambo hilo jipya lilitokana na udhaifu wa makleri, pia na umbali wa wamonaki na maisha ya [[umati]]. Wamonaki pia walianza kushambuliwa kwa kufuata ufukara bandia na kula [[jasho]] la wengine, tena kwa kutoshughulikia [[uchungaji]]. Hivyo walei wakaaanza kujiongoza hata katika mambo ya kiroho. Msingi wa matukio hayo ni miji kupanuka haraka sana. Baada ya [[mwaka 1000]], kitovu cha Ulaya si tena vijijini na mashambani. Waliomiminika mijini walianza kukataa utawala wa ngazi wa zamani na kujichagulia viongozi ambao wadumu muda fulani tu, [[demokrasi]] ikaenea. Miji hiyo huru ikaanza kuvamia maeneo ya jirani ili kuyatawala, ukaweka watawala wa zamani chini yake. Mijini utengano wa [[matabaka]] matatu ya zamani ukawa unapungua: watu wadogo waliojiimarisha ki[[uchumi]] (hasa waliofanya [[biashara]] ya [[bidhaa]] kutoka nchi za mbali) wakazidi kupata nguvu hata kulingana na ma[[sharifu]]. Pamoja na utajiri watu hao walipaswa kujipatia elimu walau kidogo (ndio mwanzo wa kazi ya walimu wa watoto), hata wakatamani walingane kabisa na masharifu kwa kuiga mitindo yao ya Cortesia (maana yake [[Ustaarabu]]) ambayo ilidai kumheshimu [[mwanamke]] fulani kama mtawala wa binafsi, na kwa ajili ya huyo kujifanya wakarimu, wapendevu, wachangamfu, na kutunga nyimbo na mashairi. Mitindo hiyo ilienea kutoka ngome za masharifu hadi [[barabara]] na vichochoro vya mijini, ambapo vikosi vya wavulana vilikuwa vikiwaimbia wasichana. [[Picha:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|thumb|Makazi ya Fransisko alipokuwa mdogo.]] === Asizi katika karne XII === Kwa asili Asizi ni [[mji]] wa Kirumi ambao ulipata umuhimu kwa sababu unatawala barabara kuu ya mkoa wa Umbria kutoka [[Spoleto]] (makao ya mfalme mdogo aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]]) hadi Perugia mji uliokuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Papa]]. Wakati huo kulikuwa na ushindani mkubwa kati ya Asizi uliokuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu na jirani yake Perugia uliosimama upande wa Papa. Mbali ya hayo ndani ya mji wenyewe yalianza mapigano kati ya mayores (wakubwa, yaani masharifu) na minores (wadogo) yaliyosababisha masharifu wengi kukimbilia Perugia na hivyo kuzidisha [[chuki]] kati ya miji hiyo. Matokeo yake ni mapambano ya mwaka [[1202]] ambayo Fransisko pia aliyashiriki akashikwa mateka kwa mwaka mzima. Mbali ya hao watu wadogo waliotajirika (hasa kwa biashara), Asizi ulikuwa na mafukara, lakini tofauti na wale wa zamani ([[watumwa wa ardhi]]) ambao pamoja na kuwa na maisha magumu hawakukosa [[chakula]] (pia kutokana na [[mshikamano]] wao). Kumbe ufukara wa mijini haukuwa na dawa, uwe umetokana na kukosa [[kazi]] au kulipwa kidogo au kuugua. Ngazi ya mwisho ilikuwa ya watu waliotengwa na jamaa kama vile wakoma. Ili tuelewe mazingira hayo ni lazima tukumbuke kwamba “sifa ya kijamii” (yaani jinsi mtu au neno wanavyotazamwa na [[jamii]] yote) ilikuwa na nguvu sana hata kuwabana wote waseme na kutenda ilivyotarajiwa. Hata hivyo mtu aliweza pia kuchangia au kubadilisha mitazamo ya umati, na Fransisko anajulikana kwa kipawa cha kuelewa, kugusa na kujivutia jamii nzima. === Mfanyabiashara === Maandishi yote yanayomhusu yanasisitiza utajiri mkubwa aliozaliwa nao. Hatuwezi kumuelewa tusipozingatia sana jambo hilo lililomfanya alelewe namna ambayo inatokana na utajiri, inasisitiza umuhimu wa utajiri na kulenga ongezeko la utajiri. Baba yake hakuwa na [[kiwanda]], ila aliweza kutajirika ajabu kwa kusafirisha vitambaa vya thamani kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Ingawa hatuna habari nyingi za hakika kuhusu wazazi na [[malezi]] yake, hiyo inaweza kutosha. Mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa umehesabiwa kuanzia tarehe ya kufa, kwa kupunguza miaka iliyosemekana aliishi. Habari nyingine kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake ziliweza zikatungwa ili kumfananisha na Kristo. Jina lake la [[ubatizo]] Yohane lilibadilishwa na baba yake ili kukumbusha moja kwa moja nchi ya Ufaransa, asili ya utajiri wake (Fransisko = Mfaransa). [[Elimu]] yake ilikuwa ya wastani: alijua kidogo [[Kilatini]], [[Kifaransa]], mashairi na [[Biblia]]. Malezi yake yalimfanya hodari hasa katika [[biashara]] ili aweze kuendesha shughuli zote za baba yake. Na kweli kabla hajaongoka aliiweza sana kazi hiyo. Kama kawaida ya zamani zile, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 alianza kuhesabiwa mtu mzima na kujihusisha na [[siasa]] na [[vita]] pia ili kushika nafasi ya juu zaidi kama [[sharifu]]. Ndicho kipeo alichojiwekea. Unakumbukwa [[ukarimu]] wake kwa [[maskini]], lakini hata ukarimu huo aliuzingatia ili kutimiza wajibu wa [[ustaarabu]] kuliko kwa kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Kwa lengo hilohilo la kujitafutia usharifu akawa [[askari]], na akiwa kifungoni Perugia akazidi kuwachangamkia wote, hata sharifu fulani mkorofi. Kuhusu hali iliyotangulia [[uongofu]] wake hatujui zaidi, ila mwenyewe aliona kwamba kuishi kwa kufuata mitindo ya [[ulimwengu]] kunamchukiza Mungu. === Uongofu === [[Picha:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -05- - Renunciation of Wordly Goods.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giotto]], [[Fransisko anavua hadharani]], Basilika la juu la Asizi]] Jinsi gani [[neema]] ya Mungu ilileta ndani ya mtu huyo mapinduzi yanayotushangaza hata leo? Hatujui vizuri mabadiliko hayo yalichukua muda gani, wala asili yake ni nini, ila kwamba Fransisko alianza kuguswa na [[huruma]] halisi kwa maskini. Mwenyewe alipousimulia uongofu wake katika [[wasia]] alisisitiza hatua ya kushinda [[hofu]] ya wakoma aliyokuwa nayo sana. Basi baada ya kumbusu mmojawao, alichagua kuwa nao badala ya kuwa sharifu, yaani ashuke badala ya kupanda [[daraja]] katika jamii. Baada ya uteuzi huo akasita bado kidogo kabla hajaacha ulimwengu na kujitoa kwa Mungu. Kutokana na hatua hiyo muhimu alianza kufurahia machungu badala ya matamu: ndiyo maisha ya [[toba]] ([[utawa]]). Alipotambua kwamba [[ukoma]] wa roho yake ulitisha kuliko ule wa ngozi ya wagonjwa alianza kuwakaribia kwa [[upendo]] si tu kwa kuwagawia [[mali]], bali hata kwa kuhatarisha [[afya]] yake: akiwa tayari kuambukizwa nao alikuwa pia tayari kutengwa na jamii moja kwa moja kama vile hao. Hivyo kwake neno kuu halikuwa ufukara kama juhudi za kujinyima, bali kama kushiriki kabisa hali ya watu wa mwisho, kwa kuwa hao ni wenzetu kwelikweli na kielelezo cha Kristo. Baadaye, [[Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo]] ulipoimarika kwa kupata miundo ya [[shirika]], ulisisitizwa ufukara wenyewe, kiasi kwamba kanuni ya kudumu haitaji wakoma wala [[huduma]] kwa maskini. Basi, kwa wasia wake Mt. Fransisko kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena [[karama]] halisi ya uongofu wake pamoja na mengine yaliyoanza kusahaulika, kama vile [[kazi za mikono]]. Jambo la kwanza linaloonyesha wazi neema ya Mungu ikimfanyia kazi ni ile [[ndoto]] iliyomrudisha nyumbani wakati wa kwenda vitani akiwa na miaka 23. Tangu hapo hakuweza kuridhika tena na maisha ya zamani, akawa anafuata mawazo yake mapya badala ya kupiga kelele na wenzake baada ya kuwagharimia [[karamu]] kama mfalme wao. Alijaribu kuishi pangoni na kusali tu, akishinda vishawishi vikali vya kiroho. Siku moja katika kanisa la Mt. Damiano akasikia sauti ya Msulubiwa ikimuagiza arekebishe [[Kanisa]] lake. Ingawa alielewa maneno hayo kama kwamba yanahusu jengo, muhimu ni kwamba akawa amekutana na Msulubiwa ambaye [[mateso]] yake yanajumlisha na kuyatia maana mateso yote ya [[binadamu]]. Kuanzia hapo akaambatana na [[Yesu]] moja kwa moja katika ukweli wa maisha yake duniani: ndivyo unavyoeleweka ugumu wote wa maisha ya Fransisko. Matendo yake yakazidi kumchukiza baba yake aliyeweza kuvumilia [[ubadhirifu]] wake ulipolenga usharifu, lakini si uliposaidia maskini tu. Hivyo baba akamshtaki [[mahakama]]ni, akimpatia hatimaye nafasi ya kujitambulisha mbele ya wote kama askari wa Kristo moja kwa moja: ni kwa sababu alikataa kuhukumiwa na serikali kwa kujidai ni mtumishi wa Mungu, na hivyo ni mtu anayeweza kuhukumiwa na [[Askofu]] tu. Baba alipodai mali zake mbele ya huyo, Fransisko akakubali mara moja akimrudishia pamoja na [[pesa]], [[nguo]] zote na hata jina, akitamka [[hadhara]] ya watu kwamba kuanzia hapo atamuita Baba Mungu tu, si [[Petro Bernardone]] tena. Uamuzi huo wa kishujaa uliowagusa sana wote ulimfanya asiweze kurudi nyuma: amejitoa kwa Mungu moja kwa moja na kuacha hakika ya [[riziki]]. Kubaki [[uchi]] mbele ya wote kulikuwa na maana nyingine pia, kwa sababu kulikuwa ni [[malipizi]] ya hadharani yaliyoweza kutolewa na Kanisa kadiri ya [[sheria]]. Hivyo Fransisko alionyesha nia yake ya kuanza na moja, akitubu [[anasa]] za zamani alizozifuata kwa nguo maridadi. Tena wakati huo lilizingatiwa sana neno la Mt. [[Jeromu]] la “kumfuata uchi Kristo uchi” kuwa ndiyo namna bora ya toba. Basi, kuanzia hapo alishiriki kabisa hali ya wasio na kitu, akisikitikia tu kutozaliwa katika hali hiyo, maana yake ufukara wake ulikuwa wa [[hiari]] na wenye kustahili, hivyo ni utajiri fulani kwa Mungu. === Kufuata mtindo wa Injili === [[Picha:Portiuncula on the Feast of the Pardon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porsyunkula]] huko Asizi]] Baada ya Fransisko kujitangaza [[mtawa]] ilimbidi atambue atakuwa wa namna gani. Alikataa [[upadri]], lakini si kwa sababu ya kuudharau kama walivyofanya wazushi; kinyume chake, toka mwanzo alijaliwa [[imani]] ya pekee kwa [[ekaristi]] na kwa wanaohusika nayo. Aliuona upadri kuwa ni cheo kikubwa mbele ya Mungu na hata mbele ya watu, naye hakupenda kuheshimiwa wala kuwa na hakika kuhusu riziki. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo hakupenda kuwa [[mmonaki]], ingawa aliwaheshimu [[Wabenedikto]] na kushirikiana nao vizuri. Tena akitaka kuwa kweli mtu wa mwisho na kuwaheshimu wote, hakukubali kushambulia mapadri na wamonaki kwa maovu yao. Baada ya kukataa hali hizo mbili ndani ya Kanisa, alianza kujitafutia maisha asiyoyajua bado na asiyoweza kuelekezwa na mtu yeyote. Basi, akavaa [[kanzu]] ya [[mkaapweke]], lakini alikuwa akirudi mjini kila siku ili kuombaomba mawe ya kutengenezea makanisa na chakula pia. Kwa hiyo hakusogea mbali na watu, bali alizidi kuhusika na maisha ya Asizi, ingawa kwa namna yake, akipokea hasa [[dharau]] alivyokusudia. Maisha yake yote hakuvunja uhusiano na jamii kama walivyofanya watawa wengi, bali akaendelea kuwa [[ndugu]] wa wote na kushiriki maisha yao ya kila siku. Miaka miwili aliyotumia kuyarekebisha makanisa ilikuwa migumu sana kimwili na kiroho tukizingatia pia mahangaiko yake kuhusu [[wito]]. Lakini Mungu akapokea malipizi na [[sala]] yake akamuangazia sehemu ya [[Injili]] aliyoisikia wakati wa [[Misa]]. Enzi hizo [[walei]] wengi walivutiwa na maneno ya Injili ambayo waliyaelewa namna yao, bila ya ufafanuzi wa kitaalamu. Fransisko alifanya vilevile, ndiyo maana maisha yake yakaja kuwapendeza wengi na kuenea kasi ajabu. Dondoo ambalo lilimgusa na kumuangaza hasa ni lile la Yesu kuwatuma [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] wake kwa mara ya kwanza. Tangu hapo alikusudia kufuata Injili hiyo, hata ufukara wake ukapata sura nyingine, yenye kulenga utume. Kutokana na mwanga huo akabadili kanzu yake na kutupa [[viatu]] vyake na kujifungia [[kamba]], ambayo ilikuwa [[ishara]] ya toba, tena haikuweza kuficha pesa (tofauti na [[mshipi]] wa ngozi). Halafu akaanza kuhubiri toba kwa [[unyofu]] uliowagusa wengi. Ndipo Waasizi walipoanza kumuelewa si [[kichaa]], na ndipo alipoanza kupata wafuasi. Wa kwanza alikuwa [[Bernardo wa Quintavalle]], mtu maarufu tena tajiri, wa pili [[Petro Cattani]], padri. Ndio mwanzo wa jamaa iliyokuja kumhangaisha sana, kwa sababu hakuwa na wazo la kuanzisha chochote wala hakupata mtu wa kumuelekeza. Tena wakati huo haikuwa rahisi kukubali padri aongozwe na [[mlei]]. Katika wasia wake Fransisko akikumbuka hatua hiyo muhimu alisisitiza kuwa ndipo Mungu mwenyewe alipomfunulia afuate mtindo wa Injili takatifu, yaani hasa madondoo yale aliyoyakuta katika kufungua mara tatu kitabu cha Misa kilichokuwa juu ya altare: 1) “Ukitaka kuwa mkamilifu, nenda ukauze…” 2) “Msichukue chochote kwa safari…” 3) “Anayetaka kunifuata, ajikane…” Baada ya kusoma hayo, aliwaambia wenzake ndiyo kanuni na maisha ya wale wote watakaowafuata. Ufukara wa Kifransisko ukifuata madondoo hayo ya Injili ni wa moja kwa moja kwa mtawa binafsi na kwa shirika zima. Kwa kuchagua mtindo huo wa Injili takatifu alitofautiana na watawa wale waliofuata tangu karne nyingi mtindo wa Kanisa la mwanzoni wa kuwa na mali zote shirika. Ndivyo walivyofanya wamonaki ambao hawakuwa na chochote chao binafsi, lakini [[monasteri]] zao zilikuwa tajiri, kiasi kwamba wakaanza kushambuliwa kama wanafiki wanaokula [[jasho]] la wengine na kukosa ufukara halisi. Waamini wengi kama Bernardo na padri Petro walitamani mtindo mwingine, pamoja na [[uadilifu]] wa makleri, [[uchungaji]] wenye bidii na ujirani na watu, hasa wenye shida. Mungu aliwachagua watakatifu Fransisko na [[Dominiko Guzman]] ili kuridhisha Wakristo hao. Wote wawili walishika ufukara wa kijumuia pia, ingawa Mt. Fransisko aliusisitiza zaidi akiudai pia kama msimamo katika jamii ili kupigania [[ujamaa]] na [[usawa]] wa binadamu. Hata baada ya wengine kujiunga naye hakushughulikia suala la [[nyumba]]: waliishi kwenye [[pagale]] za makanisa, huku wakizungumziwa sana mjini kwao. Halafu wakaanza kusafiri wakihubiri huko na huko, si kama kawaida ya mapadri, bali kwa kutoa mfano wa ufukara na [[unyenyekevu]], halafu kwa kujibu maswali ya watu waliowashangaa. Polepole waliweza pia kuhimiza toba na [[msamaha]] ili kueneza [[amani]]: muhtasari wa [[mawaidha]] yao ni [[salamu]] ile ambayo Fransisko alidai kufunuliwa na Mungu, “Bwana akujalie amani”. Baada ya jaribio la kwanza la namna hiyo wakaongezeka, naye akawatuma tena wawiliwawili sehemu mbalimbali kisha kuwashirikisha [[mang’amuzi]] yake, kwamba wasikate tamaa kwa kuona ugumu wa baadhi ya watu, wamtegemee Mungu, wahubiri toba kwa nguvu ili kuokoa watu, wadumu watulivu katika [[dharau]]. Walipoulizwa waitwaje walijibu tu kuwa ni watu wa toba kutoka Asizi, yaani hawakujiona kuwa shirika maalumu, bali kundi mojawapo la wale wengi ambao toka zamani walijifunga kufanya toba kwa namna maalumu hadharani. Mwaka huo [[1209]] walipofikia idadi ya 12 walichukua hatua ya kuelekea [[Roma]] ili kuthibitishwa na Papa katika maisha yao na kuruhusiwa naye katika [[utume]] wao, ili kushinda [[upinzani]] uliojitokeza na hasa kujihakikishia njia yao ni njema. Kwa ajili hiyo walipaswa kupanga kikamilifu zaidi wanataka kufanya nini. === Kanuni ya awali === [[File:Habito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanzu]] iliyotumiwa na Fransisko mwaka [[1215]] hivi.]] Kanuni hiyo ilihitajika ili kujipendekeza kwa Papa na kupata kibali chake. Fransisko katika [[wasia]] akashuhudia kwamba aliandikisha “kwa maneno machache na kwa unyofu, naye bwana Papa akaniimarisha”. Leo hatuna tena kanuni hiyo kwa sababu iliendelea kurekebishwarekebishwa mpaka mwaka [[1221]] ilipotolewa kanuni ndefu ambayo tunayo, tena mpaka mwaka [[1223]] Papa alipothibitisha kwa maandishi toleo la kudumu linalofuatwa na Utawa wa Kwanza mpaka leo. Ni kwamba miaka yote Fransisko alizidi kung’ang’ania azimio lake la kushika kikamilifu mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu, lakini pia maisha yalimlazimisha kung’amua haja ya kuulinganisha na hali halisi mbalimbali. Ugumu mwingine wa kazi hiyo kwake ulitokana na kukosa utaalamu wa [[sheria]] uliolitawala Kanisa la zamani zake kwa namna ya pekee. Hivyo hata alipomuachia mwingine uongozi akazidi kudai ndugu wamtii ingawa hana tena [[mamlaka]] juu yao. Alitamani kuwa daima mtu wa mwisho hata shirikani, lakini hakuweza kuachana na wajibu wake kwa shirika lililoanza kwa njia yake. Hata katika safari ya kwenda Roma alimteua Bernardo kuwa kiongozi, lakini mbele ya Inosenti III aliyejitokeza ni Fransisko. Papa huyo alikuwa anakabiliana na matatizo mengi ya Kikanisa na ya kisiasa, lakini yeye, kwa kupitia ngazi mbalimbali (hasa [[Askofu]] [[Guido wa Asizi]] na Kardinali [[Yohane wa Mt. Paulo]]), alifaulu kuongea naye na kukubaliwa. Viongozi hao walijitahidi kwanza kuelekeza mifumo mipya ya kiroho kwenye [[umonaki]], na pili iliposhindikana wakairuhusu mradi isifuate [[uzushi]] bali ikubali kuongozwa na makleri kusudi isivuruge maisha ya Kanisa. Hivyo Mt. Fransisko na wenzake walipokataa kanuni za kitawa zilizokwishakubaliwa, wakaruhusiwa kwa sauti tu wafuate azimio lake na kuhubiri [[toba]]. === Maisha ya Ndugu Wadogo huko Asizi === Kisha kurudi kwa furaha Asizi walibanana katika kibanda fulani huko [[Rivotorto]], halafu wakahamia Porsyunkula. Mahali penyewe panatusaidia sana kuelewa karama ya Kifransisko: si maisha ya kimonaki yanayohitaji kujitegemea kwa mashamba makubwa na [[mifugo]], wala ya [[wakaapweke]] wanaohitaji kuishi mbali na watu, bali ni utawa unaohitaji [[utulivu]] na upweke kwa ajili ya [[sala]], lakini pia unadai uhusiano mkubwa na watu wa nje ili kupata [[riziki]] na hasa kuwajenga kwa mifano na maneno. Hivyo si kati ya watu, wala si mbali nao. [[Mchana]] ndugu walikuwa wakienda mjini kufanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali ndogondogo na kuwahimiza watu waishi kwa [[uadilifu]]. Muda uliobaki, hasa [[usiku]], ulikuwa kwa ajili ya sala upwekeni. Maelezo mengine kuhusu maisha ya wakati huo tunayapata tena katika [[wasia]] ambamo Fransisko ametuachia ukumbusho wa kudumu. Jambo la kwanza ni [[ufukara mkuu]] ambao uliwadai ndugu wote wawaachie [[maskini]] [[mali]] zao. Hivyo jumuia haikuwa na kitu, ikaishi kwa shidashida pembeni mwa [[jamii]] kama watu waliotupwa, wakiridhika na [[kanzu]] moja tu, tena duni sana, wakiiongezea sanasana viraka ndani na nje ili kupunguza [[baridi]], halafu [[kamba]] na [[kaptura]]. Mavazi ya namna hiyo yalikusudiwa kudhihirisha hali ya chini ya ndugu wadogo katika Kanisa na jamii kwa hiyo yalitakiwa kusababisha [[dharau]], si [[heshima]]. Jambo la pili ni maisha ya sala, ambayo yalikuwa tofauti kwa ndugu [[wakleri]] na kwa ma[[bradha]] kutokana na [[elimu]] yao: wa kwanza walijua [[Kilatini]], [[lugha ya liturujia]]; wa pili kwa kawaida hawakujua hata kusoma. Hivyo Fransisko na wakleri wengine walitumia [[Sala ya Kanisa]], wakati mabradha walipangiwa kurudiarudia [[Sala ya Bwana]] mara kadhaa. Kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] Fransisko akazidi kupata [[ujuzi]] wa kidini, ila aliendelea kuchukia jambo moja la elimu ya wakleri, yaani kwamba mara nyingi ujuzi wao waliutumia kuipotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya [[sheria]] na hata ya ujumbe wa Mungu. Aliona kwamba elimu hiyo haitoshi kuwafanya watu watambue na kushika kama yeye uhusiano uliopo kati ya mateso ya walio wengi na yale ya Yesu. Ukweli huo unajulikana na watu wenye [[upendo]], si wenye elimu tu. Ndiyo sababu Fransisko katika [[malezi]] hakusisitiza mafundisho na ujuzi kwa jumla, bali [[mang’amuzi]] na mifano inayogusa mioyo. Upande wao mabradha, kama vile katika mifumo mingine ya wakati huo, walitumia Sala ya Bwana ambayo kwao ilikuwa na uzito wa pekee, kutokana na jinsi Fransisko alivyoongoka kwa kumkataa mzazi wake na kumchagua Mungu tu kuwa baba yake: ndiye tegemeo pekee na ndiye anayewafanya watu wote kuwa ndugu. Juu ya msingi huo wa [[udugu]], tofauti ya sala haikuleta [[ubaguzi]] kazi ya wakleri na mabradha: wote walikuwa wakijiona wajinga na kujiweka chini ya yeyote, unavyosisitiza wasia baada ya kukumbuka namna yao ya kusali. Alipouandikisha ameshamruhusu Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]] awafundishe wanashirika mambo ya [[dini]], lakini anaendelea kuogopa elimu hiyo pia itawavimbisha na kuwasogeza mbali na [[wito]] wao wa [[udogo]], kumbe [[ujinga]] unaleta dharau aliyotamani daima. Hivyo tena katika wasia akataja mara [[kazi ya mikono]], akieleza inavyowapasa wote, hata yeye mwenye [[madonda ya Yesu]]! Katika kusisitiza kazi ndogondogo kama za mwanzoni alitoa sababu mbili: moja ni kufukuza [[uvivu]], kama ilivyofundishwa na [[wamonaki]] toka zamani; lakini inayotajwa kwanza ni maalumu kwa kazi hizo za watu wadogo, yaani kutoa mfano mzuri kwa wanaowaona. [[Wafransisko]] wa kwanza walifanya kazi hivyo, pasipo kulenga [[malipo]] moja kwa moja. Ndiyo sababu mara nyingine hawakulipwa chochote kwa kazi waliyoifanya. Hapo wakaikimbilia “meza ya Bwana” kwa kuombaomba nyumbani kwa watu. Zamani hizo katika Kanisa ilieleweka wazi kuwa [[fukara]] ana haki ya kuishi na kuwa Mungu anamkaribisha [[chakula]] kwa njia ya watu wakarimu. Hata hivyo daima kuombaomba kuna ugumu wake, hasa [[aibu]] na dharau za watu. Lakini hizo zinachangia [[ustawi]] wa [[unyenyekevu]] na udogo kwa kuweka kweli katika ngazi ya mwisho ya jamii. Pamoja na malengo hayo, ni wazi kwamba kwa Fransisko njia ya kawaida ya kujipatia riziki ni kufanya kazi wenyewe, si kutegemea tu kazi ya wengine kama walivyotafsiri baadaye shirikani. Jambo lingine la pekee ambalo Fransisko alilikumbuka katika wasia ni salamu ya [[amani]] aliyofunuliwa na Bwana. Amani hiyo ilihitajika sana, hasa wakati huo wa vitavita, lakini yeye alilenga pia amani ya rohoni, yaani amani ya Kimungu inayoondoa [[dhambi]]. Hivyo salamu yake ya Kiinjili ilikuwa kama [[muhtasari]] wa mahubiri yake. Baada ya kukumbusha hayo yote, wasia unasisitiza ufukara wa majengo (nyumba na vikanisa) ya wafuasi wake, pamoja na msimamo ambao wawe nao, yaani wa kuishi huko kama wageni na wasafiri tu, tayari kuondoka siku yoyote kama walivyofanya huko Rivotorto walipomuachia nafasi [[punda]] wa [[mkulima]] mkorofi. Kwa msingi huohuo wa udogo wasia unaongeza katazo la kwamba watawa wasimkimbilie [[Papa]] wala [[ofisi zake]] ili kupewa [[fadhili]], yaani [[idhini]] ya kutenda tofauti na watu wengine. Katazo hilo kali lilikusudiwa tena kulinda udogo wa jamaa yake. Fransisko toka mwanzo alijichagulia nafasi ya mwisho asipende kushindana wala kujilinda na mtu yeyote. Katika kufafanua katazo hilo alitamka wazi kuwa ndugu wadogo wasiombe fadhili hata kama ni kwa ajili ya kuhubiri. Aliutaka [[utume]], lakini hakupenda uharibu udogo: aliona ni afadhali kuacha utume sehemu fulani kuliko kuacha udogo. Hivyo ni wazi tofauti iliyopo kati yake na [[Dominiko Guzman|Mt. Dominiko]]. [[Mwanzilishi]] huyo wa [[Utawa wa Wahubiri]] alilenga uenezaji wa [[ukweli]], akatafuta njia za kufikia lengo hilo, yaani ubora wa mapadri wake kuhusu elimu na [[utakatifu]]; kwake ufukara ulikusudiwa kuwafanya wahubiri wapokewe katika [[mazingira]] yale tuliyoyaeleza. Ili kufikia lengo hilo alijipatia fadhili nyingi toka kwa Papa, uenezaji wa ukweli usije ukazuiwa na [[mamlaka]] nyingine yoyote. Kumbe Fransisko alifanya tofauti, kadiri ya chaguo lake: alipotambua kuwa [[Bwana]] amewaita yeye na wafuasi wake wakaokoe watu, alijitahidi kufanya hivyo lakini bila ya kuacha nafasi ya mwisho aliyojichagulia. Aliona si rahisi kubaki pembeni mwa jamii na mwa Kanisa (kama vile wakoma na wengineo), na papo hapo kujihusisha kikamilifu na maisha ya jamii (ili kuleta amani) na ya Kanisa (kama shirika kubwa ajabu), lakini kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena katika wasia chaguo la mwanzoni, ambalo ni la maana kwa [[karne]] zote kwa vile daima watakuwepo watu wa mwisho wenye kudharauliwa. === Msanii wa Bwana === Hatuwezi kuelewa vizuri maisha hayo ya mwanzoni tusipozingatia jambo lake lingine ambalo ni la pekee katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]], yaani tabia ya kupenda viigizo na kuchekesha watu ambayo ilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uenezi wa Ufransisko na mafanikio ya utume wake. Fransisko alikuwa mfurahivu si kwa [[silika]] tu wala si kutokana na muungano wake na Mungu tu. Alipenda kufanya mambo ya ajabuajabu kwa makusudi mazima ili kuwashangaza watu na kuwafanya watafute majibu ya maswali yaliyojitokeza ndani mwao. Kwa maana hiyo alipenda kujiita “ioculator” (= mtu wa viigizo na vichekesho, [[msanii]]) wa Bwana. Zamani hizo “msanii” alikuwa mtu anayepata riziki kwa kuchekesha watu akitenda mambo ya ajabuajabu popote pale anapopita: tena haogopi kutoa ujumbe mzito katika vichekesho vyake, kwa kuwa amejiweka pembeni mwa jamii. Basi, Fransisko aliamua kuwa mtu wa namna hiyo kwa ajili ya Bwana, yaani kwa lengo la kuwavuta watu na kuwapasha ujumbe wa toba. Ndiyo njia yake ya kufanya utume. Akiwa kwanza mfanyabiashara hodari alijua vizuri namna ya kuwavuta watu wanunue [[bidhaa]] zake; baadaye akatumia [[kipawa]] hicho ili watu wapokee ujumbe wake. Kwa namna za kuvaa na kutenda, pamoja na kuvumilia dharau, yeye na wenzake waliteka [[roho]] za watu, hata walipoacha [[utani]] na kuhimiza toba wakasikilizwa kuliko wahubiri wa kawaida makanisani. Hivyo walitangaza [[Injili]] mitaani katika mazingira ya watu wa kawaida na kwa mitindo na [[lugha]] vinavyotumika mitaani. Basi, baada ya kumaliza kuikarabati Porsyunkula, walishughulika zaidi mjini wakitoa mfano wao na kuhimiza toba; halafu usiku hasa walikazania sala katika utulivu wa porini. Hivyo polepole Waasizi wakabadili mtazamo wao juu yao na kuanza kuwaheshimu. Ushindi huo ulipatikana kwa [[gharama]] kubwa (dharau, mateso n.k.), lakini ushindi muhimu zaidi ni ule walioupata juu yao wenyewe wakijipatia hivyo [[furaha]] na [[uhuru wa wana wa Mungu]]. === Mt. Klara na Dada Wadogo === Kuanzia karne XI [[wanawake]] wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na Kanisa, wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata [[tapo]] lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata [[Klara wa Asizi|Mt. Klara]], hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya wakoma, bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na Papa n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya ndugu wadogo, akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Agnesi wa Asizi|Mt. Agnesi]] baada ya [[wiki]] mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza [[wajibu]] wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa [[ushahidi]] wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na ufukara wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate [[kisingizio]] cha kufanya hivyo. Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya upendo na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi wito wake wa kitume. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya [[wanaume]]: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu ufukara mkuu na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na ndugu wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “[[mtindo wa Injili takatifu]]”, yaani Yesu alivyowaagiza [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] waende ([[Math]].10:5-15), aliwaelekeza Waklara kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na [[Hotuba ya mlimani|hotuba nzima ya mlimani]] (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa Askofu [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya Wafransisko yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula [[jasho]] lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya kazi hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina [[dada]] kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana [[udhaifu]] wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza Mungu. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia [[kanuni]] fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua [[jukumu]] la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na udugu katika [[monasteri]] ya kike. === Mkutano mkuu === Huyo Yakobo wa Vitry, pamoja na “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”, wanashuhudia jambo lingine muhimu katika Ufransisko, yaani [[mkutano mkuu]] ambao ulikuwa ukifanyika kwanza mara mbili kwa mwaka kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pentekoste]] na ya [[malaika Mikaeli]], halafu kwenye Pentekoste tu ya kila mwaka, halafu tena kila baada ya miaka mitatu. Kuhusu wahudhuriaji, kwanza walikuwa ndugu wote, lakini walipoongezeka mno na kuenea mpaka mbali wakaruhusiwa kuhudhuria tu wahudumu wa jamaa. Mahali pa kukutana palikuwa Porsyunkula. Kwa muundo huo Fransisko alitaka kudumisha [[umoja]] kati ya wafuasi wake, kwa kuamua pamoja juu ya sheria na mipango ya shirika, lakini hasa kwa kustawisha upendo wao wa kidugu na kwa kuwarudisha pale walipoanzia, wasije wakasogea mbali mno na wito wao wa asili. Mpaka alipoishi, mwenyewe alikuwa [[moyo]] wa mikutano, awe anasikilizwa au kupingwa katika [[juhudi]] zake za kuokoa mambo makuu ya karama yake mbele ya marekebisho yaliyodaiwa ili kulingana na viongozi wa Kanisa, na wingi wa ndugu wa kila aina na mazingira mapya. Marekebisho hayo yalikuwa yanabadilisha polepole sura ya jamaa, isiwe tena kundi dogo la marafiki wanaodharauliwa, bali shirika linaloeleweka na kuheshimika. Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa ya lazima, lakini akikumbuka siku za nyuma alikuwa na [[hamu]] ya kuzirudia: ndio [[utatanishi]] ambao ulimfadhaisha mpaka mwisho ukaendelea kuvuruga umoja wa utawa wake. Upande mmoja ndugu mdogo anapaswa awe mtu wa mwisho katika Kanisa na jamii, kupenda adharauliwe na wote na kukabili magumu kama ya waliotupwa na wenzao. Upande mwingine anapaswa awe [[mwanakanisa]] akishirikiana na wachungaji na kueneza toba kwa maneno yake pia, ambayo yapokewe kama muhimu kwa [[wokovu]] wa watu. Kushika hayo mawili bila ya moja kumponyoka, ndilo [[jaribio]] la Fransisko. Zaidi ya hayo alikuwa akihimiza mkutano mkuu, ila pengine alikataza wasipite kiasi katika [[malipizi]], kama alivyomkataza Klara. Mwishoni, baada ya kuwabariki wote, alikuwa akichunguza na kuruhusu wahubiri wapya kwa kuzingatia walivyo katika ujuzi wa dini, uwezo wa kusema na hasa ubora wa maisha, kwa kuwa alitaka wafundishe kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno. === Uenezi wa shirika na kujihusisha kwa Kanisa la Roma === Yakobo wa Vitry alieleza [[furaha]] yake na [[mshangao]] akiona [[urahisi]] wa ndugu wadogo kupenya aina zote za watu, tofauti na wamonaki na wakleri. Ustawi wa shirika ulifanya lipate [[nguvu]] katika Kanisa na kuenea kwa [[kasi]] mahali pengi. Watawa hao wapya wakaja kuwavutia pia wanabaraza wa Papa, hata makardinali wakataka kuwa nao nyumbani mwao, na uhusiano na Papa ukawa mkubwa zaidi na zaidi. Wakati huohuo nyumba za Kifransisko zikaanza kuwa za kudumu zaidi, ingawa si mali ya shirika, mpaka zikapata kila moja ndugu ambaye awe [[mlinzi]] wa [[wanajumuia]] wenzake. Kwanza aliwashughulikia Kardinali Yohane wa Mt. Paulo, lakini bila ya kujihusisha mno. Baada ya [[kifo chake]] Fransisko akaona umuhimu wa kuwa na mwingine kama [[mwakilishi]] wa Papa, akamuomba awe Hugolino, Kardinali askofu wa [[Ostia]], aliyemtabiria atakuwa Papa (akaja kuitwa Gregori IX). Huyo alikuwa na mang’amuzi mengi ya kisiasa na ya Kikanisa alipokutana naye huko [[Florence]]; Fransisko vilevile alikuwa ameng’amua mengi kuhusu [[uongozi]] wa shirika, tena kwa [[uchungu]], hasa kuwa hataweza kuliongoza peke yake. Ndiyo sababu ukaanzishwa [[muundo]] wa [[provinsya]], yaani [[kanda]] zilizokuwa kila moja chini ya ndugu fulani kama [[mtumishi]]. Ugawaji wa shirika kikanda ulihitajika hasa baada ya kuvuka milima ya Italia Kaskazini ([[Alps]]) kati ya mwaka [[1215]] na [[1217]]. Mwaka huo iliamuliwa pia kuvuka [[Bahari ya Kati]] ili kuendea [[Nchi Takatifu]]. Katika mkutano mkuu ulioamua hivyo, Fransisko aliwaeleza washiriki kuwa mwenyewe hawezi kubaki nyuma kisha kuwatuma ndugu zake wakabiliane na matatizo mengi, hivyo akajichagulia [[Ufaransa]] akaondoka. Alipofika Florence ndipo alikutana na Hugolino, wakafunga [[urafiki]] wa kudumu wakaheshimiana mpaka kufa. Mazungumzo yao ya awali ni kama picha ya yale yatakayofuata: Kardinali akimshauri Fransisko afuate [[busara]], Mt. Fransisko akieleza motomoto sababu za [[imani]] zinazomuongoza, hatimaye Kardinali akinyamaza kwa kutambua Mt. Fransisko anaongozwa na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Hugolino alifaulu kumzuia asiende Ufaransa, shirika lisije likashambuliwa mno na wapinzani wake mbalimbali, lakini Fransisko hakukubali kuacha mpango wa kutuma ndugu kwenye nchi nyingine za Kikristo na hata za [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]], akieleza kuwa Mungu aliyewatuma kwa wokovu wa watu wote atawatunza kokote alivyoahidi. Vivyo hivyo baadaye akakubali kiasi tu mashauri ya Hugolino, asiachane na mambo makuu ya wito wake. Mbali na [[dhana]] ya kwamba Kardinali alipotosha [[mfumo]] wa Kifransisko kwa manufaa ya uongozi wa Kanisa, ukweli ni kwamba Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa akitambua madai yenye msingi ya ndugu wapya (hasa wa nchi za mbali na wasomi); zaidi tena [[wema]] wake ulimfanya ayakubali ili kukwepa kikwazo kinachoweza kusababishwa na mabishano kati ya ndugu. Ndiyo mateso ya miaka kumi ya mwisho ya maisha yake: alizidi kuona [[njia]] bora ya kuelekea utakatifu wa Kiinjili, kumbe wafuasi wake wengi wanashindwa kuikubali au wanakataa kuelekezwa, hata kwa kumpinga na kumdharau waziwazi. Hivyo miaka ya ushindi na uenezi wa shirika, ndiyo miaka michungu zaidi kwake, kiasi kwamba akajaribiwa kukata tamaa na kujiona amedanganyika. Lakini akadumu kutegemea [[maongozi ya Mungu]] kwa shirika lake, akapokea mateso hayo pamoja na ya [[mwili]] kama namna nyingine ya kushiriki hali ya watu wa mwisho, na hasa ya Yesu msulubiwa aliyesalitiwa na wanafunzi wake. Kuhusu uenezi wa shirika nje ya Italia tuna vitabu viwili muhimu kwa kuwa viliandikwa na wahusika, [[Jordano wa Giano]] kuhusu [[Ujerumani]], na [[Thomas wa Eccleston]] kuhusu [[Uingereza]]. Hasa huyo wa pili bila ya kukusudia alionyesha wazi jinsi shirika lilivyozidi kusogea mbali na nia ya Fransisko kadiri mahali palipokuwa mbali na Italia na kadiri miaka ilivyozidi kupita. Kwa vyovyote mwanzoni mwa uenezi huo hali ilikuwa ngumu, hasa kwa sababu hayakufanyika [[maandalizi]] yoyote, tena Fransisko alikataa katakata kuwaombea waliotumwa hati ya [[utambulisho]] toka kwa Papa. Hivyo sehemu nyingine walifukuzwa kama wachawi au wazushi, kwa sababu [[Papa Inosenti III]] alikubali shirika na kanuni lakini kwa [[sauti]] tu. Makubwa zaidi yaliwapata akina [[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo]] waliouawa na Waislamu huko [[Moroko]] ([[1220]]): ndio [[wafiadini]] wa kwanza wa shirika. Matukio hayo yalichangia wazo la kuhitajika maandishi yenye kuthibitisha shirika, kwa kuwa Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa hawaeleweki: si wakaapweke, wala wamonaki, wala [[wakanoniki]], wala mapadri [[wanajimbo]], ila walidai kuwa shirika la kitawa bila ya kufuata mojawapo kati ya kanuni nne zilizokubalika kwa watawa. Ni kwamba Fransisko aliogopa kanuni inayofuata mtindo wa kisheria badala ya mtindo wa Kiinjili: msimamo huo ulikuwa kinyume cha mazoea ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] hasa wakati huo. Mt. Fransisko aliona Injili inazidi kutudai kadiri tunavyoendelea Kiroho, kumbe sheria zinaweza kutekelezwa na kumfanya mtu ajipongeze na kuridhika asijitahidi zaidi. Hasa alijua [[ujanja]] wa [[binadamu]] katika kufafanua sheria ili wakwepe mizigo yake. Hata hivyo Kanisa likamdai kanuni maalumu ili kuondoa wasiwasi juu ya shirika hilo jipya. Upinzani huo pia, uliochochewa na wamonaki na mapadri walioshikilia [[mapokeo]] yao, ulionyesha haja ya kuthibitisha shirika kwa kanuni maalumu. Basi, kazi ilikuwa kuitunga: Fransisko aliziandika zaidi ya moja na kuzijaribu mpaka akatoa ile ya kudumu, akisisitiza hasa ufukara mkuu na kutaka [[pesa]] iepukike. Katika kazi hiyo alisaidiwa na ndugu wataalamu wa sheria, mbali ya mapendekezo ya mikutano mikuu na ya Kardinali Hugolino. Juhudi za Fransisko zililenga kuhakikisha kanuni haitazimisha roho, yaani hamu ya ukamilifu wa Kiinjili. Lakini kabla hajakabili moja kwa moja kazi hiyo aliamua kwenda ng’ambo ya Bahari ya Kati kwa jaribio kuu la maisha yake: kumshuhudia Yesu mbele ya [[sultani]] na ikiwezekana kuuawa kama ndugu mdogo halisi. Akaondoka fukara tena mpole, [[silaha]] zake zikiwa ni imani na upendo tu, tofauti na [[Vita vya msalaba|askari wa msalaba]] waliokuwa wakiuana na Waislamu. === Hamu ya kufia dini na ugonjwa wa Mt. Fransisko === [[Picha:SaintFrancisAssisiWithAlKamil15thCentury.JPG|thumb|Fransisko mbele ya Sultani [[al-Kamil]] ([[karne ya 15]]).]] Hata kabla ya mwaka 1219 Fransisko alifunga [[safari]] aende kumshuhudia Yesu kwa Waislamu: katika mwaka wa sita tangu aongoke (1211) alipanda [[meli]] ambayo ikaishia [[Korasya]]; halafu mwaka [[1214]] hivi akaelekea [[Hispania]] ili kuvukia Moroko lakini akaugua ikambidi arudi nyuma. Ni kwamba kuanzia karne XI, kama matokeo ya [[vita vya msalaba]], Wakristo walipata tena hamu kubwa ya kufia dini, wasiridhike na ile namna ya kumfia Yesu siku hadi siku kwa maisha ya kimonaki. Fransisko pia alitamani kumrudishia Yesu ule upendo mkuu wa kutoa [[uhai]] kwa rafiki yake, lakini hakujitafutia mateso kwa kuwashambulia Waislamu kwa silaha wala kwa matusi, bali alijitahidi kuwaokoa kwa mahubiri yake motomoto lakini yenye [[upole]] pia. Kama vile alivyokuwa mstaarabu kwa wote kabla hajaongoka, akaendelea kuwa hivyo hata kwa Waislamu wakati wa vita vikali kati yao na Wakristo, kwa kuwa alisema, “Mungu ni [[ustaarabu]]”. Alikwenda kwenye [[kambi]] lao kama [[mwanakondoo]] kati ya [[mbwamwitu]], bila ya [[ulinzi]] wala hati ya kumtetea. Mbele ya sultani alibishana na [[shehe]] wake, akaheshimiwa kwa [[ujasiri]] wake wa kuhatarisha uhai wake ili kuokoa watu, na kwa ufukara wake uliomfanya akatae [[zawadi]] yoyote. Ni wazi alikuwa na [[karama]] ya kuvutia watu wowote, hata wasio Wakristo (mpaka leo anayo, ilivyoonekana siku ya kuombea amani iliyokusanya viongozi wa dini zote huko Asizi mwaka [[1986]]). Fransisko alibaki [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ([[Siria]], [[Misri]] na [[Israeli]]) zaidi ya mwaka mmoja. Kabla hajaondoka Italia, akijitambua kuwa [[mkuu wa shirika]] kubwa, aliacha ndugu wawili kama [[makamu]] wake ([[Mathayo wa Narni]] na [[Gregori wa Napoli]]) akiwagawia [[madaraka]]. Lakini kazi iliyokuwa ngumu kwa mwanzilishi mwenyewe ikawashinda, na juhudi zao hazikufaa: k.mf. walitunga sheria mpya kuhusu [[mfungo]] ili zilingane na zile kali za mashirika mengine. Kumbe Fransisko hakuzipenda, akitaka zaidi kufuata Injili inayoruhusu kula vyovyote vilivyoandaliwa kwa watu wa Mungu. Kwake ilikuwa muhimu kuwa fukara kweli, na hivyo kukosa hakika ya kupata kila siku vyakula mbalimbali ambayo ingemdai mtu ajipangie mipaka asije akawa mlafi. Mfungo wa Kifransisko hasa si wa kujichagulia, bali unatokana na maisha yenyewe. Vilevile juhudi za ndugu wengine zilileta [[vurugu]] zikienda kinyume cha nia ya Fransisko ya kutoomba hati za utetezi kutoka kwa Papa na kuhusu namna ya kuhudumia wakoma. Hali ya shirika ikawa ngumu kiasi kwamba bradha Stefano akavuka [[bahari]] bila ya [[ruhusa]] akamuarifu Fransisko, ambaye, kisha kushauriana na [[Petro Cattani]], na kufunuliwa na Mungu la kufanya, akarudi haraka Italia akarudisha hali ya kwanza. Lakini aliona pia umuhimu wa kuwa na Kardinali mmojawapo ambaye alishughulikie shirika akamuomba kwa Papa kama tulivyokwishaeleza. Ndipo pia alipokabili moja kwa moja kazi ya kutunga [[kanuni ya kudumu]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alimuomba [[msaada]] ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Biblia]], apambe maagizo ya Kanuni kwa maneno hasa ya Injili ili sheria zisizimishe hamu ya ukamilifu: madondoo hayo yanachukua thuluthi moja ya [[Kanuni ya mwaka 1221]]. Lakini tarehe [[29 Septemba]] [[1220]] katika mkutano mkuu Fransisko akachukua hatua nyingine ya kushangaza, alijiuzulu katika wadhifa wa mkuu wa shirika. Sababu ni mbalimbali: hali mbaya ya [[afya]], matatizo ya shirika, hamu ya kurudi chini na kutii badala ya kuwa [[kiongozi]] anayeheshimiwa na Kanisa lote. Pamoja na kuacha uongozi rasmi, hakuacha kuwajibika kama [[kielelezo]] kwa wote na [[mtungasheria]] mkuu. Toka mwanzo waliomfuata hawakuzingatia sheria fulani, bali walikusudia kufanana naye; upande wake hakukubali kuwadanganya kwa kuwaonyesha utakatifu nusunusu au kuridhika na sifa yake bila ya kulingana nayo siku kwa siku. Hasa miaka ya mwisho akakazana asije akawa mtu wa kuheshimiwa badala ya mfano wa kufuatwa. Ndiyo sababu aliacha uongozi rasmi wa shirika ili aweze kuwa kielelezo wazi zaidi cha Ndugu Mdogo hasa katika kutii. Ni vema tujiulize namna gani mfano wake uliweza kuwagusa watu wote. Upande mmoja ni kwamba wanahitajika watu wa Mungu, lakini hasa wasio mbali na jamii bali ni wenye kushiriki mang’amuzi ya watu wa kawaida, na wenye kupatwa na magumu ya maisha ya kila siku, hasa ya maskini. Upande wa pili [[nafsi]] yenyewe ya Fransisko ilivutia wote hata kabla hajaongoka, na [[mvuto]] huo wa ki[[maumbile]] ukaja kuzidishwa na utakatifu aliojaliwa. Uamuzi wake wa moja kwa moja wa kushika nafasi ya mwisho ulisababisha kwanza dharau, lakini baadaye heshima kwa kuwa unagusa mioyo ya wote, ukionyesha tena njia ya Mwana wa Mungu aliyeshiriki kabisa hali ya binadamu jinsi ilivyo kimaisha. Maneno yake mepesi, matendo yake ya kueleweka, mwenendo wake wa kupendeza, salamu yake ya amani, [[kipawa]] chake cha kushirikisha furaha na uchungu, na mengineyo yalichangia ushindi wake. Lakini mwenyewe alilenga zaidi ushindi mwingine, yaani ule wa kuona [[furaha kamili]] katika majaribu ya kila aina, hata kutoka kwa wafuasi wake. Kati ya mateso yaliyomuathiri hatuwezi kusahau yale ya mwili. Wote wanashuhudia kwamba tangu [[ujana]] wake alikuwa dhaifu, lakini baada ya kuongoka akatesa mwili wake kiasi cha kulazimika baadaye auombe umsamehe. Halafu alipokwenda ng’ambo ya bahari alipatwa na [[maradhi]] mawili ya kudumu, [[malaria]] (ambayo haikuwa na [[tiba]] wakati huo) na [[trakoma]] (inayosababisha [[upofu]] wa [[hatua kwa hatua]]). Mbali ya mateso ya maradhi yenyewe, labda ni makali zaidi yale ya [[matibabu]] ambayo aliagizwa na [[ndugu Elia]] na Kardinali, akayavumilia kishujaa kabisa, k.mf. alipochomwa mishipa yote ya [[damu]] kati ya [[sikio]] na [[jicho]] kwa kutumia [[chuma]] cha [[moto]]. Ili ashiriki zaidi mateso ya wakoma na wengineo, na hasa ya Mwana wa Mungu, hakujihurumia kama wagonjwa wengi, bali alizidi kuwahurumia wengine, kama vile ndugu waliomuuguza, wenyeji wake waliosumbuliwa na wageni waliomtembelea, na wagonjwa fukara. Tena hakuacha ukali wa malipizi yake kwa lengo la kuwa mfano bora kwa wanashirika. Nguvu zake za kiroho tu zilimfanya azidi kulishughulikia shirika na kulitungia kanuni katika hali hiyo ya [[ugonjwa]], pamoja na kuandika [[barua]] kwa watu mbalimbali na kudai atembezwe juu ya punda ili atoe ujumbe wa Mungu walau hivyo akishindwa kuhubiri. === Uandishi wa Kanuni === [[File:Regra bulada.jpg|thumb|Kanuni ya kudumu iliyothibitishwa na Papa Honori III tarehe 29 Novemba 1223.]] Kama alivyokubali jamaa yake igeuke kuwa shirika, tena kubwa, Fransisko alipaswa kukubali linahitaji miundo ya kufaa, kama vile mwaka wa [[unovisi]] (ulioagizwa na [[Papa Honori III]] mwaka 1220) na hasa kanuni. Ni vigumu leo kutambua mabadiliko yote yaliyofanyika katika yale maneno machache ya Injili yaliyokubaliwa na Inosenti III kwa sauti tu (1209) mpaka ikathibitishwa kanuni ya kudumu ([[1223]]). Miaka hiyo yote Fransisko alishughulikia [[ufumbuzi]] wa [[suala]] hilo zito, akisaidiwa au kupingwa na watu wengine, hasa wanashirika. Kama kumbukumbu ya kazi hiyo inabaki sanasana [[kanuni isiyothibitishwa]], ambayo inashuhudia hatua iliyofikiwa mwaka 1221, na ambayo iliongoza utungaji wa kanuni ya kudumu. Kwa jumla katika ile isiyothibitishwa, [[sura]] 17 za kwanza ni za zamani kuliko zile zinazofuata. Sura ya mwisho (24) ni sala tu ambayo ilitungwa na Fransisko na kubandikwa kama nyongeza. Kwa nini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa? Nani hakuridhika nayo? Mwenyewe au wafuasi wake au viongozi wa Kanisa? Hakika yeye alipendezwa nayo sana kwa jinsi inavyohimiza kuishi Kiinjili: ndiyo sababu mwishoni aliandika ndugu hawaruhusiwi kuongeza wala kupunguza wala kubadili hiyo kanuni. Kumbe Kanisa lilidai kanuni iwe na sura ya kisheria zaidi. Hivyo kazi ya Fransisko ikaendelea, alivyoshuhudia hasa [[ndugu Leo]] ambaye alikuwa [[karani]] wake na kufuatana naye na [[ndugu Bonisyo]] kwenye [[mlima]] wa [[Fonte Colombo]] ili kukamilisha kanuni majira ya baridi kali kati ya mwaka [[1222]] na 1223. Leo ametueleza upinzani wa akina Elia na uchungu wa Fransisko aliokuwa anautoa katika sala, hasa kutokana na hakika aliyokuwanayo juu ya matakwa ya Mungu kwa shirika lake: alikuwa akitulia tu katika nia yake ya kuzidi kuonyesha kwa matendo yake yale ambayo Yesu alimfunulia. Hata hivyo, ndugu wengi hawakukubali kuyapokea kama sheria kwao. Ilimbidi akubali baadhi ya madai yao, pamoja na mashauri mbalimbali ya Kardinali na labda ya Papa mwenyewe. Lakini, pamoja na kutimiza hivyo udogo wake, hakukubali kuacha yaangushwe mambo makuu ya wito wake. Hivyo kanuni ya kudumu kwa jumla inafuata ile isiyothibitishwa, tena inaonyesha wazi kuwa mwandishi mkuu ni Fransisko, pia mengine yamesisitizwa naye hata kuliko alivyofanya katika kanuni ya muda. Pamoja na hayo, shida kubwa aliyoiona ni kwamba kanuni ya kudumu kwa mtindo wake wa kisheria inaeleweka zaidi, lakini pia inawaruhusu wanasheria kuitafsiri kwa namna inayoiondolea umotomoto wake. Ingawa hakuweza kukwepa maendeleo hayo, mpaka mwisho wa maisha yake alitafuta [[mbinu]] nyingine, kama vile kufanya Porsyunkula iwe kielelezo cha kudumu, [[ndugu Bernardo]] awe mfano bora wa ndugu mdogo baada ya mwanzilishi kufa, na hasa wasia wake mfupi na mrefu ambao karne zilizofuata ukazidi kuchochea uaminifu wa wafuasi wake na kusababisha marekebisho mengi ya shirika. Tarehe [[29 Novemba]] 1223 kanuni ilithibitishwa na Honori III ikawa [[sheria ya Kanisa]] ambayo Fransisko mwenyewe hakuweza kuibadilisha tena. Kwake na kwa Kanisa haukuwepo [[wasiwasi]] kuhusu kanuni kuwa ileile ingawa imerekebishwarekebishwa. Kama vile tangu mwaka 1209 hadi 1223, hata baadaye alidai kuwa ndiyo Injili yenyewe, yaani [[kiini]] chake. Kwa njia ya kanuni hiyo Kanisa lilipokea aina mpya ya utawa isiyofuata sheria za kawaida. Katika kanuni zimeingia kwa pamoja karama ya Fransisko na mamlaka ya Kanisa linalopokea toka kwa Bwana wake zawadi ya [[maisha yaliyowekwa wakfu]] likiifafanua na kuiratibu na kuipa miundo ya kudumu. Fransisko aliufurahia [[uthibitisho]] wa Kanisa akazidi kuwahimiza ndugu zake waifuate hiyo kanuni akiwabariki kwa kila namna. Lakini katika kuielewa tunapaswa kuzingatia pia msimamo wa Kanisa lililoithibitisha. Lenyewe linadai mpaka leo ufafanuzi wake rasmi ubaki mikononi mwake, kama ulivyotolewa na Gregori IX ([[1230]]), [[Papa Nikolasi III|Nikola III]] ([[1279]]), [[Papa Klementi V|Klementi V]] ([[1312]]) na [[Papa Inosenti XI|Inosenti XI]] ([[1679]]). Upande wa Fransisko tukumbuke hakika yake ya kuwa ameangazwa na Mungu aonyeshe upya mtindo wa Injili takatifu kama njia bora ya ukamilifu. Kwa msingi huo aliita kanuni [[kitabu]] cha [[uzima]], [[tumaini]] la wokovu, [[uti]] wa Injili, njia ya ukamilifu, [[ufunguo]] wa [[paradiso]], [[sharti]] la [[agano la milele]]. Kwa njia yake ndugu wanaweza kupata utulivu wa kweli na kuonja [[utamu]] na wepesi wa [[nira]] ya Kristo. Kwa wokovu wao alitaka wajifunze maneno ya kanuni na maana yake, na kuitafakari ili washinde [[ulegevu]] na kutimiza [[ahadi]] zao. Alitaka watumishi wajitahidi kufanya itekelezwe kikamilifu kama alivyojitahidi mwenyewe aliyeandika kuwa wanaoivunja hawahesabu tena kama Wakatoliki wala ndugu zake wala hataki kuwaona mpaka watubu. Mwishowe alitaka kila ndugu mdogo afe akishika kanuni mikononi. Katika wasia aliwakataza pia ndugu wote wasifafanue kanuni wasije wakaipotosha katika [[unyofu]] na [[usafi]] wake. Bila ya shaka hakuweza kumkataza Papa asitoe [[ufafanuzi]], wala hakuwa na nia ya kuzuia maelezo manyofu yenye kulenga [[utekelezaji]] wake mtakatifu. [[Historia]] ya shirika ikaja kushuhudia kuwa unyofu huo mbele ya kanuni ndio uliostawisha utakatifu wa ndugu na utume wao: marekebisho ya mfululizo ya shirika ni kazi ya Roho Mtakatifu anayehuisha shirika la Ndugu Wadogo katika njia ya Injili wasipoachana na unyofu huo. === Maandishi mengine ya Mt. Fransisko === [[File:Manuscrito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|Baraka kwa ndugu Leo, iliyoandikwa na Fransisko kwa mkono wake mwaka 1224]] [[File:Cantico delle Creature.djvu|thumb|Toleo la zamani kuliko yote yanayojulikana ya [[Utenzi wa viumbe]], linalotunzwa katika [[maktaba]] ya [[Konventi takatifu]] ya Mt. Fransisko, huko Asizi.]] Kanuni ndiyo maandishi yaliyojenga zaidi utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo na Kanisa pia. Tunasema ni ya Fransisko ingawa alisaidiwa kuitunga: kwa kiasi fulani ni vilevile kuhusu maandishi yake mengine ya [[Kilatini]] na ya Kiitalia. Kati yake tunaanza kuona mawili yanayotusaidia sana kuelewa historia ya shirika iliyofuata. Ya kwanza ni kanuni fupi kwa [[makao ya upwekeni]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa mwelekeo huo wa Fransisko na wenzake ambao ukawa mwelekeo wa wale wote waliotamani kurudia ufukara na [[unyofu]] wa mwanzoni. Ya pili ni barua kwa Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa msimamo wa mwisho wa Fransisko kuhusu masomo yaliyokuja kushika nafasi kubwa katika shirika na kuchangia tukio la ndugu wengi kuishi mijini katika [[konventi]] kubwa (ndiyo asili ya jina “[[Wakonventuali]]”). Kanuni hiyo fupi iliandikwa kati ya mwaka [[1217]] na [[1221]], yaani wakati kanuni ya muda ilipokomaa kutokana na mang’amuzi ya shirika. Mtindo wa maisha ulikuwa umebadilika: ndugu wengi, badala ya kuishi karibu na miji au vijiji wakifanya kazi na watu [[mchana]] na kukesha kwa Mungu [[usiku]], wamekuwa wanapendelea kuishi mbali na watu ili kusali tu. Kwa ajili hiyo yaliongezeka makao maalumu ya upwekeni ambamo ndugu wanaishi kwa muda fulani wakishika [[desturi]] mbalimbali za [[wamonaki]]. Fransisko aliona umuhimu wa kuuratibu mwelekeo huo ulingane na [[karama]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama vile alivyofanya pamoja na Klara kwa wamonaki wake wa kike. Hivyo kanuni hiyo inasisitiza udugu na upendo kati ya [[wakaapweke]], pamoja na udogo. Katika roho hiyo ya Kifransisko zinakubalika desturi zifuatazo za kimonaki: kuwa na [[ugo]], chumba cha binafsi, [[ratiba]] inayofuata vipindi vyote vya [[Sala ya Kanisa]], pamoja na kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[Kipindi cha Masomo]], na [[kimya kikuu]] hadi [[Sala ya Kabla ya Adhuhuri]]. Fransisko alivutiwa sana na maisha hayo, kwa sababu yalimwezesha kushika ufukara wa pekee, akiishi ma[[pango]]ni kati ya miamba na katika vibanda vya [[fito]]. Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kukwepa usumbufu wa watu waliomtafuta ili kumuona na kumheshimu. Hatujui kanuni hiyo fupi iliendelea kufuatwa mpaka lini, lakini mfumo wa upwekeni ukabaki na kuchochea [[juhudi]] katika shirika hadi leo, mbali ya kwamba desturi hizo zilienea mapema katika konventi zote. [[Barua kwa Mt. Antoni]] iliandikwa baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, yaani mwaka [[1224]] au [[1225]]. Hiyo mistari michache yenye sura ya kisheria ilikuwa [[jibu]] rasmi kwa [[ombi]] la kuruhusiwa awafundishe [[teolojia]] Ndugu Wadogo. Labda Antoni mwenyewe aliombwa afanye kazi hiyo akiwa [[msomi]] wa kwanza katika shirika. Kwa vyovyote hakupenda kuleta jambo jipya utawani pasipo [[ruhusa]] ya mzee wake. Huyo akimjibu aliheshimu [[elimu]] yake kwa kumuita “Askofu wangu”, halafu akamkubalia akitambua ni hatua isiyoepukika, lakini akaweka sharti lilelile linalohusu kazi yoyote, yaani kwamba [[roho ya sala]] na ibada isizimishwe nayo. Ufupi wa barua, pamoja na utovu wa mapambo, unadokeza hali ya ndani ya mwandishi, kwamba aliamua kukubali kama kwa kulazimishwa na maendeleo ya shirika, ingawa anatambua hatari za kibali chake kwa siku za mbele. Basi, akamuachia Antoni jukumu la kuhakikisha masomo yasizimishe roho ya sala, akimuamini huyo mfuasi bora aliyeficha usomi wake kusudi awe ndugu mdogo halisi. Hivyo ni wazi kwamba Fransisko hakuiogopa teolojia yenyewe: hivyo, ingawa alijiita [[mjinga]] kwa kutokuwa na [[elimu ya juu]], alijiongezea mwaka hadi mwaka ujuzi wa Maandiko Matakatifu kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] akajitafutia msaada wa ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]] ili kupamba kanuni ya muda kwa madondoo ya [[Biblia]]. Aliyoyaogopa ni [[kiburi]] cha wasomi, [[majivuno]] ya [[wahubiri]], na hasa [[ujanja]] wa [[wanasheria]], akijua kwamba hayo yote yanazuia [[Neno la Mungu]] lisizae matunda. Alitaka neno lipokewe kwa unyofu jinsi lilivyo na kutekelezwa; basi, njia pekee ya kuweza kufanya hivyo ni sala ya kudumu. Bila ya shaka, Antoni katika kufundisha alitimiza sharti alilowekewa, kama walivyokuja kufanya baada yake [[walimu]] kadhaa, hasa Mt. Bonaventura. Lakini mwaka wa kifo cha Antoni ([[1231]]) waliingia shirikani walimu wa [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Paris]], ambao wakaendelea kufuata mitindo walioizoea nje ya [[Ufransisko]]. Hapo ndugu wadogo kama [[mwenye heri]] [[Egidi wa Asizi]] walilaani mji huo wakisema umeharibu kabisa Asizi, yaani karama ya mwanzoni. Basi, barua hiyo inathibitisha tena [[busara]] ya Fransisko katika kukubali mabadiliko kadhaa asiache kupigania kiini cha karama yake, kuambatana na Yesu aliyeshika nafasi ya mwisho hapa duniani, akishikamana na watu wadogo, si kwa lengo la kuwapatia maendeleo ya kidunia tu, bali hasa kuwarudishia hakika ya kuwa ni wa maana kwa Mungu, kama si kwa watu wenye uwezo. Historia ya karne zilizofuata ikathibitisha ushindi wa Fransisko, yaani [[uhai]] wa karama hiyo katika Kanisa. Kuhusu maandishi mengine aliyotuachia, tukumbuke kwamba [[maradhi]] yalikuja kumzuia kwa kiasi fulani asiendelee kusafiri sana kwa ajili ya [[utume]]. Hasa baada ya kutiwa [[madonda matakatifu]] akaja kuhitaji mfululizo ndugu [[wauguzi]] ambao wakawa hivyo ma[[shahidi]] wa mambo mengi waliyoyaandika hapo baadaye. Walishuhudia [[mateso]] yaliyompata upande wa [[mwili]] na wa [[roho]], yaliyomhusu binafsi na yaliyolihusu shirika na [[upinzani]] ndani yake. Hata katika hali hiyo hakukubali kulegeza maisha yake, akitaka azidi kuwa kielelezo cha ndugu mdogo kwa wote. Vilevile alipopunguza utume wake, hakuacha kuwashughulikia watu walau kwa maandishi. Basi, tutayachambua kidogo kama njia bora ya kumfahamu mwenyewe na mang’amuzi yake. Jambo ambalo linarudiarudia daima ni umuhimu mkuu wa [[Mwili na Damu ya Kristo]]. Fransisko katika maandishi anaonekana [[mwenezaji]] wa pekee wa [[heshima]] kwa [[sakramenti]] hiyo. Katika hilo alifuata maagizo ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]], lakini alipanga heshima hiyo katika ibada yake kwa Yesu. Kwake ni [[ajabu]] upendo uliomfanya awe [[mwanadamu]] hata akakubali kufa, na ni ajabu zaidi kwamba baada ya kurudi mbinguni anazidi kuitikia padri anapomuita katika [[maumbo]] ya mkate na divai. Kutokana na hayo alidai padri aheshimiwe na kujiheshimu kwa kuishi kitakatifu pamoja na kuadhimisha na kutunza vema Mwili wa Kristo. Kuhusu [[barua]] halisi kwa mtu maalumu zimebaki chache sana; zilizo nyingi zilitumwa kwa viongozi wa shirika, kwa wakuu wa [[serikali]], kwa [[wakleri]] na kwa [[waamini]] wengine wote kwa jumla. Lengo lilikuwa kusisitiza mawazo yake makuu yashikwe na kufanyiwa kazi. [[Barua kwa shirika lote]] ilikusudiwa kukumbusha [[wajibu]] wa kila ndugu kama alivyokuja kufanya katika [[wasia]]. Kwa waamini jumla aliandika mapema barua nyingine ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ndio mtindo wa maisha ambayo aliwapendekezea watu wa toba ambao walivutiwa na mfano wake wakaja kuitwa [[Utawa wa Tatu]]. Ndiyo sababu tunaikuta mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Paulo VI]] kwa Wafransisko wa Ulimwenguni, na nusu yake ya kwanza imo pia mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kwa mashirika ya Utawa wa Tatu. Toleo la kwanza la barua hiyo lina sura mbili, kuhusu wanaofanya toba, halafu kuhusu wasiofanya toba. Kwa Fransisko toba ni kumpenda na kumuabudu Mungu kwa nguvu zote na kuzitii [[amri]] zake. Toleo la pili likaongeza mambo mbalimbali, hasa ukurasa juu ya Neno wa Baba ambamo alijumlisha [[fumbo la wokovu]] ili wote waishi kulingana nalo. Tofauti na vijitabu hivyo vyenye sura ya barua ya wazi, kipo kingine cha pekee kilichosababisha wataalamu wabishane sana: ni [[mawaidha]] ishirini na manne ambayo ni kama [[muhtasari]] wa mafundisho ya Kibiblia ambayo Fransisko aliyasisitiza zaidi. Hatujui nani aliyakusanya wala lini. Si ajabu kwamba sura ya kwanza inahusu [[ekaristi]] na kueleza kwa undani imani kutokana na [[maisha ya sala hasa]]. Sura nyingine karibu zote zinahusu njia ya ufukara mkuu na unyenyekevu wa moyo. Kuanzia XIII mawaidha yana mtindo wa [[Heri]], yakichimba zile za [[hotuba ya mlimani]]], isipokuwa XXVII inamchora [[mtumishi wa Mungu]] ambaye maadili yake yamekomaa na kulingana yote, yakishinda vilema. Aina ya mwisho ya maandishi ya Mt. Fransisko ni sala ambazo alizitunga na kuzitumia na ambazo zinatuwezesha kupenya [[siri]] ya roho yake katika uhusiano na Mungu ambao ulifikia vilele visivyoelezeka. Katika maandishi ya aina hiyo hakulenga kuwaelekeza watu wafuate karama yake wala kuwahimiza wamtumikie Mungu, bali ni yeye na Mungu tu, hivyo tunafikia chanzo cha maandishi mengine na cha maisha yote ya Fransisko. Kati ya sala hizo tunaweza kutia maanani [[Sifa za Mungu]] alizoziandika kwa mikono yake kwa faida ya [[ndugu Leo]], huko mlimani [[Alverna]], mara baada ya kung’amua mateso na upendo wa Yesu msalabani. Ni tunda la moto la kumtazama Mungu na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na Biblia, liturujia au moyo wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” [[File:Mount subasio.JPG|thumb|left|Bonde la Umbria likiwa na [[Mlima Subasio]] kwa nyuma: upande wa kushoto inaonekana [[Assisi]] katikati ya mlima.]] Sala nyingine ya pekee aliitunga si kwa Kilatini, bali kwa [[lugha]] yake mwenyewe akiweza hivyo kutokeza kwa urahisi mkubwa zaidi yale aliyokuwanayo moyoni. Ni [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]], [[shairi]] la kwanza la Kiitalia, ambalo alilitunga baada ya usiku wa mateso na majaribu ya kukatisha tamaa mnamo Aprili au Mei 1225, ambapo mwishoni aliahidiwa na Mungu [[uzima wa milele]]. Katika [[furaha]] isiyoelezeka ya kuwa na [[hakika]] hiyo akiwa bado duniani, Fransisko alianza kumsifu Mungu kwa viumbe vyake ambavyo yeye kuliko watakatifu wote alijaliwa kuona vinavyohusiana na [[Muumba]]. Tusisahau hali ya [[afya]] yake wakati huo, ambapo hakuweza kuona kitu wala kuvumilia [[mwanga]], ila alikumbuka kwa [[shukrani]] mazuri yote aliyoyaona hasa katika [[bonde]] la [[Spoleto]], ambalo alisema hajaona mahali pazuri zaidi. Katika utenzi huo hataji viumbe hai isipokuwa binadamu, ambaye anapaswa kumsifu Mungu hasa kwa njia ya [[msamaha]] na [[uvumilivu]]. Basi, alianza akimtukuza Mungu kama alivyozoea, kwa maneno mbalimbali, lakini mara tu akakiri kuwa binadamu hastahili hata kumtaja. Baada ya kutamka wazi jinsi Mungu alivyo Mkuu mno kuliko mtu, akaanza kumsifu kwa ndugu [[jua]]: ndicho [[kiumbe]] kilichomuuma zaidi kwa wakati huo, lakini linammaanisha Mungu kwa namna ya pekee. Halafu akamsifu kwa [[mwezi]], [[nyota]], [[upepo]], [[majira]], [[maji]], [[moto]] na [[ardhi]] inayotuzalia ma[[tunda]], ma[[ua]] na ma[[jani]]. Hatimaye akafunga utenzi akiwahimiza watu kumsifu, kumtukuza, kumshukuru na kumtumikia Mungu kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa. Utenzi huo unapinga [[uzushi]] ambao wakati huo uliambukiza wengi na kuwafanya waone [[ulimwengu]] ni mbaya na unatawaliwa na [[shetani]]. Fransisko hakubishana nao katika [[mihadhara ya dini]] walivyofanya [[Wadominiko]], ila aliimba kwa lugha ya watu wadogo na kwa namna inayovutia juu ya uzuri na faida ya viumbe vinavyotangaza wema wa Muumba. Kwa kupokea ujumbe huo watu walikingiwa uzushi huo. Ndiyo njia ya Ndugu Wadogo katika utume: kuwaelekea watu wadogo kwa namna rahisi inayowasaidia kumgeukia Mungu kwa moyo wote. Usomi uliwazuia wengi wasione njia hiyo wala kuwafikia watu wa kawaida. Kumbe huyo mtu mnyofu, aliyejiita mjinga, aliwaelewa na kuwafikishia ujumbe wa imani. Mtazamo mfurahivu uliomwezesha kuviona vyote kuwa ni ndugu zake, kwa kuwa vimeumbwa na Mungu yuleyule kwa faida ya mtu, ulimfanya asichoke kumshukuru na kuwaalika wote wafanye vilevile. Kuhusu mabaya yanayotokea pia hakuwalaumu mashetani, kwa kusema ndio walioharibu ulimwengu, bali aliwaona kama [[askari]] wa Bwana waliopewa kazi ya kuadhibu makosa ya binadamu. Huyo ndiye mkuu wa viumbe vinavyoonekana, na ndiye aliyeharibu ulimwengu wote kuanzia [[dhambi ya asili]]. Katika maandishi yake Fransisko anatukumbusha kuwa yaliyotupata ni matokeo ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na kuwa tunapaswa kutubu kwa kushiriki kazi ya Mkombozi. Mwenyewe alizingatia sana [[fumbo la msalaba]]: toka mwanzo wa [[uongofu]] wake alimzingatia Yesu katika ukweli wa mateso yake ambayo yalianza pangoni yakaendelea maisha yake yote kabla hayajafikia kilele chake huko [[Kalivari]]. Kwa njia yake ukweli huo pia ukaja kuenea ukifuta uzushi uliomuona Yesu kama [[malaika]] tu. Ukweli huo unadai si imani tu, bali upendo na [[mshikamano]] naye. Kwa misingi hiyo Fransisko hakuweza kushindwa na [[uchungu]] wote wa miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, bali aliugeuza kuwa [[furaha kamili]]. Ndio ushindi wake pamoja na Kristo, uliothibitisha mafundisho yake. Ndivyo alivyoweza kuongeza baadaye mistari mingine katika utenzi huo ili kumsifu Mungu hata kwa ndugu kifo. === Miaka ya mwisho === [[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kaburi]] la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]].]] Baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, Fransisko alikwenda [[Greccio]] kujitafutia kimya na upweke. Ndipo alipopata wazo la kuadhimisha [[Noeli]] kwa namna mpya ili kuitia maanani zaidi. Kwa msaada wa mtawala wa kijiji hicho, kwa ushirikiano wa wananchi na kwa mahudhurio ya ndugu wengi, liliandaliwa [[pango]] lenye majani makavu, [[ng’ombe]] na [[punda]], halafu ikaadhimishwa [[Misa]] ambapo Fransisko, akiwa shemasi, alisoma Injili na kuhubiri kwa utamu mkubwa. Lengo lilikuwa kuwafanya Wakatoliki wote wakumbuke jinsi [[Mwana wa Mungu]] alivyojishusha duniani, si tu kwa kujifanya mtu, bali pia kwa namna alivyozaliwa na alivyoishi. Chaguo lake la ufukara lilitegemea ukweli wa maisha ya Yesu kama mtu wa mwisho na mtu wa mateso. Baada ya miezi michache ufuasi huo wa moja kwa moja ukaja kuthibitishwa na madonda matano aliyotiwa juu ya [[La Verna]]. Kati ya Greccio na mlima huo, Fransisko alipitia maisha ya Yesu na kuyafanya yawe mang’amuzi yake matamu na ya kutisha pamoja. Ndivyo alivyozidi kutambua ubora wa mifano: kwa kuwa Yesu ametufundisha kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno; upendo tu unaweza kupenya mafumbo yake na kupokea kikamilifu ujumbe uliofichika humo. [[Picha:Manuscrito_de_s_francisco.jpg|thumb|[[Ngozi]] iliyoandikwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe masifu ya [[Mungu]] na [[baraka]] kwa ajili ya nd. Leo.]] Kwa upendo wa namna hiyo Fransisko alipanda mlimani ili kuishi na ndugu wachache msituni. Katikati ya mwezi Septemba [[1224]] alifikiwa na [[njozi]] ya pekee ambayo ilimuachia mwilini [[madonda ya Yesu]]. Kwa kuwa yeye aliyaficha akaagiza wenzake pia watunze [[siri]]; baada ya kufa tu watu wengi wakaja kujionea katika [[maiti]] yake ajabu hilo, ambalo liligusa zaidi mioyo kwa sababu ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kutukia duniani. Mbali ya mateso hayo aliyojaliwa Kimungu, miaka ya mwisho ya Fransisko iliendelea kujaa yale ya kibinadamu pia. Kwanza [[maradhi]] ambayo [[matibabu]] aliyoagizwa kuyapata hayakuleta [[nafuu]], bali yalizidi kuharibu na kumtesa: inatosha tukumbuke alivyochomwa kwa [[chuma]] cha [[moto]] kuanzia [[jicho]] hadi [[sikio]]. Halafu juhudi zake za kuendelea kuwa kielelezo cha toba kwa wafuasi wake, ambao upande wao walizidi kumtia uchungu hata katika kumtumikia na kumheshimu. Bila kusahau majaribu ya [[usiku wa roho]] yaliyoendelea mpaka katikati ya mwaka [[1225]], alipoahidiwa [[uzima wa milele]]. Miaka hiyo ina mashahidi wa pekee, yaani ndugu wanne waliomuuguza mfululizo: [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[Ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[Ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] na [[Yohane wa Masifu]]. Wa kwanza kati yao wanajulikana sana kwa jina la [[Wenzi Watatu]]: baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Kwa njia yao tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na maumivu ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya macho kuwekwa juu ya miiba na kutokwa machozi. Ndugu Elia na Kardinali Hugolino walimshughulikia sana, lakini bure. Pamoja na kutambua jambo hilo, katikati ya mwaka 1224 ndugu Elia alipata njozi na kufunuliwa kuwa Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. [[Safari]] za [[mgonjwa]] zilizidi kupungua kwa wingi na kwa umbali, zikifanyika hasa kwa kujaribu matibabu na kurudi kila mara kwenye Porsyunkula. Hata katika hali hiyo Fransisko hakuacha kulihangaikia shirika lake kadiri alivyoona linasogea mbali na karama yake. Ili awe kielelezo kwa wote alizidi kujinyima mahitaji ya mwili, na kutamani arudie maisha yaliyodharauliwa ya mwanzoni na kutumikia wakoma. Ndipo alipowaambia wenzake, “Ndugu, tuanze kumtumikia Bwana Mungu, kwa kuwa mpaka sasa hatujapiga hatua au ni ndogo sana”. Aliogopa shirika lake litalegea kama mengine mengi, hivyo akatafuta [[mbinu]] za kuliokoa, kusudi kanuni isiwe mwisho wa juhudi za ndugu, bali kichocheo kwa kutafuta ukamilifu. Mbinu mojawapo ni wasia wa Kiroho aliouandika zaidi ya mara moja. Muhimu zaidi ni ule mrefu aliouandika katika wiki za mwisho za maisha yake. Haukukusudiwa kuwa kanuni mpya, ila kusaidia ile iliyoahidiwa kwa Bwana: ni [[kumbukumbu]], [[onyo]] na [[shauri]]. Kwanza ni kumbukumbu za uongofu wa Fransisko na za maisha asili ya shirika ambayo ndugu wote wafananishe nayo maisha yao. Katika kumbukumbu hizo hakutaja mateso yote aliyojaliwa na Mungu, bali alifafanua chaguo lake la kumfuata Yesu fukara kama utajiri pekee anaowaachia watoto wake. Hivyo wasia, ukiunganisha maagizo ya kanuni na mang’amuzi ya mwanzilishi, ukabaki katika shirika kama [[mwiba]] mwilini mwa wanaopenda kulegeza [[kamba]], na kama [[changamoto]] kwa wote kadiri walivyompenda Fransisko, kwa kuwa ndiyo maneno yake ya mwisho aliyoyatoa kwa upendo mkuu akiwa amefanana na Yesu msulubiwa hata mwilini mwake. Ndiyo sababu toka mwanzo wasia ulisababisha shirikani mabishano yaliyohitaji kuingiliwa kati na Mapapa. Upande wa wasia walisimama ndugu waaminifu, ingawa kipindi fulani baadhi yao ([[Fraticelli]]) walipita kiasi hata kujitenga na Kanisa ili kupigania ufukara; baada yao kosa hilo halijarudiwa tena. Baadhi ya marekebisho ya shirika (k. mf. [[Wakapuchini]]) yalijifunga kushika wasia pamoja na kanuni, na hivyo wakafaulu kurudia maisha asili. Pamoja na kumbukumbu, katika wasia tunakuta maonyo ya mwisho ya Fransisko kuhusu kuheshimu mapadri, kufanya [[kazi za mikono]], kuishi kama [[wakimbizi]] katika [[nyumba]] duni, na kutoomba [[fadhili]] yoyote kutoka [[ofisi za Papa]]. Polepole maonyo yakawa mashauri, na hasa shauri kuu lililo lengo la yote yaliyotangulia, kiasi kwamba ni katazo kali. Linahusu ujanja wa wanasheria katika kupotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya kanuni na wasia. Kuyaelewa kunahitaji unyofu uleule wa Fransisko pamoja na nia ya kuyatekeleza. Watakaofanya hivyo watapata [[baraka]] pana kabisa ya Mungu na ya kwake. Kivutio hicho kimejaa upendo wa mzee kwa watoto wake ambao ulijitokeza mara nyingi miaka ya mwisho katika maneno, maandishi na matendo. Mfano mmojawapo ni [[Takwa la Mwisho]] alilomuandikia Klara ili kuwahimiza [[mabibi fukara]] wadumu mpaka mwisho katika maisha na ufukara wa Yesu. Ni kama wasia mfupi kwa wafuasi wake wa kike, ambao hakuwa na wasiwasi juu ya uaminifu wao, lakini aliwaogopea watashauriwa sana na watu wengine (viongozi wa Kanisa na wanashirika) walegeze masharti ya ufukara. Ndiyo sababu aliwaachia maneno hayo kwa maandishi ili wadumu imara katika nia yao. Historia iliyofuata ikaonyesha Fransisko alitabiri vizuri kuhusu Klara na wenzake, waliopaswa kupambana mfululizo na [[kishawishi]] hicho toka kwa viongozi waliowapenda. Ushindi wa Klara katika kutetea kwa uaminifu ufukara mkuu ulipatikana siku ya mwisho kabla hajafa, alipoletewa kanuni yake imethibitishwa na [[Papa Inosenti IV]]. Katika kanuni hiyo, ambayo katika Kanisa ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandikwa na [[mwanamke]], Klara alifuata kwa kiasi kikubwa ile ya Fransisko kama thibitisho la [[umoja]] wa Kiroho katika tofauti za mitindo yao ya maisha; pia alinakili humo wasia huo mfupi alioutumia kama [[silaha]] katika mapambano. Mbali ya maandishi yake, Fransisko alitafuta mbinu nyingine ili kudumisha shirika katika karama yake. Mojawapo ni kuwaagiza watumishi wa shirika watunze Porsyunkula kama kielelezo cha ufukara, kimya na sala ili ndugu wote wakumbuke wanavyopaswa kuishi. Kwa ajili hiyo alitaka wapangwe huko ndugu bora ambao mmojawao akifa, nafasi yake ishikwe na mwingine. Hivyo alisisitiza tena umuhimu wa mifano, ambayo isiwe ya mtu mmojammoja tu, bali ya jumuia nzima pia. Jambo hilo halikutekelezwa mahali pale, lakini katika historia ya shirika tunaona daima ndugu wakiomba ruhusa ya kutekeleza kikamilifu kanuni pamoja na wengine, hasa katika makao ya upwekeni; tunaona pia mchango mkubwa wa jumuia hizo katika kurekebisha kwa mfano wao hali ya utawa mzima. Mfransisko ni ndugu hasa, na maisha yake yanategemea sana jumuia: hawezi kuridhika ashike kanuni kibinafsi katika jumuia iliyolegea; ndiyo sababu ya maombi hayo. Pengine viongozi wenyewe wa shirika walipoona limelegea mno wakaja kuhamasisha wenye nia waunde jumuia za pekee. Namna zote mbili zikazaa matunda tele. Fransisko, baaada ya kuuguzwa katika jumba la Askofu wa Asizi kwa siku kadhaa, aliomba ahamishiwe Porsyunkula ili afie pale alipoanzia maisha mapya. Alikuwa amebaki mifupa na ngozi tu, isipokuwa tumbo na miguu vimevimba kama kwa safura. Ndipo alipotunga [[ubeti]] wa mwisho wa [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]]. Mwaka mmoja kabla ya hapo alikwishaongeza ubeti mwingine juu ya [[msamaha]] ili kuwapatanisha Askofu na [[Meya]] wa Asizi. Basi ubeti juu ya [[kifo]] ukaja kukamilisha utenzi mzima kwa kuchungulia uzima wa milele, ambapo sifa za Mungu zinaimbwa bila ya mwisho. Ndivyo alivyojiandaa kufa katika [[mapenzi ya Mungu]]. Siku za mwisho zilijaa ishara za upendo kwa marafiki wake: njiani alibariki Asizi na kuuombea, akamtabiria Klara kuwa atamuona na kufarijika, akawaita ndugu waliokuwa mbali (hata “kaka” [[Yakopa wa Settesoli]] kutoka Roma), akawagawia vipande vya mkate akifuata mfano wa Yesu. Katika yote alilenga ustawi wa roho zao na wa shirika, tunavyoona hasa katika baraka zake za mwisho alizozitoa kwa kufuata mfano wa mababu wa [[Israeli]] na [[Musa]]. Aliwabariki waliokuwepo na kwa njia yao alikusudia kuwabariki wale wote watakaoingia shirikani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Kati ya wote [[ndugu Bernardo]] alipata baraka ya pekee akaandikiwa maneno yafuatayo yawe kumbukumbu kwa wote siku za mbele: “Ndugu wa kwanza aliyenipa Bwana ni ndugu Bernardo, naye ndiye wa kwanza kutekeleza kikamilifu kabisa Injili takatifu akiwagawia maskini mali zake zote. Kwa hiyo na kwa sifa nyingine nyingi napaswa kumpendelea kuliko ndugu mwingine yeyote katika shirika zima. Ndiyo sababu nataka na kuagiza kadiri ninavyoweza kwamba yeyote atakayekuwa mtumishi mkuu ampende na kumheshimu kama nafsi yangu, na vilevile watumishi wengine wa kanda na ndugu wa shirika lote wamjali kama ni mimi mwenyewe”. Ndiyo mbinu ya mwisho ya Fransisko ili kuzuia utawa wake usipotoke: kumuacha mtu ambaye awe kielelezo kwa viongozi na kwa ndugu wengine badala ya mwanzilishi. Kisha kumuacha huyo mwandamizi (si katika uongozi bali katika kazi muhimu zaidi ya kuwa kielelezo), Fransisko hatimaye aliweza kuaga dunia amemaliza kazi yake na kulazwa [[uchi]] ardhini, [[usiku]] kati ya tarehe 3 na 4 Oktoba 1226. == Maandishi asili kuhusu Fransisko == Baada ya kupitia maisha na maandishi ya Fransisko, ni vema kujua jinsi habari zake zilivyotufikia kwa njia ya maandishi ya watu wengine pia. Baadhi yaliandikwa mapema kabla hajafa. Baadhi ni hati za Kanisa. Baadhi ni mafupi sana na yanamtaja tu katika kusimulia mambo mengine. Baadhi ni kazi ya watu ambao si Wafransisko, tena pengine hawakupenda huo mtindo mpya wa kitawa. Lakini bila ya shaka habari nyingi zaidi zinapatikana katika maandishi ya wafuasi wake. Kati yao ana nafasi ya pekee Klara kwa sababu ya utakatifu wake, ya uhusiano wa ndani na wa muda mrefu na Mt. Fransisko, na ya uaminifu wake katika kumfuata. Maandishi mengine ya Wafransisko yanatofautiana si tu kwa urefu, kwa mtindo, kwa mpangilio au kwa ufasaha, bali pia kwa malengo na mitazamo. Hasa mabishano katika shirika yalifanya kila mmoja akusanye habari zilizompendeza ili kumchora Fransisko kulingana na msimamo wa kikundi chake: ndiyo sababu ni lazima tulinganishe maandishi yote ili kupata ukweli. [[Thoma wa Celano]] ndiye wa kwanza kuandika kitabu cha maisha ya Fransisko. Alifanya kazi hiyo kwa agizo la [[Papa Gregori IX]] akikusanya [[shuhuda]] zilizotolewa katika [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu ([[16 Julai]] [[1228]]) pamoja na kumbukumbu zake mwenyewe za miaka sita aliyoishi karibu naye. Mwaka [[1229]] akamkabidhi Papa kitabu hicho ambacho aliipa uzito hasa miaka miwili ya mwisho ya Fransisko, ambapo utakatifu wake uling’aa kwa namna ya pekee. Pamoja na kufuata mtindo wa wasifu wa watakatifu wa zamani, Thoma alisisitiza mambo mapya ya Fransisko: ufukara, unyofu, unyenyekevu, wema kwa maskini, upendo kwa viumbe, mahubiri yasiyo na mapambo, hata madonda ya Msulubiwa. Kitabu hicho rasmi kilikusudiwa hasa kueneza heshima kwa Fransisko, lakini pia kulitetea shirika lake dhidi ya upinzani wa nje. Kwa kila shirika, heshima inayotolewa kwa [[mwanzilishi]] inaliletea heshima na nguvu katika maisha ya Kanisa, na mara nyingi hata misaada na faida upande wa uchumi. Hivyo tunaelewa mafanikio ya haraka ya ndugu Elia katika kujenga [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|kanisa kubwa la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Asizi. Kwa kumtukuza, shirika lilijitukuza. Ukweli huo ni wazi katika mwendelezo wa maandishi juu yake pia. Miaka iliyofuata ([[1230]]-[[1234]]) zilitungwa sala na nyimbo za liturujia kwa heshima ya mtakatifu huyo mpya. Kati ya watunzi, [[Julian wa Speyer]] aliandika pia maisha yake ([[1232]]-[[1235]]), hasa kwa ajili ya Wafransisko na ya malezi yao. Wakati huohuo ([[1232]]-[[1239]]) [[Henri wa Avranches]] alitunga maisha ya Fransisko kwa mtindo wa shairi. Katika miaka [[1237]]-[[1239]] sura yake nyingine ilichorwa na kuenezwa na kitabu kidogo, jina lake “[[Agano Takatifu la Mt. Fransisko na Bibi Ufukara]]”. Kichwa chenyewe kinaonyesha wazi kuwa kitabu kinasisitiza upendo wake kwa Ufukara kama [[mchumba]] wake. Humo yeye anaonekana kama fukara mdogo ambaye alimtafuta sana Ufukara, akamuona katika kilele cha mlima anapokaa, hapo wakasimuliana maisha yao na kufunga agano la upendo na uaminifu. Picha hiyo ikazingatiwa sana mpaka leo. Hiyo ilikuwa miaka ya mwisho ya uongozi wa ndugu Elia, ambayo ilizidi kuwa na mabishano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hata baada ya kumuondoa madarakani, mabadiliko ya maisha yakaendelea kufanyika na kusababisha maswali juu ya nia halisi ya mwanzilishi. Ndipo ([[1240]]-[[1241]]) [[Yohane wa Perugia]] alipoandika kitabu juu ya asili ya shirika ili kuamsha ule moto uliowaka mwanzoni kati ya wenzi wa Fransisko. Habari zake ni mpya kwa asilimia 60 na kutegemea hasa ushahidi wa [[mwenye heri Egidi]]. Kwa kuwa Yohane hakujitaja kitabu hicho kinaitwa “[[Kitabu Kisicho na Jina cha Perugia]]”. Miaka ishirini baada ya kifo cha Fransisko hamu ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1244]] [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa maandishi kumbukumbu yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. Kutokana na agizo hilo vikapatikana vitabu viwili tulivyonavyo hata leo: cha kwanza kilitungwa katika miaka [[1241]]-[[1247]] kikaitwa “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”. Kinategemea sana kitabu cha Yohane wa Perugia lakini kinatia mkazo zaidi juu ya Fransisko mwenyewe na kuonyesha njia ya kuongoka na kufanana na Kristo ambayo aliifuata na ambayo inawafaa wote. Cha pili kinaitwa “[[Mtungo wa Asizi]]” ([[1244]]-[[1260]]) kwa kuwa kinakusanya shuhuda za ndugu mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko shirikani. Lakini kazi ya kuandika upya maisha rasmi ya Fransisko ilikabidhiwa tena kwa Thoma wa Celano, naye akaimaliza mwaka 1247. Kitabu hicho hakikukusudiwa kushika nafasi ya kile alichotangulia kukiandika, bali kukitimiliza kutokana na ushahidi wa wengi, hasa wenzi watatu, waliotuma kumbukumbu zao na za wenzao wa kwanza pamoja na barua kutoka Greccio ([[11 Agosti]] [[1246]]). Kitabu cha pili cha Thoma kilisisitiza utakatifu wa Fransisko kama mkuu kuliko ule wa waanzilishi wengine wote, kwa hiyo ujana wake haukulaumiwa kama mara ya kwanza, Mt. Dominiko anaonyeshwa akimuinamia Fransisko n.k. Vimeongezwa: maneno ya Msulubiwa kwa Fransisko, njozi ya Papa Inosenti III kuhusu kazi yake ya kulitegemeza Kanisa n.k. Fransisko alizidi kulinganishwa na Kristo kama ilivyotarajiwa na wanashirika. Pamoja na hayo kitabu hicho kinatuletea kwa wingi habari za maadili yake, misemo yake na nia zake. Hata hivyo shirika kwa jumla halikuridhika sana; ndiyo sababu katika miaka [[1250]]-[[1252]] Thoma akaandika kitabu chake cha tatu ambacho kinakusanya miujiza tu ya Fransisko ili kuzidi kumtukuza yeye pamoja na shirika lake. Lakini hivyo vitabu vitatu vya Thoma vilionekana kukosa umoja na kuwa virefu mno hasa kwa kuvinakili kwa mikono. Ndicho kisingizio cha kudai maisha ya Fransisko yaandikwe upya katika kitabu kimoja tu. Lengo lingine la ombi hilo lilikuwa kulikinga shirika dhidi ya mashambulizi makali ya walimu wa [[chuo kikuu cha Paris]] waliopinga mambo mapya yaliyoletwa na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao baadhi yao wameambukizwa pia na matabiri ya kizushi ya [[abati]] [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]]. Huyo alipanga [[historia ya wokovu]] kwa namna yake akisema mwaka [[1260]] utakuwa mwanzo wa wakati wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] ambapo Kanisa litafanywa upya na karama zake. Ndipo Wafransisko hao walipochota mawazo mbalimbali ili kuthibitisha umuhimu wa Fransisko katika hatua hiyo na katika historia ya wokovu jumla. [[File:Angelo_sesto_sigillo.jpg|thumb|Mchoro wa Malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye madonda matakatifu.]] Basi mwaka huo mkutano mkuu ulimuagiza [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]], mtumishi wa shirika lote, aandike kitabu kipya. Hicho hakina habari mpya ila kinatumia zile za Thoma wa Celano. Tofauti kubwa ni namna alivyozitumia ili kumuonyesha Fransisko kuwa si [[serafi]] tu (alivyosema Celano) bali ni yule [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na [[Ufu]] 7:2 kuwa atapanda toka [[Mashariki]] kufungua wakati mpya. Kwake Mungu aliye hai ndiye Kristo Msulubiwa, na alama yake ndiyo madonda matano aliyomtia Fransisko. Basi, kama ni hivyo, huyo si mtakatifu mmojawapo tu, bali ana nafasi ya pekee katika historia ya wokovu. Mchoro huo ulikubaliwa kabisa na shirika lote, hivi kwamba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1266]] ukaweza kuagiza yateketezwe maandishi yote yaliyotangulia kuhusu Fransisko. Lengo lilikuwa wote wamkumbuke tu alivyochorwa na Bonaventura katika kitabu chake rasmi na cha kudumu. Kweli hicho kikanakiliwa sana kwanza kwa mikono, halafu kwa mashine na kufuatwa na wengi katika sanaa, mahubiri na liturujia. Kumbe vitabu vya Celano vikapotea kwa zaidi ya karne tano. Hata ndugu waliopinga mabadiliko ya shirika na msimamo wa kati wa Bonaventura, walimlaumu kwa sababu ya kupunguza habari kadhaa, lakini walipendezwa na jinsi alivyomtukuza Fransisko kuliko watakatifu wote. Kwa kitabu hicho sura yake imeshakamilika. Vitabu vilivyotungwa baadaye, k.mf. “[[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]]” ([[1318]]), havikuweza kuichangia sana, ingawa vinatusaidia kumuelewa zaidi katika majaribu yake, nia yake na roho yake kwa kuwa vinasimulia bila mpango habari mbalimbali ambazo hazikutumiwa zote na vitabu rasmi. Hasa habari juu ya [[upinzani]] uliompata Fransisko ndani ya shirika hazikuweza kuandikwa katika vitabu vyake rasmi, lisije likapata [[aibu]]. Basi, maandishi hayo ya mwishomwisho yaliziba pengo hilo na kutuonyesha ukweli, kama picha iliyofyatuliwa kwa [[kamera]] bila wahusika kujua wala kujipanga. Vitabu hivyo vilichochea upinzani ndani ya shirika na hata dhidi ya uongozi wa Kanisa. Baadaye tena ([[1328]]-[[1343]]) [[Hugolino wa Montegiorgio]] na mwenzake fulani wakatunga “[[Actus]]” (= “Matendo” ya Fransisko na wenzake) ambacho kikatafsiriwa kwa [[Kiitalia]] mwishoni mwa [[karne XIV]]. [[Tafsiri]] hiyo, yenye jina la “[[Fioretti]]” (= “[[Maua Madogo]]”, yaani “[[Visimulizi Bora]]”), ikasifiwa sana kwa uzuri wake, ingawa visimulizi vyake si vyote vya kihistoria. Ni kama [[manukato]] yanayotuvutia kwenye roho na utakatifu wa Fransisko, aliyekwishakufa toka siku nyingi, hivi kwamba anakumbukwa kwa mbali lakini kwa namna ya kupendeza zaidi. Miaka iliyopita imechuja ujumbe wake, ambao hivyo unang’aa kwa namna ya pekee katika kitabu hicho kilichosisitiza jinsi Fransisko alivyofanana na Yesu, wazo lililokazwa na Wafransisko wote wa [[karne XIV]], hasa na [[Bartolomayo wa Pisa]], mwandishi wa “[[Conformitates]]” (= “[[Uwiano Mwingi]]”). == Tarehe za maisha yake == 1182 Mtoto Yohane alizaliwa na kubatizwa. Baba yake, Petro wa Bernardone, akirudi toka safarini akamtajia jina la Fransisko, yaani Mfaransa Mdogo. Baada ya hapo mtoto akalelewa katika anasa, ingawa hatujui kama ujanani aliulinda [[usafi wa moyo]] au sivyo. Kwa tabia alikuwa na uchangamfu na huruma sana kwa maskini ingawa aliogopa wenye ukoma. Pamoja na adabu njema alipewa pia elimu kidogo kupitia mapadri, halafu akawahi kuanza biashara. 1198 Asizi vilianza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe: inawezekana kwamba Fransisko naye alishiriki kushambulia na kubomoa ngome ya kifalme iliyokuwepo juu ya mji huo. 1202 Asizi ulishindwa vitani na jeshi la Perugia; Fransisko mwenyewe akatekwa na kufungwa huko Perugia. Baada ya mwaka mmoja akarudishwa nyumbani kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na kisha kulipiwa pesa nyingi ili aachiliwe; lakini wakati huo wa mateso alianza kukomaa na kubadilika kimawazo. 1204 Fransisko aliendelea kuugua mwaka mzima. 1205 Fransisko aliondoka tena aende vitani kuikomboa nchi takatifu ya Yesu na kujipatia sifa na cheo, lakini kabla hajatoka mkoa wake akarudi Asizi kutokana na njozi na sauti aliyoisikia. Akaenda kuhiji [[mji wa Roma|Roma]] kwenye makaburi ya Mitume, ambapo anabadilishana nguo na fukara na kuanza kuombaomba. Katikati ya mwaka uongofu wake ulikuwa umekomaa: katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] aliyowaandalia wenzake alikuwa akifikiria kuoa bibi ufukara. Alipokutana ghafla na mtu mwenye ukoma akashuka kwenye farasi na baada ya kumsaidia pesa akambusu: ndio ushindi mkuu uliofanya kuanzia hapo kusiwe na kitu cha kumzuia. Karibu na mwisho wa mwaka akamsikia Yesu msalabani akimuambia, “Fransisko, nenda ukarekebishe Kanisa langu, kwa kuwa linataka kubomoka”: ndiyo kazi ya utawa atakaoanzisha, ingawa mwanzoni alielewa tofauti, kwamba arekebishe magofu ya kanisa aliposikia sauti hiyo. 1206 Mwanzoni mwa mwaka, baada ya miezi ya mashindano na wazazi wake, waliokuwa wakimshutumu na kumbembeleza na kumtesa, Fransisko aliitwa hukumuni kwa meya: lakini kama mtu wa Mungu akakataa mahakama ya serikali, hivyo kesi akafanyika mbele ya askofu Guido ambapo alimkataa mzazi wake pamoja na mali za urithi hata akamrudishia nguo zake zote. Baada ya kuishi kidogo kama boi kwa Wabenedikto, akahamia Gubbio ambapo akavaa kanzu ya mkaapweke,akisali na kutumikia wakoma. Mnamo Julai akarudi Asizi arekebishe kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano ambapo alitabiri watakuja kukaa masista watakatifu. 1207 Alirekebisha kanisa la mtakatifu Petro na mwisho lile la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika: kazi za ukarabati zilichukua karibu miaka miwili, kwa kuwa mwenyewe alikuwa akienda kuombaomba mawe ya kujengea, ingawa hakuwa na uzoefu na kazi nzito namna hiyo. 1208 Siku moja wakati wa Misa alisikiliza sehemu ya Injili ambayo Yesu aliwatuma kwa mara ya kwanza mitume wake (Mt. 10:7-10); hapo akaenda kwa padri kupata tafsiri zaidi na maelezo yake, halafu kwa shangwe akaanza kutekeleza, kwa kutupilia mbali mkanda na viatu, kuvaa kamba na kanzu ngumu na kuhubiri toba. Kama siku hiyo, ambapo hatimaye alielewa wito wake, akaendelea daima kuwa mtu wa Injili na mwana wa Kanisa. Tarehe 16 Aprili, baada ya kuhubiri alifuatwa na ndugu Bernardo wa Quintavalle na labda na ndugu Petro Cattani walioamua kujiunga naye; basi akawaongoza kanisani, wakasoma Injili kwa kufungua kitabu mara tatu, wakauza mali zao zote ili kuwagawia maskini kufuatana na waliyoyasoma: ndio mwanzo wa jamaa. Tarehe 23 Aprili ndugu Egidi pia akajiunga nao, na mara wakatawanyika wawiliwawili wahubirie mikoa ya jirani. Ndipo wafuasi walipoongezeka na mwishoni mwa mwaka walifikia kuwa wanane. 1209 Kisha kurudi Asizi wanne wengine wakajiunga nao: hapo wakaamua waende wote Roma ili kupata kibali cha Papa Inosenti III kusudi wawe na hakika ya kuwa maisha yao yanampendeza Mungu, na waeleweke kwa wote kuwa ni Wakatoliki hasa, si wazushi. Baada ya kuvumilia muda fulani wakafaulu kuongea na Papa kwa msaada wa askofu wa Asizi na wa kardinali Yohane wa Mtakatifu Paulo: mara ya kwanza makardinali wengine walibishana na kutaka kupinga ombi hilo; lakini mara ya pili Papa alitoa kwa sauti kibali chake kwa maisha yao ya kitawa na kwa utume wao wa kuhubiri toba. Labda mwaka huohuo Fransisko alianzisha utawa maalumu kwa waamini wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya ulimwenguni, waweze kufuata maisha ya Kiinjili kwa ukamilifu mkubwa zaidi. 1210 Jamaa, baada ya kuhama kibanda cha Rivotorto ili kukwepa ugomvi na mkulima mkorofi, walihamia moja kwa moja kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika, ambapo pabaki kielelezo cha kudumu. 1211 Fransisko akaondoka kwa meli aende Sirya akawahubirie Waislamu, lakini safari ikaishia Croatia kutokana na dhoruba; hapo akarudi Italia. 1212 Usiku baada ya Jumapili ya Matawi mtakatifu Klara alitoroka nyumbani, akapokewa na Ndugu Wadogo kwa mienge, akanyolewa kitawa na Fransisko akavikwa kanzu. Baada ya muda akahamia kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano pamoja na mdogo wake mtakatifu Anyesi aliyemfuata utawani: ndio mwanzo wa utawa wa Mabibi Fukara, ambao wanaishi Kifransisko ndani ya monasteri katika sala na kazi za mikono, bila ya kutoka nje wala kufanya utume wowote. 1213 Alifunga Kwaresima nzima katika kisiwa cha ziwa Trasimeno, halafu akazawadiwa mlima La Verna. 1214 Fransisko aliondoka tena kupitia bara akawahubirie Waislamu wa Moroko, lakini njiani huko Hispania akapatwa na ugonjwa mkali akarudi Asizi, alipowapokea utawani wasomi kadhaa: baadhi yao wakashika kweli njia ya udogo, lakini wengine wakaja kuvuruga utawa kwa kutegemea mno akili yao. 1215 Novemba ulifanyika Mtaguso Mkuu wa IV wa Laterano, ambao Fransisko alihudhuria pamoja na maaskofu na wakuu wengine wa mashirika; labda ndipo alipofunga urafiki na mtakatifu Dominiko, mwanzilishi wa Utawa wa Wahubiri. Baadaye akajitahidi sana kutekeleza maagizo ya mtaguso huo. 1216 Siku mbili baada ya kifo cha Inosenti III makardinali walimchagua Honori III. Fransisko aliendelea kuzungukazunguka Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1217 Mkutano mkuu wa Ndugu Wadogo ulipoamua wengine waende kuhubiri nje ya Italia kwa Wakristo na wasio Wakristo, Fransisko akaelekea Ufaransa lakini njiani akazuiwa na kardinali Hugolino akarudi Asizi. Kutokana na kutumwa bila ya maandalizi yoyote, ndugu wengi wakapatwa na matatizo mengi. 1218 Honori III alieneza hati yake maalumu ili kuwahakikisha maaskofu wote kuwa Ndugu Wadogo ni Wakatoliki hasa. 1219 Mkutano mkuu ulituma tena ndugu wakahubiri Injili kwa Wakristo na Waislamu. Hapo Fransisko mwenyewe akaenda kati ya Waislamu wa Misri: hakupenda mwenendo wa jeshi la Kikristo lililopigana nao, akatabiri kuwa watashindwa. Upande wake akaenda kumhubiria sultani, lakini kisha kuona hawezi kumuongoa wala kuuawa naye kishahidi akamuomba ruhusa ya kutembelea mahali patakatifu pa Palestina na Sirya. 1220 Tarehe 16 Januari huko Moroko Waislamu waliwaua ndugu Berardo na wenzake wanne waliokwenda kuwahubiria mpaka misikitini: ndio wafiadini wa kwanza wa Kifransisko. Mnamo Aprili au Mei Fransisko, alipopashwa habari za mageuzi ndani ya shirika huko Italia, akarudi kwa ufunuo wa Mungu ashike tena uongozi, lakini alipoona ugumu wa hali ya utawa, na ya kwamba wengi hawataki kumsikiliza tena, akamuomba Papa alipatie shirika kardinali Hugolino kama msimamizi na mkosoaji. Halafu katika mkutano mkuu akajiuzulu akamteua ndugu Petro Cattani aongoze jamaa kwa niaba yake. 1221 Kwa kuwa Petro Cattani kafa mapema tarehe 30 Mei ikambidi Fransisko amchague makamu mwingine, yaani ndugu Elia Bombarone, wakati wa mkutano mkuu uliohudhuriwa na wanashirika elfu tano na uliopata kuwa mkubwa kuliko yote hadi leo. Kwa kuwa walijitengenezea vibanda vya mikeka kutokana na wingi huo, mkutano unajulikana kama mkutano wa mikeka. Mungu alifanya wasikose chakula hata wengi wakashangaa kwa sababu hayakufanyika maandalizi yoyote. Pamoja na kuamua kupeleka ndugu katika nchi mbalimbali, mkutano huo ulipitisha kanuni ndefu iliyohitajika sana kwa sababu ya hali ya shirika, na hasa ongezeko hilo la ajabu. Lakini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa na Papa kwa sababu fulani. 1222 Fransisko alizunguka sana Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1223 Miezi ya kwanza alikwenda pamoja na ndugu Leo na ndugu Bonisyo kwenye mlima wa Fonte Colombo ili kuandika kanuni fupi na yenye mtindo wa kisheria zaidi kama alivyodaiwa. Upinzani wa ndugu Elia na wengineo ukashindwa katika mkutano mkuu wa Juni, hivyo kanuni ikapelekwa kwa Honori III ambaye akaithibitisha kwa maandishi tarehe 29 Novemba. Katika Misa ya usiku wa Noeli, iliyoadhimishwa huko Greccio katika pango lililoandaliwa na Fransisko, alitokea mtoto Yesu. 1224 Mnamo Julai ndugu Elia alijulishwa katika njozi kwamba Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. Mnamo Agosti Fransisko akapanda mlima La Verna afanye mfungo mpaka sikukuu ya Malaika mkuu Mikaeli; huko upwekeni, akiwa katika malipizi na majaribu makali ya usiku wa roho, akatokewa na Yesu mwenye sura ya serafi msulubiwa akajaliwa mwilini madonda yake matano ya msalabani. 1225 Baada ya kurudi kutoka safarini mwezi wa tatu Fransisko alienda kwa mtakatifu Klara, ambapo akabaki mpaka mwezi wa tano kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na ya matibabu yasiyomsaidia kitu. Katika mateso hayo na majaribu ya Shetani, usiku mmoja akaahidiwa uzima wa milele. Kesho yake asubuhi akamshukuru Mungu kwa kumtungia Wimbo wa Ndugu Jua. Mwezi Juni akawapatanisha askofu na meya wa Asizi kwa kuwaimbishia wimbo huo baada ya kuuongezea ubeti kuhusu msamaha. Halafu akaenda kukaa Rieti kwa ajili ya matibabu mbalimbali aliyoyavumilia yote kwa moyo mkuu. 1226 Kuanzia tarehe 6 Februari alisafiri tena kwa matibabu. Mnamo Aprili huko Siena akazidiwa hata usiku fulani alikubali ombi la kuwaandikia ndugu zake wote wasia mfupi kwa maneno matatu, yaani kwamba wapendane, wafuate ufukara na kulitii Kanisa. Baada ya kupata nafuu akaandika sehemusehemu wasia mrefu zaidi ili kuchochea karama ya shirika. Waasizi wakiogopa kwamba mtakatifu wao atakuja kufa mbali wakafanya mpango wa kumrudisha kwao wakamlaza kwenye nyumba ya askofu, lakini Fransisko alipokaribia kufa akaamua kurudi kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika. Katika hiyo safari yake ya mwisho, katikati ya njia, akabariki mji wake. Halafu kabla hajafa akawabariki wafuasi wake wote, hata wale watakaoingia utawani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Halafu tena akaomba wamlaze ardhini kabisa bila ya nguo afe uchi kama Yesu msalabani tarehe 3 Oktoba; hapo sifa ya madonda yake ikaanza kuenea, na wengi wakaja kuyashuhudia katika maiti yake. Kesho yake, kwa maandamano ya shangwe pamoja na huzuni, akaenda kuzikwa katika [[kanisa kuu]], lakini njiani waliwapitia mtakatifu Klara na wenzake. 1227 Tarehe 19 Machi, baada ya kufa Honori III, kardinali Hugolino alichaguliwa kuwa Papa kama alivyotabiriwa na Fransisko akajichagulia jina la Gregori IX. 1228 Mwenyewe alikwenda Asizi kusudi amtangaze rafiki yake Fransisko kuwa ni mtakatifu mbinguni (16 Julai). 1230 [[Masalia]] ya Fransisko yalihamishiwa katika kanisa kubwa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake: ndio kanisa kuu la shirika lote. ==Sala yake== Ndiwe Bwana Mungu mtakatifu unayetenda maajabu. Wewe una nguvu. Wewe ni mkuu. Wewe ndiwe mkuu kabisa. Wewe ndiwe mfalme mwenyezi. Wewe, Baba mtakatifu, mfalme wa mbingu na nchi. Wewe ni utatu na umoja, Bwana Mungu wa miungu; ndiwe wema, wema wote, wema mkuu, Bwana Mungu hai na wa kweli. Wewe ni pendo, upendo; wewe ni hekima, wewe ni unyenyekevu, wewe ni uvumilivu, wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ni usalama, wewe ni utulivu, wewe ni furaha na heri, wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni haki, wewe ni kiasi, wewe ni mali yetu yote ya kututosha. Wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ndiwe msimamizi, wewe ni mlinzi na mtetezi wetu, wewe ni nguvu, wewe ni burudisho. Wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni imani yetu, wewe ni upendo wetu, wewe ni utamu wetu wote, wewe ni uzima wetu wa milele: Bwana mkuu na wa ajabu, Mwenyezi Mungu, Mwokozi mwenye huruma. ==Sala iliyosambazwa kwa jina lake== Ee Bwana unifanye niwe chombo cha amani yako. Palipo chuki nilete mapendo, Palipo makosa nilete msamaha, Palipo nshaka nilete imani, Pasipo matumaini nilete tumaini, Palipo giza nilete mwanga, Palipo huzuni nilete furaha. Ee Bwana unisaidie nitamani zaidi: Kufariji kuliko kufarijiwa, Kuelewa kuliko kueleweka, Kupenda kuliko kupendwa. Kwa kuwa: Ni katika kutoa ndipo tunapopokea, Ni katika kusamehe ndipo tunaposamehewa, Ni katika kufa ndipo tunapozaliwa katika uzima wa milele. Amina. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo ya [[Kiswahili]]== [[Picha:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|thumb|[[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] mjini Asizi.]] * Ngano za Wenzi Watatu – Kumbukumbu ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi ilivyoandikwa na Ndugu Leo, Rufino na Angelo – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu Wafransisko [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – [[Tabora]] 1987 * [[Fioretti]] – Visimulizi Kuhusu Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Rikardo Maria, U.N.W.A. n.k. – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1996 – ISBN 9976-63-468-4 * V. TURETTA, Mt. Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Ndugu Wafransisko Wakapuchini – ed. Santuario Porziuncola – [[Assisi]] 1990 * G. NIKOLAI, Ndugu Fransisko wa Asizi – [[Katuni]] zilizotolewa na Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] wa [[Tanzania]] – [[Dar es Salaam]] 1982 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 361-363 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 303-319, 348-374 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 345-346 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 541-543 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 76-77 == Marejeo ya [[lugha]] nyingine == * Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 * Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. * Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. * Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) * Robinson, Paschal (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{CathEncy|wstitle=St._Francis_of_Assisi}} * Friar Elias, ''Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci'', 1226. * Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 Julai 1228. * Friar [[Thomas of Celano|Tommaso da Celano]]: ''Vita Prima Sancti Francisci'', 1228; ''Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci'', 1246–1247; ''Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci'', 1252–1253. * Friar [[Julian of Speyer]], ''Vita Sancti Francisci'', 1232–1239. * St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, ''Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci'', 1260–1263. * Ugolino da Montegiorgio, ''Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius'', 1327–1342. * ''Fioretti di San Francesco'', the "[[Little Flowers of St. Francis|Little Flowers of St.&nbsp;Francis]]", end of the 14th&nbsp;century: an anonymous Italian version of the ''Actus''; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means. * ''The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown)'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216793/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/10/041.html "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html The Life & Miracles of St. Francis of Assisi, the Monk who received the Stigmata of Jesus Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html |date=20130724234417 }} * [http://franciscan-archive.org/ The Franciscan Archive] * [http://www.kiswila.com/PFDA/Maadili%20ya%20Mtakatifu%20Fransisko.pdf Maadili ya Mt. Fransisko katika vyanzo kwa Kiswahili] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1182]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1226]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Mashemasi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] l9wbbp7upbwc47epcz9cba2bdrohitm 1580412 1580410 2026-07-18T13:35:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Miaka ya mwisho */ 1580412 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:San Francesco.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Mchoro wa zamani wa Fransisko wa Asizi unaoaminiwa kufanana naye kuliko yote]] '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (kwa [[Kiitalia]] '''Francesco d'Assisi'''; tangu [[Mtoto|utotoni]] [[jina]] la [[ubatizo]] '''Giovanni''', yaani Yohane (Mbatizaji), liliachwa kutumika; pia [[ubini]] '''mwana wa Petro Bernardone''' ulikuja kuachwa baada ya wao kushindana; [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[1181]] au [[1182]] - Assisi, [[3 Oktoba]] [[1226]]) alikuwa [[mtawa]] [[shemasi]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Baada ya kuishi [[ujana]] wenye raha, [[Uongofu|aliongokea]] maisha ya [[Injili|Kiinjili]] ili kumtumikia [[Yesu]] [[Kristo]] aliyekutana naye hasa katika watu [[maskini]] na walalahoi, akijifanya [[Ufukara wa hiari|fukara]] vilevile, na hatimaye alitaka kufa uchi ardhini. Akizungukazunguka huko na huko, hadi [[Nchi takatifu]], aliwahubiria watu wa kila aina [[upendo]] wa [[Mungu]] akilenga kuiga kikamilifu kila [[siku]] mfano wa Yesu kwa maneno na matendo<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/21750</ref>. Alianzisha jumuiya ya [[mtawa|kitawa]] yenye [[tawi|matawi]] mbalimbali ambayo leo ni [[utawa]] wenye wafuasi wengi kuliko yote wakikadiriwa kukaribia [[milioni]] moja [[Dunia|duniani]] kote. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Gregori IX]] kuwa [[mtakatifu]] [[tarehe]] [[16 Julai]] [[1228]]. Anaheshimiwa na wengi hata nje ya [[Kanisa]] lake, ambalo limemtangaza [[msimamizi]] wa wanaoshughulikia [[hifadhi ya mazingira]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake inaadhimishwa tarehe [[4 Oktoba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Maisha na [[karama]] yake == === Ulaya na Kanisa mwishoni mwa karne XII === Fransisko alipozaliwa, [[Ulaya]] na [[Kanisa]] vilikuwa na hali ya kutatanisha kuliko kawaida, kutokana na mvutano kati ya mapya na ya kale. Mambo ya kale ni yale ya utawala wa ngazi mbalimbali ulioenea kutoka [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia [[karne IX]]: kila mtawala aliweza kugawa eneo lake na kuwakabidhi watawala wa chini akiwadai sehemu ya mapato na hasa msaada wakati wa vita, kufuatana na ahadi yao ya kuwa waaminifu kwake moja kwa moja. Utawala huo ulikuwa ukirithiwa na watoto ambao waliheshimiwa kama masharifu yaani watu wa ukoo bora na kutakiwa wawe hodari vitani. Ili watawale vizuri na kulinda maeneo yao walikuwa wakiishi katika [[ngome]] pamoja na watumishi wao. Watu wa kawaida waliishi mashambani katika hali ngumu sana hata wakaitwa watumwa wa ardhi. Hivyo Ulaya ilikuwa na [[askari]] na [[wakulima]] tu, mbali ya viongozi wa Kanisa na [[watawa]]. Kwa hali ya maisha watawa, ambao walikuwa aina ya [[wamonaki]] tu, na [[makleri]] wa juu walilingana na masharifu, ila makleri wa chini hawakuwa na [[elimu]] wala [[mali]] nyingi. Utajiri wa Kanisa, ambalo lilifikia kumiliki karibu nusu ya ardhi ya Ulaya nzima, uliwapotosha wengi na kuvuta miito ya bandia. Wengi walitambua haja ya [[urekebisho]] ndani ya Kanisa, na juhudi za pekee zilifanywa na wamonaki kama vile Hildebrando (ambaye akawa [[Papa Gregori VII]]) na Mt. [[Petro Damiani]] katika [[karne XI]], halafu na Mt. [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux]] katika [[karne XII]] akihimiza kupambana na maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa hata kwa kutohudhuria [[ibada]] za wale wanaoishi vibaya. Jitihada hizo zilifanikiwa kidogo tu, kwa sababu ni vigumu kurekebisha mitindo mibaya iliyoenea, hasa katika mazingira ya [[dini]]. Hali hiyo ilichangia uenezi wa [[Waislamu]] na hasa wa [[Wakatari]] (maana yake Watu Safi); wazushi hao, baada ya kupata wafuasi kwa kushambulia maovu ya viongozi wa Kanisa, walikuwa wakifundisha njia ya roho zao kukombolewa. Kwa kuwa eti, ulimwengu huu ni mbaya, si kazi ya [[Mungu]] wetu, ni lazima kujitenga nao kwa kukataa vitendo na vyakula vinavyohusika na [[uzazi]]. Viongozi wa Kanisa walichelewa kuona hatari hizo, mpaka zilipokwishaenea mno: ndipo walipoanza kuzikabili hata kwa [[silaha]] wakishirikiana na baadhi ya watawala. Hata hivyo [[uzushi]] ukaendelea kustawi, kwa kuwa wengi walipenda maisha magumu ya watu hao kuliko yale ya viongozi wa Kanisa; hivyo waliwasaidia wasikamatwe. Uzushi wa aina nyingine ulianza muda mfupi baadaye (karne XI hiyohiyo) huko [[Lyon]] (Ufaransa Kusini). Mchochezi wake ni [[Valdo]], ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara, akaguswa na [[Injili]], akawapeleka mabinti wake kuishi [[monasteri]]ni, akauza mali zake, akawagawia [[maskini]], akaanza kuhubiri huko na huko kama walivyofanya wengine kabla yake wakisisitiza [[ufukara]] kama njia bora ya [[wokovu]]. Wengi waliguswa wakajitahidi kushika masharti ya Injili, hata baadhi yao wakaanza kuwashambulia makleri wabaya, kususia ibada zao na kuwapiga pia. Msimamo huo ulipingwa vikali kama [[kiburi]] na [[unafiki]]. Basi Valdo na wengine walipokatazwa na maaskofu wasihubiri tena wakafikia hatua ya kuwakataa. Huko Italia Kaskazini walitokea wengine wakisisitiza kazi kuliko ufukara ([[Mafukara wa Lombardia]] na [[Wahumiliati]], maana yake Walionyenyekea) ambao walikuwa wote watengenezaji wa vitambaa duni vya [[sufu]] kwa ajili ya maskini na ambao walichanga mali na mapato wakiishi kishirika. Mifumo hiyo yote ilionyesha uhai wa dini, na juhudi za [[walei]] wengi kwa urekebisho wa Kanisa. Jambo hilo jipya lilitokana na udhaifu wa makleri, pia na umbali wa wamonaki na maisha ya [[umati]]. Wamonaki pia walianza kushambuliwa kwa kufuata ufukara bandia na kula [[jasho]] la wengine, tena kwa kutoshughulikia [[uchungaji]]. Hivyo walei wakaaanza kujiongoza hata katika mambo ya kiroho. Msingi wa matukio hayo ni miji kupanuka haraka sana. Baada ya [[mwaka 1000]], kitovu cha Ulaya si tena vijijini na mashambani. Waliomiminika mijini walianza kukataa utawala wa ngazi wa zamani na kujichagulia viongozi ambao wadumu muda fulani tu, [[demokrasi]] ikaenea. Miji hiyo huru ikaanza kuvamia maeneo ya jirani ili kuyatawala, ukaweka watawala wa zamani chini yake. Mijini utengano wa [[matabaka]] matatu ya zamani ukawa unapungua: watu wadogo waliojiimarisha ki[[uchumi]] (hasa waliofanya [[biashara]] ya [[bidhaa]] kutoka nchi za mbali) wakazidi kupata nguvu hata kulingana na ma[[sharifu]]. Pamoja na utajiri watu hao walipaswa kujipatia elimu walau kidogo (ndio mwanzo wa kazi ya walimu wa watoto), hata wakatamani walingane kabisa na masharifu kwa kuiga mitindo yao ya Cortesia (maana yake [[Ustaarabu]]) ambayo ilidai kumheshimu [[mwanamke]] fulani kama mtawala wa binafsi, na kwa ajili ya huyo kujifanya wakarimu, wapendevu, wachangamfu, na kutunga nyimbo na mashairi. Mitindo hiyo ilienea kutoka ngome za masharifu hadi [[barabara]] na vichochoro vya mijini, ambapo vikosi vya wavulana vilikuwa vikiwaimbia wasichana. [[Picha:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|thumb|Makazi ya Fransisko alipokuwa mdogo.]] === Asizi katika karne XII === Kwa asili Asizi ni [[mji]] wa Kirumi ambao ulipata umuhimu kwa sababu unatawala barabara kuu ya mkoa wa Umbria kutoka [[Spoleto]] (makao ya mfalme mdogo aliyekuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu wa [[Ujerumani]]) hadi Perugia mji uliokuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Papa]]. Wakati huo kulikuwa na ushindani mkubwa kati ya Asizi uliokuwa chini ya mfalme mkuu na jirani yake Perugia uliosimama upande wa Papa. Mbali ya hayo ndani ya mji wenyewe yalianza mapigano kati ya mayores (wakubwa, yaani masharifu) na minores (wadogo) yaliyosababisha masharifu wengi kukimbilia Perugia na hivyo kuzidisha [[chuki]] kati ya miji hiyo. Matokeo yake ni mapambano ya mwaka [[1202]] ambayo Fransisko pia aliyashiriki akashikwa mateka kwa mwaka mzima. Mbali ya hao watu wadogo waliotajirika (hasa kwa biashara), Asizi ulikuwa na mafukara, lakini tofauti na wale wa zamani ([[watumwa wa ardhi]]) ambao pamoja na kuwa na maisha magumu hawakukosa [[chakula]] (pia kutokana na [[mshikamano]] wao). Kumbe ufukara wa mijini haukuwa na dawa, uwe umetokana na kukosa [[kazi]] au kulipwa kidogo au kuugua. Ngazi ya mwisho ilikuwa ya watu waliotengwa na jamaa kama vile wakoma. Ili tuelewe mazingira hayo ni lazima tukumbuke kwamba “sifa ya kijamii” (yaani jinsi mtu au neno wanavyotazamwa na [[jamii]] yote) ilikuwa na nguvu sana hata kuwabana wote waseme na kutenda ilivyotarajiwa. Hata hivyo mtu aliweza pia kuchangia au kubadilisha mitazamo ya umati, na Fransisko anajulikana kwa kipawa cha kuelewa, kugusa na kujivutia jamii nzima. === Mfanyabiashara === Maandishi yote yanayomhusu yanasisitiza utajiri mkubwa aliozaliwa nao. Hatuwezi kumuelewa tusipozingatia sana jambo hilo lililomfanya alelewe namna ambayo inatokana na utajiri, inasisitiza umuhimu wa utajiri na kulenga ongezeko la utajiri. Baba yake hakuwa na [[kiwanda]], ila aliweza kutajirika ajabu kwa kusafirisha vitambaa vya thamani kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Ingawa hatuna habari nyingi za hakika kuhusu wazazi na [[malezi]] yake, hiyo inaweza kutosha. Mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa umehesabiwa kuanzia tarehe ya kufa, kwa kupunguza miaka iliyosemekana aliishi. Habari nyingine kuhusu kuzaliwa kwake ziliweza zikatungwa ili kumfananisha na Kristo. Jina lake la [[ubatizo]] Yohane lilibadilishwa na baba yake ili kukumbusha moja kwa moja nchi ya Ufaransa, asili ya utajiri wake (Fransisko = Mfaransa). [[Elimu]] yake ilikuwa ya wastani: alijua kidogo [[Kilatini]], [[Kifaransa]], mashairi na [[Biblia]]. Malezi yake yalimfanya hodari hasa katika [[biashara]] ili aweze kuendesha shughuli zote za baba yake. Na kweli kabla hajaongoka aliiweza sana kazi hiyo. Kama kawaida ya zamani zile, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 alianza kuhesabiwa mtu mzima na kujihusisha na [[siasa]] na [[vita]] pia ili kushika nafasi ya juu zaidi kama [[sharifu]]. Ndicho kipeo alichojiwekea. Unakumbukwa [[ukarimu]] wake kwa [[maskini]], lakini hata ukarimu huo aliuzingatia ili kutimiza wajibu wa [[ustaarabu]] kuliko kwa kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Kwa lengo hilohilo la kujitafutia usharifu akawa [[askari]], na akiwa kifungoni Perugia akazidi kuwachangamkia wote, hata sharifu fulani mkorofi. Kuhusu hali iliyotangulia [[uongofu]] wake hatujui zaidi, ila mwenyewe aliona kwamba kuishi kwa kufuata mitindo ya [[ulimwengu]] kunamchukiza Mungu. === Uongofu === [[Picha:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -05- - Renunciation of Wordly Goods.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giotto]], [[Fransisko anavua hadharani]], Basilika la juu la Asizi]] Jinsi gani [[neema]] ya Mungu ilileta ndani ya mtu huyo mapinduzi yanayotushangaza hata leo? Hatujui vizuri mabadiliko hayo yalichukua muda gani, wala asili yake ni nini, ila kwamba Fransisko alianza kuguswa na [[huruma]] halisi kwa maskini. Mwenyewe alipousimulia uongofu wake katika [[wasia]] alisisitiza hatua ya kushinda [[hofu]] ya wakoma aliyokuwa nayo sana. Basi baada ya kumbusu mmojawao, alichagua kuwa nao badala ya kuwa sharifu, yaani ashuke badala ya kupanda [[daraja]] katika jamii. Baada ya uteuzi huo akasita bado kidogo kabla hajaacha ulimwengu na kujitoa kwa Mungu. Kutokana na hatua hiyo muhimu alianza kufurahia machungu badala ya matamu: ndiyo maisha ya [[toba]] ([[utawa]]). Alipotambua kwamba [[ukoma]] wa roho yake ulitisha kuliko ule wa ngozi ya wagonjwa alianza kuwakaribia kwa [[upendo]] si tu kwa kuwagawia [[mali]], bali hata kwa kuhatarisha [[afya]] yake: akiwa tayari kuambukizwa nao alikuwa pia tayari kutengwa na jamii moja kwa moja kama vile hao. Hivyo kwake neno kuu halikuwa ufukara kama juhudi za kujinyima, bali kama kushiriki kabisa hali ya watu wa mwisho, kwa kuwa hao ni wenzetu kwelikweli na kielelezo cha Kristo. Baadaye, [[Utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo]] ulipoimarika kwa kupata miundo ya [[shirika]], ulisisitizwa ufukara wenyewe, kiasi kwamba kanuni ya kudumu haitaji wakoma wala [[huduma]] kwa maskini. Basi, kwa wasia wake Mt. Fransisko kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena [[karama]] halisi ya uongofu wake pamoja na mengine yaliyoanza kusahaulika, kama vile [[kazi za mikono]]. Jambo la kwanza linaloonyesha wazi neema ya Mungu ikimfanyia kazi ni ile [[ndoto]] iliyomrudisha nyumbani wakati wa kwenda vitani akiwa na miaka 23. Tangu hapo hakuweza kuridhika tena na maisha ya zamani, akawa anafuata mawazo yake mapya badala ya kupiga kelele na wenzake baada ya kuwagharimia [[karamu]] kama mfalme wao. Alijaribu kuishi pangoni na kusali tu, akishinda vishawishi vikali vya kiroho. Siku moja katika kanisa la Mt. Damiano akasikia sauti ya Msulubiwa ikimuagiza arekebishe [[Kanisa]] lake. Ingawa alielewa maneno hayo kama kwamba yanahusu jengo, muhimu ni kwamba akawa amekutana na Msulubiwa ambaye [[mateso]] yake yanajumlisha na kuyatia maana mateso yote ya [[binadamu]]. Kuanzia hapo akaambatana na [[Yesu]] moja kwa moja katika ukweli wa maisha yake duniani: ndivyo unavyoeleweka ugumu wote wa maisha ya Fransisko. Matendo yake yakazidi kumchukiza baba yake aliyeweza kuvumilia [[ubadhirifu]] wake ulipolenga usharifu, lakini si uliposaidia maskini tu. Hivyo baba akamshtaki [[mahakama]]ni, akimpatia hatimaye nafasi ya kujitambulisha mbele ya wote kama askari wa Kristo moja kwa moja: ni kwa sababu alikataa kuhukumiwa na serikali kwa kujidai ni mtumishi wa Mungu, na hivyo ni mtu anayeweza kuhukumiwa na [[Askofu]] tu. Baba alipodai mali zake mbele ya huyo, Fransisko akakubali mara moja akimrudishia pamoja na [[pesa]], [[nguo]] zote na hata jina, akitamka [[hadhara]] ya watu kwamba kuanzia hapo atamuita Baba Mungu tu, si [[Petro Bernardone]] tena. Uamuzi huo wa kishujaa uliowagusa sana wote ulimfanya asiweze kurudi nyuma: amejitoa kwa Mungu moja kwa moja na kuacha hakika ya [[riziki]]. Kubaki [[uchi]] mbele ya wote kulikuwa na maana nyingine pia, kwa sababu kulikuwa ni [[malipizi]] ya hadharani yaliyoweza kutolewa na Kanisa kadiri ya [[sheria]]. Hivyo Fransisko alionyesha nia yake ya kuanza na moja, akitubu [[anasa]] za zamani alizozifuata kwa nguo maridadi. Tena wakati huo lilizingatiwa sana neno la Mt. [[Jeromu]] la “kumfuata uchi Kristo uchi” kuwa ndiyo namna bora ya toba. Basi, kuanzia hapo alishiriki kabisa hali ya wasio na kitu, akisikitikia tu kutozaliwa katika hali hiyo, maana yake ufukara wake ulikuwa wa [[hiari]] na wenye kustahili, hivyo ni utajiri fulani kwa Mungu. === Kufuata mtindo wa Injili === [[Picha:Portiuncula on the Feast of the Pardon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Porsyunkula]] huko Asizi]] Baada ya Fransisko kujitangaza [[mtawa]] ilimbidi atambue atakuwa wa namna gani. Alikataa [[upadri]], lakini si kwa sababu ya kuudharau kama walivyofanya wazushi; kinyume chake, toka mwanzo alijaliwa [[imani]] ya pekee kwa [[ekaristi]] na kwa wanaohusika nayo. Aliuona upadri kuwa ni cheo kikubwa mbele ya Mungu na hata mbele ya watu, naye hakupenda kuheshimiwa wala kuwa na hakika kuhusu riziki. Kwa sababu hiyohiyo hakupenda kuwa [[mmonaki]], ingawa aliwaheshimu [[Wabenedikto]] na kushirikiana nao vizuri. Tena akitaka kuwa kweli mtu wa mwisho na kuwaheshimu wote, hakukubali kushambulia mapadri na wamonaki kwa maovu yao. Baada ya kukataa hali hizo mbili ndani ya Kanisa, alianza kujitafutia maisha asiyoyajua bado na asiyoweza kuelekezwa na mtu yeyote. Basi, akavaa [[kanzu]] ya [[mkaapweke]], lakini alikuwa akirudi mjini kila siku ili kuombaomba mawe ya kutengenezea makanisa na chakula pia. Kwa hiyo hakusogea mbali na watu, bali alizidi kuhusika na maisha ya Asizi, ingawa kwa namna yake, akipokea hasa [[dharau]] alivyokusudia. Maisha yake yote hakuvunja uhusiano na jamii kama walivyofanya watawa wengi, bali akaendelea kuwa [[ndugu]] wa wote na kushiriki maisha yao ya kila siku. Miaka miwili aliyotumia kuyarekebisha makanisa ilikuwa migumu sana kimwili na kiroho tukizingatia pia mahangaiko yake kuhusu [[wito]]. Lakini Mungu akapokea malipizi na [[sala]] yake akamuangazia sehemu ya [[Injili]] aliyoisikia wakati wa [[Misa]]. Enzi hizo [[walei]] wengi walivutiwa na maneno ya Injili ambayo waliyaelewa namna yao, bila ya ufafanuzi wa kitaalamu. Fransisko alifanya vilevile, ndiyo maana maisha yake yakaja kuwapendeza wengi na kuenea kasi ajabu. Dondoo ambalo lilimgusa na kumuangaza hasa ni lile la Yesu kuwatuma [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] wake kwa mara ya kwanza. Tangu hapo alikusudia kufuata Injili hiyo, hata ufukara wake ukapata sura nyingine, yenye kulenga utume. Kutokana na mwanga huo akabadili kanzu yake na kutupa [[viatu]] vyake na kujifungia [[kamba]], ambayo ilikuwa [[ishara]] ya toba, tena haikuweza kuficha pesa (tofauti na [[mshipi]] wa ngozi). Halafu akaanza kuhubiri toba kwa [[unyofu]] uliowagusa wengi. Ndipo Waasizi walipoanza kumuelewa si [[kichaa]], na ndipo alipoanza kupata wafuasi. Wa kwanza alikuwa [[Bernardo wa Quintavalle]], mtu maarufu tena tajiri, wa pili [[Petro Cattani]], padri. Ndio mwanzo wa jamaa iliyokuja kumhangaisha sana, kwa sababu hakuwa na wazo la kuanzisha chochote wala hakupata mtu wa kumuelekeza. Tena wakati huo haikuwa rahisi kukubali padri aongozwe na [[mlei]]. Katika wasia wake Fransisko akikumbuka hatua hiyo muhimu alisisitiza kuwa ndipo Mungu mwenyewe alipomfunulia afuate mtindo wa Injili takatifu, yaani hasa madondoo yale aliyoyakuta katika kufungua mara tatu kitabu cha Misa kilichokuwa juu ya altare: 1) “Ukitaka kuwa mkamilifu, nenda ukauze…” 2) “Msichukue chochote kwa safari…” 3) “Anayetaka kunifuata, ajikane…” Baada ya kusoma hayo, aliwaambia wenzake ndiyo kanuni na maisha ya wale wote watakaowafuata. Ufukara wa Kifransisko ukifuata madondoo hayo ya Injili ni wa moja kwa moja kwa mtawa binafsi na kwa shirika zima. Kwa kuchagua mtindo huo wa Injili takatifu alitofautiana na watawa wale waliofuata tangu karne nyingi mtindo wa Kanisa la mwanzoni wa kuwa na mali zote shirika. Ndivyo walivyofanya wamonaki ambao hawakuwa na chochote chao binafsi, lakini [[monasteri]] zao zilikuwa tajiri, kiasi kwamba wakaanza kushambuliwa kama wanafiki wanaokula [[jasho]] la wengine na kukosa ufukara halisi. Waamini wengi kama Bernardo na padri Petro walitamani mtindo mwingine, pamoja na [[uadilifu]] wa makleri, [[uchungaji]] wenye bidii na ujirani na watu, hasa wenye shida. Mungu aliwachagua watakatifu Fransisko na [[Dominiko Guzman]] ili kuridhisha Wakristo hao. Wote wawili walishika ufukara wa kijumuia pia, ingawa Mt. Fransisko aliusisitiza zaidi akiudai pia kama msimamo katika jamii ili kupigania [[ujamaa]] na [[usawa]] wa binadamu. Hata baada ya wengine kujiunga naye hakushughulikia suala la [[nyumba]]: waliishi kwenye [[pagale]] za makanisa, huku wakizungumziwa sana mjini kwao. Halafu wakaanza kusafiri wakihubiri huko na huko, si kama kawaida ya mapadri, bali kwa kutoa mfano wa ufukara na [[unyenyekevu]], halafu kwa kujibu maswali ya watu waliowashangaa. Polepole waliweza pia kuhimiza toba na [[msamaha]] ili kueneza [[amani]]: muhtasari wa [[mawaidha]] yao ni [[salamu]] ile ambayo Fransisko alidai kufunuliwa na Mungu, “Bwana akujalie amani”. Baada ya jaribio la kwanza la namna hiyo wakaongezeka, naye akawatuma tena wawiliwawili sehemu mbalimbali kisha kuwashirikisha [[mang’amuzi]] yake, kwamba wasikate tamaa kwa kuona ugumu wa baadhi ya watu, wamtegemee Mungu, wahubiri toba kwa nguvu ili kuokoa watu, wadumu watulivu katika [[dharau]]. Walipoulizwa waitwaje walijibu tu kuwa ni watu wa toba kutoka Asizi, yaani hawakujiona kuwa shirika maalumu, bali kundi mojawapo la wale wengi ambao toka zamani walijifunga kufanya toba kwa namna maalumu hadharani. Mwaka huo [[1209]] walipofikia idadi ya 12 walichukua hatua ya kuelekea [[Roma]] ili kuthibitishwa na Papa katika maisha yao na kuruhusiwa naye katika [[utume]] wao, ili kushinda [[upinzani]] uliojitokeza na hasa kujihakikishia njia yao ni njema. Kwa ajili hiyo walipaswa kupanga kikamilifu zaidi wanataka kufanya nini. === Kanuni ya awali === [[File:Habito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanzu]] iliyotumiwa na Fransisko mwaka [[1215]] hivi.]] Kanuni hiyo ilihitajika ili kujipendekeza kwa Papa na kupata kibali chake. Fransisko katika [[wasia]] akashuhudia kwamba aliandikisha “kwa maneno machache na kwa unyofu, naye bwana Papa akaniimarisha”. Leo hatuna tena kanuni hiyo kwa sababu iliendelea kurekebishwarekebishwa mpaka mwaka [[1221]] ilipotolewa kanuni ndefu ambayo tunayo, tena mpaka mwaka [[1223]] Papa alipothibitisha kwa maandishi toleo la kudumu linalofuatwa na Utawa wa Kwanza mpaka leo. Ni kwamba miaka yote Fransisko alizidi kung’ang’ania azimio lake la kushika kikamilifu mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu, lakini pia maisha yalimlazimisha kung’amua haja ya kuulinganisha na hali halisi mbalimbali. Ugumu mwingine wa kazi hiyo kwake ulitokana na kukosa utaalamu wa [[sheria]] uliolitawala Kanisa la zamani zake kwa namna ya pekee. Hivyo hata alipomuachia mwingine uongozi akazidi kudai ndugu wamtii ingawa hana tena [[mamlaka]] juu yao. Alitamani kuwa daima mtu wa mwisho hata shirikani, lakini hakuweza kuachana na wajibu wake kwa shirika lililoanza kwa njia yake. Hata katika safari ya kwenda Roma alimteua Bernardo kuwa kiongozi, lakini mbele ya Inosenti III aliyejitokeza ni Fransisko. Papa huyo alikuwa anakabiliana na matatizo mengi ya Kikanisa na ya kisiasa, lakini yeye, kwa kupitia ngazi mbalimbali (hasa [[Askofu]] [[Guido wa Asizi]] na Kardinali [[Yohane wa Mt. Paulo]]), alifaulu kuongea naye na kukubaliwa. Viongozi hao walijitahidi kwanza kuelekeza mifumo mipya ya kiroho kwenye [[umonaki]], na pili iliposhindikana wakairuhusu mradi isifuate [[uzushi]] bali ikubali kuongozwa na makleri kusudi isivuruge maisha ya Kanisa. Hivyo Mt. Fransisko na wenzake walipokataa kanuni za kitawa zilizokwishakubaliwa, wakaruhusiwa kwa sauti tu wafuate azimio lake na kuhubiri [[toba]]. === Maisha ya Ndugu Wadogo huko Asizi === Kisha kurudi kwa furaha Asizi walibanana katika kibanda fulani huko [[Rivotorto]], halafu wakahamia Porsyunkula. Mahali penyewe panatusaidia sana kuelewa karama ya Kifransisko: si maisha ya kimonaki yanayohitaji kujitegemea kwa mashamba makubwa na [[mifugo]], wala ya [[wakaapweke]] wanaohitaji kuishi mbali na watu, bali ni utawa unaohitaji [[utulivu]] na upweke kwa ajili ya [[sala]], lakini pia unadai uhusiano mkubwa na watu wa nje ili kupata [[riziki]] na hasa kuwajenga kwa mifano na maneno. Hivyo si kati ya watu, wala si mbali nao. [[Mchana]] ndugu walikuwa wakienda mjini kufanya [[kazi]] mbalimbali ndogondogo na kuwahimiza watu waishi kwa [[uadilifu]]. Muda uliobaki, hasa [[usiku]], ulikuwa kwa ajili ya sala upwekeni. Maelezo mengine kuhusu maisha ya wakati huo tunayapata tena katika [[wasia]] ambamo Fransisko ametuachia ukumbusho wa kudumu. Jambo la kwanza ni [[ufukara mkuu]] ambao uliwadai ndugu wote wawaachie [[maskini]] [[mali]] zao. Hivyo jumuia haikuwa na kitu, ikaishi kwa shidashida pembeni mwa [[jamii]] kama watu waliotupwa, wakiridhika na [[kanzu]] moja tu, tena duni sana, wakiiongezea sanasana viraka ndani na nje ili kupunguza [[baridi]], halafu [[kamba]] na [[kaptura]]. Mavazi ya namna hiyo yalikusudiwa kudhihirisha hali ya chini ya ndugu wadogo katika Kanisa na jamii kwa hiyo yalitakiwa kusababisha [[dharau]], si [[heshima]]. Jambo la pili ni maisha ya sala, ambayo yalikuwa tofauti kwa ndugu [[wakleri]] na kwa ma[[bradha]] kutokana na [[elimu]] yao: wa kwanza walijua [[Kilatini]], [[lugha ya liturujia]]; wa pili kwa kawaida hawakujua hata kusoma. Hivyo Fransisko na wakleri wengine walitumia [[Sala ya Kanisa]], wakati mabradha walipangiwa kurudiarudia [[Sala ya Bwana]] mara kadhaa. Kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] Fransisko akazidi kupata [[ujuzi]] wa kidini, ila aliendelea kuchukia jambo moja la elimu ya wakleri, yaani kwamba mara nyingi ujuzi wao waliutumia kuipotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya [[sheria]] na hata ya ujumbe wa Mungu. Aliona kwamba elimu hiyo haitoshi kuwafanya watu watambue na kushika kama yeye uhusiano uliopo kati ya mateso ya walio wengi na yale ya Yesu. Ukweli huo unajulikana na watu wenye [[upendo]], si wenye elimu tu. Ndiyo sababu Fransisko katika [[malezi]] hakusisitiza mafundisho na ujuzi kwa jumla, bali [[mang’amuzi]] na mifano inayogusa mioyo. Upande wao mabradha, kama vile katika mifumo mingine ya wakati huo, walitumia Sala ya Bwana ambayo kwao ilikuwa na uzito wa pekee, kutokana na jinsi Fransisko alivyoongoka kwa kumkataa mzazi wake na kumchagua Mungu tu kuwa baba yake: ndiye tegemeo pekee na ndiye anayewafanya watu wote kuwa ndugu. Juu ya msingi huo wa [[udugu]], tofauti ya sala haikuleta [[ubaguzi]] kazi ya wakleri na mabradha: wote walikuwa wakijiona wajinga na kujiweka chini ya yeyote, unavyosisitiza wasia baada ya kukumbuka namna yao ya kusali. Alipouandikisha ameshamruhusu Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]] awafundishe wanashirika mambo ya [[dini]], lakini anaendelea kuogopa elimu hiyo pia itawavimbisha na kuwasogeza mbali na [[wito]] wao wa [[udogo]], kumbe [[ujinga]] unaleta dharau aliyotamani daima. Hivyo tena katika wasia akataja mara [[kazi ya mikono]], akieleza inavyowapasa wote, hata yeye mwenye [[madonda ya Yesu]]! Katika kusisitiza kazi ndogondogo kama za mwanzoni alitoa sababu mbili: moja ni kufukuza [[uvivu]], kama ilivyofundishwa na [[wamonaki]] toka zamani; lakini inayotajwa kwanza ni maalumu kwa kazi hizo za watu wadogo, yaani kutoa mfano mzuri kwa wanaowaona. [[Wafransisko]] wa kwanza walifanya kazi hivyo, pasipo kulenga [[malipo]] moja kwa moja. Ndiyo sababu mara nyingine hawakulipwa chochote kwa kazi waliyoifanya. Hapo wakaikimbilia “meza ya Bwana” kwa kuombaomba nyumbani kwa watu. Zamani hizo katika Kanisa ilieleweka wazi kuwa [[fukara]] ana haki ya kuishi na kuwa Mungu anamkaribisha [[chakula]] kwa njia ya watu wakarimu. Hata hivyo daima kuombaomba kuna ugumu wake, hasa [[aibu]] na dharau za watu. Lakini hizo zinachangia [[ustawi]] wa [[unyenyekevu]] na udogo kwa kuweka kweli katika ngazi ya mwisho ya jamii. Pamoja na malengo hayo, ni wazi kwamba kwa Fransisko njia ya kawaida ya kujipatia riziki ni kufanya kazi wenyewe, si kutegemea tu kazi ya wengine kama walivyotafsiri baadaye shirikani. Jambo lingine la pekee ambalo Fransisko alilikumbuka katika wasia ni salamu ya [[amani]] aliyofunuliwa na Bwana. Amani hiyo ilihitajika sana, hasa wakati huo wa vitavita, lakini yeye alilenga pia amani ya rohoni, yaani amani ya Kimungu inayoondoa [[dhambi]]. Hivyo salamu yake ya Kiinjili ilikuwa kama [[muhtasari]] wa mahubiri yake. Baada ya kukumbusha hayo yote, wasia unasisitiza ufukara wa majengo (nyumba na vikanisa) ya wafuasi wake, pamoja na msimamo ambao wawe nao, yaani wa kuishi huko kama wageni na wasafiri tu, tayari kuondoka siku yoyote kama walivyofanya huko Rivotorto walipomuachia nafasi [[punda]] wa [[mkulima]] mkorofi. Kwa msingi huohuo wa udogo wasia unaongeza katazo la kwamba watawa wasimkimbilie [[Papa]] wala [[ofisi zake]] ili kupewa [[fadhili]], yaani [[idhini]] ya kutenda tofauti na watu wengine. Katazo hilo kali lilikusudiwa tena kulinda udogo wa jamaa yake. Fransisko toka mwanzo alijichagulia nafasi ya mwisho asipende kushindana wala kujilinda na mtu yeyote. Katika kufafanua katazo hilo alitamka wazi kuwa ndugu wadogo wasiombe fadhili hata kama ni kwa ajili ya kuhubiri. Aliutaka [[utume]], lakini hakupenda uharibu udogo: aliona ni afadhali kuacha utume sehemu fulani kuliko kuacha udogo. Hivyo ni wazi tofauti iliyopo kati yake na [[Dominiko Guzman|Mt. Dominiko]]. [[Mwanzilishi]] huyo wa [[Utawa wa Wahubiri]] alilenga uenezaji wa [[ukweli]], akatafuta njia za kufikia lengo hilo, yaani ubora wa mapadri wake kuhusu elimu na [[utakatifu]]; kwake ufukara ulikusudiwa kuwafanya wahubiri wapokewe katika [[mazingira]] yale tuliyoyaeleza. Ili kufikia lengo hilo alijipatia fadhili nyingi toka kwa Papa, uenezaji wa ukweli usije ukazuiwa na [[mamlaka]] nyingine yoyote. Kumbe Fransisko alifanya tofauti, kadiri ya chaguo lake: alipotambua kuwa [[Bwana]] amewaita yeye na wafuasi wake wakaokoe watu, alijitahidi kufanya hivyo lakini bila ya kuacha nafasi ya mwisho aliyojichagulia. Aliona si rahisi kubaki pembeni mwa jamii na mwa Kanisa (kama vile wakoma na wengineo), na papo hapo kujihusisha kikamilifu na maisha ya jamii (ili kuleta amani) na ya Kanisa (kama shirika kubwa ajabu), lakini kabla hajafa alisisitiza tena katika wasia chaguo la mwanzoni, ambalo ni la maana kwa [[karne]] zote kwa vile daima watakuwepo watu wa mwisho wenye kudharauliwa. === Msanii wa Bwana === Hatuwezi kuelewa vizuri maisha hayo ya mwanzoni tusipozingatia jambo lake lingine ambalo ni la pekee katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]], yaani tabia ya kupenda viigizo na kuchekesha watu ambayo ilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uenezi wa Ufransisko na mafanikio ya utume wake. Fransisko alikuwa mfurahivu si kwa [[silika]] tu wala si kutokana na muungano wake na Mungu tu. Alipenda kufanya mambo ya ajabuajabu kwa makusudi mazima ili kuwashangaza watu na kuwafanya watafute majibu ya maswali yaliyojitokeza ndani mwao. Kwa maana hiyo alipenda kujiita “ioculator” (= mtu wa viigizo na vichekesho, [[msanii]]) wa Bwana. Zamani hizo “msanii” alikuwa mtu anayepata riziki kwa kuchekesha watu akitenda mambo ya ajabuajabu popote pale anapopita: tena haogopi kutoa ujumbe mzito katika vichekesho vyake, kwa kuwa amejiweka pembeni mwa jamii. Basi, Fransisko aliamua kuwa mtu wa namna hiyo kwa ajili ya Bwana, yaani kwa lengo la kuwavuta watu na kuwapasha ujumbe wa toba. Ndiyo njia yake ya kufanya utume. Akiwa kwanza mfanyabiashara hodari alijua vizuri namna ya kuwavuta watu wanunue [[bidhaa]] zake; baadaye akatumia [[kipawa]] hicho ili watu wapokee ujumbe wake. Kwa namna za kuvaa na kutenda, pamoja na kuvumilia dharau, yeye na wenzake waliteka [[roho]] za watu, hata walipoacha [[utani]] na kuhimiza toba wakasikilizwa kuliko wahubiri wa kawaida makanisani. Hivyo walitangaza [[Injili]] mitaani katika mazingira ya watu wa kawaida na kwa mitindo na [[lugha]] vinavyotumika mitaani. Basi, baada ya kumaliza kuikarabati Porsyunkula, walishughulika zaidi mjini wakitoa mfano wao na kuhimiza toba; halafu usiku hasa walikazania sala katika utulivu wa porini. Hivyo polepole Waasizi wakabadili mtazamo wao juu yao na kuanza kuwaheshimu. Ushindi huo ulipatikana kwa [[gharama]] kubwa (dharau, mateso n.k.), lakini ushindi muhimu zaidi ni ule walioupata juu yao wenyewe wakijipatia hivyo [[furaha]] na [[uhuru wa wana wa Mungu]]. === Mt. Klara na Dada Wadogo === Kuanzia karne XI [[wanawake]] wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na Kanisa, wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata [[tapo]] lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata [[Klara wa Asizi|Mt. Klara]], hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya wakoma, bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na Papa n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya ndugu wadogo, akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Agnesi wa Asizi|Mt. Agnesi]] baada ya [[wiki]] mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza [[wajibu]] wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa [[ushahidi]] wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na ufukara wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate [[kisingizio]] cha kufanya hivyo. Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya upendo na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi wito wake wa kitume. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya [[wanaume]]: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu ufukara mkuu na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na ndugu wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “[[mtindo wa Injili takatifu]]”, yaani Yesu alivyowaagiza [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume]] waende ([[Math]].10:5-15), aliwaelekeza Waklara kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na [[Hotuba ya mlimani|hotuba nzima ya mlimani]] (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa Askofu [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya Wafransisko yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula [[jasho]] lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya kazi hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina [[dada]] kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana [[udhaifu]] wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza Mungu. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia [[kanuni]] fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua [[jukumu]] la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na udugu katika [[monasteri]] ya kike. === Mkutano mkuu === Huyo Yakobo wa Vitry, pamoja na “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”, wanashuhudia jambo lingine muhimu katika Ufransisko, yaani [[mkutano mkuu]] ambao ulikuwa ukifanyika kwanza mara mbili kwa mwaka kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya [[Pentekoste]] na ya [[malaika Mikaeli]], halafu kwenye Pentekoste tu ya kila mwaka, halafu tena kila baada ya miaka mitatu. Kuhusu wahudhuriaji, kwanza walikuwa ndugu wote, lakini walipoongezeka mno na kuenea mpaka mbali wakaruhusiwa kuhudhuria tu wahudumu wa jamaa. Mahali pa kukutana palikuwa Porsyunkula. Kwa muundo huo Fransisko alitaka kudumisha [[umoja]] kati ya wafuasi wake, kwa kuamua pamoja juu ya sheria na mipango ya shirika, lakini hasa kwa kustawisha upendo wao wa kidugu na kwa kuwarudisha pale walipoanzia, wasije wakasogea mbali mno na wito wao wa asili. Mpaka alipoishi, mwenyewe alikuwa [[moyo]] wa mikutano, awe anasikilizwa au kupingwa katika [[juhudi]] zake za kuokoa mambo makuu ya karama yake mbele ya marekebisho yaliyodaiwa ili kulingana na viongozi wa Kanisa, na wingi wa ndugu wa kila aina na mazingira mapya. Marekebisho hayo yalikuwa yanabadilisha polepole sura ya jamaa, isiwe tena kundi dogo la marafiki wanaodharauliwa, bali shirika linaloeleweka na kuheshimika. Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa ya lazima, lakini akikumbuka siku za nyuma alikuwa na [[hamu]] ya kuzirudia: ndio [[utatanishi]] ambao ulimfadhaisha mpaka mwisho ukaendelea kuvuruga umoja wa utawa wake. Upande mmoja ndugu mdogo anapaswa awe mtu wa mwisho katika Kanisa na jamii, kupenda adharauliwe na wote na kukabili magumu kama ya waliotupwa na wenzao. Upande mwingine anapaswa awe [[mwanakanisa]] akishirikiana na wachungaji na kueneza toba kwa maneno yake pia, ambayo yapokewe kama muhimu kwa [[wokovu]] wa watu. Kushika hayo mawili bila ya moja kumponyoka, ndilo [[jaribio]] la Fransisko. Zaidi ya hayo alikuwa akihimiza mkutano mkuu, ila pengine alikataza wasipite kiasi katika [[malipizi]], kama alivyomkataza Klara. Mwishoni, baada ya kuwabariki wote, alikuwa akichunguza na kuruhusu wahubiri wapya kwa kuzingatia walivyo katika ujuzi wa dini, uwezo wa kusema na hasa ubora wa maisha, kwa kuwa alitaka wafundishe kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno. === Uenezi wa shirika na kujihusisha kwa Kanisa la Roma === Yakobo wa Vitry alieleza [[furaha]] yake na [[mshangao]] akiona [[urahisi]] wa ndugu wadogo kupenya aina zote za watu, tofauti na wamonaki na wakleri. Ustawi wa shirika ulifanya lipate [[nguvu]] katika Kanisa na kuenea kwa [[kasi]] mahali pengi. Watawa hao wapya wakaja kuwavutia pia wanabaraza wa Papa, hata makardinali wakataka kuwa nao nyumbani mwao, na uhusiano na Papa ukawa mkubwa zaidi na zaidi. Wakati huohuo nyumba za Kifransisko zikaanza kuwa za kudumu zaidi, ingawa si mali ya shirika, mpaka zikapata kila moja ndugu ambaye awe [[mlinzi]] wa [[wanajumuia]] wenzake. Kwanza aliwashughulikia Kardinali Yohane wa Mt. Paulo, lakini bila ya kujihusisha mno. Baada ya [[kifo chake]] Fransisko akaona umuhimu wa kuwa na mwingine kama [[mwakilishi]] wa Papa, akamuomba awe Hugolino, Kardinali askofu wa [[Ostia]], aliyemtabiria atakuwa Papa (akaja kuitwa Gregori IX). Huyo alikuwa na mang’amuzi mengi ya kisiasa na ya Kikanisa alipokutana naye huko [[Florence]]; Fransisko vilevile alikuwa ameng’amua mengi kuhusu [[uongozi]] wa shirika, tena kwa [[uchungu]], hasa kuwa hataweza kuliongoza peke yake. Ndiyo sababu ukaanzishwa [[muundo]] wa [[provinsya]], yaani [[kanda]] zilizokuwa kila moja chini ya ndugu fulani kama [[mtumishi]]. Ugawaji wa shirika kikanda ulihitajika hasa baada ya kuvuka milima ya Italia Kaskazini ([[Alps]]) kati ya mwaka [[1215]] na [[1217]]. Mwaka huo iliamuliwa pia kuvuka [[Bahari ya Kati]] ili kuendea [[Nchi Takatifu]]. Katika mkutano mkuu ulioamua hivyo, Fransisko aliwaeleza washiriki kuwa mwenyewe hawezi kubaki nyuma kisha kuwatuma ndugu zake wakabiliane na matatizo mengi, hivyo akajichagulia [[Ufaransa]] akaondoka. Alipofika Florence ndipo alikutana na Hugolino, wakafunga [[urafiki]] wa kudumu wakaheshimiana mpaka kufa. Mazungumzo yao ya awali ni kama picha ya yale yatakayofuata: Kardinali akimshauri Fransisko afuate [[busara]], Mt. Fransisko akieleza motomoto sababu za [[imani]] zinazomuongoza, hatimaye Kardinali akinyamaza kwa kutambua Mt. Fransisko anaongozwa na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Hugolino alifaulu kumzuia asiende Ufaransa, shirika lisije likashambuliwa mno na wapinzani wake mbalimbali, lakini Fransisko hakukubali kuacha mpango wa kutuma ndugu kwenye nchi nyingine za Kikristo na hata za [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]], akieleza kuwa Mungu aliyewatuma kwa wokovu wa watu wote atawatunza kokote alivyoahidi. Vivyo hivyo baadaye akakubali kiasi tu mashauri ya Hugolino, asiachane na mambo makuu ya wito wake. Mbali na [[dhana]] ya kwamba Kardinali alipotosha [[mfumo]] wa Kifransisko kwa manufaa ya uongozi wa Kanisa, ukweli ni kwamba Fransisko alikubali marekebisho kadhaa akitambua madai yenye msingi ya ndugu wapya (hasa wa nchi za mbali na wasomi); zaidi tena [[wema]] wake ulimfanya ayakubali ili kukwepa kikwazo kinachoweza kusababishwa na mabishano kati ya ndugu. Ndiyo mateso ya miaka kumi ya mwisho ya maisha yake: alizidi kuona [[njia]] bora ya kuelekea utakatifu wa Kiinjili, kumbe wafuasi wake wengi wanashindwa kuikubali au wanakataa kuelekezwa, hata kwa kumpinga na kumdharau waziwazi. Hivyo miaka ya ushindi na uenezi wa shirika, ndiyo miaka michungu zaidi kwake, kiasi kwamba akajaribiwa kukata tamaa na kujiona amedanganyika. Lakini akadumu kutegemea [[maongozi ya Mungu]] kwa shirika lake, akapokea mateso hayo pamoja na ya [[mwili]] kama namna nyingine ya kushiriki hali ya watu wa mwisho, na hasa ya Yesu msulubiwa aliyesalitiwa na wanafunzi wake. Kuhusu uenezi wa shirika nje ya Italia tuna vitabu viwili muhimu kwa kuwa viliandikwa na wahusika, [[Jordano wa Giano]] kuhusu [[Ujerumani]], na [[Thomas wa Eccleston]] kuhusu [[Uingereza]]. Hasa huyo wa pili bila ya kukusudia alionyesha wazi jinsi shirika lilivyozidi kusogea mbali na nia ya Fransisko kadiri mahali palipokuwa mbali na Italia na kadiri miaka ilivyozidi kupita. Kwa vyovyote mwanzoni mwa uenezi huo hali ilikuwa ngumu, hasa kwa sababu hayakufanyika [[maandalizi]] yoyote, tena Fransisko alikataa katakata kuwaombea waliotumwa hati ya [[utambulisho]] toka kwa Papa. Hivyo sehemu nyingine walifukuzwa kama wachawi au wazushi, kwa sababu [[Papa Inosenti III]] alikubali shirika na kanuni lakini kwa [[sauti]] tu. Makubwa zaidi yaliwapata akina [[Berardo mfiadini|Berardo]] waliouawa na Waislamu huko [[Moroko]] ([[1220]]): ndio [[wafiadini]] wa kwanza wa shirika. Matukio hayo yalichangia wazo la kuhitajika maandishi yenye kuthibitisha shirika, kwa kuwa Ndugu Wadogo walikuwa hawaeleweki: si wakaapweke, wala wamonaki, wala [[wakanoniki]], wala mapadri [[wanajimbo]], ila walidai kuwa shirika la kitawa bila ya kufuata mojawapo kati ya kanuni nne zilizokubalika kwa watawa. Ni kwamba Fransisko aliogopa kanuni inayofuata mtindo wa kisheria badala ya mtindo wa Kiinjili: msimamo huo ulikuwa kinyume cha mazoea ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] hasa wakati huo. Mt. Fransisko aliona Injili inazidi kutudai kadiri tunavyoendelea Kiroho, kumbe sheria zinaweza kutekelezwa na kumfanya mtu ajipongeze na kuridhika asijitahidi zaidi. Hasa alijua [[ujanja]] wa [[binadamu]] katika kufafanua sheria ili wakwepe mizigo yake. Hata hivyo Kanisa likamdai kanuni maalumu ili kuondoa wasiwasi juu ya shirika hilo jipya. Upinzani huo pia, uliochochewa na wamonaki na mapadri walioshikilia [[mapokeo]] yao, ulionyesha haja ya kuthibitisha shirika kwa kanuni maalumu. Basi, kazi ilikuwa kuitunga: Fransisko aliziandika zaidi ya moja na kuzijaribu mpaka akatoa ile ya kudumu, akisisitiza hasa ufukara mkuu na kutaka [[pesa]] iepukike. Katika kazi hiyo alisaidiwa na ndugu wataalamu wa sheria, mbali ya mapendekezo ya mikutano mikuu na ya Kardinali Hugolino. Juhudi za Fransisko zililenga kuhakikisha kanuni haitazimisha roho, yaani hamu ya ukamilifu wa Kiinjili. Lakini kabla hajakabili moja kwa moja kazi hiyo aliamua kwenda ng’ambo ya Bahari ya Kati kwa jaribio kuu la maisha yake: kumshuhudia Yesu mbele ya [[sultani]] na ikiwezekana kuuawa kama ndugu mdogo halisi. Akaondoka fukara tena mpole, [[silaha]] zake zikiwa ni imani na upendo tu, tofauti na [[Vita vya msalaba|askari wa msalaba]] waliokuwa wakiuana na Waislamu. === Hamu ya kufia dini na ugonjwa wa Mt. Fransisko === [[Picha:SaintFrancisAssisiWithAlKamil15thCentury.JPG|thumb|Fransisko mbele ya Sultani [[al-Kamil]] ([[karne ya 15]]).]] Hata kabla ya mwaka 1219 Fransisko alifunga [[safari]] aende kumshuhudia Yesu kwa Waislamu: katika mwaka wa sita tangu aongoke (1211) alipanda [[meli]] ambayo ikaishia [[Korasya]]; halafu mwaka [[1214]] hivi akaelekea [[Hispania]] ili kuvukia Moroko lakini akaugua ikambidi arudi nyuma. Ni kwamba kuanzia karne XI, kama matokeo ya [[vita vya msalaba]], Wakristo walipata tena hamu kubwa ya kufia dini, wasiridhike na ile namna ya kumfia Yesu siku hadi siku kwa maisha ya kimonaki. Fransisko pia alitamani kumrudishia Yesu ule upendo mkuu wa kutoa [[uhai]] kwa rafiki yake, lakini hakujitafutia mateso kwa kuwashambulia Waislamu kwa silaha wala kwa matusi, bali alijitahidi kuwaokoa kwa mahubiri yake motomoto lakini yenye [[upole]] pia. Kama vile alivyokuwa mstaarabu kwa wote kabla hajaongoka, akaendelea kuwa hivyo hata kwa Waislamu wakati wa vita vikali kati yao na Wakristo, kwa kuwa alisema, “Mungu ni [[ustaarabu]]”. Alikwenda kwenye [[kambi]] lao kama [[mwanakondoo]] kati ya [[mbwamwitu]], bila ya [[ulinzi]] wala hati ya kumtetea. Mbele ya sultani alibishana na [[shehe]] wake, akaheshimiwa kwa [[ujasiri]] wake wa kuhatarisha uhai wake ili kuokoa watu, na kwa ufukara wake uliomfanya akatae [[zawadi]] yoyote. Ni wazi alikuwa na [[karama]] ya kuvutia watu wowote, hata wasio Wakristo (mpaka leo anayo, ilivyoonekana siku ya kuombea amani iliyokusanya viongozi wa dini zote huko Asizi mwaka [[1986]]). Fransisko alibaki [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ([[Siria]], [[Misri]] na [[Israeli]]) zaidi ya mwaka mmoja. Kabla hajaondoka Italia, akijitambua kuwa [[mkuu wa shirika]] kubwa, aliacha ndugu wawili kama [[makamu]] wake ([[Mathayo wa Narni]] na [[Gregori wa Napoli]]) akiwagawia [[madaraka]]. Lakini kazi iliyokuwa ngumu kwa mwanzilishi mwenyewe ikawashinda, na juhudi zao hazikufaa: k.mf. walitunga sheria mpya kuhusu [[mfungo]] ili zilingane na zile kali za mashirika mengine. Kumbe Fransisko hakuzipenda, akitaka zaidi kufuata Injili inayoruhusu kula vyovyote vilivyoandaliwa kwa watu wa Mungu. Kwake ilikuwa muhimu kuwa fukara kweli, na hivyo kukosa hakika ya kupata kila siku vyakula mbalimbali ambayo ingemdai mtu ajipangie mipaka asije akawa mlafi. Mfungo wa Kifransisko hasa si wa kujichagulia, bali unatokana na maisha yenyewe. Vilevile juhudi za ndugu wengine zilileta [[vurugu]] zikienda kinyume cha nia ya Fransisko ya kutoomba hati za utetezi kutoka kwa Papa na kuhusu namna ya kuhudumia wakoma. Hali ya shirika ikawa ngumu kiasi kwamba bradha Stefano akavuka [[bahari]] bila ya [[ruhusa]] akamuarifu Fransisko, ambaye, kisha kushauriana na [[Petro Cattani]], na kufunuliwa na Mungu la kufanya, akarudi haraka Italia akarudisha hali ya kwanza. Lakini aliona pia umuhimu wa kuwa na Kardinali mmojawapo ambaye alishughulikie shirika akamuomba kwa Papa kama tulivyokwishaeleza. Ndipo pia alipokabili moja kwa moja kazi ya kutunga [[kanuni ya kudumu]]. Kwa ajili hiyo alimuomba [[msaada]] ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]], [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Biblia]], apambe maagizo ya Kanuni kwa maneno hasa ya Injili ili sheria zisizimishe hamu ya ukamilifu: madondoo hayo yanachukua thuluthi moja ya [[Kanuni ya mwaka 1221]]. Lakini tarehe [[29 Septemba]] [[1220]] katika mkutano mkuu Fransisko akachukua hatua nyingine ya kushangaza, alijiuzulu katika wadhifa wa mkuu wa shirika. Sababu ni mbalimbali: hali mbaya ya [[afya]], matatizo ya shirika, hamu ya kurudi chini na kutii badala ya kuwa [[kiongozi]] anayeheshimiwa na Kanisa lote. Pamoja na kuacha uongozi rasmi, hakuacha kuwajibika kama [[kielelezo]] kwa wote na [[mtungasheria]] mkuu. Toka mwanzo waliomfuata hawakuzingatia sheria fulani, bali walikusudia kufanana naye; upande wake hakukubali kuwadanganya kwa kuwaonyesha utakatifu nusunusu au kuridhika na sifa yake bila ya kulingana nayo siku kwa siku. Hasa miaka ya mwisho akakazana asije akawa mtu wa kuheshimiwa badala ya mfano wa kufuatwa. Ndiyo sababu aliacha uongozi rasmi wa shirika ili aweze kuwa kielelezo wazi zaidi cha Ndugu Mdogo hasa katika kutii. Ni vema tujiulize namna gani mfano wake uliweza kuwagusa watu wote. Upande mmoja ni kwamba wanahitajika watu wa Mungu, lakini hasa wasio mbali na jamii bali ni wenye kushiriki mang’amuzi ya watu wa kawaida, na wenye kupatwa na magumu ya maisha ya kila siku, hasa ya maskini. Upande wa pili [[nafsi]] yenyewe ya Fransisko ilivutia wote hata kabla hajaongoka, na [[mvuto]] huo wa ki[[maumbile]] ukaja kuzidishwa na utakatifu aliojaliwa. Uamuzi wake wa moja kwa moja wa kushika nafasi ya mwisho ulisababisha kwanza dharau, lakini baadaye heshima kwa kuwa unagusa mioyo ya wote, ukionyesha tena njia ya Mwana wa Mungu aliyeshiriki kabisa hali ya binadamu jinsi ilivyo kimaisha. Maneno yake mepesi, matendo yake ya kueleweka, mwenendo wake wa kupendeza, salamu yake ya amani, [[kipawa]] chake cha kushirikisha furaha na uchungu, na mengineyo yalichangia ushindi wake. Lakini mwenyewe alilenga zaidi ushindi mwingine, yaani ule wa kuona [[furaha kamili]] katika majaribu ya kila aina, hata kutoka kwa wafuasi wake. Kati ya mateso yaliyomuathiri hatuwezi kusahau yale ya mwili. Wote wanashuhudia kwamba tangu [[ujana]] wake alikuwa dhaifu, lakini baada ya kuongoka akatesa mwili wake kiasi cha kulazimika baadaye auombe umsamehe. Halafu alipokwenda ng’ambo ya bahari alipatwa na [[maradhi]] mawili ya kudumu, [[malaria]] (ambayo haikuwa na [[tiba]] wakati huo) na [[trakoma]] (inayosababisha [[upofu]] wa [[hatua kwa hatua]]). Mbali ya mateso ya maradhi yenyewe, labda ni makali zaidi yale ya [[matibabu]] ambayo aliagizwa na [[ndugu Elia]] na Kardinali, akayavumilia kishujaa kabisa, k.mf. alipochomwa mishipa yote ya [[damu]] kati ya [[sikio]] na [[jicho]] kwa kutumia [[chuma]] cha [[moto]]. Ili ashiriki zaidi mateso ya wakoma na wengineo, na hasa ya Mwana wa Mungu, hakujihurumia kama wagonjwa wengi, bali alizidi kuwahurumia wengine, kama vile ndugu waliomuuguza, wenyeji wake waliosumbuliwa na wageni waliomtembelea, na wagonjwa fukara. Tena hakuacha ukali wa malipizi yake kwa lengo la kuwa mfano bora kwa wanashirika. Nguvu zake za kiroho tu zilimfanya azidi kulishughulikia shirika na kulitungia kanuni katika hali hiyo ya [[ugonjwa]], pamoja na kuandika [[barua]] kwa watu mbalimbali na kudai atembezwe juu ya punda ili atoe ujumbe wa Mungu walau hivyo akishindwa kuhubiri. === Uandishi wa Kanuni === [[File:Regra bulada.jpg|thumb|Kanuni ya kudumu iliyothibitishwa na Papa Honori III tarehe 29 Novemba 1223.]] Kama alivyokubali jamaa yake igeuke kuwa shirika, tena kubwa, Fransisko alipaswa kukubali linahitaji miundo ya kufaa, kama vile mwaka wa [[unovisi]] (ulioagizwa na [[Papa Honori III]] mwaka 1220) na hasa kanuni. Ni vigumu leo kutambua mabadiliko yote yaliyofanyika katika yale maneno machache ya Injili yaliyokubaliwa na Inosenti III kwa sauti tu (1209) mpaka ikathibitishwa kanuni ya kudumu ([[1223]]). Miaka hiyo yote Fransisko alishughulikia [[ufumbuzi]] wa [[suala]] hilo zito, akisaidiwa au kupingwa na watu wengine, hasa wanashirika. Kama kumbukumbu ya kazi hiyo inabaki sanasana [[kanuni isiyothibitishwa]], ambayo inashuhudia hatua iliyofikiwa mwaka 1221, na ambayo iliongoza utungaji wa kanuni ya kudumu. Kwa jumla katika ile isiyothibitishwa, [[sura]] 17 za kwanza ni za zamani kuliko zile zinazofuata. Sura ya mwisho (24) ni sala tu ambayo ilitungwa na Fransisko na kubandikwa kama nyongeza. Kwa nini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa? Nani hakuridhika nayo? Mwenyewe au wafuasi wake au viongozi wa Kanisa? Hakika yeye alipendezwa nayo sana kwa jinsi inavyohimiza kuishi Kiinjili: ndiyo sababu mwishoni aliandika ndugu hawaruhusiwi kuongeza wala kupunguza wala kubadili hiyo kanuni. Kumbe Kanisa lilidai kanuni iwe na sura ya kisheria zaidi. Hivyo kazi ya Fransisko ikaendelea, alivyoshuhudia hasa [[ndugu Leo]] ambaye alikuwa [[karani]] wake na kufuatana naye na [[ndugu Bonisyo]] kwenye [[mlima]] wa [[Fonte Colombo]] ili kukamilisha kanuni majira ya baridi kali kati ya mwaka [[1222]] na 1223. Leo ametueleza upinzani wa akina Elia na uchungu wa Fransisko aliokuwa anautoa katika sala, hasa kutokana na hakika aliyokuwanayo juu ya matakwa ya Mungu kwa shirika lake: alikuwa akitulia tu katika nia yake ya kuzidi kuonyesha kwa matendo yake yale ambayo Yesu alimfunulia. Hata hivyo, ndugu wengi hawakukubali kuyapokea kama sheria kwao. Ilimbidi akubali baadhi ya madai yao, pamoja na mashauri mbalimbali ya Kardinali na labda ya Papa mwenyewe. Lakini, pamoja na kutimiza hivyo udogo wake, hakukubali kuacha yaangushwe mambo makuu ya wito wake. Hivyo kanuni ya kudumu kwa jumla inafuata ile isiyothibitishwa, tena inaonyesha wazi kuwa mwandishi mkuu ni Fransisko, pia mengine yamesisitizwa naye hata kuliko alivyofanya katika kanuni ya muda. Pamoja na hayo, shida kubwa aliyoiona ni kwamba kanuni ya kudumu kwa mtindo wake wa kisheria inaeleweka zaidi, lakini pia inawaruhusu wanasheria kuitafsiri kwa namna inayoiondolea umotomoto wake. Ingawa hakuweza kukwepa maendeleo hayo, mpaka mwisho wa maisha yake alitafuta [[mbinu]] nyingine, kama vile kufanya Porsyunkula iwe kielelezo cha kudumu, [[ndugu Bernardo]] awe mfano bora wa ndugu mdogo baada ya mwanzilishi kufa, na hasa wasia wake mfupi na mrefu ambao karne zilizofuata ukazidi kuchochea uaminifu wa wafuasi wake na kusababisha marekebisho mengi ya shirika. Tarehe [[29 Novemba]] 1223 kanuni ilithibitishwa na Honori III ikawa [[sheria ya Kanisa]] ambayo Fransisko mwenyewe hakuweza kuibadilisha tena. Kwake na kwa Kanisa haukuwepo [[wasiwasi]] kuhusu kanuni kuwa ileile ingawa imerekebishwarekebishwa. Kama vile tangu mwaka 1209 hadi 1223, hata baadaye alidai kuwa ndiyo Injili yenyewe, yaani [[kiini]] chake. Kwa njia ya kanuni hiyo Kanisa lilipokea aina mpya ya utawa isiyofuata sheria za kawaida. Katika kanuni zimeingia kwa pamoja karama ya Fransisko na mamlaka ya Kanisa linalopokea toka kwa Bwana wake zawadi ya [[maisha yaliyowekwa wakfu]] likiifafanua na kuiratibu na kuipa miundo ya kudumu. Fransisko aliufurahia [[uthibitisho]] wa Kanisa akazidi kuwahimiza ndugu zake waifuate hiyo kanuni akiwabariki kwa kila namna. Lakini katika kuielewa tunapaswa kuzingatia pia msimamo wa Kanisa lililoithibitisha. Lenyewe linadai mpaka leo ufafanuzi wake rasmi ubaki mikononi mwake, kama ulivyotolewa na Gregori IX ([[1230]]), [[Papa Nikolasi III|Nikola III]] ([[1279]]), [[Papa Klementi V|Klementi V]] ([[1312]]) na [[Papa Inosenti XI|Inosenti XI]] ([[1679]]). Upande wa Fransisko tukumbuke hakika yake ya kuwa ameangazwa na Mungu aonyeshe upya mtindo wa Injili takatifu kama njia bora ya ukamilifu. Kwa msingi huo aliita kanuni [[kitabu]] cha [[uzima]], [[tumaini]] la wokovu, [[uti]] wa Injili, njia ya ukamilifu, [[ufunguo]] wa [[paradiso]], [[sharti]] la [[agano la milele]]. Kwa njia yake ndugu wanaweza kupata utulivu wa kweli na kuonja [[utamu]] na wepesi wa [[nira]] ya Kristo. Kwa wokovu wao alitaka wajifunze maneno ya kanuni na maana yake, na kuitafakari ili washinde [[ulegevu]] na kutimiza [[ahadi]] zao. Alitaka watumishi wajitahidi kufanya itekelezwe kikamilifu kama alivyojitahidi mwenyewe aliyeandika kuwa wanaoivunja hawahesabu tena kama Wakatoliki wala ndugu zake wala hataki kuwaona mpaka watubu. Mwishowe alitaka kila ndugu mdogo afe akishika kanuni mikononi. Katika wasia aliwakataza pia ndugu wote wasifafanue kanuni wasije wakaipotosha katika [[unyofu]] na [[usafi]] wake. Bila ya shaka hakuweza kumkataza Papa asitoe [[ufafanuzi]], wala hakuwa na nia ya kuzuia maelezo manyofu yenye kulenga [[utekelezaji]] wake mtakatifu. [[Historia]] ya shirika ikaja kushuhudia kuwa unyofu huo mbele ya kanuni ndio uliostawisha utakatifu wa ndugu na utume wao: marekebisho ya mfululizo ya shirika ni kazi ya Roho Mtakatifu anayehuisha shirika la Ndugu Wadogo katika njia ya Injili wasipoachana na unyofu huo. === Maandishi mengine ya Mt. Fransisko === [[File:Manuscrito de s francisco.jpg|thumb|Baraka kwa ndugu Leo, iliyoandikwa na Fransisko kwa mkono wake mwaka 1224]] [[File:Cantico delle Creature.djvu|thumb|Toleo la zamani kuliko yote yanayojulikana ya [[Utenzi wa viumbe]], linalotunzwa katika [[maktaba]] ya [[Konventi takatifu]] ya Mt. Fransisko, huko Asizi.]] Kanuni ndiyo maandishi yaliyojenga zaidi utawa wa Ndugu Wadogo na Kanisa pia. Tunasema ni ya Fransisko ingawa alisaidiwa kuitunga: kwa kiasi fulani ni vilevile kuhusu maandishi yake mengine ya [[Kilatini]] na ya Kiitalia. Kati yake tunaanza kuona mawili yanayotusaidia sana kuelewa historia ya shirika iliyofuata. Ya kwanza ni kanuni fupi kwa [[makao ya upwekeni]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa mwelekeo huo wa Fransisko na wenzake ambao ukawa mwelekeo wa wale wote waliotamani kurudia ufukara na [[unyofu]] wa mwanzoni. Ya pili ni barua kwa Mt. [[Antoni wa Padua]], ambayo ni muhimu ili kuelewa msimamo wa mwisho wa Fransisko kuhusu masomo yaliyokuja kushika nafasi kubwa katika shirika na kuchangia tukio la ndugu wengi kuishi mijini katika [[konventi]] kubwa (ndiyo asili ya jina “[[Wakonventuali]]”). Kanuni hiyo fupi iliandikwa kati ya mwaka [[1217]] na [[1221]], yaani wakati kanuni ya muda ilipokomaa kutokana na mang’amuzi ya shirika. Mtindo wa maisha ulikuwa umebadilika: ndugu wengi, badala ya kuishi karibu na miji au vijiji wakifanya kazi na watu [[mchana]] na kukesha kwa Mungu [[usiku]], wamekuwa wanapendelea kuishi mbali na watu ili kusali tu. Kwa ajili hiyo yaliongezeka makao maalumu ya upwekeni ambamo ndugu wanaishi kwa muda fulani wakishika [[desturi]] mbalimbali za [[wamonaki]]. Fransisko aliona umuhimu wa kuuratibu mwelekeo huo ulingane na [[karama]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, kama vile alivyofanya pamoja na Klara kwa wamonaki wake wa kike. Hivyo kanuni hiyo inasisitiza udugu na upendo kati ya [[wakaapweke]], pamoja na udogo. Katika roho hiyo ya Kifransisko zinakubalika desturi zifuatazo za kimonaki: kuwa na [[ugo]], chumba cha binafsi, [[ratiba]] inayofuata vipindi vyote vya [[Sala ya Kanisa]], pamoja na kuamka usiku wa manane kwa [[Kipindi cha Masomo]], na [[kimya kikuu]] hadi [[Sala ya Kabla ya Adhuhuri]]. Fransisko alivutiwa sana na maisha hayo, kwa sababu yalimwezesha kushika ufukara wa pekee, akiishi ma[[pango]]ni kati ya miamba na katika vibanda vya [[fito]]. Sababu nyingine ilikuwa kukwepa usumbufu wa watu waliomtafuta ili kumuona na kumheshimu. Hatujui kanuni hiyo fupi iliendelea kufuatwa mpaka lini, lakini mfumo wa upwekeni ukabaki na kuchochea [[juhudi]] katika shirika hadi leo, mbali ya kwamba desturi hizo zilienea mapema katika konventi zote. [[Barua kwa Mt. Antoni]] iliandikwa baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, yaani mwaka [[1224]] au [[1225]]. Hiyo mistari michache yenye sura ya kisheria ilikuwa [[jibu]] rasmi kwa [[ombi]] la kuruhusiwa awafundishe [[teolojia]] Ndugu Wadogo. Labda Antoni mwenyewe aliombwa afanye kazi hiyo akiwa [[msomi]] wa kwanza katika shirika. Kwa vyovyote hakupenda kuleta jambo jipya utawani pasipo [[ruhusa]] ya mzee wake. Huyo akimjibu aliheshimu [[elimu]] yake kwa kumuita “Askofu wangu”, halafu akamkubalia akitambua ni hatua isiyoepukika, lakini akaweka sharti lilelile linalohusu kazi yoyote, yaani kwamba [[roho ya sala]] na ibada isizimishwe nayo. Ufupi wa barua, pamoja na utovu wa mapambo, unadokeza hali ya ndani ya mwandishi, kwamba aliamua kukubali kama kwa kulazimishwa na maendeleo ya shirika, ingawa anatambua hatari za kibali chake kwa siku za mbele. Basi, akamuachia Antoni jukumu la kuhakikisha masomo yasizimishe roho ya sala, akimuamini huyo mfuasi bora aliyeficha usomi wake kusudi awe ndugu mdogo halisi. Hivyo ni wazi kwamba Fransisko hakuiogopa teolojia yenyewe: hivyo, ingawa alijiita [[mjinga]] kwa kutokuwa na [[elimu ya juu]], alijiongezea mwaka hadi mwaka ujuzi wa Maandiko Matakatifu kwa njia ya [[liturujia]] akajitafutia msaada wa ndugu [[Kaisari wa Speyer]] ili kupamba kanuni ya muda kwa madondoo ya [[Biblia]]. Aliyoyaogopa ni [[kiburi]] cha wasomi, [[majivuno]] ya [[wahubiri]], na hasa [[ujanja]] wa [[wanasheria]], akijua kwamba hayo yote yanazuia [[Neno la Mungu]] lisizae matunda. Alitaka neno lipokewe kwa unyofu jinsi lilivyo na kutekelezwa; basi, njia pekee ya kuweza kufanya hivyo ni sala ya kudumu. Bila ya shaka, Antoni katika kufundisha alitimiza sharti alilowekewa, kama walivyokuja kufanya baada yake [[walimu]] kadhaa, hasa Mt. Bonaventura. Lakini mwaka wa kifo cha Antoni ([[1231]]) waliingia shirikani walimu wa [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Paris]], ambao wakaendelea kufuata mitindo walioizoea nje ya [[Ufransisko]]. Hapo ndugu wadogo kama [[mwenye heri]] [[Egidi wa Asizi]] walilaani mji huo wakisema umeharibu kabisa Asizi, yaani karama ya mwanzoni. Basi, barua hiyo inathibitisha tena [[busara]] ya Fransisko katika kukubali mabadiliko kadhaa asiache kupigania kiini cha karama yake, kuambatana na Yesu aliyeshika nafasi ya mwisho hapa duniani, akishikamana na watu wadogo, si kwa lengo la kuwapatia maendeleo ya kidunia tu, bali hasa kuwarudishia hakika ya kuwa ni wa maana kwa Mungu, kama si kwa watu wenye uwezo. Historia ya karne zilizofuata ikathibitisha ushindi wa Fransisko, yaani [[uhai]] wa karama hiyo katika Kanisa. Kuhusu maandishi mengine aliyotuachia, tukumbuke kwamba [[maradhi]] yalikuja kumzuia kwa kiasi fulani asiendelee kusafiri sana kwa ajili ya [[utume]]. Hasa baada ya kutiwa [[madonda matakatifu]] akaja kuhitaji mfululizo ndugu [[wauguzi]] ambao wakawa hivyo ma[[shahidi]] wa mambo mengi waliyoyaandika hapo baadaye. Walishuhudia [[mateso]] yaliyompata upande wa [[mwili]] na wa [[roho]], yaliyomhusu binafsi na yaliyolihusu shirika na [[upinzani]] ndani yake. Hata katika hali hiyo hakukubali kulegeza maisha yake, akitaka azidi kuwa kielelezo cha ndugu mdogo kwa wote. Vilevile alipopunguza utume wake, hakuacha kuwashughulikia watu walau kwa maandishi. Basi, tutayachambua kidogo kama njia bora ya kumfahamu mwenyewe na mang’amuzi yake. Jambo ambalo linarudiarudia daima ni umuhimu mkuu wa [[Mwili na Damu ya Kristo]]. Fransisko katika maandishi anaonekana [[mwenezaji]] wa pekee wa [[heshima]] kwa [[sakramenti]] hiyo. Katika hilo alifuata maagizo ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]], lakini alipanga heshima hiyo katika ibada yake kwa Yesu. Kwake ni [[ajabu]] upendo uliomfanya awe [[mwanadamu]] hata akakubali kufa, na ni ajabu zaidi kwamba baada ya kurudi mbinguni anazidi kuitikia padri anapomuita katika [[maumbo]] ya mkate na divai. Kutokana na hayo alidai padri aheshimiwe na kujiheshimu kwa kuishi kitakatifu pamoja na kuadhimisha na kutunza vema Mwili wa Kristo. Kuhusu [[barua]] halisi kwa mtu maalumu zimebaki chache sana; zilizo nyingi zilitumwa kwa viongozi wa shirika, kwa wakuu wa [[serikali]], kwa [[wakleri]] na kwa [[waamini]] wengine wote kwa jumla. Lengo lilikuwa kusisitiza mawazo yake makuu yashikwe na kufanyiwa kazi. [[Barua kwa shirika lote]] ilikusudiwa kukumbusha [[wajibu]] wa kila ndugu kama alivyokuja kufanya katika [[wasia]]. Kwa waamini jumla aliandika mapema barua nyingine ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ndio mtindo wa maisha ambayo aliwapendekezea watu wa toba ambao walivutiwa na mfano wake wakaja kuitwa [[Utawa wa Tatu]]. Ndiyo sababu tunaikuta mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Paulo VI]] kwa Wafransisko wa Ulimwenguni, na nusu yake ya kwanza imo pia mwanzoni mwa kanuni ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] kwa mashirika ya Utawa wa Tatu. Toleo la kwanza la barua hiyo lina sura mbili, kuhusu wanaofanya toba, halafu kuhusu wasiofanya toba. Kwa Fransisko toba ni kumpenda na kumuabudu Mungu kwa nguvu zote na kuzitii [[amri]] zake. Toleo la pili likaongeza mambo mbalimbali, hasa ukurasa juu ya Neno wa Baba ambamo alijumlisha [[fumbo la wokovu]] ili wote waishi kulingana nalo. Tofauti na vijitabu hivyo vyenye sura ya barua ya wazi, kipo kingine cha pekee kilichosababisha wataalamu wabishane sana: ni [[mawaidha]] ishirini na manne ambayo ni kama [[muhtasari]] wa mafundisho ya Kibiblia ambayo Fransisko aliyasisitiza zaidi. Hatujui nani aliyakusanya wala lini. Si ajabu kwamba sura ya kwanza inahusu [[ekaristi]] na kueleza kwa undani imani kutokana na [[maisha ya sala hasa]]. Sura nyingine karibu zote zinahusu njia ya ufukara mkuu na unyenyekevu wa moyo. Kuanzia XIII mawaidha yana mtindo wa [[Heri]], yakichimba zile za [[hotuba ya mlimani]]], isipokuwa XXVII inamchora [[mtumishi wa Mungu]] ambaye maadili yake yamekomaa na kulingana yote, yakishinda vilema. Aina ya mwisho ya maandishi ya Mt. Fransisko ni sala ambazo alizitunga na kuzitumia na ambazo zinatuwezesha kupenya [[siri]] ya roho yake katika uhusiano na Mungu ambao ulifikia vilele visivyoelezeka. Katika maandishi ya aina hiyo hakulenga kuwaelekeza watu wafuate karama yake wala kuwahimiza wamtumikie Mungu, bali ni yeye na Mungu tu, hivyo tunafikia chanzo cha maandishi mengine na cha maisha yote ya Fransisko. Kati ya sala hizo tunaweza kutia maanani [[Sifa za Mungu]] alizoziandika kwa mikono yake kwa faida ya [[ndugu Leo]], huko mlimani [[Alverna]], mara baada ya kung’amua mateso na upendo wa Yesu msalabani. Ni tunda la moto la kumtazama Mungu na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na Biblia, liturujia au moyo wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” [[File:Mount subasio.JPG|thumb|left|Bonde la Umbria likiwa na [[Mlima Subasio]] kwa nyuma: upande wa kushoto inaonekana [[Assisi]] katikati ya mlima.]] Sala nyingine ya pekee aliitunga si kwa Kilatini, bali kwa [[lugha]] yake mwenyewe akiweza hivyo kutokeza kwa urahisi mkubwa zaidi yale aliyokuwanayo moyoni. Ni [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]], [[shairi]] la kwanza la Kiitalia, ambalo alilitunga baada ya usiku wa mateso na majaribu ya kukatisha tamaa mnamo Aprili au Mei 1225, ambapo mwishoni aliahidiwa na Mungu [[uzima wa milele]]. Katika [[furaha]] isiyoelezeka ya kuwa na [[hakika]] hiyo akiwa bado duniani, Fransisko alianza kumsifu Mungu kwa viumbe vyake ambavyo yeye kuliko watakatifu wote alijaliwa kuona vinavyohusiana na [[Muumba]]. Tusisahau hali ya [[afya]] yake wakati huo, ambapo hakuweza kuona kitu wala kuvumilia [[mwanga]], ila alikumbuka kwa [[shukrani]] mazuri yote aliyoyaona hasa katika [[bonde]] la [[Spoleto]], ambalo alisema hajaona mahali pazuri zaidi. Katika utenzi huo hataji viumbe hai isipokuwa binadamu, ambaye anapaswa kumsifu Mungu hasa kwa njia ya [[msamaha]] na [[uvumilivu]]. Basi, alianza akimtukuza Mungu kama alivyozoea, kwa maneno mbalimbali, lakini mara tu akakiri kuwa binadamu hastahili hata kumtaja. Baada ya kutamka wazi jinsi Mungu alivyo Mkuu mno kuliko mtu, akaanza kumsifu kwa ndugu [[jua]]: ndicho [[kiumbe]] kilichomuuma zaidi kwa wakati huo, lakini linammaanisha Mungu kwa namna ya pekee. Halafu akamsifu kwa [[mwezi]], [[nyota]], [[upepo]], [[majira]], [[maji]], [[moto]] na [[ardhi]] inayotuzalia ma[[tunda]], ma[[ua]] na ma[[jani]]. Hatimaye akafunga utenzi akiwahimiza watu kumsifu, kumtukuza, kumshukuru na kumtumikia Mungu kwa unyenyekevu mkubwa. Utenzi huo unapinga [[uzushi]] ambao wakati huo uliambukiza wengi na kuwafanya waone [[ulimwengu]] ni mbaya na unatawaliwa na [[shetani]]. Fransisko hakubishana nao katika [[mihadhara ya dini]] walivyofanya [[Wadominiko]], ila aliimba kwa lugha ya watu wadogo na kwa namna inayovutia juu ya uzuri na faida ya viumbe vinavyotangaza wema wa Muumba. Kwa kupokea ujumbe huo watu walikingiwa uzushi huo. Ndiyo njia ya Ndugu Wadogo katika utume: kuwaelekea watu wadogo kwa namna rahisi inayowasaidia kumgeukia Mungu kwa moyo wote. Usomi uliwazuia wengi wasione njia hiyo wala kuwafikia watu wa kawaida. Kumbe huyo mtu mnyofu, aliyejiita mjinga, aliwaelewa na kuwafikishia ujumbe wa imani. Mtazamo mfurahivu uliomwezesha kuviona vyote kuwa ni ndugu zake, kwa kuwa vimeumbwa na Mungu yuleyule kwa faida ya mtu, ulimfanya asichoke kumshukuru na kuwaalika wote wafanye vilevile. Kuhusu mabaya yanayotokea pia hakuwalaumu mashetani, kwa kusema ndio walioharibu ulimwengu, bali aliwaona kama [[askari]] wa Bwana waliopewa kazi ya kuadhibu makosa ya binadamu. Huyo ndiye mkuu wa viumbe vinavyoonekana, na ndiye aliyeharibu ulimwengu wote kuanzia [[dhambi ya asili]]. Katika maandishi yake Fransisko anatukumbusha kuwa yaliyotupata ni matokeo ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na kuwa tunapaswa kutubu kwa kushiriki kazi ya Mkombozi. Mwenyewe alizingatia sana [[fumbo la msalaba]]: toka mwanzo wa [[uongofu]] wake alimzingatia Yesu katika ukweli wa mateso yake ambayo yalianza pangoni yakaendelea maisha yake yote kabla hayajafikia kilele chake huko [[Kalivari]]. Kwa njia yake ukweli huo pia ukaja kuenea ukifuta uzushi uliomuona Yesu kama [[malaika]] tu. Ukweli huo unadai si imani tu, bali upendo na [[mshikamano]] naye. Kwa misingi hiyo Fransisko hakuweza kushindwa na [[uchungu]] wote wa miaka ya mwisho ya maisha yake, bali aliugeuza kuwa [[furaha kamili]]. Ndio ushindi wake pamoja na Kristo, uliothibitisha mafundisho yake. Ndivyo alivyoweza kuongeza baadaye mistari mingine katika utenzi huo ili kumsifu Mungu hata kwa ndugu kifo. === Miaka ya mwisho === Baada ya kanuni kuthibitishwa, Fransisko alikwenda [[Greccio]] kujitafutia kimya na upweke. Ndipo alipopata wazo la kuadhimisha [[Noeli]] kwa namna mpya ili kuitia maanani zaidi. Kwa msaada wa mtawala wa kijiji hicho, kwa ushirikiano wa wananchi na kwa mahudhurio ya ndugu wengi, liliandaliwa [[pango]] lenye majani makavu, [[ng’ombe]] na [[punda]], halafu ikaadhimishwa [[Misa]] ambapo Fransisko, akiwa shemasi, alisoma Injili na kuhubiri kwa utamu mkubwa. Lengo lilikuwa kuwafanya Wakatoliki wote wakumbuke jinsi [[Mwana wa Mungu]] alivyojishusha duniani, si tu kwa kujifanya mtu, bali pia kwa namna alivyozaliwa na alivyoishi. Chaguo lake la ufukara lilitegemea ukweli wa maisha ya Yesu kama mtu wa mwisho na mtu wa mateso. Baada ya miezi michache ufuasi huo wa moja kwa moja ukaja kuthibitishwa na madonda matano aliyotiwa juu ya [[La Verna]]. Kati ya Greccio na mlima huo, Fransisko alipitia maisha ya Yesu na kuyafanya yawe mang’amuzi yake matamu na ya kutisha pamoja. Ndivyo alivyozidi kutambua ubora wa mifano: kwa kuwa Yesu ametufundisha kwa matendo kuliko kwa maneno; upendo tu unaweza kupenya mafumbo yake na kupokea kikamilifu ujumbe uliofichika humo. [[Picha:Manuscrito_de_s_francisco.jpg|thumb|[[Ngozi]] iliyoandikwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe masifu ya [[Mungu]] na [[baraka]] kwa ajili ya nd. Leo.]] Kwa upendo wa namna hiyo Fransisko alipanda mlimani ili kuishi na ndugu wachache msituni. Katikati ya mwezi Septemba [[1224]] alifikiwa na [[njozi]] ya pekee ambayo ilimuachia mwilini [[madonda ya Yesu]]. Kwa kuwa yeye aliyaficha akaagiza wenzake pia watunze [[siri]]; baada ya kufa tu watu wengi wakaja kujionea katika [[maiti]] yake ajabu hilo, ambalo liligusa zaidi mioyo kwa sababu ilikuwa mara ya kwanza kutukia duniani. Mbali ya mateso hayo aliyojaliwa Kimungu, miaka ya mwisho ya Fransisko iliendelea kujaa yale ya kibinadamu pia. Kwanza [[maradhi]] ambayo [[matibabu]] aliyoagizwa kuyapata hayakuleta [[nafuu]], bali yalizidi kuharibu na kumtesa: inatosha tukumbuke alivyochomwa kwa [[chuma]] cha [[moto]] kuanzia [[jicho]] hadi [[sikio]]. Halafu juhudi zake za kuendelea kuwa kielelezo cha toba kwa wafuasi wake, ambao upande wao walizidi kumtia uchungu hata katika kumtumikia na kumheshimu. Bila kusahau majaribu ya [[usiku wa roho]] yaliyoendelea mpaka katikati ya mwaka [[1225]], alipoahidiwa [[uzima wa milele]]. Miaka hiyo ina mashahidi wa pekee, yaani ndugu wanne waliomuuguza mfululizo: [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[Ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[Ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] na [[Yohane wa Masifu]]. Wa kwanza kati yao wanajulikana sana kwa jina la [[Wenzi Watatu]]: baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Kwa njia yao tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na maumivu ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya macho kuwekwa juu ya miiba na kutokwa machozi. Ndugu Elia na Kardinali Hugolino walimshughulikia sana, lakini bure. Pamoja na kutambua jambo hilo, katikati ya mwaka 1224 ndugu Elia alipata njozi na kufunuliwa kuwa Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. [[Safari]] za [[mgonjwa]] zilizidi kupungua kwa wingi na kwa umbali, zikifanyika hasa kwa kujaribu matibabu na kurudi kila mara kwenye Porsyunkula. Hata katika hali hiyo Fransisko hakuacha kulihangaikia shirika lake kadiri alivyoona linasogea mbali na karama yake. Ili awe kielelezo kwa wote alizidi kujinyima mahitaji ya mwili, na kutamani arudie maisha yaliyodharauliwa ya mwanzoni na kutumikia wakoma. Ndipo alipowaambia wenzake, “Ndugu, tuanze kumtumikia Bwana Mungu, kwa kuwa mpaka sasa hatujapiga hatua au ni ndogo sana”. Aliogopa shirika lake litalegea kama mengine mengi, hivyo akatafuta [[mbinu]] za kuliokoa, kusudi kanuni isiwe mwisho wa juhudi za ndugu, bali kichocheo kwa kutafuta ukamilifu. Mbinu mojawapo ni wasia wa Kiroho aliouandika zaidi ya mara moja. Muhimu zaidi ni ule mrefu aliouandika katika wiki za mwisho za maisha yake. Haukukusudiwa kuwa kanuni mpya, ila kusaidia ile iliyoahidiwa kwa Bwana: ni [[kumbukumbu]], [[onyo]] na [[shauri]]. Kwanza ni kumbukumbu za uongofu wa Fransisko na za maisha asili ya shirika ambayo ndugu wote wafananishe nayo maisha yao. Katika kumbukumbu hizo hakutaja mateso yote aliyojaliwa na Mungu, bali alifafanua chaguo lake la kumfuata Yesu fukara kama utajiri pekee anaowaachia watoto wake. Hivyo wasia, ukiunganisha maagizo ya kanuni na mang’amuzi ya mwanzilishi, ukabaki katika shirika kama [[mwiba]] mwilini mwa wanaopenda kulegeza [[kamba]], na kama [[changamoto]] kwa wote kadiri walivyompenda Fransisko, kwa kuwa ndiyo maneno yake ya mwisho aliyoyatoa kwa upendo mkuu akiwa amefanana na Yesu msulubiwa hata mwilini mwake. Ndiyo sababu toka mwanzo wasia ulisababisha shirikani mabishano yaliyohitaji kuingiliwa kati na Mapapa. Upande wa wasia walisimama ndugu waaminifu, ingawa kipindi fulani baadhi yao ([[Fraticelli]]) walipita kiasi hata kujitenga na Kanisa ili kupigania ufukara; baada yao kosa hilo halijarudiwa tena. Baadhi ya marekebisho ya shirika (k. mf. [[Wakapuchini]]) yalijifunga kushika wasia pamoja na kanuni, na hivyo wakafaulu kurudia maisha asili. Pamoja na kumbukumbu, katika wasia tunakuta maonyo ya mwisho ya Fransisko kuhusu kuheshimu mapadri, kufanya [[kazi za mikono]], kuishi kama [[wakimbizi]] katika [[nyumba]] duni, na kutoomba [[fadhili]] yoyote kutoka [[ofisi za Papa]]. Polepole maonyo yakawa mashauri, na hasa shauri kuu lililo lengo la yote yaliyotangulia, kiasi kwamba ni katazo kali. Linahusu ujanja wa wanasheria katika kupotosha maana halisi ya maneno ya kanuni na wasia. Kuyaelewa kunahitaji unyofu uleule wa Fransisko pamoja na nia ya kuyatekeleza. Watakaofanya hivyo watapata [[baraka]] pana kabisa ya Mungu na ya kwake. Kivutio hicho kimejaa upendo wa mzee kwa watoto wake ambao ulijitokeza mara nyingi miaka ya mwisho katika maneno, maandishi na matendo. Mfano mmojawapo ni [[Takwa la Mwisho]] alilomuandikia Klara ili kuwahimiza [[mabibi fukara]] wadumu mpaka mwisho katika maisha na ufukara wa Yesu. Ni kama wasia mfupi kwa wafuasi wake wa kike, ambao hakuwa na wasiwasi juu ya uaminifu wao, lakini aliwaogopea watashauriwa sana na watu wengine (viongozi wa Kanisa na wanashirika) walegeze masharti ya ufukara. Ndiyo sababu aliwaachia maneno hayo kwa maandishi ili wadumu imara katika nia yao. Historia iliyofuata ikaonyesha Fransisko alitabiri vizuri kuhusu Klara na wenzake, waliopaswa kupambana mfululizo na [[kishawishi]] hicho toka kwa viongozi waliowapenda. Ushindi wa Klara katika kutetea kwa uaminifu ufukara mkuu ulipatikana siku ya mwisho kabla hajafa, alipoletewa kanuni yake imethibitishwa na [[Papa Inosenti IV]]. Katika kanuni hiyo, ambayo katika Kanisa ilikuwa ya kwanza kuandikwa na [[mwanamke]], Klara alifuata kwa kiasi kikubwa ile ya Fransisko kama thibitisho la [[umoja]] wa Kiroho katika tofauti za mitindo yao ya maisha; pia alinakili humo wasia huo mfupi alioutumia kama [[silaha]] katika mapambano. Mbali ya maandishi yake, Fransisko alitafuta mbinu nyingine ili kudumisha shirika katika karama yake. Mojawapo ni kuwaagiza watumishi wa shirika watunze Porsyunkula kama kielelezo cha ufukara, kimya na sala ili ndugu wote wakumbuke wanavyopaswa kuishi. Kwa ajili hiyo alitaka wapangwe huko ndugu bora ambao mmojawao akifa, nafasi yake ishikwe na mwingine. Hivyo alisisitiza tena umuhimu wa mifano, ambayo isiwe ya mtu mmojammoja tu, bali ya jumuia nzima pia. Jambo hilo halikutekelezwa mahali pale, lakini katika historia ya shirika tunaona daima ndugu wakiomba ruhusa ya kutekeleza kikamilifu kanuni pamoja na wengine, hasa katika makao ya upwekeni; tunaona pia mchango mkubwa wa jumuia hizo katika kurekebisha kwa mfano wao hali ya utawa mzima. Mfransisko ni ndugu hasa, na maisha yake yanategemea sana jumuia: hawezi kuridhika ashike kanuni kibinafsi katika jumuia iliyolegea; ndiyo sababu ya maombi hayo. Pengine viongozi wenyewe wa shirika walipoona limelegea mno wakaja kuhamasisha wenye nia waunde jumuia za pekee. Namna zote mbili zikazaa matunda tele. [[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kaburi]] la Fransisko huko [[Asizi]].]] Fransisko, baaada ya kuuguzwa katika jumba la Askofu wa Asizi kwa siku kadhaa, aliomba ahamishiwe Porsyunkula ili afie pale alipoanzia maisha mapya. Alikuwa amebaki mifupa na ngozi tu, isipokuwa tumbo na miguu vimevimba kama kwa safura. Ndipo alipotunga [[ubeti]] wa mwisho wa [[Utenzi wa Viumbe Vyote]]. Mwaka mmoja kabla ya hapo alikwishaongeza ubeti mwingine juu ya [[msamaha]] ili kuwapatanisha Askofu na [[Meya]] wa Asizi. Basi ubeti juu ya [[kifo]] ukaja kukamilisha utenzi mzima kwa kuchungulia uzima wa milele, ambapo sifa za Mungu zinaimbwa bila ya mwisho. Ndivyo alivyojiandaa kufa katika [[mapenzi ya Mungu]]. Siku za mwisho zilijaa ishara za upendo kwa marafiki wake: njiani alibariki Asizi na kuuombea, akamtabiria Klara kuwa atamuona na kufarijika, akawaita ndugu waliokuwa mbali (hata “kaka” [[Yakopa wa Settesoli]] kutoka Roma), akawagawia vipande vya mkate akifuata mfano wa Yesu. Katika yote alilenga ustawi wa roho zao na wa shirika, tunavyoona hasa katika baraka zake za mwisho alizozitoa kwa kufuata mfano wa mababu wa [[Israeli]] na [[Musa]]. Aliwabariki waliokuwepo na kwa njia yao alikusudia kuwabariki wale wote watakaoingia shirikani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Kati ya wote [[ndugu Bernardo]] alipata baraka ya pekee akaandikiwa maneno yafuatayo yawe kumbukumbu kwa wote siku za mbele: “Ndugu wa kwanza aliyenipa Bwana ni ndugu Bernardo, naye ndiye wa kwanza kutekeleza kikamilifu kabisa Injili takatifu akiwagawia maskini mali zake zote. Kwa hiyo na kwa sifa nyingine nyingi napaswa kumpendelea kuliko ndugu mwingine yeyote katika shirika zima. Ndiyo sababu nataka na kuagiza kadiri ninavyoweza kwamba yeyote atakayekuwa mtumishi mkuu ampende na kumheshimu kama nafsi yangu, na vilevile watumishi wengine wa kanda na ndugu wa shirika lote wamjali kama ni mimi mwenyewe”. Ndiyo mbinu ya mwisho ya Fransisko ili kuzuia utawa wake usipotoke: kumuacha mtu ambaye awe kielelezo kwa viongozi na kwa ndugu wengine badala ya mwanzilishi. Kisha kumuacha huyo mwandamizi (si katika uongozi bali katika kazi muhimu zaidi ya kuwa kielelezo), Fransisko hatimaye aliweza kuaga dunia amemaliza kazi yake na kulazwa [[uchi]] ardhini, [[usiku]] kati ya tarehe 3 na 4 Oktoba 1226. == Maandishi asili kuhusu Fransisko == Baada ya kupitia maisha na maandishi ya Fransisko, ni vema kujua jinsi habari zake zilivyotufikia kwa njia ya maandishi ya watu wengine pia. Baadhi yaliandikwa mapema kabla hajafa. Baadhi ni hati za Kanisa. Baadhi ni mafupi sana na yanamtaja tu katika kusimulia mambo mengine. Baadhi ni kazi ya watu ambao si Wafransisko, tena pengine hawakupenda huo mtindo mpya wa kitawa. Lakini bila ya shaka habari nyingi zaidi zinapatikana katika maandishi ya wafuasi wake. Kati yao ana nafasi ya pekee Klara kwa sababu ya utakatifu wake, ya uhusiano wa ndani na wa muda mrefu na Mt. Fransisko, na ya uaminifu wake katika kumfuata. Maandishi mengine ya Wafransisko yanatofautiana si tu kwa urefu, kwa mtindo, kwa mpangilio au kwa ufasaha, bali pia kwa malengo na mitazamo. Hasa mabishano katika shirika yalifanya kila mmoja akusanye habari zilizompendeza ili kumchora Fransisko kulingana na msimamo wa kikundi chake: ndiyo sababu ni lazima tulinganishe maandishi yote ili kupata ukweli. [[Thoma wa Celano]] ndiye wa kwanza kuandika kitabu cha maisha ya Fransisko. Alifanya kazi hiyo kwa agizo la [[Papa Gregori IX]] akikusanya [[shuhuda]] zilizotolewa katika [[kesi]] ya kumtangaza Fransisko kuwa mtakatifu ([[16 Julai]] [[1228]]) pamoja na kumbukumbu zake mwenyewe za miaka sita aliyoishi karibu naye. Mwaka [[1229]] akamkabidhi Papa kitabu hicho ambacho aliipa uzito hasa miaka miwili ya mwisho ya Fransisko, ambapo utakatifu wake uling’aa kwa namna ya pekee. Pamoja na kufuata mtindo wa wasifu wa watakatifu wa zamani, Thoma alisisitiza mambo mapya ya Fransisko: ufukara, unyofu, unyenyekevu, wema kwa maskini, upendo kwa viumbe, mahubiri yasiyo na mapambo, hata madonda ya Msulubiwa. Kitabu hicho rasmi kilikusudiwa hasa kueneza heshima kwa Fransisko, lakini pia kulitetea shirika lake dhidi ya upinzani wa nje. Kwa kila shirika, heshima inayotolewa kwa [[mwanzilishi]] inaliletea heshima na nguvu katika maisha ya Kanisa, na mara nyingi hata misaada na faida upande wa uchumi. Hivyo tunaelewa mafanikio ya haraka ya ndugu Elia katika kujenga [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|kanisa kubwa la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Asizi. Kwa kumtukuza, shirika lilijitukuza. Ukweli huo ni wazi katika mwendelezo wa maandishi juu yake pia. Miaka iliyofuata ([[1230]]-[[1234]]) zilitungwa sala na nyimbo za liturujia kwa heshima ya mtakatifu huyo mpya. Kati ya watunzi, [[Julian wa Speyer]] aliandika pia maisha yake ([[1232]]-[[1235]]), hasa kwa ajili ya Wafransisko na ya malezi yao. Wakati huohuo ([[1232]]-[[1239]]) [[Henri wa Avranches]] alitunga maisha ya Fransisko kwa mtindo wa shairi. Katika miaka [[1237]]-[[1239]] sura yake nyingine ilichorwa na kuenezwa na kitabu kidogo, jina lake “[[Agano Takatifu la Mt. Fransisko na Bibi Ufukara]]”. Kichwa chenyewe kinaonyesha wazi kuwa kitabu kinasisitiza upendo wake kwa Ufukara kama [[mchumba]] wake. Humo yeye anaonekana kama fukara mdogo ambaye alimtafuta sana Ufukara, akamuona katika kilele cha mlima anapokaa, hapo wakasimuliana maisha yao na kufunga agano la upendo na uaminifu. Picha hiyo ikazingatiwa sana mpaka leo. Hiyo ilikuwa miaka ya mwisho ya uongozi wa ndugu Elia, ambayo ilizidi kuwa na mabishano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo. Hata baada ya kumuondoa madarakani, mabadiliko ya maisha yakaendelea kufanyika na kusababisha maswali juu ya nia halisi ya mwanzilishi. Ndipo ([[1240]]-[[1241]]) [[Yohane wa Perugia]] alipoandika kitabu juu ya asili ya shirika ili kuamsha ule moto uliowaka mwanzoni kati ya wenzi wa Fransisko. Habari zake ni mpya kwa asilimia 60 na kutegemea hasa ushahidi wa [[mwenye heri Egidi]]. Kwa kuwa Yohane hakujitaja kitabu hicho kinaitwa “[[Kitabu Kisicho na Jina cha Perugia]]”. Miaka ishirini baada ya kifo cha Fransisko hamu ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1244]] [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa maandishi kumbukumbu yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. Kutokana na agizo hilo vikapatikana vitabu viwili tulivyonavyo hata leo: cha kwanza kilitungwa katika miaka [[1241]]-[[1247]] kikaitwa “[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]”. Kinategemea sana kitabu cha Yohane wa Perugia lakini kinatia mkazo zaidi juu ya Fransisko mwenyewe na kuonyesha njia ya kuongoka na kufanana na Kristo ambayo aliifuata na ambayo inawafaa wote. Cha pili kinaitwa “[[Mtungo wa Asizi]]” ([[1244]]-[[1260]]) kwa kuwa kinakusanya shuhuda za ndugu mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko shirikani. Lakini kazi ya kuandika upya maisha rasmi ya Fransisko ilikabidhiwa tena kwa Thoma wa Celano, naye akaimaliza mwaka 1247. Kitabu hicho hakikukusudiwa kushika nafasi ya kile alichotangulia kukiandika, bali kukitimiliza kutokana na ushahidi wa wengi, hasa wenzi watatu, waliotuma kumbukumbu zao na za wenzao wa kwanza pamoja na barua kutoka Greccio ([[11 Agosti]] [[1246]]). Kitabu cha pili cha Thoma kilisisitiza utakatifu wa Fransisko kama mkuu kuliko ule wa waanzilishi wengine wote, kwa hiyo ujana wake haukulaumiwa kama mara ya kwanza, Mt. Dominiko anaonyeshwa akimuinamia Fransisko n.k. Vimeongezwa: maneno ya Msulubiwa kwa Fransisko, njozi ya Papa Inosenti III kuhusu kazi yake ya kulitegemeza Kanisa n.k. Fransisko alizidi kulinganishwa na Kristo kama ilivyotarajiwa na wanashirika. Pamoja na hayo kitabu hicho kinatuletea kwa wingi habari za maadili yake, misemo yake na nia zake. Hata hivyo shirika kwa jumla halikuridhika sana; ndiyo sababu katika miaka [[1250]]-[[1252]] Thoma akaandika kitabu chake cha tatu ambacho kinakusanya miujiza tu ya Fransisko ili kuzidi kumtukuza yeye pamoja na shirika lake. Lakini hivyo vitabu vitatu vya Thoma vilionekana kukosa umoja na kuwa virefu mno hasa kwa kuvinakili kwa mikono. Ndicho kisingizio cha kudai maisha ya Fransisko yaandikwe upya katika kitabu kimoja tu. Lengo lingine la ombi hilo lilikuwa kulikinga shirika dhidi ya mashambulizi makali ya walimu wa [[chuo kikuu cha Paris]] waliopinga mambo mapya yaliyoletwa na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao baadhi yao wameambukizwa pia na matabiri ya kizushi ya [[abati]] [[Yohakimu wa Fiore]]. Huyo alipanga [[historia ya wokovu]] kwa namna yake akisema mwaka [[1260]] utakuwa mwanzo wa wakati wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] ambapo Kanisa litafanywa upya na karama zake. Ndipo Wafransisko hao walipochota mawazo mbalimbali ili kuthibitisha umuhimu wa Fransisko katika hatua hiyo na katika historia ya wokovu jumla. [[File:Angelo_sesto_sigillo.jpg|thumb|Mchoro wa Malaika wa mhuri wa sita mwenye madonda matakatifu.]] Basi mwaka huo mkutano mkuu ulimuagiza [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]], mtumishi wa shirika lote, aandike kitabu kipya. Hicho hakina habari mpya ila kinatumia zile za Thoma wa Celano. Tofauti kubwa ni namna alivyozitumia ili kumuonyesha Fransisko kuwa si [[serafi]] tu (alivyosema Celano) bali ni yule [[malaika]] wa mhuri wa sita mwenye alama ya Mungu aliye hai aliyetabiriwa na [[Ufu]] 7:2 kuwa atapanda toka [[Mashariki]] kufungua wakati mpya. Kwake Mungu aliye hai ndiye Kristo Msulubiwa, na alama yake ndiyo madonda matano aliyomtia Fransisko. Basi, kama ni hivyo, huyo si mtakatifu mmojawapo tu, bali ana nafasi ya pekee katika historia ya wokovu. Mchoro huo ulikubaliwa kabisa na shirika lote, hivi kwamba mkutano mkuu wa mwaka [[1266]] ukaweza kuagiza yateketezwe maandishi yote yaliyotangulia kuhusu Fransisko. Lengo lilikuwa wote wamkumbuke tu alivyochorwa na Bonaventura katika kitabu chake rasmi na cha kudumu. Kweli hicho kikanakiliwa sana kwanza kwa mikono, halafu kwa mashine na kufuatwa na wengi katika sanaa, mahubiri na liturujia. Kumbe vitabu vya Celano vikapotea kwa zaidi ya karne tano. Hata ndugu waliopinga mabadiliko ya shirika na msimamo wa kati wa Bonaventura, walimlaumu kwa sababu ya kupunguza habari kadhaa, lakini walipendezwa na jinsi alivyomtukuza Fransisko kuliko watakatifu wote. Kwa kitabu hicho sura yake imeshakamilika. Vitabu vilivyotungwa baadaye, k.mf. “[[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]]” ([[1318]]), havikuweza kuichangia sana, ingawa vinatusaidia kumuelewa zaidi katika majaribu yake, nia yake na roho yake kwa kuwa vinasimulia bila mpango habari mbalimbali ambazo hazikutumiwa zote na vitabu rasmi. Hasa habari juu ya [[upinzani]] uliompata Fransisko ndani ya shirika hazikuweza kuandikwa katika vitabu vyake rasmi, lisije likapata [[aibu]]. Basi, maandishi hayo ya mwishomwisho yaliziba pengo hilo na kutuonyesha ukweli, kama picha iliyofyatuliwa kwa [[kamera]] bila wahusika kujua wala kujipanga. Vitabu hivyo vilichochea upinzani ndani ya shirika na hata dhidi ya uongozi wa Kanisa. Baadaye tena ([[1328]]-[[1343]]) [[Hugolino wa Montegiorgio]] na mwenzake fulani wakatunga “[[Actus]]” (= “Matendo” ya Fransisko na wenzake) ambacho kikatafsiriwa kwa [[Kiitalia]] mwishoni mwa [[karne XIV]]. [[Tafsiri]] hiyo, yenye jina la “[[Fioretti]]” (= “[[Maua Madogo]]”, yaani “[[Visimulizi Bora]]”), ikasifiwa sana kwa uzuri wake, ingawa visimulizi vyake si vyote vya kihistoria. Ni kama [[manukato]] yanayotuvutia kwenye roho na utakatifu wa Fransisko, aliyekwishakufa toka siku nyingi, hivi kwamba anakumbukwa kwa mbali lakini kwa namna ya kupendeza zaidi. Miaka iliyopita imechuja ujumbe wake, ambao hivyo unang’aa kwa namna ya pekee katika kitabu hicho kilichosisitiza jinsi Fransisko alivyofanana na Yesu, wazo lililokazwa na Wafransisko wote wa [[karne XIV]], hasa na [[Bartolomayo wa Pisa]], mwandishi wa “[[Conformitates]]” (= “[[Uwiano Mwingi]]”). == Tarehe za maisha yake == 1182 Mtoto Yohane alizaliwa na kubatizwa. Baba yake, Petro wa Bernardone, akirudi toka safarini akamtajia jina la Fransisko, yaani Mfaransa Mdogo. Baada ya hapo mtoto akalelewa katika anasa, ingawa hatujui kama ujanani aliulinda [[usafi wa moyo]] au sivyo. Kwa tabia alikuwa na uchangamfu na huruma sana kwa maskini ingawa aliogopa wenye ukoma. Pamoja na adabu njema alipewa pia elimu kidogo kupitia mapadri, halafu akawahi kuanza biashara. 1198 Asizi vilianza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe: inawezekana kwamba Fransisko naye alishiriki kushambulia na kubomoa ngome ya kifalme iliyokuwepo juu ya mji huo. 1202 Asizi ulishindwa vitani na jeshi la Perugia; Fransisko mwenyewe akatekwa na kufungwa huko Perugia. Baada ya mwaka mmoja akarudishwa nyumbani kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na kisha kulipiwa pesa nyingi ili aachiliwe; lakini wakati huo wa mateso alianza kukomaa na kubadilika kimawazo. 1204 Fransisko aliendelea kuugua mwaka mzima. 1205 Fransisko aliondoka tena aende vitani kuikomboa nchi takatifu ya Yesu na kujipatia sifa na cheo, lakini kabla hajatoka mkoa wake akarudi Asizi kutokana na njozi na sauti aliyoisikia. Akaenda kuhiji [[mji wa Roma|Roma]] kwenye makaburi ya Mitume, ambapo anabadilishana nguo na fukara na kuanza kuombaomba. Katikati ya mwaka uongofu wake ulikuwa umekomaa: katika [[karamu ya mwisho]] aliyowaandalia wenzake alikuwa akifikiria kuoa bibi ufukara. Alipokutana ghafla na mtu mwenye ukoma akashuka kwenye farasi na baada ya kumsaidia pesa akambusu: ndio ushindi mkuu uliofanya kuanzia hapo kusiwe na kitu cha kumzuia. Karibu na mwisho wa mwaka akamsikia Yesu msalabani akimuambia, “Fransisko, nenda ukarekebishe Kanisa langu, kwa kuwa linataka kubomoka”: ndiyo kazi ya utawa atakaoanzisha, ingawa mwanzoni alielewa tofauti, kwamba arekebishe magofu ya kanisa aliposikia sauti hiyo. 1206 Mwanzoni mwa mwaka, baada ya miezi ya mashindano na wazazi wake, waliokuwa wakimshutumu na kumbembeleza na kumtesa, Fransisko aliitwa hukumuni kwa meya: lakini kama mtu wa Mungu akakataa mahakama ya serikali, hivyo kesi akafanyika mbele ya askofu Guido ambapo alimkataa mzazi wake pamoja na mali za urithi hata akamrudishia nguo zake zote. Baada ya kuishi kidogo kama boi kwa Wabenedikto, akahamia Gubbio ambapo akavaa kanzu ya mkaapweke,akisali na kutumikia wakoma. Mnamo Julai akarudi Asizi arekebishe kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano ambapo alitabiri watakuja kukaa masista watakatifu. 1207 Alirekebisha kanisa la mtakatifu Petro na mwisho lile la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika: kazi za ukarabati zilichukua karibu miaka miwili, kwa kuwa mwenyewe alikuwa akienda kuombaomba mawe ya kujengea, ingawa hakuwa na uzoefu na kazi nzito namna hiyo. 1208 Siku moja wakati wa Misa alisikiliza sehemu ya Injili ambayo Yesu aliwatuma kwa mara ya kwanza mitume wake (Mt. 10:7-10); hapo akaenda kwa padri kupata tafsiri zaidi na maelezo yake, halafu kwa shangwe akaanza kutekeleza, kwa kutupilia mbali mkanda na viatu, kuvaa kamba na kanzu ngumu na kuhubiri toba. Kama siku hiyo, ambapo hatimaye alielewa wito wake, akaendelea daima kuwa mtu wa Injili na mwana wa Kanisa. Tarehe 16 Aprili, baada ya kuhubiri alifuatwa na ndugu Bernardo wa Quintavalle na labda na ndugu Petro Cattani walioamua kujiunga naye; basi akawaongoza kanisani, wakasoma Injili kwa kufungua kitabu mara tatu, wakauza mali zao zote ili kuwagawia maskini kufuatana na waliyoyasoma: ndio mwanzo wa jamaa. Tarehe 23 Aprili ndugu Egidi pia akajiunga nao, na mara wakatawanyika wawiliwawili wahubirie mikoa ya jirani. Ndipo wafuasi walipoongezeka na mwishoni mwa mwaka walifikia kuwa wanane. 1209 Kisha kurudi Asizi wanne wengine wakajiunga nao: hapo wakaamua waende wote Roma ili kupata kibali cha Papa Inosenti III kusudi wawe na hakika ya kuwa maisha yao yanampendeza Mungu, na waeleweke kwa wote kuwa ni Wakatoliki hasa, si wazushi. Baada ya kuvumilia muda fulani wakafaulu kuongea na Papa kwa msaada wa askofu wa Asizi na wa kardinali Yohane wa Mtakatifu Paulo: mara ya kwanza makardinali wengine walibishana na kutaka kupinga ombi hilo; lakini mara ya pili Papa alitoa kwa sauti kibali chake kwa maisha yao ya kitawa na kwa utume wao wa kuhubiri toba. Labda mwaka huohuo Fransisko alianzisha utawa maalumu kwa waamini wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kawaida ya ulimwenguni, waweze kufuata maisha ya Kiinjili kwa ukamilifu mkubwa zaidi. 1210 Jamaa, baada ya kuhama kibanda cha Rivotorto ili kukwepa ugomvi na mkulima mkorofi, walihamia moja kwa moja kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika, ambapo pabaki kielelezo cha kudumu. 1211 Fransisko akaondoka kwa meli aende Sirya akawahubirie Waislamu, lakini safari ikaishia Croatia kutokana na dhoruba; hapo akarudi Italia. 1212 Usiku baada ya Jumapili ya Matawi mtakatifu Klara alitoroka nyumbani, akapokewa na Ndugu Wadogo kwa mienge, akanyolewa kitawa na Fransisko akavikwa kanzu. Baada ya muda akahamia kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Damiano pamoja na mdogo wake mtakatifu Anyesi aliyemfuata utawani: ndio mwanzo wa utawa wa Mabibi Fukara, ambao wanaishi Kifransisko ndani ya monasteri katika sala na kazi za mikono, bila ya kutoka nje wala kufanya utume wowote. 1213 Alifunga Kwaresima nzima katika kisiwa cha ziwa Trasimeno, halafu akazawadiwa mlima La Verna. 1214 Fransisko aliondoka tena kupitia bara akawahubirie Waislamu wa Moroko, lakini njiani huko Hispania akapatwa na ugonjwa mkali akarudi Asizi, alipowapokea utawani wasomi kadhaa: baadhi yao wakashika kweli njia ya udogo, lakini wengine wakaja kuvuruga utawa kwa kutegemea mno akili yao. 1215 Novemba ulifanyika Mtaguso Mkuu wa IV wa Laterano, ambao Fransisko alihudhuria pamoja na maaskofu na wakuu wengine wa mashirika; labda ndipo alipofunga urafiki na mtakatifu Dominiko, mwanzilishi wa Utawa wa Wahubiri. Baadaye akajitahidi sana kutekeleza maagizo ya mtaguso huo. 1216 Siku mbili baada ya kifo cha Inosenti III makardinali walimchagua Honori III. Fransisko aliendelea kuzungukazunguka Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1217 Mkutano mkuu wa Ndugu Wadogo ulipoamua wengine waende kuhubiri nje ya Italia kwa Wakristo na wasio Wakristo, Fransisko akaelekea Ufaransa lakini njiani akazuiwa na kardinali Hugolino akarudi Asizi. Kutokana na kutumwa bila ya maandalizi yoyote, ndugu wengi wakapatwa na matatizo mengi. 1218 Honori III alieneza hati yake maalumu ili kuwahakikisha maaskofu wote kuwa Ndugu Wadogo ni Wakatoliki hasa. 1219 Mkutano mkuu ulituma tena ndugu wakahubiri Injili kwa Wakristo na Waislamu. Hapo Fransisko mwenyewe akaenda kati ya Waislamu wa Misri: hakupenda mwenendo wa jeshi la Kikristo lililopigana nao, akatabiri kuwa watashindwa. Upande wake akaenda kumhubiria sultani, lakini kisha kuona hawezi kumuongoa wala kuuawa naye kishahidi akamuomba ruhusa ya kutembelea mahali patakatifu pa Palestina na Sirya. 1220 Tarehe 16 Januari huko Moroko Waislamu waliwaua ndugu Berardo na wenzake wanne waliokwenda kuwahubiria mpaka misikitini: ndio wafiadini wa kwanza wa Kifransisko. Mnamo Aprili au Mei Fransisko, alipopashwa habari za mageuzi ndani ya shirika huko Italia, akarudi kwa ufunuo wa Mungu ashike tena uongozi, lakini alipoona ugumu wa hali ya utawa, na ya kwamba wengi hawataki kumsikiliza tena, akamuomba Papa alipatie shirika kardinali Hugolino kama msimamizi na mkosoaji. Halafu katika mkutano mkuu akajiuzulu akamteua ndugu Petro Cattani aongoze jamaa kwa niaba yake. 1221 Kwa kuwa Petro Cattani kafa mapema tarehe 30 Mei ikambidi Fransisko amchague makamu mwingine, yaani ndugu Elia Bombarone, wakati wa mkutano mkuu uliohudhuriwa na wanashirika elfu tano na uliopata kuwa mkubwa kuliko yote hadi leo. Kwa kuwa walijitengenezea vibanda vya mikeka kutokana na wingi huo, mkutano unajulikana kama mkutano wa mikeka. Mungu alifanya wasikose chakula hata wengi wakashangaa kwa sababu hayakufanyika maandalizi yoyote. Pamoja na kuamua kupeleka ndugu katika nchi mbalimbali, mkutano huo ulipitisha kanuni ndefu iliyohitajika sana kwa sababu ya hali ya shirika, na hasa ongezeko hilo la ajabu. Lakini kanuni hiyo haikuthibitishwa na Papa kwa sababu fulani. 1222 Fransisko alizunguka sana Italia kwa ajili ya utume. 1223 Miezi ya kwanza alikwenda pamoja na ndugu Leo na ndugu Bonisyo kwenye mlima wa Fonte Colombo ili kuandika kanuni fupi na yenye mtindo wa kisheria zaidi kama alivyodaiwa. Upinzani wa ndugu Elia na wengineo ukashindwa katika mkutano mkuu wa Juni, hivyo kanuni ikapelekwa kwa Honori III ambaye akaithibitisha kwa maandishi tarehe 29 Novemba. Katika Misa ya usiku wa Noeli, iliyoadhimishwa huko Greccio katika pango lililoandaliwa na Fransisko, alitokea mtoto Yesu. 1224 Mnamo Julai ndugu Elia alijulishwa katika njozi kwamba Fransisko ataishi bado miaka miwili tu. Mnamo Agosti Fransisko akapanda mlima La Verna afanye mfungo mpaka sikukuu ya Malaika mkuu Mikaeli; huko upwekeni, akiwa katika malipizi na majaribu makali ya usiku wa roho, akatokewa na Yesu mwenye sura ya serafi msulubiwa akajaliwa mwilini madonda yake matano ya msalabani. 1225 Baada ya kurudi kutoka safarini mwezi wa tatu Fransisko alienda kwa mtakatifu Klara, ambapo akabaki mpaka mwezi wa tano kwa sababu ya ugonjwa na ya matibabu yasiyomsaidia kitu. Katika mateso hayo na majaribu ya Shetani, usiku mmoja akaahidiwa uzima wa milele. Kesho yake asubuhi akamshukuru Mungu kwa kumtungia Wimbo wa Ndugu Jua. Mwezi Juni akawapatanisha askofu na meya wa Asizi kwa kuwaimbishia wimbo huo baada ya kuuongezea ubeti kuhusu msamaha. Halafu akaenda kukaa Rieti kwa ajili ya matibabu mbalimbali aliyoyavumilia yote kwa moyo mkuu. 1226 Kuanzia tarehe 6 Februari alisafiri tena kwa matibabu. Mnamo Aprili huko Siena akazidiwa hata usiku fulani alikubali ombi la kuwaandikia ndugu zake wote wasia mfupi kwa maneno matatu, yaani kwamba wapendane, wafuate ufukara na kulitii Kanisa. Baada ya kupata nafuu akaandika sehemusehemu wasia mrefu zaidi ili kuchochea karama ya shirika. Waasizi wakiogopa kwamba mtakatifu wao atakuja kufa mbali wakafanya mpango wa kumrudisha kwao wakamlaza kwenye nyumba ya askofu, lakini Fransisko alipokaribia kufa akaamua kurudi kwenye kanisa la mtakatifu Maria wa Malaika. Katika hiyo safari yake ya mwisho, katikati ya njia, akabariki mji wake. Halafu kabla hajafa akawabariki wafuasi wake wote, hata wale watakaoingia utawani mpaka mwisho wa dunia. Halafu tena akaomba wamlaze ardhini kabisa bila ya nguo afe uchi kama Yesu msalabani tarehe 3 Oktoba; hapo sifa ya madonda yake ikaanza kuenea, na wengi wakaja kuyashuhudia katika maiti yake. Kesho yake, kwa maandamano ya shangwe pamoja na huzuni, akaenda kuzikwa katika [[kanisa kuu]], lakini njiani waliwapitia mtakatifu Klara na wenzake. 1227 Tarehe 19 Machi, baada ya kufa Honori III, kardinali Hugolino alichaguliwa kuwa Papa kama alivyotabiriwa na Fransisko akajichagulia jina la Gregori IX. 1228 Mwenyewe alikwenda Asizi kusudi amtangaze rafiki yake Fransisko kuwa ni mtakatifu mbinguni (16 Julai). 1230 [[Masalia]] ya Fransisko yalihamishiwa katika kanisa kubwa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake: ndio kanisa kuu la shirika lote. ==Sala yake== Ndiwe Bwana Mungu mtakatifu unayetenda maajabu. Wewe una nguvu. Wewe ni mkuu. Wewe ndiwe mkuu kabisa. Wewe ndiwe mfalme mwenyezi. Wewe, Baba mtakatifu, mfalme wa mbingu na nchi. Wewe ni utatu na umoja, Bwana Mungu wa miungu; ndiwe wema, wema wote, wema mkuu, Bwana Mungu hai na wa kweli. Wewe ni pendo, upendo; wewe ni hekima, wewe ni unyenyekevu, wewe ni uvumilivu, wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ni usalama, wewe ni utulivu, wewe ni furaha na heri, wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni haki, wewe ni kiasi, wewe ni mali yetu yote ya kututosha. Wewe ni uzuri, wewe ni upole, wewe ndiwe msimamizi, wewe ni mlinzi na mtetezi wetu, wewe ni nguvu, wewe ni burudisho. Wewe ni tumaini letu, wewe ni imani yetu, wewe ni upendo wetu, wewe ni utamu wetu wote, wewe ni uzima wetu wa milele: Bwana mkuu na wa ajabu, Mwenyezi Mungu, Mwokozi mwenye huruma. ==Sala iliyosambazwa kwa jina lake== Ee Bwana unifanye niwe chombo cha amani yako. Palipo chuki nilete mapendo, Palipo makosa nilete msamaha, Palipo nshaka nilete imani, Pasipo matumaini nilete tumaini, Palipo giza nilete mwanga, Palipo huzuni nilete furaha. Ee Bwana unisaidie nitamani zaidi: Kufariji kuliko kufarijiwa, Kuelewa kuliko kueleweka, Kupenda kuliko kupendwa. Kwa kuwa: Ni katika kutoa ndipo tunapopokea, Ni katika kusamehe ndipo tunaposamehewa, Ni katika kufa ndipo tunapozaliwa katika uzima wa milele. Amina. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo ya [[Kiswahili]]== [[Picha:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|thumb|[[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] mjini Asizi.]] * Ngano za Wenzi Watatu – Kumbukumbu ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi ilivyoandikwa na Ndugu Leo, Rufino na Angelo – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu Wafransisko [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – [[Tabora]] 1987 * [[Fioretti]] – Visimulizi Kuhusu Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Rikardo Maria, U.N.W.A. n.k. – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1996 – ISBN 9976-63-468-4 * V. TURETTA, Mt. Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Ndugu Wafransisko Wakapuchini – ed. Santuario Porziuncola – [[Assisi]] 1990 * G. NIKOLAI, Ndugu Fransisko wa Asizi – [[Katuni]] zilizotolewa na Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] wa [[Tanzania]] – [[Dar es Salaam]] 1982 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 361-363 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 303-319, 348-374 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 345-346 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 541-543 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 76-77 == Marejeo ya [[lugha]] nyingine == * Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89555-343-0 * Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14 ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books. * Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble. * Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) * Robinson, Paschal (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{CathEncy|wstitle=St._Francis_of_Assisi}} * Friar Elias, ''Epistola Encyclica de Transitu Sancti Francisci'', 1226. * Pope Gregory IX, Bulla "Mira circa nos" for the canonization of St. Francis, 19 Julai 1228. * Friar [[Thomas of Celano|Tommaso da Celano]]: ''Vita Prima Sancti Francisci'', 1228; ''Vita Secunda Sancti Francisci'', 1246–1247; ''Tractatus de Miraculis Sancti Francisci'', 1252–1253. * Friar [[Julian of Speyer]], ''Vita Sancti Francisci'', 1232–1239. * St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, ''Legenda Maior Sancti Francisci'', 1260–1263. * Ugolino da Montegiorgio, ''Actus Beati Francisci et sociorum eius'', 1327–1342. * ''Fioretti di San Francesco'', the "[[Little Flowers of St. Francis|Little Flowers of St.&nbsp;Francis]]", end of the 14th&nbsp;century: an anonymous Italian version of the ''Actus''; the most popular of the sources, but very late and therefore not the best authority by any means. * ''The Little Flowers of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown)'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1998. ISBN 978-0-385-07544-2 == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216793/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi "Saint Francis of Assisi."] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/10/041.html "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html The Life & Miracles of St. Francis of Assisi, the Monk who received the Stigmata of Jesus Christ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-catholic-church-who-received-the-stigmata-of-jesus-christ.html |date=20130724234417 }} * [http://franciscan-archive.org/ The Franciscan Archive] * [http://www.kiswila.com/PFDA/Maadili%20ya%20Mtakatifu%20Fransisko.pdf Maadili ya Mt. Fransisko katika vyanzo kwa Kiswahili] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1182]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1226]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Mashemasi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 2rjsgcddoo1pffapjvt1758baqpatpz 0 15690 1580415 1575820 2026-07-18T13:42:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Simone_Martini_047.jpg|thumb|right|Mt. Klara katika sehemu ya mchoro wa ukutani ([[1312]]–[[1220]]) wa [[Simone Martini]] katika [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko]] huko Assisi, [[Italia]].]] '''Klara wa Asizi''' ([[Assisi]], [[Umbria]], [[Italia]] [[16 Julai]] [[1193]] - Assisi, [[11 Agosti]] [[1253]]) ni [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kujiunga na [[tapo la toba]] la [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] tena ni mwanamke wa kwanza kutunga [[kanuni ya kitawa]] katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Huyo [[bikira]], anayehesabika kuwa [[mwanzilishi]] mwenza wa [[Waklara|Mabibi Fukara]] wa [[Utawa]] wa [[Ndugu Wadogo]], alipenda kujiita [[mche]] mdogo wa Fransisko, akimfuata kiroho kwa kuishi katika [[mji]] wao [[toba]] kali iliyojaa matendo ya [[upendo]] na [[ibada]]. Akipenda kwa namna ya pekee [[ufukara wa hiari]], hakukubali kamwe kuachanishwa nao, hata alipopatwa na hali ya kuhitaji na kuugua sana<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24000</ref>. Anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama [[mtakatifu]] na msimamizi wa [[televisheni]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. == Nafasi ya wanawake katika Kanisa la zama za kati Ulaya == Kuanzia [[karne ya 11]] wanawake wa [[Ulaya]] walishika nafasi za maana kuliko kawaida katika jamii na [[Kanisa]], wakijitokeza pia kwa wingi kufuata tapo lolote la kiroho la Kikatoliki au la kizushi. Kumbe Fransisko hakupata mwanamke yeyote wa kumfuata kwa walau miaka sita tangu aongoke, na hata baada ya kumpata Klara, hakuwapata tena wengi. Sababu ni kwamba hakuwa [[mchungaji]] wa roho bali mtu mwenye kutafuta njia yake, wala hakuwa na mpango wa kuanzisha lolote, bali alitaka kushiriki tu hali ya watu wa mwisho. Basi, kwa wanawake nafasi ya mwisho haikuwa tu ile ya [[ukoma|wakoma]], bali pia ya ma[[kahaba]] na ya [[uchawi|wachawi]]. Hivyo kwao chaguo la nafasi ya mwisho lilikuwa gumu zaidi, si tu upande wa mateso bali pia upande wa dharau, mbali ya kwamba lingesababisha masingizio juu ya uhusiano wao na ndugu wa kiume. == Miaka ya kwanza ya Klara == Klara alizaliwa mwaka [[1193]] au [[1194]], hivyo alikuwa na miaka 12-13 Fransisko alipovua [[utu wa kale]] mbele ya mji mzima katika uwanda wa [[kanisa kuu]] ule ambako iko nyumba ya Klara. Kwa hakika huyo akaendelea kusikia habari mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko: alivyopata wafuasi, mmojawao [[Rufino]] binamu wa Klara; alivyokubaliwa na [[Papa]] n.k. Hatujui kama ni kwa sababu hizo kwamba alikataa [[ndoa]] mbalimbali mpaka akafikia umri wa miaka 18, wala hatujui kama walikutana mara nyingi kwa mashauri ya kiroho. Ila tunajua kwa hakika kuwa baada ya Klara kukimbia nyumbani usiku na kujiunga na jamaa ya [[Ndugu Wadogo]], akifuatwa na mdogo wake [[Anyesi wa Asizi|Anyesi]] baada ya wiki mbili tu, Fransisko alitimiza wajibu wa kumlisha kiroho kwa mahubiri, mifano na hata maandishi. Kwa ushahidi wa Klara tunajua kwamba hata kwake himizo kuu la Fransisko lilikuwa kuambatana moja kwa moja na [[ufukara]] wa [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Mapema sana (kabla ya mwanzo wa mwaka [[1213]]) Fransisko aliwaahidia akina Klara kuwashughulikia sawa na ndugu wa kiume, akafanya hivyo mpaka kufa, ingawa kipindi fulani alijizuia asiwatembelee kusudi ndugu wengine wasipate kisingizio cha kufanya hivyo. == Kiongozi kwa watawa wa kike == [[File:SDamiano-Clara og søstre.jpg|thumb|250px|Mchoro wa ukutani unaowaonyesha Mt. Klara na masista wake; unapatikana katika kikanisa cha monasteri yao asili, [[San Damiano, Assisi]].]] Klara aliitikia kwa namna bora ya [[upendo]] na [[uaminifu]], akamsaidia kuelewa vizuri zaidi [[wito]] wake wa [[utume|kitume]]. Kufika kwake kwenyewe kulimfanya Fransisko afikirie sana na kushauriana naye juu ya maisha atakayoyashika. Mara wakatambua njia ya wanawake iwe tofauti na ile ya wanaume: kwa hiyo Klara akawa [[mmonaki]] na baadaye [[abesi]], ingawa kwa kushika kikamilifu [[ufukara mkuu]] na kuhusiana kidugu na wenzake. Tofauti na Ndugu Wadogo, ambao Fransisko aliwaelekeza wafuate “mtindo wa [[Injili]] takatifu”, yaani [[Yesu]] alivyowaagiza [[mitume]] waende (Math. 10:5-15), aliwaelekeza [[Waklara]] kwenye “[[ukamilifu]] wa Injili takatifu”, unaoonyeshwa hasa na [[heri nane]] na hotuba nzima ya mlimani (Math. 5:1-7:27), bila ya kuwabana kwa mtindo huo wenye vipengele vingi vya pekee. Tofauti inaonekana wazi katika ushahidi wa [[Askofu]] [[Yakobo wa Vitry]] ulioandikwa mwaka [[1216]] ukieleza maisha ya [[Wafransisko]] yalivyokuwa bado mwanzoni: wote walikuwa wanakula jasho lao, ila ndugu wa kiume kwa kufanya [[kazi]] hasa mjini au vijijini, kumbe akina dada kwa kubaki katika makao yao. Fransisko aliwahurumia daima wanawake hao waliokubali dharau na magumu ya kila aina. Yeye, ambaye hakusita hata kidogo kufuata tu mtindo wa Injili, katika kuwaongoza alizingatia sana udhaifu wa [[jinsia]] yao, na kama kwa kulazimishwa tu na Klara alimruhusu kushika magumu mengi: kila mara [[huruma]] ya Fransisko na msimamo imara wa Klara vilikutana katika kumpendeza [[Mungu]]. Ni baada tu ya kung’amua msimamo huo, kwamba Fransisko alimuahidia atawatunza sawa na ndugu wa kiume. Mwongozo wake wa uso kwa uso ukawa muhimu kuliko kuwaandikia kanuni fulani: badala yake mwenyewe alichukua jukumu la kudumisha ufukara mkuu na [[udugu]] katika monasteri ya kike. == Baada ya kifo cha Fransisko == Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Fransisko, akina Klara waliweza kushuhudia [[madonda ya Yesu]] katika mikono, miguu na ubavu wa mtakatifu huyo. Halafu wakaendelea kupigania ufukara mkuu dhidi ya mashauri ya watu mbalimbali. Ni kwamba baada ya [[Mtaguso IV wa Laterano]] (1215) kukataza [[kanuni]] mpya iliwabidi wapokee mojawapo ya zamani ili wakubaliwe na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kama watawa. Basi wakaichagua ile ya [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], wakiifuata katika mambo kadhaa kadiri yalivyopatana na mtindo wao mpya, bila ya nia ya kuwa [[Wabenedikto]]. Hapo ilimpasa Klara kuitwa [[abesi]], jina alilolikubali tu kwa kumtii [[mwanzilishi]], ingawa akaendelea kujiita “mtumishi wa Kristo na wa akina dada fukara”. Hasa Klara hakutosheka na uhalali wa monasteri yake mbele ya Kanisa, bali kwa njia ya Fransisko aliomba akapewa na [[Papa Inosenti III]] “fadhili ya ufukara” (1216), yaani ruhusa ya kuishi bila ya mali hata kijumuia, kama jambo la msingi katika wito wake wa “kuishi kadiri ya [[ukamilifu]] wa [[Injili]] takatifu”, kwa kuungana na [[Yesu]] fukara kama bibiarusi fukara. [[Kardinali]] Ugolino, akiona [[monasteri]] za namna hiyo zinavyoongezeka huko na huko, alizitungia [[katiba]] ([[1219]]) iliyopitishwa na [[Papa Honori III]] ([[1216]]-[[1227]]) ambayo ikawa msingi wa kanuni zote zilizoandikwa baadaye kwa Utawa II. Lengo lake lilikuwa kukinga monasteri hizo dhidi ya upinzani na kuzipa mtindo wa kimonaki zaidi bila ya kuondoa [[usahili]] wake maalumu, ziwe muundo mpya wa aina moja chini ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] moja kwa moja. Katika juhudi zake za kurekebisha [[umonaki]] alielekeza hata monasteri kadhaa za zamani zifuate mtindo wa Mt. Damiano. Desturi kali alizoziagiza humo hazikumtisha Klara, ambaye alijishinda tayari na kujitesa kwa [[ushujaa]] mkubwa (katika kula, kuvaa, kulala n.k.) mpaka akakatazwa asizidishe. Wala hakuogopa ukali wa [[ugo]] ulioagiwa na katiba hiyo, ili kutunza mazingira ya sala. Wasiwasi wake ulihusu ufukara mkuu akiona hautajwi na katiba hiyo. Mwanzoni Ugolino alitaka msimamo huo udumu katika monasteri kadhaa, ila alipochaguliwa kuwa [[Papa]] akaanza kuzipatia mali nyinginyingi, labda kisha kung’amua matatizo yaliyojitokeza. Lakini Klara hakukubali kabisa akamuomba amtibitishie “fadhili ya ufukara” akakubaliwa (1228), lakini si kwa monasteri zote. Suala lingine lililojitokeza mapema, halafu likaendelea kusababisha migogoro, ni nani awajibike kuwasaidia Waklara upande wa roho na upande wa [[riziki]]. Fransisko alipokuwa [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Filipo Longo]] aliteuliwa msimamizi wao, lakini mwanzilishi aliporudi uteuzi huo ukafutwa, masista wakasimamiwa tena na wasio Wafransisko, mpaka Ugolino, kisha kuchaguliwa awe [[Papa Gregori IX]] ([[1227]]-[[1241]]) alipowalazimisha Ndugu Wadogo kuwajibika ([[1221]]). Klara alipoona [[wito]] wake wa Kiinjili upo hatarini upande wa [[sheria]], kwa kuwa kanuni na katiba hazikuwa za Kifransisko, akaanza kuomba aweze kuahidi kushika kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo badala ya ile ya Benedikto. Mwaka 1234 akaja kumuunga mkono [[Anyesi wa Praha]], binti mfalme ambaye alikataa kuolewa na mfalme mkuu [[Federiko II]] wa [[Ujerumani]] akaanzisha monasteri yake iliyokubaliwa “fadhili ya ufukara”. Alitunga kanuni mpya kwa kuchanganya “mtindo wa maisha” alioandika Fransisko na katiba ya Ugolino, akamuomba Gregori IX, halafu [[Papa Inosenti IV]] (1243-1254) waithibitishe, lakini akakataliwa. Kumbe Inosenti IV akathibitisha katiba ya Ugolino (1245) na kusisitiza ifuatwe kanuni ya Benedikto kwa sababu ina sifa nyingi. Wakati huohuo alijaribu kusuluhisha mgogoro wa uhusiano kati ya Ndugu Wadogo na Waklara. Klara alikuwa akiendelea kudai kwa nguvu msaada wa kiroho wa ndugu hao kulingana na ahadi ya mwanzilishi. Kumbe Mtumishi mkuu [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]] (1244-1247) aliomba shirika liondolewe mzigo liliobebeshwa na Gregori IX, yaani himizo la kuanzisha [[konventi]] ndogo karibu na kila monasteri ya Waklara. Basi, Inosenti IV aliamua Waklara wawe chini ya uongozi na [[mamlaka]] ya Ndugu Wadogo, akapendekeza masista waunganishwe na Utawa I. Lakini shirika likazidi kuona litalemewa na wingi wa monasteri. Mwaka [[1247]] Inosenti IV akatunga katiba mpya badala ya ile ya Ugolino iliyokwishaenea katika monasteri zote za Kifransisko, ikitumika pengine pamoja na desturi maalumu za mahali. Katiba hiyo ilifanya kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo kuwa msingi wa sheria za Waklara bila ya kuwadai waishike katika yote, ila katika [[utiifu]], utovu wa mali na [[useja mtakatifu]]. Katiba hiyo ilimuondolea [[Kardinali mlinzi]] mamlaka juu ya Waklara, ambao wakawekwa moja kwa moja chini ya viongozi wa Utawa I. Kwa katiba hiyo Waklara wakaja kutambulikana Wafransisko kisheria, lakini ndani mlikuwa na pigo kubwa kwa Klara, yaani iliandikwa wazi kuwa monasteri zao zinaruhusiwa kuwa na mali za kujitegemea. Ndiyo sababu monasteri chache tu zikaipokea katiba hiyo. Vilevile Ndugu Wadogo wakazidi kulalamika hadi Kardinali mlinzi akajitwalia polepole mamlaka yao na hatimaye ([[1250]]) aliwaandikia wasithubutu kujiingiza katika uongozi wa Waklara. Hivyo kwa muda mfupi katiba hiyo ikashindikana pande zote. Klara, mgonjwa toka siku nyingi, alipoona kifo kinamkaribia, aliandika wasia wake ambamo alimuiga Fransisko katika kukumbusha asili ya wito wake na wa jamaa yake, na kutamka kwa msisitizo mkubwa nia imara ya kufuata ufukara mkuu “aliouahidi kwa Mungu na kwa Mt. Fransisko” pamoja na kuhimiza sana [[umoja]] wa dada zake. Lakini pia, upande wa sheria, aliona haja ya kutunga upya “mtindo wa maisha” kwa kulinganisha kanuni ya Ndugu Wadogo na masharti ya maisha ya ndani tu. Humo aliingiza pia maandishi mawili mafupi ya Fransisko kwao, kuhusu ufukara mkuu na kuhusu ahadi ya kwamba yeye na Ndugu Wadogo watawahudumia Waklara sawa na wenzao wa kiume. Upande wake Klara aliahidi kuwatii waandamizi wa mwanzilishi. Kiini cha huo “mtindo wa maisha” kinasisitiza kwa nguvu nia ya kuishi bila ya mali yoyote, isipokuwa monasteri na bustani. Jambo lingine linalokazwa ni [[udugu]]: humo neno “dada” linapatikana mara 66! Udugu huo unatimizwa siku kwa siku chini ya “abesi na mama” kwa umoja wa mioyo pasipo [[ubaguzi]] wowote (tofauti pekee ni kati ya wanaojua na wasiojua kusoma kuhusu [[Sala ya Kanisa]]). Hata dada “wa nje” (yaani “wanaohudumia nje ya monasteri” bila ya kubanwa na ugo) washiriki maisha ya jumuia sawa na wenzao. Hao ni kundi maalumu la mtindo wa Kiklara, linalohitajika kadiri wenzao wanavyojifungia ndani: ni “akina Marta” kwa “akina Maria” kadiri Fransisko alivyowapangia Ndugu Wadogo wanaoishi upwekeni. Udugu huo unajitokeza hata katika mikutano, ambayo inatakiwa kufanyika kila wiki kwa mchango wa wote, kupanga shughuli za maana na kuteua watakaoshika nyadhifa mbalimbali. Abesi mwenyewe, ingawa anachaguliwa kwa maisha yake yote, kadiri ya mapokeo ya kimonaki, anaweza kubadilishwa na dada zake wakiona hawezi kutimiza vizuri kazi zake. Uhusiano na Utawa I unasisitizwa tena kwa kudai msimamizi wa monasteri awe daima Ndugu Mdogo, pamoja na kuomba Utawa huo uipatie monasteri mapadri 2 na ma[[bradha]] 2 kwa huduma za kiroho na za kimwili. Huo “mtindo wa maisha” ukakubaliwa na Kardinali mlinzi ([[1252]]) halafu na Inosenti IV ([[1253]]). Klara akapewa hati yake kitandani akaibusu; siku mbili baadaye akafa akiishika mikononi, wakihudhuria [[ndugu Leo]], [[Anjelo Tancredi|ndugu Anjelo]] na [[ndugu Yunipero|Yunipero]], wenzi wa Fransisko; pia alijaliwa faraja za [[Bikira Maria]] na wanawake watakatifu kadhaa. == Baada ya kifo chake == [[File:Assisi_-_Basilica_di_Santa_Chiara_-_2.jpg|thumb|[[Basilika]] lililojengwa kwa [[heshima]] yake [[masalia]] yake yanamotunzwa.]] [[Mazishi]] yalihudhuriwa na Papa, Makardinali, Ma[[askofu]] na wengineo. Inosenti IV alitaka ziimbwe sala za watakatifu ma[[bikira]] badala ya zile za wafu, ila akakubali shauri la Kardinali mlinzi la kufuata taratibu zilizopangwa kabla mtu hajatangazwa mtakatifu. Miaka miwili baadaye, Kardinali huyo akiwa amechaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Aleksanda IV]] ([[1245]]-[[1261]]), akamtangaza rasmi kuwa [[mtakatifu]] ([[1255]]). Mwaka [[1260]] [[masalia]] yake yakahamishiwa mjini Asizi katika kanisa lililojengwa kwa heshima yake. == Maandishi yake == Pamoja na kanuni na wasia, Klara ametuachia walau barua nne (kwa [[Anyesi wa Praha]]). Maandishi hayo ndiyo chemchemi ya kwanza ambamo tuchote utajiri wa [[roho]] yake na wa [[utu]] wake. Hasa ya mwisho inatuonyesha alivyogeuka ndani ya Yesu kwa kuzidi kumkazia macho kama kioo chake na kujifunza toka kwake hasa ufukara, [[unyenyekevu]] na [[upendo]] wa ajabu, vilivyong’aa katika hatua mbalimbali za maisha yake kuanzia [[Bethlehemu]] hadi [[Kalivari]]. Klara alimfikia Mungu kwa kumfuata Yesu kama [[bibiarusi]] mwaminifu katika hatua hizo za maisha yake halisi, kama alivyoelekezwa na Fransisko, kadiri ya [[karama]] yake mpya katika kumtazama Yesu na kuelewa [[Injili]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo kwa [[Kiswahili]] == * MTAKATIFU KLARA WA ASIZI – Maandishi yake – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu [[Wafransisko]] [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – [[Ndanda]] 1994 – ISBN 9976-63-414-5 * WAHUDUMU WAKUU WA FAMILIA NNE ZA KIFRANSISKO, Klara wa Asizi, Mwanamke Mpya – ed. Familia za Kifransisko – [[Roma]] 1991 * Masomo ya Breviari - Sikukuu za Bwana, za Bikira Maria na za Watakatifu - Ndanda Mission Press 1978, uk 280-283 * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk 256-280 * John Kabeya na wengine - Maisha ya Watakatifu – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – Tabora 1965, 1989, uk. 275-276 * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 505-507 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 64 == Marejeo kwa lugha nyingine== * Bartoli, Marco. ''Chiara d'Assisi''. Rome 1989: Instituto Storico dei Cappucini. * Mooney, Catherine M.. "''Imitatio Christi'' or ''Imitatio Mariae''?: Clare of Assisi and Her Interpreters," in ''Gendered Voices: Medieval Saints and Their Interpreters'', ed. Catherine M. Mooney (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), pp. 52–77 (text), pp. 207–220 ([http://monasticmatrix.usc.edu/commentaria/article.php?textId=4 notes] {{Wayback|url=http://monasticmatrix.usc.edu/commentaria/article.php?textId=4 |date=20100702184215 }}) ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-claire-of-assisi-saint-and-virgin-of-the-holy-catholic-church.html The Life, Miracles and Death of St. Claire of Assisi, Saint and Virgin of the Catholic Church] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-claire-of-assisi-saint-and-virgin-of-the-holy-catholic-church.html |date=20120805231216 }} {{Catholic Encyclopedia poster|St. Clare of Assisi}} * [http://www.clarians.net/ St. Clare's Sr. Sec. School Agra] {{Wayback|url=http://www.clarians.net/ |date=20130602020219 }} Built On the Name Of St. Clare Of Assisi * [http://www.klarabaum-bautzen.de.vu The pear-tree of St. Clare]{{Wayback|url=http://www.klarabaum-bautzen.de.vu/ |date=20140812205523 }} in the [http://www.netzwerk-eucharistie.de.vu Convent of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration in Bautzen ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.netzwerk-eucharistie.de.vu/ |date=20160304075728 }} *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=215 St. Clare of Assisi] * [http://www.mirrorsforeternity.com/ Musical Theatre about St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mirrorsforeternity.com/ |date=20120421231156 }} * [http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc03.htm Saint Clare of Assisi] {{Wayback|url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc03.htm |date=20120201153730 }} in Patron Saints Index * [http://www.linetjornhoj.dk/Anorexia_Sacra.html Anorexia Sacra] {{Wayback|url=http://www.linetjornhoj.dk/Anorexia_Sacra.html |date=20120331101409 }} An opera using Clare's texts on asceticism and its connections with anorexia nervosa. * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/clare.html St. Clare page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/clare.html |date=20120930190912 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/clare.htm Caxton's life of St. Clare] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/clare.htm |date=20121020184306 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1193]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1253]] [[Jamii:Mabikira]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:Waklara]] [[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]] 4cnk8wid1rm7iinlifye63a85xsz44d 0 18981 1580505 1339344 2026-07-19T04:56:37Z Amanich7 44301 /* Utawala wa Mitaa */ from enWiki 1580505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Malindi |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Malindi katika Kenya |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Kilifi|Kilifi]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=3 |latm=13 |lats=0 |latNS=S |longd=40 |longm=07 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.malindimunicipal.org/ www.malindimunicipal.org] }} [[File:Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Nguzo ya Vasco da Gama.]] [[File:Malindi town view.jpg|thumb|200px|Mtazamo wa zamani wa mji wa Malindi]] '''Malindi''' (iliwahi kujulikana kama '''Melinde''') ni [[mji]] wa [[Kenya]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[Bahari Hindi]]. Iko takriban [[km]] 100&nbsp; [[kaskazini]] kwa [[Mombasa]], katika [[Malindi Bay]] kwenye [[mdomo]] wa [[mto Athi-Galana-Sabaki]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni takriban 207,253 ([[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2009]]<ref>[https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 Sensa ya Kenya 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 |date=20190109205229 }}, tovuti ya [[KNBS]], ilitazamwa Januari 2009.</ref>): ndio mji mkubwa zaidi wa [[kaunti ya Kilifi]] na ni [[kitovu]] muhimu cha [[utalii]] kwenye pwani ya Kenya. Malindi huhudumiwa na [[uwanja wa ndege]] na [[barabara kuu]] kati ya Mombasa na [[Lamu]]. == Historia == Malindi ni kati ya miji ya kale ya [[Waswahili]]. Mji umejulikana kuwepo tangu [[karne ya 13]] [[BK]] kwenye [[mwambao]] uliojulikana kama "[[Azania]]" tangu zamani za [[Waroma wa Kale|Waroma]] na [[Wagiriki wa Kale]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi Malindi ilikuwa [[dola-mji]] muhimu wa [[Uswahilini]] ulioshindana na Mombasa juu ya kipaumbele kwenye pwani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. === Wachina na Wareno kufika Malindi === Malindi ya [[karne ya 15]] iliona [[ziara]] za wageni wawili kutoka mbali: Mnamo [[1414]] [[jahazi]] za [[mpelelezi]] M[[china]] [[Zheng He]] zilifika Malindi. [[Sultani]] wa Malindi aliamua kumtuma [[balozi]] wa pekee pamoja na [[zawadi]] ya [[twiga]] kwenye [[meli]] hizi kwenda [[Nanking]], [[mji mkuu]] wa China wakati huo. Mwaka [[1419]] Wachina walirudi na kuwarudisha mabalozi. Lakini ziara hizi hazikuleta [[mawasiliano]] ya kudumu kwa sababu China iliamua baadaye kidogo kuacha safari za upelelezi. Mwaka [[1498]] [[Ureno|Mreno]] [[Vasco da Gama]] alifika Malindi kutoka kusini katika safari yake ya kwanza ya kuelekea [[Bara Hindi]]. Wareno walikuwa watangulizi wa [[mataifa]] mengine ya [[Ulaya]] katika kutafuta njia ya [[Uhindi]] kwa sababu walitafuta [[faida]] ya [[biashara]] ya moja kwa moja iliyokuwa imebaki mikononi mwa [[wafanyabiashara]] [[Waislamu]] waliowahi kutawala biashara kati ya Ulaya na [[Asia]]. Vasco da Gama alipatana kushirikiana na sultani wa Malindi kwa kusaini [[mkataba]] wa biashara ulioendelea mpaka mwisho wa kuwepo kwa Wareno Uswahilini. Alipewa [[nahodha]] ya kumwongoza hadi Bara Hindi, akajenga [[nguzo]] ya kumbukumbu unaosimama hadi leo karibu na [[bandari]] ya [[wavuvi]] Malindi. Nguzo hiyo inasimama hadi leo hii, ingawa kumekuwa na wito kutoka kwa wahafidhina kutunza nguzo hii, kwani [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]] unaweza kuangusha nguzo hii ndani ya [[bahari]]. Katika mwaka wa [[1499]] Wareno walianzisha kituo cha biashara mjini Malindi ambacho kilikuwa kituo cha kupumzika njiani kwenda na kutoka India. [[Kanisa]] lilianza wakati huo. Mwaka [[1593]] Wareno walihamisha kituo chao kutoka Malindi kwenda Mombasa walipojenga [[boma la Yesu]]. Katika Uswahili mpya baada ya kufukuzwa kwa Wareno tangu mwaka [[1693]] umuhimu wa Malindi uliendelea kushuka na mnamo mwaka [[1800]] ilikuwa mahali pa [[pori]] na [[maghofu]] tu. === Utawala wa Zanzibar === [[Utawala]] wa [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] ulifufua mji. [[Familia]] za [[Ukabaila|makabaila]] kutoka [[kisiwa]] hicho na kutoka [[Omani]] walipewa [[ardhi]] karibu na Malindi wakaanza kujenga nyumba upya na kulima [[Shamba|mashamba]] ya [[mazao ya biashara]] kama [[pamba]] kwa [[kazi]] ya [[watumwa]]. === Utawala wa Waingereza === Tangu mwaka [[1888]] Malindi pamoja na pwani ya Kenya ilikodishwa na Zanzibar kwa [[Uingereza]] na kuondoka katika utawala wa Sultani. Kupigwa marufuku kwa [[utumwa]] wakati wa Waingereza ulisababisha kukwama kwa mashamba makubwa na kurudi nyuma tena kwa mji, ingawa Waingereza waliweka hapa kituo cha [[Mkuu wa Wilaya]]. == Utalii == [[File:Octopus Fishing In Malindi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|upright|Uvuvi wa Octopus.]] Polepole mwambao mzuri wa Malindi umepata sifa kama mahali pa kupumzika kati ya Waingereza tangu [[miaka ya 1920]]. Hasa nafasi nzuri ya kuvua [[samaki]] kubwa ilivuta watalii wenye [[pesa]] kama [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Ndio mwanzo wa utalii wa Malindi. Mji huu ni maarufu hasa miongoni mwa watalii kutoka [[Italia]] ambao wamependa Malindi na kununua [[nyumba]] na kujenga [[hoteli]] kadhaa. Eneo hili laonyesha mifano maarufu ya [[usanifu]] wa [[Waswahili]]. [[Majengo]] mengi ya [[jadi]] huwa hadi leo, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Msikiti wa Juma]] na [[ikulu]] katika pwani, eneo maarufu kwa watalii. [[Magofu ya Gedi]] (pia inajulikana kama Gede) ziko [[kusini]] mwa Malindi. == Utawala wa Mitaa == Malindi imeunda baraza la manispaa ikiwa na kata kumi na tatu zifuatazo: Barani, Ganda / Mkaumoto, [[Gede]], Gede Kaskazini, Gede Kusini, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi kati, Malindi Kaskazini, Maweni, Shella, mji wa Watamu. Zote ziko ndani ya [[jimbo la Malindi]]. <ref name="pollingcentres">[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Vituo vya kupigia kura nchini Kenya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=20080625120239 }} Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya (The defunct ECK) (www.eck.or.ke)</ref> Malindi ina [[maeneo]] nane zifuatazo: Chakama, Ganda, Gede, Goshi, Jilore, Langobaya, Malindi na Watamu.<ref>[http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&amp;docid=1086876 Kenya Tawala Levels 1-4.] {{Wayback|url=http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=1086876 |date=20110521063011 }} Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu.</ref> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html The impossible love in the italian Malindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — about Sara Cardelli’ novel, 2017.</ref> * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by Andrei Gusev, 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Review of ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.malindimunicipal.org Tovuti ya Manispaa ya Malindi ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malindimunicipal.org/ |date=20091021153223 }} * [http://www.malindikenya.com Malindi ya Ajabu] {{kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Malindi]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kilifi]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] [[Jamii:Mto Galana]] gp9i3okao8qnmhn7dzkjp9a9eiani84 1580515 1580505 2026-07-19T07:52:41Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Malindi |picha_ya_satelite = |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Malindi katika Kenya |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Kenya]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti ya Kilifi|Kilifi]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=3 |latm=13 |lats=0 |latNS=S |longd=40 |longm=07 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.malindimunicipal.org/ www.malindimunicipal.org] }} [[File:Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Nguzo ya Vasco da Gama.]] [[File:Malindi town view.jpg|thumb|200px|Mtazamo wa zamani wa mji wa Malindi]] '''Malindi''' (iliwahi kujulikana kama '''Melinde''') ni [[mji]] wa [[Kenya]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[Bahari Hindi]]. Iko takriban [[km]] 100&nbsp; [[kaskazini]] kwa [[Mombasa]], katika [[Malindi Bay]] kwenye [[mdomo]] wa [[mto Athi-Galana-Sabaki]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi ni takriban 207,253 ([[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2009]]<ref>[https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 Sensa ya Kenya 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 |date=20190109205229 }}, tovuti ya [[KNBS]], ilitazamwa Januari 2009.</ref>): ndio mji mkubwa zaidi wa [[kaunti ya Kilifi]] na ni [[kitovu]] muhimu cha [[utalii]] kwenye pwani ya Kenya. Malindi huhudumiwa na [[uwanja wa ndege]] na [[barabara kuu]] kati ya Mombasa na [[Lamu]]. == Historia == Malindi ni kati ya miji ya kale ya [[Waswahili]]. Mji umejulikana kuwepo tangu [[karne ya 13]] [[BK]] kwenye [[mwambao]] uliojulikana kama "[[Azania]]" tangu zamani za [[Waroma wa Kale|Waroma]] na [[Wagiriki wa Kale]]. Kwa [[karne]] nyingi Malindi ilikuwa [[dola-mji]] muhimu wa [[Uswahilini]] ulioshindana na Mombasa juu ya kipaumbele kwenye pwani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. === Wachina na Wareno kufika Malindi === Malindi ya [[karne ya 15]] iliona [[ziara]] za wageni wawili kutoka mbali: Mnamo [[1414]] [[jahazi]] za [[mpelelezi]] M[[china]] [[Zheng He]] zilifika Malindi. [[Sultani]] wa Malindi aliamua kumtuma [[balozi]] wa pekee pamoja na [[zawadi]] ya [[twiga]] kwenye [[meli]] hizi kwenda [[Nanking]], [[mji mkuu]] wa China wakati huo. Mwaka [[1419]] Wachina walirudi na kuwarudisha mabalozi. Lakini ziara hizi hazikuleta [[mawasiliano]] ya kudumu kwa sababu China iliamua baadaye kidogo kuacha safari za upelelezi. Mwaka [[1498]] [[Ureno|Mreno]] [[Vasco da Gama]] alifika Malindi kutoka kusini katika safari yake ya kwanza ya kuelekea [[Bara Hindi]]. Wareno walikuwa watangulizi wa [[mataifa]] mengine ya [[Ulaya]] katika kutafuta njia ya [[Uhindi]] kwa sababu walitafuta [[faida]] ya [[biashara]] ya moja kwa moja iliyokuwa imebaki mikononi mwa [[wafanyabiashara]] [[Waislamu]] waliowahi kutawala biashara kati ya Ulaya na [[Asia]]. Vasco da Gama alipatana kushirikiana na sultani wa Malindi kwa kusaini [[mkataba]] wa biashara ulioendelea mpaka mwisho wa kuwepo kwa Wareno Uswahilini. Alipewa [[nahodha]] ya kumwongoza hadi Bara Hindi, akajenga [[nguzo]] ya kumbukumbu unaosimama hadi leo karibu na [[bandari]] ya [[wavuvi]] Malindi. Nguzo hiyo inasimama hadi leo hii, ingawa kumekuwa na wito kutoka kwa wahafidhina kutunza nguzo hii, kwani [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]] unaweza kuangusha nguzo hii ndani ya [[bahari]]. Katika mwaka wa [[1499]] Wareno walianzisha kituo cha biashara mjini Malindi ambacho kilikuwa kituo cha kupumzika njiani kwenda na kutoka India. [[Kanisa]] lilianza wakati huo. Mwaka [[1593]] Wareno walihamisha kituo chao kutoka Malindi kwenda Mombasa walipojenga [[boma la Yesu]]. Katika Uswahili mpya baada ya kufukuzwa kwa Wareno tangu mwaka [[1693]] umuhimu wa Malindi uliendelea kushuka na mnamo mwaka [[1800]] ilikuwa mahali pa [[pori]] na [[maghofu]] tu. === Utawala wa Zanzibar === [[Utawala]] wa [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] ulifufua mji. [[Familia]] za [[Ukabaila|makabaila]] kutoka [[kisiwa]] hicho na kutoka [[Omani]] walipewa [[ardhi]] karibu na Malindi wakaanza kujenga nyumba upya na kulima [[Shamba|mashamba]] ya [[mazao ya biashara]] kama [[pamba]] kwa [[kazi]] ya [[watumwa]]. === Utawala wa Waingereza === Tangu mwaka [[1888]] Malindi pamoja na pwani ya Kenya ilikodishwa na Zanzibar kwa [[Uingereza]] na kuondoka katika utawala wa Sultani. Kupigwa marufuku kwa [[utumwa]] wakati wa Waingereza ulisababisha kukwama kwa mashamba makubwa na kurudi nyuma tena kwa mji, ingawa Waingereza waliweka hapa kituo cha [[Mkuu wa Wilaya]]. == Utalii == [[File:Octopus Fishing In Malindi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|upright|Uvuvi wa Octopus.]] Polepole mwambao mzuri wa Malindi umepata sifa kama mahali pa kupumzika kati ya Waingereza tangu [[miaka ya 1920]]. Hasa nafasi nzuri ya kuvua [[samaki]] kubwa ilivuta watalii wenye [[pesa]] kama [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Ndio mwanzo wa utalii wa Malindi. Mji huu ni maarufu hasa miongoni mwa watalii kutoka [[Italia]] ambao wamependa Malindi na kununua [[nyumba]] na kujenga [[hoteli]] kadhaa. Eneo hili laonyesha mifano maarufu ya [[usanifu]] wa [[Waswahili]]. [[Majengo]] mengi ya [[jadi]] huwa hadi leo, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Msikiti wa Juma]] na [[ikulu]] katika pwani, eneo maarufu kwa watalii. [[Magofu ya Gedi]] (pia inajulikana kama Gede) ziko [[kusini]] mwa Malindi. == Utawala wa Mitaa == Malindi imeunda baraza la manispaa ikiwa na kata kumi na tatu zifuatazo: Barani, Ganda / Mkaumoto, [[Gede]], Gede Kaskazini, Gede Kusini, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi kati, Malindi Kaskazini, Maweni, Shella, mji wa Watamu. Zote ziko ndani ya [[jimbo la Malindi]]. <ref name="pollingcentres">[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Vituo vya kupigia kura nchini Kenya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=20080625120239 }} Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Kenya (The defunct ECK) (www.eck.or.ke)</ref> Malindi ina [[maeneo]] nane zifuatazo: Chakama, Ganda, Gede, Goshi, Jilore, Langobaya, Malindi na Watamu.<ref>[http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&amp;docid=1086876 Kenya Tawala Levels 1-4.] {{Wayback|url=http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=1086876 |date=20110521063011 }} Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Masuala ya Kibinadamu.</ref> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html The impossible love in the italian Malindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — about Sara Cardelli’ novel, 2017.</ref> * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by Andrei Gusev, 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Review of ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu "Ndukanoe" (2015). ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.malindimunicipal.org Tovuti ya Manispaa ya Malindi ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malindimunicipal.org/ |date=20091021153223 }} * [http://www.malindikenya.com Malindi ya Ajabu] {{kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Malindi]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kilifi]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Miji ya kale ya Waswahili]] [[Jamii:Mto Galana]] 7ud59yypw6btdktjc7q1f0dqiaor15p 0 32749 1580483 1511824 2026-07-19T00:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eric Wainaina''' (alizaliwa [[28 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa [[Kenya]]. Wasifu wake ulizinduliwa pamoja na albamu yake, ''Sawa Sawa,'' mwaka 2001. Muziki wa Wainaina ni mseto wa [[Benga]] na magitaa ya Afrika Mashariki, pamoja na baadhi ya matabaka ya kisasa. == Utotoni == Wainaina alizaliwa mjini [[Nairobi]], Kenya, na George Gitau Wainaina na Margaret Wangari Wainaina. Yeye ana ndugu mmoja, Simon Wainaina. Upendo wake wa muziki ulianza akiwa na umri mdogo. Alipata piano akiwa na umri wa miaka 4, iliyokuwa imenunuliwa kwa ajili ya ndugu yake Simoni ambaye alipendelea soka. Wainaina basi alichukua masomo katika piano shingo upande. Yeye walishiriki katika kwaya akiwa katika shule ya msingi na ya upili ya [[St Mary's, Nairobi]], lakini kwa muda mfupi alicheza mchezo wa vikapu. Alipokuwa akikua, Wainaina aliathiriwa kimuziki na wasanii wa kimataifa, kama vile [[Papa Wemba, Youssou N'Dour, Lokua Kanza]] na [[Paul Simon]]. == Wasifu wa Mapema == Wainaina kwanza aliingia katika ulimwengu wa muziki akiwa na Five Alive, kundi la injili la Acappella. Five alive iliundwa na Victor Seii, Bob Kioko, Chris Kamau, na David Mageria, ambaye alibadilishwa na Joe Kiragu. Walirithi muziki wao kutoka Ladysmith Black Mambazo na Take 6. Nyimbo zao zilitawala radio za Kenya mwaka 1995, na walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza 'Five Alive' mwaka 1996, na hata wakazuru Ulaya mwaka huo huo. Ushuhuda wake pamoja na kundi hilo ulimshawishi Wainaina kujiingiza kitaalamu kazi katika ya muziki. Mwaka 1996 alionekana katika video ya Get in the Driver's Seat, wimbo ulioandaliwa na Mpango wa kuzuia Madawa wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNODC) na ilifanikiwa sana katika kampeni ya kupambana na madawa ya kulevya katika nchi 20. Bali na kuweka msingi wa wasifu wake katika muziki, tukio hili pia lilimshirikisha katika harakati za kijamii na kutetea haki za wengine, ambayo huthibitishwa na muziki yake. Wakati kundi lilipotengana mwaka 1997, Wainaina alijiunga [[Chuo cha Muziki cha Berklee]] huko [[Boston-USA]], ambapo alihitimu shahada katika Muziki, akizingatia hasa utunzi wa nyimbo na uhandisi wa kurekodi. Yeye kufuzu kwa mamlaka. Katika miaka yake huko Berklee, Wainaina na bendi yake walisafiri sehemu mbalimbali ya nchi kuimba, vilevile kuwa na vionyesho vingi huko Boston. Pamoja na mtayarishaji wake, Christian Kaufmann, walifanya juhudi kubuni sauti ambayo ingekuwa ya asili ya Kenya kwa maudhui na alifanya kazi kuzalisha sound kwamba Kenya itakuwa kipekee wote katika muziki na maudhui ya maneno. Ili kufanya hivi, alihakikisha kwamba alitoa wimbo mpya kila mara alirudi nyumbani kwa likizo. Hii ilipokewa vema na mashabiki wake, walioendelea kuongezeka, pamoja na utendaji wake katika onyesho 'Beats of the Season' huku Kenya mnamo Desemba 2000 iliyohudhuriwa na mashabiki 15,000 na kutangazwa kote duniani. == Kuongezeka kwa umaarufu == Nyimbo zake zilizopendwa ni kama 'Kenya Only', uliomfanya wae mwanamuziki maarufu wa kisasa nchini Kenya. Baada ya shambulio la kigaidi la mwaka 1998 mjini Nairobi ambapo zaidi ya Wakenya 200 walipoteza maisha yao, 'Kenya Only' ilitumiwa kama wimbo ya maombolezo, ilirudiwa mara nyingi katika redio na televisheni. Marudio yake ya wimbo wa kikuyu wa kitamaduni 'Ritwa Riaku' ulichezwa katika kila redio nchini. Wainaina akarudi juu ya ajenda ya muziki ya Kenya baada ya 'Nchi ya Kitu Kidogo' ('Nchi ya rushwa') mwaka 2001, wimbo aliotumia katika kampeni dhidi ya rushwa nchini. Baada ya mafanikio ya 'Nchi ya Kitu Kidogo', Wainaina alipokea tuzo za kimataifa. [[Transparency International]] (Kenya) ilimwunga mkono kama msanii ambaye angesaidia kuelimisha watu juu ya wovu wa rushwa, na kumteua balozi. Yeye pia alikuwa Balozi maalumu kwa shirika la MS Kenya, Tume ya Kenya ya Haki za Binadamu na Tume ya Taifa ya Kenya ya Haki za Binadamu kwa ahadi yake ya kupambana na ukiukwaji wa haki kupitia muziki. Wimbo huu dhidi ya rushwa (Nchi ya Kitu Kidogo) ulikuwa haupendwi sana katika sekta zote, kwa sababu serikali ilikataa kuiweka katika redio ya kitaifa, [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation.]] Katika tukio moja kulikuwa na majaribio kadhaa yaliyofanywa kujaribu kumzuia kutumbuiza katika tukio la kitaifa, Kenya Music Festival, kwa kutumia vitisho na jitihada za kuzima vifaa vya muziki. Kufuatia kifo cha padri [[Anthony Kaiser]] mwaka 2003, Wainaina alituulizwa na [[Mill Hill Fathers]] kuandika wimbo kuhusu jambo hili. Hii ikawa Ukweli, wito kwa uadilifu licha ya jitihada walizokuwa wakifanya kuficha asili ya kweli ya kifo cha Padri Kaiser, ambacho kilikuwa kimeripotiwa kama kujiua licha ya ushahidi ulioonyesha vingine. Mwaka 2001, Afrika Almanac.com walmtaja miongoni mwa Waafrika 100 maarufu wa mwaka 2000, ambayo ni pamoja na majina ya watu wakubwa kama [[Nelson Mandela, Joseph Kabila, Yash Pal Ghai, Baaba Maal]] na [[Ousmane Sembène.]] Rekodi yake ya kwanza, Sawa Sawa, iliyotolewa mwaka 2001, inabakia mmoja ya albamu zilizouzwa sana kote nchini. Wainaina alirejea nyumbani kutoka Berklee Agosti 2002 baada ya kuhitimu shahada mbili. Yeye pia alipewa tuzo la Jack Maher kwa utendaji wake wa kipekee kama mtunzi. Tuzo hili hupewa kila mwaka kwa wanafunzi ambao wametambuliwa kwa uwezo wao kuwa viongozi katika sekta ya muziki wa kimataifa. Muziki ya Wainaina imepokea rufaa ya kimataifa. Alipokea tuzo la [[MNET]] (Afrika ya Kusini) kwa kuwa muimbaji wa kiume maarufu katika Februari 2001, na alikuwa mmoja wa Wakenya wa kwanza kupokea tuzo la msanii bora katika Afrika Mashariki kutoka [[Kora All Africa Music Awards]] tarehe 2 Novemba 2002. Yeye pekee ndiye msanii wa Kenya aliyeimba na vifaa vya muziki katika sherehe ya Kora. Alikuwa amependekezwa kwa tuzo lingine la Kora mwaka 2003, na mwaka 2005 alipokea uteuzi wake wa Kora mara ya tatu, wakati huu kwa msanii wa mwongo mzima. Mwaka 2002, alicheza katika uzinduzi wa [[Mahakama]] ya [[Kimataifa]] katika Makao Makuu ya Umoja wa Kimataifa mjini New York, iliyosimamiwa na [[Kofi Annan.]] Amezuru Uswisi kwa miaka 4 mfululizo na kutumbuiza katika [[Festival Mundial]]huko Uholanzi mwaka 2003. Mwaka huo alitumbuiza katika [[Harare International Festival of the Arts]] (HIFA). Baada ya sherehe alimkosoa Rais wa Zimbabwe [[Robert Mugabe]]; jambo lilofanya vyombo vya habari vya Zimbabwe kumwandikia manoni yasiyoridhisha.<ref name="story">[0] ^ Daily Nation, Lifestyle Magazine, 13 Juni 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/magazines/lifestyle/-/1214/610384/-/8dwaafz/-/index.html Muziki ya Wainaina juu ya upendo na maandamano ya kijamii]</ref> Mwaka 2004 alitumbuiza katika tamasha la [[Sauti za Busara]] Zanzibar, sherehe ya muziki ya Afrika Mashariki. Desemba 2004 Wainaina alizindua mchezo wa kuigiza wenye nyimbo 21, "Lwanda, Man ya Stone", yenye msingi wa hadithi za kitamaduni. Mmoja wa kwanza wa aina yake katika Kenya, mchezo huu uliendelea kwa msimu wenye mafanikio makubwa, na toleo jingine huonyeshwa katika sherehe kuu za kitamaduni. Toleo la kisasa la mchezo huu, 'Lwanda-A Ghetto Story " ulikuwa na mafanikio sana katika sanaa ya GoDown, Nairobi, Desemba 2006. Mipango unaendelea kupata makao ya 'Lwanda' mjini Nairobi. Pamoja na Mumbi Kaigwa na Andrea Kalima, Eric alisaidia kuandika mpangilio wa muziki wa Kigezi Ndoto, mchezo wa kuigiza wa Kenya ulioongozwa na Kaigwa, ambao ulizuru Ulaya kushiriki katika World Theatre Music Festival-2006. Yeye pia ameandika muziki ya Owen & Mzee, onyesho linalowadia kuhusu hadithi ya urafiki usiokuwa wa kawaida kati ya kobe na mtoto wa kiboko katika pwani ya Kenya. Onyesho hili limejikita katika kitabo bora cha watoto linalotumia jina hilo. Wainaina mnamo 2006 alishiriki katika uzinduzi wa Mpango wa kitaifa wa kuelimisha Wananchi wa Kenya (NCEP II), Uraia, ambayo inalenga kukuza kukomaa kisiasa nchini Kenya: kwamba wananchi wanaweza kusisitiza haki zao na majukumu-na kushiriki kikamilifu katika ya kuendeleza demokrasia. Wainaina pia alitumbuiza katika uzinduzi wa sherehe ya North Sea Jazz, iliyokuwa Nairobi tarehe Februari 2006, na katika sherehe iyo hiyo huko Uholanzi tarehe Julai 2006. Desemba 2006 alizindua "Twende, Twende", albamu yake ya pili. Yeye alikuwa miongoni mwa Wakenya 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini, kulingana na gazeti la [[The Standard]] Agosti 2007 <ref>[1] ^ The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [http://www.eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&amp;img_topic=376 Wakenya 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&img_topic=376 |date=20071013111103 }}</ref><ref>[2] ^ The Standard, 21 Agosti 2007: [http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143973204 Wakenya 100 wenye ushawishi mkubwa - sanaa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143973204 |date=20071010050258 }}</ref> Alibuni Mchezo wa kuigiza wa ''Mo Faya,'' iliyochezwa 2009 katika [[New York Music Theatre Festival.]] Wainaina mwenyewe pia hujitokeza katika Mo Faya kama mwimbaji. Imeongozwa na [[John Sibi-Okumu]] <ref>[3] ^ [The Standard, 25 Septemba 2009: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144024775&amp;cid=433&amp; Mchezo wa kuigiza wa Eric Wainaina katika New York Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/InsidePage.php?id=1144024775&cid=433& |date=20110716054957 }}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Wainaina alimwoa mpenzi wake wa miaka mitano, Sheba Hirst, tarehe 29 Februari 2008. Wao wana binti, Seben, alizaliwa mwezi Aprili 2006. == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === *2001 Sawa Sawa *2006 Twende Twende *2009 Love and Protest <ref name="story"/> === Mengine === *2003 Ukweli (single) *2004 "Lwanda, Man of Stone" (muziki) *2006 Kigezi Ndoto (Mtayarishaji & mpangaji) *2006 Owen & Mzee *2006 Lwanda - A Ghetto Story (muziki) == Tuzo == '''Alishinda:''' *[[Kora Awards]] 2002 - Best East African Artist <ref>Afropop.org: [http://www.afropop.org/explore/artist_info/ID/836/Eric%20Wainaina Eric Wainaina] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/artist_info/ID/836/Eric%20Wainaina |date=20100616173123 }}</ref> *[[Kisima Music Awards 2007]] - Best Afro-fusion & Best Song & Best Video <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners07 |title=Kisima Awards 2007 |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132158/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=winners07 |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> '''Ameteuliwa:''' *[[Kora Awards]] 2003 - Best East Africa Artist <ref>[7] ^ Kora Awards: [https://web.archive.org/web/20040302070738/http://www.koraawards.co.za/english/musicawards_finalists_res03.asp?Category_en=Best+Artist+-+East+Africa Wateule 2003]</ref> *2008 Pearl of Africa Music Awards - Best Kenyan Male Artist [6] *[[Kisima Music Awards 2008]] - Best Urban Fusion <ref>[9] ^ Kisima Awards: [http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=nom08&amp;pcat=nominees Wateule 2008] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=nom08&pcat=nominees |date=20081014030208 }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *http://www.berklee.edu/profiles/wainaina.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.berklee.edu/profiles/wainaina.html |date=20090630050437 }} *https://web.archive.org/web/20011116193248/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2001%2F08%2F24%2Finternational1334EDT0629.DTL * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1550448.stm * http://www.johnkaiser.net/60minutes.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnkaiser.net/60minutes.htm |date=20050319180538 }} * http://www.africaalmanac.com/top100africans.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.africaalmanac.com/top100africans.html |date=20060102035049 }} *http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/01092001/Letters/Letter1.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/01092001/Letters/Letter1.html |date=20070927013548 }} *http://www.ericwainainamusic.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericwainainamusic.com/ |date=20061202085329 }} *http://www.christiankaufmann.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.christiankaufmann.com/ |date=20220331111219 }} == Viungo vya nje == *http://www.ericwainaina.net {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericwainaina.net/ |date=20160905200130 }} *http://www.ericwainainamusic.com {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericwainainamusic.com/ |date=20061202085329 }} *http://museke.com/node/1929 {{Wayback|url=http://museke.com/node/1929 |date=20081013091858 }} Eric Wainaina lyrics, redio, nk {{DEFAULTSORT:Wainaina, Eric}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Kisima Music Award winners]] m3hehw5it1kbp8bb32v9rlf1rgymchj 0 33999 1580482 1190399 2026-07-19T00:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Kenya}} '''Eneo bunge la Westlands''' ni [[eneo la uchaguzi]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Ni mojawapo kati ya maeneo bunge kumi na saba ya [[Kaunti ya Nairobi]]. Eneo la bunge hili lote liko ndani ya eneo la Baraza la Mji wa Nairobi. Lilikuwa linajulikana kama '''Eneo bunge la Kaskazini mashariki mwa Nairobi''' katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1963,kisha kama '''Eneo bunge la Parklands''' na tangu uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1988, limejulikana kama eneo bunge la Westlands. Eneo bunge la Westlands lina baadhi ya maeneo ya mapato ya juu mjini Nairobi, vilevile maeneo duni kama [[Kangemi]]. == Wabunge == {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka wa Uchaguzi !Mbunge <ref>Center for Multiparty Democracy:[http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: Politics and Paliamenterians in Kenya 1944-2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: |date=20080228121210 }}</ref> !Chama !Vidokezo |- | [[1963]] | [[Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza]] | [[KANU]] | |- | [[1969]] | [[Samuel Kivuitu]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja |- | [[1974]] | [[Isaac Waweru]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja |- | [[1979]] | [[Krishan Chander Gautama]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja |- | [[1983]] | [[Samuel Kivuitu]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja. |- | [[1988]] | [[Njoroge Mungai]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja. |- | [[1992]] | [[Amin Walji]] | [[KANU]] | Walji alifariki akiwa mbunge<ref>[1] ^ Daily Nation, 18 Machi 2002: [http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/merger/story4.htm Mwau akitazama uchaguzi wa miunganao uliopita] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/merger/story4.htm |date=20061115050717 }}</ref> |- | 1994 | [[Fred Gumo]] | [[KANU]] | Uchaguzi mdogo |- | [[1997]] | [[Fred Gumo]] | [[KANU]] | |- | [[2002]] | [[Fred Gumo]] | [[NARC]] | |- | [[2007]] | [[Fred Gumo]] | [[ODM]] | Gumo 35,821; Tett 24,594; Mueke 5501; Pattni 4586 |} == Tarafa na kata == {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''[[Kata]]''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Tarafa !Idadi ya Watu |- | [[Highridge]] | 65,268 |- | [[Kangemi]] | 82,964 |- | [[Kilimani]] | 61,290 |- | [[Kitisuru]] | 38,424 |- | [[Lavington]] | 26,540 |- | [[Parklands, Nairobi|Parklands]] | 16,031 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''x''' |- | colspan="2"|Septemba 2005 | <ref name="agendaafrica.com">Electoral Commission of Kenya: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025048/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency]</ref>Civic Elections Results (2005) |} {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''Kata''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Wadi !Wapiga kura waliosajiliwa |- | [[Highridge]] | 26,875 |- | [[Kangemi]] | 24,239 |- | [[Kileleshwa]] | 17,064 |- | [[Kilimani (Nairobi)|Kilimani]] | 29,684 |- | [[Kitisuru]] | 17,143 |- | [[Parklands, Nairobi|Parklands]] | 20,114 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''135,119''' |- | colspan="2"|Septemba 2005 | <ref name="agendaafrica.com"/> |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.uchaguzikenya.com/index.php?page=constituencies&amp;switch=4&amp;cid=090&amp;PHPSESSID=4e31d8ffa926f0287da18228ac03d9f0 Uchaguzikenya.com - mengi kuhusu Eneo bunge la Westlands ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uchaguzikenya.com/index.php?page=constituencies&switch=4&cid=090&PHPSESSID=4e31d8ffa926f0287da18228ac03d9f0 |date=20110727160328 }} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Westlands}} [[Jamii:Maeneo bunge ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nairobi]] [[Jamii:kaunti ya Nairobi]] 77zzcukjji19vrwfki2e336nq59af81 0 34015 1580481 1164583 2026-07-19T00:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Kenya}} '''Eneo bunge la Sabatia''' ni [[eneo la uchaguzi]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Ni mojawapo wa maeneo bunge matano katika [[Kaunti ya Vihiga]]. Eneo bunge hili lilianzishwa kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa 1988. == Wabunge == {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"| |- !Mwaka wa Uchaguzi !Mbunge<ref>Center for Multiparty Democracy: Politics and Parliamenterians in Kenya 1944-2007</ref> !Chama !Vidokezo |- | [[1988]] | [[Moses Mudavadi]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa chama kimoja. Moses Mudavadi alifarika akiwa kwenye hatamu<ref>Daily Nation, 3 Septemba 2002: [http://nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/Sucession_Mudavadi4.html Why Moi is Uncomfortable With Musalia's Candidature] {{Wayback|url=http://nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/Sucession_Mudavadi4.html |date=20070929092532 }}</ref>. |- | 1989 | [[Musalia Mudavadi]] | [[KANU]] | Uchaguzi mdogo, Mfumo wa chama kimoja |- | [[1992]] | [[Musalia Mudavadi]] | [[KANU]] |- | [[1997]] | [[Musalia Mudavadi]] | [[KANU]] |- | [[2002]] | [[Moses Akaranga]] | [[NARC]] |- | [[2007]] | [[Musalia Mudavadi]] | [[ODM]] |} == Wadi == {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''Wadi''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Wadi !Wapiga kura waliosajiliwa ![[Baraza la mtaa]] |- | Busali | 10,306 | Baraza ya mji wa Vihiga |- | Chavakali | 8,292 | Manispaa ya [[Vihiga]] |- | Izava | 4,052 | Manispaa ya Vihiga |- | Lyaduywa | 7,323 | Manispaa ya Vihiga |- | North Maragoli | 8,193 | Manispaa ya Vihiga |- | Sabatia West | 9,278 | Baraza ya mji wa Vihiga |- | Wodanga | 9,087 | Baraza ya mji wa Vihiga |- | '''Jumla''' | '''56,531''' |- | colspan="2"|Septemba 2005 | <ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025048/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency]</ref> |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sabatia}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Maeneo bunge ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Vihiga]] ou784xfukov9clbclmvtyrxcu1d2dbq 0 34113 1580479 1164562 2026-07-19T00:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Kenya}} '''Eneo bunge la Kasarani''' ni [[eneo bunge]] la [[uchaguzi]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Ni mojawapo wa maeneo bunge kumi na saba katika [[Kaunti ya Nairobi]]. Eneo lote la bunge hili liko katika eneo la Baraza la Mji wa Nairibi. Lilikuwa linajulikana kama '''Eneo Bunge la Nairobi Northeast''' katika uchaguzi wa miaka 1963 na 1969, na kama '''Eneo Bunge la Mathare''' katika uchaguzi wa kuanzia mwaka wa 1974 hadi uchaguzi mdogo wa mwaka wa 1994. Tangu uchaguzi wa 1997, limekuwa likijulikana kama Eneo Bunge la Kasarani. == Wabunge == {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka wa Uchaguzi !Mbunge <ref>Center for Multiparty Democracy: [http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: Politics and Paliamenterians in Kenya 1944-2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: |date=20080228121210 }}</ref> !Chama !Vidokezo |- | [[1963]] | [[Munyua Waiyaki]] | [[KANU]] | |- | [[1969]] | [[Munyua Waiyaki]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1974]] | [[Munyua Waiyaki]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1979]] | [[Munyua Waiyaki]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1983]] | [[Andrew Ngumba]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. Ngumba alitoroka nchini mwaka wa 1986<ref>Daily Nation, 18 Februari 2002: [http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/Saitoti/story1.htm A position dogged by controversy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/moisuccession/Saitoti/story1.htm |date=20080801115436 }}</ref>. |- | 1986 | [[Josephat Karanja]] | [[KANU]] | Uchaguzi mdogo, Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1988]] | [[Josephat Karanja]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1992]] | [[Muraya Macharia]] | [[FORD-Asili]] | |- | 1994 | [[Fredrick Masinde]] | [[Democratic Party (DP)]] | Uchaguzi mdogo Masinde alifariki, na kusababisha uchaguzi mwingine mdogo <ref>Daily Nation, 2002: [http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/constituencyreviews/story4.htm Is re-election likely for MP?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/elections/constituencyreviews/story4.htm |date=20080818020613 }}</ref>. |- | 1994 | [[Ochieng Mbeo]] | [[Ford-Kenya]] | Uchaguzi mdogo (wapili katika mwaka wa 1994) |- | [[1997]] | [[Adolf Muchiri]] | [[NDP]] | |- | [[2002]] | [[William Omondi]] | [[NARC]] | |- | [[2007]] | [[Elizabeth Ongoro]] | [[ODM]] | |} == Kata na Wadi == {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''[[Kata]]''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Kata !Idadi ya Watu* |- | Githurai | 66,979 |- | [[Kahawa]] | 44,660 |- | [[Kariobangi]] | 99,825 |- | Kasarani | 52,386 |- | Korogocho | 61,294 |- | Roysambu | 38,441 |- | Ruaraka | 110,686 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''338,202''' |- | colspan="2"|sensa ya 1999. |} {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''Wadi''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Wadi !Wapiga kura waliosajiliwa |- | Githurai | 18,976 |- | [[Kahawa]] | 12,940 |- | Kariobangi North | 15,543 |- | Kasarani | 13,034 |- | Korogocho | 17,842 |- | [[Mathare 4 A]] | 16,930 |- | Roysambu | 10,464 |- | Ruaraka | 110,686 |- | Utalii/Babadogo | 22,495 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''128,224''' |- | colspan="2"|*Septemba 2005 |<ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025048/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency]</ref>. |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.kasaraniconstituency.org Eneo Bunge la Kasarani] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kasaraniconstituency.org/ |date=20100903145521 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kasarani}} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Maeneo bunge ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nairobi]] 3zaa7fk9wos393ah4m4zyvqke295b2f 0 35283 1580511 1579582 2026-07-19T06:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Img=| |Name = Henrie Mutuku |Background = solo_singer |Born = 1978, [[Kenya]] |Origin = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] |Genre = [[Gospel music]] |Years_active = 2002 - present |Label = Last Day Records |URL = [http://www.henriemutuku.com www.henriemutuku.com] }} '''Henrie Mutuku''' ni [[mwanamuziki]] wa [[Injili]] kutoka nchini [[Kenya]] ambaye ameshinda tuzo nyingi. ==Maisha ya utotoni== Mutuku alizaliwa mjini [[Nairobi]] mwaka [[1978]], mzaliwa wa kwanza na ndugu watatu kwa wazazi wao. Alikulia katika eneo la Eastlands, eneo ambalo linakaliwa na watu wengi wenye mapato ya chini katika mji wa Nairobi, na alipata kuaona mitindo mbalimbali ya muziki akiwa na umri mdogo sana kama vile R & B, Reggae, Rap, Benga, Kilingala na nyingine za Afrika. Alijifunza kuimba na kucheza piano, na kuanza kutumbuiza mapema katika kongamano za familia kabla ya kufuzu kwa kuimba katika Sunday School katika kanisa jirani na baadaye katika kwaya ya kanisa. Mutuku alifikiriw kushughulika na wasifu kuimba wakati wa shule ya upili, ambapo alikuwa ni mwanachama hai wa Kilabu cha Uigizaji na Mkuu wa Kwaya ya shule. Yeye huongea lugha za [[Kiswahili]], Kiingereza, [[Kamba]] (lugha ya mama) na [[Sheng]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.henriemutuku.com/aboutme.htm |title=Official Biography |accessdate=2010-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609161937/http://www.henriemutuku.com/aboutme.htm |archivedate=2007-06-09 }}</ref> ==Wasifu wa muziki== Henrie ilianza kazi katika muziki pamoja na wasanii wa Kikristo mitaani kama vile Izzo na Pete Odera kama muimbaji wa nyuma. Baadaye alijihusisha kwa sana katika mkusanyiko wa albamu ya mwaka 2002 'Rebirth' iliyotayarishwa na Soul Child Inc <ref>Chorus of hope as 8 Kenyans enter fete, by Njoki Karuoya, published on Saturday Nation on the Web [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/20072002/News/Sat_Review2.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/20072002/News/Sat_Review2.html |date=20070929094030 }}</ref>. Uimbaji wake uliimarika baada ya kushinda tuzo mbili za Msanii Bora wa Afrika Mashariki za Kora mwaka wa 2002 .<ref>Henrie and Eric strike a chord for Kenya, by Amos Ngaira, published on Daily Nation on the Web [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/04112002/News/News66.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/04112002/News/News66.html |date=20070927014554 }}</ref> Albamu yake ya kwanza ilikuwa "Simama" (Stand) ambayo nyimbo kama "Usichoke" (akimshirikisha Roughtone na RK) na "Manzi wa Maana" (akimshirikisha KJ wa Redykulass-aKundi la waigazaji wacheshi la Kenyan). Pia amemshirikishwa katika vipindi vya redio katika vituo vya redio kadhaa maarufu kama Kiss 100 “Smirnoff Top 7 songs in Nairobi”, East Africa FM Radio ‘Link’ na Kampala FM as voted by listeners. Mutuku amemfungulia pazia [[Bebo Norman]] kwenye matamasha mbili , na kumfanya kurekodi video yake ya kwanza ya muziki, "Nakuhitaji" (I Need you), iliyotayarishwa na televishani ya kimtaa ya Family TV kwa ajili ya uendelezaji wa Bebo Norman Tour. Hiuvi karibuni ametoa video ya wimbo wa "Amini" (Believe), ni mojawapo katika albamu yake ya 'Simama'. Mwaka wa 2003 alishinda tuzo mbili katika 2[[Tuzo za Kisima]] kama Msanii Bora wa Kike Msanii Bora wa Kike wa muziki wa Injili ya Kisasa <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/cont.asp?cat=awards&sid=40 |title=Kisima Music Awards - 2003 Winners |accessdate=2021-01-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807171753/http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/cont.asp?cat=awards |archivedate=2006-08-07 }}</ref> Pia alitajwa kushiriki kwenye Tuzo za Kora za mwaka wa 2003 <ref> Tuzo za Kora: Wateule 2003</ref> Mutuku hushiriki kikamilifu katika shughuli za uchangishaji fedha na shughuli za kuzuia UKIMWI, watoto yatima na wagonjwa wa UKIMWI, Protecting Life Movement nchini Kenya na tafsiri ya Biblia na kusoma. ==Angalia Pia== *[[Muziki wa Kenya]] *[[Muziki wa Injili]] ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.henriemutuku.com/ Tovuti Rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.henriemutuku.com/ |date=20071026110317 }} ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mutuku, Henrie}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Injili]] hov6r074vh0htvfemq9wq8wyph6s6s7 0 35924 1580512 1341644 2026-07-19T06:50:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Le Kenyan Henry Rono, 'Champion des champions' du journal français 'L'Équipe' en 1978.jpg|thumb|Henry Rono]] {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport | Wanaume Wakimbiaji }} {{MedalCountry | {{KEN}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Michezo ya All-Africa]]}} {{MedalGold| 1978 [[Algiers]] | 10,000 m}} {{MedalGold| 1978 [[Algiers]] | 3,000 m steeplechase}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Henry Rono''' ([[Kapsabet]], [[12 Februari]] [[1952]] - [[15 Februari]] [[2024]]) ni mkimbiaji wa zamani kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]]. ==Wasifu== Rono alizaliwa katika sehemu ya [[Milima ya Nandi]] nchini Kenya na kabila yake ni [[Kinandi]]. Alianza mbio akiwa angali katika shule ya msingi. Kuanzia mwaka wa 1977 alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Washington State, pamoja mkimbiaji mwenzake [[Samson Kimobwa]], ambaye alivunja rekodi ya dunia ya mita 10,000 mwaka wa 1977. Mkufunzi wake katika chuo kikuu alikuwa John Chaplin. Wakimbiaji zaidi kutoka nchi ya Kenya baadaye walijiandikisha katika chuo kikuu cha Washington State, pamoja na [[Bernard Lagat]], [[Mike Kosgei]], na [[Patrick Muturi]]. Akiwa angali bado katika chuo kikuu cha Washington State, Rono akawa mtu wa tatu tu katika historia (baada ya Gerry Lindgren na Steve Prefontaine) kushinda mchuano wa Cross Country wa wanaume wa NCAA mara tatu, katika miaka ya 1976, 1977, na 1979. Muda wake wa ushindi ulikuwa 28:07 mwaka wa 1976 na muda wake umebakia wa kasi zaidi katika mita 10,000 ya cross-country katika historia ya NCAA (ingawa mwaka wa 2008 Galen Rupp alikimbia kwa muda wa 27:41 katika mkutano wa mkoa wa NCAA katika kozi ambayo ilisemekana kuwa mita 80 fupi kuliko mpimo wa kawaida ). Pia alikuwa bingwa mtetezi wa steeplechase ya NCAA miaka ya 1978 na 1979 na bingwa wa mchuano wa ndani (yaani indoor kwa lugha ya kimombo) wa NCAA katika mita 3000 mnamo mwaka wa 1977. Upeo wa wasifu wa kukimbia wa Rono ulikuwa katika msimu wa mwaka 1978. Katika muda wa siku 81 tu, alivunja rekodi nne za dunia: ya mita 10,000 (27:22.5), ya mita 5,000 (13:08.4), steeplechase ya mita 3,000 (8:05.4), na mita 3,000 (7:32.1 ); mafanikio ambayo hayajafikiwa kamwe katika historia ya mbio za masafa marefu. Alipunguza rekodi ya mita 10,000 kwa karibu sekunde 8, ya mita 5000 na 4.5, ya steeplechase na 2.6, na 3000 kwa sekunde tatu kamili. Katika mwaka huo huo pia alishinda medali za dhahabu katika mbio za mita 5000 na 3000 m huku akaishiriki katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola. Kati yake tendaji zake zingine zilikuwa steeplechase ya mita 5000 mara mbili katika siku moja katika michuano ya kufuzu ya NCAA katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oregon katika uwanja wa Eugene 's Hayward. Aliweka rekodi katika matukio yote mawili, na muda wake katika matukio yote mawili yaalikuwa 8:18 na 13:22 mtawalia. Muda wa 8.18 ulipunguza rekodi ya NCAA kwa sekunde 6. Wakati alishiriki katika fainali ya mbio ya steeplechase siku iliyofuata, alishinda kwa muda wa 8:12.39, na kupunguza rekodi ya mkutano wa NCAA tena kwa muda wa sekunde sita. Alishinda medali za dhahabu katika mbio za mita 10,000 na mita 3000 katika [[Michezo ya All-Africa]] mwaka wa 1978. Ingawa hakutamalaki sana kama alivyotamalaki mwaka wa 1978, Rono aliendelea kukimbia na kushindana katika viwango vya juu kwa miaka minne ijayo, na kukimbia kwa muda wa kasi zaidi (13:19) wa mwaka katika mbio za mita 5,000 na kushinda mchuano wa cross-country wa NCAA mwaka wa 1979; hii ilikuwa mojawapo ya mbio za kasi zaidi katika historia ya mbio za mita 10,000 mwaka huo 1980 (27:31), huku alikuwa amekuwa na mwaka wa nguvu katika mbio ya mita 5000 na alikuwa na rekodi nyingine ya dunia mwaka wa 1981, na kukimbia muda wa kasi zaidi wa tatu katika historia katika mbio ya mita 5,000 (13:08.9) na vilevile mara mbili alimaliza mbio yak echini ya muda wa 27:30 na kukaribia rekodi ya dunia mita 10,000 kwa sekundi chache mwaka wa 1982. Baada ya 1978 mafanikio yake yakawa si ya mara kwa mara, kwani aliathiriwa na matatizo ya kuongeza uzito na kunywa pombe ambayo hakumwezeaha kukimbia kwa kasi. Mwaka wa 1981, alikimbia mbio za hali ya juu katika mita 5,000 na alivunja rekodi yake ya dunia ya mita 5,000 msimu wa majira ya joto ukielekea kuisha kwa muda wa 13:06.20, baada ya kuripotiwa kuwa alitumia sehemu bora ya siku akipumzika ilikupunguza ulevi alikuwa ameupata usiku kabla. Rono hakupata fursa ya kushiriki katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]], kwani nchi yake iligoma kushiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya miaka ya 1976 na 1980 na kufikia mwaka wa 1984 alikuwa ameacha kushiriki. Baada ya kustaafu kwake, mbali na kukabiliwa na ulevi, hakuwa na mpango wa kutumia mapato yake (kamwe hakuwa na wakala au mshauri wa kifedha). Baadaye akawa maskini hohehahe, katika miaka ya 1990, alitumia muda mwingi katika makazi ya wasiokuwa na makazi katika mji mkuu wa [[Washington DC]]. Rekodi yake ya dunia (8:05.4) ya steeplechase ya mita 3,000 m wake ilisimama kwa miaka 11, na, kuanzia mwaka wa 2008, bado inasimama kama rekodi ya NCAA. Leo, Rono ni mlevi anayejirekebisha na ni mkufunzi katika shule ya sekondari katika kukimbia katika sehemu ya Albuquerque, New Mexico na anasoma ilikuhitimu na shahada katika elimu maalum. Alipohitimu umri wa miaka 55 mwezi Februari mwaka wa 2007, Rono alijaribu kuvunja rekodi ya dunia ya world masters mile ya wakimbiaji wenye umri wa 55 hadi 59. Pia aliandika tawasifu yake, inayoitwa ''Olimpic Dream'' , mwaka wa 2007. Mwaka wa 2009 iliripotiwa kuwa alipoteza uwasiliano na mke wake Jennifer Jepkemboi na watoto wake wawili Maureen Kipkorir na Calvin Chepchumba, na anajaribu kuwasiliana nao. == Ubora wa binafsi == *Mita 3000 - 7:32.1 (1978) *Mita 5000 - 13:06.20 (1981) *Mita 10,000 - 27:22.47 (1978) *Mita 3000 Steeplechase 8:05.4 (1978) == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *{{iaaf name|id=2452}} *[http://www.team-rono.com/ Henry Rono's Web Site: Team Rono] {{Wayback|url=http://www.team-rono.com/ |date=20120814063852 }} *[http://www.authorhouse.com/BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~45041.aspx Excerpt from Henry Rono's autobiography, ''Olympic Dream'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.authorhouse.com/BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~45041.aspx |date=20080822050520 }} *[http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=957 Henry Rono at sporting-heroes.net] *[http://users.erols.com/jimsue/running/pot_pourri/henry_rono.htm The storied career of Henry Rono] {{Wayback|url=http://users.erols.com/jimsue/running/pot_pourri/henry_rono.htm |date=20050528075153 }} *[http://www.itebooks.net/Book/millennium-sport-book/ If I close my eyes, I can still see him now, a lean figure leading the pack - long distance runner Henry Rono] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itebooks.net/Book/millennium-sport-book/ |date=20090303202642 }} *[http://www.aroadrun.org/Half_Fast_Lane/1997/Henry_Rono_and_Me.pdf Henry Rono and Me] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aroadrun.org/Half_Fast_Lane/1997/Henry_Rono_and_Me.pdf |date=20070927193249 }} (PDF) *The EastAfrican 6 Mei 2002: [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/13052002/Features/Magazine1.html From The Good Life To Car-Washing, Henry Rono Tasted it All]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{start box}} {{s-ach|rec}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|GBR}} [[Brendan Foster]]|title=[[World record progression for the Men's 3,000 m|Men's 3,000 m World Record Holder]]|years=27 Juni 1978 &ndash; 20 Agosti 1989|after={{Flag icon|MAR}} [[Said Aouita]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|NZL}} [[Dick Quax]] |title=[[5000_meters#World_record_progression|Men's 5000m World Record Holder]]|years=8 Aprili 1978 &ndash; 7 Julai 1982 |after={{Flag icon|GBR}} [[David Moorcroft]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Samson Kimobwa]] |title=[[World record progression for the Men's 10,000 m|Men's 10,000 m World Record Holder]]|years=11 Juni 1978 &ndash; 2 Julai 1984 |after={{Flag icon|POR}} [[Fernando Mamede]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Anders Gärderud]]|title=[[Steeplechase_%28athletics%29#World_Record_Progression|Men's Steeplechase World Record Holder]]|years=13 Mei 1978 &ndash; 3 Julai 1989|after={{Flag icon|KEN}} [[Peter Koech]]}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{succession box | before={{Flag icon|CUB}} [[Alberto Juantorena]] | | title=[[United Press International Athlete of the Year Award#Male winners|United Press International<br>Athlete of the Year]] | | after={{Flag icon|GBR}} [[Sebastian Coe]] | | years=[[1978 in sports|1978]]}} {{succession box|title=[[Track & Field Athlete of the Year|Men's Track & Field Athlete of the Year]]|before={{Flag icon|CUB}} [[Alberto Juantorena]]|after={{Flag icon|GBR}} [[Sebastian Coe]]|years=[[1978 in athletics (track and field)|1978]]}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Karl Fleschen]]|title=[[3000_metres#Men.27s_Seasons_Best|Men's 3,000 m Best Year Performance]]|years=1978|after={{Flag icon|USA}} [[Rudy Chapa]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|NZL}} [[Dick Quax]]|title=[[5000_metres#Men.27s_Seasons_Best_.28Track.29|Men's 5,000 m Best Year Performance]]|years=1978|after={{Flag icon|TAN}} [[Suleiman Nyambui]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|ETH|1975}} [[Miruts Yifter]]|title=[[5000_metres#Men.27s_Seasons_Best_.28Track.29|Men's 5,000 m Best Year Performance]]|years=1981|after={{Flag icon|GBR}} [[David Moorcroft]]}} {{succession box|before={{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Michael Karst]]|title=[[Steeplechase_%28athletics%29#Men.27s_Seasons_Best_.28Outdoor.29|Men's 3,000 m Steeple Best Year Performance]]|years=1978 &mdash; 1979|after={{Flag icon|POL}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]]}} {{end box}} <br> {{Footer Commonwealth Champions 5000m Men}} {{Footer Commonwealth Champions Steeple Men}} {{Footer All-Africa Champions 10000 m Men}} {{Footer All-Africa Champions 3000 m Steeple Men}} <br> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rono, Henry}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] o2y89uldqonyaoju6id7hn42o06vaiy 0 40385 1580487 1006178 2026-07-19T01:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Falun från Radiohuset.jpg|thumb|250px|''Falun'']] [[Picha:Falun in Sweden.png|thumb|180px|]] '''Falun ''' ni mji nchini [[Uswidi]]. Kuna wakazi 36,447 (mwaka 2005). Mji ulianzishwa [[1641]]. == Jiografia == Eneo lake ni 26.40 [[km²]]. <gallery> Picha:Falu koppargruva.jpg| ''Mgodi wa shaba'' Picha:Falu järnvägsstation.jpg|''Stesheni ya treni katika Falun'' | ''Bombwe la Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson'' </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.falun.se www.falun.se] {{Wayback|url=http://www.falun.se/ |date=20201218041548 }} {{Mbegu-jio-Uswidi}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uswidi]] gvop8rib2skhv8pel5d5xq06kazspix 0 69446 1580391 1147579 2026-07-18T12:38:31Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Attributed to Jan van Eyck, Netherlandish (active Bruges), c. 1395 - 1441 - Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Madonda ya Mt. Fransisko'' kadiri ya [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] wa [[Uholanzi]] anayedhaniwa kuwa [[Jan van Eyck]] ([[1395]] hivi - [[1441]]).]] '''Ngano za Wenzi Watatu''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] ''Legenda trium sociorum'') ni [[kitabu]] muhimu zaidi kati ya vile visivyo rasmi vilivyoandikwa katika [[karne XIII]] kuhusu [[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Kina sura 18. ==Uandishi wake== Kwa muda mrefu kilidhaniwa kuandikwa na [[Wenzi Watatu|wenzi watatu]] wa [[mtakatifu]] huyo, [[Anjelo Tancredi|Anjelo]], [[ndugu Leo|Leo]] na [[ndugu Rufino|Rufino]], hivyo wakati mwingine kilipewa kipaumbele. Kadiri ya mtazamo huo, miaka ishirini baada ya kifo cha Fransisko hamu ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa [[mkutano mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1244]] [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa maandishi kumbukumbu yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. Kutokana na agizo hilo kitabu hicho kilitungwa katika miaka [[1241]]-[[1247]] kikaitwa “Ngano za Wenzi Watatu”. Kinategemea sana kitabu cha [[Yohane wa Perugia]] lakini kinatia mkazo zaidi juu ya Fransisko mwenyewe na kuonyesha njia ya kuongoka na kufanana na Kristo ambayo aliifuata na ambayo inawafaa wote. Kumbe wataalamu wengine leo wanakiona kimeathiriwa na vitabu vya [[Thoma wa Celano]] na hata vya [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio]] juu ya Fransisko, hivyo wanasema kiliandikwa baadaye. ==Maandishi asili ya [[Kilatini]]== * [http://www.paxetbonum.net/biographies/3companions_lat.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paxetbonum.net/biographies/3companions_lat.html |date=20081120014736 }}. ==Tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]]== * Ngano za Wenzi Watatu – Kumbukumbu ya maisha ya Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi ilivyoandikwa na Ndugu Leo, Rufino na Angelo – [[tafsiri]] ya Ndugu Wafransisko [[Wakapuchini]] – ed. T.M.P. Book Department – [[Tabora]] 1987 {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kilatini]] 49il3rfsbcyy3zq8s65eof3xmdynesi 0 73447 1580421 1445533 2026-07-18T14:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Big Hero 6 | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = Posta ya filamu | mwongozaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Don Hall (filmmaker)|Don Hall]] * [[Chris Williams (director)|Chris Williams]] }} | mtayarishaji = [[Roy Conli]] | mtunzi = {{Plainlist| * [[Jordan Roberts (writer)|Jordan Roberts]] * Robert L. Baird * [[Dan Gerson]] }} | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Scott Adsit]] * [[Ryan Potter]] * [[Daniel Henney]] * [[T.J. Miller]] * [[Jamie Chung]] * [[Damon Wayans Jr.]] * [[Genesis Rodriguez]] * [[James Cromwell]] * [[Maya Rudolph]] * [[Alan Tudyk]] }} | muziki = [[Henry Jackman]] | sinematografi = {{Plainlist| * Rob Dressel (layout) * Adolph Lusinsky (lighting) }} | mhariri = Tim Mertens | msambazaji = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios<br />Motion Pictures]] | imetolewa = {{Film date|2014|10|23|[[Tokyo International Film Festival]]|2014|11|07|[[Marekani]]}} | muda = Dakika 102<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.ofrb.gov.on.ca/ofrb/OfrbWelcomeAction.do?detailParameter=2000118255| title = Ontario Film Review Board: Big Hero 6|publisher=Ontario Film Review Board|access-date=November 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005052253/http://www.ofrb.gov.on.ca/ofrb/OfrbWelcomeAction.do?detailParameter=2000118255|archive-date=October 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti| title = Big Hero 6 – Synopsis|url=http://disneystudiosawards.com/awards/big-hero-6|publisher=Disney Studio Awards|access-date=December 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227173200/http://disneystudiosawards.com/awards/big-hero-6|archive-date=December 27, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | nchi = [[Marekani]] | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = [[Dola ya Marekani|$]]165&nbsp;milioni<ref>{{Rejea tovuti| date = Novemba 4, 2014|author=Brent Lang|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/box-office-interstellar-big-hero-6-eye-record-breaking-weekend-1201347238| title = Box Office: 'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Eye Record-Breaking Weekend|work=Variety|access-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref><ref name="mojo">{{Rejea tovuti| title = Big Hero 6|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2245084/|accessdate=January 26, 2021}}</ref> | mapato = $657.8&nbsp;milioni<ref name="mojo"/> | ilitanguliwa_na = ''[[Frozen (filamu ya 2013)|Frozen]]'' | ikafuatiwa_na = ''[[Zootopia]]'' }} '''Big Hero 6''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Kibonzo|katuni]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2014]] kutoka [[Marekani]] iliyotayarishwa na [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] na kutolewa na [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Hii ni filamu ya [[hamsini na nne]] kutolewa katika mfululizo wa filamu za [[Walt Disney Animated Classics]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|first=Matt|last=McDaniel|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/big-hero-6-exclusive-poster-reveal-walt-disney-86413335667.html|title=Disney Throws Out the Marvel Rulebook for 'Big Hero 6'|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|date=Mei 21, 2014|access-date=July 8, 2014|archive-date=2014-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707210320/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/big-hero-6-exclusive-poster-reveal-walt-disney-86413335667.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Muhtasari wa hadithi == Katika mji wa kisasa wa San Fransokyo, kijana mwenye kipaji cha kuunda robotiki, Hiro Hamada, anashiriki mapigano ya roboti ya mafichoni. Kaka yake Tadashi anataka kumtoa katika maisha haya hatarishi na kumpeleka kwenye taasisi ya teknolojia, ambapo Hiro anakutana na marafiki wake na roboti wa huduma za afya, Baymax. Hiro anavumbua teknolojia ya viroboti ("microbots") zinazoweza kuungana na kuunda miundo mbalimbali, jambo linalomfanya akubaliwe chuoni. Furaha yao inakatizwa na ajali ya moto mbaya, ambapo Tadashi anapoteza maisha akijaribu kumuokoa Profesa Callaghan. Baada ya wiki mbili, Hiro kwa bahati mbaya anamwezesha tena Baymax na kugundua kuwa "microbot" moja inaonekana kuwa na shughuli za ajabu. Hii inampeleka kwenye ghala, ambako anagundua mtu mwenye kinyago usoni cha Kabuki anazalisha microbots kwa wingi. Baada ya kushambuliwa, Hiro anaamua kuiboresha Baymax ili kupambana na adui huyo. Pamoja na marafiki wa Tadashi, wanagundua kuwa mtu huyo ni Callaghan, aliyekuwa amejifanya kuwa amekufa, na sasa anataka kulipiza kisasi. Katika mapambano ya mwisho, Hiro na Baymax wanaingia kwenye lango la kuhama ili kumuokoa binti wa Callaghan, Abigail. Baymax anajitoa mhanga, akimwokoa Hiro na Abigail kabla ya lango hilo kuharibiwa. Baadaye, Hiro anapata chipu ya Baymax na kumjenga upya, kisha anaungana na marafiki zake kama timu ya mashujaa wa teknolojia, Big Hero 6. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Katuni za Disney}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za 2014]] [[Jamii:Filamu za katuni za Disney]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] 5wtg9exawixrfafdk1tyrkssbuwaq4o 0 96901 1580517 1347683 2026-07-19T08:08:22Z Ziv 68200 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 1580517 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Thibaut Courtois at the 2018 World Cup (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Thibaut Courtois (2018)]] '''Thibaut Nicolas Marc Courtois''' (kwa [[Kiholanzi]]: [tiˈboː kuːrˈtʋaː]; kwa [[Kifaransa]]: [tibo kuʁtwa]; alizaliwa [[Mei]], [[1992]], ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] anayecheza nafasi ya [[golikipa]] katika [[klabu]] ya [[Chelsea]] na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[Ubelgiji]]. Courtois alikuzwa na [[Genk]], alipokuwa na miaka 18, alicheza mechi za kirafiki kabla ya ligi kuu kuanza. [[Julai]], 2011 alijiunga na [[Chelsea]] kwa bei ya £8 milioni,na baadaye akaenda [[Atletico Madrid]] kwa mkopo .Kwa misimu mitatu alifanikiwa kuchukua mataji ya Europa League mwaka 2012,[[Copa del Rey]] mwaka 2013 na [[La Liga]] mwaka 2014.Na alishinda taji la Ricardo Zamora la [[golikipa]] bora wa [[La Liga]] baada misimu miwili baadaye.Courtois alirejea [[Chelsea]] July 2014,na msimu wake wa kwanza aliwasaidia kushinda kombe la ligi na Ligi kuu. Courtois alikuwa [[golikipa]] bora mwenye umri mdogo Oktoba 2011 akiiwakilisha [[Ubelgiji]],na baada ya hapo alianza kucheza kwenye [[kombe la dunia]] 2014 na UEFA Euro 2016. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Courtois}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ubelgiji]] 8wcjl9woehl8pugo9y5gocukxc9v2ea 3 105398 1580546 1578772 2026-07-19T11:01:44Z Edwin Zephaniah 91040 /* Question from Edwin Zephaniah (11:01, 19 Julai 2026) */ mjadala mpya 1580546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} == Sigma Octantis == Ndugu, ulibadilisha nyota kadhaa kutoka ngeli ya "i-zi" kwenda "li-ma" ambayo si Kiswahili sahihi. Mfano "[[Thumni (kundinyota)|Sigma Octantis iko karibu]]" ulipeleka "Sigma Octantis liko karibu". Nimerudisha mara kadhaa sijapata muda kuangalia yote. Ilhali wewe bado mgeni heri utumie kwanza ukurasa wa majadiliano kabla ya kubadilisha! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 20 Julai 2019 (UTC) :Ndugu, hongera kwa michango yako. Hata hivyo angalia nilivyoboresha namna moja michango ya mwisho ili ufanye mwenyewe katika makala zijazo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 6 Novemba 2019 (UTC) ::Naona unazidi kukamilika. Sasa uzoee kuunganisha ukurasa wa Kiswahili na zile za lugha nyingine. Kiungo kinapatikana pembeni kushoto, ilipoandikwa "Add link". --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 11 Novemba 2019 (UTC) ==Interwiki== Asante kwa makala za wanariadha. Lakini naomba upitilie tena zote. Umesahau "interwiki", yaani kuunganisha makala yako na lugha zingine. Hii unafanya mwishoni -kama mada ina makala katika enwiki au wikipedia nyingine- kwa kubofya kushoto-chini <small>(nje ya sehemu ya kuhariri)</small> kwa "Lugha- Add links", halafu ingiza "enwiki" dirisha la juu na jina la makala husika dirisha la chini, hakikisha ni sawa, halafu uthibitishe. [[Maalum:Michango/197.250.225.2|197.250.225.2]] 20:43, 7 Desemba 2019 (UTC) ==Mashindano ya picha== Ndugu, usijidanganye kwamba utashinda tuzo kwa kubadilisha maneno ya kuelezea picha zilizomo tayari katika makala za Wikipedia... Ni lazima uongeze picha pale ambapo hazipo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:02, 15 Agosti 2020 (UTC) :Ndugu [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], mimi sishiriki katika mashindano ila najaribu kuangalia sehemu ambazo washiriki wa mashindano wamefanya nakujaribu kuongeza ubora na kusahihisha sehemu ambazo naona zinaweza zikawa bora zaidi. Je ni vibaya kufanya hivi? Amani kwako pia! Nashukuru sana. ::Hiyo si mbaya, lakini kama ni hivyo hutakiwi kuandika katika muhtasari #WPWP #WPWPTZ, la sivyo unaonekana tapeli... Basi, endelea na juhudi zako. Tupo pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:25, 15 Agosti 2020 (UTC) ::: Asante == Uteuzi kuwa mkabidhi == Salaam! Ulipendekezwa na kukubaliwa kupata haki za mkabidhi. Je, uko tayari kupokea uteuzi huu na kushiriki katika kazi mara kwa mara kama jinsi ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa wakabidhi? Tunaomba jibu lako kwa baruapepe katika wiki hii. Tumia zana za Wikipedia kutuma barua pepe. --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{''''Muddyb Mwanaharakati''''}</font>]]</span> <font face="Comic Sans MS">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black">^{''''Longa''''}</font>]] 07:44, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC)</font> ==Hongera== Napenda kukupongeza kwa juhudi zako katika Wikipedia, ila hakikisha kwamba makala zako zieleweke kwa Kiswahili. Unavyojua, tafsiri ya kompyuta haisaidii sana. Endelea kuangalia kama pengine ninarekebisha michango yako ili uzidi kukomaa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:36, 16 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ::Asante sana --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ebenezer Mlay|Ebenezer Mlay]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ebenezer Mlay#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 16 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Mbegu== Ndugu, kigezo mbegu-mtu kinatumika ikiwa tu hakuna kingine cha pekee zaidi kama mbegu-mwandishi, mbegu-igiza-filamu n.k. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 18 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Asante kwa kunielewesha. --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:24, 19 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Zuio== Umefanya vizuri, kwa kuwa amefuta matini sahihi na ameingiza upuuzi wa Kiingereza: yote hayo ni makosa makubwa! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:46, 19 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Kigezo cha Vyanzo== Siku hizi unaweka mara nyingi kigezo hicho. Badala ya kuridhika kuweka vigezo vinavyoagiza kazi fulani, tunashauriwa kufanya wenyewe kazi hiyo, yaani tuboreshe makala, si kuilaumu tu. Pia zingatia kwamba makala nyingi za zamani hazina vyanzo kwa sababu ya kutovisisitiza mwanzoni mwa Wiki yetu. Hatimaye makala nyingine haziwezi kuwa ndefu wala kuwa na vyanzo vingi kutokana na mada yenyewe. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:36, 21 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Mpendwa [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] asante sana kwa muongozo huu, mara nyingi nikiwa nina muda mchache wa kupitia makala baadhi nikikuta hazina vyanzo vya kutosha naweka kigezo cha vyanzo. Ila nikiwa na muda najaribu kupitia makala na kuifanya iwe bora. Nina mpango nikipata muda mwingi zaidi kuzipitia zote ambazo nimeziwekea kigezo hicho. Je ni sawa? Je naweza nikaweka kigezo cha citation needed badala ya kigezo cha vyanzo? Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' ::Kama lengo ni kuzipitia baadaye ni sawa kabisa. La sivyo njia ya pili ni afadhali. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 23 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Jamii== Habari naona unafaya kazi kubwa kupitilia jamii za makala. Asante! NImeona jambo moja ambalo halisaidii machoni pangu., ukiongeza "Jamii:Watu wa NCHIXX" pia pale ambako makala imeshapangwa katika "Jamii:Wanawake wa NCHIXXX". Unaona faida gani? Mi mi naona si kitu kwa nchi penye watu wachache walio na makala, lakini kama idadi yao inaongezeka, haisaidii tena ninavyoona. Mfano kama watu wa TZ wako wote chini "watu wa Tanzania", tuanapata hapa orodha ndefu kupita kiasi ambacho halivuti kulipitilia. Tukiwapanga zaidi katika jamii ndogo, ni rahisi zaidi kutafuta. Kutafuta jina, linapatikana popote kupitia dirisha. Unaonaje? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 06:40, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Habari [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], Asante kwa mchango huu naona inaleta maana, ila vipi kama kungekua jamii ndogo ya "Jamii:Wanaume wa NCHI XXX" kwa sababu kama kwenye jamii ya watu wa nchi fulani kukawa na makala ya wanaume tu halafu kukawa na jamii ndogo ya wanawake pekee hii naona haileti picha nzuri kwangu. Unaonaje? --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:51, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ::Hiyo hoja ina mashiko: kuwa na jamii kwa wanawake, si kwa wanaume, ni kutokana na hali ya wanawake kukosa usawa. Lakini siku hizi? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:42, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :::Kwa kawaida naona vema kama mtu anapangwa kwanza katika jamii ya fani au kazi , kama "Jamii:Wanasheria wa NCHI XXX", tukiwa na wengi inawezakana pia "Jamii:Watu kutoka MKOA YYY"; kwa wanawake tumeanzisha pia jamii kama "Wanawaka wa NCHI XXX" au "Wanasheria wa kike wa XXX". Hapa tumefuata mfano wa lugha nyingine; sijui kama yeyote alianzisha jamii za wanaume. Tunaweza kufanya.... - Sababu ya jamii ya pekee kwa wanawake ni kwamba hao ni wachache (bado) katika fani nyingi.Kwa hiyo sipingi kuanzisha jamii za wanaume, ila sitegemei italeta mafanikio. Tulikuwa na wahariri (nadhani Baba Tabita) aliyeongeza mara nyingi "Watu walio hai" (ambayo mimi sioni faida yake, siku hizi sijaiona tena sana...). '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 15:29, 30 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==[[Pregs Govender]]== Naona tumeingiliana. Nilikuwa nikiongeza kufungu cha mwisho, naona umehamisha yote kwenda lemma sahihi, asante. Hivyo nilifungua makala kwa jina jipya na kumwaga mle matini yote kutoka ukurasa wangu, pamoja na yale niyokuwa nayo ya juu. Ila sikujua kwamba ulihariri mengine pia. Sasa inawezekana nimeweka matini yangu juu ya sehemu ulizoboresha, kama ni vile, nisamehe. Tafadhali pitilia tena kifupi na uone kama nimefuta maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 09:39, 6 Mei 2021 (UTC) :Hakuna shida kabisa nitaipitia makala hiyo tena. Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 6 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Tafsiri ya Wikimedia== Naona umemuuliza Kipala pia. Tupo pamoja. Mimi sipendi kutumia kifaa hicho, ila nakubali kinaweza kusaidia ikiwa watumiaji wanachukua muda kupitia kwa makini tafsiri ya mashine hadi ieleweke. Shida kubwa ni kwamba wanataka makala ndefu, halafu wanachoka kuipitia, hivyo wanatuachia sisi kazi kubwa mno! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:03, 17 Mei 2021 (UTC) ::Kwa kweli naona unafuatilia masahihisho yangu na kujifunza vizuri. Pia nakupongeza kwa juhudi za kueneza Wiki yetu. Michango sasa ni mingi, kiasi kwamba sitaweza tena kuipitia yote, hasa ukizingatia kwamba watumiaji wapya wanafanya makosa mengi. Tena kwa kutumia tafsiri ya kompyuta wanatunga kurasa ndefu. Kazi hiyo nakuachieni nyinyi vijana... Ndiyo sababu tuliwachagua kuwa wakabidhi wenzetu! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:42, 29 Mei 2021 (UTC) :::Asante sana [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]]. Makala zote zilizoundwa hivi karibuni na wahariri wapy kutokea Arusha tutazipitia kwa takribani siku mbili tukiwa pamoja na wahariri hawa wote ili kufanya masahihisho. Kwa kutumia hii njia nadhani wahariri hawa watajifunza kutokana na makosa amabayo wameyafanya kwenye makala hizi. Pia tutajitahidi kuwa watumiaji wote wapya hawatopata nafasi ya kutunga makala ndefu wakati wanaanza kujifunza kuandika. Vivyo hivyo tutatilia msistizo wa kutokutumia tafsiri ya kompyuta katika kuhariri. Asante -- --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:33, 31 Mei 2021 (UTC) ::::Vizuri sana. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:57, 31 Mei 2021 (UTC) == How to supply my email == I am a local researcher, and I have written about handful of communities whose details and not found in Wikipedia. I love to supply this first-hand information in Wikipedia. Thank you for welcoming me. Please I want to know also, how I can supply my email. More so, is their chances for monetization? '''[[Mtumiaji:Hilspress|Hilspress]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hilspress|majadiliano]])''' 07:39, 30 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Makala ya Haki za Binadamu== Salamu, sijajua ufafanuzi unasemaj zaidi e hadi sasa kuhusu shindano la makala ya haki za binadamu, lakini unaweza kupitia makala ya ''Mauaji ya Maalbino'', labda inawezekana jamii hiyo ni kwa ajili ya kutrack makala zote mpya zitakazohusu haki za binadamu, naona imeunganishwa katika jamii ya Makala ya haki za binadamu,ila bado nasubiri ufafanuzi zaidi ,Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' :Habari [[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]], nadhani niliona maelekezo ya kwamba mtu yoyote anaeshiriki katika hili shindano akichapisha kurasa yoyote kuhusiana na haki za binadamu inapaswa kuweka hiyo jamii. Katika makala ya ''Mauaji ya Maalbino'' jamii hii haikuwepo hivyo nikaona niiongeze. Ila [[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] anaweza kutupa mwonggozo zaidi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:40, 3 Juni 2021 (UTC) :::Ahsanteni kwa michango, tumeweka jamii hiyo ili kurahisisha kupata makala zote zitakazo andikwa wakati wa mradi. Maelekezo zaidi juu ya ushiriki wa mradi yatatolewa hivi karibuni na [[user:Jadnapac]]. Karibuni tuendeleee kushirikiana. == Campaigns Product Update #1 == Hello Campaigns Newsletter recipients. We are ready to share our first updates: * '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours * '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. * '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:''' ** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103s&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103] ** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY '''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature. Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers   The Campaign Product Team <!-- Message sent by User:Astinson (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=21958270 --> == Campaigns Product Update #2 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.] :Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project. :[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']] *'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&t=751s '''here'''.] *'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team. '''What is next?''' :'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}. :'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme "'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''". Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. :We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021. We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. :'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. ''Invite other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!'' The Campaign Product Team </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 16:26, 28 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=22200025 --> == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:CaliBen}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:28, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) == Campaigns Product Update #3 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces. *'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]]. *'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. ::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype]. ::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). *'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. '''What is next?''' :'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]] :In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can. Thank you! '''The Campaign Product Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:26, 22 Machi 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23033286 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. Join us and share your thoughts on these developments! :Date: '''March 31, 2022''' :Time: 15:00 UTC :Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes. Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting. Thank you. '''The Campaign Product Team''' '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:37, 30 Machi 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23066888 --> == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 06:34, 18 Julai 2022 (UTC) == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:46, 21 Julai 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 06:30, 21 Septemba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> ==Jamii== Ndugu, naona leo watu wanaongezea makala mbalimbali jamii ya editathon wakati hawajazichangia hata kidogo. Vipi? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:44, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) :Ndugu, Watu wapo katika kuboresha makala ambazo tumezifanyia kazi huko nyuma. Hivyo wanafanya kuhakikisha kwamba makala hizi zinakua bora zaidi. Zinawekwa katika jamii hiyo ili wengine waweze kuzipitia zaidi na kuboresha pale wanapoona kuna fursa hiyo. Natumaini hii haina tatizo lolote. Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:49, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) ::Hawaishii katika kuziweka kwenye jamii tu ila pia wanaongeza au kupunguza vitu vingine pia '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:51, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == Question from [[User:Nemence|Nemence]] on [[Algorithm]] (18:40, 7 Desemba 2023) == Hello,explain types of algorithms --'''[[Mtumiaji:Nemence|Nemence]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nemence|majadiliano]])''' 18:40, 7 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tremor np|Tremor np]] on [[Akili bandia]] (17:43, 13 Desemba 2023) == Refute the claim that religious terrorism exists --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tremor np|Tremor np]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tremor np|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 13 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tremor np|Tremor np]] on [[Akili bandia]] (17:45, 13 Desemba 2023) == Refute the claim that religious terrorism exists --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tremor np|Tremor np]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tremor np|majadiliano]])''' 17:45, 13 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Kidawish Daniel|Kidawish Daniel]] (00:57, 16 Desemba 2023) == There is a page named "Messi" on Wikipedia. See also the other search results found. View (previous 20 | next 20) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500) Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés Messi (matamshi ya Kihispania: [ljonel andɾes mesi]; alizaliwa 24 Juni 1987) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Argentina anayecheza katika... 14 KB (1,658 words) - 09:43, 16 December 2022 Mchezaji kikapu Mchezaji wa mpira wa mikono Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu maarufu kwa jina la Lionel Messi Mchezaji maarufu wa mpira wa miguu, Cristiano Ronaldo... 675 bytes (63 words) - 14:13, 10 November 2019 La Masia wachezaji bora wa dunia (Ballon d'Or) wachezaji hao ni Andres Iniesta, Lionel Messi na Xavi. La Masia pia ni jina la mafunzo ya soka ya FC Barcelona, Awali... 1 KB (139 words) - 13:35, 27 May 2018 24 Juni 1983 - John Lloyd Cruz, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Ufilipino 1987 - Lionel Messi, mchezaji wa mpira kutoka Argentina 238 - Maximinus Thrax, Kaisari wa Dola... 2 KB (213 words) - 13:25, 1 October 2023 1987 Juni - Semra Kebede, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Ethiopia 24 Juni - Lionel Messi, mchezaji wa mpira kutoka Argentina 26 Juni - Samir Nasri, mchezaji mpira... 3 KB (364 words) - 20:14, 3 July 2016 Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina adhabu ya utata katika dakika ya 87. Argentina, iliyoongozwa na Lionel Messi ilifanya mechi yao ya tano katika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia mwaka 2014,... 1 KB (174 words) - 00:32, 9 June 2020 Mshambuliaji nyingi zilitumia mfumo unaohusisha nafasi hii kwa kiasi kikubwa. Lionel Messi wa klabu ya Barcelona amekua mchezaji mwenyemafanikio sana katika miaka... 13 KB (1,469 words) - 10:55, 28 August 2022 Manuel Neuer Mnamo 2014, Neuer alimaliza wa tatu katika upigaji kura, nyuma ya Lionel Messi na Cristiano Ronaldo, kwa tuzo ya FIFA Ballon d'Or. Alipewa Kipa wa UEFA... 1 KB (122 words) - 13:14, 27 September 2020 Olubayo Adefemi ambayo ilimaliza ya pili nyuma ya timu ya Argentina iliyoongozwa na Lionel Messi katika Mashindano ya Vijana ya Kombe la Dunia ya FIFA 2005 huko Uholanzi. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Kidawish Daniel|Kidawish Daniel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kidawish Daniel|majadiliano]])''' 00:57, 16 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Songoni|Songoni]] on [[Netiboli]] (04:07, 9 Machi 2024) == The rule of netball How to play netball --'''[[Mtumiaji:Songoni|Songoni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Songoni|majadiliano]])''' 04:07, 9 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] on [[Poecilagenia]] (19:14, 17 Machi 2024) == hellow --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) == tutu njia zipi rahisi zinazoleta tijakwenye uzalishaji wa mazao!shambani? 1.zao la bishara2.zao la chakila3.zao la kulisha eanya pia == tutumie njia zipi rahisi  zinazoleta tijakwenye uzalishaji wa mazao!shambani?  1.zao la bishara2.zao la chakula3.zao la kulisha wanyama pia '''[[Mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|majadiliano]])''' 19:24, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Graham mashinji|Graham mashinji]] (14:53, 24 Machi 2024) == Hello, how can I use wikipedia in my studies? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Graham mashinji|Graham mashinji]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Graham mashinji|majadiliano]])''' 14:53, 24 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|Ibrahim hamis kilawe]] on [[Sensa]] (12:30, 13 Aprili 2024) == ibrahimhamis@705lime.com --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|Ibrahim hamis kilawe]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|majadiliano]])''' 12:30, 13 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Ukumbusho kuhusu kupiga kura sasa ili kuchagua washiriki wa U4C ya awamu ya kwanza == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Unaweza kupata ujumbe huu ukiwa umetafsiriwa katika lugha za ziada kwenye Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ndugu Mwanawikimedia, Unapokea ujumbe huu kwa sababu hapo kabla uliwahi kushiriki katika mchakato wa UCoC. Huu ni ukumbusho kwamba kipindi cha kupiga kura kwa Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) kitamalizika tarehe 9 Mei 2024. Soma maelezo kwenye [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|ukurasa wa kupiga kura kwenye Meta- wiki]] ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu upigaji kura na ustahiki wa mpiga kura. Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) ni kikundi cha kimataifa kilichojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Wanajamii walialikwa kutuma maombi yao kwa U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, tafadhali [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|pitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe wanajumuiya wenzako ili nao waweze kushiriki. Kwa niaba ya timu ya mradi wa UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22:54, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Question from [[User:Helmina Mapunda|Helmina Mapunda]] (14:03, 16 Mei 2024) == Good evening , incase to get a typo error on the heading , how to edit that please. thanks --'''[[Mtumiaji:Helmina Mapunda|Helmina Mapunda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Helmina Mapunda|majadiliano]])''' 14:03, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Good evening, I hope it is a page on Kiswahili Wikipedia. If so click on the down arrow near the edit button then click Hamisha Ukurasa the change the name then click save - '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Haulechristina|Haulechristina]] (09:18, 17 Mei 2024) == Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:Haulechristina|Haulechristina]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Haulechristina|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 17 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Karibu '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:First Vision T Limited|First Vision T Limited]] (14:18, 17 Mei 2024) == Hello, why i can't see the article i created,it says has been deleted --'''[[Mtumiaji:First Vision T Limited|First Vision T Limited]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:First Vision T Limited|majadiliano]])''' 14:18, 17 Mei 2024 (UTC) :It might be that you did not follow all the guidelines for writing a wikipedia article. Please take this course to learn more about creating good articles on Wikipedia. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBCxb9oaz5s Click here] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:LeonelLenty|LeonelLenty]] on [[American British Academy]] (17:09, 23 Mei 2024) == Hello my name is leonelLenty how can I join that school without money --'''[[Mtumiaji:LeonelLenty|LeonelLenty]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:LeonelLenty|majadiliano]])''' 17:09, 23 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA]] (13:19, 27 Mei 2024) == how to add photo or image on wikipedia --'''[[Mtumiaji:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Please visit this link to learn more. [[wikiedudashboard:training/students/images-and-media/add-an-image-to-wikipedia|CLICK HERE]] -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:22, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] (12:53, 9 Juni 2024) == Hello --'''[[Mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|majadiliano]])''' 12:53, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] (12:53, 9 Juni 2024) (2) == how do the challenge works --'''[[Mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|majadiliano]])''' 12:53, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mweta juma|Mweta juma]] on [[Google Play]] (05:29, 29 Juni 2024) == Mweta juma family --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mweta juma|Mweta juma]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mweta juma|majadiliano]])''' 05:29, 29 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mfurahivu|Mfurahivu]] (10:54, 18 Julai 2024) == Hey Eben! I need your assistance. I'd like to ask you how do I categorize article? Recently I've translated an article, added a link to other languages, but I didn't found a way to attach it to "jamiis". Thank you in advance! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mfurahivu|Mfurahivu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mfurahivu|majadiliano]])''' 10:54, 18 Julai 2024 (UTC) :Hello Mfurahivu, :Please reach out via my email where we can schedule a quick call to help you out. :—'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Noel200|Noel200]] (16:38, 12 Agosti 2024) == hello mr --'''[[Mtumiaji:Noel200|Noel200]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Noel200|majadiliano]])''' 16:38, 12 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Hello —'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Selemani Husein Kibago|Selemani Husein Kibago]] (06:41, 14 Agosti 2024) == Hello Eben Naitaji kujitolea kufanya uhariri katika kazi mbali mbali nifuate utaratibu upi? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Selemani Husein Kibago|Selemani Husein Kibago]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Selemani Husein Kibago|majadiliano]])''' 06:41, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Habari Selemani, :Karibu sana. Je upo mkoa gani? Nikifahamu upo sehemu itakua ni rahisi kukukutanisha na jamii ya wahariri ili iwe rahisi kwako. :—'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Ndugu == Habari yako? Usharudi nchini? Nimeona kimya kabisa! [[User:Muddybr|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 10:41, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Salama, habari? :Bado sijarudi, nitakujulisha nikirudi :'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) ::Poa. Shukrani! [[User:Muddybr|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 11:37, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ester Gasper Kimario|Ester Gasper Kimario]] (14:11, 31 Oktoba 2024) == HABARI UANWEZA KUNISAIDIA --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario|Ester Gasper Kimario]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario|majadiliano]])''' 14:11, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) :Ndio, karibu sana Ester —'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:35, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:35, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] (14:11, 16 Novemba 2024) == Nawazeje kuchapisha makala zangu Wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|majadiliano]])''' 14:11, 16 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Habari@[[Mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] Uhahitaji kuchapisha makala kuhusu nini? Tafadhali tizama ukurasa wako wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|majadiliano]] kuna maelezo baadhi ya namna na nini unaweza kufanya. Usisite kunirudia kama hautoelewa chochote. Asante -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:09, 12 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ahabu|Ahabu]] (09:15, 26 Desemba 2024) == Ahabu Godfrey Ng'umbi --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ahabu|Ahabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ahabu|majadiliano]])''' 09:15, 26 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] (17:21, 30 Desemba 2024) == Hello Eben nawekaje picha ninapoedit makala --'''[[Mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|majadiliano]])''' 17:21, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Habari EmmyTSD :Tafadhali bonyeza kiungo hapa uweze kujifunza namna ya kuongeza picha. [[wikiedudashboard:training/students/images-and-media/add-an-image-to-wikipedia|KIUNGO]] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:01, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|Kamilius Ambrose terenzi]] on [[Wikipedia:Request an account]] (13:42, 28 Januari 2025) == maana ya Avieta prdecten --'''[[Mtumiaji:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|Kamilius Ambrose terenzi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|majadiliano]])''' 13:42, 28 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Question from [[User:Amosi Jonas Stefano|Amosi Jonas Stefano]] on [[1994]] (09:43, 1 Machi 2025) == National events took place during 1994 in Tanzania --'''[[Mtumiaji:Amosi Jonas Stefano|Amosi Jonas Stefano]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Amosi Jonas Stefano|majadiliano]])''' 09:43, 1 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]] on [[Majadiliano:Januari 2025]] (18:47, 13 Aprili 2025) == Habari ,nahitaji kuweka picha katika chapisho langu nawekaje --'''[[Mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|majadiliano]])''' 18:47, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]], :Tafadhali bonyeza kiungo hapa uweze kujifunza namna ya kuongeza picha. [[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msaada:Picha|KIUNGO]] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 14 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] (18:56, 22 Aprili 2025) == How do i add a picture on an article --'''[[Mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|majadiliano]])''' 18:56, 22 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] on [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bigchance designer]] (07:50, 25 Aprili 2025) == habari nahitaji msaada --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 25 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] Karibu. Tukusaidie nini? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:55, 25 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Join the 6th Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign – 2025 Edition == Dear Wikimedia affiliate community leader, Thanks for organizing the previous editions of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos]] Campaign in your community. We invite your community again to participate in the 6th edition of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign]], a global campaign taking place from July 1 to August 31, 2025. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable photo from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests ([[:m:Wiki Loves Africa|Wiki Loves Africa]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Earth|Wiki Loves Earth]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments]], etc.) over the years. More than 80 Wikimedia affiliates have participated since the campaign was launched in 2020 and have added images to more than 400,000 Wikipedia articles in over 245 Wikipedia languages. Thanks to the volunteer contributors! We now invite your affiliate to organize and lead the campaign within your community. As a local organizer, you may: *Encourage individual members to take part by adding images to Wikipedia articles. *Host edit-a-thons focused on improving visual content. *Organize training workshops to teach contributors how to correctly integrate images into Wikipedia. These activities will help build local capacity and increase visual content across Wikipedia. Please note that for participants to be eligible to participate in the campaign, they need to have registered an account for at least a year before the official start date of the contest. That is, for the 2025 edition, they must have registered an account on or before July 1, 2025. The account can be from any Wikimedia project wikis. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language Wikipedia. We would be glad for you to [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|sign up directly]] at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. With kind regards, [[User:Reading Beans]] On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:43, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:T Cells@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2025/Call_for_participation_letter/Targets_past_organizers&oldid=28745740 --> == Question from [[User:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] on [[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA/ukurasa wa majaribio]] (20:32, 10 Juni 2025) == Hujambo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|majadiliano]])''' 20:32, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] on [[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA/ukurasa wa majaribio]] (20:32, 10 Juni 2025) (2) == Hujambo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|majadiliano]])''' 20:32, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|KIRISITOHP KINYATA]] on [[Wikipedia:About]] (16:06, 2 Julai 2025) == shikamo mmeshindaje --'''[[Mtumiaji:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|KIRISITOHP KINYATA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|majadiliano]])''' 16:06, 2 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ostaz Juma|Ostaz Juma]] on [[Mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma Namusoma/Urasimu]] (21:32, 10 Julai 2025) == Habari za jioni je naonekana kwnye wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma|Ostaz Juma]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma|majadiliano]])''' 21:32, 10 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju]] on [[Wakongo]] (06:55, 26 Julai 2025) == Habari, Samahani nimeshindwa kuweka hio sehemu ya juu katika Kiswahili lakini pia nimejaribu kuondoa imekuwa changamoto. Naomba nisaidie katika hili. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|majadiliano]])''' 06:55, 26 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:58, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Micwolrd|Micwolrd]] on [[Rostam Abdulrasul Aziz]] (18:26, 2 Septemba 2025) == Hlw, nahitaji kujua zaidi kuhusu chama cha mapinduzi na mihimili yake. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Micwolrd|Micwolrd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Micwolrd|majadiliano]])''' 18:26, 2 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]] (19:53, 8 Oktoba 2025) == Hi ,Nataka kuandika kitu kuhusu mziki wa Singeri --'''[[Mtumiaji:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Simbamtata|majadiliano]])''' 19:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]], Je tayari unajua misingi ya uandishi ya makala kwenye Wikipedia? '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:08, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] (10:01, 9 Oktoba 2025) == Habari, Napenda ukuuliza swali mentor, je kwanini wikipedia ya kiswahili ina infobox chache sana ? napenda kuwa mtu ambaye anatengeneza infobox nimejifunza ila je nawezaje kuwa admin ili niweze kuzisakinisha zifanye kazi katika wikipedia ya kiswahili? mentee, Mimi Prowess --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|majadiliano]])''' 10:01, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]], Hongera sana kwa kujifunza namna ya kutengeneza infobox kwenye Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Kuhusu namna ya kua admin, hufanyika kwa uchaguzi kutoka kwa wachangiaji kwenye Wikipedia yetu. Sina uhakika kwamba uchaguzi unaofuata wa wakabidhi utakua ni lini, wacha niulize wakabidhi wenzangu halafu nitakurudia -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:13, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::Salaam @[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]], Nimewashirikisha wakabidhi wengine kuhusu kazi nzuri unayoifanya. Baada ya kujadiliana wamesema kwamba infobox ulizozitengeneza zinaweza kutumika bila kusanikisha hivyo hauhitaji kua mkabidhi ili kutengeneza infobox na zikatumika. Hivyo basi endelea na kazi nzuri unayoifanya ya kukuza Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Asante -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:37, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::Asante sana mentor @[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|majadiliano]])''' 16:13, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Habari ndugu @CaliBen, Nimeona umeweka taarifa juu ya makala tajwa kuwa ni kuhusu sehemu isiyojulikana. Bahati mbaya hizi ni shule chache zenye historia kubwa japo hazijulikani. Kuna haja ya kuziangazia kwa kina zaidi. Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mikroworld|Mikroworld]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mikroworld|majadiliano]])''' 21:08, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Karibu mjini == Babu, kheri ya mwaka mpya. Naona mambo mapya. Matendo yanasadifu maana ya mwanzoni mwa mwaka. Kongole. [[Evangelina Oyo Ebule]] kuchele chee! Hakuna kitu kizuri kama kuacha kuwa supervisor na kuifanya kazi mwenyewe huku team yako ikikufuata kwa nyuma. Ni fahari! Nimefurahi mno. Tena sana! Unyampara si mzuri. Leading by example. Uendelee kufanya kazi nzuri. Najua fika dunia yako kuu ni Wikidata, sisi usitutenge (ombi). [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 13:34, 11 Januari 2026 (UTC) :Babu, asante! Kheri ya mwaka mpya kwako na uwapendao! :Shukrani sana, najaribu kufuata nyayo za wakongwe nyinyi katika fani. Naahidi kwamba tupo bega kwa bega kusukuma gurudumu hili mwaka huu. Pamoja sana '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:31, 11 Januari 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] Pamoja sana! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:47, 13 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]] (08:47, 21 Januari 2026) == nimefanya mabadiliko kwenye mahala ya Hannah Momoh --'''[[Mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 08:47, 21 Januari 2026 (UTC) :Hongera @[[Mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]], Tafadhali ukitumia tafsiri ya kompyuta kumbuka kusoma makala kama inaleta maana. Kila la heri, '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:49, 21 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Christian Andrew Maziki|Christian Andrew Maziki]] (06:36, 1 Februari 2026) == Habari nawezaje kuhariri jina langu hapa wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Christian Andrew Maziki|Christian Andrew Maziki]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Christian Andrew Maziki|majadiliano]])''' 06:36, 1 Februari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Baddisam|Baddisam]] on [[Mtumiaji:Baddisam]] (19:47, 26 Aprili 2026) == Habari nawezaje kubadili page nane --'''[[Mtumiaji:Baddisam|Baddisam]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Baddisam|majadiliano]])''' 19:47, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Visual editor katika miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{PAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:15, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Masatu Baraza|Masatu Baraza]] on [[Mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza]] (10:15, 10 Juni 2026) == Nataka kuweka wasifu wangu kwa wikipedia nafanyaje? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza|Masatu Baraza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza|majadiliano]])''' 10:15, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Elite Jac|Elite Jac]] (12:31, 23 Juni 2026) == Hello, I am new hear and I would appreciate your support --'''[[Mtumiaji:Elite Jac|Elite Jac]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Elite Jac|majadiliano]])''' 12:31, 23 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mariymoo hamza|Mariymoo hamza]] on [[Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Swahili]] (10:15, 8 Julai 2026) == Mambo --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mariymoo hamza|Mariymoo hamza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mariymoo hamza|majadiliano]])''' 10:15, 8 Julai 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Edwin Zephaniah|Edwin Zephaniah]] (11:01, 19 Julai 2026) == Nashukuru sana kwa zawadi hii ya kuwa katika jumuiya hii ya Wikipedia nime furahi sana kwa kunikubalia ombi langu. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Edwin Zephaniah|Edwin Zephaniah]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Edwin Zephaniah|majadiliano]])''' 11:01, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) gllx7uwc9wf20soiof0i26mglccjynv 0 114630 1580491 1378621 2026-07-19T03:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fundi Konde''' ([[24 Agosti]] [[1924]] &ndash; [[29 Juni]] [[2000]]) alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] kutoka nchini [[Kenya]]. Fundi Konde ni mmoja kati ya watumbuizaji wa mwanzo kabisa nchini [[Kenya]], na husemekana yeye ndiye mwanamuziki wa kwanza kucharaza [[gitaa]] la [[umeme]] huko [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Alipiga na kutunga [[muziki]] wake kwa [[Kiswahili]] huku akichanganya mahadhi ya Rumba la Kiafrika. Kazi ya uanamuziki ilianza nyakati zile za [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]], wakati huo alikuwa akiwatumbuizia vikosi vya kutoka Afrika Mashariki akiwa jeshini huko Asia Kusini. Alivyorudi nyumbani [[Kenya]], akatengeneza rekodi za awali ikiwa pamoja na "Mama Sowera", "Majengo Siendi Tena", "Kipenzi Waniua Ua" na "Jambo Sigara". Aliendelea kutumbuiza na kutoa santuri nyengine mpaka 1963 alipostaafu hadi hapo mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1980 alipoanza tena kuimba, kutunga na kutayarisha. Mwanamuziki huyu alizaliwa mnamo [[1924]] katika kijiji cha Mwabayanyundo, [[Wilaya ya Kilifi]]. Anatoka katika [[kabila]] la Wagiriama. Fundi Konde alifariki mnamo mwaka wa 2000 huko nyumbani kwake [[Kibera]], [[Nairobi]]. ==Marejeo== * [[Daily Nation]], July 1, 2000: [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/01072000/News/News38.html Musician dies at 76] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/01072000/News/News38.html |date=20190716080346 }} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.africanshome.com/Fundi_Konde Fundi Konde] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africanshome.com/Fundi_Konde |date=20190716080351 }} {{Africa-musician-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konde, Fundi}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Category:Waliofariki 2000]] [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] 3pipqq6guhwaxntpjz1fmek92runu24 0 118530 1580453 1303989 2026-07-18T18:34:14Z Rsk6400 599 Astarehe kwa amani 1580453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mwanasiasa | jina = [[Guy Scott]] | nchi =[[zambia]] | picha =Guy_Scott.png | maelezo_ya_picha =Guy Scott | cheo 1 =Mwanasiasa | bunge la = | jimbo la uchaguzi = | chama = | tar. ya kuingia bunge = | alirudishwa mwaka = | aliondoka = | cheo 2 = | kuingia 2 = | kutoka 2 = | akitanguliwa na 2 = | akifuatwa na 2= | tarehe ya kuzaliwa =1 Juni 1944 | mahali pa kuzaliwa = | kifo = | dini = | elimu = | digrii = | kazi =Kaimu Rais | tovuti= |mengine= | }} '''Guy Lindsay Scott''' ([[1 Juni]] [[1944]] – [[15 Julai]] [[2026]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zambia]] aliyependwa [[kaimu Rais]] wa Zambia kati ya Oktoba [[2014]] na Januari [[2015]] na kama ya 12 Makamu wa Rais wa Zambia kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] na [[2014]]. Scott ilikuwa jina Kaimu Rais juu ya Michael Sata wa kuuawa ofisini tarehe 28 Oktoba 2014. Alikuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza [[Mzungu]] wa Zambia na [[kusini kwa Sahara]] tangu [[FW de Klerk]], rais wa mwisho wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], alipoondoka madarakani [[1994]]. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1944|}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Zambia]] lvwoqlsfnjhp1jiq4l0ogin0hdh3vqp 1580547 1580453 2026-07-19T11:57:25Z Muddyb 379 1580547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guy Lindsay Scott''' ([[1 Juni]] [[1944]] – [[15 Julai]] [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Zambia]] aliyependwa [[kaimu Rais]] wa Zambia kati ya Oktoba [[2014]] na Januari [[2015]] na kama ya 12 Makamu wa Rais wa Zambia kuanzia mwaka [[2011]] na [[2014]]. Scott ilikuwa jina Kaimu Rais juu ya Michael Sata wa kuuawa ofisini tarehe 28 Oktoba 2014. Alikuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza [[Mzungu]] wa Zambia na [[kusini kwa Sahara]] tangu [[FW de Klerk]], rais wa mwisho wa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]], alipoondoka madarakani [[1994]]. {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1944|2026}} [[Jamii:Marais wa Zambia]] k8woi93a4f10k4dnt7hwx9w7dsjmj1w 0 126480 1580488 1533793 2026-07-19T01:44:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Felicien Kabuga''' (amezaliwa [[19 Jula]]i [[1935]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Rwanda]], anayeshtumiwa kwa kugharamia na kushiriki katika [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda|mauaji ya kimbari]] ya [[Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda|Rwanda]] ya [[mwaka]] [[1994]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://improb.com/top-most-wanted-criminals-in-the-world/|title=Top 10 Most Wanted Criminals in the World 2018|date=2017-12-18|work=Improb|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-21|archive-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407025924/https://improb.com/top-most-wanted-criminals-in-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya zamani == Kabuga alizaliwa Muniga, katika tarafa ya Mukarange, [[mkoa wa Byumba]], [[Rwanda|Rwanda ya]] leo. Kabuga alijenga [[utajiri]] wake kwa kumiliki [[Shamba|mashamba]] ya [[chai]] [[kaskazini]] mwa Rwanda, miongoni mwa shughuli nyingine za kibiashara. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gpxy4NxqboQ&feature=relmfu|title=YouTube|work=www.youtube.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-06-25}}</ref> Alifikia kumiliki [[mali]] ya [[milioni]] nyingi <ref name="Economistfall">[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441341 How the mighty are falling], ''The Economist'', 5 July 2007. Accessed online 17 July 2007.</ref> na kuwa na uhusiano wa karibu na [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha MRND cha [[Juvenal Habyarimana|Juvénal Habyarimana]] na kundi la Akazu, kikundi kisicho rasmi cha [[Wahutu]] wenye [[msimamo mkali]] kutoka Rwanda kaskazini ambao walichangia kwa [[nguvu]] mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda. Kabuga [[Ndoa|amemwoa]] Josephine Mukazitoni. [[Binti]] zao wawili wameolewa na [[Mwana|wana]] wawili wa Habyarimana. <ref>[https://www.chronicles.rw/2019/04/10/us-goes-to-social-media-hunting-for-hardcore-genocide-fugitives/ US Goes To Social Media Hunting For Hardcore Genocide Fugitives] {{Wayback|url=https://www.chronicles.rw/2019/04/10/us-goes-to-social-media-hunting-for-hardcore-genocide-fugitives/ |date=20231201192953 }} chronicles.rw, retrieved 12 August 2019</ref> Kabuga alishiriki katika kuanzisha, kugharamia na kusimamia Redio Mille Collines (RTLM; kwa maana "vilima 1000") na [[jarida]] la ''Kangura''.<ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/|title=Felicien Kabuga - TRIAL International|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027015941/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/|archivedate=2019-10-27}}</ref> Mnamo [[1993]], katika mkutano wa kutafuta [[fedha]] wa RTLM ulioandaliwa na MRND, Félicien Kabuga aliripotiwa kufafanua hadharani madhumuni ya RTLM kuwa utetezi wa "Nguvu ya Hutu". <ref>ICTR Case No. 99-52-T; The Prosecutor against Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Amended Indictment, pg. 19, 6.4; [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/ICTR/BARAYAGWIZA_ICTR-99-52/Judgment_&_Sentence_ICTR-99-52-T.pdf Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda; International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda] PDF 5-12-2003</ref> Wakati wa [[kesi]] ya [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda]] (ICTR) kuhusu [[vyombo vya habari]] vya Rwanda, [[mtangazaji]] wa zamani wa RTLM Georges Ruggiu alimtaja Kabuga kama "Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa kituo" mwenye [[Jukumu|majukumu]] kama "kusimamia RTLM" na "kuwakilisha RTLM." <ref>ICTR-99-52-T Prosecution Exhibit P 91B; "A DOCUMENT TITLED RTLM ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE RUGGIUS REPRESENTATION.PDF"</ref> Kutoka Januari 1993 hadi Machi 1994, jumla ya mapanga 500,000 yaliingizwa katika Rwanda. Kabuga ametajwa kama mmoja wa waingizaji wakuu wa mapanga haya. <ref name=":0"/> Wakati wa Juni 1994, Kabuga na wengine waliripotiwa kushiriki katika mkutano [[Mji|mjini]] [[Gisenyi]]. Katika mkutano huo, wana MRND wanasemekana kutoa orodha ya [[Watutsi]] na Wahutu wasiochukia Watutsi waliowahi kukimbilia Kisenyi kutoka maeneo mengine. Hapa wanasemekana kutunga orodha ya watu waliopaswa kuuawa iliyokabidhiwa kwa [[Interahamwe|wanamgambo wa Interahamwe]]<ref>[https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ Felicien Kabuga] {{Wayback|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |date=20191027015941 }}, tovuti ya trialinternational.org ya tar. 07.06.2016, iliangaliwa Mei 2020</ref>. == Kushtakiwa na ICTR == Mnamo [[29 Agosti]] [[1998]], [[mwendesha mashtaka]] wa [[Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda]] (ICTR) [[Carla Del Ponte]], alimshtaki Kabuga. Katika mashtaka yaliyorekebishwa tarehe [[1 Oktoba]] [[2004]], mwendesha mashtaka [[Hassan Jallow]] alimshtaki Kabuga kuwa: * alifanya [[njama]] za kutekeleza mauaji ya kimbari * alihusika katika mauaji ya kimbari * alichochea moja kwa moja na hadharani kutekeleza mauaji ya kimbari * alihusika katika [[jinai]] dhidi ya [[ubinadamu]]. == Mkimbizi == Mnamo Juni 1994, wakati Rwanda ilivamiwa na [[jeshi]] la RPF, Kabuga alikimbia nchi. Kwanza alijaribu kuingia [[Uswisi]], lakini aliamriwa kuondoka tena. Alienda [[Kinshasa]] katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], na baadaye aliaminika kuwa akiishi [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Mnamo Septemba [[1995]], kabla ya mashtaka yoyote na kabla ya kutajwa kama mpangaji wa tuhuma za mauaji, Kabuga alisajili na kuendesha biashara inayoitwa 'Nshikabem Agency' [[Jiji|jijini]] Nairobi, iliyokuwa na [[ofisi]] katika eneo la Kilimani lililopo kando ya [[barabara]] ya Lenana ya Nairobi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda: Delayed Justice|url=http://cms.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/rwanda/international-criminal-tribunal-rwanda-delayed-justice|language=en|date=7 June 2001|work=[[International Crisis Group]]|accessdate=2020-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162513/http://cms.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/rwanda/international-criminal-tribunal-rwanda-delayed-justice|archivedate=2018-06-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gpxy4NxqboQ|title=YouTube|work=www.youtube.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-06-25}}</ref> Mnamo [[2003]], mfanyabiashara Mkenya aliyewahi kuwasaidia [[Afisa|maafisa]] kutoka Ofisi ya Upelelezi ya Marinai (FBI) kumfuatilia Kabuga aliuawa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-hit-squad-killed-man-who-laid-trap-for-Kabuga/1056-5554966-ldga1o/index.html|title=How hit squad killed man who laid trap for Kabuga|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=17 May 2020}}</ref> Katika [[hotuba]] iliyotolewa mnamo [[Agosti 2]]8, [[2006]] wakati wa ziara yake nchini Kenya, aliyekuwa wakati ule [[seneta]] wa [[Marekani]] [[Barack Obama]] alishtumu Kenya kwa "kumruhusu Kabuga kununua kimbilio chake." <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/InDepth/AmericaVotes/-/464300/486880/-/nxp6l6z/-/index.html|title=Tough speech that kicked off diplomatic feud|date=3 November 2008|first=Oliver|last=Mathenge|publisher=The Daily Nation}}</ref> [[Serikali]] ya Kenya ilikana madai hayo na kuelezea madai ya Obama kuhusu Kabuga yalionyesha "dharau kwa wananchi". Kulingana na ripoti ya Juni [[2008]] na [[mwanablogi]] nchini [[Norwei]] aliyejiita "African Press International (API)", Kabuga alikuwa mafichoni huko [[Oslo]]. Serikali ya Norwei ilitupilia mbali madai hayo kama si kweli. <ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2458892.ece|title=Rwandan war criminal reportedly in Oslo|work=[[Aftenposten]]|date=2 June 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari|title=- Etterlyst krigsforbryter oppholder seg i Norge|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/6zyPO/--Etterlyst-krigsforbryter-oppholder-seg-i-Norge|work=[[Aftenposten]]|date=1 June 2008|language=no}}</ref> [[Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje]] ya Marekani ilitangaza [[ahadi]] ya [[zawadi]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|dola]] [[milioni]] 5 kwa atakayetoa habari inayosababisha kukamatwa kwa Kabuga. <ref name="npr_arrest">[https://www.npr.org/2020/05/16/857390356/rwandas-most-wanted-fugitive-f-licien-kabuga-arrested-for-war-crimes Rwanda's Most-Wanted Fugitive, Félicien Kabuga, Arrested For War Crimes]</ref> [[Mtandao]] wa habari wa KTN nchini Kenya uliripoti mnamo [[Juni 14]], [[2008]] kwamba Kabuga alikamatwa na [[Polisi]] Kenya na alikuwa akishikiliwa katika [[Kituo cha Polisi]] cha Gigiri jijini [[Nairobi]]. Baadaye, mtuhumiwa aligunduliwa kuwa [[mhadhiri]] wa [[chuo kikuu]], si Kabuga jinsi ilivyodhaniwa hapo awali akaachiliwa. Kulikuwa na habari kuwa Kabuga aliishi Kenya, <ref name="iopqz">{{Rejea habari|title=Risking Irrelevance: The Threat of Impunity to the African Union|url=http://jurist.org/forum/2011/08/james-nyawo-africa-justice.php|accessdate=15 June 2018}}</ref> akiaminika alianya biashara na kupata [[ulinzi]] ama kutoka kwa serikali ya Kenya au watu wenye athira ndani ya nchi. == Kukamatwa == Akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 84, Kabuga alikamatwa huko [[Asnières-sur-Seine]], karibu na [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], mnamo [[Mei 16]] [[2020]] baada ya kuishi miaka 26 kama [[mkimbizi]]. Serikali ya Ufaransa imeelezea nia ya kumuona katika [[mahakama]] kwa [[uhalifu]] dhidi ya ubinadamu uliofanywa dhidi ya [[Watutsi]] wa Rwanda. Alikamatwa na polisi wa Ufaransa kama matokeo ya [[uchunguzi]] wa pamoja na Ofisi ya Mwendesha Mashtaka wa IRMCT, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IRMCT Press release|url=https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517042603/https://www.irmct.org/en/news/20-05-16-mechanism-fugitive-f%C3%A9licien-kabuga-arrested-today|archivedate=2020-05-17|accessdate=}}</ref> aliyesaidiwa na Interpol na polisi nchini Rwanda, Ubelgiji, na Marikani . <ref name="npr_arrest"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140930205818/http://www.unictr.org/tabid/128/Default.aspx?id=64&mnid=12 Ukurasa wa ICTR kwa kesi ya Kabuga (ICTR-98-44B), pamoja na mashtaka] * [https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ JAMII ya kimataifa: Félicien Kabuga] {{Wayback|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/felicien-kabuga/ |date=20191027015941 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020810104235/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/events/b/wc/12329.htm Vyombo vya habari vya Idara ya Jimbo la Amerika kuhusu Kabuga] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925214829/http://www.ibb.gov/fugitives/kabuga.html Arifa ya kimataifa ya uhalifu wa Idara ya Amerika kuhusu Kabuga] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010142513/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/warcrimes/index.cfm?page=kabuga Profaili ya Kabuga kutoka Rewardforjustice.net] * [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/24062002/Regional/Regional35.html Mauaji ya Kimbari: Kabuga wa Kenya 'Marafiki'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/24062002/Regional/Regional35.html |date=20160303205448 }}, ''Mwafrika Mashariki'', 17 Juni 2002 [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Rwanda]] csoqcmhzi10ato3blg5jeumh4ojje25 0 127967 1580467 1342678 2026-07-18T19:44:13Z Amanich7 44301 1580467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Mikhail Mishustin (2020-07-09).jpg|thumb|Mishustin (2020)]] '''Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin''' (kwa [[Kirusi]]: Михаил Владимирович Мишустин; amezaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mchumi]] wa [[Urusi]] anayehudumu kama [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Urusi tangu [[16 Januari]] [[2020]]. Hapo awali aliwahi kuwa [[Mkurugenzi]] wa Huduma ya Ushuru wa Shirikisho kutoka [[2010]] hadi 2020.{{fact}} Aliteuliwa na Rais [[Vladimir Putin]] kuwa [[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[Serikali]] ya Shirikisho la Urusi mnamo 15 Januari 2020, kufuatia kujiuzulu kwa [[Dmitry Medvedev]]. Usikilizaji wa miadi yake ulifanyika [[bunge]] la Duma mnamo Januari 16, na alithibitishwa ofisini siku hiyo. Mnamo tarehe [[30 Aprili]] 2020, Mishustin alitangaza kwamba alipatwa na [[Mlipuko wa virusi vya corona 2019-20|Covid-19]], na hivyo kuwa [[afisa]] wa juu wa Urusi na mkuu wa pili wa serikali [[ulimwenguni]] baada ya Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Boris Johnson]] kuambukizwa [[virusi]] hivyo. Mnamo Mei 19, Mishustin alirudi kwenye matumizi ya nguvu zake baada ya kupona. [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] sjsdumviira97f1gzmlv9s20uvwthjw 0 131827 1580492 1512637 2026-07-19T03:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tom Brady (cropped).jpg|thumb|360x360px|Quarterback Tom Brady wa New England Patriots anatupa mpira wakati wa mchezo mnamo 2009.]] '''Futiboli ya Marekani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''American Football'') ni [[mchezo]] unaochezwa na [[timu]] mbili za wachezaji kumi na mmoja kwenye uwanja wa [[mstatili]] na viunga vya kila mwisho. Timu iliyo na [[mpira]] wa [[umbo]] la [[mviringo]], inajaribu kuteremsha uwanja kwa kukimbia na mpira au kuupitisha, wakati safu ya ulinzi ya timu bila mpira, inakusudia kuzuia na kuchukua mpira kwao wenyewe. Timu iliyo na alama nyingi mwishoni mwa mchezo inashinda. == Historia == Futiboli ya Marekani ilibadilika nchini humo, ikitokana na michezo ya [[mpira wa miguu]] na [[raga]]. Mechi ya kwanza ya Futiboli ya Marekani ilichezwa mnamo Novemba 6, 1869, kati ya timu mbili za vyuo vikuu, Rutgers na [[Chuo kikuu cha Princeton|Princeton]], ikitumia sheria za mpira wa miguu wakati huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Birth of Pro Football {{!}} Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site|url=https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/birth-of-pro-football/|work=www.profootballhof.com|accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> Seti ya mabadiliko ya sheria iliyoandaliwa tangu 1880 na Walter Camp, "Baba wa Futiboli ya Marekani"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Walter Camp {{!}} American sportsman|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walter-Camp|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2020-12-14|language=en}}</ref> iliendelea baadaye kufanyiwa mabadiliko. Mchezo huo unahusiana sana na Futiboli ya Canada, ambayo ilibadilika sambamba na mchezo wa Marekani. Sifa nyingi ambazo zinatofautisha football ya Amerika kutoka raga na mpira wa miguu pia zipo kwenye Futiboli ya Canada.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=You are being redirected...|url=http://footballcanada.com/about/about-us/|work=footballcanada.com|accessdate=2020-12-14|archivedate=2021-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325143650/http://footballcanada.com/about/about-us/}}</ref> Michezo hiyo miwili inachukuliwa kama anuwai ya msingi ya mpira wa miguu. Futiboli ya Marekani ni mchezo maarufu zaidi nchini [[Marekani]]. Aina maarufu za mchezo ni mpira wa miguu wa kitaalam na vyuo vikuu, na viwango vingine vikubwa ni mpira wa miguu wa [[shule ya upili]] na vijana. Kuanzia 2012, karibu wachezaji milioni 1 wa shule za upili na 70,000 wa vyuo hucheza mchezo huko Marekani kila mwaka. Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Futiboli ya Marekani, ligi maarufu zaidi ya Futiboli ya Marekani, ina mahudhurio ya juu zaidi ya ligi yoyote ya kitaalam ya michezo ulimwenguni. Mchezo wake wa ubingwa, Super Bowl, ni kati ya hafla zinazotazamwa zaidi ulimwenguni. Ligi hiyo ina mapato ya kila mwaka ya karibu dola za Kimarekani bilioni 13.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NFL revenue by year|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/193457/total-league-revenue-of-the-nfl-since-2005/|work=Statista|accessdate=2020-12-14|language=en}}</ref> Ligi nyingine za kitaalam zipo ulimwenguni, lakini mchezo huo hauna umaarufu wa kimataifa wa michezo mingine ya Marekani kama [[baseball]] au [[mpira wa magongo]]. [[Picha:Aerial view of the University of Alabama football stadium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama LCCN2011646782.tif|thumb|285x285px|Mtazamo wa angani wa uwanja wa futiboli wa Chuo Kikuu cha Alabama.]] == Wachezaji == Mchezo wa Futiboli ya Marekani unachezwa kati ya timu mbili za wachezaji kumi na moja kila moja.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Football Rules of the Game|url=http://www.ncaa.org/playing-rules/football-rules-game|work=NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA|date=2013-11-26|accessdate=2020-12-14|language=en|author=rpowell|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213195606/http://www.ncaa.org/playing-rules/football-rules-game|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kucheza na zaidi ya kumi na moja uwanjani kunaadhibiwa. Timu zinaweza kubadilisha idadi yoyote ya wachezaji wao kati ya uchezaji. Ingawa mchezo unachezwa karibu na wanaume tu, wanawake wanastahili kucheza katika shule ya upili, vyuo vikuu na mpira wa miguu. Hakuna mwanamke aliyewahi kucheza katika NFL, lakini wanawake wamecheza katika shule za upili na vyuo vikuu vya mpira wa miguu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Cretaz|first=Britni de la|title=More Girls Are Playing Football. Is That Progress? (Published 2018)|date=2018-02-02|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/well/family/football-girls-concussions.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2020-12-14}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-michezo}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Marekani]] 552638jxe5y7sx6omqc1kr44tyvp0d6 0 134787 1580470 1511021 2026-07-18T21:49:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580470 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ndiyo [[diskografia]] kamili ya kikundi cha [[pop]] duniani [[Now United]]. Wametoa ''single'' 39 kwa [[lugha]] kadhaa (pamoja na [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kihindi]], [[Kiarabu]], [[Mandarin]], [[Kijapani]], [[Kikorea]], [[Kirusi]], [[Kifaransa]] na [[Kifilipino]]) kwa kuongezea [[video]] za [[muziki]] rasmi 38. == Singles == === Kama msanii anayeongoza === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Orodha ya single ! Kichwa ! Mwaka |- ! scope="row" | "Summer In The City" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-07-26|title=Now United Make American TV Debut On 'Late Late Show' with Breezy 'Summer in the City': Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/late-late-show-now-united-us-debut-summer-in-the-city-8467160|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=www.billboard.com|language=en}}</ref> | 2017 |- ! scope="row" | "What Are We Waiting For" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What Are We Waiting For - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/what-are-we-waiting-for-single/1479387199|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> | rowspan="4" | 2018 |- ! scope="row" | "Who Would Think That Love?" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Would Think That Love? - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/who-would-think-that-love-single/1478438744|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "All Day" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=All Day - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/all-day-single/1478154813|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "How We Do It"<br /> (Badshah ameshirikishwa ) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How We Do It (feat. Badshah) - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/how-we-do-it-feat-badshah-single/1478069320|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Beautiful Life" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beautiful Life - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/beautiful-life-single/1478154512|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> | rowspan="12" | 2019 |- ! scope="row" | "Afraid of Letting Go" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Afraid of Letting Go - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/afraid-of-letting-go-single/1478155012|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Sundin Ang Puso" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-29|title=Ouça 'Sundin Ang Puso', música tema da campanha do Now United com a Pepsi, 'For The Love Of It' - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/03/ouca-sundin-ang-puso-musica-tema-da-campanha-do-now-united-com-a-pepsi-for-the-love-of-it/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Paraná" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parana - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/parana-single/1478154861|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Sunday Morning" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sunday Morning - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sunday-morning-single/1478155176|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Crazy Stupid Silly Love" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Crazy Stupid Silly Love - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/crazy-stupid-silly-love-single/1478301665|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Like That" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Like That - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/like-that-single/1478439304|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "You Give Me Something" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-09-20|title=Com a volta de Lamar Morris, Now United lança 'You Give Me Something' - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/09/com-a-volta-de-lamar-morris-now-united-lanca-you-give-me-something/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Legends" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-09-27|title=Com 'Legends', Now United conquista seu segundo Top 10 no iTunes Brasil! - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/09/com-legends-now-united-conquista-seu-segundo-top-10-no-itunes-brasil/|accessdate=2020-09-06|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Lendas" |- ! scope="row" | "Na Na Na" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Na Na Na - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/na-na-na-single/1491514615|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Let Me Be the One" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Let Me Be the One - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/let-me-be-the-one-single/1493507777|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row" | "Live This Moment" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Live This Moment - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/live-this-moment-single/1498825890|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> | rowspan="23" | 2020 |- ! scope="row" | "Come Together" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-03-13|title=Stream na lenda! 'Come Together' do Now United chega às plataformas digitais - Febre Teen|url=https://www.febreteen.com.br/2020/03/stream-na-lenda-come-together-do-now-united-chega-as-plataformas-digitais/|accessdate=2020-09-05|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2020-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916175744/https://www.febreteen.com.br/2020/03/stream-na-lenda-come-together-do-now-united-chega-as-plataformas-digitais/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Wake Up" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Nunes|first=Caian|date=2020-04-03|title=Focando nos vocais masculinos, Now United lança a nova música "Wake Up"|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/focando-nos-vocais-masculinos-now-united-lanca-a-nova-musica-wake-up/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Hoops" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Medeiros|first=Kavad|date=2020-04-02|title=Com prévia do clipe, Now United anuncia lançamento de nova música: "HOOPS"|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/com-previa-do-clipe-now-united-anuncia-lancamento-de-nova-musica-hoops/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "By My Side" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-04-24|title=Now United disponibiliza 'By My Side' nas plataformas digitais e já podemos passar o dia ouvindo esse hino - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2020/04/now-united-disponibiliza-by-my-side-nas-plataformas-digitais-e-ja-podemos-passar-o-dia-ouvindo-esse-hino/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Better" |- ! scope="row" | "Dana Dana" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-05-08|title=Now United lança 'Dana Dana' com algumas alterações na versão que ouvimos ao vivo nos shows - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2020/05/now-united-lanca-dana-dana-com-algumas-alteracoes-na-versao-que-ouvimos-ao-vivo-nos-shows/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Let the Music Move You" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-05-29|title=Now United lança 'Let The Music Move You' em parceria com app fofíssimo|url=http://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-lanca-let-the-music-move-you-em-parceria-com-app-fofissimo/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=TodaTeen|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2020-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918022703/https://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-lanca-let-the-music-move-you-em-parceria-com-app-fofissimo/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Stand Together" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stand Together - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/stand-together-single/1519081229|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Show You How to Love" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-31|title=Now United lança seu novo single "Show You How To Love"|url=https://palcopop.com/2020/07/31/now-united-lanca-seu-novo-single-show-you-how-to-love/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Palco Pop|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Nobody Fools Me Twice" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Pop group Now United releases their first Korean Single "Nobody Fools Me Twice"|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2020/08/global-pop-group-now-united-releases-their-first-korean-single-nobody-fools-me-twice|accessdate=2020-09-01|work=allkpop}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Feel It Now" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cult|first=Rota|date=2020-08-19|title=Now United lança "Feel It Now", nova música de verão|url=https://rotacult.com.br/2020/08/now-united-lanca-feel-it-now-nova-musica-de-verao/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Rota Cult|language=pt-BR|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009011914/https://rotacult.com.br/2020/08/now-united-lanca-feel-it-now-nova-musica-de-verao/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Na Na Na (Toleo la Kihispania)" |- ! scope="row" | "The Weekend's Here" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-09-18|title=Now United lança seu novo single "The Weekend's Here"|url=https://palcopop.com/2020/09/18/now-united-lanca-seu-novo-single-the-weekends-here/|accessdate=2020-09-23|work=Palco Pop|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Somebody" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Somebody - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/somebody-single/1534282658|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Paradise" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-10-05|title=Oi? Parece que a nova música do Now United, 'Paradise', é uma mistura de forró com lambada|url=https://festivalteen.com.br/oi-parece-que-a-nova-musica-do-now-united-paradise-e-uma-mistura-de-forro-com-lambada.html|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=Festival Teen|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Chained Up" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=Chained Up - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/chained-up-single/1535599266|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-16|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Habibi" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=Habibi - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/habibi-single/1535839497|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-24|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "حبيبي" |- ! scope="row" | "Golden" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=Golden - Single by Now United|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/golden-single/1536976959|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "One Love"<br /> (na R3HAB ) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=R3HAB & Now United Release New Song “One Love”|url=https://www.pmstudio.com/music/music.html?page=20201106-12433|accessdate=2020-11-06|work=pm studio world wide news|language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Pas Le Choix - Manal Mix <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NOW UNITED LAUNCHES THE ICONIC 'PAS LE CHOIX', SUNG IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT LANGUAGES|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2020/12/now-united-lanca-a-iconica-pas-le-choix-cantada-em-diversos-idiomas-diferentes/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "Hewale" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United releases video for “Hewale”, a partnership between Diarra and Mélanie|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/now-united-lanca-clipe-hewale-parceria-diarra-melanie/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | "How Far We've Come" | rowspan="7" | 2021 |- ! scope="row" | "Lean on Me" |- ! scope="row" | "All Around The World" |- ! scope="row" | "Turn It Up" |- ! scope="row" | "Fiesta" |- ! scope="row" | "Baila" |- |} == Ushirikiano == === Kama msanii mshirikishwa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left;" |+Orodha ya ''single'' kama msanii mshirikishwa ! Kichwa ! Mwaka ! Msanii ! Albamu |- | "One World" <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=One World (feat. Adelina & Now United) - Single by RedOne|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/one-world-feat-adelina-now-united-single/1388878439|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215220032/https://music.apple.com/us/album/one-world-feat-adelina-now-united-single/1388878439|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | 2018 | RedOne (akimshirikisha Adelina na Now United ) | non-album single |- | "How We Do It" | 2018 | Badshah | non-album single |- | "One Love" | 2020 | R3HAB| non-album single |} {| class="wikitable" |+Orodha ya video ya muziki kama msanii mshirikishwa ! Mwaka ! Kichwa ! Risasi mahali ! Msanii ! Mar. |- | 2018 | "One World" | [[Moscow]], Urusi | RedOne (akimshirikisha Adelina na Now United ) | <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Records|first=2101|title=RedOne Presents Adelina and Now United for the Official beIN SPORTS FIFA 2018 World Cup Anthem "One World"|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/redone-presents-adelina-and-now-united-for-the-official-bein-sports-fifa-2018-world-cup-anthem-one-world-300658851.html|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=www.prnewswire.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Senoussi|first=Zoubida|date=2018-06-02|title=‘One World’: Morocco’s RedOne Releases Clip for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/06/247733/one-world-moroccos-redone-releases-clip-for-2018-fifa-world-cup-russia/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Morocco World News|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2018 | "How We Do It" | Mumbai, India | Badshah | |- | 2020 | "One Love" | Dubai, UAE | R3HAB | |} == Video za muziki == {| class="wikitable" !Mwaka !Wimbo !Mahali pa kurekodi !Mar. |- |2017 |"Summer in the City" |Mataifa anuwai{{ref|a|[a]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-04-23|title=VIDEO: Now United - 'Summer In The City' (live) » Scandipop.co.uk|url=https://www.scandipop.co.uk/video-now-united-summer-city-live/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Scandipop.co.uk|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011172657/https://scandipop.co.uk/video-now-united-summer-city-live/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |"What Are We Waiting For" |[[Seoul]], South Korea |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-07-24|title=Any Gabrielly é a dona do Now United em novo clipe do grupo - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2018/07/any-gabrielly-e-a-dona-do-now-united-em-novo-clipe-do-grupo/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Who Would Think That Love?" |[[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], Mexico |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Grupo global Now United lança clipe de "Who Would Think That Love?", assista agora! {{!}} BreakTudo|url=https://www.breaktudo.com/grupo-global-now-united-lanca-clipe-de-who-would-think-that-love-assista-agora/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=www.breaktudo.com}}</ref> |- |"All Day" |[[Seal Beach, California]], U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-11-05|title=Now United estreia clipe de "All Day" e você vai ficar viciado! - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2018/11/now-united-estreia-clipe-de-all-day-e-voce-vai-ficar-viciado/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"How We Do It" {{small|(feat. Badshah)}} |[[Mumbai|Mumbaī]], India |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=www.ETBrandEquity.com|title=Pepsi to partner Simon Fuller's new group Now United with Badshah - ET BrandEquity|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/pepsi-to-partner-simon-fullers-new-group-now-united-with-badshah/66836912|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-12-02|title=Pepsi launches 'How We Do It' live in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/brands/pepsi-launches-how-we-do-it-live-in-mumbai-181202|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="12" |2019 |"Beautiful Life" |Shillong, India |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=International band Now United's new music video 'Beautiful Life' was shot in Shillong, Meghalaya, and it's mind-blowing|url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2019/10/now-united-beautiful-life.html?m=1|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=www.oknortheast.com|archive-date=2020-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013213049/https://www.oknortheast.com/2019/10/now-united-beautiful-life.html?m=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"Afraid of Letting Go" | rowspan="2" |[[Manila]], Philippines |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-31|title=Maravilhosos! Confira o novo clipe do grupo global Now United, "Afraid of Letting Go" {{!}} DAMMIT.com.br|url=http://dammit.com.br/tuned/maravilhosos-confira-o-novo-clipe-do-grupo-global-now-united-afraid-of-letting-go/|accessdate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092816/http://dammit.com.br/tuned/maravilhosos-confira-o-novo-clipe-do-grupo-global-now-united-afraid-of-letting-go/|archivedate=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-17|title=Está entre nós o clipe de 'Afraid Of Letting Go', do Now United! - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/03/esta-entre-nos-o-clipe-de-afraid-of-letting-go-do-now-united/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Sundin Ang Puso" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-29|title=Ouça 'Sundin Ang Puso', música tema da campanha do Now United com a Pepsi, 'For The Love Of It' - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/03/ouca-sundin-ang-puso-musica-tema-da-campanha-do-now-united-com-a-pepsi-for-the-love-of-it/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Paraná" |[[São Paulo]], Brazil |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Formado por pessoas de 14 países, Now United lança clipe de "Paraná" gravado no Brasil|url=https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/06/07/formado-por-pessoas-de-14-paises-now-united-lanca-clipe-gravado-no-parana.htm|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=entretenimento.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Sunday Morning" |[[California]], U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sunday Morning: Now United lança clipe em clima de viagem na praia; assista|url=https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/07/24/sunday-morning-now-united-lanca-clipe-em-clima-de-viagem-na-praia-assista.htm|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=entretenimento.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Crazy Stupid Silly Love" |[[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United lança clipe divertido de Crazy Stupid Silly Love|url=https://capricho.abril.com.br/entretenimento/now-united-lanca-clipe-divertido-de-crazy-stupid-silly-love/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Capricho|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Like That" |Ashland, U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-09-08|title=Now United libera clipe gravado em acampamento. Assista "Like That"|url=https://tracklist.com.br/like-that-do-now-united/80350|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Tracklist|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"You Give Me Something" |[[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]], U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Redação|title=Exitoína · Now United divulga clipe de You Give me Something, com Any Gabrielly e Lamar|url=https://exitoina.uol.com.br/noticias/musica/now-united-divulga-clipe-de-you-give-me-something-com-ana-gabrielly-e-lamar.phtml|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Exitoína|language=pt-br|archive-date=2020-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921071644/https://exitoina.uol.com.br/noticias/musica/now-united-divulga-clipe-de-you-give-me-something-com-ana-gabrielly-e-lamar.phtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |"Legends"{{ref|b|[b]}} |Various countries{{ref|c|[c]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Torres|first=Leonardo|date=2019-11-14|title=Now United lança clipe de "Legends", gravado em sete países, incluindo Brasil|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/now-united-lanca-clipe-de-legends-gravado-em-sete-paises-incluindo-brasil/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Lendas" |Various contries | |- |"Na Na Na" |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United lança clipe de Na Na Na; assista|url=https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/12/15/now-united-lanca-clip-de-na-na-na-assista.htm|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=entretenimento.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-12-02|title=Now United grava clipe de "Na Na Na" no Rio de Janeiro - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/12/now-united-grava-clipe-de-na-na-na-no-rio-de-janeiro/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Let Me Be the One" |Mataifa anuwai{{ref|d|[d]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-12-28|title=Now United lança clipe de "Let Me Be The One" em agradecimento aos fãs por 2019 - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2019/12/now-united-lanca-clipe-de-let-me-be-the-one-em-agradecimento-aos-fas-por-2019/|accessdate=2020-08-30|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-12-28|title="Let Me Be The One": Now United lança clipe em agradecimento aos fãs|url=https://tracklist.com.br/let-me-be-the-one-now-united-lanca-clipe-em-agradecimento-aos-fas/85722|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Tracklist|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- | rowspan="21" |2020 |"Live This Moment" |[[Los Angeles]], U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Redação|title=Exitoína · Cheio de estilo e dualismo, Now United lança clipe de Live This Moment|url=https://exitoina.uol.com.br/noticias/musica/cheio-de-estilo-e-dualismo-now-united-lanca-clipe-de-live-moment.phtml|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Exitoína|language=pt-br|archive-date=2020-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014101925/https://exitoina.uol.com.br/noticias/musica/cheio-de-estilo-e-dualismo-now-united-lanca-clipe-de-live-moment.phtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Os meninos do Now United dançam muito no clipe de Live This Moment|url=https://capricho.abril.com.br/entretenimento/os-meninos-do-now-united-dancam-muito-no-clipe-de-live-this-moment/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Capricho|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Come Together" |Coyote Lake, U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sousa|first=Camila|date=2020-03-07|title=Now United lança clipe de "Come Together" com destaque para Shivani|url=https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/now-united-clipe-come-together|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Omelete|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Hoops" |Los Angeles, U.S.{{ref|e|[e]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hoops, do Now United, é destaque nos lançamentos da semana|url=https://capricho.abril.com.br/entretenimento/hoops-do-now-united-e-destaque-nos-lancamentos-da-semana/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Capricho|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-04-03|title=Now United lança clipe cheio de luzes para "Hoops"|url=https://www.papelpop.com/2020/04/now-united-lanca-clipe-cheio-de-luzes-para-hoops/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=PAPELPOP|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Wake Up" |Orange County, U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-04-03|title=Now United lança nova música "Wake Up", focando nos vocais masculinos, videoclipe de "HOOPS"|url=https://palcopop.com/2020/04/03/now-united-lanca-nova-musica-wake-up-focando-nos-vocais-masculinos-videoclipe-de-hoops/|accessdate=2020-08-30|work=Palco Pop|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"By My Side" |Mataifa anuwai{{ref|f|[f]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Torres|first=Leonardo|date=2020-04-22|title=By My Side: Now United estreia clipe gravado em casa durante pandemia de coronavírus|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/by-my-side-now-united-estreia-clipe-gravado-em-casa-durante-pandemia-de-coronavirus/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-04-22|title=Now United lança clipe de 'By My Side' com os 15 membros e gravado à distância - Febre Teen|url=https://febreteen.com.br/2020/04/now-united-lanca-clipe-de-by-my-side-com-os-15-membros-e-gravado-a-distancia/|accessdate=2020-08-31|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Better" |Los Angeles, U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Eloi|first=Arthur|date=2020-04-30|title=Com vídeos de 2018, Now United lança clipe para "Better"; assista|url=https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/now-united-better-clipe|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Omelete|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=todateen|date=2020-04-30|title=TBT: Now United lança clipe com cenas gravadas em 2018|url=http://todateen.uol.com.br/tbt-now-united-lanca-clipe-com-cenas-gravadas-em-2018/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=TodaTeen|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2021-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182208/https://todateen.uol.com.br/tbt-now-united-lanca-clipe-com-cenas-gravadas-em-2018/}}</ref> |- |"Dana Dana" |Various countries{{ref|f|[f]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United Drops New 'Dana, Dana' Music Video Featuring All 15 Members From Different Countries|url=https://people.com/music/now-united-dana-dana-music-video-15-members-different-countries/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=PEOPLE.com|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Internet (amdb.com.br)|first=AMDB|title=Rolling Stone · Febre mundial, Now United lança clipe impressionante de Dana Dana, gravado à distância; assista|url=https://rollingstone.uol.com.br/noticia/febre-mundial-now-united-lanca-clipe-impressionante-dana-dana-gravado-a-distancia-assista/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=Rolling Stone|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Let the Music Move You" |Animated video |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Torres|first=Leonardo|date=2020-06-18|title=Now United lança música e clipe de animação: "Let the Music Move You"|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/now-united-musica-clipe-animacao-let-the-music-move-you/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cardoso|first=Beto|date=2020-06-18|title="Let The Music Move You": Now United arrasa e vira animação em novo clipe|url=http://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-arrasa-e-vira-animacao-em-novo-clipe/|accessdate=2020-08-31|work=TodaTeen|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2020-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021045953/https://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-arrasa-e-vira-animacao-em-novo-clipe/}}</ref> |- |"Stand Together" |Mataifa anuwai{{ref|f|[f]}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Sabbaga|first=Julia|date=2020-06-23|title=Now United lança clipe de nova faixa emotiva, "Stand Together"; confira|url=https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/now-united-stand-together-video|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=Omelete|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-23|title=Now United estreia clipe de 'Stand Together' e vira trending topic mais uma vez|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/now-united-estreia-clipe-de-stand-together-e-vira-trending-topic-mais-uma-vez/|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"Nobody Fools Me Twice" |Los Angeles, U.S. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United - Nobody Fools Me Twice (клип)|url=https://radiopotok.ru/news/8329|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=radiopotok.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Global Pop group Now United releases their first Korean Single "Nobody Fools Me Twice"|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2020/08/global-pop-group-now-united-releases-their-first-korean-single-nobody-fools-me-twice|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=allkpop}}</ref> |- |"Feel It Now" |Mataifa anuwai |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United launch Feel It Now single, Simon Fuller continues search for new member|url=https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/now-united-launch-feel-it-now-single-simon-fuller-continues-search-for-new-member/080828|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=www.musicweek.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United reunite in Dubai for new song and member search|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/music/now-united-reunite-in-dubai-for-new-song-and-member-search-1.73306810|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |"Na Na Na (Spanish Version)" |Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | |- |"The Weekend's Here" | rowspan="3" |[[Dubai (mji)|Dubai]], U.A.E. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-09-18|title=Meninas do Now United curtem Dubai no clipe de 'The Weekend's Here'|url=http://todateen.uol.com.br/meninas-do-now-united-curtem-dubai-no-clipe-de-the-weekends-here/|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=TodaTeen|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2021-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307052944/https://todateen.uol.com.br/meninas-do-now-united-curtem-dubai-no-clipe-de-the-weekends-here/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=As meninas do Now United se reuniram e lançaram o primeiro clipe presencial depois de meses|url=https://www.purebreak.com.br/noticias/now-united-lanca-clipe-presencial-de-the-weekend-s-here-com-algumas-integrantes/95669|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=www.purebreak.com.br|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Somebody" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-09-29|title=Estrelando as integrantes mulheres, Now United mostra teaser do clipe de 'Somebody'|url=https://portalpopline.com.br/now-united-mostra-teaser-clipe-de-somebody/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=POPline|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-09-30|title=Now United divulga clipe poderoso para faixa 'Somebody'|url=http://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-divulga-clipe-poderoso-para-faixa-somebody/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=TodaTeen|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120112121/https://todateen.uol.com.br/now-united-divulga-clipe-poderoso-para-faixa-somebody/}}</ref> |- |"Chained Up" |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Saiba por que CU Angelical é um dos termos mais buscados do Twitter|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2020/10/07/cu-angelical-twitter-hashtag-fas.htm|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=www.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Internet (amdb.com.br)|first=AMDB|title=Rolling Stone · Por que 'CU Angelical' está nos termos mais buscados do Twitter?|url=https://rollingstone.uol.com.br/noticia/por-que-cu-angelical-esta-nos-termos-mais-buscados-do-twitter/|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=Rolling Stone|language=pt-br}}</ref> |- |"Habibi" |[[Beirut]], Lebanon & Dubai, U.A.E. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cosmo|first=|date=2020-10-20|title=Now United release their first single with Nour Ardakani|url=https://www.cosmopolitanme.com/celebs/now-united-release-their-first-single-with-nour-ardakani|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-10-24|work=Cosmopolitan}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ago·|first=Souad Lazkani·Entertainment·2 days|date=2020-10-22|title=Now United's New Song Led By Lebanese Teen Hits 2M Views In Less Than 24 Hours (Video)|url=https://www.the961.com/lebanese-teen-lead-role-now-united/|accessdate=2020-10-24|work=The961|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Golden" | rowspan="2" |Dubai, U.A.E. |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United lança clipe de Golden estrelando Savannah Clarke, da Austália{{!}} Recreio|url=https://recreio.uol.com.br/entretenimento/now-united-lanca-clipe-de-golden-estrelando-savannah-clarke-da-austalia.phtml|accessdate=2020-10-30|work=recreio.uol.com.br|archive-date=2020-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104084553/https://recreio.uol.com.br/entretenimento/now-united-lanca-clipe-de-golden-estrelando-savannah-clarke-da-austalia.phtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United divulga clipe de Golden, com australiana em evidência; assista|url=https://www.virgula.com.br/musica/now-united-divulga-clipe-de-golden-com-australiana-em-evidencia-assista/|accessdate=2020-10-30|work=Virgula|language=pt-BR}}</ref> |- |"One Love" {{small|(na R3hab)}} |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=NOW UNITED & R3HAB release new single + video “ONE LOVE”|url=https://amnplify.com.au/now-united-r3hab-release-new-single-video-one-love/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-12|work=amnplify.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Now United lança clipe de ‘One Love’, parceria com R3HAB; veja - Emais|url=https://emais.estadao.com.br/noticias/gente,now-united-lanca-clipe-de-one-love-parceria-com-r3hab-veja,70003504283|accessdate=2020-11-12|work=Estadão|language=pt-BR|archivedate=2021-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613130924/https://emais.estadao.com.br/noticias/gente,now-united-lanca-clipe-de-one-love-parceria-com-r3hab-veja,70003504283}}</ref> |- |"Paradise" |Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. | |- |"Pas Le Choix" |Dubai, U.A.E. | |- |"Hewale" |Malibu, California, U.S. | |- | rowspan="9" |2021 |"How Far We've Come | rowspan="2" |Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. | |- |"Lean on Me" | |- |"All Around the World" |Mataifa anuwai | |- |"Paradise" |Cancún, Mexico | |- |"Turn It Up" | rowspan="2" |Riviera Maya, Mexico | |- |"Fiesta" | |- |"Baila" |San Luis Obispo, [[California]], [[Marekani]] | |- |"Let the Music Move You" |The Big Island, [[Hawaii]], Marekani | |- |"Show You How to Love" |[[Malibu, California|Malibu]], Marekani | |} == Madarasa == * ^{^[a]}[[Marekani]], [[Brazil]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Korea Kusini]], [[Japani|Japan]], [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Uchina]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Mexiko|Mexico]], [[Kanada|Canada]], [[Ufini|Finland]], [[Urusi]], [[Senegal]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]] na [[Uhindi|India]] . * ^{^[b]}Kuna toleo la sauti ya moja kwa moja * ^{^[c]}[[Ufaransa]], [[Uingereza|England]], [[Falme za Kiarabu]], India, Japan, Brazil na Marekani. * ^{^[d]}Wakiwa Marekani na picha za zamani zilizorekodiwa katika nchi zingine. * ^{^[e]}Sasa haipatikani. * ^{^[f]}#AtHome: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, Ujerumani, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Uingereza na Marekani. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa pop]] [[Jamii:Now United]] p9uv4p2sdezsr4w8ystg1dgkhywe225 0 136038 1580478 1190400 2026-07-19T00:16:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siasa ya Kenya}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[jimbo la uchaguzi]] nchini [[Kenya]], moja kati ya majimbo [[kumi na saba]] ya [[Kaunti ya Nairobi]]. Awali liliitwa ''Eneo bunge la Dagoretti'' na lilikuwa mojawapo wa maeneo bunge ya [[Mkoa wa Nairobi]]. Lilijumuisha vitongoji vya magharibi vya [[Nairobi]]. Eneo Bunge la Dagoretti lilikuwa na mipaka sawia na [[tarafa]] ya [[Dagoretti]] ya Nairobi. Eneo lote la bunge hili lilikuwa katika eneo la Baraza la Mji wa Nairibi, likiwa na ukubwa wa eneo wa kilomita mraba 39. Lilikuwa linajulikana kama Eneo Bunge la Nairobi West katika uchaguzi wa mwaka wa 1963, lakini jina lake lilibadilishwa kuanzia uchaguzi wa 1969. == Wabunge == {| class="wikitable" |- !Mwaka wa Uchaguzi !Mbunge <ref>Center for Multiparty Democracy: [http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: Politics and Paliamenterians in Kenya 1944-2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf: |date=20080228121210 }}</ref> !Chama !Vidokezo |- | [[1963]] | [[Njoroge Mungai]] | [[KANU]] | |- | [[1969]] | [[Njoroge Mungai]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1974]] | [[Johnstone Muthiora]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. Muthiora punde baada ya kuchaguliwa <ref>Daily Nation, August14, 2003: [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/14082003/News/Spotlight1408200376.html Debate on PM is as old as Kenya]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. |- | 1975 | [[Francis Kahende]] | [[KANU]] | Uchaguzi mdogo, Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1979]] | [[Njoroge Mungai]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1983]] | [[Clement Gachanja]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1988]] | [[Chris Kamuyu]] | [[KANU]] | Mfumo wa Chama kimoja. |- | [[1992]] | [[Chris Kamuyu]] | [[FORD-Asili]] | |- | [[1997]] | [[Beth Wambui Mugo]] | [[Social Democratic Party]] | |- | [[2002]] | [[Beth Wambui Mugo]] | [[NARC]] | |- | [[2007]] | [[Beth Wambui Mugo]] | [[Party of National Unity (PNU)]] | |} == Kata na idadi ya watu == {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''[[Kata]]''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Kata !Idadi ya Watu* |- | [[Kawangware]] | 86,824 |- | [[Kenyatta/Golf course]] | 30,253 |- | [[Mutu-ini|Mutuini]] | 14,521 |- | [[Riruta]] | 65,958 |- | [[Uthiru/Ruthimitu]] | 23,016 |- | [[Waithaka]] | 19,937 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''240,081''' |- | colspan="2"|Sensa ya 1999. |} {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="2"| '''Wadi''' |- | colspan="2"| |- !Wadi !Wapiga kura waliosajiliwa |- | Kawangware | 22,662 |- | Kenyatta/Golf course | 24,948 |- | Mutuini | 6,344 |- | Riruta | 20,329 |- | Uthiru/Ruthimitu | 8,120 |- | Waithaka | 6,952 |- | '''Jumla''' | '''89,355''' |- | colspan="2"| *Septemba 2005| <ref>Electoral Commission of Kenya: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025048/http://www.agendaafrica.com/files/Voters.pdf Registered voters per polling station by electoral area/ward and constituency]</ref>. |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.uchaguzikenya.com/index.php?page=constituencies&amp;switch=4&amp;cid=086&amp;PHPSESSID=4e31d8ffa926f0287da18228ac03d9f0 Uchaguzikenya.com - Constituency profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uchaguzikenya.com/index.php?page=constituencies&switch=4&cid=086&PHPSESSID=4e31d8ffa926f0287da18228ac03d9f0 |date=20110727155755 }} {{mbegu-jio-Kenya}} [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Nairobi]] [[Jamii:Maeneo bunge ya Kenya|D]] [[Jamii:Nairobi]] hx1lgbaivagld2gws40vsgq3e6qylrj 0 141139 1580411 1469178 2026-07-18T13:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benki ya KCB Tanzania''', ni benki ya biashara nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni moja kati ya benki ishirini na tisa (29) zilizopewa [[leseni]] na [[Benki Kuu ya Tanzania]], mdhibiti wa [[benki]] zote nchini..<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://bot.go.tz/BankingSupervision/RegisteredBanks.asp| title = Bank of Tanzania: Directory of Banks Operating in Tanzania|website=bot.go.tz|access-date=2017-09-03|accessdate=2021-09-11|archivedate=2019-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214125033/https://www.bot.go.tz/BankingSupervision/Registeredbanks.asp}}</ref> Benki hiyo ni mwanachama wa Kikundi cha Benki ya Biashara ya Kenya (KCB Group), yenye makao yake makuu [[Nairobi|jijini Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], na matawi katika nchi jirani za [[Afrika]] mashariki: [[Rwanda]], [[Sudan Kusini]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1| title = KCB Group Limited – Welcome|website=www.kcbbankgroup.com|access-date=2017-09-03|accessdate=2021-09-11|archivedate=2013-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622231048/http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1}}</ref><ref name="KCBAbout">KCB Bank Tanzania. "About Us". https://kcbbank.co.tz/about-us</ref><ref name="KCB2Jiajiri">KCB Bank Tanzania. "2jiajiri Community Programme". https://kcbbank.co.tz/2jiajiri-commmunity</ref><ref name="KCBAssets">KCB Bank Tanzania. "KCB Bank Assets Surpasses Tanzania Shillings One Trillion". https://kcbbank.co.tz/kcb-bank-assets-surpasses-tanzania-shillings-one-trillion</ref><ref name="ZawyaKCB">Zawya. "KCB, Equity race to prop up Tanzania subsidiaries". https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/africa/kcb-equity-race-to-prop-up-tanzania-subsidiaries-t0sgq15o</ref><ref name="KCBTMRC">Torch Media. "Benki ya KCB (T) Ltd yawa mwanahisa mpya wa Tanzania Mortgage Refinance Company". https://www.torchmedia.co.tz/2025/02/benki-ya-kcb-t-ltd-yawa-mwanahisa-mpya.html</ref><ref name="KCBTira">TIRA. "KCB Bank Tanzania Limited – Licensed Entity". https://www.tira.go.tz/licensed-entities/bancassurance-agency/880{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="KCBSukukInfo">Solomon & Co (KCB Tanzania). "KCB Tanzania Information Memorandum Fursa Sukuk". https://solomon.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/KCBT-Fursa-Sukuk-Information-Memorandum.pdf</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Benki za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Kampuni za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] nvd6oxwst82st5uhrs1auei878sppyz 0 143107 1580541 1534768 2026-07-19T10:05:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Father Isaac Jogues S.J.jpg|caption=portrait by Donald Guthrie McNab, 1895|thumb|Mt. Isaka Jogues.]] [[image:North American Martyrs.jpg|200px|thumb|Wajesuiti [[wafiadini]] wa [[Amerika Kaskazini]].]] '''Isaka Jogues''', [[S.J.]] ([[Orléans|Orleans]], [[Ufaransa]] [[10 Januari]] [[1607]] &ndash; [[Ossernenon]], [[Marekani]], [[18 Oktoba]] [[1648]]) alikuwa [[padri]] [[Mjesuiti]] ambaye [[mwaka]] [[1636]] alijiunga na [[wamisionari]] kwa [[Waindio]] wa [[Amerika Kaskazini]]<ref name=":4">{{Rejea kitabu|title = Isaac Jogues: Missioner and Martyr|url = https://archive.org/details/isaacjoguesmissi0000scot|last = Scott|first = Martin |year = 1927 |location = New York |publisher=P. J. Kenedy & Sons |page = [https://archive.org/details/isaacjoguesmissi0000scot/page/45 45] |oclc=2104827 }}</ref>. Kisha kufanywa na baadhi yao [[Utumwa|mtumwa]], alikatwa [[Kidole|vidole]], akauawa kwa kupasuliwa [[kichwa]] kwa [[shoka]] kwa ajili ya [[imani]] yake <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92991</ref>. Alitangazwa na [[Papa Pius XI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] [[tarehe]] [[21 Juni]] [[1925]], na kuwa [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[29 Juni]] [[1930]]<ref>[https://canadianmartyrs.org/resources/canadian-martyrs Lives of the Canadian Martyrs]</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe ya [[kifodini]] chake<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== * [https://archive.org/details/isaacjoguessjdis00camprich Campbell SJ, Thomas. ''Isaac Jogues: the Discoverer of Lake George''] * [https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/speeches/1946/documents/hf_p-xii_spe_19461124_centenario-martiri-nord-america.pdf Pope Pius XII to the Faithful of the United States and Canada for the Third Centenary of the North American Martyrs (24 November 1946).] == Vyanzo == *{{cite book | title=The Captivity of St. Isaac Jogues | location=Bristol, PA | publisher=Arx Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=1-889758-52-3 }} *[[Francis Parkman]], ''[[The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century]]'', vol. 2 of ''[[France and England in North America]]'' (1867). *{{cite book |last=Lomask |first=Milton |title=Saint Isaac and the Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/saintisaacindian0000loma_a8m0 |publisher=[[Ignatius Press]] |location=San Francisco |orig-year=1956 |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-89870-355-9}} *{{cite book |last=Talbot, S.J. |first=Francis |title=Saint Among Savages: The Life of Saint Isaac Jogues |publisher=Ignatius Press |location=San Francisco |orig-year=1935 |year=2002 |isbn=0-89870-913-X}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category|Saint Isaac Jogues and Companions}} *"Isaac Jogues." ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''. [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jogues_isaac_1E.html] *[http://www.martyrshrine.org/ Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.martyrshrine.org/ |date=20211010130337 }}. National Shrine of North American Martyrs. Auriesville, New York *[https://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1173 Foley OFM, Leonard. "St. Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and Companions," ''Saint of the Day'', Franciscan Media] {{Wayback|url=https://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1173 |date=20160422135651 }} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1607]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1648]] [[Category:Wajesuiti]] [[Jamii:Mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wamisionari]] [[Jamii:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Marekani]] oz0lg264rco4gbtmj2efqq7ty1axmad 0 148639 1580443 1219914 2026-07-18T16:30:35Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Uuaji wa Deborah Danner]] to [[Deborah Danner]] 1580443 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Deborah Danner]] db2sq8xwmxbzomdm53z7vibdgucjsqt 0 148640 1580442 1219720 2026-07-18T16:30:25Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Uuaji wa Deborah Danner]] to [[Deborah Danner]] 1580442 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Deborah Danner]] db2sq8xwmxbzomdm53z7vibdgucjsqt 0 149623 1580422 1548291 2026-07-18T14:14:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Bigiano |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa =Agosti 1 1980 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Bigiano |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mwimbaji |nchi = Nigeria }} '''Babalola Oluwagbemiga Gabriel''' (anajulikana kitaaluma kama '''Bigiano''', alizaliwa [[Agosti 1]], [[1980]]) ni [[mtunzi]] wa [[nyimbo]], [[mwimbaji]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/bigiano-singer-shows-off-bold-tattoos-in-new-photos/w2jzw4x | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019195435/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/bigiano-singer-shows-off-bold-tattoos-in-new-photos/w2jzw4x |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/bigiano-kuti-cole-back-bigger-and-better/qwxkghb | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064342/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/bigiano-kuti-cole-back-bigger-and-better/qwxkghb |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[mtayarishaji]] wa rekodi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/bigiano-singers-godfather-lavishes-n5m-on-champagnes-in-1-hour/fd8tlrg |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019140443/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/bigiano-singers-godfather-lavishes-n5m-on-champagnes-in-1-hour/fd8tlrg |url-status=dead }}</ref> msanii wa kurekodi, na mwigizaji wa jukwaa kutoka [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa wimbo wake wa "Shayo". <ref>https://ynaija.com/musicians-alariwo-ashionye-bigiano-others-make-list-of-top-10-nigeria-one-hit-wonders/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/god-can-still-give-me-song-bigger-than-shayo-bigiano/</ref><ref>https://thenet.ng/i-couldnt-handle-the-fame-that-came-with-shayo-bigiano/</ref><ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/261090/singer-bigiano-reveals-why-he-is-still-single.html/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Babalola Oluwagbemiga Gabriel ni mzaliwa wa nne kati ya sita kwenye familia yao. Alianza kazi ya muziki akiwa kazi yake kama kiongozi wa [[kwaya]] na mratibu wa muziki kanisani. Alianzisha kundi lililoitwa Triple B<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/09/we-knew-bigiano-wouldn%E2%80%99t-last-%E2%80%94-triple-b</ref> Mnamo 1999 kundi hilo lilitoa nyimbo iliyoitwa "Egba Mi". == Kazi == Mnamo [[2009]], nyota huyo wa muziki wa dancehall aliteuliwa nyuma kwa nyuma, kwa [[Tuzo]] za Muziki za ''MTV Afrika na Tuzo za Kitengo Bora Kipya cha Tuzo za Burudani za Nigeria pamoja na M.I.'' Katika mwaka huohuo, Bigiano alikuwa kivutio cha macho yote katika hafla ya tuzo za oktane ya juu huku wimbo wake wa "Shayo" ukishinda Video Bora, Filamu Bora ya [[Sinema]] na Tuzo za Chaguo la Watazamaji la Mwaka katika Tuzo za Video za Muziki za Sauti ya mjii za 2009. Na kana kwamba hii haitoshi, mwanamuziki huyo nyota alitawaza mwaka kwa ziara ya muziki ndani na nje ya maeneo ya [[Afrika Kusini]].<ref>https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/7192/bigiano-tours-sa.html</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2012, Bigiano ambaye amefanya kazi na wasanii kadhaa wakubwa kama vile [[2Face Idibia|Tu Face Idibia]], miongoni mwa wengine alimshirikisha msanii mwenzake wa Nigeria [[Wizkid]] kwenye wimbo wake "Chillings" == Nyimbo == === Albamu === * ''Shayo master'' – 2008 === Nyimbo pekee === * "It's Over" feat. General Pype * "Chillings" feat. Wizkid<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tooxclusive.com/bigiano-chillin-feat-wizkid/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-04 |archivedate=2021-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019185728/https://tooxclusive.com/bigiano-chillin-feat-wizkid/ }}</ref> * "As E Dey Hot" * "One & Only" * "Ibile" * "Tonight" * "Chiquito"<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/bigiano-stages-comeback-with-chiquito-go-crazy/</ref> * "I Be Somebody" * "BFF" * "Norty"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2013/11/04/music-bigiano-ft-password-norty/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005648/https://www.36ng.ng/2013/11/04/music-bigiano-ft-password-norty/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * "Who's That Girl" * "Go Crazy"<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tooxclusive.com/bigiano-go-crazy-audio-video/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-04 |archivedate=2021-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020102344/https://tooxclusive.com/bigiano-go-crazy-audio-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://theguildng.com/bigiano-returns-to-nigeria-music-scene-releases-new-singles/ | title = Nakala iliyohifadhiwa|accessdate=2022-05-04 |archivedate=2022-06-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630014517/https://theguildng.com/bigiano-returns-to-nigeria-music-scene-releases-new-singles/ }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] p6xn3l9zx48wy7wd6aesf9qw4qpfkbo 0 150477 1580449 1578887 2026-07-18T17:46:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Christian Sebastia |Img = Christian Sebastia 2026.jpg |Img_capt = Christian Sebastia mwaka 2026 |Background = solo_singer |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1974|5|7|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Ciudad Guayana]], [[Venezuela]] |Aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Kikristo, [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji na mchungaji |Aina ya sauti = Baritone |Miaka ya kazi = 1986–mpaka sasa |Studio = Carismah Studios |Tovuti = [http://www.christiansebastia.com christiansebastia.com] }} '''Christian Sebastia''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 7]], [[1974]] huko [[Ciudad Guayana]], Bolívar, [[Venezuela]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], [[mtayarishaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo kutoka Venezuela, aliyepata uraia wa [[Marekani]] mwaka 2023.<ref name="uraia">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian Sebastia|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CzrXq1_OMoV/|title=Cuando me haga ciudadano, no diré nada, pero habrá señales…|work=[[Instagram]]|date=2023-11-15|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}} Chapisho la akaunti rasmi iliyothibitishwa ya Sebastia linaloonyesha sherehe yake ya kupata uraia wa Marekani.</ref> Yeye ni mmoja wa waimbaji na watayarishaji mashuhuri wa Kikristo nchini Venezuela na ni mtetezi wa muziki wa Praise and [[Worship]], unaoitwa pia [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|muziki wa Injili]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|title=Theology and Place of Music in Worship|work=Reformed Church in America|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053950/https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref> == Maisha == Christian Sebastia ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto watano wa Juan Pablo Sebastia na Aura Mercedes Sebastia, wamisionari vijana wa Kivenezuela ambao, mnamo mwaka 1969, baada ya kumaliza masomo yao ya theolojia huko [[Puerto Rico]], walihamia [[Ciudad Guayana|Puerto Ordaz]], Venezuela, ambako walianza kazi yao ya umisionari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|title=Biografía|work=christiansebastia.com|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135911/http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1996 alimwoa Eukarys Piña, na wana watoto watatu: Sabrina Sebastia (1999), Samantha Sebastia (2003) na Christian Sebastia Jr. (2005). Kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2015]], Christian alikuwa Mchungaji katika [[Kanisa|Kanisa la Yesu Kristo]] (Iglesia de Jesucristo) huko Ciudad Guayana, pamoja na mkewe Eukarys.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|title=Iglesia de Jesucristo|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061509/http://iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|archivedate=2017-05-17}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2020, Christian na mkewe Eukarys waliwekwa wakfu kama Wahudumu wa Neno na [[:en:Christian Reformed Church in North America|Kanisa la Kikristo la Reformed la Amerika Kaskazini]] huko Spring, [[Texas]], [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|title=Christian Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195249/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|title=Eukarys Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195343/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2023, Christian alipata uraia wa Marekani kwa njia ya kuandikishwa uraia.<ref name="uraia" /> == Kazi == [[Faili:CS 004.jpg|alt=Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986|thumb|Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986]] Albamu ya kwanza aliyoshiriki Christian Sebastia kama mwimbaji ilikuwa ''La Familia'' (1986), albamu ya nyimbo kumi iliyotayarishwa na baba yake, ambapo aliimba nyimbo mbili. Huo ulikuwa mwanzo rasmi wa kazi yake ya muziki, iliyompeleka kwenye majukwaa makubwa kama "Nuevo Circo" ya [[Caracas]], mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tisa. Mwaka mmoja baadaye alipata kutambuliwa na wasikilizaji Wakristo kupitia redio ya Radio Trans Mundial.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|title=Trans World Radio|work=twr.org|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153426/https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|archivedate=2017-03-05}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2003, albamu ''En Ti'' ilieneza kazi yake ya muziki kama msanii, mtunzi na mtayarishaji kimataifa. Mwaka 2004 alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushiriki katika "Noche de Gala" ya [[Expolit]], maonyesho makubwa zaidi ya muziki na vitabu vya Kikristo katika Amerika ya Kilatini, na wimbo wake "Me Alegraré y Gozaré" uliingizwa katika albamu ya pamoja ''Llamados para este tiempo'' iliyotolewa na Expolit. Kwa miaka 14 mfululizo, Christian alikuwa mshiriki wa Expolit.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://expolit.com/Expolit|title=Expolit 2017|work=Expolit|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031719/http://expolit.com/expolit/|archivedate=2017-01-18}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2004, alijitokeza kwa usiku sita mfululizo katika ukumbi wa Monumental de [[Valencia (Venezuela)|Valencia]], na kila siku watu zaidi ya elfu 25 walihudhuria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|title=25 mil watu katika Clamor a Dios|work=Carismah|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629205809/http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|archivedate=2007-06-29}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2004, Christian alionekana kwenye jalada la toleo la 39 la gazeti la Revista Alerta (lililoanzishwa mwaka 1990 mjini [[New York]]), akiwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kupata heshima hiyo. Kati ya nyimbo za albamu ''En Ti'' zinajulikana "Tiempo de Júbilo", "En Ti" na "Me Alegraré y Gozaré", nyimbo alizoimba katika ukumbi wa [[Madison Square Garden]] wa New York kuanzia Julai 27 hadi 29, mwaka 2006. Alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kikristo wa Kivenezuela kujitokeza mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25, pamoja na wasanii wengine maarufu kama Martha Munizzi na Alvin Slaughter.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|title=Christian Sebastia brilla internacionalmente como productor de música cristiana|work=Noticia al Día|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221023445/http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2008 alitoa albamu ''Tu Amor'', iliyorekodiwa moja kwa moja mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tatu katika Kanisa la Yesu Kristo huko Ciudad Guayana. Albamu hiyo ina wageni mashuhuri walioimba pamoja na Christian Sebastia: nyimbo "Tu Amor" na "Palabra del Señor" pamoja na mchungaji na msanii [[Marcos Witt]], mshindi wa tuzo saba za [[Grammy Latino]];<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://es.christiandaily.com/news/marcos-witt-obtuvo-su-septimo-premio-grammy-en-la-edicion-2025|title=Marcos Witt obtuvo su séptimo premio Grammy en la edición 2025|work=Diario Cristiano|language=es}}</ref> "Tu eres mi abrigo" pamoja na baba yake, mchungaji Juan Sebastia; na "Para darte la Gloria" pamoja na msanii Jennifer Salinas. Katika mwaka huo huo, albamu ''Tu Amor'' ilishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama albamu bora ya muziki wa Kikristo ya mwaka 2008.<ref name="andes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|title=Mara de Oro a la mejor producción cristiana del año|work=Diario de Los Andes|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102749/http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2011 alishinda tena tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji bora wa ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt nchini Venezuela.<ref name="panoramawitt">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|title=Venezolano Christian Sebastia comparte su talento junto con Marcos Witt|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155155/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2013, Christian alikuwa mtayarishaji wa [[Mónica Rodríguez|Monica Rodriguez]], msanii wa Kikristo na mwanamke wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Latino]] (2010) kwa albamu bora ya Kikristo ya mwaka, ''Tienes que creer''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.noticiacristiana.com/musica-cristiana/2010/11/monica-rodriguez-gana-grammy-latino-2010-y-desplaza-a-salmistas-favoritos.html|title=Monica Rodriguez gana Grammy Latino 2010|work=NoticiaCristiana.com|date=2010-11-12|language=es}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji wa ziara ya Monica Rodriguez kupitia [[Ekuadori]], [[Meksiko]], [[Marekani]] na Venezuela.<ref name="panoramaprod">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|title=Christian Sebastia se destaca como productor de música cristiana|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154245/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Katika kazi yake, ametayarisha na kushiriki katika matamasha mengi makubwa, akifanya kazi katika utayarishaji wa ziara za [[Marcos Witt]] nchini Venezuela: "Poderoso" (1998, watu elfu 22), "Todos tienen que saber" (2001, watu elfu 25), "Sana Nuestra Tierra" (2005, watu elfu 35), "Sobrenatural" (2008, watu elfu 60), "25 Conmemorativo" (2011, watu elfu 40) na "Sigues siendo Dios" (2016, watu elfu 50).<ref name="panoramawitt" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014 alishiriki katika tamasha la "Festival Juventud Libre" pamoja na wasanii wengine wa kitaifa na kimataifa, mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|title=Festival Juventud Libre 2014|work=cnbv.org.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010410/http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2018 alitoa albamu ''Tengo Fe'', yenye wageni mashuhuri kama [[Ilan Chester]], [[Mariaca Semprún]], Luis Fernando Borjas (mwimbaji wa bendi ya [[Guaco]]), Gabriela Cartulano na Clayton Uehara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|title=Christian Sebastia regala con amor|work=Naguará|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722182556/https://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|archivedate=2019-07-22}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilitayarishwa na lebo ya Carismah Studios na CA Entertainment Group. Mnamo Aprili 5, 2019, albamu ''Tengo Fe'' iliteuliwa kwa toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa (Premios Arpa) katika makundi matatu: "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion", "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (Principe de Paz pamoja na Clayton Uehara) na "Mtayarishaji Bora".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa|work=Premios Arpa|date=2019-04-05|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180203/https://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|archivedate=2023-10-02}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 21, 2019, katika sherehe ya toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa iliyofanyika katika ukumbi wa Teatro Gran Recinto mjini [[Mexico City]], Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka kwa albamu ''Tengo Fe''.<ref name="arpaxv">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.premiosarpa.org/copia-de-edici%C3%B3n-vi|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa – Ganadores|work=Premios Arpa|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2024 alitoa albamu ''Tu Corazón'', yenye nyimbo kumi na tatu.<ref name="tucorazon">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/ec/album/tu-coraz%C3%B3n/1767719360|title=Tu Corazón – Christian Sebastia|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2024-09-15|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> == Diskografia == * ''La Familia'' * ''En Ti''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/en-ti-mw0002290174|title=En Ti|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''Llamados para este tiempo''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|title=Llamados para este tiempo – Expolit 2004|work=Devoción Musical|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193020/http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> * ''Tu Amor''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/tu-amor-mw0002290235|title=Tu Amor|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''eXplosión 2013''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|title=eXplosión 2013|work=explosion.com.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185006/http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> * ''Tengo Fe''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/Christian-Sebastia-Tengo-Fe/release/12011919|title=Christian Sebastia – Tengo Fe|work=Discogs|language=en}}</ref> * ''Tu Corazón'' (2024)<ref name="tucorazon" /> == Tuzo na uteuzi == * Mara de Oro – "Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Kikristo" (2008), kwa ''Tu Amor''<ref name="andes" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2011), ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt<ref name="panoramawitt" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2014), ziara ya Monica Rodriguez<ref name="panoramaprod" /> * Tuzo ya ARPA – "Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka", toleo la XV (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion" (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (2019), kwa "Príncipe de Paz" (pamoja na Clayton Uehara)<ref name="arpaxv" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.christiansebastia.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Christian Sebastia] * [http://studio.carismah.com/ Carismah Studios] {{Wayback|url=http://studio.carismah.com/ |date=20250215184253 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastia, Christian}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Venezuela]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Kikristo]] qmwvp984k9k9ufibenw949sjxdtuwz4 0 151089 1580523 1514637 2026-07-19T09:30:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''mmaculate Akello''' (aliyezaliwa [[1996]]) ni mjasiriamali wa kijamii , mwanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu na [[mwanasheria]]wa [[Uganda]] ambaye lengo lake kuu ni kubadilisha maisha ya wanawake wa vijijini [[kaskazini]] mwa Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Immaculate Akello – Akina Mama wa Afrika|url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/immaculate-akello/|accessdate=2022-04-26|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Akello ndiye mwanzilishi wa Generation Engage Network, shirika linaloongozwa na vijana ambalo linaangazia haki za [[mazingira]] na [[demokrasia]] ya mazingira Kaskazini na Kati mwa Uganda. Kupitia shirika hili, aliwakilisha Uganda katika Bunge la Vijjana mwaka wa 2018 jijini [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha, Tanzania]] na alikuwa spika wa mkutano wa vijana wa [[Bunge]] la Kitaifa la [[2018]] nchini Uganda. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=I am Generation Equality: Immaculate Akello, climate change activist and lawyer standing up for rural women|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2021/8/i-am-generation-equality-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=UN Women – Headquarters|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Akello alisomea Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Kampala alihitimu Mei 2019. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=KIU|title=.:: Alumni Voice: Immaculate Akello {{!}} Kampala International University, Uganda|url=https://kiu.ac.ug/news-page.php?i=alumni-voice-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=kiu.ac.ug|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Wakati wake katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Kimataifa cha Kampala, Akello alikuwa Mbunge wa Sheria, pia alikuwa mwakilishi wa Watu Wenye Ulemavu kwenye Muungano wa Chama. <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=KIU|title=.:: Alumni Voice: Immaculate Akello {{!}} Kampala International University, Uganda|url=https://kiu.ac.ug/news-page.php?i=alumni-voice-immaculate-akello|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=kiu.ac.ug|language=en}}</ref> Akolle alifanya kazi na Kituo cha Uchambuzi wa Sera (CEPA) shirika lisilo la faida ambalo linatetea demokrasia ya Bunge chini ya bunge la Uganda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=IMMACULATE AKELLO – CEDA|url=https://www.ceda-uganda.org/individual-story/immaculate-akello/|accessdate=2022-04-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918170115/https://www.ceda-uganda.org/individual-story/immaculate-akello/}}</ref> Lengo lake kuu lilikuwa juu ya utawala na demokrasia pamoja na haki za wakimbizi nchini Uganda. <ref name=":12" /> Baada ya mwezi wa kufanya kazi na CEPA, aliitwa kufanya kazi na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa mkataba wa miezi ambayo uliongezwa hadi Desemba [[2019]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] ourjown0rr1r6mw4qts5xc0k4ii3gcm 3 165359 1580544 1279235 2026-07-19T10:41:42Z Neriah 46921 Neriah alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:أيوب]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:جيمي]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/أيوب|أيوب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/جيمي|جيمي]]" 1271901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 12 Machi 2023 (UTC) py9nytbvqj2573qxk0wyp8em3o40337 0 166592 1580521 1520512 2026-07-19T09:28:00Z Michael V Mgimwa 90991 /* */ 1580521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Victor Mgimwa''' (alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[17 Mei]] [[1993]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alianza kucheza mpira akiwa [[shule ya msingi]] huko [[Iringa (mji)|Iringa]]. Shule hiyo iliitwa Star Internation School. Baadaye akatambuliwa na skauti kutoka Uingereza. Akapata fursa ya kushiriki na Bolto Wanders FC. Chini ya ulezi wa taasisi ya ulezi ya TFF pale Karume. Alipomaliza elimu ya sekondari pale Jitegemee, akaanza rasmi kujihusisha na mpira mazima. Timu yake ya kwanza kucheza kama mchezaji wa kulipwa ni Moro United na timu ya pili kujiunga ni Mtibwa Sugar FC.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Michael Victor Mgimwa Mtibwa Sugar FC Atacante Listado de Jugadores Jugadores Futbol-Talentos.es|url=http://www.futbol-talentos.es/Michael_Victor_Mgimwa-3_7-109201-3.html|work=www.futbol-talentos.es|accessdate=2023-03-24|author=Oezguer Karatag}}</ref> Ambapo alishiriki kwenye ligi ya Tanzania msimu wa 2011 — 2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Michael Victor Mgomwa Aombewa ITC THAILAND|url=http://kwaneemafm.blogspot.com/2012/02/michael-victor-mgimwa-aombewa-itc.html|accessdate=2023-03-24|language=en|author=Anonymous}}</ref> na pia alikua mfungaji bora wa mashindano ya Uhai Cup goli 20 . [[Tanzania|Timu]] yake ya tatu ikawa Roi Et United ya nchini Thailandi. Wakati huo ilikuwa daraja la pili. Ilikuwa kati ya 2012—2014. Akaipigania hadi kufikia daraja la kwanza. Baadaye akajiunga na timu ya Surat Than FC iliyopo kusini mwa Thailandi. Ilikuwa ligi ya tatu ambapo alishinda magoli kadhaa yaliyoleta heshima kwa timu. Hiyo ilikuwa kati ya 2014.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Simba SC katika mazoezi UDSM jana, angalia vifaa vipya|url=https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2014/07/simba-sc-katika-mazoezi-udsm-jana.html|work=Bin Zubeiry Sports - online|accessdate=2023-03-24|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141438/https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2014/07/simba-sc-katika-mazoezi-udsm-jana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka 2015 alirudi '''Tanzania''' kushiriki kwenye ligi kuu akaja kuichezea klabu ya Afrika Sport FC ya jijini Tanga kati ya 2015—2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kilowoko: TFF yazuia wachezaji hawa baada ya kupitia mapingamizi yai.|url=http://kilowoko.blogspot.com/2015/12/tff-yazuia-wachezaji-hawa-baada-ya.html|work=Kilowoko|date=2015-12-24|accessdate=2023-03-24|author=Unknown}}</ref> Akarudi tena Thailandi 2017 kwa minajili ya kujiunga na Nan FC na sasa ni mchezaji katika klabu ya Pow FC ya Thailandi. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1993}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania]] lq6g3qcrb7ttqhcuws9j2zg2x2zxtsy 3 169807 1580393 1281421 2026-07-18T12:40:40Z Cabayi 35259 Cabayi alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Asbazukassg]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Asbssg]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbazukassg|Asbazukassg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbssg|Asbssg]]" 1281421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|majadiliano]])''' 17:33, 5 Mei 2023 (UTC) 4asmvdrp64yeegcgo1mk3che0hewv70 0 173378 1580520 1514210 2026-07-19T08:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Hope Mwanake |picha = |caption = [[mwanasayansi]] kutoka [[Kenya]] |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[1988]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = [[mjasiriamali]] na [[mwanasayansi]] kutoka [[Kenya]] |utaifa = [[Kenya]] }} '''Hope Wakio Mwanake''' (amezaliwa [[1988]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] na [[mwanasayansi]] kutoka [[Kenya]]. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa wajasiriamali vijana wanaochipukia kutoka [[Afrika]]. Mnamo [[Desemba]] [[2019]], aligonga vichwa vya habari kwa juhudi zake za kujenga nyumba na chupa za [[plastiki]] zilizoachwa ili kutokomeza uchafuzi wa plastiki nchini Kenya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/meet-hope-mwanake-the-environmental-scientist-who-uses-throw-away-plastics-to-build/y58zj3r|title=Kenyan Scientist making headlines with ground-breaking initiative|date=2019-12-14|website=Pulselive Kenya|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216063853/https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/meet-hope-mwanake-the-environmental-scientist-who-uses-throw-away-plastics-to-build/y58zj3r|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/kenyan-scientist-throw-plastics-build-homes-191213191145227.html|title=Kenyan scientist uses throw-away plastics to build homes|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> == Biografia == Hope alizaliwa na kukulia katika [[familia]] karibu na [[Mombasa]]. Alikuwa wa kwanza katika familia yake kuhudhuria chuo kikuu ili kuendeleza masomo yake ya juu.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/unesco-ihe-alumna-hope-mwanake-delivers-vision-speech-world-water-week|title=UNESCO-IHE Alumna Hope Mwanake delivers vision speech at World Water Week {{!}} IHE Delft Institute for Water Education|website=www.un-ihe.org|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> Alimaliza Shahada yake ya Kwanza katika Sayansi ya Majini kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Egerton mnamo [[2010]]. Mnamo [[2013]], alihitimu katika sayansi ya Mazingira kutoka UNESCO-IHE taasisi ya elimu ambayo iko huko [[Uholanzi]].<ref name=":0" /> == Kazi == Hapo awali alifukuzia kazi yake kama mjasiriamali wa kijamii kabla ya kuwa mwanasayansi. Ni [[mwanzilishi]] mwenza wa Trace Kenya, shirika la kijamii ambalo linafanya kazi pamoja na vijana katika kushughulikia masuala yanayohusiana na udhibiti wa taka ngumu.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.irex.org/people/hope-wakio-mwanake|title=Hope Wakio Mwanake|website=IREX|language=en|access-date=2019-12-16|accessdate=2023-07-20|archivedate=2019-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216064123/https://www.irex.org/people/hope-wakio-mwanake}}</ref> Trace Kenya ilianzishwa katika Mji mkuu wa Kenya huko [[Gilgil]] ili kusimamia na kudumisha utupaji taka. Pia alitoa [[hotuba]] ya maono katika Wiki ya Maji Duniani ya [[2015]] huko [[Stockholm]], [[Uswidi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.wateryouthnetwork.org/hope-mwanake-think-big-start-small-and-start-now/|title=Hope Mwanake "Think big, start small and start now!" {{!}} Water Youth Network|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216063913/https://www.wateryouthnetwork.org/hope-mwanake-think-big-start-small-and-start-now/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo [[2016]], alishiriki kuanzisha kampuni ya uzalishaji ya ''Eco Blocks and Tiles'' pamoja na mwanasayansi mwenzake Kevin Mureithi.<ref name=":1" /> Pia ikawa kampuni ya kwanza nchini Kenya kutengeneza vigae vya paa na vifaa vingine vya ujenzi kutoka kwa taka za plastiki na glasi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:wanasayansi wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] ch0szqdj4ckh5o3nt82ceyw5jbefv7d 2 178250 1580480 1471937 2026-07-19T00:20:09Z Geofrey meshack senyagwa 91031 Geofrey Meshack Senyagwa Geofrey Meshack Senyagwa (amezaliwa 17 Novemba 1994) ni mtaalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA) na mbunifu wa maudhui ya kidijitali kutoka Tanzania. Alizaliwa Kijiji cha Kiegea, Kata ya Berega, Wilaya ya Kilosa, Mkoa wa Morogoro. Senyagwa alipata elimu ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Kiegea (2002–2008), na baadaye kusoma elimu ya sekondari katika Shule ya Sekondari Mabula (2009–2012). Mwaka 2016 hadi 2018 alisomea ufundi wa kompyuta katika DataStar Tr 1580480 wikitext text/x-wiki = Geofrey Meshack Senyagwa — Mtaalamu wa TEHAMA na Mbunifu wa Maudhui ya Kidijitali = '''Geofrey Meshack Senyagwa''' ni mtaalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA), mbunifu wa maudhui ya kidijitali na mpenda teknolojia kutoka Tanzania. Alizaliwa tarehe '''17 Novemba 1994''' katika '''Kijiji cha Kiegea, Kata ya Berega, Wilaya ya Kilosa, Mkoa wa Morogoro'''. Safari yake ya maisha ilianza katika mazingira ya kawaida ya kijijini, akiwa mtoto wa pili katika familia ya watoto wawili, chini ya malezi ya wazazi wake '''Meshack Azaria Senyagwa''' na '''Peris Daimoni Mtata'''. Tangu akiwa mdogo alionyesha hamu ya kujifunza na kuelewa mambo mapya, jambo lililomsaidia kujenga msingi wa safari yake ya elimu na teknolojia. Alianza elimu ya msingi katika '''Shule ya Msingi Kiegea mwaka 2002''' na kuhitimu mwaka '''2008'''. Baadaye aliendelea na elimu ya sekondari katika '''Shule ya Sekondari Mabula kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi 2012'''. Kutokana na shauku yake katika teknolojia, Geofrey aliamua kujikita zaidi katika taaluma ya kompyuta. Mwaka '''2016 hadi 2018''' alisoma masuala ya ufundi wa kompyuta katika '''DataStar Training College''', iliyopo '''Shauri Moyo, Ilala, Dar es Salaam''', na kupata ujuzi katika eneo la TEHAMA. Baada ya mafunzo yake, ameendelea kukuza uwezo wake katika teknolojia za kisasa, ubunifu wa kidijitali na matumizi ya zana mbalimbali za teknolojia katika kutengeneza maudhui. Anavutiwa na matumizi ya teknolojia ya '''Akili Unde (AI)''' katika video, muziki na ubunifu wa maudhui ya kisasa. Kupitia jina la '''ZestBoy''', Geofrey anajenga uwepo wake kwenye ulimwengu wa kidijitali kwa kutengeneza maudhui yenye lengo la kuelimisha, kuburudisha na kuhamasisha matumizi ya teknolojia kwa ubunifu. Mbali na safari yake ya kitaaluma, Geofrey ni baba wa watoto wawili aliyezaa na mtoto wa kiislamu aitwaye husna omary watoto hao ni : * '''Caren Geofrey Senyagwa''', aliyezaliwa tarehe 27 Januari 2023. * '''Cailyne Geofrey Senyagwa''', aliyezaliwa tarehe 23 Novemba 2025. Maono yake ni kutumia teknolojia na ubunifu wa kidijitali kuleta mabadiliko chanya, kujifunza kila siku na kushiriki maarifa na wengine kupitia majukwaa ya mtandaoni. '''Geofrey Meshack Senyagwa — kutoka Kiegea, Kilosa hadi ulimwengu wa teknolojia ya kidijitali.''' c5hboniltvcnp3x0j9fd740undhrms9 0 185343 1580477 1464730 2026-07-19T00:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ballonboeket Folieballonnen Rode Harten en Wolken Zangeres Emma Kok ambassadrice van de Stichting Vrienden van het Sophia Erasmus Sophia Kinderziekenhuis Rotterdam (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Kok mwaka [[2022]]''']] '''Emma Kok''' (alizaliwa [[12 Machi]] [[2008]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Uholanzi]]. Kok alipata umaarufu mnamo mwaka [[2021]] baada ya kushinda msimu wa kumi wa sauti za watoto. Mnamo mwaka [[2023]], utendaji wake katika wimbo wa "Voilà" akiwa pamoja na André Rieu na orchestra ya Johann Strauss ulipata umaarufu mkubwa, ukiwa na zaidi ya maoni milioni 60 kwenye [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thewissen |first1=Pascale |title=Na talentenshows zingt Emma Kok (15) nu bij André Rieu: ‘Als ze van het podium komt, zegt ze: dat was cool. Morgen weer’ |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20230714_94080328 |website=De Limburger |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=nl |date=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Linda">{{cite web |last1=Rekers |first1=Sterre |title=2023 was een topjaar voor Emma Kok: 'Nu op wereldtour' |url=https://www.linda.nl/persoonlijk/opvoeden/voor-emma-kok-was-2023-een-topjaar/ |website=Linda |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=18 December 2023}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Kok alizaliwa mjini [[Maastricht]] na kulelewa mjini Kerkrade.<ref>{{cite web |title=André Rieu en Emma Kok, authentiek en onbevangen |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20231025_95096806 |website=[[De Limburger]] |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=nl |date=24 October 2023}}</ref> Wazazi wake, Vico na Nathalie Kok, wote ni wanamuziki waliokutana katika ukumbi wa tamasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thewissen |first=Pascale |title=Na talentenshows zingt Emma Kok (15) nu bij André Rieu: 'Als ze van het podium komt, zegt ze: dat was cool. Morgen weer' |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20230714_94080328 |website=[[De Limburger]] |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=nl |date=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rekers-2023">{{cite web |last=Rekers |first=Sterre |title=2023 was een topjaar voor Emma Kok: 'Nu op wereldtour' |url=https://www.linda.nl/persoonlijk/opvoeden/voor-emma-kok-was-2023-een-topjaar/ |website=Linda |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=18 December 2023}}</ref> Ana [[ndugu]] wawili: kaka aitwaye Enzo na dada aitwaye Sophie. Enzo ni mpiga [[filimbi]]<ref>{{cite web |last=van den Camp |first=Jos |title=Violist Enzo Kok (17) op de bres en bühne voor getroffen artiesten |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20200503_00158861 |website=[[De Limburger]] |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Doesborg |first=Tom |title=Violist Enzo Kok: 'Ik ben geen wonderkind' |url=https://www.1limburg.nl/entertainment/1863357/violist-enzo-kok-ik-ben-geen-wonderkind |website=1Limburg |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=14 October 2022}}</ref> na Sophie ni mwimbaji wa [[muziki]] wa kifasihi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoekstra |first=Ivar |title=Emma van The Voice Kids uit Kerkrade is niet het enige talent in het gezin: 'Wij zijn nooit jaloers op elkaar' |url=https://www.limburger.nl/cnt/dmf20210526_93904415 |website=[[De Limburger]] |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kösters-2021">{{cite web |last=Kösters |first=Carlijn |title=Voice Kids-finalist Emma doorbreekt taboes met ziekte |url=https://www.1limburg.nl/nieuws/1415933/voice-kids-finalist-emma-doorbreekt-taboes-met-ziekte |website=1Limburg |access-date=5 January 2024 |language=nl |date=28 May 2021}}</ref> Ana ugonjwa wa ''gastroparesis'' na amekuwa akitegemea kula kupitia ''feeding tube'' tangu akiwa na miezi tisa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Meeuwissen |first=Marjanka |title=Tienerster Emma Kok (15) wil wereldberoemd én gezond worden, maar dat laatste zal niet lukken |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5405960/zondaginterview-emma-kok-andre-rieu-ministars-voice-kids |website=[[RTL Nieuws]] |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=nl |date=10 September 2023 |archive-date=2024-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106192255/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5405960/zondaginterview-emma-kok-andre-rieu-ministars-voice-kids |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Curfs |first=Renate |title=Emma (15) heeft gastroparese: 'Met sondevoeding kun je honderd worden' |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/993472779/emma-15-heeft-gastroparese-met-sondevoeding-kun-je-honderd-worden |website=[[De Telegraaf]] |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=nl |date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Emma Kok, winnares van The Voice Kids, ambassadeur van Kinder onderzoekfonds Limburg |url=https://www.navenant.nl/actueel/nieuws/13-jarige-emma-kok-ambassadeur-van-kinder-onderzoekfonds-limburg |website=Navenant |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=11 February 2023 |title=Interview met Emma Kok over pesten en gastroparesis |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NHuYZP3hBU |publisher=Maikel Bergman |via=[[YouTube]] |language=nl}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 2008]] [[jamii:watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Uholanzi]] [[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] mbeiv11iyaqip1j0q0jqzc24gwl4mv9 0 185385 1580485 1512019 2026-07-19T01:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Evelyn Nungari Gitau. |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Kenya. |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Mtaalamu wa kingamwili kinga ya seli. |kazi_yake = Mtaalamu wa kingamwili kinga ya seli. |nchi = Kenya. }}'''Evelyn Nungari Gitau''' ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[Kingamwili|kinga]] ya [[seli]] kutoka nchini [[Kenya]] katika [[Chuo cha Sayansi cha Kiafrika|Chuo cha Sayansi cha Afrika]] (African Academy of Science), na alitajwa kuwa kama mmoja wa mshirika wa [[shirika]] la ''Next Einstein''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan women scientists - FamousFix.com list|url=https://m.famousfix.com/list/kenyan-women-scientists|work=FamousFix.com|accessdate=2024-08-24}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Gitau alikulia katika eneo la [[Dagoretti]] jijini [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]].<ref>Evelyn Gitau – Next Einstein Forum". Retrieved 2020-07-14.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Evelyn Gitau – Next Einstein Forum|url=https://nef.org/fellow/evelyn-gitau/|access-date=2020-07-14|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020091021/https://nef.org/fellow/evelyn-gitau/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisoma katika The Kenya High School kuanzia mwaka [[1990]] hadi [[1993]], ambako alikuza shauku kubwa ya kemia,<ref name=":2">The Associated Press (11 March 2016). "Africa's Next Einstein Forum builds expertise in science, tech, engineering, math". ''CBC News''. </ref> na alitumia muda wake wa ziada katika maabara ya kemia ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]], ambapo baba wa rafiki yake wa karibu alikuwa mkuu wa Idara ya [[Kemia]].<ref name=":5">Otieno, Dorothy (2016-03-25). "Could one of these young African women scientists be the next Einstein?". ''Daily Nation''.</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu shule ya upili, alichaguliwa kujiunga na kundi la kwanza la wanafunzi wa tiba katika [[Moi University]], lakini alichagua kusomea kemia badala yake.<ref name=":5" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2002]], Gitau alijiunga na [https://kemri-wellcome.org/ KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Programme] kama Msaidizi wa Utafiti katika famakolojia.<ref name=":4" /> Baadaye, Mpango wa KEMRI–Wellcome Trust nchini Kenya ulimfadhili kusomea [[shahada ya uzamivu]] (PhD) katika kinga ya seli (cellular immunology) katika Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Uingereza (Open University), kwa ushirikiano na Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.<ref>Kenyans dominate list of Africa innovators in US news outlet ranking". ''Daily Nation''. 28 June 2020</ref> Utafiti wake wa uzamivu ulichunguza maambukizi ya neva kwa watoto wanaoishi katika maeneo yenye maambukizi makubwa ya malaria,<ref name=":6">Dr. Evelyn Gitau". ''Initiative to Develop African Research Leaders, IDeAL''. </ref> hasa jinsi mabadiliko ya viwango vya [[protini]] yanavyoweza kutumika kugundua ugonjwa mkali. Gitau alilinganisha protini zilizopo katika plasma na maji ya uti wa mgongo (cerebrospinal fluid) ya watoto waliokuwa na [[Malaria|malaria ya ubongo]] na zile za watoto waliokuwa na magonjwa mengine ya encephalopathy.<ref name=":4" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{WAST KRM}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika katika sayansi na teknolojia Kareem Jee Editathon]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gw1468s7i6z02t95j1b7u7qypiue3i3 0 187758 1580456 1355861 2026-07-18T19:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Clare Rewcastle Brown''' ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayejihusisha na masuala ya [[mazingira]] na kupinga [[ufisadi]], ambaye alifichua kashfa ya ''1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB)''. Alizaliwa katika [[Koloni]] la Uingereza la zamani la Sarawak (ambayo sasa ni sehemu ya Malaysia), ndiye mwanzilishi na mwendeshaji wa blogu ''ya Sarawak Report'' na Radio Free Sarawak ambayo imefichua ufisadi unaochochea uharibifu wa misitu na ukiukaji wa [[haki za binadamu]] katika jimbo hilo pamoja na mapungufu ya mifumo ya kifedha ya kimataifa inayowezesha utawala wa kifisadi. Mnamo mwaka [[2015]], alihamishia lengo lake kwa serikali ya shirikisho ya Malaysia na waziri mkuu wa nchi hiyo, [[Najib Razak]]. Blogu yake, Sarawak Report, ilipata umaarufu mkubwa kwa kufichua kashfa ya 1MDB, jambo ambalo lilichangia umma kutokua na imani dhidi ya serikali ya [[Najib ya Barisan Nasional]], na hatimaye kusababisha kushindwa kwake katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[2018]].. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=26 July 2020|title=Malaysia's mega 1MDB scandal that brought down a prime minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/malaysias-mega-1mdb-scandal-that-brought-down-a-prime-minister-idUSKCN24R05R/}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=20 July 2016|title=U.S. Seeks to Recover $1 Billion in Largest Kleptocracy Case to Date|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/us-seeks-to-recover-1-billion-in-largest-kleptocracy-case-to-date|work=FBI}}</ref> == Maisha, elimu, na kazi == Rewcastle Brown alizaliwa Sarawak, koloni la Uingereza, tarehe [[20 Juni]] [[1959]] na wazazi wa Uingereza, kabla ya eneo hilo kuwa sehemu ya Malaysia. Alisoma shule ya msingi katika jimbo jirani la [[Sabah]]. Baba yake, Patrick John Rewcastle, aliwahi kuwa mkuu wa kitengo cha ujasusi maalumu huko Sarawak na baadaye, baada ya uhuru, akawa Kamishna wa Polisi wa Kifalme wa Malaysia huko Sabah. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-02-18|title=Malaysian 1MDB scandal: How Clare Rewcastle Brown and Sarawak Report are taking on Najib Razak|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/malaysia-how-clare-rewcastle-browns-sarawak-report-exposing-najib-razaks-dictatorship-1544686|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=International Business Times UK|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sarawak Report: The Inside Story of the 1MDB Exposé|last=Rewcastle Brown|first=Clare|publisher=Lost World Press|year=2018|isbn=9781527219366|pages=[photo caption on unnumbered photo pages]}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=The Rewcastles|url=https://commsmuseum.co.uk/dykes/rewcastles/rewcastles.htm|accessdate=2024-07-27|work=commsmuseum.co.uk|archive-date=2024-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727184057/https://commsmuseum.co.uk/dykes/rewcastles/rewcastles.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mama yake, Karis Louise Hutchings, alikuwa mwalimu wa ukunga na alisaidia kuhudumia watoto wachanga wa jamii za asili katika kliniki za mbali. Alihamia Uingereza alipokuwa na umri wa miaka minane, alihudhuria shule ya bweni ya binafsi, kisha akasoma historia ya kisasa katika Chuo cha King's College London nabaadaye akapata shahada ya uzamili katika mahusiano ya kimataifa kutoka Shule ya Uchumi ya London (LSE). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Rewcastle Brown 2018|pages=60}}</ref> Alianza kazi ya uandishi wa habari kwa kujiunga na [[BBC World Service]] mwaka [[1983]]. Baadaye alihamia kitengo cha masuala ya sasa cha televisheni ya BBC kama mtayarishaji, kisha akafanya kazi kama ripota wa Sky TV na baadaye kama mwandishi wa habari na vipindi wa Carlton Television ya ITV. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] ajz8rtmxktf56g2cfzdoikqfmspceit 0 188018 1580499 1365683 2026-07-19T04:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gesualdo "Aldo" Penna''' ([[27 Mei]] [[1924]] - [[25 Septemba]] [[2000]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telereggiocalabria.it/news/4-cultura/30780-gesualdo-qaldoq-penna-azzurro-ditalia-mito-reggino.html|title=GESUALDO "ALDO" PENNA, AZZURRO D'ITALIA, MITO REGGINO|publisher=telereggiocalabria.i|language=it|accessdate=21 March 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alifika wa 8 katika mita 100 katika mashindano ya riadha ya [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1950]]. Bingwa wa kitaifa katika ngazi ya juu katika mita 100 mwaka wa [[1949]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2000}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]] ivca2zy16q4g9h69v79nd7t7qnkd0pb 0 193287 1580472 1371663 2026-07-18T23:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward William Bloor''' (alizaliwa [[12 Oktoba]] [[1950]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] na [[michezo]] ya kuigiza kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa kazi zake ''Tangerine'' na ''London Calling''.<ref name="ebofficial">{{cite web|url=http://www.edwardbloor.net/|date=n.d.|access-date=2006-08-19|title=Biography|work=Edward Bloor Official Website|archive-date=2007-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213631/http://www.edwardbloor.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Marekani]] nhx02yf8jpqgla6hrbg0x6iad2ci8uj 0 195505 1580400 1378204 2026-07-18T13:06:36Z Fanny Mpabuka 62491 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237915647|Lac Dikolongo]]" 1580400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Étendue d'eau|type=|volume=<!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used -->}} '''Ziwa Dikolongo''' ni bwawa la maji lililopo kusini-mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], katika jimbo la Lualaba, hasa ndani ya eneo la Lubudi. Liko kwenye mwinuko wa takriban mita 1298 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]] . Chanzo hiki cha maji hu lishwa na Mto Kalule-Sud na kilijengwa na binadamu; hivyo si ziwa la kiasili. <ref name="geoview">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lac Dikolongo lake, Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://cd.geoview.info/lac_dikolongo,217291|work=Cd.geoview.info|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> Ziwa hili piya lina patikana karibu na maeneo ya [[Youssouf Mulumbu|Mulumbu]], [[Mukwemba]], na [[Samuzala]] . <ref name="mapcarta">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lac Dikolongo|url=https://mapcarta.com/12780260|work=Mapcarta.com|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> <references responsive="1"></references> [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 1csy2lv4ubu34ebdr7h0ezc1x7gvl2b 1580416 1580400 2026-07-18T13:47:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ziwa Dikolongo''' ni [[bwawa]] la [[maji]] lililopo kusini-mashariki mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], katika [[Mkoa wa Lualaba|jimbo la Lualaba]], hasa ndani ya eneo la [[wilaya ya Lubudi|Lubudi]]. Liko kwenye mwinuko wa takriban mita 1298 juu ya [[Usawa bahari wastani|usawa wa bahari]]. Chanzo hiki cha maji hulishwa na Mto Kalule-Sud na kilijengwa na binadamu; hivyo si [[ziwa]] la kiasili. <ref name="geoview">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lac Dikolongo lake, Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://cd.geoview.info/lac_dikolongo,217291|work=Cd.geoview.info|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> Ziwa hili pia linapatikana karibu na maeneo ya [[Mulumbu]], [[Mukwemba]], na [[Samuzala]]. <ref name="mapcarta">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lac Dikolongo|url=https://mapcarta.com/12780260|work=Mapcarta.com|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== <references responsive="1"></references> {{Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} {{mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 44544erl34jxfn8avs12dunui1yl6qh 0 198714 1580510 1390154 2026-07-19T06:16:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harrison Theodore Paton''' (aliyezaliwa Mei 23, [[1998]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye anacheza kama kiungo wa klabu ya Motherwell F.C. na pia Timu ya taifa ya wanaume ya Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spfl.co.uk/news/league-2-team-of-the-season-51|date=May 22, 2018|title=LEAGUE 2 TEAM OF THE SEASON}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/1529391/ross-county-seal-progress-to-last-16-of-betfred-cup-with-2-0-win-over-alloa-athletic/|title=Ross County seal progress to last 16 of Betfred Cup with 2-0 win over Alloa Athletic|work=Press and Journal|date=July 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/ross-county/1800044/paton-ready-to-grasp-staggies-top-flight-chance/|title=Paton ready to grasp Staggies top-flight chance|website=The Press and Journal|author=Andy Skinner|date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 3i3i148ebzk2ebj6fo0p8ff8nnefvg7 0 201476 1580542 1514977 2026-07-19T10:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jack Penrod''' ([[25 Juni]] [[1939]] – [[3 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha na kumiliki ''Nikki Beach Worldwide'', chapa ya kimataifa ya maisha ya kifahari na ukarimu. Kabla ya kuanzisha ''Nikki Beach'', Penrod alikuwa mwanzilishi na mmiliki wa ''Penrod's Beach Club'' katika Daytona Beach, [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], na [[Miami]]. Kabla ya kuingia kwenye biashara ya vilabu, alikuwa mmiliki mkubwa wa leseni za ''McDonald's'' huko [[Florida]] katika miaka ya [[1980]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samuitimes.com/nikki-beach-uncovered/|title=Nikki Beach Uncovered|work=Samui Times|accessdate=3 October 2014|archive-date=2022-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706193406/https://www.samuitimes.com/nikki-beach-uncovered/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myprgenie.com/view-publication/jack-penrods-proclamation-ceremony-at-nikki-beach-miami|title=Jack Penrod's Proclamation ... - MyPRGenie|work=Nikki News - MyPRGenie|accessdate=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140218231621/http://www.myprgenie.com/view-publication/jack-penrods-proclamation-ceremony-at-nikki-beach-miami|archive-date=18 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Avakian|first=Talia|title=How an entrepreneur went from flipping burgers at McDonald's to opening some of the most famous beach clubs in the world|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-rise-of-jack-penrod-and-nikki-beach-2016-8|access-date=2023-11-30|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/23/business/wuv-s-chain-files-under-chapter-11.html|title=Wuv's Chain Files Under Chapter 11|work=The New York Times|date=23 December 1981|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] col0r3yy85d0yvb0368oog6c3oh6yex 0 201753 1580409 1521992 2026-07-18T13:31:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580409 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detail - Brother Leo - Franziskanerkirche - Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Germany 2017.jpg|thumb|''Ndugu Leo'', kazi ya [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]].]] [[File:Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata.jpg|thumb|[[Jan van Eyck]], ''Madonda matakatifu ya Mt. Fransisko'' (Jan van Eyck, 1430-32; [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]). Ndugu Leo yupo kulia mwambani.]] [[Picha:Manuscrito_de_s_francisco.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ngozi]] iliyoandikwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe masifu ya [[Mungu]] na [[baraka]] kwa ajili ya nd. Leo.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[15 Novemba]] [[1271]]) alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] walioongozana naye zaidi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |title=McCloskey ofm, Pat. "Helping Brother Leo", Franciscan Media |accessdate=2025-02-17 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814204023/https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Robinson>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09173a.htm Robinson, Paschal. "Brother Leo." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 December 2019 </ref> kama [[karani]] na [[Upadri|padri]] [[kitubio|muungamishi]] wake <ref>[[Arnald of Sarrant]], ''[[Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor]]'', [https://www.academia.edu/41595097 trans. Noel Muscat, OFM] (TAU Franciscan Communications, 2010).</ref> . [[Kaburi]] lake linakabiliana na lile la Fransisko chini ya [[altare]] ya [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|Basilika lake]]. [[Kumbukumbu]] zilizoandikwa za [[Upadri|padri]] huyo zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]<ref name="Goff2004">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=Jacques Le|author-link=Jacques Le Goff|title=Saint Francis of Assisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGeb6bgokkwC&pg=PA22|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28473-8|pages=22–24}}</ref> na [[Mtungo wa Asizi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{BD||1271}} [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] j7x0r6w384rb0upmenyg1eck6tg07nr 1580418 1580409 2026-07-18T13:52:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detail - Brother Leo - Franziskanerkirche - Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Germany 2017.jpg|thumb|''Ndugu Leo'', kazi ya [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]].]] [[File:Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata.jpg|thumb|[[Jan van Eyck]], ''Madonda matakatifu ya Mt. Fransisko'' (Jan van Eyck, 1430-32; [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]). Ndugu Leo yupo kulia mwambani.]] [[Picha:Manuscrito_de_s_francisco.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ngozi]] iliyoandikwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe masifu ya [[Mungu]] na [[baraka]] kwa ajili ya nd. Leo.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[15 Novemba]] [[1271]]) alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] walioongozana naye zaidi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |title=McCloskey ofm, Pat. "Helping Brother Leo", Franciscan Media |accessdate=2025-02-17 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814204023/https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Robinson>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09173a.htm Robinson, Paschal. "Brother Leo." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 December 2019 </ref> kama [[karani]] na [[Upadri|padri]] [[kitubio|muungamishi]] wake <ref>[[Arnald of Sarrant]], ''[[Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor]]'', [https://www.academia.edu/41595097 trans. Noel Muscat, OFM] (TAU Franciscan Communications, 2010).</ref> . Kati ya [[sala]] za Fransisko tunaweza kutia maanani ''Sifa za Mungu'' alizoziandika kwa [[Mkono|mikono]] yake kwa faida ya ndugu Leo, huko mlimani Alverna, mara baada ya kung’amua [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mateso]] na [[upendo]] wa [[Yesu]] msalabani. Ni [[tunda]] la [[moto]] la kumtazama [[Mungu]] na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na [[Biblia]], [[Liturgia|liturujia]] au [[moyo]] wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” [[Kaburi]] lake linakabiliana na lile la Fransisko chini ya [[altare]] ya [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|Basilika lake]]. [[Kumbukumbu]] zilizoandikwa za [[Upadri|padri]] huyo zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]<ref name="Goff2004">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=Jacques Le|author-link=Jacques Le Goff|title=Saint Francis of Assisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGeb6bgokkwC&pg=PA22|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28473-8|pages=22–24}}</ref> na [[Mtungo wa Asizi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{BD||1271}} [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] 8le3zlo7ko6q41ibkzpk9n7zugvoms6 1580420 1580418 2026-07-18T14:04:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detail - Brother Leo - Franziskanerkirche - Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Germany 2017.jpg|thumb|''Ndugu Leo'', kazi ya [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]].]] [[File:Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata.jpg|thumb|[[Jan van Eyck]], ''Madonda matakatifu ya Mt. Fransisko'' (Jan van Eyck, 1430-32; [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]). Ndugu Leo yupo kulia mwambani.]] [[Picha:Manuscrito_de_s_francisco.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ngozi]] iliyoandikwa na Mt. Fransisko mwenyewe masifu ya [[Mungu]] na [[baraka]] kwa ajili ya nd. Leo.]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (alifariki [[Assisi]], [[Italia]], [[15 Novemba]] [[1271]]) alikuwa mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] walioongozana naye zaidi <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |title=McCloskey ofm, Pat. "Helping Brother Leo", Franciscan Media |accessdate=2025-02-17 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814204023/https://blog.franciscanmedia.org/franciscan-spirit/helping-brother-leo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Robinson>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09173a.htm Robinson, Paschal. "Brother Leo." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 December 2019 </ref> kama [[karani]] na [[kitubio|muungamishi]] wake <ref>[[Arnald of Sarrant]], ''[[Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor]]'', [https://www.academia.edu/41595097 trans. Noel Muscat, OFM] (TAU Franciscan Communications, 2010).</ref> . Kati ya [[sala]] za Fransisko tunaweza kutia maanani ''Sifa za Mungu'' alizoziandika kwa [[Mkono|mikono]] yake kwa faida ya ndugu Leo, huko mlimani Alverna, mara baada ya kung’amua [[Msalaba wa Yesu|mateso]] na [[upendo]] wa [[Yesu]] msalabani. Ni [[tunda]] la [[moto]] la kumtazama [[Mungu]] na kumuitia kwa majina na sifa mbalimbali kutokana na [[Biblia]], [[Liturgia|liturujia]] au [[moyo]] wenyewe wa Mt. Fransisko: ndivyo alivyozama ndani ya Mungu akirudia kumuelekea na kusema, “Wewe…” Mwishoni aliongeza baraka maalumu kwa ajili ya ndugu Leo. Kwa [[msingi]] wa [[Rafiki|urafiki]] huo mkubwa [[kaburi]] la ndugu Leo linakabiliana na lile la Fransisko chini ya [[altare]] ya [[Basilika la Mt. Fransisko|Basilika lake]]. [[Kumbukumbu]] zilizoandikwa za [[Upadri|padri]] huyo zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]<ref name="Goff2004">{{cite book|last=Goff|first=Jacques Le|author-link=Jacques Le Goff|title=Saint Francis of Assisi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGeb6bgokkwC&pg=PA22|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28473-8|pages=22–24}}</ref> na [[Mtungo wa Asizi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{BD||1271}} [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] iqvsp7u7kasjs049qxt0734i1xti68u 0 202966 1580498 1512815 2026-07-19T03:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerulfus Kherubim Pareira''' [[S.V.D.]] (alizaliwa [[26 Septemba]] [[1941]] – [[8 Oktoba]] [[2024]]) alikuwa askofu wa Kanisa Katoliki nchini [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mgr. Kherubim Pareira: Berniat Mundur Saat Diakon|url=http://www.dionbata.com/2011/08/mgr-kherubim-pareira-berniat-mundur.html|language=Indonesian|accessdate=8 August 2019|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531100907/http://www.dionbata.com/2011/08/mgr-kherubim-pareira-berniat-mundur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Mnamo tarehe 15 Agosti 1970, Gerulfus Kherubim Pareira SVD alikubaliwa kama mtawa wa Shirika la Neno la Mungu (Society of the Divine Word). Wiki iliyofuata, tarehe 22 Agosti 1970, alipewa daraja ya upadre. Tarehe 21 Desemba 1985, ilitangazwa kuwa Pareira amechaguliwa kuwa askofu mpya wa Jimbo la Weetebula. Alipadrishwa kuwa askofu tarehe 25 Aprili 1986 na Gregorius Manteiro, aliyekuwa askofu wa Ruteng wakati huo, huku Anton Pain Ratu, aliyekuwa askofu wa Atambua, na Eduardus Sangsun, aliyekuwa askofu wa Ruteng, wakihudumu kama maaskofu wasaidizi katika ibada hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vatikan Restui Pengunduran Diri Uskup Maumere|url=https://katoliknews.com/2016/09/28/vatikan-restui-pengunduran-diri-uskup-maumere/|work=Katolik News|language=Indonesian|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tahta Suci Restui Pengunduran Diri Uskup Maumere|url=https://kupang.tribunnews.com/2016/09/27/breaking-news-tahta-suci-restui-pengunduran-diri-uskup-maumere|first=Eugenius|last=Moa|publisher=kupang.tribunnews|language=Indonesian|date=27 September 2016|accessdate=8 August 2019}}</ref> Tarehe 19 Januari 2008, Pareira aliteuliwa kuwa askofu mpya wa Jimbo la Maumere. Mnamo mwaka 2011, alisherehekea miaka 50 ya maisha ya kitawa, miaka 40 ya upadre, na miaka 25 ya uaskofu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii:Waverbiti]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Indonesia]] [[Jamii:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] l1s143ukkjaa11zh3nem6sqnme0clz4 0 204462 1580444 1431470 2026-07-18T16:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Catriona Alice Mackenzie''' (alizaliwa [[1960]]) ni [[mwanafalsafa]] wa [[Australia]]. Yeye ni profesa anayeibuka wa falsafa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Macquarie na Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Australia cha Humanities. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Symposium IV – Blame| website=The Aristotelian Society | url=https://www.aristoteliansociety.org.uk/the-joint-session/the-2021-joint-session/catriona-mackenzie-and-maria-alvarez/ | access-date=28 November 2023 }}</ref> Mackenzie amechapisha katika falsafa ya kimaadili na kisiasa, falsafa ya ufeministi na maadili yanayotumika. == Maisha == Mackenzie alizaliwa mwaka wa 1960. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Mackenzie, Catriona| website=Library of Congress Name Authority File | url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n99009394.html | access-date=28 November 2023 }}</ref> Alipata PhD yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Australia. <ref>{{Rejea kitabu | editor-first=Graham | editor-last=Oppy | editor2-first=N. N. | editor2-last=Trakakis | title = The Antipodean Philosopher: Public Lectures on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Volume 1| publisher=Lexington Books | year=2011 | page=311 | isbn=9780739167939 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxXxBXewzgC&pg=PA311 }}</ref> Tasnifu yake, Embodying Autonomy: Women and Moral Agency ([[1991]]), ilisimamiwa na Genevieve Lloyd, Kim Lycos na Moira Gatens. <ref name=PhD>{{cite thesis | first=Catriona Alice | last=Mackenzie | title=Embodying Autonomy: Women and Moral Agency | type=PhD | publisher=Australian National University | url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/123778/4/b17987143_Mackenzie_Catriona_Alice.pdf }}</ref> Mackenzie alifundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Monash kwa miaka miwili, kabla ya kujiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Macquarrie. Alikuwa mwanafunzi mwenzake aliyetembelea Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton mwaka wa [[1990]]. Mnamo [[2007]] Mackenzie alitunukiwa [[Tuzo]] ya Eureka ya Utafiti wa Maadili ya Makumbusho ya Australia. <ref name=PhD/> Mackenzie alikua Profesa katika Idara ya Falsafa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Macquarie.[nini?] Kuanzia [[2011]] hadi [[2020]] alikuwa Mkurugenzi mwanzilishi wa Kituo cha Utafiti cha Macquarie cha Wakala, Maadili na Maadili (CAVE). Kuanzia [[2013]] hadi [[2018]] alikuwa Dean Mshiriki (Utafiti) wa Kitivo cha Sanaa cha Chuo Kikuu cha Macquarie. Kuanzia [[2010]] hadi [[2012]] Mackenzie alikuwa mwanachama wa Jopo la Sanaa za Kibinadamu na Ubunifu la Chuo cha Wataalamu cha ARC. Alipokea tuzo ya Jim Piper ya Uongozi wa Utafiti katika Chuo Kikuu cha Macquarie mnamo 2013. Mnamo [[2014]] alichaguliwa kuwa Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Australia cha Humanities. <ref name=Lighthouse>{{Rejea tovuti | title = Professor Catriona Mackenzie elected as Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities| website=The Lighthouse, Macquarrie University | date = 28 Novemba 2014| url=https://lighthouse.mq.edu.au/media-releases/professor-catriona-mackenzie-elected-as-fellow-of-the-australian-academy-of-the-humanities | access-date=28 November 2023 }}</ref> Alikuwa mshirika wa mwanafalsafa mwenzake wa Macquarrie Peter Menzies, ambaye alifariki mwaka wa [[2015]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti | title=Peter Charles Menzies (1953-2015) | website=Australian Academy of the Humanities | url=https://humanities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/AAH-Obit-Menzies-2015.pdf | access-date=28 November 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi == * (ed. with Natalie Stoljar) Uhuru wa Kihusiano: Mitazamo ya Kifeministi kuhusu Kujitawala, Uwakala, na Ubinafsi wa Kijamii. Oxford University Press, 2000. * (ed. pamoja na Kim Atkins) Utambulisho wa Kitendo na Wakala wa Simulizi. Routledge, 2007. * (ed. pamoja na Robyn Langton) Hisia, Mawazo, na Kusababu kwa Maadili. Saikolojia Press, 2012. * (iliyohaririwa na Wendy Rogers na Susan Dodds) Kuathirika: Insha Mpya katika Maadili na Falsafa ya Kifeministi. Oxford University Press, 2013. * (pamoja na Mary Walker) 'Neurotechnologies, Utambulisho wa Kibinafsi, na Maadili ya Uhalisi'. Katika Jens Clausen na Neil Levy, wahariri., Handbook of Neuroethics. Dortrecht: Springer, ukurasa wa 373–392. * (ed. pamoja na Marina Oshana na Katrina Hutchison) Vipimo vya Kijamii vya Wajibu wa Maadili. Oxford University Press, 2018. * (ed. pamoja na Denise Meyerson na Therese MacDermott) Haki ya Kiutaratibu na Nadharia ya Uhusiano: Mitazamo ya Kijamii, Kifalsafa na Kisheria. Routledge, 2021. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] onqv3a4xgdwyvh1rbm02gbwpdipe1k9 0 206024 1580490 1512490 2026-07-19T02:36:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu |rangi = |jina =Frank Kisamo |picha =Frank kisamo.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = |jina la kuzaliwa = |alizaliwa = 2000 |alikufa =2025 |nchi =Tanznaia |kazi yake =Mwananaharakati na Mwandishi wa Vitabu |ndoa = |wazazi = |watoto = |tovuti rasmi = }} '''Frank Kisamo''' ([[21 Novemba]] [[2000]] - [[27 Februari]] [[2025]]) alikuwa [[Harakati|mwanaharakati]] wa Kitanzania, [[mjasiriamali]], kiongozi wa vijana, [[mkulima]] mbunifu na mtetezi wa [[kilimo]] endelevu. Anatambulika kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika sekta ya kilimo na mazingira kupitia taasisi aliyoanzisha inayojulikana kama Kilimo Sustainable Movement (KSM). Pia ni mwenyekiti wa Arusha Food System Youth Leaders (AFSYL), mtandao wa vijana unaolenga mageuzi ya mfumo wa chakula kwa njia shirikishi na endelevu. Frank amewahi kushiriki katika majukwaa ya kimataifa kama COP28, na anahusishwa na harakati za vijana kimataifa kupitia mashirika kama YOUNGO na Ban Ki-moon Center pia ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] na mtetezi wahaki za [[mazingira]].<ref name="ViceVersaAgri">Vice Versa Global (2024). "Youth Agripreneurship in Africa: Sowing Seeds of Change". https://www.viceversaglobal.com/youth-agripreneurship-africa-sustainable-agriculture/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.viceversaglobal.com/youth-agripreneurship-africa-sustainable-agriculture/ |date=20251014004005 }}</ref> Alifariki mwezi Februari 2025 kwa ajali ila ataendelea kukumbukwa kwa alama alizoziacha.<ref name="VYAYouthFood">Tanzania Youth Alliance for Food Systems. "Frank Kisamo". https://vijana4food.or.tz/meet-gain-youth-leaders/arusha/frank-kisamo/</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Frank Kisamo alikuwa kijana kiongozi mwenye maono na kujitolea kwa dhati katika kuleta mageuzi ya mifumo ya [[chakula]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Akiwa Kiongozi wa Vijana wa Mifumo ya Chakula wa GAIN [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] na Mratibu wa Kanda, alitoa mwelekeo na msukumo kwa vijana wenzake, akiwahamasisha wengi kupitia shauku na uaminifu wake kwa kazi. Alianzisha Umoja wa Vijana wa Tanzania kwa Mifumo ya Chakula (Tanzania Youth Alliance for Food Systems), mtandao unaoongozwa na vijana ulioundwa na viongozi wa GAIN, kwa lengo la kuhakikisha ushiriki wenye maana wa vijana katika mageuzi ya mifumo ya chakula kote nchini. Ushawishi wake katika kuhamasisha vijana na kutetea kilimo endelevu na mifumo ya chakula isiyoharibu mazingira ulitambuliwa kwa kiwango kikubwa.<ref name="WesterwelleImpact">Westerwelle Foundation (2023). "Impact Report 2023 – Frank Kisamo, KSM Organic Company". https://westerwelle-foundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/240312_WF_Impact_Report_DP-compressed.pdf</ref> Wakati wa Tuzo za Vijana wa Mifumo ya Chakula Arusha mwaka 2024, Frank Kisamo alitunukiwa [[tuzo]] mbalimbali kama ishara ya mchango wake wa kipekee: * Kiongozi Bora wa Vijana katika Mifumo ya Chakula wa Mwaka 2024 (Kwa Wanaume) * Mtu Anayeaminika Zaidi Kuwa Mkurugenzi wa GAIN Tanzania Siku za Ujao * Mtu Anayeaminika Zaidi Kuwa Waziri wa Kilimo * Tuzo ya Mchango wa Kijamii (Kwa Wanaume) Mbali na uongozi wake ndani ya mitandao ya vijana, Frank alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Kilimo Sustainable Movement (KSM), taasisi iliyojikita katika kubadilisha taka za chakula kuwa mbolea, kukuza kilimo endelevu na kulinda mazingira.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=African youth addressing soil degradation through biological means|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/youth-biological-soil/2024/|date=2024-10-30|accessdate=2025-04-17|language=Kiingereza}}</ref> Mchango wake katika mifumo ya chakula na kuwawezesha vijana ulikuwa wa kuvutia na wenye athari kubwa. Safari yake ya maisha ilikatizwa ghafla tarehe 27 Februari 2025, lakini urithi wake wa uongozi, ubunifu, na kujitoa kwa ajili ya mabadiliko ya mifumo ya chakula utaendelea kuwahamasisha vizazi vijavyo.<ref name="MichuziLegacy">Michuzi Blog (2025). "Frank Kisamo: A Legacy of Youth Leadership in Food Systems". https://www.michuzi.co.tz/2025/02/frank-kisamo-legacy-of-youth-leadership.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|2000|2025}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] 5i2vjpi4pghwbv9xd16hdhnagpgmyqr 4 208508 1580408 1580293 2026-07-18T13:26:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1580408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 536 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2679 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 946 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 467 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 652 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 391 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25887 || ↓ -15.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 150.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2679 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1133 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1011 || ↓ -24.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 720 || ↑ +90.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 673 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 652 || ↑ +32.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 536 || ↓ -21.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 482 || ↑ +1.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 476 || ↓ -36.6% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 470 || ↑ +19.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 595 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 25.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.0% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 8x5iwrb3v9k1llfuvd4bfj0sb7x00lk 1580413 1580408 2026-07-18T13:35:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1580413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 536 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2679 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 946 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 467 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 652 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 391 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25887 || ↓ -15.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 150.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2679 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1133 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1011 || ↓ -24.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 720 || ↑ +90.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 673 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 652 || ↑ +32.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 536 || ↓ -21.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 482 || ↑ +1.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 476 || ↓ -36.6% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 470 || ↑ +19.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} rg8npuvqgaa4myaqd9wn1gh57kuw7jb 1580462 1580413 2026-07-18T19:13:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1580462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 536 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2679 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 946 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 467 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 652 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 397 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 391 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25887 || ↓ -15.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 150.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2679 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1133 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1011 || ↓ -24.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 720 || ↑ +90.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 673 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 652 || ↑ +32.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 536 || ↓ -21.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 482 || ↑ +1.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 476 || ↓ -36.6% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 470 || ↑ +19.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} l265ei49fs5hc8wgeprb5fer7i30y3t 1580463 1580462 2026-07-18T19:13:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1580463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 536 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 698 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2679 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 946 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 467 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 329 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 402 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 332 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 313 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1133 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 470 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 403 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 352 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 391 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 307 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25887 || ↓ -15.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 150.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2679 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1133 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1011 || ↓ -24.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 720 || ↑ +90.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 673 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 652 || ↑ +32.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 536 || ↓ -21.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 482 || ↑ +1.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 476 || ↓ -36.6% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 470 || ↑ +19.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 7g5jgdj4m0h21jx2g2xzhhuk09hjqj4 1580493 1580463 2026-07-19T03:20:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1580493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-19) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-19)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1037 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 973 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 341 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1084 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 25887 || ↓ -15.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 150.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2679 || ↓ -5.4% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1133 || ↓ -15.8% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 1011 || ↓ -24.3% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 720 || ↑ +90.5% |- | 5 || [[Kenya]] || 673 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 652 || ↑ +32.8% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 536 || ↓ -21.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 482 || ↑ +1.0% |- | 9 || [[Urusi]] || 476 || ↓ -36.6% |- | 10 || [[Kanada]] || 470 || ↑ +19.3% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 8lrrbhkg0f87iybsot2czy2pzk7b298 1580494 1580493 2026-07-19T03:28:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1580494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-19) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-19)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1037 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 973 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 341 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1084 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9675 || ↓ -16.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 56.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1084 || ↓ -23.0% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 997 || ↓ -26.1% |- | 3 || [[Australia]] || 697 || ↑ +73.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 441 || ↓ -24.6% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 409 || ↓ -15.3% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 395 || ↓ -17.2% |- | 8 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 373 || ↑ +143.8% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 339 || ↑ +5.6% |- | 10 || [[Norwei]] || 312 || ↑ +160.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} l406t9meo0glch9plueg8snlsugs3ce 1580518 1580494 2026-07-19T08:27:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1580518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-19) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-19)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1037 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 973 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 341 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1084 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 9675 || ↓ -16.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 56.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1084 || ↓ -23.0% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 997 || ↓ -26.1% |- | 3 || [[Australia]] || 697 || ↑ +73.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 5 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 441 || ↓ -24.6% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 409 || ↓ -15.3% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 395 || ↓ -17.2% |- | 8 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 373 || ↑ +143.8% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 339 || ↑ +5.6% |- | 10 || [[Norwei]] || 312 || ↑ +160.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} ch9o6oe695390fhckc5dl03p1ty0dwo 1580519 1580518 2026-07-19T08:28:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1580519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-19) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-19)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 541 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 681 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2742 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1037 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 973 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 367 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 409 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 697 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 673 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 500 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 341 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1084 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 464 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 295 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 315 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 373 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 270 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 395 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 18 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34971 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 15258 || ↓ -17.5% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 88.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 1084 || ↓ -23.0% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 997 || ↓ -26.1% |- | 3 || [[Australia]] || 697 || ↑ +73.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 681 || ↓ -6.3% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 673 || ↑ +47.3% |- | 6 || [[Misri]] || 446 || ↑ +38.5% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 441 || ↓ -24.6% |- | 8 || [[Burundi]] || 409 || ↓ -15.3% |- | 9 || [[Uturuki]] || 395 || ↓ -17.2% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 373 || ↑ +143.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 591 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.0% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 131 || 9.5% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 125 || 9.1% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} nxtadnkb36fs4incskpx9xzfnoxysms 0 216212 1580441 1499940 2026-07-18T16:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catalina Lercaro''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa asili ya [[Italia]] - [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] wa [[familia]] ya Lercaro katika [[karne ya 16]]. Alijulikana sana katika jiji la [[San Cristóbal de La Laguna]] lililopo [[Tenerife]], Visiwa vya Kanari, [[Hispania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gevic.net/info/contenidos/mostrar_contenidos.php?idcat=69&idcap=210&idcon=1011 |title=El fantasma de Catalina Lercaro. Curiosidades y leyendas de la historia lagunera. |accessdate=2025-10-20 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108161010/http://www.gevic.net/info/contenidos/mostrar_contenidos.php?idcat=69&idcap=210&idcon=1011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Hispania]] ou2h9qti1w0oc1v2wl0w18y5fsgh2q1 0 218732 1580445 1476084 2026-07-18T16:56:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Charisma Taylor Paris 2024.jpg |thumb|Charisma Taylor]] '''Charisma Taylor''' (alizaliwa [[3 Septemba]] [[1999]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa vizuizi (hurdler) na kuruka (jumper) kutoka [[Nassau (Bahama)|Nassau]], [[Bahama]]. Anashiriki katika mbio za mita 100 zenye vizuizi, kuruka mara tatu (triple jump) na kuruka umbali mrefu (long jump). Alisoma katika SPIRE Institute and Academy huko Geneva, Ohio, kabla ya kuendelea kushindania timu za Washington State Cougars na Tennessee Volunteers. Taylor ameshinda medali nyingi za dhahabu katika Mashindano ya CARIFTA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taylor and Greene among 18 Bahamians with Carifta Standards|url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/sports/Taylor_and_Greene_among_18_Bahamians_with_Carifta_Standards46682.shtml|website=bahamasathletics|access-date=29 March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ubora wake katika Kazi == {| class="wikitable" !Tukio !Muda !Ukumbi !Taree |- |100m Hurdles |12.76 (+1.8) |[[Gainesville, Florida]] |13 Aprili2024<ref>{{cite web|title=Taylor Personal Best|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/bahamas/charisma-taylor-14630926|website=World Athletics|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> |- |Triple jump |14.88 m |[[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] |11 Machi2023 |- |Long jump |6.64 m |[[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] |10 Machi 2023 |- |60m Hurdles (indoor) |7.91 |[[Glasgow, Scotland]] |3 Machi 2024 |- |Long jump (indoor) |6.45 m |[[Fayetteville, Arkansas]] |11 Februari 2022 |- |Triple jump (indoor) |13.96 m NR |[[Birmingham, Alabama]] |12 MAR 2022 |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Bahamas]] jzblq665zdr035jw8ijund1y7kz4xs7 0 220509 1580507 1481310 2026-07-19T05:19:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guy Bomanyama-Zandu''' (alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]], [[22 Novemba]], [[1972]]) ni mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. ==Miaka ya awali== Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, alihamia mjini [[Brussels]] na familia yake ambako alipata uraia wa [[Ubelgiji]].<ref name=LePotentiel/> Kwanza alisoma masuala ya kielektroniki na kisha akasomea filamu katika Chuo cha INRACI mjini Brussels, ambapo alihitimu mnamo mwaka 2000.<ref name=FCAT/> Alitengeneza dokumentari yake ya kwanza ''Papa Mobutu'' (2000), akiwa INRACI. Iliteuliwa kuonyeshwa katika Tamasha la Filamu la Francophone la Namur.<ref name=LePotentiel/> Karibu filamu zake zote zilionyeshwa katika Tamasha la Filamu za Afrika mjini [[Leuven|Louvain]], nchini Ubelgiji.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfestamiens.org/?LA-VERTU,417&lang=en |publisher=International Festival of Film of Amiens |title=LA VERTU |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref><ref name=Africultures>{{cite web |url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=8085 |title=Guy BOMANYAMA-ZANDU |work=Africultures |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref> <ref name=FCAT>{{cite web |url=http://www.fcat.es/FCAT/index.php?option=com_zoo&task=item&item_id=806&Itemid=61 |title=Zandu Guy Bomanyama |publisher=FCAT |accessdate=2012-03-09}}</ref><ref name=LePotentiel>{{cite web |url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=26057 |title=Une nouvelle génération de cinéastes congolais |work=Le Potentiel |date=15 April 2006 |accessdate=2012-03-09 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230858/http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=26057 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1972|}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 4j8o6b63mbs7ffjdvnl4ky8r2gar8fe 0 222726 1580474 1511503 2026-07-18T23:27:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eliane Ubalijoro''' (alizaliwa Rwanda, 1972) ni [[mwanasayansi]] na mtendaji wa mwenye asili ya [[Rwanda]] na [[Kanada]]. Pia ni mtaalamu wa maendeleo endelevu na mipango ya afya duniani.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor-icraf/008725|title=TreesAdapt: Adaptation with forests, trees and agroforestry for agriculture, landscapes and people|last=CIFOR-ICRAF|first=CIFOR-ICRAF|date=2022|publisher=Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Éliane Ubalijoro: “The lungs of the planet are here in Africa”|url=https://thinklandscape.globallandscapesforum.org/62332/eliane-ubalijoro-the-lungs-of-the-planet-are-here-in-africa/|work=#ThinkLandscape|date=2023-08-02|accessdate=2026-02-11|language=en-US|author=Ming Chun Tang}}</ref> ==Elimu== Ubalijoro alipata shahada yake ya Uzamivu(PHD) katika masuala ya Molekula na Jenetiki kutoka chuo kikuu cha McGill. Pia ni [[mtaalamu]] wa masuala ya [[Kilimo]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Éliane Ubalijoro {{!}} CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform|url=https://gender.cgiar.org/experts/eliane-ubalijoro|work=CGIAR Gender Platform|accessdate=2026-02-12|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Ubalijoro anahudumu kama Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji(CEO) wa Kituo cha Utafiti wa Misitu wa Kimataifa na Kilimo Mseto Duniani(CIFOR-ICRAF), akishughulikia changamoto za mazingira, usalama wa chakula duniani kote na Ustahimilivu wa Hali ya Hewa.<ref name=":0" /> Ubalijoro ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha [[Utafiti]] cha CGIAR.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=News: CIFOR-ICRAF announces Dr Eliane Ubalijoro as Chief Executive Officer|url=https://www.globallandscapesforum.org/glf-news/cifor-icraf-announces-dr-eliane-ubalijoro-as-chief-executive-officer/|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2026-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Uendelevu katika Enzi ya Kidijitali na Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Kanada cha Dunia ya Baadaye kuanzia mwaka 2021 hadi Machi 2023. Katika kampuni ya bioteknolojia yenye makao yake makuu Montreal, [[Kanada|Canada]], alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kisayansi. Ubalijoro pia alifanya kazi ya ushauri nchini [[Haiti]] na [[Afrika]] kuhusiana na ukuaji endelevu wa uchumi unaostahimili mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref name=":1" /> Na pia ni mshauri wa Ubia wa Ubunifu (The Innovation Partnership) (TIP).<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=DR ELIANE UBALIJORO|url=https://www.ducerefoundation.org/ducere-glf-member/dr-eliane-ubalijoro|work=Ducere Foundation|accessdate=2026-02-15|language=en-AU|archive-date=2025-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822235838/https://www.ducerefoundation.org/ducere-glf-member/dr-eliane-ubalijoro|url-status=dead}}</ref> Eliane Ubalijoro amekuwa Profesa wa Utendaji wa Ushirikiano wa Sekta ya Umma na Binafsi katika Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa ya Chuo Kikuu cha McGill tangu mwaka 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eliane Ubalijoro {{!}} Future Earth|url=https://futureearth.org/contacts/eliane-ubalijoro/|accessdate=2026-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Anahudumu katika mradi wa "Gates Foundation Grand Challenges" katika "Global Health" awamu ya pili kama Meneja wa Mradi. Hapo awali alikuwa Profesa Msaidizi katika Kitivo cha Kilimo na Sayansi ya Mazingira katika chuo hicho.<ref name=":2" /> Mnamo mwezi Septemba mwaka 2019 alijiunga na Global Open Data in Agriculture (GODAN) ambapo alihudumu kama Naibu Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Programu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eliane Ubalijoro – Next Einstein Forum|url=https://nef.org/fr/person/eliane-ubalijoro/|date=2020-01-23|accessdate=2026-02-15|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2025-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823002859/https://nef.org/fr/person/eliane-ubalijoro/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Uanachama mashuhuri== *Muungano wa Kimataifa wa Sayari Endelevu (Mwanachama wa Bodi ya Ushauri wa Athari)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Éliane Ubalijoro|url=https://theclimatecenter.org/about/people/eliane-ubalijoro/|work=The Climate Center|accessdate=2026-02-17|language=en-US}}</ref> *Baraza la Kitaifa la Sayansi na [[Teknolojia]] la Rwanda (mwanachama)<ref name=":1" /> *Baraza la Ushauri la Rais kwa Rais wa Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] (mwanachama tangu 2007) *Kikundi cha Ushauri wa Wataalamu kuhusu Athari za Baada ya [[COVID-19]] kwa Utafiti wa Jenomics (mwanachama) *Jumuiya ya Wataalamu wa Kimataifa ya Benki ya Maendeleo ya Afrika kuhusu Mikakati ya Kukabiliana na COVID-19 (mwanachama) *Bodi ya Usimamizi ya Muungano wa Miji Mikuu (mwanachama) *Bodi ya Ushauri ya Programu ya Uongozi wa Dunia (mwanachama) *Bodi za Ushauri za ShEquity na Shirika la Uwekezaji la Orango (mwanachama) *Bodi za Genome ya Kanada na Crop Trust (mwanachama) *FemStep(mwanachama) ==Kazi mashuhuri== Eliane Ubalijoro ni [[Mkurugenzi]] Mtendaji na Mwanzilishi wa C.L.E.A.R International Development Inc.<ref name=":2" /> ==Utambuzi== Alipokea tuzo ya Chama cha [[Uongozi]] cha Kimataifa mwaka 2022 kwa utendaji bora katika wanawake na uongozi. Pia aliteuliwa kuwa mshiriki wa Baraza la Sayansi la Kimataifa likiheshimu michango yake katika kuendeleza sayansi kama manufaa ya umma duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Welcoming Dr. Éliane Ubalijoro|url=https://iufro2024.com/welcoming-dr-eliane-ubalijoro/|work=IUFRO Stockholm 2024|accessdate=2026-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Rwanda]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Kanada]] njfpnylgrt4yzgru4briz72vx33mhah 0 222918 1580516 1489261 2026-07-19T07:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hilda Flavia Nakabuye''' (alizaliwa Aprili 15, 1997) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za mazingira na mazingira kutoka [[Uganda]] ambaye alianzisha harakati ya Ijumaa kwa ajili ya Wakati Ujao nchini Uganda. Pia anatetea [[usawa wa kijinsia]] na utofauti wa rangi na asili katika harakati za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-06-24|title=Hilda Flavia Nakabuye|url=https://www.colorado.edu/globalclimatesummit/summit/keynotes-panelists/hilda-flavia-nakabuye|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=Right Here, Right Now Global Climate Summit|language=en}}</ref> Mojawapo ya wasiwasi wake wa kimazingira ni kuokoa [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ambalo linaunganisha Uganda na nchi za jirani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hilda Flavia Nakabuye – Akina Mama wa Afrika|url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/hilda-flavia-nakabuye/|accessdate=2023-05-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605105908/https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/hilda-flavia-nakabuye/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya harakati zake, Nakabuye hutembelea shule na jamii ili kuwawezesha wanawake zaidi kujiunga na mapambano dhidi ya mabadiliko ya tabianchi, akisema kwamba "janga la tabianchi halina mipaka". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sc.com/en/feature/women-climate-change-ugandan-activist-hilda-nakabuye/|title=Women and climate change: inspiring Ugandan activist Hilda Nakabuye {{!}} Standard Chartered|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> Pia aliunda Climate Striker Diaries, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://strikerdiaries.blogspot.com/|title=Striker Diaries - Why #ClimateStrike|work=strikerdiaries.blogspot.com|accessdate=Oct 26, 2020}}</ref> jukwaa la mtandaoni la kuhimiza uelewa wa kidijitali kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa . Nakabuye amekuwa akiandamana mjini [[Kampala|Kampala, Uganda]], tangu mwaka 2017 baada ya kuvunja lango la mazungumzo ya hali ya hewa na Kampeni ya Hali ya Hewa ya Kijani Afrika (GCCA) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kampala . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ugandan climate activist Hilda Nakabuye – DW – 07/22/2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ugandan-climate-activist-hilda-nakabuye-mobilizes-africas-youth-against-climate-change/audio-58597785|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> Tukio hili ndilo lililomfanya atambue kwamba mabadiliko ya tabianchi ndiyo yaliyosababisha hali mbaya ya hewa iliyoharibu shamba la bibi yake. Alianza kujitolea na GCCA kama mtetezi wa haki za kibiolojia lakini hivi karibuni alihisi hitaji la harakati imara zaidi ili kuleta mabadiliko yenye ufanisi. ==Maisha ya Awali na Elimu== Hilda alisoma chuo kikuu cha kimataifa cha Kampala na alipata shahada yake ya kwanza katika masuala ya Ununuzi na Ugavi. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Uganda]] qlvvlmsxbeb7arpnf9ui41246soatip 0 223305 1580419 1499464 2026-07-18T13:58:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bestine Kazadi Ditabala''' (amezaliwa [[1963]]) ni [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMINA Bestine Kazadi Ditabala|url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINABKDitabala08.html|website=aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au|access-date=2016-01-30}}</ref> == Life == Alizaliwa Ubelgiji, Kazadi ni mama wa binti aliyezaliwa mwaka 1998. Amehitimu katika sheria na ni wakili anayeendelea kufanya kazi huko Kinshasa, pamoja na kuwa mratibu wa Programu ya Mafunzo ya Kongo (FRP). Mnamo Novemba 2006, alichapisha mkusanyiko wa mashairi 36 unaoitwa ''Congo: Words for Pain'', kazi ambayo ilimfanya kuwasilishwa rasmi katika Grand Hotel Kinshasa na Waziri wa Utamaduni na Sanaa, Philemon Mukendi. Kazadi ndiye raisi wa kwanza mwanamke wa Rotary Club Kinshasa katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, na mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa “Mfadhili Mkuu” katika mpango wa kimataifa wa Rotarian ''Polio+'' nchini humo. Amehitimu katika Sayansi ya Jamii na Sheria, na anatekeleza taaluma ya kisheria huku akiwa mwanachama wa Baa ya Kinshasa. Alichapisha makusanyo mawili ya mashairi: ''Maovu ya maneno ya Kongo'' (L'Harmattan, 2006) na ''Infi(r) Nitely Woman'' (2009). Pia aliandika katika mkusanyiko wa waandishi sita wa Kongo, ''New Kinshasa'', kazi iliyopewa kichwa cha ''Course of Life'' iliyochapishwa na SEPIA mnamo 2008. Kazadi ni raisi wa mtandao wa Wanawake wa Kiraia wa Kongo (SOCIFEC Asbl), unaolenga kuunganisha wanawake wote wa Kongo katika uongozi, ushiriki katika maamuzi na kupata madaraka. Yeye pia ndiye mwandishi wa “Wimbo wa Wanawake wa Kimataifa kwa Amani”, ambao mashairi yake yalirekodiwa na mpiga kinanda kijana Rosin Ngandu. Wimbo huu uliundwa kuashiria na kuenzi mapambano ya amani. Mnamo Oktoba 2010, wakati wa ufunguzi rasmi wa Maandamano ya Dunia ya 3 kwenda Bukavu, Kivu Kusini, wanawake 40 kutoka pande zote za dunia waliandamana pamoja na wanawake wa Kongo wakiwa wameshikana mikono, wakionyesha mshikamano na amani. Kazadi aliwasilisha wimbo wake akisema: ''“Kama zawadi kwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo duniani, ili kushiriki wazo lake la amani, umoja na mshikamano."''<ref name="conscience2">[http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=37163 ''Imechapishwa na "L'Harmattan" na "Afrique Editions", mkusanyiko wa mashairi "Congo mots pour maux" ulizinduliwa''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=37163 |date=20250220021559 }}, Le Potentiel, Novemba 11, 2006. {{cite web|title=La Conscience - Imechapishwa na "l'Harmattan" na "Afrique Editions", mkusanyiko wa mashairi "Congo: Words for Pain" umezinduliwa rasmi|url=http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article%3D5379|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511063502/http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article=5379|archivedate=2008-05-11|accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=38092&id_supplement=8&id_edition=3894 ''Bestine Kazadi, mshairi wa Kongo''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=38092&id_supplement=8&id_edition=3894 |date=20160310050149 }}, [[Le Potentiel]], Desemba 2, 2006.</ref><ref name="conscience">[http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=37163 ''Édité par « L'Harmattan » et « Afrique Editions », le recueil de poèmes « Congo mots pour maux » porté sur les Fonts baptismaux''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=37163 |date=20250220021559 }}, Le Potentiel, 11 novembre 2006. {{cite web|title=La Conscience - Edité par « l'Harmattan » et « Afrique Editions », le recueil de poèmes « Congo mots pour maux » porté sur les Fonts baptismaux|url=http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article%3D5379|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511063502/http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article=5379|archivedate=2008-05-11|accessdate=2016-01-30}}</ref> == Inafanya kazi == * Mnamo mwaka wa 2006, Kazadi alichapisha mkusanyiko wa mashairi unaoitwa ''Kongo: Maneno kwa Majeraha'', uliotolewa na L'Harmattan na Afrique Éditions. Kazi hii ilimfanya kuwasilishwa rasmi katika Grand Hotel Kinshasa na Waziri wa Utamaduni na Sanaa, Philemon Mukendi.{{ISBN|978-2296013421}} * ''Infi(r)niment Femme'', Le Cri, 2009, {{ISBN|978-2-8710-6510-4}} == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 8n2koq2fots8b3itq5fticmfl4rd1ue 0 223448 1580475 1511517 2026-07-18T23:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elijah McKenzie-Jackson''' (alizaliwa [[28 Desemba]] [[2003]])<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-05-26|title=We meet... Elijah Mckenzie-Jackson|url=https://envisionvirginracing.com/envision-virgin-racing-meets-elijah-mckenzie-jackson/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Envision Virgin Racing|language=en-GB|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914135650/https://envisionvirginracing.com/envision-virgin-racing-meets-elijah-mckenzie-jackson/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ni [[msanii]] wa taswira <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-11-17 |title=At COP27, fashion falls out of the spotlight |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/at-cop27-fashion-falls-out-of-the-spotlight |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208015404/https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/at-cop27-fashion-falls-out-of-the-spotlight |url-status=dead }}</ref> na [[mwanaharakati]] aliyebobea katika majiji ya [[London]] na [[New York City]].<ref name="NYT 2020-03-29">{{Rejea habari|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=2019-09-20|title=Meet 8 Youth Protest Leaders|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/climate/climate-strikes-protests.html|access-date=2020-03-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> McKenzie-Jackson ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa ''WaicUp'' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-08-12 |title=Exclusive – Jerome Foster and Elijah McKenzie-Jackson talk intersectional activism |url=https://thred.com/exclusives/exclusive-jerome-foster-and-elijah-mckenzie-jackson-talk-intersectional-activism/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Thred Website |language=en-GB}}</ref> na mratibu wa ''Youth Strike for Climate'', akisaidia kuanzisha Fridays for Future UK mnamo [[Februari]] [[2019]]. McKenzie-Jackson alitumia sanaa kufanya maandamano pamoja na kupanga maandamano ya hali ya hewa kote [[Ulaya]] na [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]] na amezungumza katika Bunge la [[Uingereza]], Baraza la Mabwana, Bunge la [[EU]],<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2019-10-17 |title=50 jonge activisten uit 7 landen hebben eerste burgeractie ooit ondernomen in Europees Parlement |url=https://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2019/10/17/50-jonge-activisten-uit-7-landen-hebben-eerste-burgeractie-ooit-ondernomen-in-europees-parlement/ |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=DeWereldMorgen.be |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-03-03 |title=Climate strikers: Open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is 'surrender' |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open-letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-06-01 |title=Pierre Larrouturou: "On peut financer la relance sans argent des Etats" |url=https://www.lesoir.be/304339/article/2020-06-01/pierre-larrouturou-peut-financer-la-relance-sans-argent-des-etats |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-03-03 |title=Climate strikers: Open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is 'surrender' |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open-letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrender |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-06-02 |title=European Call: 3 solutions for climate and jobs |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/european-call-3-solutions-for-climate-and-jobs/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> nje ya Mkutano wa [[G7]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Dazed |date=2021-06-16 |title=How protesters defied the G7 summit with a weekend of civil disobedience |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/53210/1/how-protesters-defied-the-g7-summit-with-a-weekend-of-civil-disobedience |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> na katika Msitu wa Mvua wa Amazon.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Oliveira |first=Joana |date=2019-12-01 |title=En la selva con la 'generación Greta' |language=es |work=El País |url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2019/11/24/actualidad/1574625811_669555.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |issn=1134-6582}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] e36v6j0kz75hec1u76tbbtbijk76kni 0 224314 1580448 1495120 2026-07-18T17:32:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:최석정 초상.jpg|thumb|Choi Seok-jeong]] '''Choi Seok-jeong''' ([[1646]]–[[1715]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanahisabati]] wa Korea katika kipindi cha Joseon. <ref>{{cite web|title=구수략(九數略)|url=http://kyudb.snu.ac.kr/contents/content_detail.do?code=A00074&a_code=A01&b_code=B02&c_code=C24&num=74|website=규장각 문화재청|publisher=Seoul National University Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ree|first=Sangwook|title=Confucian scholar's discovery predates the work of Euler|magazine=Math&Presso|date=August 15, 2014|volume=3|url=http://www.icm2014.org/download/MP0815.pdf|publisher=International Congress of Mathematicians|access-date=2026-02-23|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502155432/http://www.icm2014.org/download/MP0815.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Sung Sook|title=Orthogonal Latin Squares of Choi Seok-Jeong|date=2012|publisher=History and Pedagogy of Mathematics|url=http://hpm2012.onpcs.com/Proceeding/Poster/P2.pdf|accessdate=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173423/http://hpm2012.onpcs.com/Proceeding/Poster/P2.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1646]] [[jamii:waliofariki 1715]] [[jamii:wanasiasa wa Korea]] [[jamii:wanahisabati wa Korea]] jwagrm1uqq0rq700uv4yv91uzzepu17 0 226155 1580464 1498949 2026-07-18T19:18:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Compton Russell''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Jamaika]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Compton Russell |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/compton-russell/800175179/jam/mt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> Alishika nafasi ya robo fainali katika mashindano ya vijana ya Wimbledon. Alicheza tenisi ya vyuo katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[California]] [[Los Angeles |Los Angeles]] (UCLA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Compton Russell – UCLA |url=https://uclabruins.com/sports/mens-tennis/roster/compton-russell/ |publisher=UCLA Bruins |access-date=2026-03-22 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429164915/https://uclabruins.com/sports/mens-tennis/roster/compton-russell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aliiwakilisha timu ya pamoja ya Karibiani katika Davis Cup mwaka [[1971]], [[1972]] na [[1981]]. Familia yake ina wachezaji wengi wa tenisi, ikiwemo binamu yake Richard Russell na kaka zake Greg na Norman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Compton Russell Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800175179 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamaika]] ckwi9r6ks1m390053hc99j53ojs02v2 0 226161 1580508 1498943 2026-07-19T06:04:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haroon Rahim''' (alizaliwa [[12 Novemba]] [[1949]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa tenisi nchini [[Pakistani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Haroon Rahim |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/haroon-rahim/r052/overview |publisher=ATP Tour |access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> Alikua mchezaji wa tenisi wa Pakistani aliyefikia cheo cha juu zaidi duniani, akiwa nafasi ya 34 mnamo Oktoba [[1977]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 15, alikua mchezaji mchanga zaidi kuwakilisha Pakistani katika Davis Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haroon Rahim Davis Cup Profile |url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800174973 |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> Alicheza tenisi katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[California]] [[Los Angeles]] (UCLA), alisaidia timu yake kushinda ubingwa wa NCAA mwaka [[1970]] na [[1971]], na akashinda taji la NCAA katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka 1971 akiwa na Jeff Borowiak.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haroon Rahim – UCLA |url=https://uclabruins.com/sports/mens-tennis/roster/haroon-rahim/ |publisher=UCLA Bruins |access-date=2026-03-22 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Katika taaluma yake, alishinda mataji mawili ya ATP katika mashindano ya watu binafsi na mataji matatu katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili. Alifikia robo fainali ya US Open katika mashindano ya wachezaji wawili mwaka [[1971]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Haroon Rahim Grand Slam Results |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/haroon-rahim/800174973/pak/mt/s/overview/ |publisher=ITF Tennis |access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Pakistan]] 7fhcxuewicxdshw1s1soz1ckvu4wrmk 0 228849 1580447 1560763 2026-07-18T17:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chioma Opara''' (amezaliwa [[Jos]], [[Nigeria]], 23 Mei 1951) ni mwandishi na msomi kutoka Nigeria anayejikita zaidi katika masuala ya ufeministi wa Afrika Magharibi. Anajulikana kwa kuendeleza nadharia ya ''femalism'' na anatambuliwa kama mmoja wa wanazuoni sita muhimu zaidi katika ufeministi wa Afrika.<ref name="Nkealah">{{Cite journal |last=Nkealah |first=Naomi |date=2016-04-02 |title=(West) African Feminisms and Their Challenges |journal=Journal of Literary Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=61–74}}</ref> Kazi zake zimekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika tafiti za jinsia barani Afrika.<ref name="Africabib">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=W00087994|title=Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture, and Literature in West Africa|website=AfricaBib|date=1997|access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref><ref name="Nnaemeka">{{Cite book|title=Sisterhood, Feminisms and Power in Africa: From Africa to the Diaspora|last=Nnaemeka|first=Obioma|publisher=Africa World Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-86543-439-4}}</ref> Kwa sasa ni profesa wa Fasihi ya Kiingereza na Fasihi Linganishi katika Kitivo cha Masomo ya Kibinadamu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rivers State kilichopo [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria.<ref name="Tide">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/02/01/don-wants-humanities-faculty-in-rsust/|title=Don Wants Humanities Faculty In RSUST|website=The Tide News Online|date=2016-02-01|access-date=2019-01-24|archive-date=2019-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125132439/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/02/01/don-wants-humanities-faculty-in-rsust/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu == Opara alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A) katika lugha ya Kifaransa kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka]]. Baadaye alipata stashahada ya masomo ya Kifaransa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cheikh Anta Diop]] (Dakar), pamoja na cheti cha masomo ya Kifaransa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tours nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikamilisha shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika fasihi ya Kiingereza katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] nchini Nigeria. == Harakati == Opara amekuwa mtetezi wa masomo ya kibinadamu nchini Nigeria. Katika hotuba yake ya uzinduzi mwaka 2016 katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rivers State, alipendekeza taasisi ya masomo ya msingi ipandishwe hadhi kuwa kitivo kamili cha Masomo ya Kibinadamu na Sayansi za Jamii ili kuboresha ujumuishaji wa taaluma.<ref name="Lecture">{{Cite web|url=http://gistmeust.blogspot.com/2016/01/prof-chioma-opara-holds-inaugural.html|title=Prof. Chioma Opara holds inaugural lecture|website=Gistmeust|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> Pia alisisitiza umuhimu wa umahiri wa lugha, hasa Kiingereza, katika kuinua ubora wa elimu ya juu, akiwahimiza wanafunzi kutumia kamusi kama nyenzo muhimu ya kujifunzia.<ref name="Lecture" /> Kazi za kinadharia za Opara zinajikita katika kuendeleza mifumo ya kifeministi inayozingatia mazingira ya Afrika, hasa katika uchambuzi wa fasihi. Anaangazia uzoefu wa mwanamke wa Kiafrika katika muktadha wa [[ukoloni mamboleo]], utandawazi, tofauti za kiuchumi na tamaduni za Kiafrika. Nadharia zake ni sehemu ya mkondo wa ufeministi wa Afrika ulioibuka kama jibu kwa mapungufu ya ufeministi wa kizungu na ufeministi wa watu weusi kushindwa kuwakilisha kikamilifu uzoefu wa wanawake wa Afrika.<ref name="Nkealah" /> Opara alianzisha nadharia ya ''femalism'', ambayo inaangazia mwili wa mwanamke kama kitovu cha uchambuzi wa kijamii na kitamaduni. Anaeleza kuwa mwili wa mwanamke barani Afrika umekuwa mahali pa ukandamizaji wa mfumo dume, ukoloni na unyonyaji wa kihistoria.<ref name="OparaBook">{{Cite book|title=Her Mother's Daughter: The African Writer as Woman|last=Opara|first=Chioma Carol|publisher=University of Port Harcourt Press|year=2004|isbn=978-978-2321-29-9}}</ref> Kupitia nadharia hii, anahusisha ukombozi wa mwanamke wa Kiafrika na ukombozi wa bara la Afrika kwa ujumla. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] ciin0sjsd7ok71kyaagl3rz24q6ncr0 0 228974 1580446 1575253 2026-07-18T17:25:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chinwe Okoli''' ni Mtaalamu na Mchambuzi wa Sera za Umma wa [[Nigeria]]. Yeye ni Mshauri Maalum wa Gavana wa [[Jimbo la Anambra]], Profesa [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo|Charles Soludo]] kuhusu Ubunifu na Ufugaji wa Biashara. Aliteuliwa kwa mara ya pili chini ya muhula wa pili wa Gavana Charles Soludo kama Mshauri Maalum, Ubunifu na Ufugaji wa Biashara na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji, Wilaya ya Ubunifu wa Suluhisho mnamo Machi, 2026. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Obianeri|first=Ikenna|date=2026-03-23|title=Soludo appoints key officials, special advisers|url=https://punchng.com/soludo-appoints-key-officials-special-advisers/|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Premium Times|url=https://premiumtimesng.com/|accessdate=2026-04-01|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Okere|first=Alexander|date=2026-03-23|title=Gov Soludo Appoints HoS, Attorney-General, Others|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/03/23/gov-soludo-appoints-hos-attorney-general-others/|accessdate=2026-04-01|publisher=Channels Television|language=en}}</ref> Uteuzi mpya ulithibitishwa na kusainiwa na Katibu Mkuu wa Habari wa Serikali ya Jimbo la Anambra, Christian Aburime, mnamo Machi 23, 2026, baada ya taarifa rasmi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2026-03-23|title=Anambra Governor Soludo reappoints Aburime as CPS, Nwankwo Chief of Staff|url=https://apexnewsexclusive.com/anambra-governor-soludo-reappoints-aburime-as-cps-nwankwo-chief-of-staff/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=Apex News Exclusive|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Chinwe alisoma Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka na ana Shahada ya Kwanza katika [[Somo la Uchumi|Uchumi]] . Alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Sera na Usimamizi wa Umma kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] . Pia ana Stashahada katika Usimamizi wa Taasisi za Elimu ya Juu kutoka Taasisi ya Usimamizi wa Kimataifa ya [[Galilaya|Galilee]] (GIMI), Israeli. <ref name="auto1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-07-12|title=H. E. Chinwe Okoli from Anambra State Government will be at the National Convention.|url=https://nacos.substack.com/p/h-e-chinwe-okoli-from-anambra-state|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=NACOS National}}</ref> Bi Okoli alikuwa Meneja wa kitovu cha kwanza cha uvumbuzi kilichoanzishwa na chuo kikuu nchini [[Nigeria]] ambacho kiko katika Chuo Kikuu cha Nigeria, Nsukka. Alipokuwa huko, alishiriki katika muundo wa biashara, mtaala, pamoja na mpango kamili wa uanzishaji wa biashara kwa vijana. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-11-08|title=Soludo appoints Chinwe Okoli SA on innovation, business incubation|url=https://thesun.ng/soludo-appoints-chinwe-okoli-sa-on-innovation-business-incubation/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=The Sun Nigeria}}</ref> Ikumbukwe kwamba chini ya utumishi wa umma, Chinwe Okoli aliteuliwa kwa mara ya kwanza kama Mshauri Maalum wa Gavana kuhusu Ubunifu na Ufugaji wa Biashara mnamo 2023. Barua yake ya uteuzi ilisainiwa na Kamishna wa Habari wa Jimbo la Anambra wakati huo, Bw. [[Paul Nwosu]] . <ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Aimuengheuwa|first=Joan|date=2022-11-08|title=SOLUDO Appoints Chinwe Okoli as SA on Innovation and Business Incubation|url=https://techeconomy.ng/soludo-appoints-chinwe-okoli-as-sa-on-innovation-and-business-incubation/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kulingana na Jarida la Qualitative, "Uteuzi wa Chinwe Okoli kuhusu Ubunifu na Ufugaji wa Biashara pamoja na jukumu lake kama [[Mkurugenzi|afisa mkuu mtendaji]] wa Wilaya ya Ubunifu wa Suluhisho unaashiria mbinu ya kufikiria mbele katika utawala - ambayo inatambua jukumu muhimu la uvumbuzi, teknolojia na biashara inayoendeshwa na vijana katika kuunda mustakabali." <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian|first=Agbo|date=2026-03-24|title=Soludo’s Second Term Sparks Hope—But Calls Grow for Stronger Disability Inclusion in Anambra Governance|url=https://qualitativemagazine.com/soludos-second-term-sparks-hope-but-calls-grow-for-stronger-disability-inclusion-in-anambra-governance/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=QUALITATIVE MAGAZINE|language=en-US}}</ref> Chinwe alishiriki na kuzungumza katika Majukwaa ya Mawaziri ya OACPS, Mkutano wa Biashara wa OACPS, Jukwaa la Uwekezaji wa Malaika wa Biashara Duniani (WBAF), Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa Chama cha Hifadhi za Sayansi (IASP) [[Ulaya|barani Ulaya]] na Mashariki ya Kati na pia katika Mkutano wa Biashara wa Karibea na Pasifiki ya Afrika (ACP). Alihudhuria Mkutano wa Biashara wa Startup kupitia [[Facebook]] ; F8 2019 katika Bonde la Silicon, Marekani. Alihudumu kama mzungumzaji kuhusu uvumbuzi na ujasiriamali nchini Nigeria, [[Ufaransa]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Senegal]] na [[Kenya]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chinwe Okoli|url=https://www.wbaf2020.istanbul/Speaker/Detail/Chinwe-Okoli/152|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=WBAF2020|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Aimuengheuwa|first=Joan|date=2022-11-08|title=SOLUDO Appoints Chinwe Okoli as SA on Innovation and Business Incubation|url=https://techeconomy.ng/soludo-appoints-chinwe-okoli-as-sa-on-innovation-and-business-incubation/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ameiwakilisha Nigeria katika mabaraza ya kimataifa nchini [[Marekani]], Uingereza, [[Uswidi|Sweden]] na Ufaransa. Chinwe alikuwa mzungumzaji mkuu na katika Majadiliano ya Jopo, kuhusu Cheti cha Kitaifa, Fursa za Mitandao, na mafunzo ya vitendo katika Mkutano wa Chama cha Wanafunzi wa Kompyuta wa Nigeria (NACOS NATIONAL)! Mkutano huo ulifanyika kuanzia Julai 23 hadi 25, 2024. <ref name="auto12">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-07-12|title=H. E. Chinwe Okoli from Anambra State Government will be at the National Convention.|url=https://nacos.substack.com/p/h-e-chinwe-okoli-from-anambra-state|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=NACOS National}}</ref> == Tuzo == Chinwe alipewa tuzo kama Mshindi wa Tuzo la Mwanamke Anambra State. Tuzo hiyo ilitolewa na Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari Wanawake cha Nigeria (NAWOJ), Tawi la Jimbo la Anambra mnamo Julai 30, 2026. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Onwuka|first=Okechukwu|title=NAWOJ HONOURS CHINWE OKOLI AS UPCOMING FEMALE ACHIEVER|work=Solution Government|url=https://solutiongovernment.ng/2025/07/nawoj-honours-chinwe-okoli-as-upcoming-female-achiever/|accessdate=2026-03-31|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Nigeria]] jpbny53wrdmtor6nkvv3dvf621webr0 0 228979 1580469 1575396 2026-07-18T20:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daisy Ehanire Danjuma''' (alizaliwa [[6 Agosti|Agosti 6]], [[1952]]) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Nigeria]] ambaye alikuwa seneta anayewakilisha Wilaya ya Seneti ya Edo Kusini ya [[Jimbo la Edo]] katika Seneti ya Nigeria kuanzia 2003 hadi 2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=admin|date=2023-08-06|title=Senator Daisy Danjuma serenades at 71/www.sbenews.com.ng|url=https://sbenews.com.ng/2023/08/06/senator-daisy-danjuma-serenades-at-71-www-sbenews-com-ng/|accessdate=2026-03-11|work=SB E-News|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia aligombea tena wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu wa Nigeria mnamo 2011 lakini hakufanikiwa. <ref name="source">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.thesourceng.com/acchallengeapril23.htm|title=Senate:The AC Challenge|date=23 April 2007|work=The Source|accessdate=2009-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106055811/http://www.thesourceng.com/acchallengeapril23.htm|archivedate=2009-01-06}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Daisy Ehanire Danjuma alizaliwa tarehe 6 Agosti 1952 katika [[Mji wa Benin|Jiji la Benin]], Jimbo la Edo, Nigeria. Alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya wanane katika familia yake. Alilelewa na shangazi yake ambaye aliolewa na afisa wa polisi katika Jiji la Benin. <ref name="nation2">''Jibueze, Joseph (24 October 2023).''</ref> Danjuma alihudhuria shule ya upili ya serikali katika jiji la Benin, jimbo la Edo, kabla ya kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ahmadu Bello, [[Zaria]], ambapo alihitimu na Shahada ya Kwanza katika Sheria mnamo 1976. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-01-10|title=Daisy Danjuma: Redefining Power, Influence, And Purpose - African Leadership Magazine|url=https://www.africanleadershipmagazine.co.uk/daisy-danjuma-redefining-power-influence-and-purpose/|accessdate=2026-03-11|language=en}}</ref> Danjuma alianza huduma yake ya kitaifa katika [[Jeshi la Vijana la Taifa|NYSC]] kama Wakili wa Serikali katika Wizara ya Sheria ya [[Jimbo la Lagos]], na alikuwa mshauri wa kisheria katika Baraza la Msaada wa Kisheria la Nigeria. Alifanya kazi kama Msaidizi Mtendaji katika Nigerian Acceptances Limited (NAL), katika Benki ya Wafanyabiashara, kuanzia 1977 hadi 1978. Alikuwa Katibu wa Kampuni/Mshauri wa Kisheria wa [[Shirika la Nigeria ya Mamlaka ya Televisheni|Mamlaka ya Televisheni ya Nigeria]] (NTA) kuanzia 1982 hadi 1992. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-05-06|title=Adesuwa Inspirational Woman: Daisy Ehanire Danjuma — A Legacy of Poise, Power, and Philanthropy - NigeriaMag|url=https://nigeriamag.com/adesuwa-inspirational-woman-daisy-ehanire-danjuma-a-legacy-of-poise-power-and-philanthropy/|accessdate=2026-03-11|work=Nigeria Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Danjuma ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Kimataifa cha Wanasheria, Chama cha Wanasheria cha Nigeria, na Shirikisho la Kimataifa la Wanasheria Wanawake. Ametunukiwa shahada za udaktari wa heshima kutoka vyuo vikuu kadhaa vya Nigeria, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]], [[Chuo Kikuu cha Benin]] na Chuo Kikuu cha Redeemer. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-08-08|title=Danjuma family donates two female hostels to UNIBEN|url=https://www.thexpressng.com/danjuma-family-donates-two-female-hostels-to-uniben/|accessdate=2026-03-11|work=The Nigerian Xpress|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/punch-sunday/20251102/281934549195544|accessdate=2026-03-11|work=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> Kazi ya kisiasa ya Danjuma ilianza wakati mumewe alipohamishiwa Port Harcourt na kuwa waziri wa Abuja. Baada ya kukutana na jirani yao, Chifu [[Bola Ige]], aliamua kuiwakilisha Edo South katika Seneti. <ref name="nation22">''Jibueze, Joseph (24 October 2023).''</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Danjuma ameolewa na jenerali wa zamani wa jeshi la Nigeria na waziri wa ulinzi wa Nigeria, Theophilus Danjuma, mwanzilishi wa South Atlantic Petroleum. Wana mtoto mmoja. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Nigeria]] 1n2xom93gzrg290ccicji2duqs88zx7 0 229779 1580450 1508270 2026-07-18T17:49:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Christina Hammer |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 16 Agosti 1990 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Novodolinsky]], Kazakhstan |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = Lady Hammer |anafahamika kwa = Ubingwa wa dunia asiyepingika katika uzani wa kati. |kazi_yake = Bondia, Mwanamitindo |nchi = [[Ujerumani]] |tovuti = }} '''Christina Hammer''' (alizaliwa 16 Agosti 1990) ni mwanamichezo na bondia wa kulipwa kutoka nchini [[Ujerumani]] mwenye asili ya [[Kazakhstan]]. Hammer anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa mabondia bora zaidi wa kike katika historia ya mchezo huo, akiwa ameshikilia ubingwa wa dunia asiyepingika katika uzani wa kati kwa muda mrefu. Anafahamika ulingoni kwa jina la "Lady Hammer," na ameweka rekodi ya kipekee kwa kutawala madaraja ya uzani wa kati na uzani wa juu ya kati, huku akisifiwa kwa ufundi wake mkubwa, kasi, na uwezo wa kudhibiti mapambano kuanzia mwanzo hadi mwisho.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxrec.com |title=Rekodi ya Christina Hammer |publisher=BoxRec |access-date=21 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Christina alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Novodolinsky]] nchini Kazakhstan na kuhamia nchini Ujerumani pamoja na familia yake akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu pekee. Alianza kujihusisha na mchezo wa ndondi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13 baada ya kuvutiwa na ndugu zake waliokuwa wakifanya mazoezi ya ngumi. Licha ya changamoto za kijinsia zilizokuwepo katika mchezo huo wakati akianza, Hammer alionyesha bidii ya hali ya juu na nidhamu ya kipekee. Alifanikiwa kuhitimu masomo yake ya juu katika fani ya usimamizi wa michezo, jambo ambalo lilimsaidia kuelewa vyema upande wa biashara na uongozi katika tasnia ya ndondi za kulipwa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dw.com |title=Christina Hammer: Lady ndani na nje ya ulingo |work=Deutsche Welle |date=20 Desemba 2017 |access-date=21 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Kazi ya ndondi na mafanikio == Hammer alianza safari yake ya ndondi za kulipwa mnamo mwaka 2009 na mwaka mmoja baadaye, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20 pekee, alishinda taji la dunia la WBO na kuwa bingwa mdogo zaidi wa shirika hilo nchini Ujerumani. Alitawala daraja la uzani wa kati kwa takriban muongo mmoja bila kushindwa, akishikilia mataji ya mashirikisho ya WBO, WBC, na IBF kwa pamoja. Moja ya mapambano yake makubwa na ya kihistoria lilikuwa dhidi ya [[Claressa Shields]] mwaka 2019 nchini Marekani katika pambano la kutafuta bingwa asiyepingika. Licha ya kupata changamoto katika pambano hilo, Hammer amebaki kuwa kioo cha ubora katika ndondi za kike duniani, akijivunia rekodi ya ushindi katika mapambano yake mengi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://espn.com |title=Shields amshinda Hammer na kuwa bingwa asiyepingika |work=ESPN |date=14 Aprili 2019 |access-date=21 Aprili 2026}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi na harakati == Nje ya ulingo wa ndondi, Christina Hammer ni mwanamitindo mashuhuri na amekuwa akishirikiana na chapa mbalimbali za kimataifa, ikiwemo kampuni ya vifaa vya michezo ya [[Adidas]]. Anatumia ushawishi wake kama mwanamichezo na mrembo kupinga dhana potofu kuwa wanawake wanaoshiriki michezo ya nguvu hawawezi kuwa na mvuto wa kike. Hammer pia ni balozi wa michezo anayehimiza wasichana wadogo kujiamini na kufuata ndoto zao bila uoga. Amekuwa akijitolea kutoa mafunzo na kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu umuhimu wa mazoezi na maisha ya afya, akisisitiza kuwa ndondi ni mchezo unaojenga nidhamu na uthabiti wa akili.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://christinahammer.de/ |title=Wasifu wa Lady Hammer |publisher=Tovuti Rasmi ya Christina Hammer |access-date=21 Aprili 2026 |archive-date=2026-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510083443/https://christinahammer.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{BD|1990}} [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Kazakhstan]] [[Jamii:WikiGap JWK 2026]] j4ps3s9pej77ue94s1niq44vg4u0tnh 0 230825 1580509 1570791 2026-07-19T06:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harouna Coulibaly''' ([[1962]] - [[2025]]) alikuwa mwandishi na mkurugenzi wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]]. == Maisha na Kazi == Alizaliwa Magaria mnamo mwezi Agosti,[[1962]], Coulibaly alisoma katika taasisi ya École nationale d'administration huko Niamey. Kati ya mwaka ya 1986 na 1995, alichapisha mashairi na insha nyingi na alishikilia nafasi za uongozi katika shirika la vijana la Organization des jeunesses panafricaines du Niger.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Coulibaly Harouna|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=34381|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-04-28|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Pia aliandika michezo ya kigiza ya kejeli kuhusu ufisadi na ukwepaji kodi nchini Niger, akivutiwa na kazi za Boubou Hama na André Salifou. Katikati ya miaka ya 1990, alianza utengenezaji wa filamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Le Sahel - Nigerdiaspora|url=https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/17354696/le-sahel-nigerdiaspora|work=yumpu.com|accessdate=2026-04-28|language=fr|author=Yumpu.com}}</ref> Filamu yake ya kwanza, ''Wadjibi'', ilitolewa mwaka [[1996]] na ilikuwa marekebisho ya moja ya michezo yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=‘’Le droit chemin’’ : Le cinéaste Harouna Coulibaly s’insurge contre l’incivisme fiscal des africains|url=http://news.aniamey.com/h/5477.html|work=aNiamey.com|accessdate=2026-04-28|archive-date=2026-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430061515/http://news.aniamey.com/h/5477.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filamu yake ya mwaka [[2013]]'', Le droit chemin'', ilimshirikisha Yazi Dogo kama mwigizaji mkuu.<ref name=":0" /> Harouna Coulibaly alifariki mwezi Desemba, [[2025]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 63.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tribune : Hommage à Harouna Coulibaly , quand un homme devient une école de valeurs|url=https://www.lesahel.org/tribune-hommage-a-harouna-coulibaly-quand-un-homme-devient-une-ecole-de-valeurs/|work=Le Sahel|date=2025-12-16|accessdate=2026-04-28|language=fr-FR|author=ONEP}}</ref> == Filamu == * Filamu ya ''Wadjibi'' ya mwaka 1996. * Filamu ya ''Les Architectes du verbe'' ya mwaka 2002. * Filamu ya ''L'Île de Gorée'' ya mwaka 2002. * Filamu ya ''Un rendez-vous humanitaire'' ya mwaka 2007. * Filamu ya ''Ziga'' ya mwaka 2007. * Filamu ya ''Awa, la consécration'' ya mwaka 2012.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AWA, le prix d’une erreur {{!}} Cinémathèque Africaine de Ouagadougou (CAO)|url=https://cinemathequeafricaine.org/awa-le-prix-dune-erreur/|accessdate=2026-04-28|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Filamu ya ''L'Étoile filante du cinéma nigérien'' ya mwaka 2012. * Filamu ya ''Le Droit chemin'' ya mwaka 2013. == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:wakurugenzi filamu wa Nigeria]] 1oi0te5u100lchaaxlkwe8j3phuwoed 0 236181 1580495 1546046 2026-07-19T03:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geneviève Pastre''' (20 Novemba 1924 – 17 Februari 2012) alikuwa mshairi, mwanataaluma, na mwanaharakati wa wasagaji (lesbian activist) kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="gianoulis">{{cite web |last1=Gianoulis |first1=Tina |title=Pastre, Geneviève (aliyezaliwa 1924) |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/literature/pastre_g_lit_L.pdf |website=glbtq project |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref><ref name="bnf">{{cite web |title=Geneviève Pastre (1924-2012) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11918748/genevieve_pastre/ |website=data.bnf.fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="hommage">{{cite web |title=Utoaji wa Heshima kwa Geneviève Pastre - Shirikisho la LGBTI+ |url=https://federation-lgbt.org/hommage-a-genevieve-pastre |website=federation-lgbt.org |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |date=18 Februari 2012 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215947/https://federation-lgbt.org/hommage-a-genevieve-pastre |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="delon">{{cite news |last1=Delon |first1=Stéphanie |title=Picha ya Maisha: Geneviève Pastre, Mwanaharakati Mwenye Shauku |url=https://www.jeanne-magazine.com/le-magazine/2020/10/03/portrait-genevieve-pastre-militante-enthousiaste_20109/ |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |work=Jeanne Magazine |date=3 Oktoba 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=bad>{{cite web |title=Wanawake Waasi: Geneviève Pastre |url=https://badreputation.org.uk/2011/09/21/revolting-women-genevieve-pastre/ |website=Bad Reputation |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |language=en |date=21 Septemba 2011}}</ref><ref name="hexagone">{{cite web |title=Geneviève Pastre |url=http://www.hexagonegay.com/Genevieve_Pastre.html |website=www.hexagonegay.com |publisher=Hexagone Gay |access-date=2 Juni 2021 |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005034243/http://www.hexagonegay.com/Genevieve_Pastre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="poezibao">{{cite news |title=Geneviève Pastre |url=https://poezibao.typepad.com/poezibao/2005/11/genevive_pastre.html |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |work={{ill|Poezibao|fr}} |date=2 Novemba 2005}}</ref> Ameelezewa kama mtu "aliyechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuanzishwa kwa Harakati za Ukombozi wa Mashoga nchini Ufaransa", ingawa yeye mwenyewe alisema: "''Je ne suis pas une activiste. Je suis poéte et danseuse''" (Mimi si mwanaharakati. Mimi ni mshairi na mnenguaji).<ref name=bad /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2012|Pastre, Genevieve}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] nfqhd9244y8qdb7gx96u18kj1mf69av 0 236376 1580388 1545706 2026-07-18T12:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580388 wikitext text/x-wiki Bachir Youcef Sehairi (amezaliwa 21 Juni 1985) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Katibu wa Nchi anayehusika na Sekta ya Filamu kuanzia 2 Januari 2020 hadi 21 Februari 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Youcef Bachir Sehairi|url=https://web-veo.com/youcef-sehairi/|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=WebLight|archive-date=2026-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315133640/https://web-veo.com/youcef-sehairi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] 9dr7l6te309bdfr6cokwhthpvcy3za8 0 238526 1580432 1577383 2026-07-18T14:54:27Z Amanich7 44301 1580432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vitaly Nikitich Ignatenko''' (alizaliwa 19 Aprili 1941) ni mwandishi wa habari na mwanasiasa wa [[Urusi]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa shirika la habari la [[ITAR-TASS]] kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 2012. Pia alihudumu kama Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Urusi katika baraza la kwanza la mawaziri la Waziri Mkuu wa Urusi|Waziri Mkuu [[Viktor Chernomyrdin]] kuanzia mwaka 1995 hadi 1997.{{fact}} Amekuwa mwanachama wa mashirika na taasisi mbalimbali za uandishi wa habari zinazohamasisha matumizi ya [[Lugha ya Kirusi]] na vyombo vya habari vinavyotumia lugha hiyo. == Wasifu == Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Serikali cha Moscow]] akiwa na shahada ya uandishi wa habari, alifanya kazi katika magazeti ya ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' na ''[[Novoye Vremya (gazeti)|Novoye Vremya]]'' mnamo miaka ya 1980.<ref>[https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/board-of-trustees/Ignatenko-Vitalij-Nikitich.php Vitaly Ignatenko] {{Wayback|url=https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/board-of-trustees/Ignatenko-Vitalij-Nikitich.php |date=20260527034859 }}. Russian World Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2018</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 1990 hadi 1991, alihudumu kama katibu wa vyombo vya habari wa Rais wa Umoja wa Kisovieti, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref>[[#Palazchenko2010|Palazchenko (2010)]], p. 377</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] i2jqgfmcgu4oi24eax99w2ff8ya58et 0 238715 1580466 1550413 2026-07-18T19:37:13Z Amanich7 44301 /* Marejeo */ 1580466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov''' ([[Kirusi]]: Ви́ктор Алексе́евич Зубко́в; alizaliwa 15 Septemba 1941) ni mtumishi wa umma, mwanasiasa na mfanyabiashara wa [[Urusi]] aliyepata kuhudumu kama Orodha ya Wakuu wa Serikali ya Urusi na Waziri Mkuu wa 36 wa Urusi kuanzia Septemba 2007 hadi Mei 2008. Alikuwa Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Kwanza wa [[Vladimir Putin]] wakati wa muhula wa urais wa [[Dmitry Medvedev]]. Akiwa Mtumishi wa umma aliyeishika nyadhifa mbalimbali katika Mkoa wa Leningrad chini ya utawala wa Kisovieti, baadaye alihudumu kama mshauri wa Mawaziri wa Baraza la Mawaziri. Zubkov alikuwa mpelelezi wa Uhalifu wa kifedha hadi alipoteuliwa mnamo 12 Septemba 2007 na Rais [[Vladimir Putin]] kuchukua nafasi ya Waziri Mkuu [[Mikhail Fradkov]], ambaye alikuwa amejiuzulu mapema siku hiyo.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6991053.stm "Putin names next prime minister"], BBC News, 12 September 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/putin-dissolves-government-nominates-viktor-zubkov-as-new-prime-minister "Putin Dissolves Government, Nominates Viktor Zubkov as New Prime Minister"], FOX News, 12 September 2007.</ref> Uteuzi huo uliidhinishwa na bunge la [[State Duma|Duma]] mnamo 14 Septemba 2007.<ref>[http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=11871756&PageNum=0 Duma approves Zubkov for prime minister’s post, ITAR-TASS.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230625/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=11871756&PageNum=0 |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> Mnamo 7 Mei 2008, baraza la mawaziri la Zubkov lilivunjwa rasmi kiotomatiki. Utaratibu huu, unaofuata baada ya kuapishwa kwa Rais wa Urusi, unahitajika kwa mujibu wa Katiba ya Urusi. Baada ya Putin kuwa waziri mkuu, Zubkov aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri Mkuu wa Kwanza wa Urusi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941|}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] 22cec6v1lticww5z1j0v9t2bd6wb3p4 0 242128 1580476 1579572 2026-07-18T23:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emani Johnson''' (alifahamika zaidi kwa jina la kisanii Emani 22; [[27 Desemba]] [[1998]] – [[11 Oktoba]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa R&B kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alitokea Lancaster, California. Emani alishirikiana na msanii Trippie Redd katika nyimbo "Emani's Interlude" na "Fire Starter", zilizopatikana kwenye mixtape yake ya mwaka 2018 iitwayo A Love Letter to You 3.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thefocus.news/music/emani-22-death/?amp|title=Who was Emani 22 as R&B singer's death rocks fans?|website=thefocus.news|date=12 October 2021|accessdate=2026-07-14|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107103418/https://www.thefocus.news/music/emani-22-death/?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://news.yahoo.com/r-b-singer-emani-22-223427989.html|title=R&B singer Emani 22 dead at 22, producer confirms|website=News.yahoo.com|date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/9645324/emani-22-dead|title=Rising R&B Singer Emani 22 Dies at 22|website=Billboard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.papermag.com/emani-22-dead-2655300206.html|title=R&B Singer Emani 22 Has Died|date=14 October 2021|website=Papermag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://people.com/music/rb-singer-emani-22-dead-at-22/|title=R&B Singer Emani 22 Dead at 22: She 'Brightened up Any Room She Was in,' Producer J Maine Says|author=Nicholas Rice|website=PEOPLE.com}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-10-16|title=R&B Singer Emani 22 Dead at 22: Cause of Death Revealed|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1305956/r-b-singer-emani-22-dead-at-22|access-date=2021-10-16|website=E! Online}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 7sk40hdk1d2t0fok8e1dekkjizxcjm3 2 242220 1580436 1580377 2026-07-18T15:07:35Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580436 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (amezaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika Lamu ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". fgalxzpxi5sm5k7mt35d8qw5o2rx6vg 1580437 1580436 2026-07-18T15:11:40Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580437 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (amezaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". lvaftzxes91wbt3icfilcvushofx3u6 1580457 1580437 2026-07-18T19:06:50Z Amanich7 44301 1580457 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". o88q4lvft5vixsic9kje7k3ragr2zpm 1580460 1580457 2026-07-18T19:09:03Z Amanich7 44301 1580460 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". i6cm7h27pyrlhdobhc9b46ottdtsc6h 1580501 1580460 2026-07-19T04:50:20Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580501 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". 2ranj3n5jo3f72c6xhywughg78rozlx 1580502 1580501 2026-07-19T04:51:46Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580502 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya. * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". 5kz9yu3qdyx26jq42lbet0tl1u1dzzb 1580503 1580502 2026-07-19T04:53:12Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580503 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa. * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by Andrei Gusev, 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Review of ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". 3bwk2vq9q2p5jgobf2abz3e4ldsyiop 1580504 1580503 2026-07-19T04:54:07Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni maarufu */ 1580504 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html The impossible love in the italian Malindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — about Sara Cardelli’ novel, 2017.</ref> * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by Andrei Gusev, 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Review of ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". gpu29892mm0vgksbiwf6uj23u0w7k3z 1580506 1580504 2026-07-19T05:06:24Z Amanich7 44301 1580506 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Ninapenda fasihi!'' <P><br> *** <br> {{Infobox Person | jina = Andrei Evgenievich Gusev | picha = Andrei Gusev.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 27 October 1952 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Moscow, Soviet Union | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | majina_mengine = Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев (Kirusi) | anafahamika kwa = | kazi_yake = mwandishi | nchi = Urusi }} <br>'''Andrei Evgenievich Gusev''' (kwa Kirusi Андрей Евгеньевич Гусев; alizaliwa 27 Oktoba 1952) ni mwandishi wa urusi na mwandishi wa habari. Tangu 1993 Andrei Gusev amekuwa mhariri mkuu wa "[[:en:New Medical Gazette|New Medical Gazette]]" (iliyochapishwa kwa kirusi). Kama mwandishi wa habari, alifanya Kazi kwa Gazeti La Moskovsky Komsomolets, kisha alikuwa mwandishi maalum Wa Rossiyskaya Gazeta, mhariri na mtangazaji wa programu katika kampuni ya televisheni Na redio Ya Resonance (Ostankino) na mhariri katika Shirika la Habari La Interfax. Andrei Gusev ndiye mwandishi wa vitabu nane vya nathari. Riwaya zake maarufu ni ''Consummation in Mombasa (2017),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm |date=5 November 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''“Consummation in Mombasa”''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady’s Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 «Консуммация в Момбасе»] by Andrei Gusev, 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> Once in Malindi (2021),<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''“Once in Malindi”''] on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Non-Returnee (2022)''<ref>[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm Review of ''“Невозвращенец”'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2023</ref><ref> [https://proza.ru/2022/07/19/1220 ''«Невозвращенец»'' (“The Non-Returnee”)] by Andrei Gusev, 2022</ref> na ''[[:en:The World According to Novikoff|The World According to Novikoff]].'' == Marejeo == <references /> == Katika utamaduni maarufu == * Katika "MALI D'AFRICA" na mwandishi wa italia Sara Cardelli, upendo wa kugusa wa wahusika wakuu wa riwaya yake Huko Malindi umeelezewa.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html The impossible love in the italian Malindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — about Sara Cardelli’ novel, 2017.</ref> * Matukio mengi katika riwaya "Once in Malindi" (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> na "Our Wild Sex in Malindi" (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] by Andrei Gusev, 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> na mwandishi Wa Moscow Andrei Gusev hufanyika Malindi na Katika [[Lamu]] ya zamani ya karibu. Riwaya hizo zinaelezea miaka kadhaa ya maisha katika kitongoji Cha Malindi na mwandishi wa urusi Andy Na mkewe Jennifer, ambaye alizaliwa Nchini Kenya.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Review of ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Review of ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * Wimbo "Yasoi Malindi" ulirekodiwa na mwimbaji Na mwanamuziki Yasoy Kala Kana katika albamu"Ndukanoe". a4f0n71gk4vr612uoc6jk37q1agt810 0 242298 1580500 1580328 2026-07-19T04:24:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gladys Anne Moore Perdue''' (1898–1998) alikuwa mpiga kinanda cha kanisani na mwalimu wa [[muziki]] ambaye alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Afrika kuhitimu kutoka New England Conservatory of Music mwaka 1924.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home of Gladys A. Moore Perdue|url=https://www.bwht.org/explore/home-of-gladys-a-moore-perdue/|work=Boston Women's Heritage Trail|accessdate=2026-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref> == Elimu == Perdue alipata stashahada ya upigaji [[kinanda]] (''pianoforte'') kutoka New England Conservatory of Music mwaka 1924. Kuanzia mwaka 1925 hadi 1931, alifundisha muziki katika Taasisi ya Tuskegee. == Kazi == Mwaka 1939, Perdue alikuwa mpiga kinanda wa kuandamana na waimbaji katika mkutano wa kumbukumbu wa mkutano mkuu wa 21 wa Chama Cha Kitaifa cha Wanawake Wenye Rangi (National Association of Colored Women). Pia alikuwa mpiga kinanda wa kuandamana na kikundi cha maonesho kilichoitwa 464 Follies, ambacho kilikusanya [[fedha]] kwa ajili ya programu za ustawi zilizoendeshwa na Women's Service Club. Aidha, Perdue alikuwa miongoni mwa wadhamini wa Nyumba ya Kumbukumbu ya Frederick Douglass iliyoko Washington, D.C. == Urithi == Nyumba ya Perdue iliyoko eneo la South End mjini Boston ni sehemu ya Boston Women's Heritage Trail, njia ya kihistoria inayotambua mchango wa wanawake mashuhuri wa [[jiji]] hilo. Mwaka 2023, alitambuliwa na [[mradi]] wa Black Women Lead kama mmoja wa "wanawake Weusi viongozi wanaoheshimika, kupendwa na kufanikiwa zaidi mjini Boston."<ref>{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Black Women Lead - Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|url=http://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|work=Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-17|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204004128/http://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Marekani]] h9mf99e28itj8wl9zk3uoi798sjkjyw 0 242299 1580471 1580329 2026-07-18T23:00:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dkt. Edna C. Robinson Brown, DDS''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mwenye asili ya [[Afrika]] kufanya kazi ya udaktari wa meno katika [[mji]] wa Cambridge, Massachusetts. Alianzisha kliniki yake mwaka 1916 na wakati huo alikuwa mwanamke pekee mwenye asili ya Afrika aliyekuwa akifanya kazi hiyo katika eneo la New England. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Udaktari wa Meno cha Columbia. Pia alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa tawi la Psi Omega la chama cha Alpha Kappa Alpha. Tawi hilo lilianzishwa mwaka 1926 kwa ushirikiano na Dkt. Jessie G. Garnett, mwanamke wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Afrika kuhitimu kutoka Shule ya Udaktari wa [[Meno]] ya Chuo Kikuu cha Tufts, pamoja na wanawake wengine watano wenye asili ya Afrika waliokuwa wataalamu mashuhuri katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard. Akiwa mwanachama wa tawi la Psi Omega, Robinson Brown alidhamini programu za kila mwaka za kuwaongoza wanafunzi wa shule za sekondari kuhusu [[uchaguzi]] wa taaluma. Mwaka 2023, alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa wanawake viongozi wenye asili ya Afrika waliokuwa wakiheshimika, kupendwa na kufanikiwa zaidi mjini Boston.<ref>{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Black Women Lead - Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|url=https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|work=Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-17|archive-date=2025-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516191601/https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 19]] tqradyc8npri4r1zng60cdaapedqm4m 0 242321 1580451 1580362 2026-07-18T17:49:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Armstrong''' ni mhariri wa [[filamu]] wa [[Kanada]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kazi yake kwenye filamu ya ''Sugar Daddy'' ya mwaka 2020, ambapo alipokea uteuzi wa Tuzo ya Skrini ya Kanada (Canadian Screen Award) kwa Mhariri Bora wa Filamu katika Tuzo za 9 za Skrini za Kanada mnamo mwaka 2021.<ref>{{Citation|last=Furdyk|first=Brent|title=Canadian Screen Awards Announces 2021 Film Nominations|date=2021-03-30|url=https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/|work=ET Canada|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-18|archive-date=2021-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330161247/https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Kanada]] j0ujsg6r0128fstp7256qtwt1lrpc41 0 242322 1580514 1580363 2026-07-19T07:03:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vivian Flowers''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] wa [[Chama cha Democrat|Chama cha Kidemokrasia]] ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama Meya wa Pine Bluff, Arkansas.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Randy Torres|url=https://arkansashouse.kinsta.cloud/district/17/|work=Arkansas House of Representatives|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Vivian Flowers: 50 Years of Legislative Support|date=2019-11-09|url=https://www.acluarkansas.org/en/vivian-flowers-50-years-legislative-support|work=ACLU of Arkansas|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Marekani]] t3i0ey2d262avky4a4tzo9bksgigsm1 0 242323 1580454 1580364 2026-07-18T18:41:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ragen Hatcher''' (amezaliwa Julai 5, 1978) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka mji wa Gary, Indiana. Akiwa mwanachama wa [[Chama cha Democrat|Chama cha Kidemokrasia]] (Democratic Party), anahudumu katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Indiana (Indiana House of Representatives).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ragen Hatcher throws her hat in the race to represent Gary in the state Legislature. She joins Jessica Renslow as a candidate for the 3rd House seat|url=https://nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/lake-newsletter/lake-news/article_de6e8ebb-1bf7-58b0-a145-422b6750d423.html|work=nwitimes.com|date=2017-12-03|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Bill Dolan bill.dolan@nwi.com, 219-662-5328}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Marekani]] t4y2i9x3q1i2u3a9uic65znuoo7ctsa 0 242324 1580434 1580366 2026-07-18T15:03:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indhira Rosa Serrano Redondo''' (amezaliwa Januari 27, 1976) ni mwigizaji na [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Kolombia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gaceta, Dulce Paraíso: Indhira Serrano juega a ser buena y mala|url=http://gacetadulceparaiso.blogspot.com/2010/05/indhira-serrano-juega-ser-buena-y-mala.html|work=gacetadulceparaiso.blogspot.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Kolombia]] feojblv2e7cqxy753no5xxubcuj6k7v 1580524 1580434 2026-07-19T09:32:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indhira Rosa Serrano Redondo''' (amezaliwa Januari 27, 1976) ni mwigizaji na [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Kolombia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gaceta, Dulce Paraíso: Indhira Serrano juega a ser buena y mala|url=http://gacetadulceparaiso.blogspot.com/2010/05/indhira-serrano-juega-ser-buena-y-mala.html|work=gacetadulceparaiso.blogspot.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|archive-date=2010-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222111050/http://gacetadulceparaiso.blogspot.com/2010/05/indhira-serrano-juega-ser-buena-y-mala.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Kolombia]] j0zhd756jl3uhimnde7cl60owp33jly 0 242326 1580385 1580368 2026-07-18T12:13:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580385 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aerial LynnDonna Chavarin''' (amezaliwa Machi 18, 1998) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka Marekani ambaye anacheza katika klabu ya Cruz Azul kwenye ligi ya Liga MX Femenil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Washington Spirit vs. Chicago Red Stars|url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/game/washington-spirit-vs-chicago-red-stars-2020-09-12|work=www.nwslsoccer.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US|author=intive}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] mkrr4vlklk46kzxj31omp8t1ha1bq7u 0 242333 1580386 1580379 2026-07-18T12:14:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vida Spears''' (amezaliwa Aprili 8, 1956) ni mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waanzilishi (pamoja na Ralph Farquhar na Sara Finney-Johnson) wa [[tamthilia]] za ucheshi za chaneli ya UPN zilizojulikana kama ''Moesha'' (iliyochezwa na Brandy) na ''The Parkers'' (iliyochezwa na Countess Vaughn na Mo'Nique).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKoT6p_elBEC&dq=vida+spears&pg=PA36|title=African Americans in Television: Behind the Scenes|last=Adamo|first=Gregory|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-1039-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Co-Creator of TV Hit 'Moesha' Fired|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-02-fi-39659-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1999-12-02|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waandishi za Marekani]] cuh7lxje7cnohwzqlx5ckdem4yuifkm 1580513 1580386 2026-07-19T07:01:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1580513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vida Spears''' (amezaliwa Aprili 8, 1956) ni mtayarishaji na mwandishi wa vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa waanzilishi (pamoja na Ralph Farquhar na Sara Finney-Johnson) wa [[tamthilia]] za ucheshi za chaneli ya UPN zilizojulikana kama ''Moesha'' (iliyochezwa na Brandy) na ''The Parkers'' (iliyochezwa na Countess Vaughn na Mo'Nique).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKoT6p_elBEC&dq=vida+spears&pg=PA36|title=African Americans in Television: Behind the Scenes|last=Adamo|first=Gregory|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-1039-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Co-Creator of TV Hit 'Moesha' Fired|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-02-fi-39659-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1999-12-02|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waandishi za Marekani]] 40qug61tuouhklo3yxq2cl9dirnu44r 0 242334 1580380 2026-07-18T12:00:53Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicole Holness''' (amezaliwa Aprili 13, 1984) ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwimbaji wa R&B kutoka nchi ya Kanada. Kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2005, alikuwa mwanachama wa kikundi cha muziki cha wasichana cha X-Quisite akishirikiana na Melanie Fiona pamoja na Nirvana Savoury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking News - Headlines & Top Stories {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Toronto Star}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] 7a1x2xejpn5rzv8jq85za2eow24lmxr 1580387 1580380 2026-07-18T12:14:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicole Holness''' (amezaliwa Aprili 13, 1984) ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwimbaji wa R&B kutoka nchi ya Kanada. Kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2005, alikuwa mwanachama wa kikundi cha muziki cha wasichana cha X-Quisite akishirikiana na Melanie Fiona pamoja na Nirvana Savoury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking News - Headlines & Top Stories {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Toronto Star}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Kanada]] 1rshxu3hgav7cta182cviy6xu8nl7ow 1580452 1580387 2026-07-18T18:10:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicole Holness''' (amezaliwa Aprili 13, 1984) ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]] na mwimbaji wa R&B kutoka nchi ya Kanada. Kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2005, alikuwa mwanachama wa kikundi cha muziki cha wasichana cha X-Quisite akishirikiana na Melanie Fiona pamoja na Nirvana Savoury.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Breaking News - Headlines & Top Stories {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Toronto Star}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waimbaji wa Kanada]] rnlmc7x6r15n7jbwir2mgebtdh1p4zo 0 242335 1580381 2026-07-18T12:06:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Assisi]], [[1190]] hivi - Assisi, [[13 Novemba]] [[1270]]) alikuwa [[kaka]] wa [[Klara wa Asizi]] ([[baba]] zao walikuwa mamoja) na mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi muhimu zaidi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1210]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/99338</ref>. Alisifiwa kwa [[usafi wa moyo]], [[Sala ya kumiminiwa|sala hasa]] na [[unyenyekevu]] . Kutokana na uhusiano wake mkubwa na [[mwanzilishi]], alizikwa katika b...' 1580381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Assisi]], [[1190]] hivi - Assisi, [[13 Novemba]] [[1270]]) alikuwa [[kaka]] wa [[Klara wa Asizi]] ([[baba]] zao walikuwa mamoja) na mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi muhimu zaidi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1210]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/99338</ref>. Alisifiwa kwa [[usafi wa moyo]], [[Sala ya kumiminiwa|sala hasa]] na [[unyenyekevu]] . Kutokana na uhusiano wake mkubwa na [[mwanzilishi]], alizikwa katika [[basilika la Mt. Fransisko]], karibu na [[maiti]] yake <ref>https://www.diquipassofrancesco.it/CompagniDiFrancesco/EN/rufinoEN.html (inataja vyanzo vingi)</ref>. [[Kumbukumbu]] zake zilizoandikwa zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{BD|1190|1270}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] 2fqpp3bog7826binb6h1ojv8lfldpfw 1580382 1580381 2026-07-18T12:10:24Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tanbihi */ 1580382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Assisi]], [[1190]] hivi - Assisi, [[13 Novemba]] [[1270]]) alikuwa [[kaka]] wa [[Klara wa Asizi]] ([[baba]] zao walikuwa mamoja) na mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi muhimu zaidi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1210]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/99338</ref>. Alisifiwa kwa [[usafi wa moyo]], [[Sala ya kumiminiwa|sala hasa]] na [[unyenyekevu]] . Kutokana na uhusiano wake mkubwa na [[mwanzilishi]], alizikwa katika [[basilika la Mt. Fransisko]], karibu na [[maiti]] yake <ref>https://www.diquipassofrancesco.it/CompagniDiFrancesco/EN/rufinoEN.html (inataja vyanzo vingi)</ref>. [[Kumbukumbu]] zake zilizoandikwa zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== *{{fr}} Clément Schmitt, « Rufin d'Assise », dans collectif, Dictionnaire de spiritualité, vol. 13, Paris, Beauchesne, 1967, p. 1117-1118 *{{fr}} Luc de Wadding (trad. Silvestre Castet), Annales des Frères mineurs, Toulouse, G.-L. Colomiez et J. Posüel, 1683, p. 45 *{{en}} Jacques Le Goff, Saint Francis of Assisi, Psychology Press, 2004, 159 p. anonyme (trad. Alexandre Masseron), Les Fioretti de saint François d'Assise, Paris, Les éditions franciscaines, 1953, 385 p. *{{en}} Anne Macdonell, Sons of Francis, Londres, Dent, 1902, 436 p., p. 43-50 {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1190|1270}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] 8pow8e2av9pdqztbps8vygxirn2umtn 1580383 1580382 2026-07-18T12:12:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1580383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Assisi]], [[1190]] hivi - Assisi, [[13 Novemba]] [[1270]]) alikuwa [[kaka]] wa [[Klara wa Asizi]] ([[baba]] zao walikuwa mamoja) na mmojawapo kati ya wafuasi muhimu zaidi wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[1210]] <ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/99338</ref>. Alisifiwa kwa [[usafi wa moyo]], [[Sala ya kumiminiwa|sala hasa]] na [[unyenyekevu]] . Kutokana na uhusiano wake mkubwa na [[mwanzilishi]], alizikwa katika [[basilika la Mt. Fransisko]], karibu na [[maiti]] yake <ref>https://www.diquipassofrancesco.it/CompagniDiFrancesco/EN/rufinoEN.html (inataja vyanzo vingi)</ref>. [[Kumbukumbu]] zake zilizoandikwa zimechangia sana [[Kitabu|vitabu]] mbalimbali juu ya Fransisko kama vile [[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * [[Fioretti]] – Visimulizi Kuhusu Mtakatifu Fransisko wa Asizi – tafsiri ya Rikardo Maria, U.N.W.A. n.k. – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Ndanda 1996 – ISBN 9976-63-468-4 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *{{fr}} Clément Schmitt, « Rufin d'Assise », dans collectif, Dictionnaire de spiritualité, vol. 13, Paris, Beauchesne, 1967, p. 1117-1118 *{{fr}} Luc de Wadding (trad. Silvestre Castet), Annales des Frères mineurs, Toulouse, G.-L. Colomiez et J. Posüel, 1683, p. 45 *{{en}} Jacques Le Goff, Saint Francis of Assisi, Psychology Press, 2004, 159 p. *{{en}} Anne Macdonell, Sons of Francis, Londres, Dent, 1902, 436 p., p. 43-50 {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{BD|1190|1270}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] 6lpdvn2hbbbopnum4q7lqn0iiydqaq3 0 242336 1580384 2026-07-18T12:13:01Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Betty Tyson''' (née Dove) (Juni 29, 1948 – Agosti 17, 2023) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] mweusi anayejulikana kwa kuhukumiwa kimakosa kwa mauaji ya [[mfanyabiashara]] mwenye umri wa miaka 52, Timothy Haworth, mnamo mwaka 1973 huko Rochester, New York. Tyson, ambaye alikuwa na umri wa miaka 24 wakati wa kukamatwa kwake, alikaa miaka 25 gerezani, na kuwa mfungwa wa kike aliyetumikia kifungo kirefu zaidi katika Jimbo la New York hadi alipoachiliwa mnamo Mei 28, 1998. Kesi yake iliibua madai ya utovu wa nidhamu wa polisi, ushahidi wa kulazimishwa, na ufichuzi wa uundaji wa ushahidi wa uongo uliofanywa na mpelelezi, jambo lililopelekea kuondolewa kwa mashtaka dhidi yake hatimaye. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, Tyson alipambana kiuchumi lakini alijulikana kwa mabadiliko yake mazuri akiwa gerezani, ambako alipata wokovu, akatunukiwa diploma ya ulinganifu wa jumla (GED), na kujifunza stadi mbalimbali za ufundi. Anachukuliwa kuwa ishara ya uwezekano wa kutokea kwa upotoshaji wa haki ndani ya mfumo wa kisheria wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} National Registry of Exonerations|url=https://exonerationregistry.org/|work=exonerationregistry.org|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Sam|title=Betty Tyson, Who Was Wrongfully Imprisoned for Murder, Dies at 75|date=2023-08-22|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/22/nyregion/betty-tyson-dead.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 484x9o8am3bopbl66d07iqr2xb0suud 1580397 1580384 2026-07-18T13:03:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Betty Tyson''' (née '''Dove'''; Juni 29, 1948 – Agosti 17, 2023) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] [[Wamarekani weusi|mweusi]] anayejulikana kwa kuhukumiwa kimakosa kwa uuaji wa [[mfanyabiashara]] mwenye umri wa miaka 52, Timothy Haworth, mnamo mwaka 1973 huko [[Rochester, New York]]. Tyson, ambaye alikuwa na umri wa miaka 24 wakati wa kukamatwa kwake, alikaa miaka 25 gerezani, na kuwa mfungwa wa kike aliyetumikia kifungo kirefu zaidi katika Jimbo la New York hadi alipoachiliwa mnamo Mei 28, 1998. Kesi yake iliibua madai ya utovu wa nidhamu wa polisi, ushahidi wa kulazimishwa, na ufichuzi wa uundaji wa ushahidi wa uongo uliofanywa na mpelelezi, jambo lililopelekea kuondolewa kwa mashtaka dhidi yake hatimaye. Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, Tyson alipambana kiuchumi lakini alijulikana kwa mabadiliko yake mazuri akiwa gerezani, ambako alipata wokovu, akatunukiwa diploma ya ulinganifu wa jumla (GED), na kujifunza stadi mbalimbali za ufundi. Anachukuliwa kuwa ishara ya uwezekano wa kutokea kwa upotoshaji wa haki ndani ya mfumo wa kisheria wa [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} National Registry of Exonerations|url=https://exonerationregistry.org/|work=exonerationregistry.org|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Sam|title=Betty Tyson, Who Was Wrongfully Imprisoned for Murder, Dies at 75|date=2023-08-22|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/22/nyregion/betty-tyson-dead.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 3q02cpnjb567o9xcue320znnuy1d55f 0 242337 1580389 2026-07-18T12:33:09Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libby Taylor''' (Aprili 20, 1902 – Agosti 23, 1961) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa tabia (character actress) wa [[Kiamerika]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na [[filamu]], ambaye alikuwa akifanya kazi Hollywood kuanzia miaka ya 1930 hadi miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 3 - The Spokesman-Review at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/567565958/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 253 - Daily News at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/416451769/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] g9nekpvn8ezv93vetg77yq0tfowfww0 1580398 1580389 2026-07-18T13:04:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libby Taylor''' (Aprili 20, 1902 – Agosti 23, 1961) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa tabia (character actress) wa [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na [[filamu]], ambaye alikuwa akifanya kazi Hollywood kuanzia miaka ya 1930 hadi miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 3 - The Spokesman-Review at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/567565958/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 253 - Daily News at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/416451769/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] j5v7545mv6hkaxxs6diz6yjizk9ak8e 1580440 1580398 2026-07-18T16:23:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1580440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Libby Taylor''' (Aprili 20, 1902 – Agosti 23, 1961) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] wa tabia (character actress) wa [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na [[filamu]], ambaye alikuwa akifanya kazi Hollywood kuanzia miaka ya 1930 hadi miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 3 - The Spokesman-Review at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/567565958/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jul 28, 1933, page 253 - Daily News at Newspapers.com™|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/416451769/|work=Newspapers.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] r9s7aun4qm68axuetxrb4a1djee0t7o 0 242338 1580390 2026-07-18T12:34:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wenzi Watatu''' wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] ni [[ndugu]] [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] ambao, pamoja na [[Yohane wa Masifu]], walimuuguza mfululizo miaka yake ya mwisho wakawa hivyo [[Ushahidi|mashahidi]] wa pekee wa [[utakatifu]] wake. Baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Ingawa [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wa siku hizi hawakubali kwamba [[kitabu]] "[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]" ndicho [[tunda]...' 1580390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wenzi Watatu''' wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] ni [[ndugu]] [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] ambao, pamoja na [[Yohane wa Masifu]], walimuuguza mfululizo miaka yake ya mwisho wakawa hivyo [[Ushahidi|mashahidi]] wa pekee wa [[utakatifu]] wake. Baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Ingawa [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wa siku hizi hawakubali kwamba [[kitabu]] "[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]" ndicho [[tunda]] la kazi yao, hata hivyo kwa njia yake tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na [[maumivu]] ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya [[Jicho|macho]] kuwekwa juu ya [[mwiba|miiba]] na kutokwa [[machozi]]. Inawezekana zaidi [[maandishi]] yao yamekuwa msingi wa [[Mkusanyo wa Asizi]] maarufu pia kwa [[jina|majina]] ya [[Kilatini]] ''Legenda Perusina'' au ''Legenda Antiqua Sancti Francisci''. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 13]] 1w3bmvzve4fa0nhwqmz5wn4pqxjli2x 1580392 1580390 2026-07-18T12:39:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wenzi Watatu''' wa [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] ni [[ndugu]] [[Anjelo Tancredi]], [[ndugu Leo|Leo]], [[ndugu Rufino|Rufino]] ambao, pamoja na [[Yohane wa Masifu]], walimuuguza mfululizo miaka yake ya mwisho wakawa hivyo [[Ushahidi|mashahidi]] wa pekee wa [[utakatifu]] wake. Baadaye wakaja kuandika kwa [[utiifu]] mambo waliyoyaona na kuyasikia. Ingawa [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] wa siku hizi hawakubali kwamba [[kitabu]] "[[Ngano za Wenzi Watatu]]" ndicho [[tunda]] la kazi yao, hata hivyo kwa njia yake tunaweza kufuata hatua kwa hatua maendeleo ya [[malaria]], iliyomsumbua Fransisko miaka sita mfululizo hata mwisho ikamuua, tena ya [[trakoma]], iliyosababisha [[upofu]] karibu kamili, pamoja na [[maumivu]] ya mfululizo yanayofanana na yale ya [[Jicho|macho]] kuwekwa juu ya [[mwiba|miiba]] na kutokwa [[machozi]]. Inawezekana zaidi [[maandishi]] yao yamekuwa msingi wa [[Mtungo wa Asizi]] maarufu pia kwa [[jina|majina]] ya [[Kilatini]] ''Legenda Perusina'' au ''Legenda Antiqua Sancti Francisci''. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:wanaume wa Italia]] [[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 13]] gokfysdbja7v3m5cvffzywqze2mjtr0 3 242339 1580394 2026-07-18T12:40:40Z Cabayi 35259 Cabayi alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Asbazukassg]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Asbssg]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbazukassg|Asbazukassg]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Asbssg|Asbssg]]" 1580394 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Asbssg]] 0pj19f8f1mb68hh9fec97lrn8r0ejbr 0 242340 1580395 2026-07-18T12:52:54Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Alfa''' ni [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake wa mara kwa mara kama mwalimu Bi. Grell katika mfululizo wa filamu za Degrassi na kuonekana kwake kama ripota kwenye mfululizo wa habari za kejeli wa ''The Beaverton''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Hilarious Stand Up Comedy Specials You Can Watch On YouTube For Free|url=https://screenrant.com/best-stand-up-comedy-specials-youtube-free/|work=ScreenRant|date=2021-07-30|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Melody MacReady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Beaverton website heads to The Comedy Network for TV|url=https://www.tv-eh.com/2016/11/08/the-beaverton-website-heads-to-the-comedy-network-for-tv/|work=TV, eh?|date=2016-11-08|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-CA|author=Greg David}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] dpk9wgto0j2d2w9anrxl19vrwhk8mdk 1580399 1580395 2026-07-18T13:05:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aisha Alfa''' ni [[mchekeshaji]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake wa mara kwa mara kama mwalimu Bi. Grell katika mfululizo wa filamu za Degrassi na kuonekana kwake kama ripota kwenye mfululizo wa habari za kejeli wa ''The Beaverton''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Hilarious Stand Up Comedy Specials You Can Watch On YouTube For Free|url=https://screenrant.com/best-stand-up-comedy-specials-youtube-free/|work=ScreenRant|date=2021-07-30|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Melody MacReady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Beaverton website heads to The Comedy Network for TV|url=https://www.tv-eh.com/2016/11/08/the-beaverton-website-heads-to-the-comedy-network-for-tv/|work=TV, eh?|date=2016-11-08|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-CA|author=Greg David}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] 2lyh0yzmxx1xusb3p2gzz094paord7c 0 242341 1580396 2026-07-18T13:02:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yohane wa Masifu''' alikuwa [[Bradha|bruda]] wa [[shirika]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] ambaye [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] alimchagua kuwa naye katika [[Ugonjwa|maradhi]] ya miaka yake ya mwisho ([[1Cel]] 102), akimsifu kwa [[nguvu]] yake ya kimwili na ya kiroho ([[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]], 85) hata akaitwa "[[bondia]] wa [[Firenze]]" akatumika kuadhibu [[Mtawa|watawa]] wasumbufu ([[Salimbene wa Parma|Salimbene]], Cronica 28). Pamoja na hilo, aliitwa "wa Masifu" kwa sa...' 1580396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yohane wa Masifu''' alikuwa [[Bradha|bruda]] wa [[shirika]] la [[Ndugu Wadogo]] ambaye [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] alimchagua kuwa naye katika [[Ugonjwa|maradhi]] ya miaka yake ya mwisho ([[1Cel]] 102), akimsifu kwa [[nguvu]] yake ya kimwili na ya kiroho ([[Kioo cha Ukamilifu]], 85) hata akaitwa "[[bondia]] wa [[Firenze]]" akatumika kuadhibu [[Mtawa|watawa]] wasumbufu ([[Salimbene wa Parma|Salimbene]], Cronica 28). Pamoja na hilo, aliitwa "wa Masifu" kwa sababu alikuwa akiimba daima [[sifa|masifu]] ya [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kama alivyopenda [[mwanzilishi]], kwamba wafuasi wake wawe "[[wasanii]] wa [[Mungu]]", wenye kipaji cha kuhubiri kwa kuimba na kufurahisha watu. Katika miezi ya mwisho ya [[maisha]] ya Fransisko, ambapo Yohane alimhudumia, [[muziki]] na [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] za [[muziki wa Kikristo|Kikristo]] vikawa kwake dawa ya kiroho, hivyo wenzake walikuwa wanamuimbia ili kumfariji. {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] [[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 13]] jz4utmjkghnbse30b5lld3kyq7ntw6y 0 242342 1580401 2026-07-18T13:11:55Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erica Lynn O'Keith''' (amezaliwa Desemba 19, 1984, huko Los Angeles, California) ni [[mwigizaji]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake katika tamthilia ya [[ucheshi]] ya Nickelodeon ya ''Romeo!''. Pia amewahi kuonekana kama mwigizaji mwalikwa katika tamthilia za ''Close to Home'' na ''Scrubs''. Aidha, alikuwa mmoja wa wasichana walioketi kwenye jukwaa la mashabiki (bleachers) katika video ya wimbo wa Corbin Bleu wa "Push It to the Limit".<ref>{{Citation|title=Nickelodeon’s Romeo! Ended 10 Years Ago — Where Is The Cast Now?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2918764/nickelodeon-romeo-tv-show-where-is-cast-now/|work=MTV News|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Televisheni za Marekani]] nrqibg90r3m3yg2q1e73ew3zqwayopn 1580405 1580401 2026-07-18T13:20:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erica Lynn O'Keith''' (amezaliwa Desemba 19, 1984, huko Los Angeles, California) ni [[mwigizaji]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake katika tamthilia ya [[ucheshi]] ya Nickelodeon ya ''Romeo!''. Pia amewahi kuonekana kama mwigizaji mwalikwa katika tamthilia za ''Close to Home'' na ''Scrubs''. Aidha, alikuwa mmoja wa wasichana walioketi kwenye jukwaa la mashabiki (bleachers) katika video ya wimbo wa Corbin Bleu wa "Push It to the Limit".<ref>{{Citation|title=Nickelodeon’s Romeo! Ended 10 Years Ago — Where Is The Cast Now?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2918764/nickelodeon-romeo-tv-show-where-is-cast-now/|work=MTV News|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 82btpg526947egxjw1c4ux83cwul6vw 1580484 1580405 2026-07-19T00:38:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1580484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erica Lynn O'Keith''' (amezaliwa Desemba 19, 1984, huko Los Angeles, California) ni [[mwigizaji]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake katika tamthilia ya [[ucheshi]] ya Nickelodeon ya ''Romeo!''. Pia amewahi kuonekana kama mwigizaji mwalikwa katika tamthilia za ''Close to Home'' na ''Scrubs''. Aidha, alikuwa mmoja wa wasichana walioketi kwenye jukwaa la mashabiki (bleachers) katika video ya wimbo wa Corbin Bleu wa "Push It to the Limit".<ref>{{Citation|title=Nickelodeon’s Romeo! Ended 10 Years Ago — Where Is The Cast Now?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2918764/nickelodeon-romeo-tv-show-where-is-cast-now/|work=MTV News|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213453/http://www.mtv.com/news/2918764/nickelodeon-romeo-tv-show-where-is-cast-now/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] oe1nzs18qdbwnjooy0plokjoqqebram 0 242343 1580402 2026-07-18T13:16:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mtungo wa Asizi''' ([[jina]] la [[Kilatini]]: ''Compilatio Assisiensis''; pia: ''Legenda Perusina''; ''Legenda Antiqua Sancti Francisci'') ni [[kitabu]] kilichoandikwa miaka [[1244]]-[[1260]] kwa kukusanya [[Ushahidi|shuhuda]] juu ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] za [[Ndugu Wadogo]] mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko [[shirika|shirikani]]. Kinatokana na kwamba miaka ishirini baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha Fransisko [[hamu]]...' 1580402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtungo wa Asizi''' ([[jina]] la [[Kilatini]]: ''Compilatio Assisiensis''; pia: ''Legenda Perusina''; ''Legenda Antiqua Sancti Francisci'') ni [[kitabu]] kilichoandikwa miaka [[1244]]-[[1260]] kwa kukusanya [[Ushahidi|shuhuda]] juu ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] za [[Ndugu Wadogo]] mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko [[shirika|shirikani]]. Kinatokana na kwamba miaka ishirini baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha Fransisko [[hamu]] ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa [[mkutano mkuu]] wa mwaka 1244 [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya, [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]], aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa [[maandishi]] [[kumbukumbu]] yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. ==Marejeo== *Ferdinand Delorme, "Legenda antiqua S. Franscisci du ms. 1046 de la bibliotehèque de Pérouse", in ''Archivium franciscanum historicum'', 15, 1922, pp. 23-70; 278-332. *Marino Bigaroni (a cura di), ''Compilatio Assisiensis. Dagli scritti di fr. Leone e compagni su san Francesco'', Porziuncola edizioni, 1975 (prima edizione; 1992 (seconda edizione integrale con versione italiana a fronte) ISBN 88-270-0030-5 *A. Gattucci, "Dalla Legenda antiquo S.Francisci alla Compilatio Assisiensis. Storia di un testo più prezioso che fortunato", in ''Studi medievali Firenze'', 20,2, 1979, pp. 789-870. *Bruno Bosco, ''L'immagine di san Francesco e del francescanesimo nelle fonti postbonaventuriane. La Legenda perugina'', Editrice Franciscanum, Roma 1991. *Felice Accrocca, "La Compilatio assisiensis nella «questione francescana»", in ''Miscellanea francescana'', 86, 1993, I-II, p. 105 e ss. *Emil Kumka, "La Compilatio assisiensis. Una prova dell'analisi strutturale e concettuale", in ''Miscellanea francescana'', 103, 2003, I-II, pp. 233-306; "Alcuni nodi problematici della Compilatio Assisiensis", 103, 2003, III-IV, p. 719 e ss. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kilatini]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] funix42jk2f52kqj0pv2m0ev6mlnjgn 1580403 1580402 2026-07-18T13:18:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580403 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Compilatio_assisiensis_Ms_1046_c._94r.png|thumb|Maandishi asili yalivyo.]] '''Mtungo wa Asizi''' ([[jina]] la [[Kilatini]]: ''Compilatio Assisiensis''; pia: ''Legenda Perusina''; ''Legenda Antiqua Sancti Francisci'') ni [[kitabu]] kilichoandikwa miaka [[1244]]-[[1260]] kwa kukusanya [[Ushahidi|shuhuda]] juu ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] za [[Ndugu Wadogo]] mbalimbali walioishi naye, pamoja na kuchukua msimamo dhidi ya mabadiliko [[shirika|shirikani]]. Kinatokana na kwamba miaka ishirini baada ya [[Mauti|kifo]] cha Fransisko [[hamu]] ya kujua habari zake ilikuwa imeongezeka ndani na nje ya shirika. Ndiyo sababu wakati wa [[mkutano mkuu]] wa mwaka 1244 [[mtumishi mkuu]] mpya, [[Kreshensi wa Iesi]], aliagiza ndugu wote walete kwa [[maandishi]] [[kumbukumbu]] yoyote waliyonayo juu yake. ==Marejeo== *Ferdinand Delorme, "Legenda antiqua S. Franscisci du ms. 1046 de la bibliotehèque de Pérouse", in ''Archivium franciscanum historicum'', 15, 1922, pp. 23-70; 278-332. *Marino Bigaroni (a cura di), ''Compilatio Assisiensis. Dagli scritti di fr. Leone e compagni su san Francesco'', Porziuncola edizioni, 1975 (prima edizione; 1992 (seconda edizione integrale con versione italiana a fronte) ISBN 88-270-0030-5 *A. Gattucci, "Dalla Legenda antiquo S.Francisci alla Compilatio Assisiensis. Storia di un testo più prezioso che fortunato", in ''Studi medievali Firenze'', 20,2, 1979, pp. 789-870. *Bruno Bosco, ''L'immagine di san Francesco e del francescanesimo nelle fonti postbonaventuriane. La Legenda perugina'', Editrice Franciscanum, Roma 1991. *Felice Accrocca, "La Compilatio assisiensis nella «questione francescana»", in ''Miscellanea francescana'', 86, 1993, I-II, p. 105 e ss. *Emil Kumka, "La Compilatio assisiensis. Una prova dell'analisi strutturale e concettuale", in ''Miscellanea francescana'', 103, 2003, I-II, pp. 233-306; "Alcuni nodi problematici della Compilatio Assisiensis", 103, 2003, III-IV, p. 719 e ss. {{mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kilatini]] [[Jamii:Fransisko wa Asizi]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] j7hlp32svg69lsd7gxqr6m7pvgw4qho 0 242344 1580404 2026-07-18T13:20:06Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estelle Hemsley''' (Mei 5, 1887 – Novemba 5, 1968) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] mashuhuri wa [[Kiamerika]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na filamu. Alionekana katika matoleo ya jukwaani na ya filamu ya ''Take a Giant Step'', na kufanikiwa kupata uteuzi wa Tuzo ya Golden Globe kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia katika filamu hiyo ya mwaka 1959 iliyoongozwa na Philip Leacock.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estelle Hemsley – Broadway Cast & Staff {{!}} IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/estelle-hemsley-44825|work=www.ibdb.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] iwhadb35vva1yz4mq2t3s9du9w4igp4 1580406 1580404 2026-07-18T13:20:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estelle Hemsley''' (Mei 5, 1887 – Novemba 5, 1968) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] mashuhuri wa [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na filamu. Alionekana katika matoleo ya jukwaani na ya filamu ya ''Take a Giant Step'', na kufanikiwa kupata uteuzi wa Tuzo ya Golden Globe kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia katika filamu hiyo ya mwaka 1959 iliyoongozwa na Philip Leacock.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Estelle Hemsley – Broadway Cast & Staff {{!}} IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/estelle-hemsley-44825|work=www.ibdb.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] afo7e7z9k4wmbetofd8rwn479uubqee 1580424 1580406 2026-07-18T14:23:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estelle Hemsley''' (Mei 5, 1887 – Novemba 5, 1968) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] mashuhuri wa [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Kiafrika katika majukwaa ya maigizo na filamu. Alionekana katika matoleo ya jukwaani na ya filamu ya ''Take a Giant Step'', na kufanikiwa kupata uteuzi wa Tuzo ya Golden Globe kama Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike Anayesaidia katika filamu hiyo ya mwaka 1959 iliyoongozwa na Philip Leacock.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Estelle Hemsley – Broadway Cast & Staff {{!}} IBDB|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/estelle-hemsley-44825|work=www.ibdb.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1968]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] bn3i5xobdpp6d74emcl13t398ziqvva 0 242345 1580407 2026-07-18T13:22:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Ushahidi]] 1580407 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[ushahidi]] 6nbew3j5m7njr5yesorotepcyqg17fz 0 242346 1580414 2026-07-18T13:36:58Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tregaye Fraser''' (amezaliwa Septemba 6, 1984) ni [[mpishi]] maarufu wa [[Marekani]] (celebrity chef) anayejulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kupika wa kisasa na wenye ubunifu mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introducing: The Competitors : Food Network|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/food-network-star/photos/meet-the-food-network-star-season-12-finalists.html|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Food Network Star Season 12 Contestants - Where Have You Seen Them?|url=http://www.foodnetworkgossip.com/2016/05/food-network-star-season-12-contestants.html|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Matt}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Televisheni za Marekani]] na34jqg7lvztus95ka2tskhmhuezdvf 1580417 1580414 2026-07-18T13:48:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1580417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tregaye Fraser''' (amezaliwa Septemba 6, 1984) ni [[mpishi]] maarufu wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kupika wa kisasa na wenye ubunifu mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introducing: The Competitors : Food Network|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/food-network-star/photos/meet-the-food-network-star-season-12-finalists.html|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Food Network Star Season 12 Contestants - Where Have You Seen Them?|url=http://www.foodnetworkgossip.com/2016/05/food-network-star-season-12-contestants.html|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Matt}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu wa Marekani]] 93m1fxlnqmw7lsufnuvhnpt3vu1a125 1580465 1580417 2026-07-18T19:34:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tregaye Fraser''' (amezaliwa Septemba 6, 1984) ni [[mpishi]] maarufu wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kupika wa kisasa na wenye ubunifu mkubwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introducing: The Competitors : Food Network|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/food-network-star/photos/meet-the-food-network-star-season-12-finalists.html|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Food Network Star Season 12 Contestants - Where Have You Seen Them?|url=http://www.foodnetworkgossip.com/2016/05/food-network-star-season-12-contestants.html|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Matt}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:watu wa Marekani]] 25lbn4q6mv38uein71q92yyd1svi6fi 0 242347 1580423 2026-07-18T14:18:15Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kay Oyegun''' ni [[mwandishi]], mtayarishaji, na mwongozaji wa filamu wa [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa kuandika mfululizo waigizaji wa ''This Is Us'', ambapo pia alitayarisha na kuongoza vipindi kadhaa, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa ''Queen Sugar''. Alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji katika ''This Is Us'' kupitia kipindi cha "Birth Mother" kilichorushwa hewani mnamo Januari 12, 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title='This Is Us' producers break down those Nicky flash-forward revelations and Deja's decision|url=https://ew.com/tv/this-is-us-producers-nicky-flash-forward-revelations-deja-decision/|work=EW.com|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards Daily Exclusive: Director Kay Oyegun Teases New Photos and This Week’s ‘This Is Us’|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2021/01/11/awards-daily-exclusive-director-kay-oyegun-teases-new-photos-and-this-weeks-this-is-us/|work=Awards Daily|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] c8lwh5g46cdjpmp4gnp5s508ho11vj1 1580438 1580423 2026-07-18T15:35:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kay Oyegun''' ni [[mwandishi]], mtayarishaji, na mwongozaji wa filamu wa [[Marekani]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Nigeria]]. Anajulikana kwa kuandika mfululizo waigizaji wa ''This Is Us'', ambapo pia alitayarisha na kuongoza vipindi kadhaa, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa ''Queen Sugar''. Alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji katika ''This Is Us'' kupitia kipindi cha "Birth Mother" kilichorushwa hewani mnamo Januari 12, 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title='This Is Us' producers break down those Nicky flash-forward revelations and Deja's decision|url=https://ew.com/tv/this-is-us-producers-nicky-flash-forward-revelations-deja-decision/|work=EW.com|language=en|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Awards Daily Exclusive: Director Kay Oyegun Teases New Photos and This Week’s ‘This Is Us’|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2021/01/11/awards-daily-exclusive-director-kay-oyegun-teases-new-photos-and-this-weeks-this-is-us/|work=Awards Daily|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] 8svydcfs8vu08x8ye1kke2qdh4rr2da 0 242348 1580425 2026-07-18T14:24:52Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kay Oyegun''' ni [[mwandishi]], mtayarishaji, na [[mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa Marekani aliyezaliwa nchini Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kuandika mfululizo waigizaji wa ''This Is Us'', ambapo pia alitayarisha na kuongoza vipindi kadhaa, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa ''Queen Sugar''. Alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji katika ''This Is Us'' kupitia kipindi cha "Birth Mother" kilichorushwa hewani mnamo Januari 12, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Is Jay Glazer’s Wife Rosie Tenison? Meet FOX Presenter’s Life-Partner|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/nfl-active-news-who-is-jay-glazers-wife-rosie-tenison-meet-fox-presenters-life-partner/|work=EssentiallySports|date=2025-02-05|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Firdows Matheen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Is Jay Glazer’s Wife? Rosie Tenison’s Job & Relationship History|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jay-glazer-wife-rosie-tenison-200000403.html|work=Yahoo Entertainment|date=2025-02-08|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] 4uefcskdglx4ij9r1dosqas9u6kblk5 1580455 1580425 2026-07-18T18:51:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1580455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kay Oyegun''' ni [[mwandishi]], mtayarishaji, na [[mwongozaji]] wa [[filamu]] wa Marekani aliyezaliwa nchini Nigeria. Anajulikana kwa kuandika mfululizo waigizaji wa ''This Is Us'', ambapo pia alitayarisha na kuongoza vipindi kadhaa, pamoja na kuandika mfululizo wa ''Queen Sugar''. Alianza kazi yake ya uongozaji katika ''This Is Us'' kupitia kipindi cha "Birth Mother" kilichorushwa hewani mnamo Januari 12, 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Is Jay Glazer’s Wife Rosie Tenison? Meet FOX Presenter’s Life-Partner|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/nfl-active-news-who-is-jay-glazers-wife-rosie-tenison-meet-fox-presenters-life-partner/|work=EssentiallySports|date=2025-02-05|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Firdows Matheen}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Who Is Jay Glazer’s Wife? Rosie Tenison’s Job & Relationship History|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jay-glazer-wife-rosie-tenison-200000403.html|work=Yahoo Entertainment|date=2025-02-08|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] ppcsn8cu1hb44sos1797469b5ik6ap8 0 242349 1580426 2026-07-18T14:28:51Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudakwashe Rutendo''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake mkuu kama Amanda katika filamu ya mwaka 2023 ya ''Backspot''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Fort McMurray-raised actress Kudakwashe Rutendo one of TIFF's Rising Stars|url=https://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/news/kudakwashe-rutendo-fort-mcmurray-tiff-rising-star|work=fortmcmurraytoday|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TIFF announces Filmmaker Lab, Series Accelerator participants|url=https://playbackonline.ca/2023/08/31/tiff-announces-filmmaker-lab-series-accelerator-participants/|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Taimur Sikander Mirza}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} 4ne0vfgs8vy47cdu3lz7dqjgyokw0g9 1580427 1580426 2026-07-18T14:30:07Z Castro255 89781 1580427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudakwashe Rutendo''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake mkuu kama Amanda katika filamu ya mwaka 2023 ya ''Backspot''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Fort McMurray-raised actress Kudakwashe Rutendo one of TIFF's Rising Stars|url=https://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/news/kudakwashe-rutendo-fort-mcmurray-tiff-rising-star|work=fortmcmurraytoday|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TIFF announces Filmmaker Lab, Series Accelerator participants|url=https://playbackonline.ca/2023/08/31/tiff-announces-filmmaker-lab-series-accelerator-participants/|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Taimur Sikander Mirza}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] 31ms57j3w90jagve707rk27ml5x5mf1 1580439 1580427 2026-07-18T16:15:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kudakwashe Rutendo''' ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]], anayejulikana zaidi kwa uhusika wake mkuu kama Amanda katika filamu ya mwaka 2023 ya ''Backspot''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Fort McMurray-raised actress Kudakwashe Rutendo one of TIFF's Rising Stars|url=https://www.fortmcmurraytoday.com/news/kudakwashe-rutendo-fort-mcmurray-tiff-rising-star|work=fortmcmurraytoday|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=TIFF announces Filmmaker Lab, Series Accelerator participants|url=https://playbackonline.ca/2023/08/31/tiff-announces-filmmaker-lab-series-accelerator-participants/|accessdate=2026-07-18|author=Taimur Sikander Mirza}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] brx4l8hw6rq8uwf09v9o1ib3c2narc2 0 242350 1580428 2026-07-18T14:38:07Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Marie Askew''' ni kapteni katika Jeshi la [[Marekani]]. Mnamo mwaka 2017, alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika kufikia cheo cha ''First Captain'', ambacho ni kiongozi mkuu wa Kikosi cha Wanafunzi wa Kijeshi (Corps of Cadets). Hatua hii ilichukuliwa kama hatua kubwa ya usawa wa rangi na jinsia ndani ya jeshi la Marekani. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Kijeshi cha West Point mnamo mwaka 2018 akitunukiwa Shahada ya Sayansi katika masomo ya kimataifa na uhandisi wa [[mazingira]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundbreaking West Point grad recognized as a top 10 College Woman of the Year|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/06/05/groundbreaking-west-point-grad-recognized-as-a-top-10-college-woman-of-the-year/|work=Army Times|date=2018-06-06|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Noah Nash}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Cochrane|first=Emily|title=West Point Cadet, Simone Askew, Breaks a Racial and Gender Barrier|date=2017-08-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/west-point-black-female-first.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] 8nkquvao80p03bt6i2v78l7uwli4tgv 1580461 1580428 2026-07-18T19:10:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Marie Askew''' ni kapteni katika Jeshi la [[Marekani]]. Mnamo mwaka 2017, alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mwafrika kufikia cheo cha ''First Captain'', ambacho ni kiongozi mkuu wa Kikosi cha Wanafunzi wa Kijeshi (Corps of Cadets). Hatua hii ilichukuliwa kama hatua kubwa ya usawa wa rangi na jinsia ndani ya jeshi la Marekani. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Kijeshi cha West Point mnamo mwaka 2018 akitunukiwa Shahada ya Sayansi katika masomo ya kimataifa na uhandisi wa [[mazingira]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Groundbreaking West Point grad recognized as a top 10 College Woman of the Year|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/06/05/groundbreaking-west-point-grad-recognized-as-a-top-10-college-woman-of-the-year/|work=Army Times|date=2018-06-06|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en|author=Noah Nash}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Cochrane|first=Emily|title=West Point Cadet, Simone Askew, Breaks a Racial and Gender Barrier|date=2017-08-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/west-point-black-female-first.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] 3danpiyln4zp4i7ds4hb7n3vzasuhwd 0 242351 1580429 2026-07-18T14:42:25Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estella Mary Montgomery Kent''' (née Estella Mary Montgomery; Julai 1882 – Oktoba 15, 1939) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mwathirika wa mauaji (homicide). Alikuwa binti wa waliokuwa watumwa wa zamani ambao walianzisha jamii ya watu weusi ya Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Aliuawa na polisi mnamo mwaka 1939 wakati wa mzozo uliohusu urithi wa mali ya baba yake.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freedom’s Outpost: Mound Bayou and the Fight for Free Expression in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1887–1941 {{!}} David Beito|url=https://www.independent.org/tir/2025-fall/freedoms-outpost/|work=Independent Institute|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mary Cordelia Montgomery Booze {{!}} Alexander Street Documents|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1011011911|work=documents.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1882]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]] ghcaztnjuwnf4k5xbj2q0wyjvpf3j1m 1580468 1580429 2026-07-18T19:52:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1580468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estella Mary Montgomery Kent''' (née Estella Mary Montgomery; Julai 1882 – Oktoba 15, 1939) alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mwathirika wa mauaji (homicide). Alikuwa binti wa waliokuwa watumwa wa zamani ambao walianzisha jamii ya watu weusi ya Mound Bayou, Mississippi. Aliuawa na polisi mnamo mwaka 1939 wakati wa mzozo uliohusu urithi wa mali ya baba yake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Freedom’s Outpost: Mound Bayou and the Fight for Free Expression in Jim Crow Mississippi, 1887–1941 {{!}} David Beito|url=https://www.independent.org/tir/2025-fall/freedoms-outpost/|work=Independent Institute|accessdate=2026-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mary Cordelia Montgomery Booze {{!}} Alexander Street Documents|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1011011911|work=documents.alexanderstreet.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1882]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]] nyy2ct0vbpft01y3xgcec59i3l5bair 0 242352 1580430 2026-07-18T14:52:11Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Prissy''' (amezaliwa Marquisa Gardner) ni [[mcheza]] shoo (dancer) wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mtindo wa kucheza wa ''krumping''. Amekuwa akitambuliwa kama Malkia wa Krump.<ref>{{Citation|title=Miss Prissy - Krump - Los Angeles|date=2014-12-05|url=http://www.globalgypsiestravelclub.com/2014/12/05/culture-club-qa-with-krumpers-miss-prissy-manny-fernandez/|work=Global Gypsies|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bleiberg|first=Laura|title=Krumping Moves Indoors as Dancers Including Miss Prissy and Lil' C Perform at USC|date=2012-09-06|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/krumping-moves-indoors-as-dancers-including-miss-prissy-and-lil-c-perform-at-usc-2372879|work=L.A. Weekly|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] lpidrqe7eurnvx5o25swu5ujogdnd8l 1580431 1580430 2026-07-18T14:53:25Z Castro255 89781 1580431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Prissy''' (amezaliwa Marquisa Gardner) ni mcheza shoo (dancer) wa [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa mtindo wa kucheza wa ''krumping''. Amekuwa akitambuliwa kama Malkia wa Krump.<ref>{{Citation|title=Miss Prissy - Krump - Los Angeles|date=2014-12-05|url=http://www.globalgypsiestravelclub.com/2014/12/05/culture-club-qa-with-krumpers-miss-prissy-manny-fernandez/|work=Global Gypsies|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bleiberg|first=Laura|title=Krumping Moves Indoors as Dancers Including Miss Prissy and Lil' C Perform at USC|date=2012-09-06|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/krumping-moves-indoors-as-dancers-including-miss-prissy-and-lil-c-perform-at-usc-2372879|work=L.A. Weekly|access-date=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] oj548bzff36siia7acunujegycw47w4 0 242353 1580435 2026-07-18T15:04:24Z Castro255 89781 kuanzisha makala 1580435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Washington''' ni mwigizaji wa [[televisheni]] na [[filamu]] aliyetokea katika vipindi vya televisheni kuanzia mwaka 1970. Alionekana kwenye vipindi viwili vya mfululizo wa ''Mission: Impossible'' akicheza kama Muhudumu wa Ndege (Stewardess) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1970 ya "Flight" na kama Wakala wa Usafiri (Travel Agent) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1972 ya "The Puppet", pamoja na kucheza kama Maggie katika sehemu ya tamthilia ya ''Wonder Woman'' ya "Chinese Puzzle".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Shirley Washington Online {{!}} Videos {{!}} Bio {{!}} Photos {{!}} Current Projects - Fancast|url=http://www.fancast.com:80/people/Shirley-Washington/13491/main|work=www.fancast.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] thp6554ux67qpr1i4gao942hfs7wg25 1580458 1580435 2026-07-18T19:06:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1580458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Washington''' ni mwigizaji wa [[televisheni]] na [[filamu]] aliyetokea katika vipindi vya televisheni kuanzia mwaka 1970. Alionekana kwenye vipindi viwili vya mfululizo wa ''Mission: Impossible'' akicheza kama Muhudumu wa Ndege (Stewardess) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1970 ya "Flight" na kama Wakala wa Usafiri (Travel Agent) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1972 ya "The Puppet", pamoja na kucheza kama Maggie katika sehemu ya tamthilia ya ''Wonder Woman'' ya "Chinese Puzzle".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Watch Shirley Washington Online {{!}} Videos {{!}} Bio {{!}} Photos {{!}} Current Projects - Fancast|url=http://www.fancast.com:80/people/Shirley-Washington/13491/main|work=www.fancast.com|accessdate=2026-07-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 21]] hmf1qja5bo0ucr57rhg7gsc0ligkxua 2 242354 1580522 2026-07-19T09:30:45Z Michael V Mgimwa 90991 /* */ 1580522 wikitext text/x-wiki Michael Mgimwa 2tltvjr2v449bqsul84k0biq7peg33z 3 242355 1580525 2026-07-19T09:48:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580525 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) iscmzm4u7s41mbeoklijf9l0us3xo5g 3 242356 1580526 2026-07-19T09:48:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580526 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) iscmzm4u7s41mbeoklijf9l0us3xo5g 3 242357 1580527 2026-07-19T09:48:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580527 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) iscmzm4u7s41mbeoklijf9l0us3xo5g 3 242358 1580528 2026-07-19T09:48:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580528 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) iscmzm4u7s41mbeoklijf9l0us3xo5g 3 242359 1580529 2026-07-19T09:48:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580529 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) iscmzm4u7s41mbeoklijf9l0us3xo5g 3 242360 1580530 2026-07-19T09:49:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580530 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242361 1580531 2026-07-19T09:49:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580531 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242362 1580532 2026-07-19T09:49:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580532 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242363 1580533 2026-07-19T09:49:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580533 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242364 1580534 2026-07-19T09:49:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580534 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242365 1580535 2026-07-19T09:49:56Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580535 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0dh2hq86loi08gotpptsxnofmg8z2w2 3 242366 1580536 2026-07-19T09:50:06Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580536 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 2zn0kxagucp30zuqsxs0uk4wsg8ywbm 3 242367 1580537 2026-07-19T09:50:16Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580537 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 2zn0kxagucp30zuqsxs0uk4wsg8ywbm 3 242368 1580538 2026-07-19T09:50:26Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580538 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 2zn0kxagucp30zuqsxs0uk4wsg8ywbm 3 242369 1580539 2026-07-19T09:50:36Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580539 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 2zn0kxagucp30zuqsxs0uk4wsg8ywbm 3 242370 1580540 2026-07-19T09:50:46Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1580540 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 19 Julai 2026 (UTC) 2zn0kxagucp30zuqsxs0uk4wsg8ywbm 2 242371 1580543 2026-07-19T10:38:54Z Jordan felix 91038 /* */ afya ya akili 1580543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alone in the crowd (YouTube)Jordan felix''' Karibu kwenye channel yangu! Mimi ni Jordan Felix, mwanafunzi kutoka Tanzania niliyeamua kufungua ukurasa huu kama nafasi ya kusimulia maisha yangu kwa uwazi na ukweli - changamoto, mafanikio, na kila kitu kilichopo katikati. Kupitia video zangu, ninashiriki safari yangu binafsi huku nikizungumzia mada ambazo mara nyingi hazizungumzwi wazi katika jamii zetu - hasa kuhusu ustawi wa kiakili na kihisia wa wanaume (men’s wellbeing). Nimekuwa nikijishughulisha na kazi za jamii kupitia Tahmef, shirika linalojikita katika masuala ya afya na ustawi wa jamii, na hilo limenipa msukumo wa kutaka kuleta mazungumzo ya kweli mahali ambapo mara nyingi kuna ukimya. Lengo langu ni rahisi: kuonyesha kwamba unaweza kuwa dhaifu na bado kuwa na nguvu. Kwamba kusimulia hadithi yako sio udhaifu, bali ni ujasiri. Kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza, ninajaribu kufikia watu tofauti wanaoweza kujiona katika hadithi hizi. Kama unapitia kitu kinachofanana na hiki, au unataka tu kusikia hadithi ya kweli isiyo na vinyago - karibu sana. Twende pamoja katika safari hii. 📍 Tanzania | 🎙️ Hadithi za kwelikificho rc29129j9s6y2mz6ouy7nswry2eutq3 3 242372 1580545 2026-07-19T10:41:42Z Neriah 46921 Neriah alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:أيوب]] hadi [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:جيمي]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/أيوب|أيوب]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/جيمي|جيمي]]" 1580545 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:جيمي]] msb3u8v1h2dw58gu829uxzhltjq4262