Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1191 1581814 1574477 2026-07-26T04:13:36Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | kaulimbiu = "Uhuru na Umoja" | wimbo = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br>[[File:Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Dar es Salaam]] | mji_mkuu = [[Dodoma]] | latd = 6 | latm = 11 | latNS = S | longd = 35 | longm = 44 | longEW = E | serikali = [[Jamhuri]] | vyeo_viongozi = | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | eneo_jumla = 947 303<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=30 Machi 2024|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 6.4<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | watu_kadirio = 65 642 682<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | sensa = 2022 | watu_sensa = 61 741 120<ref name="sensa22"/> | pato = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 85.98<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Tanzania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=22 Aprili 2025 |access-date=22 Aprili 2025}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 1,280<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 293.59<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 4,370<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.555<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TZA|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=22 Machi 2025}}</ref> (ya 165)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | utaifa = Mtanzania | udereva = Kushoto | iso3166 = [[ISO 3166-2:TZ|TZ]] | tld = [[.tz]] | tukio1 = [[Tanganyika]] | tukio2 = [[Zanzibar]] | tukio3 = Muungano | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 9 Desemba 1961 | tukio2_tarehe = 10 Desemba 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 26 Aprili 1964 | tukio4_tarehe = 25 Aprili 1977 | jina_kawaida = Tanzania | matini_nembo = Nembo ya Tanzania | matini_bendera = Bendera ya Tanzania | dini = 63.1% [[Wakristo]]<br>34.1% [[Waislamu]]<br>1.5% [[Wasio na dini]]<br>1.2% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika|dini asilia]]<br>0.1% wengine | msimbo_simu = [[Namba za simu Tanzania|255]] | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | matini_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | jina_asili = | bendera =Flag of Tanzania.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | ramani = File:Tanzania_(orthographic_projection).svg | ramani2 = File:Tanzania map-sw.svg | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka | idadi_makabila = Kupita [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125]] | ukubwa_ramani2 = 250 | latd2 = 6 | latm2 = 48 | latNS2 = S | longd2 = 39 | longm2 = 17 | longEW2 = E | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | cheo_watu = 23 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi3 = [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania|Waziri Mkuu]] | cheo_kiongozi4 = [[Orodha ya Maspika wa Bunge la Tanzania|Spika]] | cheo_kiongozi5 = Jaji Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | kiongozi2 = [[Philip Isdor Mpango]] | kiongozi3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | kiongozi4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | kiongozi5 = [[George Mcheche Masaju]] }} '''Tanzania''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania''', ni nchi iliyoko [[Afrika Mashariki]] ndani ya [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] na kando ya pwani ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania |author=Gary P. Gillum |title=Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=Machi 11, 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}</ref> Inapakana na [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] kaskazini, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] magharibi, na [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], na [[Msumbiji]] kusini. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2024, inakadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya watu takriban milioni 67 <ref name="sensa22">{{Cite report|title=Sensa ya Watu na Makazi ya Mwaka 2022: Matokeo ya Mwanzo|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|date=Oktoba 2022|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/uploads/statistics/documents/sw-1705484563-matokeomwanzooktoba2022.pdf}}</ref>. , ikiwa [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu|nchi ya 20 duniani]] na ya 5 [[Afrika]] kwa idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Dodoma, huku [[Dar es Salaam]] ukiwa mji wake mkubwa na kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> Nchi hii imegawanywa katika mikoa 31 ya kiutawala, na lugha rasmi ni Kiswahili na Kiingereza. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Mabaki mengi muhimu ya [[zamadamu]] yaligunduliwa nchini Tanzania.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Katika [[zama za Mawe]] na [[Zama za Shaba|Shaba]], kulikuwa na [[Uhamiaji wa binadamu|uhamaji]] wa kihistoria kutoka kaskazini kuingia Tanzania wa wazungumzaji wa [[Kikushi|Kikushi cha Kusini]] waliokuwa na sifa kama za [[Wairaqw]] wa leo, waliotoka [[Ethiopia]] ya leo; pia kulikuwepo na watu wa Kikushi cha Mashariki waliotoka kaskazini mwa [[Ziwa Turkana]] kati ya miaka 2,000 hadi 4,000 iliyopita; pamoja na [[Waniloti]] wa Kusini kama [[Wadatooga]], waliotokea katika mpaka wa [[Sudan Kusini]] na Ethiopia takribani miaka 2,900 hadi 2,400 iliyopita. Uhamiaji huo ulifanana kwa wakati na ujio wa [[Wabantu]] wa Mashariki kutoka [[Afrika Magharibi]] waliotua katika maeneo ya [[Ziwa Viktoria]] na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref name="Tanzania_Antiquities">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |title=Antiquities and Human Origins in Tanzania |website=mnrt.go.tz |publisher=Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609010517/http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 19]], Tanzania bara ilikuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Ujerumani|Wajerumani]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]], na baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], [[Waingereza]] walichukua [[mamlaka]] kwa jina la [[Tanganyika]], huku [[Visiwa vya Zanzibar]] vikisalia katika usimamizi tofauti wa kikoloni.<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1961]] (Tanganyika) na [[1963]] (Zanzibar), nchi hizo mbili ziliungana mwaka [[1964]] na kuunda [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Tanganyika iliingia katika [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] na Tanzania kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa jumuiya hiyo kama [[taifa]] moja.<ref name="Commonwealth_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/tanzania |title=Tanzania - Member State Profile |website=thecommonwealth.org |publisher=The Commonwealth |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Leo, [[katiba|kikatiba]] Tanzania ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[Rais|urais]] inayofuata [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] lakini imekuwa chini ya [[Mfumo wa chama kimoja|chama kimoja]] kikuu ambacho kimeshikilia [[madaraka]] moja kwa moja tangu uhuru ingawa jina lake lilibadilika kutoka [[Tanganyika African National Union]] hadi [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] mwaka [[1977]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Government and Politics |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania haijawahi kupitia machafuko makubwa ya ndani tangu uhuru, na inahesabiwa kuwa miongoni mwa nchi salama na tulivu zaidi kisiasa barani [[Afrika]].<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile"/> Idadi ya watu wa Tanzania inajumuisha [[makabila]], [[lugha]], na [[dini]] zaidi ya 120. [[Ukristo]] ndio [[dini]] yenye wafuasi wengi, ikifuatwa na [[Uislamu]] na [[dini za jadi]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_People">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: People and Society |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania ndiyo nchi yenye tofauti kubwa zaidi za lugha Afrika ya Mashariki. Ingawa hakuna [[lugha rasmi]] kisheria, [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama [[lugha ya taifa]], na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika biashara za kimataifa, [[diplomasia]], [[mahakama]] za juu, na [[elimu]] ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] na [[elimu ya juu|ya juu]]. [[Kiarabu]] huzungumzwa pia visiwani Zanzibar.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Tanzania ina [[milima]] na [[misitu]] mingi kaskazini-mashariki, ikiwemo [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], mlima mrefu zaidi Afrika na mlima pekee wa kujitegemea kwa [[kimo]] [[Dunia|duniani]].<ref name="UNESCO_Kilimanjaro">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403 |title=Kilimanjaro National Park |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] yote matatu yanapatikana kwa sehemu ndani ya Tanzania: [[Ziwa Viktoria]] ([[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi Afrika), [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] (ziwa lenye [[kina]] kirefu zaidi na [[samaki]] wa pekee), na [[Ziwa Nyasa]] upande wa kusini. Ukanda wa pwani una joto na unyevunyevu, na Visiwa vya Zanzibar vipo karibu na mwambao. [[Eneo la Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] ni eneo kubwa zaidi la hifadhi ya baharini Zanzibar. [[Maporomoko ya Kalambo]] yaliyoko mpakani na Zambia ndiyo maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika. Tanzania ni moja ya nchi maarufu duniani kwa [[safari]] za [[utalii]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Jina== [[Jina]] "Tanzania" liliundwa kama mkusanyiko wa majina ya maeneo mawili yaliyoungana kuunda nchi: [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=tanzania {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name tanzania by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tanzania|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Jina lilipatikana kwa mashindano yaliyotangazwa mwaka 1964 na serikali kutafuta jina fupi zaidi kuliko "Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar". Mshindi alikuwa mwenyeji wa Dar es Salaam aliyeitwa [[Mohamed Iqbal Dar]] ([[1944]] - [[2025]]) <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/aliyebuni-jina-tanzania-afariki-dunia-4950694</ref>. Alipendekeza kuunganisha [[herufi]] tatu za kwanza za [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] akafikia "Tanzan". Hakuridhika bado, akaona nchi nyingi za Afrika zina majina yanayoishia na "ia" akaongeza herufi hizi. Mwenyewe alieleza baadaye chaguo lake kwamba aliamua kutumia "I" ya jina lake Iqbal na "A" ya jina la madhehebu yake aliyoyafuata katika Uislamu ya [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/mohammed-iqbal-dar-mbunifu-wa-jina-la-tanzania/|title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mbunifu wa jina la Tanzania|date=2016-03-07|work=Global Publishers|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Jina "Tanganyika" linatokana na maneno ya [[Kiswahili]] "tanga" na "nyika", yakiunda msemo "tanga nyikani". Wakati fulani inaelezwa kama marejeleo ya Ziwa Tanganyika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Loading...|url=http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|work=home.frognet.net|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> Jina la Zanzibar linatokana na "[[zenji]]", jina la watu wa eneo hilo (inadaiwa lina maana ya "nyeusi"), na neno la Kiarabu "barr", ambalo linamaanisha pwani au ufukwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=zanzibar {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name zanzibar by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zanzibar|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Tanzania|Historia ya Zanzibar}} {{Kwa|historia ya maeneo ya Tanzania kabla ya 1964|Tanganyika (nchi)|Zanzibar|Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani}} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-166-21.jpg|thumb|Julius Nyerere akidai Uhuru Kamili kutoka kwa Uingereza.]] [[Historia ya Tanzania]] inawakilisha historia ya eneo ambalo leo linaunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, ikijumuisha Tanganyika Bara na [[visiwa vya Zanzibar]]. Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia]] katika [[Bonde la Oltupai]] na maeneo mengine unaonyesha kuwa eneo hili limekuwa na makazi ya binadamu tangu nyakati za kale sana na lina baadhi ya ushahidi muhimu zaidi kuhusu mageuzi ya awali ya binadamu. <ref name="Olduvai">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Olduvai-Gorge |title=Olduvai Gorge: Archaeological Site, Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=April 24, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kwa karne nyingi, eneo hili lilikaliwa na jamii mbalimbali, zikiwemo jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]], huku maeneo ya pwani yakijumuishwa katika mitandao ya biashara ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyounganisha [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Uarabuni]], [[Uajemi]], [[Uhindi]], na baadaye [[China]]. <ref name="Swahili_Coast">{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/swahili-coast/ |title=The Swahili Coast |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kuanzia kipindi cha kati cha historia, [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili|miji kadhaa ya Waswahili]] ilistawi kando ya pwani, ikiwemo [[Kilwa]], ambayo ilikuja kuwa kitovu muhimu cha biashara na utamaduni. <ref name="Kilwa">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/144 |title=Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ushawishi wa [[Wareno]] ulijitokeza katika sehemu za pwani katika [[karne ya 16]], lakini baadaye ukachukuliwa na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]], hasa [[Zanzibar]]. Katika [[karne ya 19]], Zanzibar iliibuka kama kituo muhimu cha biashara, huku upanuzi wa ukoloni wa [[Ulaya]] ukiongezeka katika maeneo ya bara. Kufikia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], sehemu kubwa ya Tanzania Bara ilikuwa imekuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. <ref name="German_East_Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |title=German East Africa: Historical Colony, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya [[Ujerumani]] kushindwa katika [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], [[Tanganyika]] iliwekwa chini ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]] kama eneo la mamlaka ya Ligi ya Mataifa na baadaye eneo la udhamini la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Harakati za uzalendo ziliongezeka baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], zikiongozwa hasa na [[Julius Nyerere]] na Chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). <ref name="TANU">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tanganyika-African-National-Union |title=Tanganyika African National Union |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tanganyika ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] tarehe 9 Desemba 1961 na kuwa jamhuri mwaka 1962, huku Nyerere akiwa rais wake wa kwanza. <ref name="Tanganyika_Independence">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile - Timeline |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Zanzibar]], mapinduzi yaliyotokea Januari 1964 yaliuangusha utawala wa Kisultani uliotawaliwa na [[Waarabu]] na kusababisha kuundwa kwa serikali mpya. <ref name="Zanzibar_Revolution">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zanzibar/History |title=Zanzibar: History of the Archipelago |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baadaye mwaka huo, Tanganyika na Zanzibar ziliungana na kuunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania tarehe 26 Aprili 1964. Chini ya uongozi wa Nyerere, Tanzania ilifuata sera za [[ujamaa]] wa Kiafrika zilizojulikana kama Ujamaa, kabla ya mageuzi ya kiuchumi na kufunguliwa kwa mfumo wa kisiasa kuanzishwa mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]]. <ref name="Ujamaa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Nyerere |author=Donald Innis Ray |title=Julius Nyerere: President of Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, Tanzania imeendelea kuwa jamhuri huru na mwanachama muhimu wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC) na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU). <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> ==Jiografia== {{main|Jiografia ya Tanzania|Maziwa ya Tanzania|Mito ya Tanzania|Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania|Funguvisiwa la Zanzibar}} Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 947,303 (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania ni nchi ya 13 kwa ukubwa barani Afrika na ya 31 kwa ukubwa duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html}}</ref> Inapakana na Kenya na Uganda upande wa kaskazini; Rwanda, Burundi, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo upande wa magharibi; na Zambia, Malawi, na Msumbiji upande wa kusini. [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Zana ya kukatia mawe yenye umri wa miaka milioni 1.8 iligunduliwa huko [[Olduvai Gorge]] na kuonyeshwa kwenye [[British Museum]].]] Tanzania iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika na ina ufuo wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] takriban kilomita 424 (885 mi).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean.|url=https://www.fao.org/3/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2022-06-15}}</ref> Pia inajumuisha visiwa kadhaa vya pwani, vikiwemo [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]], na [[Kisiwa cha Mafia|Mafia]]. Tanzania ni nchi yenye sehemu za juu na za chini kabisa barani Afrika: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], wenye urefu wa mita 5,895 (futi 19,341) juu ya usawa wa bahari, na kina cha [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], katika mita 1,471 (futi 4,826) chini ya usawa wa bahari kwa mtiririko huo. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Uhamaji wa Nyumbu [[Serengeti]]]] Tanzania ina milima na misitu minene kaskazini-mashariki, ambako kuna Mlima Kilimanjaro. Nchi iko katika eneo la [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]], hivyo [[Ziwa|maziwa]] yanafunika km² 61,500, yaani 6% za eneo lote la nchi. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi kuna [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ziwa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], ziwa lenye kina kirefu zaidi barani humo, linalojulikana kwa aina yake ya kipekee ya samaki. Upande wa kusini magharibi kuna [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Nyasa]]. Eneo la katikati mwa Tanzania ni uwanda mkubwa, wenye tambarare na ardhi ya kilimo. Ukanda wa mashariki una joto na unyevunyevu, huku Visiwa vya Zanzibar vikiwa karibu. Maporomoko ya maji ya [[Mto Kalambo|Kalambo]] katika mkoa wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Rukwa]] ni maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika, na yanapatikana karibu na ufuo wa kusini-mashariki wa Ziwa Tanganyika kwenye mpaka na Zambia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalambo Falls {{!}} waterfall, East Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en}}</ref> Eneo la [[Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] visiwani Zanzibar ndilo eneo kubwa zaidi la bahari lililohifadhiwa. ===Hali ya hewa=== {{Main|Tabia ya nchi Tanzania}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ramani ya Tanzania ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa Köppen]] Hali ya hewa inatofautiana sana ndani ya Tanzania. Katika nyanda za juu, halijoto huanzia 10 hadi 20 °C (50 na 68 °F) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na joto kwa mtiririko huo. {{multiple image |align = right |direction = horizontal |image1 = Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg |caption1 = Tembo akipita karibu na [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] |width1 = 180 |image2 = Ngorongoro Crater.jpg |caption2 = [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]] |width2 = 160 |header_align = centre }} Tanzania hupata [[majira ya joto]] katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] ya [[Desemba]], [[Januari]] na [[Februari]] (25–31 °C au 77.0–87.8 °F) huku kipindi cha baridi zaidi kikitokea kati ya [[Mei]] na [[Agosti]] (15–20 °C au 59–68 °F). Halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 20 °C (68.0 °F). Hali ya hewa ni baridi katika maeneo ya milima mirefu. Tanzania ina vipindi viwili vikuu vya mvua: mvua za [[vuli]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Oktoba]], [[Novemba]] na [[Desemba]] na mvua za [[masika]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Machi]], [[Aprili]] na [[Mei]] ingawa zipo tofauti ndogo kati ya sehemu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075513535|title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March-May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing.|last=Zorita|first=Eduardo|last2=Tilya|first2=Faustine|date=2002|oclc=1075513535}}</ref> Kiasi cha mvua na halijoto husababisha tofauti za aina ya [[uoto wa asili]], [[udongo]] na aina ya [[mazao]] yanayolimwa. Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa nchini Tanzania yanasababisha kuongezeka kwa joto na uwezekano mkubwa wa matukio ya mvua kubwa (kusababisha mafuriko) na vipindi vya ukame.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|work=www.climatelinks.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa|accessdate=2022-06-16|archive-date=2022-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209143534/https://www.futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa tayari yanaathiri sekta za kilimo, rasilimali za maji, afya na nishati nchini Tanzania. Kupanda kwa kina cha bahari na mabadiliko ya ubora wa maji kunatarajiwa kuathiri uvuvi na ufugaji wa samaki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416075500/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania}}</ref>[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|Twiga Masai ni mnyama wa taifa la Tanzania]] Tanzania ilitoa [[Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Kukabiliana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (NAPAs) mwaka 2007 kama ilivyoagizwa na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]]. Mwaka 2012, Tanzania ilitoa Mkakati wa Kitaifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ili kukabiliana na wasiwasi unaoongezeka wa athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika mazingira ya kijamii na kiuchumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-04-17|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0}}</ref> ===Wanyamapori na Hifadhi=== {{Main|Wanyamapori nchini Tanzania}} {{See also|Mbuga za Taifa la Tanzania}}Tanzania ina takriban 20% ya [[spishi]] za wanyama wengi wa [[Afrika]] wenye [[damu moto]], wanapatikana kwenye mbuga zake za Taifa, hifadhi na [[bahari]]. Hifadhi za Taifa na mbuga za wanyama zimeenea katika eneo la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 42,000 (sq. mi 16,000) na kuunda karibu 38% ya eneo la nchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania travel guide {{!}} Tanzania {{!}} Zepisa African safaris|url=https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-12-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201202741/https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Indigenous People in Africa: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights|last=Ridwan|first=Laher|last2=Korir|first2=SingíOei|date=2014-05-05|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ina mbuga 21 za taifa, pamoja na hifadhi mbalimbali za wanyamapori na misitu, ikijumuisha [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]]. Magharibi mwa Tanzania, [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Gombe]] ni kitovu ya uchunguzi unaoendelea wa [[Jane Goodall]] wa tabia ya [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|sokwe]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The official site of the Tanzania National Parks - Gombe Stream National Park|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2014-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|title=Nature's strongholds : the world's greatest wildlife reserves|last=Riley|first=Laura|date=2005|publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press|others=unknown library|isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Tanzania ina [[bioanuwai]] nyingi na ina aina mbalimbali za makazi ya wanyama.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|title=Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands : conservation, management, and sustainable use|last=Stuart|first=S. N.|date=1990|publisher=Gland, Switzerland : IUCN|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2}}</ref> Katika uwanda wa [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti|Serengeti]] nchini Tanzania, [[nyumbu]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), "[[Bovids|''bovids'']]" wengine na [[Punda milia|pundamilia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti wildebeest migration explained with moving map|url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration|work=www.expertafrica.com|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> hushiriki katika uhamaji mkubwa wa kila mwaka. Tanzania ni nyumbani kwa takriban spishi 130 za [[amfibia]] na zaidi ya spishi 275 za wanyama watambaao, wengi wao wanapatikana Tanzania tu na wamejumuishwa katika orodha ya [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020 }}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania ina idadi kubwa ya simba duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 Agosti 2019|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ilikuwa na alama 7.13/10 kwenye [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mwaka 2019, ilishika nafasi ya 54 duniani kati ya nchi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> ==Serikali na Utawala== {{main|Mikoa ya Tanzania|Wilaya za Tanzania}} [[Muundo]] wa [[uongozi]] na [[utawala]] katika kipindi cha [[ukoloni]] ulizingatia mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] baina ya mihimili mitatu ya [[dola]] yaani [[serikali]], [[bunge]] na [[mahakama]]. Tangu [[uhuru]], mgawanyo wa madaraka na uhusiano miongoni mwa mihimili hiyo uliimarishwa kwa kuzingatia wakati, mahitaji ya [[demokrasia]] na misingi ya [[utawala bora]] na umeainishwa pia katika [[katiba]] ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Ibara ya 4 (1). Kuwepo kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] pia kulikuwa hatua ya kuendelea kuimarisha utawala wa ushiriki wa wananchi kadiri mahitaji ya upanuzi wa maono na [[falsafa]] [[duniani]]. [[Ugatuzi]], yaani mgawanyo wa kiutawala, unafuata Katiba ya nchi I 2.2. Tanzania imegawiwa kwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] 31. Kila [[mkoa]] huwa na [[wilaya]] ndani yake. Jumla ya wilaya ni 169, ambazo kati yake 34 ni miji. Ndani ya wilaya kuna ngazi za [[tarafa]] na [[kata]]. Chini ya kata kuna [[vijiji]] na wakati mwingine ngazi ya chini tena ambayo ni vitongoji. {| class="wikitable" !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Ramani ya mikoa |- |[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] |[[Arusha]] |[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |[[Mwanza]] | rowspan="15" |{{Tanzania_Regions_Labelled_Map|width=450}} |- |[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]] |[[Njombe]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] |[[Dodoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] |[[Wete]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] |[[Geita]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] |[[Chake Chake]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] |[[Iringa]] |[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] |[[Kibaha]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] |[[Bukoba]] |[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] |[[Sumbawanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] |[[Mpanda]] |[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |[[Songea]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] |[[Kigoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] |[[Shinyanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] |[[Moshi]] |[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] |[[Bariadi]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] |[[Lindi]] |[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |[[Singida]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] |[[Babati]] |[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] |[[Tabora]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] |[[Musoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] |[[Tanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] |[[Mbeya]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Zanzibar Kati/Kusini]] |[[Koani]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] |[[Morogoro]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] |[[Mkokotoni]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] |[[Mtwara]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Magharibi]] |[[Zanzibar]] |} === Miundo ya muungano === Tangu muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kufanyika mwaka 1964 Tanzania imekuwa na miundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na [[serikali ya muungano]] ikitekeleza [[sheria]] zinazotolewa na [[bunge la Tanzania]]. * [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara haina [[serikali]] wala [[bunge]] la pekee. * [[Zanzibar]] (visiwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake vinavyoratibu mambo yasiyo ya muungano. Mambo yafuatayo yamekubalika kuwa shughuli za muungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, forodha * Bandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Tanzania}} [[File:Human_population_density_Tanzania.png|thumb|Msongamano wa watu nchini mwaka 2022.|300x300px]] Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kwa wastani kuna mtu mmoja tu kwa kilomita ya mraba (1/km²), lakini sehemu zenye [[rutuba]] za [[bara]], kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba na katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ni 3,133 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Asilimia 70 hivi huishi [[kijiji|vijijini]], ingawa uhamiaji mijini unakwenda kasi.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration". thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> ===Makabila=== Jamii nyingi za watu zimeishi na kushirikiana katika eneo la Tanzania bara kwa [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Picha:Sukump1.jpg|thumb|300px|Wasukuma ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini.]] Kati ya jamii hizo, nyingi zilikuja kutoka maeneo mengine ya Afrika. Nyingi katika jamii zilizohamia sehemu hii ziliingia katika makundi madogomadogo kwa [[amani]], ingawa ziko zilizoingia kwa njia ya [[uvamizi]] na [[vita]]. Baadhi ya jamii zilizovamiwa zilijihami na kuwazuia wahamiaji wasiendelee kuteka maeneo mengine. Kufikia mwaka [[1884]], wakati Wajerumani walipoanza harakati za kufanya sehemu hii ya Afrika kuwa [[koloni]] lao, kulikuwa na [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya 120 katika eneo la Tanzania bara. Kuna [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125 hivi]]. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[moja]] ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]], [[Waha]], [[Wagogo]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wamakonde]]. Jambo la pekee kuhusu jamii zilizoishi na zinazoendelea kuishi Tanzania ni kwamba wakazi asili wanawakilisha makundi yote makuu manne ya [[lugha]] barani Afrika.<ref>Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1967–. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.</ref> 1. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni wa jamii ya [[Wabantu]] (k.m. Wazaramo, Wapare na Wapogoro). 2. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. 3. Kundi lingine ni makabila ya [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi kaskazini mwa Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wairaqw]], [[Wafiome]], [[Wasi]] na [[Waburunge]]. 4. Kuna kundi la [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya [[Botswana]] na [[Namibia]]; wanaitwa [[Wasandawe]] . Hatimaye kuna [[Wahadzabe]] wachache ambao [[utafiti]] wa [[DNA]] umeonyesha hivi karibuni wana uhusiano wa asili na [[Watwa]] wa nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Pia kuna asilimia ndogo ya watu wenye asili ya nje ya bara la [[Afrika]], kwa mfano [[Wahindi]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waindochina]], [[Wafarsi]], [[Wachina]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waingereza]]. Hii ilisababishwa na karne za mchanganyiko wa mahitaji ya biashara yaliyofanywa na mabara ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] hapo [[Afrika]]. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} === Lugha === {{main|Orodha ya lugha za Tanzania}} Nchini Tanzania kuna [[lugha]] za [[kabila|kikabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini, kwa kuwa kila kabila lina lugha yake. [[Kiswahili]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na inazidi kuwa [[lugha mama]]<ref>Kadiri ya Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 tayari Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza kwa asilimia 10 za wananchi</ref> kwa [[watoto]] wengi, hasa mijini.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.</ref> Walau asilimia 90 za wakazi wanakitumia walau kama [[lugha ya pili]]. Kiswahili ni mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]: hii imesaidia sana kukubaliwa kwa Kiswahili nchini, kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya Watanzania ni wasemaji wa lugha za [[Kibantu]]. Kiswahili kinatumika kama lugha baina ya watu wa makabila mbalimbali na kwa mambo rasmi; kwa hiyo ni lugha rasmi ya [[dhati]]. Baada ya [[uhuru]], [[Kiingereza]] (iliyokuwa lugha ya [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] kabla ya [[uhuru]]) iliendelea kutumika kwa mambo kadhaa rasmi na kwa [[elimu]] kuanzia [[sekondari]] ingawa sera mpya inataka Kiswahili kishike nafasi yake hadi [[chuo kikuu]];<ref>"Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</ref> kwa hiyo ilichukuliwa kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pamoja na Kiswahili. Lakini utumizi rasmi wa Kiingereza umepungua katika milongo iliyopita, na sasa utumizi huu karibu umekwisha. Kwa hiyo siku hizi ni kawaida zaidi kuchukulia Kiswahili kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pekee. [[Sera]] mpya ya elimu inakusudia kufanya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya kufundishia]] katika ngazi zote kufikia mwaka [[2024]]. === Dini === [[File:Cathedral of Arusha.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la Arusha]] {{Main|Dini nchini Tanzania}} Nchi haina [[dini rasmi]] na [[katiba]] ya Tanzania inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote. Mara nyingi idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] hutajwa kuwa [[theluthi]] moja [[Uislamu|Waislamu]], theluthi moja [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na theluthi moja wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Lakini tangu [[uhuru]] swali la dini ya wananchi halijaulizwa tena katika [[sensa]], kwa hiyo kadirio la theluthi-theluthi inawezekana ni zaidi azimio la kisiasa. Kwenye funguvisiwa la [[Zanzibar]] idadi ya Waislamu huaminiwa kuwa takriban 97%. === Miji === [[Dar es Salaam]] ndilo [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, lenye watu 5,383,728, na linaendelea kuwa makao ya [[ofisi]] nyingi za [[serikali]], [[bandari]] kuu, na [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]]. [[Mji|Miji]] mingine ni kama vile [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] (1,004,521), [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] (616,631), [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] (541,603), [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]] (471,409), [[Kahama (mji)|Kahama]] (453,654), [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] (393,429), [[Geita (mji)|Geita]] (361,671), [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]] (308,741) na [[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] (303,986).<ref>{{Cite report|title=Administrative Units Population Distribution Report|date=Desemba 2022|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|language=en|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf}}</ref> == Usafiri == {{Main|Usafiri wa Tanzania}} [[File:Magufuli Bus Terminus, Mbezi, Ubungo MC.jpg|350px|left|thumbnail| Kituo cha Mabasi cha Magufuli, Mbezi]] Usafiri nchini Tanzania ni hasa kwa njia ya [[barabara]]. Nyingine ni [[reli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]]. Kwenye [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika|maziwa makubwa]] na [[pwani]] ya Bahari Hindi kuna pia usafiri wa [[meli]]. Hadi sasa idadi ya barabara za [[lami]] si kubwa. Kuna hasa njia nzuri kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Mbeya]] katika kusini-magharibi, Dodoma katika kitovu cha nchi, Arusha / Tanga katika kaskazini-mashariki. Kusini-Mashariki na Magharibi ya nchi kwa jumla haina barabara nzuri na [[mawasiliano]] ni magumu. Mashirika mawili ya reli yanayohudumia Tanzania: ni TRC ([[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] - ''Tanzania Railways Corporation'') na [[TAZARA]] (''Tanzania-Zambia Railways Corporation''). TRC imetawala reli ya kati kuanzia Dar es Salaam hadi [[Kigoma]] halafu reli ya Tanga kati ya Tanga na Arusha. Tazara imeunganisha Dar es Salaam na kusini ya nchi hadi Zambia. Zote hazikutunzwa vizuri na usafiri unakumbwa na huduma mbaya pamoja na [[ajali]]. Huduma kwa ndege zinatumia hasa viwanja vya ndege 11 vyenye barabara ya lami kwa ajili ya ndege, hasa [[Uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Julius Nyerere/Dar es Salaam]], [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro/Arusha-Moshi]] na [[Zanzibar]]-Kisauni. Pia kuna viwanja vingine vya ndege kama vile uwanja wa ndege wa Mwanza, Bukoba na Kigoma. Usafiri wa majini pia unafanyika hasa katika bahari ya Hindi, ingawa hakuna meli ya serikali hapo na mashirika binafsi hutoa huduma. Usafiri wa majini hufanyika pia katika maziwa ya Viktoria, Tanganyika na Nyasa. Miongoni mwa meli ni [[MV Bukoba]] iliyozama tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[1996]] pamoja na abiria karibu 1,000 na [[MV Nyerere]] iliyozama tarehe [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]] pamoja na abiria zaidi ya 200. Katika ziwa Tanganyika ipo meli ya Mv Liemba ambayo ilianza kutumika tangia kipindi cha ukoloni wa Wajerumani: inatoa huduma kati ya miji ya mwambao wa ziwa Tanganyika na nchi jirani. Mwaka 2017 ulianza ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ya njia ya [[geji sanifu]] nchini Tanzania inayolenga kuunganisha [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Morogoro]].<ref>[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-railway-construction/2560-3801608-6plii9/index.html Turkish, Portuguese firms win bid to construct Tanzania’s SGR], tovuti ya theeastafrican.co.ke ya 6 Februari 2017, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Njia hii inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi [[Mwanza]] na hatimaye hadi [[Burundi]]. == Urithi wa Dunia == [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Mchoro wa mwaka [[1572]] ukionyesha mji wa [[Kilwa]] ulivyokuwa wakati huo.]] Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (mwaka wa kukubaliwa – jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Ngorongoro]]. * 1981 – [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. * 1981 – Magofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara. * 1982 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Selous]]. * 1987 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Hifadhi ya Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. * 2000 – [[Mji Mkongwe]] wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]]. * 2006 – [[Michoro ya Kondoa]]. == Utamaduni na Sanaa == {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kitanzania}} === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Tanzania}} Kuna aina zaidi ya tano za muziki nchini Tanzania, kama zilivyofafanuliwa na [[BASATA]] ni pamoja na [[Ngoma (muziki)|ngoma]] [[Ngoma za asili|(ngoma za asili]]), [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[kwaya]] (muziki wa injili), [[taarab]], na [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] ([[Muziki wa pop|pop]]/[[Hip hop ya Kitanzania|hip hop]]).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania|last=Askew|first=Kelly|last2=Askew|first2=Professor Kelly|date=2002-07-28|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C|title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam|last=Ivaska|first=Andrew|date=2011-01-25|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5|language=en}}</ref> Ngoma ni muziki wa dansi wa kitamaduni, ngoma hutofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Garland Handbook of African Music|last=Stone|first=Ruth M.|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90001-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage|last=Edmondson|first=Laura|date=2007-07-20|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11705-2|language=en}}</ref> Dansi ni muziki wa bendi unatokana na muziki wa [[soukous]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (au "rumba ya Kikongo").<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa bendi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwaya ni muziki ambao asili yake ni [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. Bongo flava ni muziki wa pop wa Tanzania uliozaliwa na [[muziki wa kizazi kipya]], unajumuisha [[reggae]], [[R&B|RnB]], na [[Hip Hop|hip hop]], uliochanganywa na vionjo vya asili (flava) lakini tangu wakati huo umekua na kuwa muziki wa kipekee wa maeneo ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika|Maziwa Makuu]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Kerr|first=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> Asili mbalimbali za ushawishi zimesaidia kufanya bongo flava kuwa muziki maarufu zaidi Afrika Mashariki, na muziki mmojawapo kati ya ile maarufu zaidi katika bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Suriano|first=M.|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’ Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118|journal=Africa Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=3-4|pages=113–126|doi=10.4314/ad.v36i3-4|issn=0850-3907}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Perullo|first=Alex|date=2005|title=Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=75–101|issn=0001-9887}}</ref> [[Picha:SitiBintiSaad_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mwimbaji wa Tanzania [[Siti Binti Saad]] ]] Tangu kuundwa kwa Tanzania hadi 1993, kurekodi na usambazaji wote wa muziki ulisimamiwa kikamilifu na [[Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania|BASATA]], hasa kupitia [[Radio Tanzania Dar Es Salaam|Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ|title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis|last=Brennan|first=James|last2=Burton|first2=Yus|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-107-3|language=en}}</ref> Ni aina 4 tu za muziki za Kitanzania zilizoruhusiwa kurekodiwa au kutangazwa, ambazo wakati huo zilikuwa ngoma, taarab, kwaya na dansi. Sheria ya Huduma za Utangazaji ya 1993 iliruhusu mitandao ya kibinafsi ya matangazo na studio za kurekodi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date={{date|1994-06-11|mdy}}|type=Act|title=THE BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT, 1993|language=en|url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-17|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haya ni mojawapo ya mabadiliko muhimu zaidi katika tasnia ya muziki ya Tanzania tangu kuanzishwa kwa nchi miaka 30 kabla.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ|title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|date=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00150-4|location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]]|access-date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Miaka michache kabla ya Act ya 1993, muziki wa hip hop ulikuwa umeanza kuimarika katika miji ya Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha na Mwanza. Ilikuwa ikianza mageuzi kutoka kwenye hip hop ya Kiingereza huko Uzunguni, maeneo tajiri kama Oysterbay na Masaki pamoja na shule za kimataifa, hadi kizazi kipya [[Uswahilini]], vitongoji maskini na kutumia Kiswahili.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web|last1=Nne|first1=Juma|title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer|url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/|website=Africanhiphop.com|access-date=5 Juni 2022|language=en|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya kufunguliwa kwa mawimbi ya redio, bongo flava ilizaliwa ikienea kwa haraka kote nchini, na katika Maziwa Makuu.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=30|issue=1|page=65-80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> === Fasihi === {{Main|Fasihi ya Tanzania}} Utamaduni wa kifasihi wa Tanzania kimsingi ni wa simulizi.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania|last=Otiso|first=Kefa M.|date=2013-01-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08708-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|68}} Tanzu na vipera maaarufu vya [[Fasihi simulizi|fasihi simuliz]]<nowiki/>i ni pamoja na [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]], [[Shairi|mashairi]], [[mafumbo]], [[methali]] na [[nyimbo]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|69}}  Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya fasihi simulizi iliyorekodiwa Tanzania ni ya Kiswahili, ingawa lugha za [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila ya Tanzania]] zina mapokeo yake ya simulizi.  Fasihi simulizi ya nchi imekuwa ikipungua kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya muundo wa jamii, na kufanya uwasilishaji wa fasihi simulizi kuwa mgumu zaidi, pia teknolojia za kisasa zinachangia kushushwa kwa thamani ya fasihi simulizi.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68-9}} Utamaduni wa kuandika na kusoma [[vitabu]] umeenea nchini Tanzania. [[Fasihi andishi]] nyingi za Kitanzania ni za [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]].<ref name=":0" /> {{rp|75}} Watu mashuhuri katika fasihi andishi ya Tanzania ni pamoja na [[Shaaban Robert]] (anatambulika kama baba wa [[fasihi ya Kiswahili]]), [[Muhammed Saley Farsy]], [[Faraji Katalambulla]], Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis]], [[Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed]], [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], na [[Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|76-8}} [[Picha:Makonde elephant.jpg|thumb|150px|Bombwe la Kimakonde: Tembo]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]]|thumb]] === Uchoraji na Uchongaji === Mitindo miwili ya sanaa ya Tanzania imepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref name="Doling">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Tanzania Arts Directory|last=Doling|first=Tim|date=1999|publisher=Visiting Arts|isbn=9781902349114|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>   [[Uchoraji]] wa [[Tingatinga (uchoraji)|Tingatinga]] umejulikana tangu [[miaka ya 1970]]. Mtindo huo umepewa [[jina]] la [[mwanzilishi]] wake, mchoraji wa Kitanzania [[Edward Tingatinga|Edward Said Tingatinga]]. Kwa ujumla michoro ya Tingatinga inayoonyesha watu, wanyama, au maisha ya kila siku.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Doling" /> Baada ya kifo cha Tingatinga mwaka wa 1972, wasanii wengine walikubali na kuendeleza mtindo wake, na aina hiyo sasa ndiyo mtindo muhimu zaidi unaolenga utalii katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|113}}<ref name="Doling" /> [[Uchongaji]] wa [[mabombwe ya Kimakonde]] yamesifiwa tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]]. [[Wamakonde]] wengi wamehamia [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es salaam]] au [[Arusha]] wanapohudumia soko la [[watalii]] na soko la nje. === Michezo === {{Main|Michezo ya Tanzania}} Mchezo maarufu nchini Tanzania ni [[mpira wa miguu]]. Ingawa mpira wa miguu ([[kandanda]]) unaongoza kwa ufuasi mkubwa miongoni mwa vijana, michezo mingine kama vile [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mchezo wa ngumi]] na [[riadha]] inazidi kuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36|title=Tanzania|last=Wairagala|first=Wakabi|date=2004|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|title=Tanzania in Pictures|last=Pritchett|first=Bev|date=2007-12-15|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|language=en}}</ref> Baraza la Michezo la Taifa ndicho chombo kinachosimamia michezo nchini chini ya Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Michezo na Utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NSC should perfect all sports categories|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/nsc-should-perfect-all-sports-categories/|work=Tanzania Sports|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania]] ([[TFF]]) ni chombo kinachosimamia mpira wa miguu nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Member Association - Tanzania - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-07-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220736/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about}}</ref> Vilabu maarufu vya soka la kulipwa jijini Dar es Salaam ni [[Young Africans S.C|Young Africans F.C]]. na [[Simba S.C.|Simba S.C]]. Wachezaji wa kandanda ambao wamechezea klabu kubwa za kigeni ni pamoja na [[Mbwana Samatta]], [[Kelvin John]], na [[Morice Abraham]]. Tanzania iliandaa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika U-17 2019]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U17 AFCON - Asante Sana Tanzania!!!|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/u17-afcon-asante-sana-tanzania|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=CAF-Confedération Africaine du Football}}</ref> Soka la wanawake ni mchezo unaokuwa kwa kasi zaidi Tanzania. Utamaduni wa wanawake kucheza mpira wa miguu umeanza kueleweka kwa wengie. [[Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Tanzania]], Taifa Queens ni bingwa wa [[Michuano ya CECAFA kwa Wanawake]] kwa mwaka 2016 na mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania win Cecafa Women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37409082|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania retain Cecafa Women's Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44987890|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> Michuano hii huandaliwa na [[Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] (CECAFA). Timu ya taifa ya wanawake chini ya miaka 17 'Serengeti Girls' ilifuzu kucheza [[Michuano ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake]] nchini [[India]] mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti Girls yatinga Kombe la Dunia|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/michezo/serengeti-girls-yatinga-kombe-la-dunia-3839528|work=Mwananchi|accessdate=17 Desemba 2024|date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Hasheem Thabeet ni Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani|Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Marekani]] ([[NBA]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hasheem Thabeet Stats|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>[[Mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa Tanzania wa mbio za kati, [[Filbert Bayi|Filbert Bayi Sanka]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Filbert BAYI {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/tanzania/filbert-bayi-14347725|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> mwaka 1974 aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya mita 1500]], na mwaka wa [[1975]] aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya maili moja]].<ref>{{Citation|title=1975 Miracle Mile: Filbert Bayi runs 3:51.0|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK3d7Ckh2o|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bayi's record may be gone but it should never be forgotten|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13143168.bayis-record-may-gone-never-forgotten/|work=HeraldScotland|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mita 1500. === Filamu === Tanzania ina tasnia maarufu ya [[filamu]] inayojulikana kwa jina la "[[Bongo Movie]]".<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/}}</ref> Studio nyingi za utayarishaji filamu za Kitanzania ziko Dar es Salaam. Kabla ya uhuru wa Tanzania mwaka 1961, baadhi ya sinema za kigeni zilirekodiwa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]] huandaa maonyesho ya filamu, warsha, muziki pamoja na sanaa zingine za maigizo. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya Magavana Wakuu wa Tanganyika]] * [[Orodha ya Masultan wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya watu maarufu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania kwa eneo]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Pato la Taifa]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Maendeleo]] * [[Utawala wa Kijiji - Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Uchumi wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Tanzania}} {{Commons}} * {{Wikiatlas|Tanzania}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Tanzania}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx Tanzania Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx |date=20160812033656 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Ani-Corruption Portal]] {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] gizc1wzz37r46qj78h105ktizvu1b86 0 2055 1581815 1424308 2026-07-26T04:13:39Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Tanzania DarEsSalaam location map.svg|thumb|right|240px|Mahali pa Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam katika Tanzania.]] [[Picha:Dar es Salaam in 1930s.JPG|320x240px|thumb|right|Dar es Salaam [[miaka ya 1930]].]] [[Picha:The splendent sunset in the city of Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|left|[[Machweo]] jijini]] [[Picha:Dar es salaam Skyline from the sea.jpg|thumb|[[Ghorofa]] ndefu kuliko zote za [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Bank of Tanzania golden hour.jpg|thumb|Makao makuu ya [[Benki kuu ya Tanzania]].]] [[Picha:Dar es Salaam Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Uwanja wa ndege wa Kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere]].]] [[Picha:Dar es Salaam Cenotaph.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shamba la Mungu]].]] '''Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam''' ni mojawapo ya [[mikoa ya Tanzania]] ulioko katika [[pwani]] ya mashariki mwa [[Tanzania]]. Unapakana na [[Mkoa wa Pwani]] upande wa magharibi, [[kaskazini]], na [[kusini]], huku upande wa [[mashariki]] ukipakana na [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Ni mkoa mdogo zaidi kwa ukubwa wa eneo (km² 1,393 pamoja na [[Kisiwa|visiwa]] vidogo 8), lakini una idadi kubwa zaidi ya wakazi nchini, ukiwa na watu takriban 5,383,728 kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] ya mwaka 2022,<ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref> tena ni kati ya majiji yanayokua haraka zaidi [[duniani]]. Ingawa [[Dodoma]] ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[siasa|kisiasa]], Dar es Salaam inabaki kuwa [[makao makuu]] ya [[taasisi]] nyingi za [[serikali]], mashirika ya kimataifa, na sekta binafsi. Pia ni [[kitovu]] cha shughuli za [[biashara]], [[uchumi]], na usafirishaji nchini, na inahudumia pia nchi za jirani kupitia [[bandari]] ya [[Dar es Salaam]].Mkoa huu una wilaya tano: Ilala, [[Wilaya ya Kinondoni|Kinondoni]], [[Wilaya ya Temeke|Temeke]], [[Wilaya ya Ubungo|Ubungo]], na [[Wilaya ya Kigamboni|Kigamboni]]. Wakazi asili wa eneo la mkoa ni [[Wazaramo]] ingawa kwa sasa kutokana na kukua na kupanuka kwa jiji, kuna makabila yote ya Tanzania, mbali ya wageni wengi kutoka nchi mbalimbali. ==Majimbo ya bunge== Wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu wa Tanzania mwaka 2020 mkoa huu ulikuwa na majimbo ya uchaguzi yafuatayo: * Ilala : mbunge ni [[Mussa Azzan Zungu]] ([[CCM]]) * Kawe : mbunge ni [[Joseph Gwajima]] ([[CCM]]) * Kibamba : mbunge ni ([[CCM]]) * Kigamboni : mbunge ni [[Faustine Ndugulile]] ([[CCM]]) * Kinondoni : mbunge ni [[Abbas Tarimba]] ([[CCM]]) * Mbagala : mbunge ni [[Issa Ally Mangungu]] ([[CCM]]) * Segerea : mbunge ni [[Bonna Mosse Kaluwa]] ([[CCM]]) * Temeke : mbunge ni [[Abdallah Mtolea]] ([[CCM]]) * Ubungo : mbunge ni [[Kitila Mkumbo]] ([[CCM]]) * Ukonga : mbunge ni [[Jerry Silaa ]] ([[CCM]]) ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] * [[Kata za Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040316002115/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/dsm.htm Sensa ya 2002] *{{en}}[http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/Other/DaresSalaam/Chap1.pdf Usalama katika Daressalaam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/Other/DaresSalaam/Chap1.pdf |date=20060923143735 }} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-dar}} [[Jamii:Mikoa ya Tanzania|D]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam| ]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] cfdjq0rkx98t4n46pa88qaei5b8yebo 0 3721 1581569 1140812 2026-07-25T12:00:10Z LilianErasto 89931 1581569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Alicha 1.jpg|thumb|right|Chakula cha Kiethiopia cha ''injera'' na aina za ''wat'']] [[Faili:Injera with eight kinds of stew.jpg|thumb]] '''Injera''' ni aina ya chapati (mkate mwororo) ambayo ni chakula cha asili ya [[Ethiopia]], [[Eritrea]] na [[Somalia]] (pia inajulikana kama '''taita'''). Unga wa [[utefi|matefi]] ([[mtefi]] ni nafaka ya pekee katika nyanda za juu za Ethiopia) huchanganywa na maji na kisha kuachwa hadi unapochacha baada ya siku chache. Baada ya hapo uji huo unakuwa tayari kupikia chapati. Injera huliwa na saladi au mchuzi uitwao [[Wat]]. Mchuzi huu huweza kuwa wa nyama ya ng'ombe au mbuzi. Kwakuwa unga wa Injera huwa umechacha, ladha yake huwa na uchachu. Nje ya nyanda za juu watu wanatumia unga wa mchele, mahindi au nafaka nyingine ingawa kiasili ni matefi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Injera|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Injera&oldid=1365926270|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.musical-saw.com/injera.htm/ Jinsi ya kupika Injera] {{Wayback|url=http://www.musical-saw.com/injera.htm/ |date=20060822105029 }} * [http://blog.mirecipe.com/ Mirecipe: Blogu ya mapishi ya Kiafrika] {{Wayback|url=http://blog.mirecipe.com/ |date=20060712200713 }} [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 3e19izacefgwq822b4484fjw70108iz 0 3912 1581703 1581317 2026-07-25T14:30:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|it}} {{Infobox lugha | jina_rasmi = Kiitalia | jina_la_asili = Italiano ([[it]]) | asili = [[Italia]], [[San Marino]], [[Uswisi]] ([[Ticino]] na [[Graubünden]]), [[Vatikani]] | lugha_1 = 65 Milioni | lugha_2 = 3.1 Milioni | jumla = 68 Milioni | familia_za_lugha = [[Kihindi-Kiulaya]] </br> [[Kilatini]] </br> [[Lugha za Kirumi|Kirumi]] </br> Kiitalia-Kidalmati </br> Kiitalia | aina_za_awali = Kilatini cha Kale </br>Kilatini Halisi </br>Kituscan</br> Kiflorentia | mfumo_wa_kuandika = [[Alfabeti ya Kilatini]] | lugha_rasmi = Nchi 4 | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa1 = ISO 639-1 | nambari_ya_msimbo1 = it | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa2 = ISO 639-2 | nambari_ya_msimbo2 = ita | nambari_ya_msimbo_kichwa3 = Glottolog | nambari_ya_msimbo3 = ital1282 | picha = Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Lugha ya Kiitalia na uenezi wake }} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 185 | footer = | image1 = Dante Luca.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Dante Alighieri]] (''juu'') na [[Petrarca]] (''chini'') walichangia sana kufanya lahaja ya Firenze ienee kuanzia [[karne za kati]] | image2 = Altichiero, ritratto di Francesco Petrarca.jpg | image3 = Pietro Bembo2.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = [[Pietro Bembo]] alisanifu lugha ya Kiitalia kwa kutegemea lahaja ya Toscana }} '''Kiitalia''' ("lingua italiana" au "italiano") ni [[lugha za Kirumi|lugha ya Kirumi]] katika lugha za [[Kihindi-Kiulaya]] na ndiyo iliyo karibu sana na lugha ya [[Kilatini]]. Ikiwa na wasemaji milioni 85, ambao milioni 67 wanaitumia kama [[Lugha ya kwanza|lugha mama]], ni lugha ya 21 kubwa zaidi duniani. Ni [[lugha rasmi]] ya [[Italia]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatikano]], [[Uswisi]] na katika sehemu za [[Slovenia]] na [[Kroatia]]. Inatumika pia katika [[Monako]], [[Malta]], [[Albania]] na [[visiwa]] kadhaa vya [[Ugiriki]]), halafu bado katika [[elimu]] katika nchi zilizokuwa [[koloni|makoloni]] ya Italia kama [[Eritrea]], [[Libya]], [[Ethiopia]] na [[Somalia]]. Watu wengi wanaokitumia kama lugha mama wamekisambaza katika nchi zote walikohamia, kama vile [[Ujerumani]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Ubelgiji]], [[Marekani]], [[Kanada]], [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Venezuela]], [[Australia]] n.k.<ref>[[#berloco2018|Berloco 2018]]</ref> Ni ya 4 kati ya [[lugha ya kigeni|lugha za kigeni]] zinazosomwa zaidi [[duniani]], hasa kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake katika [[ustaarabu]], kuanzia [[muziki]], lakini pia katika [[biashara]], k.mf. ya [[bidhaa]] za [[utamaduni]] wa Italia. [[Historia|Kihistoria]] asili yake ni lugha ya [[Kilatini]], hivyo pamoja na [[Kifaransa]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kiromania]] na lugha nyingine ndogo ni moja ya [[lugha za Kirumi]]. Kati ya lugha hizo, Kiitalia ndicho kinachofanana zaidi na Kilatini, labda baada ya [[Kisardinia]]. Imegawanyika katika [[lahaja]] nyingi, hasa za [[Kaskazini]] na za [[Kusini]] mwa [[rasi]] hiyo. Imesanifiwa kwa msingi wa lahaja ya [[Firenze]] (mkoa wa [[Toscana]], [[Italia ya Kati]]). ==Tanbihi== <references/> ==Marejeo== * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=9788894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=9788815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/ita makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiitalia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/ita |date=20150517045747 }} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ital1282 lugha ya Kiitalia katika Glottolog] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita lugha ya Kiitalia katika Ethnologue] {{DEFAULTSORT:Italia}} [[Jamii:Lugha za Kirumi]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Italia]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Uswisi]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Slovenia]] [[Jamii:Kiitalia]] on9gn6yil3pb4anlb2q5m5zygsjes6u 0 8719 1581731 1581354 2026-07-25T15:24:30Z Muddyb 379 1581731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cotonou''' <ref>Spelt '''Kotonu''' in {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Abomey |volume=1 |page=67}}</ref> ni mji mkubwa zaidi na makao makuu ya serikali ya [[Benin]]. Idadi ya watu rasmi ilikuwa 679,012 mnamo 2012; hata hivyo, zaidi ya watu milioni mbili wanaishi katika eneo kubwa la mji huo. Eneo la mji linaendelea kupanuka, hasa kuelekea magharibi. Mji huu upo kusini-mashariki mwa nchi, kati ya [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Ziwa Nokoué]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2004 |title=GNS: Country Files |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Earth-info.nga.mil.}}</ref> Cotonou ni makao makuu ya serikali ya Jamhuri ya Benin, ambapo majengo mengi ya serikali yapo, idara za serikali hufanya kazi na mabalozi wa kigeni wanapatikana, lakini mji mkuu rasmi, ambapo bunge la kitaifa huketi, ni mji mdogo wa [[Porto-Novo]]. [[File:Fort de Cotonou-1900 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Ngome ya Cotonou mnamo 1900]] Jina "Cotonou" linamaanisha "kwenye mto wa kifo" katika [[Kifon]].<ref name="Bradt">Butler, Stuart (2019) ''Bradt Travel Guide - Benin'', pgs. 74-91</ref> Mapema karne ya 19, Cotonou ilikuwa kijiji kidogo cha wavuvi, na inadhaniwa ilianzishwa rasmi na Mfalme [[Ghezo]] wa [[Dahomey]] mnamo 1830.<ref name="Bradt"/> Ilikua kama kituo cha [[Biashara ya utumwa|biashara ya watumwa]], na baadaye [[mafuta ya mawese]] na [[pamba]].<ref name="Bradt"/> Mnamo 1851, [[Jamhuri ya Pili ya Ufaransa]] iliingia mkataba na Mfalme Ghezo uliowaruhusu kuanzisha kituo cha biashara Cotonou.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin - History|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Benin|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Wakati wa utawala wa Mfalme [[Glele]] (1858–1899), eneo hilo lilitolewa kwa Dola ya Pili ya Ufaransa kupitia mkataba uliosainiwa mnamo 1878.<ref>Mathurin C. Houngnikpo, Samuel Decalo, ''Historical Dictionary of Benin'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2013, p. 117</ref> Mnamo 1883, Jeshi la Wanamaji la Ufaransa liliteka mji huo ili kuzuia Uingereza kutwaa eneo hilo. Baada ya kifo cha Glele mnamo 1889, Mfalme [[Béhanzin]] alijaribu kupinga mkataba huo bila mafanikio. Mji ulikua kwa kasi kufuatia ujenzi wa bandari mnamo 1908.<ref name="Bradt" /> Idadi ya watu mnamo 1960 ilikuwa 70,000 tu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin Population (2021) - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/benin-population/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Lagoon in Cotonou02.jpg|thumb|[[Mto Ouémé]] ukiingia katika Bahari ya Atlantiki huko Cotonou]] Cotonou ipo katika ukanda wa pwani kati ya [[Ziwa Nokoué]] na Bahari ya Atlantiki. Mji umetenganishwa mara mbili na mfereji, kiasi cha maji cha Cotonou, kilichochimbwa na Wafaransa mnamo 1855. Kuna miundo mbinu ya mifereji na madaraja matatu katika eneo hili. [[Mto Ouémé]] unaingia katika Bahari ya Atlantiki huko Cotonou. [[File:Akpakpa bridge of Cotonou.jpg|thumb|Daraja huko Cotonou]] Mji una miundombinu iliyoimarika ya usafiri ikiwa ni pamoja na njia za anga, bahari, mto (kuelekea Porto-Novo), na nchi kavu inayowezesha biashara na majirani zake [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Togo]]. Mmomonyoko wa pwani umeonekana kwa miongo kadhaa. Ulikuwa mbaya zaidi mnamo 1961 kufuatia ujenzi wa Bwawa la Nangbeto na bandari ya maji marefu ya Cotonou. Mradi wa mfano uliofadhiliwa na Shirika la Mazingira la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) ulionyesha kuwa katika miaka 40, pwani ya mashariki mwa Cotonou ilikuwa imerudi nyuma kwa mita 400.<ref>IRIN Humanitarian News. BENIN: [http://www.irinnews.org/report/80126/benin-coastal-erosion-threatening-to-wipe-out-parts-of-cotonou Coastal erosion threatening to wipe out parts of Cotonou.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208020051/http://www.irinnews.org/report/80126/benin-coastal-erosion-threatening-to-wipe-out-parts-of-cotonou |date=2015-12-08 }}</ref> Mmomonyoko huu umepelekea watu wengi kuhama makazi yao kando ya pwani.<ref>[http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Benins_Cotonou_a_city_slowly_swallowed_by_waves_999.html "Benin's Cotonou – a city slowly swallowed by waves"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516070235/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Benins_Cotonou_a_city_slowly_swallowed_by_waves_999.html |date=2019-05-16 }}, ''The Terra Daily'', 25 January 2008</ref> Chini ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa wa Köppen, Cotonou ina hali ya hewa ya kitropiki ya mvua na ukame, ikibadilishana na msimu wa mvua mara mbili (Apreli–Julai na Septemba–Oktoba, jumla ya mm 1000 hadi 1300 za mvua kwa mwaka) na msimu wa ukame mara mbili. Mnamo Desemba na Januari, mji huathiriwa na upepo wa harmattan. Joto ni tulivu kwa mwaka mzima, joto la juu likiwa karibu 30 °C, na joto la chini likiwa karibu 25 °C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cotonou climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Cotonou water temperature - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/benin/littoral/cotonou-714874/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Benin]] ihlowb6fx3fpw12mqvkfjl955kw5gzl 0 9753 1581622 1252536 2026-07-25T13:01:38Z Amanich7 44301 1581622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Kisumu_montage.png|thumbnail|right|280px|Kisumu, Kenya]] {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Kisumu |picha_ya_satelite = Kisumu montage.png |image_caption = |pushpin_map = Kenya |map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Kisumu katika Kenya |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Kaunti ya Kisumu|Kisumu]] |subdivision_name = {{KEN}} |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 968909 |latd=0 |latm=6 |lats=0 |latNS=S |longd=34 |longm=45 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta Stadium.jpg|thumb|300px|Kitovu cha Kisumu]] '''Kisumu''' ni [[mji]] mkubwa wa [[tatu]] wa [[Kenya]], ukiwa na wakazi 968,909 ([[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2009]]<ref>[https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 Sensa ya Kenya 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 |date=20190109205229 }}, [[tovuti]] ya [[KNBS]], ilitazamwa Januari 2009.</ref>). Pia ni mji mkubwa wa Kenya ya [[Magharibi]] na [[makao makuu]] ya [[kaunti ya Kisumu]]. Mji uko kando ya [[ziwa]] [[Viktoria Nyanza]], una [[bandari]] kubwa ya nchi katika ziwa hilo. Mji na bandari vilianzishwa kwa [[jina]] la "Port Florence" mwaka [[1901]] wakati [[reli ya Uganda]] ilipofika huko kutoka [[Mombasa]]. Kuna [[feri]] ziwani kutoka Kisumu kwenda [[Mwanza]], [[Bukoba]], [[Entebbe]], [[Port Bell]] na [[Jinja (Uganda)|Jinja]]. [[uchumi|Kiuchumi]] Kisumu ina [[viwanda]] kadhaa, hasa vya [[sukari]], [[samaki]], [[vitambaa]], pia ya [[bia]]. [[Maendeleo]] ya Kisumu yalikwama miaka mingi kwa sababu kwa miaka mingi [[Wajaluo]] walisimama upande wa [[upinzani]] wa kisiasa, hivyo [[serikali]] haikupeleka miradi tena katika eneo hilo. ==Vivutio== Kuna maeneo kadhaa ya kuhifadhi mazingira karibu na jiji (Hifadhi ya Asili Ya Kisumu, Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kisiwa Cha Ndere), ambapo nyani na viboko wanaweza kupatikana. Kinachojulikana Kama "Cape of Behemoths" iko kilomita chache kusini magharibi mwa Kisumu, karibu na kijiji cha Dunga. Hii ni staha ya uchunguzi kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria. Licha ya jina lake, inajulikana zaidi kama mahali pa kutazama machweo juu ya ziwa kuliko kwa sababu ya viboko ambao huonekana hapa mara chache. Mnamo 1980, Jumba la Makumbusho La Kisumu lilifunguliwa jijini. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museums.or.ke/content/blogcategory/14/20/|title=Kisumu|publisher=National Museums of Kenya|access-date=2014-03-15|lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218065139/http://www.museums.or.ke/content/blogcategory/14/20/|archive-date=2007-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kisumu]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Kisumu]] 8uk15kwrcvxun7n142w0t7xjb8e941h 1581623 1581622 2026-07-25T13:02:37Z Amanich7 44301 /* Vivutio */ 1581623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Kisumu_montage.png|thumbnail|right|280px|Kisumu, Kenya]] {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Kisumu |picha_ya_satelite = Kisumu montage.png |image_caption = |pushpin_map = Kenya |map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Kisumu katika Kenya |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti za Kenya|Kaunti]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Kaunti ya Kisumu|Kisumu]] |subdivision_name = {{KEN}} |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 968909 |latd=0 |latm=6 |lats=0 |latNS=S |longd=34 |longm=45 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Jomo Kenyatta Stadium.jpg|thumb|300px|Kitovu cha Kisumu]] '''Kisumu''' ni [[mji]] mkubwa wa [[tatu]] wa [[Kenya]], ukiwa na wakazi 968,909 ([[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2009]]<ref>[https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 Sensa ya Kenya 2009] {{Wayback|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/volume-1a-population-distribution-by-administrative-units-2/?wpdmdl=3765 |date=20190109205229 }}, [[tovuti]] ya [[KNBS]], ilitazamwa Januari 2009.</ref>). Pia ni mji mkubwa wa Kenya ya [[Magharibi]] na [[makao makuu]] ya [[kaunti ya Kisumu]]. Mji uko kando ya [[ziwa]] [[Viktoria Nyanza]], una [[bandari]] kubwa ya nchi katika ziwa hilo. Mji na bandari vilianzishwa kwa [[jina]] la "Port Florence" mwaka [[1901]] wakati [[reli ya Uganda]] ilipofika huko kutoka [[Mombasa]]. Kuna [[feri]] ziwani kutoka Kisumu kwenda [[Mwanza]], [[Bukoba]], [[Entebbe]], [[Port Bell]] na [[Jinja (Uganda)|Jinja]]. [[uchumi|Kiuchumi]] Kisumu ina [[viwanda]] kadhaa, hasa vya [[sukari]], [[samaki]], [[vitambaa]], pia ya [[bia]]. [[Maendeleo]] ya Kisumu yalikwama miaka mingi kwa sababu kwa miaka mingi [[Wajaluo]] walisimama upande wa [[upinzani]] wa kisiasa, hivyo [[serikali]] haikupeleka miradi tena katika eneo hilo. ==Vivutio== Kuna maeneo kadhaa ya kuhifadhi mazingira karibu na jiji (Hifadhi ya Asili Ya Kisumu, Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kisiwa Cha Ndere), ambapo nyani na viboko wanaweza kupatikana. Kinachojulikana Kama "Cape of Behemoths" iko kilomita chache kusini magharibi mwa Kisumu, karibu na kijiji cha Dunga. Hii ni staha ya uchunguzi kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria. Licha ya jina lake, inajulikana zaidi kama mahali pa kutazama machweo juu ya ziwa kuliko kwa sababu ya viboko ambao huonekana hapa mara chache. Mnamo 1980, Jumba la Makumbusho La Kisumu lilifunguliwa jijini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museums.or.ke/content/blogcategory/14/20/|title=Kisumu|publisher=National Museums of Kenya|access-date=2014-03-15|lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218065139/http://www.museums.or.ke/content/blogcategory/14/20/|archive-date=2007-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Kenya]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Kaunti za Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-KE}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Kaunti ya Kisumu]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria]] [[Jamii:Kisumu]] 7tp3xigkv5qwi3hct8z6c4k7u9x2xrc 0 12727 1581790 1581182 2026-07-26T00:39:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:George H W Bush and Pope John Paul II (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Mtakatifu Yohane Paulo II.]] '''Papa Yohane Paulo II''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: Ioannes Paulus PP. II; kwa [[Kiitalia]]: Giovanni Paolo II; kwa [[Kipolandi]]: Jan Paweł II; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: John Paul II; [[18 Mei]] [[1920]] - [[2 Aprili]] [[2005]]) alikuwa [[Papa]] wa 264 kuanzia [[tarehe]] [[16 Oktoba]] [[1978]] hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> akidumu katika [[huduma]] hiyo kirefu kuliko Mapapa wengine wote, isipokuwa [[Mtume Petro]] na [[Papa Pius IX]]. Alitokea [[Wadowice]], [[Krakow]], [[Polandi]]<ref>https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father.index.html#holy-father</ref> Alimfuata [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]] akiwa Papa wa kwanza asiye [[Italia|Mwitalia]] tangu miaka 455 iliyopita, wakati wa [[Uholanzi|Mholanzi]] [[Papa Adrian VI]] ([[1522]] - [[1523]]), tena Papa wa kwanza kutoka [[Polandi]] (na ma[[kabila]] yoyote ya [[Waslavi]]) katika [[historia ya Kanisa]]. Alifuatwa na [[Papa Benedikto XVI]]. [[Jina]] lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa '''Karol Józef Wojtyła''' (matamshi: ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔiˈtɨwa). Wengi wanamhesabu kati ya watu walioathiri zaidi [[karne ya 20]], hasa kwa sababu tangu mwanzo wa Upapa wake alipambana na [[Ukomunisti]] uliotesa nchi yake asili na nyinginezo, akachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kikomo chake na kusambaratika kwa [[Urusi]].<ref name="CBCNews">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|title=Pope stared down Communism in homeland - and won|date=Aprili 2005|author=CBC News Online|publisher=Religion News Service|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406174046/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archivedate=2005-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Berlin Wall">{{cite web |url=http://www.writespirit.net/authors/pope_john_paul_ii/pope_john_paul_fall_berlin_wall|title=Pope John Paul II and the Fall of the Berlin Wall|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2008 Tejvan Pettinger, Oxford, UK}}</ref><ref name="Bottum">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp|title=John Paul the Great|last=Bottum|first=Joseph|date=18 Aprili 2005|work=Weekly Standard|pages=1–2|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2009-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706015929/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp}}</ref><ref name="Chronicle2">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=[[London]]|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/234 234]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Gorbachev">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html|title=Gorbachev: Pope was ‘example to all of us’|date=4 Aprili 2005|work=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Memory">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html|title=John Paul II: A strong moral vision|date=11 Februari 2005|publisher=CNN |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Vilevile alilaumu [[ubepari]] wa nchi za [[magharibi]]<ref>Hastings, Adrian; Alistair Mason; Hugh S. Pyper ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' Oxford University Press 2000 p. 95 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Pope+John+Paul+II+criticism+of+capitalism&source=bl&ots=WZvlD5z3nN&sig=5uwyFimxfwqpl-8r_-4UNLBTrQg&hl=en&ei=iZ2rTYeBJMXLgQe98bXzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCTgy#v=onepage&q=Pope%20John%20Paul%20II%20criticism%20of%20capitalism&f=false Online version] available at [[Google Books]]</ref><ref>Magister, Sandro [http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm "Fighting the Faithless West"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simplysharing.com/pope.htm |date=20110811051240 }} ''The Sunday Oregonian'' 3 Aprili 2005 Retrieved 17 Aprili 2011</ref> na kudai [[haki]] katika jamii zote, akitetea hasa [[uhai]] wa [[binadamu]] na [[uhuru wa dini]]. Upande wa [[dini]], aliboresha uhusiano kati ya Kanisa Katoliki na [[madhehebu]] mengine ya [[Ukristo]]<ref name="Anglican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2005/4/8/ACNS3967|title=Anglican tributes to Pope John Paul II|work=[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ Anglican Communion Office]|publisher= Anglican Consultative Council|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> pamoja na ule na dini mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Uyahudi]], [[Ubuddha|Ubudha]], [[Uislamu]]<ref name="AIJAC">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526|title=AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=[[Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>. Ziara zake 104 kati nchi 129 ulimwenguni kote, mbali na 146 nchini [[Italia]] na 317 katika [[parokia]] za [[Roma]], zilikusanya mara nyingi umati mkubwa (hadi zaidi ya milioni 4 huko [[Manila]], [[Ufilipino]], mwishoni mwa [[siku ya kimataifa ya vijana]]), na kumfanya asafiri kuliko jumla ya mapapa wote waliomtangulia, akiwa mmojawapo kati ya [[viongozi]] wa dunia waliosafiri zaidi. Papa Wojtyła alitangaza [[wenye heri]] 1,340 na [[watakatifu]] 483, ili kuwapa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa leo vielelezo mbalimbali kwa maisha yao ili walenge [[utakatifu]] walioitiwa na [[Mungu]].<ref name="USCCB_Bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml |title=Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World |accessdate=2009-01-01 |publisher=United States Council of Catholic Bishops |year=2003 |archivedate=2011-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624073359/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml }}</ref><ref name="Moore1">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html|title=Pope John Paul II on course to become Saint in record time|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|date=22 Mei 2008|work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref> Idadi hiyo ni kubwa kuliko ile ya waliotangazwa na jumla ya Mapapa wote waliomtangulia walau katika karne tano za mwisho.<ref name="Hollingshead">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion|title=Whatever happened to ... canonising John Paul II?|last=Hollingshead |first=Iain |authorlink=Iain Hollingshead |date=1 Aprili 2006|work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="Gertz">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/octoberweb-only/10-20-52.0.html|title=Christian History Corner: John Paul II's Canonisation Cannon|last=Gertz|first=Steven|date=10 Januari 2003|work=[[Christianity Today]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Beatifications">{{cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10|title=Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate, 1988|last=Walsh|first=Sister Mary Ann|work=From: ‘John Paul II: A Light for the World’, [http://www.popebook.com/ Popebook.com]|publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2008-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211002153/http://www.usccb.org/pope/beatify.htm#10}}</ref><ref name="Vatican1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/index_saints_en.html|title=Table of the Canonisations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II|publisher=[[The Holy See]]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>''Whether John Paul II canonised more saints than all previous popes put together is difficult to prove, as the records of many early canonisations are incomplete, missing, or inaccurate.''</ref> Alikuwa anaongea lugha mbalimbali, zikiwemo za Kipolandi, Kiitalia, [[Kifaransa]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kiukraina]], [[Kirusi]], [[Kiserbokroatia]], [[Kiesperanto]], [[Kilatini]] na [[Kigiriki cha kale]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web|url=http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|title=Pope John Paul II|date=20 Oktoba 2008|publisher=The Robinson Library|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2015-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm|=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135430/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/philosophy/denominations/catholic/history/johnpaul2.htm}}</ref> Yohane Paulo II alitangazwa na [[mwandamizi]] wake [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] kuwa [[mwenye heri]] tarehe [[1 Mei]] [[2011]],<ref name="CC1">{{cite web|url= http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4969|title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : SPECIAL: Popes Pius XII, John Paul II declared 'venerable'|work=catholicculture.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CathLife">{{cite web|url= http://acatholiclife.blogspot.com/2009/12/pope-pius-xii-john-paul-ii-declared.html|title=A Catholic Life: Pope Pius XII, John Paul II Declared Venerable|work=acatholiclife.blogspot.com|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="VenJP">{{cite web|url= http://www.piercedhearts.org/jpii/venerable_jpii.htm|title=Venerable John Paul II|date=19 December 2009work=piercedhearts.org|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref name="CNA2">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood/|title=John Paul II declared [[Venerable]], moves one step closer to sainthood :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)|work=catholicnewsagency.com|accessdate=2010-02-25|archive-date=2021-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131356/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/john_paul_ii_declared_venerable_moves_one_step_closer_to_sainthood|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC-beatify">{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423|title=Pope paves way to beatification of John Paul II|work=bbc.news.co.uk|accessdate=2011-01-14}} </ref> halafu [[Papa Fransisko]] akamtangaza [[mtakatifu]] tarehe [[27 Aprili]] [[2014]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila mwaka tarehe [[22 Oktoba]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90026</ref>, kulingana na siku ya kuanza rasmi huduma yake ya Kipapa kwa Misa iliyofanyika katika uwanja mbele ya [[Basilika la Mt. Petro]], [[Vatikani]]. == Maisha == === Miaka ya kwanza === [[Picha:Emilia and Karol Wojtyla wedding portrait.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Picha ya [[ndoa]] ya wazazi wake Emilia na Karol Wojtyla Sr.]] [[Picha:Geb-Haus Papst.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya [[familia]] yake huko [[Wadowice]].]] [[Picha:Dom Rodzinny Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II w Wadowicach1.JPG|thumb|upright|Ua wa nyumba yake.]] Karol Józef Wojtyła alizaliwa [[Wadowice]]<ref name="ShortBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html|title= His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography |date=30 Juni 2005|work=Vatican Press Office|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> nchini [[Polandi]] akiwa mtoto wa tatu na wa mwisho wa Karol Wojtyła,<ref name="CNN6">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|title=Pope John Paul II 1920-2005|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116090409/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Emilia Kaczorowska, ambaye alikuwa na asili ya [[Lithuania|Kilithuania]], akafariki tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1929]],<ref name="CBN">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx| title= Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]}}</ref>. Dada yake Olga alikufa kabla Karol hajazaliwa; hivyo, alihusiana sana na kaka yake Edmund, mpaka huyo alipokufa kwa [[tetekuwanga]] kutokana na kazi yake ya [[udaktari]]. Akiwa kijana, Karol alipenda sana [[spoti]] akacheza mara nyingi [[kandanda]] kama [[kipa]].<ref name="CNNBio">{{cite web |url=http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 |title=Pope John Paul the most revered human being on earth popejohnpaul.com |publisher=popejohnpaul.com |accessdate=2009-01-01 |archivedate=2021-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505021045/http://popejohnpaul.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=1 }}</ref> Miaka ya malezi yake iliathiriwa na uhusiano mkubwa na [[Wayahudi]] wengi wa Wadowice. Mara nyingi kulikuwa na [[mechi]] kati ya Wakatoliki na Wayahudi, naye alijitolea kuwa kipa wa Wayahudi timu yao ilipopungukiwa wachezaji. Katikati ya mwaka [[1938]], Karol na baba yake walihamia [[Kraków]], alipojiunga na [[chuo kikuu]] maarufu cha "[[Jagiellonian University]]". Huko akisoma [[filolojia]] na lugha 12 tofauti, alijitolea kusaidia kama [[mkutubi]]. Alipolazimishwa kujiunga na [[jeshi]] (36th Infantry Regiment (Polandi)|Academic Legion), alikataa kufyatua risasi. Pia aliigiza na kutunga mwenyewe [[tamthilia]]. Mwaka [[1939]] [[Ujerumani]] wa [[Hitler]] ulivamia Polandi ukafunga chuo kikuu hicho, huku [[wanaume]] wote wakidaiwa kufanya kazi. Hivyo, tangu mwaka [[1940]] hadi [[1944]], Karol alifanya kazi mbalimbali za mikono asije akahamishiwa katika [[makambi ya KZ]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Baba yake alifariki kwa mpasuko wa moyo mwaka [[1941]], akimuacha peke yake.<ref name="CNN6"/><ref name="CBN"/><ref name = "Stourton5">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/60 60] |year=2006}}</ref> Miaka 40 baadaye alisema,''"Sikuwepo mama alipofariki, sikuwepo kaka alipofariki, sikuwepo baba alipofariki. Kufikia umri wa miaka 20 nilikuwa nimeshapoteza wapenzi wangu wote"''.<ref name = "Stourton5"/> Ndipo alipoanza kufikiria sana [[wito]] wa [[upadri]], ambao polepole ukawa ''‘jambo la ndani lenye hakika ya hali ya juu’''.<ref name = "Stourton6">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/63 63] |year=2006}}</ref> Kwa sababu hiyo, mnamo Oktoba [[1942]], alipiga hodi kwenye nyumba ya [[askofu mkuu] wa [[Kraków]], [[kardinali]] [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]], akaomba asomee upadri.<ref name = "Stourton6"/> Mapema akawa anasoma kwa siri katika [[seminari]] iliyoendeshwa huko kwa maficho. Tarehe [[29 Februari]] [[1944]], Karol aligongwa na [[lori]] la Kijerumani. Tofauti na kawaida, alipelekwa [[hospitali]]ni alipotibiwa wiki mbili. Kunusurika ajali hiyo kulimthibitisha katika wito wake. Tarehe [[6 Agosti]] [[1944]], ‘Black Sunday’, [[askari]] wa [[Gestapo]] walijaribu kukamata wavulana wote wa Kraków wasije wakaanza mapambano dhidi yao<ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, page 71]]</ref> kama ilivyotokea [[Warsaw]].<ref name="Norman">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw |url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=[[Viking Penguin]] |location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm/page/253 253]–254|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="George Weigel 2001, pages 71-21">[[#Weigel02|George Weigel, "Witness to Hope" - HarperCollins Publishers 2001, pages 71-21]]</ref> Karol alifaulu kufichama katika andaki la nyumba iliyokaguliwa na askari, wakati vijana zaidi ya elfu nane walikamatwa siku hiyo.<ref name = "Stourton6"/><ref name="George Weigel 2001, page 71"/><ref name="Norman"/> Halafu akafichama nyumbani kwa askofu mkuu hadi Wajerumani walipofukuzwa tarehe [[17 Januari]] [[1945]].<ref name="Davies72">[[#Davies72|Norman Davies, Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw - Viking Penguin 2004, pages 253-254]]</ref> Hapo wanafunzi waliteka [[seminari]], naye akajitolea kusafisha vyoo vilivyojaa mavi ya muda mrefu.<ref name="Weigel">''Witness to Hope'', [[George Weigel]], [[HarperCollins]] (1999, 2001) ISBN 0-06-018793-X.</ref> Mwezi huohuo, alimuokoa Edith Zierer, binti Myahudi wa miaka 14 ambaye alikuwa amekimbia kambi la [[Częstochowa]] lakini akazimia kwenye [[reli]].<ref name="EdithZ">{{cite web|url=http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|title=Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)|work=Voices of the Holocaust|publisher=2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html|archivedate=2008-04-19}}</ref> Karol akampandisha juu ya treni na kumfikisha salama mjini Kraków.<ref name="CNNLive">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html|title=CNN Live event transcript|date= 8 Aprili 2005 |publisher=CNN.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>Roberts, Genevieve., [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215035053/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294 "The death of Pope John Paul II: `He saved my life - with tea, bread'"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 3 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref><ref>Cohen, Roger., [http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm " The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm |date=20140209190231 }}, ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', 6 Aprili 2005, Retrieved on 2007-06-17.</ref> [[B'nai B'rith]] na makundi mengine ya Kiyahudi yamethibitisha kuwa Karol aliokoa wengine vilevile dhidi ya [[dhuluma]] ya [[Wanazi]]. === Upadri === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyla-wikary w Niegowici.jpg|thumb|Karol Wojtyła akiwa padri huko [[Niegowić]], Polandi, mwaka [[1948]].]] Kisha kumaliza masomo yake seminarini, tarehe [[1 Novemba]] [[1946]] Karol alipewa [[upadirisho]] na kardinali Adam Stefan Sapieha.<ref name = "Stourton7">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London|isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/71 71] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name = "Vatican2">{{cite web| url =http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946 | title =His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate| publisher =Holy See | accessdate =1 Januari 2008}}</ref> Baada ya hapo alitumwa [[Roma]] akasome [[teolojia]] kwenye [[chuo kikuu cha Kipapa]] ''[[Angelicum]]'',<ref name = "Stourton7"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipojipatia [[digrii]] ya pili na ya tatu katika teolojia. Udaktari huo, ambao ulifuatwa na mwingine, ulipatikana kwa kuchambua ''Fundisho la [[Imani]] kadiri ya Mt. [[Yohane wa Msalaba]]''. Akirudi Polandi katikati ya mwaka 1948 alipangiwa kazi yake ya kichungaji ya kwanza katika [[kijiji]] cha [[Niegowić]], maili 15 kutoka Kraków. Alipofika huko tu, alipiga magoti na kubusu ardhi kama atakapofanya mara nyingi katika safari zake za kimataifa akifika kwenye nchi fulani.<ref name="Chronicle">{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6}}</ref> Tendo hilo liliiga lile la mtakatifu [[Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney]].<ref name="Chronicle"/> [[Picha:Facade of the main entrance of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) (19May07).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chuo kikuu cha ''Angelicum'' mjini Roma.]] Mnamo Machi [[1949]] alihamishiwa [[parokia]] ya [[Mtakatifu Florian]] mjini Kraków, akaanza kufundisha [[maadili]] katika [[Jagiellonian University]] halafu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha Lublin]]. Wakati huo alikusanya vijana 20 hivi walioanza kujiita ''Rodzinka'', "familia ndogo". Walikuwa wakikutana kwa [[sala|kusali]], kujadili [[falsafa]], na kusaidia [[vipofu]] na [[wagonjwa]]. Polepole kundi hilo lilifikia washiriki 200 hivi, nao wakajiongezea michezo na spoti. Mwaka [[1954]] alipata udaktari wa pili katika falsafa,<ref>[[#Stourton03|Edward Stourton, "John Paul II: Man of History" - Hodder & Stoughton 2006, page 97]]</ref> kwa kutathmini uwezekano wa kufundisha maadili ya Kikatoliki kwa kutumia [[fenomenolojia]] ya [[Max Scheler]]. Lakini serikali ya Kikomunisti ilimzuia asipewe digri hiyo mpaka mwaka 1957.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Wakati huo, Wojtyła aliandika mfululizo wa makala kuhusu mada za Kikanisa katika [[gazeti]] la kila wiki la [[dayosisi|jimbo]] ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]''.<ref name="Zenit5">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|title=John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope|date=7 Januari 2003|publisher=ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180119/http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english|archivedate=2014-01-16}}</ref> Katika miaka 12 ya kwanza ya upadri wake alitunga pia [[fasihi]] mpya mbalimbali kuhusu [[vita]], hali ya maisha chini ya Ukomunisti, majukumu ya kichungaji n.k. Lakini alichapisha maandishi hayo kwa kutumia [[jina la bandia]] Andrzej Jawień au Stanisław Andrzej Gruda<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicity.com/commentary/landry/00452.html|title=God, the Pope and Michelangelo|last=Landry|first=Fr. Roger J. |date=22 Aprili 2005|publisher=CatholiCity.com |author=The Mary Foundation |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> – tofauti na maandishi yake ya kidini yaliyotolewa kwa jina lake halisi.<ref name="Zenit5"/><ref name="Landry"/> Mwaka [[1960]], Wojtyła alitoa kitabu muhimu cha [[maadilidini]] ''[[Love and Responsibility]]'', akitetea mafundisho ya Kanisa Katoliki kuhusu ndoa kwa kutumia mtazamo wa kifalsafa.<ref name="Wojtyła">[[#Wojtyła69|Wojtyła, Karol. ''Love and Responsibility'']]: 1981</ref> === Askofu na kardinali === [[Picha:Karol Wojtyła - wizytacja zakonu oo. Karmelitów na Piasku w Krakowie 1967.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Juni 1967, akiwa [[askofu]] lakini si kardinali bado.]] Tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[1958]],<ref name = "Vatican2"/> alipokuwa likizo, [[Papa Pius XII]] alimteua [[askofu msaidizi]] wa Kraków. Aliitwa [[Warsaw]] akutane na [[Mkuu wa Maaskofu]] wa Polandi, kardinali [[Stefan Wyszyński]], aliyemuarifu kuhusu uteuzi huo.<ref name = "Rise">{{cite book |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II |title=Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way |url=https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2004 Warner Books |isbn=0-446-57781-2 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton8">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/103 103] |year=2006}}</ref> Kisha kukubali kuwa msaidizi wa [[askofu mkuu]] [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], alipewa [[daraja]] ya [[uaskofu]] (akitumia jina la jimbo la zamani la [[Ombi]]) tarehe [[28 Septemba]] 1958.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Akiwa na miaka 38 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko maaskofu wote wa Polandi. Baada ya kifo cha Baziak mnamo Juni [[1962]], tarehe [[16 Julai]], Karol Wojtyła alichaguliwa asimamie jimbo kama ''Vicar Capitular''.<ref name="ShortBio"/> Wojtyła alishiriki toka mwanzo hadi mwisho [[Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano]] (1962–[[1965]]),<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/> akichangia hasa hati ''[[Dignitatis Humanae]]'' na ''[[Gaudium et Spes]]''.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Baadaye Wojtyła alishiriki pia vikao vyote vya [[Sinodi ya Maaskofu]].<ref name="ShortBio"/> Tarehe [[13 Januari]] [[1964]], [[Papa Paulo VI]] alimteua [[askofu mkuu]] wa [[Kraków]].<ref name="VaticanNewsService">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |title= Short biography |publisher=www.vatican.va |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> Halafu, tarehe [[26 Juni]] [[1967]], Paulo VI alimteua kardinali<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="VaticanNewsService"/> akapewa [[kanisa]] la [[San Cesareo in Palatio]].<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.com/churches/cardinal/130.htm Cardinal Deaconry S. Cesareo in Palatio] Giga Catholic Information</ref> Mwaka 1967 alichangia pia hati ''[[Humanae Vitae]]'' iliyokataza tena [[utoaji mimba]] na [[teknolojia]] ya [[uzazi wa mpango]].<ref name="Memory"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="HV">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html |title=Humanae Vitae |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=25 Julai 1968}}</ref> === Papa === [[Picha:Coat of arms of Ioannes Paulus II.svg|thumb|130|[[Lebo]] yake yenye [[msalaba]] na chini yake herufi M kumaanisha [[Bikira Maria]], mama wa [[Yesu]] aliyemheshimu sana.]] Mnamo Agosti [[1978]], Wojtyła alishiriki uchaguzi wa [[Papa Yohane Paulo I]], aliyefariki baada ya siku 33 tu.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001709/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html}}</ref> Uchaguzi wa pili wa mwaka huo 1978 ulianza tarehe [[14 Oktoba]]<ref name="Time1978b">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 Oktoba 1978|work=Time magazine|page=4|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815090521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html}}</ref><ref name="Time1978b"/> na Wojtyła akashinda walipopiga kura mara ya nane. Hapo alijichaguliwa jina la Yohane Paulo II<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978b"/> kwa heshima ya watangulizi wake wa mwisho.<ref name="Time1978"/><ref name = "Stourton10">{{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist)|title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou/page/171 171] |year=2006}}</ref><ref name="NewPope">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm|title=New Pope Announced|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name = "Stourton10"/><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II]</ref> Akiwa na miaka 58 tu, alikuwa kijana kuliko Mapapa wote waliochaguliwa baada ya [[Papa Pius IX]] mwaka 1846, aliyekuwa na miaka 54.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> [[Ibada]] ya kuanzia rasmi Upapa wake ilifanyika tarehe [[22 Oktoba]] 1978.<ref name="Vatican-bio-en">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=30 Juni 2005}}</ref> === Mafundisho === [[Picha:Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|left|Papa Yohane Paulo II mwaka 1985.]] Kama papa, moja kati ya kazi zake muhimu ilikuwa kufundisha imani na maadili. Hakuna Papa aliyewahi kuwahubiria watu wengi zaidi. Katika kupokea watu siku 1160 za [[Jumatano]], alifikia watu 17,600,000. Kati ya [[katekesi]] zake alizowapa, maarufu zaidi ni zile juu ya "Teolojia ya [[Mwili]]". Mbali ya vitabu 5, aliandika hati 85. Katika ''[[Novo Millennio Ineunte]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kuanza upya na [[Kristo]] mwanzoni mwa [[milenia ya tatu]]: "Hatutaokolewa na tamko, bali na Nafsi hai." Katika ''[[Veritatis Splendor]]'' alisisitiza umuhimu wa kujua [[ukweli]] ili kufikia [[uhuru]], badala ya kukubali [[dhana]] ya kuwa [[binadamu]] anaweza kuwa na rai tu. Katika ''[[Fides et Ratio]]'' alionyesha haja ya imani na akili kushirikiana ili kujua ukweli. Yohane Paulo II alitoa mafundisho mengi kuhusu [[jamii]] pia, akitetea heshima ya watu wote, kuanzia [[wanawake]], na umuhimu wa familia: ''Jinsi familia inavyokwenda, ndivyo taifa linavyokwenda na ndivyo ulimwengu tunamoishi unavyokwenda''.<ref name="Memory"/>. Hati nyingine zinahusu ''Injili ya Uhai'' (''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'') na ''Ekumeni'' (''Ut Unum Sint''). === Ziara === {| style="width:100%; background: none;" |- | style="width:20%" | | style="width:21%; vertical-align: top; text-align:justify; padding-left: 10px;" | <ref name="Holy See">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/index.htm|title=The Holy See: ''Jubilee Pilgrimages of the Holy Father'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Holy See}}</ref> | style="width:1%" | | style="width:58%; vertical-align: top;" |[[Picha:JPIITravelsMap.svg|400px|thumb|left|Ramani inayoonyesha nchi alizotembelea.<!-- (bad info, John Paul II was in Slovakia three times) -->]] |} [[Picha:John Paul II Polish Parliament 1999 5.jpg|thumb|Ziara kwa [[bunge]] la Polandi tarehe [[11 Juni]] [[1999]].]] Wakati wa upapa wake, Yohane Paulo II alisafiri zaidi ya kilometa milioni 1.1<ref name="Chronicle2"/>, akivutia umati mkubwa sana.<ref name="AsiaNews"/><ref>{{cite web| title=Manila World Youth Day |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A|title=The Philippines, 1995: Pope dreams of "the Third Millennium of Asia"|date=4 Aprili 2005|publisher=AsiaNews|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2012-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022151613/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews"/> Safari zake nchini Polandi ziliwatia moyo wananchi kuungana dhidi ya dhuluma za Ukomunisti.<ref name="OnThisDay">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm|title=1979: Millions cheer as the Pope comes home|work=from "On This Day, 2 Juni 1979,"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01 | date=2 Juni 1979}}</ref><ref name="Memory"/> On later trips to Polandi, he gave tacit support to the organization.<ref name="Memory"/><ref name="CBCNews"/><ref name="Berlin Wall"/><ref name="Bottum"/><ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Gorbachev"/><ref name="OnThisDay"/> Pia alitembelea nchi nyingi ambazo zilikuwa hazijawahi kufikiwa na Papa yeyote, kama vile [[Tanzania]] mwaka [[1990]]. While <ref name="Mexico">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63|title=Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings |last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=30 Julai 2002|work= The New York Times |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Ireland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm|title=Irish remember 1979 Papal visit |date=2 Aprili 2005|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CatholicIreland">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569|title=The Pope’s visit to Ireland|publisher=CatholicIreland.net|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123117/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit">{{cite web |url=http://www.popejohnpaulii.org.uk/|title=28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II becomes first pontiff to visit Britain|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[http://www.catholic-ew.org.uk/ Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales]}}</ref><ref name="UK Visit"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=Haiti: The Duvalier Years|url=https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo|publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company|year=1988|pages = [https://archive.org/details/haitiduvaliersth00abbo/page/260 260]–262|isbn=0-07-046029-9}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm|title=Pope pleads for harmony between faiths |date=24 Februari 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt|title=Reception of His Holiness Catholicos Karekin II|date=27 Oktoba 2000|publisher=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2012-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211255/http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkTimes3">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend |last=Henneberger|first=Melinda|date=21 Septemba 2001|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Tarehe [[13 Aprili]] [[1986]] alikuwa Papa wa kwanza kutembelea [[sinagogi]] (mjini Roma)<ref name="OneAnother">{{cite web|url=http://www.blessingexhibit.org/|title=A Blessing to One Another - Pope John Paul II & The Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="Sacred">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-great-synagogue.htm|title=''"Great Synagogue, Rome"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 Sacred Destinations|archive-date=2019-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322125100/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-great-synagogue|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|title=Boston College: ''"Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"''|date=13 Aprili 1986|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2009 The Trustees of Boston College|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611181904/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm|archivedate=2008-06-11}}</ref> [[Picha:-Western Wall.jpg|thumb|[[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] huko [[Yerusalemu]].]] Mnamo Machi [[2000]], alipotembelea [[Yerusalemu]], akawa Papa wa kwanza kuhiji kwenye [[Ukuta wa Maombolezo]] alipoingiza ujumbe wake ndani ya ufa na kuomba msamaha kwa makosa dhidi ya Wayahudi.<ref name="BBCIsrael"/><ref name="ADL2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|title=Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation|last=Klenicki|first=Rabbi Leon|date=13 Aprili 2006|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929184402/http://archive.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-29}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="AIJAC"/><ref name="BBCIsrael">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm|title=2000: Pope prays for Holocaust forgiveness|date=26 Machi 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ADL2006"/><ref name="LOT">{{cite web|url=http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021191718/http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/pope_exhibition.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|title=A Blessing to One Another: Pope John Paul II and the Jewish People|publisher=2007,2009 A Blessing to One Another|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="LOT"/><ref name="Online News">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|title=Online News Hour - A Papal Apology|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=©1996-2009 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.|archive-date=2013-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232251/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ADL2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|title=Pope John Paul II: ‘An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered’|last=Jacobson|first=Kenneth|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904155150/http://aijac.org.au/updates/Apr-05/040405.html#Article%202|archivedate=2007-09-04}}</ref> Alikuwa pia Papa wa kwanza kuingia [[mskiti]]ni, ([[Damasko]], [[Syria]], mwaka [[2001]]).<ref name="Mosque">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm|title=Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour|last=Plett|first=Barbara|date= 7 Mei 2001|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Mosque"/><ref name="Damascus">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|title=Pope John Paul II - Address at Omayyad Mosque of Damascus - 6 May 2001|publisher=The Catholic Community Forum and Liturgical Publications of St. Louis, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103927/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|archivedate=2006-06-30}}</ref> [[Picha:Wydrome2000.jpg|thumb|[[World Youth Day]] ni adhimisho la kimataifa kwa ajili ya vijana lililoanzishwa na Yohane Paulo II.]] Tangu alipokuwa padri, Yohane Paulo II alikuwa na kipaji cha pekee cha kuvuta vijana<ref name="Bonacci">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html|title=The Pope of the Youth|last=Bonacci|first=Mary Beth|date=5 Mei 2005|work=Crisis Magazine|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2014-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011806/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/catholic_stories/cs0127.html}}</ref><ref name="Bauman">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56|title=John Paul II: Pope of the Youth|last=Bauman|first=Michelle|date=2 Aprili 2006|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=2009-01-01|archivedate=2007-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412155020/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/column.php?n=56}}</ref> <ref name="Bonacci"/> Kwa ajili yao mwaka [[1984]] alianzisha [[World Youth Day]] ili kuwakusanya kwa wiki moja kutoka duniani kote katika kuadhimisha imani kwa furaha.<ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bonacci"/><ref name="Bauman"/><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="Bauman"/> Wakati wa Upapa wake aliadhimisha mara 19 siku kama hizo, mara jimboni Roma, mara kwingine kimataifa akikusanya hata vijana milioni kadhaa. Baadaye alianzisha pia mkutano wa kimataifa wa familia (1994).<ref name="ShortBio"/> Katika safari zake, Yohane Paulo II alikutana kwa makusudi mazima na viongozi wa dini na madhehebu</ref><ref name="Teoctist">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html|title=Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies|last=Brunwasser|first=Matthew|date=2 Agosti 2007|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>ref name="Macedonian">{{cite news|url=http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|title=Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b|date=4 Mei 2001|publisher=The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network)|accessdate=2009-01-01|archive-date=2014-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116081353/http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Associated">{{cite web|url=http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|title=Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nikki|date=28 Januari 2008|publisher=2008,2009 [[Associated Press]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305152451/http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html|archivedate=2008-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Kirby">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm|title=John Paul II and the Anglicans |last=Kirby |first=Alex|date=8 Aprili 2005|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Atonement">{{cite web|url=http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|title=An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church|publisher=2006,2009 Our Lady of the Atonement|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204083407/http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php|archivedate=2009-02-04}}</ref></ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden 1-10 June 1989]</ref> mbalimbali ili kujenga ushirikiano. Tarehe [[27 Oktoba]] [[1986]] alikusanya [[Assisi]] zaidi ya wawakilishi 120 wa dini na madhehebu kutoka dunia nzima kwa siku moja ya kufunga chakula na kusali kwa ajili ya amani.<ref name="Pace preventiva">[[Andrea Riccardi]]. ''La pace preventiva.'' [[Milan]]: San Paolo 2004.</ref> [[Picha:Dalai Lama.jpg|left|thumb|140px|[[Dalai Lama]] wa dini ya [[Buddha]] alikutana mara nane na Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] === Jaribio la kumuua === [[Picha:JohannesPaulII.jpg|thumb|right|Papa Yohane Paulo II.]] Tarehe [[13 Mei]] [[1981]], [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] alimfyatulia risasi<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75">[[#Dziwisz75|Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław]]: Conference 13 Mei 2001</ref><ref name="SanFrancisco">{{cite news|title=The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies|last=Lee|first=Martin A.|date=14 Mei 2001|publisher=2001, 2009 [http://www.sfbg.com/ San Francisco Bay Guardian]|pages=23, 25|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/ 1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt]</ref>. Ingawa alilenga vizuri na kumsababisha Papa apotewe na robo tatu za [[damu]] yake, baada ya saa tano za [[operesheni]] Yohane Paulo II alinusurika.<ref name="TimeMag76">[[#TimeMag76|Time Magazine: Pope Half Alive]]: 1982, Page 1</ref><ref name="TimeMag76"/><ref>''Lo Scapolare del Carmelo'' Published by Shalom, 2005 ISBN 88-8404-081-7 page 6</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |title=HelpFellowship |publisher=HelpFellowship |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12 |archive-date=2005-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217065951/http://www.helpfellowship.org/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baadaye Papa alisema aliokolewa na [[Bikira Maria]] wa [[Fatima]].<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Bertone">[[#Bertone69|Bertone, Tarcisio]]: 2009</ref> Mwaka [[1983]] alimtembelea Mehmet Ali Ağca gerezani na kumsamehe. Nyuma yake dalili mbalimbali zilionyesha uwepo wa [[Urusi]] uliochukia siasa yake nchini Polandi dhidi ya Ukomunisti.<ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Dziwisz75"/><ref name="Retire2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6288165.stm|title=Late Pope 'thought of retiring' |date=22 Januari 2007|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Mwaka [[2000]], akiadhimisha [[Jubilei]] kuu, alipigania msamaha wa madeni ya nchi maskini. Mwaka [[2003]] akawa pia mmojawapo kati ya watu waliopinga zaidi vita dhidi ya [[Iraq]]<ref name="Memory"/><ref>John Paul II, "[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030113_diplomatic-corps_en.html Address to the Diplomatic Corps]," Vatican, 13 Januari 2003. 2007-02-07.</ref> [[Picha:PapstJPII20040922.jpg|thumb|Papa akiwa mgonjwa sana aliendelea na utume wake ([[22 Septemba]] [[2004]]).]] Baada ya kuugua miaka [[ugonjwa wa Parkinson]] bila ya kuacha [[utume]] wake, mwaka [[2005]] alilazwa mara kadhaa katika [[Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic]] ambapo hatimaye alifariki tarehe [[2 Aprili]]. Maneno yake ya mwisho yalikuwa, ''"pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca"'', ''("Acheni nirudi nyumbani mwa Baba")''.<ref>[[#BBC71|BBC World News Channel]]: 2005, 'Cured' Pope returns to Vatican</ref><ref name="RadioCanada">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2005/04/01/pope-new050401.html|title=John Paul II near death: Vatican|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=CBC Radio Canada |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399189.stm Frail Pope suffers heart failure]," ''BBC News'', 1 Aprili 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-11.</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm|title=John Paul's last words revealed|date=18 Aprili 2005|publisher=2005-2009 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCLastWords"/><ref>[[#Vatican05|Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 Aprili 2005) - ''The Holy See'' 2005]]</ref> === Kifo na mazishi === [[Picha:Crowd at Pope's Funeral.jpg|thumb|Umati ulioshiriki [[mazishi]] yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] [[2005]].]] [[Picha:Funeral St Peters.jpg|thumb|Picha nyingine ya mazishi.]] [[Misa]] ya mazishi yake tarehe [[8 Aprili]] ilivunja rekodi ya washiriki na ya viongozi wa nchi waliohudhuria.<ref name="MsnbcNews2">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12083308/|title=Perhaps ‘Saint John Paul the Great?'|last=Weeke|first=Stephen|date=31 Machi 2006|publisher=2006-2009 [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ msnbc World News]|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|title=''"Pope John Paul II buried in Vatican crypt-Millions around the world watch funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 CNN.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html|archivedate=2008-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|title=The Independent: ''"Millions mourn Pope at history's largest funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Independent News and Media Limited|location=London|date=8 Aprili 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121502/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html|archivedate=2008-12-01}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm|title=City of Rome celebrates ‘miracle’|last=Holmes|first=Stephanie|date=9 Aprili 2005|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Independent"/><ref name="BBCMiracle"/><ref name="Beltway">{{cite web |url=http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/|title=''"Pope John Paul II Funeral"''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2005,2009 Outside the Beltway}}</ref><ref name="BBCMiracle"/> Kutokana na shangilio la ''"Santo Subito!''" (''"Mtakatifu mara moja!"'') lililotolewa na umati wakati wa mazishi,<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion|title=Mystery nun the key to Pope John Paul II's case for Sainthood|last=Hooper|first=John|date=29 Machi 2007 |publisher=2007-2009 [[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|accessdate=2009-01-01 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="BBC2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4545585.stm|title=BBC News: ''‘On the fast track to Sainthood’'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=MMVIII BBC | date=13 Mei 2005 | first=Peter | last=Gould}}</ref><ref name="Hope">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece |title=Hopes raised for Pope John Paul II's beatification -Times Online |publisher=timesonline.co.uk |accessdate=2009-01-01 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Owen |archivedate=2010-06-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601012524/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece }}</ref> [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] aliruhusu kesi ya kumtangaza mtakatifu iwahi kuanza.<ref name="Hollingshead "/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Canonisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html|title=Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the examination of the cause for beatification and canonisation of the servant of God John Paul II|date=9 Mei 2005|work=Vatican News|publisher=2005-2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984 |title=John Paul II on fast track for canonisation - Framingham, MA - The MetroWest Daily News |publisher=www.metrowestdailynews.com |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="ShortBio"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Zenit3">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|title=John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City|date=28 Juni 2005|work=ZENIT|publisher=Innovative Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607233645/http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english|archivedate=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref name="Kavanaugh">{{cite web|url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984|title=John Paul II on 'fast track' for Canonisation|last=Kavanaugh|first=Jennifer|date=3 Aprili 2007|publisher=GateHouse Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Homily-Blonie-Park">{{cite web|title=900,000 gather for Mass with Pope Benedict|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|date=28 Mei 2006|accessdate=2009-01-01|work=International Herald Tribune|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107042727/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php|archivedate=2013-11-07}}</ref> Baada ya utafiti juu ya ushujaa wa maadili yake,<ref name="abcNews">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html |title=Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track - The World Newser |publisher=blogs.abcnews.com |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref><ref name="Catholic Culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630 |title=Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification looms closer for John Paul II |publisher=www.catholicculture.org |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> juu ya maandishi yake na juu ya [[muujiza]] uliomtokea [[sista]] Marie Simon-Pierre wa [[Ufaransa]] kwa maombezi ya Papa,<ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="Vicariato">[[#Vicariato70|Vicariato di Roma]]:A nun tells her story…. 2009</ref> was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".<ref name="Moore1"/><ref name="MsnbcNews2"/><ref name="Hooper1"/><ref name="ABC">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|title=Vatican may have found Pope John Paul's ‘miracle’|date=31 Januari 2006|work=includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service|publisher=2007 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC (Australia)]]|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211082939/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm|archivedate=2007-12-11}}</ref><ref name="Trinity">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131|title=Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease|date=30 Januari 2006|work=Catholic World News (CWN)|publisher=2009 Trinity Communications|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/europe/30vatican.html?_r=2&oref=slogin|title=Nun Who Claims Cure by John Paul II Emerges to Make Her Case|date=30 Machi 2007|agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Metro"/><ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle">{{cite web|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp|title=''French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII''|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops|archivedate=2009-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407012845/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp}}</ref><ref name="Willan">{{cite web|url=http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|title=No more shortcuts on Pope John Paul’s road to Sainthood|last=Willan|first=Philip|work=Sunday Herald|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420220822/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php|archivedate=2007-04-20}}</ref>Sista huyo alimuambia mwandishi Gerry Shaw: "Nilikuwa mgonjwa, sasa nimepona. Nimepona, lakini ni juu ya Kanisa kusema kama umetokea muujiza au la"."<ref name="Vicariato"/><ref name="Miracle"/> ==Sala yake== Ee Kristo, kichwa na mwokozi pekee, uvute kwako viungo vyako vyote. Uwaunganishe na kuwageuza katika upendo wako, ili Kanisa ling’ae kwa ule uzuri upitao maumbile unaodhihirishwa katika watakatifu wa kila wakati na taifa, katika wafiadini, waungamadini, mabikira na mashahidi wasiohesabika wa Injili! Ee Yesu mtamu, Yesu mwema, Yesu, mwana wa Maria! Amina! ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Orodha ya Mapapa]] == Tanbihi == <div class="references-small"> {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} </div> ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Pd. Leandry Kimario, [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]] - Mfahamu Mtakatifu Somo Wako - Maisha ya Watakatifu wa Kila Siku pamoja na Watakatifu Wafransisko - Toleo la pili - Dar es Salaam 2021, uk. 325-329 == Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== {{Refbegin}} <div class="references-small"> * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Berry|first=Jason|authorlink=Jason Berry|coauthors=Gerald Renner|title=Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II|url=https://archive.org/details/vowsofsilenceabu00berr|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, London, Toronto, Sydney|year=2004|isbn=0-7432-4441-9}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Davies|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Davies|title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw|url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm|publisher=Viking Penguin|location=80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03284-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Davies72}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=[[Louis de Montfort|de Montfort]]|first=St. Louis-Marie Grignion|coauthors=Mark L. Jacobson (Translator)|title=True Devotion to Mary|publisher=[http://www.avetinepress.com/ Avetine Press] 1023 4th Avenue 204 San Diego, CA 92101|date=2007-2009|isbn=1-59330-470-6|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=de Montfort73}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Duffy|first=Eamon|authorlink=Eamon Duffy|title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes|url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669|publisher=[http://www.yale.edu/ Yale University Press]|year=2006|edition=Third|isbn=0-300-11597-0|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Yale06}} * {{Rejea kitabu |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II|title=[[Memory and Identity|''Memory & Identity'' - Personal Reflections]] |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=029785075X |year=2005|ref=Memory77}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw|publisher=1997, 2006 Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-500-28608-6|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm|title=John Paul II Election Surprises|last=Menachery|first=Prof. George|date=11 Novemba 1978|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Meissen|first=Randall|title=Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great|url=http://www.amazon.com/Living-Miracles-Spiritual-Sons-Great/dp/1933271272|publisher=Mission Network|location=Alpharetta, Ga.|year=2011|isbn=978-1933271279}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=http://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf|title=Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato|accessdate=2009-01-01|author=Navarro-Valls, Joaquin|date=2 Aprili 2005|publisher=''‘The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.’'' 2005-2009 [http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]|language=Italian|ref=Vatican05}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=O'Connor|first=Garry|title=Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II|publisher=2005 [http://www.bloomsbury.com/ Bloomsbury Publishing]|location=36 Soho Square, London|isbn=0747582416|url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2006|archive-date=2012-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121842/http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last1=Renehan|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Renehan|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Arthur Meier (INT)|title=Pope John Paul II|url=http://books.google.com/?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Novemba 2006|publisher=Chelsea House|isbn=9780791092279|ref=Renehan69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Stanley|first=George E|title=Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|date=Januari 2007|publisher=Fitzgerald Books|isbn=9781424217328|ref=Stanley69}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |authorlink1=Edward Stourton (journalist) |title=John Paul II: Man of History |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpauliimanofh0000stou |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0340908165 |accessdate=2009-01-01 |ref=Stourton03 |year=2006 }} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Szulc|first=Tadeusz|authorlink=Tad Szulc |title=Pope John Paul II: The Biography|publisher=2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=9781416588863|accessdate=2009-01-01}} * {{Rejea kitabu|author=The Poynter Institute|authorlink=Poynter Institute|title=Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pXGMNrE015IC|accessdate=25 Februari 2010|edition=First|date=1 Mei 2005|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida]]|isbn=9780740751103|ref=Poynter69}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Weigel|first=George|authorlink=George Weigel|title=Witness to Hope|publisher=[http://www.harpercollins.com/ HarperCollins Publishers]|location=10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY|year=2001|isbn=0-06-018793-X|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Weigel02}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Wojtyła|first=Karol|title=Love and Responsibility|publisher=[[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.]]|location=London|isbn=0-89870-445-6|url=http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|accessdate=2009-01-01|ref=Wojtyła69|archive-date=2009-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000919/http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&|dead-url=yes}} * {{Rejea kitabu|last=Yallop|first=David|title=The Power and the Glory|publisher=Constable & Robinson Ltd|location=162 Fulham Palace Road, London|isbn=978-1-84529-673-5|url=http://www.constablerobinson.com/|accessdate=2009-01-01|year=2007}} {{Refend}} </div> == Viungo vya nje == <div class="references-small"> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | * [http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See] * [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/index.htm The Holy See - The Holy Father - John Paul II] * [http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ A tribute to John Paul II in the occasion of his beatification] {{Wayback|url=http://www.johnpaulii.va/en/ |date=20120306205748 }} * [http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ 'Lolek, The Boy Who Became Pope John Paul II'] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hramiechoffman.com/preview/ |date=20110712224650 }} * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/JPII/tributes.html Link to collected tributes, writings and commentary on John Paul II] * [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books%207.htm Electing a new Pope: The Conclave and all that] * [http://www.papiez-pl.com/ John Paul II Karol Wojtyła Papiez z Polski] {{Wayback|url=http://www.papiez-pl.com/ |date=20170616163756 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203665 Pope John Paul II to achieve sainthood] * [http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 John Paul II's Visit to Detroit, Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121206044952/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=40 |date=2012-12-06 }} || * [http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html Pope John Paul II, ''Time'' Magazine, 30 October 1978] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19781030,00.html |date=20110120225335 }} * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT197.HTM John Paul II: text, concordances and frequency list] * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1978-2005-_Ioannes_Paulus_II.html John Paul II's Multilingual Opera Omnia] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Grottoes/JPII/Tomb%20of%20John%20Paul%20II.htm Tomb of John Paul II] * [http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ Pope John Paul II Karol Wojtyła and Benedict XVI] {{Wayback|url=http://www.watykan.ovh.org/ |date=20110419005851 }} * [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=203851 Pope is joyous about beatifying John Paul II] * [http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm Cause for the Beatification and Canonisation of John Paul II] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm |date=20091230032224 }} * {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/J/John_Paul_II/}} * [https://trzeciapielgrzymka.ipn.gov.pl/jp2/introduction/676,Introduction.html Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Polandi], Institute of National Remembrance |}</div> {{Mapapa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yohane Paulo II}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Mapapa]] [[Jamii:Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Polandi]] [[Jamii:Mapapa wa Karne ya 21]] p6a7hj0z44q9f0nds9ajd5mh1gp1fff 0 13267 1581669 1185784 2026-07-25T13:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{elementi | rangi = #ff99cc | jina = Neptuni (neptunium) | picha = Np-TableImage.svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Atomi ya Neptuni | alama = Np | namba atomia = 93 | mfululizo safu = [[Metali]] | uzani atomia = 237 | valensi = 2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 | densiti husianifu = 20.25  g·cm³ | kiwango cha kuyeyuka= 910 K (637 [[°C]]) | kiwango cha kuchemka= 4273 K (4000&nbsp;°C) | kiwango utatu = | % ganda dunia = 4 · 10^-17 % | hali maada = mango | mengineyo = }} [[Picha:Np_sphere.jpg|thumb|Sehemu hii ya neptuniamu iliyofunikwa na nikeli ilitumika katika majaribio ya molekuli muhimu ya Neptuni(Np) katika Maabara ya Kitaifa ya Los Alamos]] '''Neptuni''' ni [[elementi]] katika [[mfumo radidia]] yenye alama '''Np'''. [[Namba atomia]] ni '''93''' na [[uzani atomia]] ni 237. Jina limechaguliwa kutokana na [[sayari]] [[Neptun]]. Neptuni ni [[metali]] na [[elementi ya tamburania]]. Kwa sababu hii haipatikani duniani kiasili isipokuwa kwa kiwango kidogo sana pamoja na [[plutoni]] ndani ya mawe ya mtapo wa [[urani]]. Inatokea katika [[tanuri nyuklia]]. Ikiwa elementi tamburania muda wa [[nusumaisha]] si mrefu sana. [[Isotopi]] ya ²³⁷Np ina nusumaisha ya miaka milioni mbili. Lakini isotopi ya ²³⁵Np ina nusumaisha ya siku 396 tu. Rangi ya Neptuni ni ya kifedha. Ina [[unururifu]] hivyo pamoja na muda wake wa nusumaisha yafaa kwa matumizi ya mabomu ya kinyuklia. == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons|Neptunium}} * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Np/index.html WebElements.com - Neptunium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Np/index.html |date=20061110021257 }} (also used as a reference) * [http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-08/danl-lbw060502.php Lab builds world's first neptunium sphere] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-08/danl-lbw060502.php |date=20060925064716 }}, [[U.S. Department of Energy]] Research News * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+neptunium,+radioactive NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Neptunium, Radioactive] {{mbegu-kemia}} {{mbegu-fizikia}} [[Jamii:Elementi]] [[Jamii:Metali]] [[Jamii:Tamburania]] q11519io5w00y886ovpjf04h874qi26 0 15271 1581823 1350175 2026-07-26T04:59:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji | rangi = Khaki | jina = Richard Roxburgh | picha = Richard roxburgh by andrew maccoll.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Richard Roxburgh. | jina la kuzaliwa = Richard Roxburgh | alizaliwa = [[1 Januari]] [[1962]]<br />[[Australia]] | kafariki = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Richard Roxburgh''' (amezaliwa [[1 Januari]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[tamthilia]] na [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Amecheza filamu nyingi sana huko nchini huko na ameonekana zaidi katika baadhi ya filamu za mjini [[Hollywood]], [[Marekani]]. Roxburgh mara nyingi hucheza kama jambazi. Pia aliwahi kucheza kama adui mkuu msaidizi katika filamu aliyocheza nyota [[Tom Cruise]] - Mission Impossible II. Vilevile katika Van Helsing aliyocheza nyota [[Hugh Jackman]], humo alicheza kama adui mkubwa - [[Dracula]]. == Filamu alizoigiza == * Romulus, My Father Director (2007) * Like Minds (2006) * Fragile (2005) * Stealth (2005) * Van Helsing (2004) * League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) * The One and Only (2002) * The Touch (2002) * The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) (TV) * Moulin Rouge! (2001) * Mission: Impossible II (2000) * Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger (1999) * In The Winter Dark (1998) * Thank God He Met Lizzie (1997) * Children of the Revolution (1996) == TV == * The Silence * Frontier * The Last of the Ryans * Gluttony: Seven Deadly Sins * Tracks of Glory * Police Rescue * The Saint: Fear in Fun Park * Riddle of the Stinson * The Ordinary Man * One Way Ticket for Twisted Tale * The Paper Man == Tuzo == - Taasisi ya filamu Australia: * 2006 - ameshinda : The Silence (TV) * 2001 - ameshinda : Moulin Rouge! * 1999 - ameshinda : Passion * 1997 - ameshinda : Doing Time for Patsy Cline - Tuzo za filamu Australia: * 1998 - ameshinda : Doing Time for Patsy Cline == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb name|0746896}} * [http://www.pfd.co.uk/clients/roxburgr/a-act.html Richard Roxburgh CV at PFD] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pfd.co.uk/clients/roxburgr/a-act.html |date=20071228080138 }} * [http://www.romulusmyfather.com.au/ Romulus My Father website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.romulusmyfather.com.au/ |date=20171202071134 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roxburgh, Richard}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kh0bzez8uve8oz3qtg4hqi6uq43h97w 0 24862 1581679 1337259 2026-07-25T14:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |picha_ya_satelite = Turkey.Nevşehir01.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = Panorama ya mjini hapa |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{TUR}} |subdivision_type1=[[Mikoa ya Uturuki|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = Anatolia ya Kati |subdivision_type2=[[Majimbo ya Uturuki|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name2 = Nevşehir |jina_rasmi = Nevşehir |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 105078 |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa = 2000 |website = [http://www.nevsehir.gov.tr/ www.nevsehir.gov.tr] }} [[Picha:Nevsehir 2020 stitch3.jpg|thumb|Nevşehir]] '''Nevşehir''' (zamani waliuita '''Muşkara''' au '''Nyssa''') ni mji mkuu wa [[Jimbo la Nevşehir]] nchini [[Uturuki]]. Mji huu upo katika [[Mkoa wa Anatolia ya Kati]] katika [[Uturuki]]. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mnamo mwaka wa 2000, mji una wakazi takriban 105,078 ambao wengine 67,864 wanaishi katikati ya mji wa Nevşehir.<ref name="die">{{cite web|url=http://www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls|title=Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey|accessdate=2008-04-12|author=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|format=XLS|language=Turkish|archivedate=2007-07-22|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QWEsWFnQ?url=http://www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xist.org/cntry/turkey.aspx?levels=Ic%20Anadolu|title=Statistical information on Turkey's administrative units|accessdate=2008-04-12|author=GeoHive|language=English|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66FXYDsBO?url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/turkey.aspx?levels=Ic%20Anadolu|archivedate=2012-03-18}}</ref> Mji unachukua eneo la kilomita za mraba zipatazo 535,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ytr.html|title=Statistical information on districts of Turkey|accessdate=2008-04-12|author=Statoids|language=English}}</ref> na mji uko m 1224 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Maelezo == {{marejeo}} == Marejeo == * {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/50/Nevsehir.html|title=Geographical information on Nevşehir, Turkey|accessdate=2008-04-12|author=[[FallingRain|Falling Rain Genomics, Inc]]|language=English|archive-date=2012-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025084850/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/50/Nevsehir.html|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.kenthaber.com/IlDetay.aspx?ID=58|title=General information on Nevşehir, Turkey|accessdate=2008-04-12|author=Kenthaber.com|language=Turkish|archivedate=2011-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214936/http://www.kenthaber.com/IlDetay.aspx?ID=58}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.nevsehir.gov.tr/ Nevşehir governor's official website] {{tr icon}} * [http://www.nevsehir.bel.tr/ Nevşehir municipality's official website] {{tr icon}} * [http://www.nevsehirozelidare.gov.tr/harita/merkez.jpg Administrative map of Nevşehir district] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nevsehirozelidare.gov.tr/harita/merkez.jpg |date=20090305164051 }} {{tr icon}} {{Miji ya Uturuki}} {{mbegu-jio-Uturuki}} k40t6kdv42tzsrfcdclvyjnl6hu1fqr 0 33680 1581787 1500624 2026-07-25T23:22:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581787 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ni '''orodha ya [[viwanja vya ndege]] nchini [[Nigeria]]''', katika makundi ya pahali na aina mbalimbali. Kuna viwanja vya ndege 22 nchini Nigeria zenye [[barabara]] ya lami: nne ni [[viwanja vya ndege vya kimataifa]]. Pia kuna kujengwa barabara za ndege 21 iliyojengwa na jeshi la anga la Nigeria makampuni ya mafuta ya kimataifa iliyotawanyika nchini kote. Serikali inamiliki na inasimamia [[viwanja vya ndege]] nchini [[Nigeria]] kupitia shirika lake wa udhibiti, Shirikisho la [[Mamlaka ya Viwanja vya ndege]] la Nigeria. Hivi majuzi, mswada ambao unaruhusu ujenzi, umiliki na uendeshaji wa viwanja vya ndege kibiashara na binafsi umepitishwa kuwa sheria. == Viwanja vya ndege == Viwanja vya ndege vyenye majina yaliyotiliwa '''mkazo''' ni vya huduma ya kibiashara. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" |- valign=baseline ! style="text-align:left;" | Mji Unaotumikiwa ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Majimbo ya Nigeria|Jimbo]] ! style="text-align:left; width:5em;" | [[Kodi ya ICAO|ICAO]] ! style="text-align:left; width:4em;" | [[IATA]] ! style="text-align:left;" | Jina la Uwanja wa Ndege |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Viwanja vya Ndege vya Kimataifa |- valign=top | [[Abuja]] | [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|FCT]] | DNAA | ABV | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Nnamdi Azikiwe]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=3]}} |- valign=top | [[Kano]] | [[Kano State|Kano]] | DNKN | KAN | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Mallam Aminu Kano]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=2]}} |- valign=top | [[Lagos]] / [[Ikeja]] | [[Lagos State|Lagos]] | DNMM | LOS | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Murtala Muhammed]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=1]}} |- valign=top | [[Port Harcourt]] | [[Rivers State|Rivers]] | DNPO | PHC | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Port Harcourt]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=4]}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Viwanja vikuu vya ndege nchini |- valign=top | [[Calabar]] | [[Cross River State|Cross River]] | DNCA | CBQ | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Margaret Ekpo]]''' (Calabar Airport) {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=12]}} |- valign=top | [[Enugu]] | [[Enugu State|Enugu]] | DNEN | ENU | [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Akanu Ibiam]] (Enugu Airport) {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=11]}} |- valign=top | [[Jos]] | [[Plateau State|Plateau]] | DNJO | JOS | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Yakubu Gowon]]''' (Jos Airport) {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=15]}} |- valign=top | [[Kaduna]] | [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]] | DNKA | KAD | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kaduna]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=10]}} |- valign=top | [[Maiduguri]] | [[Borno State|Borno]] | DNMA | MIU | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Maiduguri]]''' (Maiduguri Airport) {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=14]}} |- valign=top | [[Sokoto]] | [[Sokoto State|Sokoto]] | DNSO | SKO | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Abubakar III Sadiq]]''' (Sultan Saddik Abubakar Airport) {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=13]}} |- valign=top | [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]] | [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | DNYO | YOL | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Yola]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=16]}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Viwanja vignine vya ndege nchini |- valign=top | [[Akure]] | [[Ondo State|Ondo]] | DNAK | AKR | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Akure]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=21]}} |- valign=top | [[Bauchi]] | [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] | DNBA | BCU | [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Bauchi]] {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=26]}} |- valign=top | [[Benin City|Benin]] | [[Edo State|Edo]] | DNBE | BNI | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Benin]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=22]}} |- valign=top | [[Ibadan]] | [[Oyo State|Oyo]] | DNIB | IBA | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Ibadan]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=7]}} |- valign=top | [[Ilorin]] | [[Kwara State|Kwara]] | DNIL | ILR | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Ilorin]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=20]}} |- valign=top | [[Katsina]] | [[Katsina State|Katsina]] | DNKT | | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Katsina]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=18]}} |- valign=top | [[Makurdi]] | [[Benue State|Benue]] | DNMK | MDI | [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Makurdi]] {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=23]}} |- valign=top | [[Minna]] | [[Niger State|Niger]] | DNMN | MXJ | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Minna]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=19]}} |- valign=top | [[Owerri]] | [[Imo State|Imo]] | DNIM | QOW | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Sam Mbakwe]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=17]}} |- valign=top | [[Warri, Nigeria|Warri]] | [[Delta State|Delta]] | | QRW | '''[[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Warri]]''' {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=25]}} |- valign=top | [[Zaria, Nigeria|Zaria]] | [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]] | DNZA | ZAR | [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Zaria]] {{small|1=[http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php?airport=24]}} |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Other airports not owned/managed by [[Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria|FAAN]] |- valign=top | [[Uyo]] | [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]] | | | '''[[Akwa Ibom Airport]]''' (Uyo Airport) |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Airstrips |- valign=top | [[Ajaokuta]] | [[Kogi State|Kogi]] | | | [[Ajaokuta Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Ashaka]] | [[Gombe State|Gombe]] | | | [[Ashaka Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Azare]] | [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] | | | [[Azare Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Bacita]] | [[Kwara State|Kwara]] | | | [[Bacita Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Bebi, Nigeria|Bebi]] | [[Cross River State|Cross River]] | | | [[Bebi Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Bida]] | [[Niger State|Niger]] | DNBI | | [[Bida Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Birnin Kebbi]] | [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] | | | [[Kebbi Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Eket]] | [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]] | DNEK | | [[Eket Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Escravos]] | [[Delta State|Delta]] | | | [[Escravos Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Gusau]] | [[Zamfara State|Zamfara]] | DNGU | QUS | [[Gusau Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Kaltungo]] | [[Gombe State|Gombe]] | | | [[Kaltungo Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Lokoja]] | [[Kogi State|Kogi]] | | | [[Lokoja Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Magbon]] | [[Lagos State|Lagos]] | | | [[Magbon Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Mambilla]] | [[Taraba State|Taraba]] | | | [[Mambilla Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Miango]] | [[Plateau State|Plateau]] | | | [[Miango Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Mubi]] | [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | | | [[Mubi Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Nguru, Nigeria|Nguru]] | [[Yobe State|Yobe]] | | | [[Nguru Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Obudu Cattle Ranch|Obudu]] | [[Cross River State|Cross River]] | | | [[Obudu Cattle Ranch Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Odegi]] | | | | [[Odegi Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Osogbo]] | [[Osun State|Osun]] | DNOS | | [[Osogbo Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Potiskum]] | [[Yobe State|Yobe]] | | | [[Potiskum Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Shiroro]] | [[Niger State|Niger]] | | | [[Shiroro Airstrip]] |- valign=top | [[Tuga]] | [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] | | | [[Tuga Airstrip]] |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Military airports |- valign=top | [[Makurdi]] | [[Benue State|Benue]] | DNMK | MDI | [[Makurdi Air Force Base]] |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:left; background:#DDDDDD;" | Planned airports |- valign=top | [[Asaba, Nigeria|Asaba]] | [[Delta State|Delta]] | | | [[Asaba International Airport]] |- valign=top | [[Gombe, Nigeria|Gombe]] | [[Gombe State|Gombe]] | | | [[Gombe Lawanti International Airport]] |} == Angalia Pia == * [[Usafiri nchini Nigeria]] * [[List of airports by ICAO code: D #DN - Nigeria]] * [[Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Africa #Nigeria]] == Marejeo == * [[Shirikisho la Viwanja vya Ndege vya Nigeria]] (FAAN): [http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php Orodha ya viwanja vya ndege vinayomilikiwa na kusimamiwa na FAAN] {{Wayback|url=http://www.faannigeria.org/nigeria-airport.php |date=20080203115930 }} * [http://www.ministryofaviationng.org/ Wizara ya Usafiri wa hewa, Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ministryofaviationng.org/ |date=20090807101623 }} * [http://www.nama.gov.ng/ Shirika la Usimamizi la Usafiri wa hewa Nigeria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nama.gov.ng/ |date=20081208014440 }} * [http://www.ncaa.gov.ng/ Shirika la usafiri wa anga] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncaa.gov.ng/ |date=20100314053245 }} (NCAA) *{{cite web | url = http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf | title = ICAO Location Indicators by State | publisher = [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] | date = 2006-01-12 | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2009-12-17 | archivedate = 2007-09-26 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235554/http://www.icao.int/anb/aig/Taxonomy/R4CDLocationIndicatorsbystate.pdf }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/ng.htm | title = UN Location Codes: Nigeria] [includes IATA codes | work = [[UN/LOCODE]] 2006-2 | publisher = [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] | date = 2007-04-30 }} == Viungo vya nje == * Orodha ya viwanja vya ndege nchini Nigeria: ** [http://gc.kls2.com/cgi-bin/gclookup?Q=country:NG Great Circle Mapper] ** [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/airports.html FallingRain.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/airports.html |date=20100214134152 }} ** [http://www.aircraft-charter-world.com/airports/africa/nigeria.htm Mkataba ndege World] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aircraft-charter-world.com/airports/africa/nigeria.htm |date=20100418140858 }} ** [http://www.the-airport-guide.com/search.php?by=country&amp;search=Nigeria Uwanja wa Ndege wa Guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.the-airport-guide.com/search.php?by=country&search=Nigeria |date=20060327060121 }} ** [http://www.worldaerodata.com/countries/Nigeria.php World Aero Data] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldaerodata.com/countries/Nigeria.php |date=20130123144016 }} ** [http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/p2210.htm Viwanja vya Ndege A hadi Z Duniani] <br> {{Africa topic|Orodha ya viwanja vya ndege nchini }} [[Category:Orodha ya viwanja vya ndege kwa nchi]] [[Category:Viwanja vya ndege nchini Nigeria]] [[Category:Orodha zinazohusu Nigeria]] nb0zpmtyjz1j2tnor7ende3pq1z51qm 0 34536 1581789 1523168 2026-07-26T00:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb|300px|Palm Jumeirah mwaka 2005]] '''Palm Jumeirah''' ni kisiwa kilichoumbwa na binadamu kwa kutumia mtindo wa kurejesha ardhi na kampuni ya [[Nakheel]], kampuni inayomilikiwa na serikali ya [[Dubai]]. Ni moja ya visiwa vitatu viitwavyo Visiwa vya Palm ambavyo vimepanua ndani ya [[Ghuba ya Persia]] kuongeza pwani ya Dubai kwa jumla ya kilomita 520. Palm Jumeirah ni ndogo na Visiwa vitatu asili vya palm (Palm Jumeirah, Palm Jebel Ali na Palm Deira) yaliyojengwa na [[Nakheel]]. Iko katika eneo la pwani la [[Jumeirah]] la emirate ya Dubai, katika [[Umoja wa Falme za Kiarabu]] (UAE). == Maelezo == [[Picha:Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg|thumb|right|244px|Crown tarehe 11 Machi 2008]] Palm Jumeirah iko na sura ya [[mti wa mtende]]. Una [[shina]], taji lililo na [[frond 16]], na mpevu unaozunguka kisiwa ambao huunda [[kivunjamaji]] cha kilomita 11. [[Kisiwa]] ni kilomita 5 kwa kilometa 5 na jumla yake ni eneo kubwa kuliko nyanja 800 za mpira. Taji limeunganishwa na Bara na daraja la mita 300 na mpevu umeunganishwa na juu ya mitende na kishimo kilicho chini ya bahari <ref name="thepalmae">{{cite web}}</ref> Katika miaka michache ijayo, kama awamu za utalii zinapoendelea, Palm Jumeirah inasemwa kuwa moja ya maeneo dunia's Premier Resorts. Kisiwa cha Palm kinajigamba kuwa shangazo ka nane la Dunia. Kisiwa kitaizidisha mara mbili urefu wa pwani ya Dubai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Pitfalls in paradise: why Palm Jumeirah is struggling to live up to the hype |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/travelnews?page=all |publisher=guardian.co.uk |date=2008-04-26 |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref> Kulingana na ujumbe wa vyombo vya habari kutoka kwa wajenzi,<ref name="Palm Jumeirah">{{cite web|url=http://www.nakheel.com/Developments/The_Palm/The_Palm_Jumeirah/|title=The Palm Jumeirah|publisher=Nakheel Website|accessdate=2007-06-19|archivedate=2007-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609023209/http://nakheel.com/Developments/The_Palm/The_Palm_Jumeirah/}}</ref> kisiwa cha Palm cha Jumeirah kitakuwa na mahoteli ya kujirembesha yenye mandhari, aina tatu za nyumba za kifahari (Signature, Garden Homes na Canal Cove Town Homes), majengo ya ghorofa yaliyo kwenye pwani, fukwe, marinas, mikahawa, mikahawa midogo na aina nyingi za maduka ya rejareja. Mahoteli ya pwani zaidi ya 30 yatafunguliwa mwisho wa 2009 <ref name="thepalmae">{{cite web}}</ref> yakiwemo: [[Picha:Oceana Resort & Spa Under Construction on 1 May 2007.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Oceana Resort &amp; Spa tarehe 1 Mei 2007]] * [http://thepalmdubai.rixos.com Rixos The Palm Dubai] {{Wayback|url=http://thepalmdubai.rixos.com/ |date=20151128192950 }} . * [[Hoteli ya Trump International]] * [[Atlantis, The Palm]] ilifunguliwa mwezi Septemba 2008. * [[Hoteli ya Taj Exotica]] * Makazi makubwa ya kifahari * Jumba la Ottoman Linatumainiwa kuwa litafunguliwa mwisho wa 2009 * Essque Palm Jumeirah - Sehemu ya mradi wa Manyumba ya Tiara. Makao hayo yamepeanwa Hoteli itafunguliwa mwaka 2010. * Oceana Resort &amp; Spa * Makao ya The Fairmount Palm * Hoteli ya The Fairmount Palm * Hifadhi na Hoteli ya Dubai Estates * Hoteli ya Missoni Dubai * Hoteli ya Radisson SAS Dubai , The Palm Jumeirah * Jumba la Kempinski Emerald * Makazi ya Kempinski Emerald Palace Mandege mbili za vita za aina ya [[F-100 Super Sabre]] zimetolewa vitu vya ndani na kuzamishwa karibu na Palm Jumeirah ili kujenga [[reef ya bandia]], lengo lake ni kutumiwa kama kivutio kwa waogeleaji Tarehe 18 Juni 2007, kampuni ya [[Cunard Line]] ilitangaza kwamba ilikuwa ikiuza mashua yake ya kifahari ya zamani, [[RMS Queen Elizabeth 2|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth 2'']] , kwa [[Istithmar]] kwa matumizi kama hoteli inayoelea katika Palm Jumeirah mwanzo wa mwaka [[2009]]. <ref name="Cunard Press Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.cunard.com/AboutCunard/NewsReleases.asp?Cat=&View=ViewArticle&Mode=News&ContentID=6656&Active=News|publisher=[http://www.cunard.com/AboutCunard/NewsReleases.asp?Cat=&View=ViewArticle&Mode=News&ContentID=6656&Active=News]|title=QE2 To Leave Cunard Fleet And Be Sold To Dubai World To Begin A New Life At The Palm|date=[[2007]]|accessdate=2007-06-20|archivedate=2007-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706160214/http://www.cunard.com/AboutCunard/NewsReleases.asp?Cat%3D%26View%3DViewArticle%26Mode%3DNews%26ContentID%3D6656%26Active%3DNews}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kama mwezi Julai 2009, inaonekana kama meli itahamishwa hadi [[Cape Town]] kwa matumizi katika maendeleo yasiyohusika na Nakheel <ref name="QE2 Move">{{cite web|url=http://www.chriscunard.com/today-QE2.htm|publisher=[http://www.chriscunard.com/today-QE2.htm ]|title=QE2 Today: The Future|date=[[2009]]|accessdate=2009-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719220028/http://www.chriscunard.com/today-QE2.htm|archivedate=2008-07-19}}</ref><br /> <gallery> File:TheLostChambers.jpg|Atlantis The Palm tarehe 21 Oktoba 2009, Hifadhi ya samaki ya The Lost Chambers File:ThePalmCrescent.jpg|Atlantis The Palm tarehe 20 Novemba 2009, maoni kutoka kwa bahari kutoka kwa mpevu wa Palm, mbele ya Atlantis </gallery> == Usafiri == [[Picha:The Palm Jumeirah Monorail Under Construction on 16 April 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Palm Jumeirah Monorail]] {{Main|Palm Jumeirah Monorail}} Barabara ya kilomita 5.4 (maili 3.35) ya [[Palm Jumeirah Monorail]], inayounganisha hoteli ya Atlantis na Gateway Towers ilifunguliwa 6 Mei mwaka 2009. <ref>http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2009/May/theuae_May169.xml&amp;section=theuae&amp;col {{Wayback|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data%2Ftheuae%2F2009%2FMay%2Ftheuae_May169.xml&section=theuae&col |date=20150120101338 }} =</ref> == Ujenzi == Ujenzi ulianza mwezi Juni [[mwaka 2001]] na wajenzi walitangaza makabidhiano ya vitengo vya makazi ya kwanza mwaka 2006 <ref name="thepalmae">{{cite web}}</ref> Kisiwa kimeundwa na tani milioni 94 za [[mchanga]] na [[tani]] milioni 7 za [[mawe]]. Palm Jumeirah ilijengwa kwa kujaza mchanga kwenye kitanda cha bahari kilichi mita 10.5 chini ya maji kwa kutumia [[dredger]]. Juu ya bahari, mita 3 za ardhi iliyorejeshwa zilifikiwa kwa mtindo wa dredging unaojulikana kama "[[rainbowing]]" ambapo mchanga ulinyunyizwa kwenye kisiwa hicho. Mchanga wa aina ya [[Calcareous]] ulitumika kwa kurejesha ardhi. Kisiwa ni pamoja na kivunjamaji kilichojikunja kilichojengwa kwa kutumia kutumia mawe asili, lengo lake kuhimiza kuundwa kwa [[reef]] asili na kutoa [[makazi]] ya maisha ya bahari. Muundo huu wa arhi ulirejeshwa na kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya [[Van Oord]], ambao ni wataalam duniani wa kurejesha ardhi. Jumla ya gharama ilifika US $ bilioni 12.3 na kudumisha kisiwa hicho inatumia gharama kubwa.i {{Fact|date=Juni 2007}} Inakadiriwa wafanyakazi 40,000, wengi kutoka Asia ya Kusini, walishiriki katika ujenzi wa kisiwa. Mapema [[Oktoba 2007]], Palm Jumeirah tayari ilikuwa kisiwa kikubwa zaidi Duniani kilichoumbwa na mwanadamu. Pia wakati huu, asilimia 75 ya mali ilikuwa tayari kuuzwa, na tayari familia 500 zilikuwa zikiishi katika kisiwa hicho. <ref name="Progress Update"/> Mwisho wa [[2009]], hoteli 28 zitakuwa wazi katika mpevu. <ref name="Progress Update"/> == Ubishi == Ukubwa wa ujenzi umelaumiwa, kwa sehemu sababu ya ucheleweshaji wa kukamilika kwa mradi, tarehe ambayo imesukumwa nyuma mara nyingi na sasa ni karibu miaka miwili kama imechelewa. Utata zaidi ulitokea pale ilipojulikana kwamba baada ya kuzindua mradi, Nakheel waliongeza idadi ya manyumba katika kisiwa (kwa kupunguza kiasi cha ardhi kati ya nyumba zile) kutoka kwa idadi iliyokuwa imetangazwa ya 4500 (ikiwa na manyumba 2000 ya kifahari na makazi 2500) hadi takriban manyumba 8000 bila kuwarudishia pesa wawekezaji ambao walikuwa wameyanunua manyumba hapo awali wakitegemea kuwa kutakuwa na utengaji zaidi kati ya manyumba. Ongezeko hili lilitokana na Nakheel kukosea katika kuhesabu gharama halisi ya ujenzi na kuhitaji pesa za ziada, ingawa hajawahi ongea kuhusu jambo hilo hadharani. Wasiwasi pia umeonyeshwa kuhusu ubora wa ujenzi na uwezo wa kisiwa hiko kukabiliana na idadi ya watu watakaokuwa wakija na kuondoka kisiwani pale mradi utakapomalizika. Aidha, kuna wasiwasi mwingi kuhusu [[madhara ya mazingira]] ya Kisiwa hiki. Kama ilivyojengwa awali,kivunjamaji kilikuwa kikwazo mfululizo, lakini iligunduliwa kwamba kwa kuyazuia maji ya pale kusonga, maji ya ndani ya Palm yalibakia palepale. Tatizo lilitatuliwa kwa kuongeza pengo katika kizuizi. <ref name="Dubai FAQs">{{cite web|title=Palm Island Dubai FAQ|url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/palm-island-dubai-jumeirah-jebel-ali-deira.htm|accessdate=2010-01-06|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927181941/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/palm-island-dubai-jumeirah-jebel-ali-deira.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kama ilivyoelezwa katika kipindi cha [[National Geographic Channel]] cha ''Impossible Islands'' sehemu ya mfululizo wake wa [[MegaStructures]], kizuizi hiki kilibadilishwa baadaye ili kuweka pengo katika pande zote mbili, ili kuyawezesha maji ya baharini kuongeza hewa katika maje ya pale ndani ingawa haingekuwa na ufanisi ukilinganisha na kama kizuizi hakingekuwepo. Kipindi hiki pia kilitaja kuhusu maisha ya baharini, lakini kilisema kuea kizuizi hiki kiliimarisha maisha ya baharini na aina mpya za maisha ya baharini zilikuwa zikihamia pale. Katika makala ya 2009 iliyoelezea kuanguka kwa uchumi wa Dubai, ''[[The New York Times]]'' iliripoti kwamba "fununu mbaya" zilikuwa zikienea kwamba Palm ilikuwa ikizama "na ukifungua mifereji katika hoteli zilizojengwa yake, mende tu ndizo zilitoka nje." <ref>[38] ^ [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/world/middleeast/12dubai.html?_r=1&amp;hp Watalii waliotulia watoroka baada ya Dubai kuanza kuanguka,] ''New York Times,'' 11 Februari 2009</ref> == Hifadhi ya Picha == <center> <gallery> File:Villas on the Palm Jumeirah on 1 May 2007 Pict 1.jpg|Majumba ya Kifahari yaliyo katika mgawanyiko mmoja (Frond) File:Palm Jumeirah's Fronds on 1 May 2007 Pict 1.jpg|Migawanyiko ya Palm Jumeirah File:Palm Jumeirah on 1 May 2007 Pict 1.jpg|Maoni ya hewani ya Palm Jumeirah tarehe 1 Mei 2007 File:Palm Jumeirah on 1 May 2007 Pict 2.jpg|Maoni ya hewani ya Palm Jumeirah tarehe 1 Mei 2007 </gallery></center> ==Angalia pia== {{Commons|Palm Islands#The_Palm, Jumeirah|Palm Jumeirah}} * [[Visiwa vya Palm]] * [[Visiwa vya Dunia]] * [[Palm Grandeur]] * [[Hoteli ya Taj Exotica]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.palmjumeirah.ae/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Palm Jumeirah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.palmjumeirah.ae/ |date=20120210130509 }} {{Developments in Dubai}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha]] 0u4e2lfd1qwkjkxv32hhsd8k02s0sb1 0 35413 1581861 1273575 2026-07-26T08:10:12Z Muddyb 379 {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} 1581861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muziki wa Jibuti''' unashirikisha mitindo mbalimbali ambayo ni matokeo ya ushawishi mbalimbali ya kimuziki. ==Kuhusu Jibuti== Jibuti ni taifa dogo lipatikanalo katika [[Pembe ya Afrika]] ambayo imekuwa mitindo mingi ya muziki za humo nchini. Watu wa huko wamejikidhi kwa wengi katika mji wa uvuo ambao pia huitwa [[Jibuti (Mji)|Mji wa Jibuti]]. Nchi hiyo imekuwa ikishirikishwa mataifa mengi, hivi maajuzi ikiwa [[Ufaransa]]. [[Jibuti]] ilikuwa nchi ya mwisho kupata uhuru kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Jibuti ina matabaka mawili: [[Afar (kabila)|Kabila]] na [[Somali]], pamoja na [[Wafaransa]] na [[Waarabu]]. [[Muziki wa Afra]] unafanana na [[Muziki wa Ethiopia]] ukiwa na ikiwa na vipengele vya Muziki wa [[Kiarabu]]. Historia ya muziki huu imenakiliwa katika ushairi na nyimbo za watu wake ambao ni wafugaji wa kuhamahama na inaanzia maelfu ya miaka iliyopita hadi wakati Jibuti ikifanya biashara za kubadilishana ngozi kwa manukato na [[Wamisri]], [[Wahindi]] na [[Wachina]]. Ngano za [[Kisomali]] hujumuisha ushairi, na [[Methali]], nyingi zao zikiwalenga mitume wa Sufi na maisha yao. Fasihi ya watu wa [[Afar]] imeundwa kimuziki na ni ya aina nyingi, ikijumisha nyimbo za [[Ndoa]], [[Vita]], kusifu na kujigamba.<ref name="expedition">{{cite web|url=http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm|title=Djibouti - Culture Overview|work=Expedition Earth|accessdate=28 Septemba 2005|dateformat=mdy|archivedate=2004-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227041820/http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm}} - ''Website no longer exists; link is to [[Internet Archive]]''</ref> ==Wimbo wa Taifa== [[Wimbo wa Taifa wa Jibuti]] ni [[Jibuti (Wimbo)]] ulioundwa mnamo 1977 huku maneno yake yakitoka kwa [[Aden Elmi]] na muziki ukitungwa na [[Abdi Robleh]].<ref>{{cite web|work=National Anthem Reference Page|title=Djibouti|accessdate=28 Septemba 2005 |dateformat=mdy|url=http://david.national-anthems.net/dj.htm}}</ref>. ==Balwa== ‘’Miniature poetry’’ au “Ushairi Mdogo” uliovumbuliwa na mwendeshaji wa lori aliyekuwa akiitwa [[Abdi Deeqsi]], unajulikana sana nchini Jibuti. Haya ni mashairi mafupi (''[[balwo]]''), sana sana yanayohusu mapenzi <ref name="expedition" /> “Balwo” pia ni mtindo wa muziki wa [[Muziki wa Somalia|Somalia]] wa aina ya ‘’Pop’’. ==Vyombo vya muziki== Vyombo vya muziki vya Jibuti vinashirikisha [[tanbura]], ambayo ni aina ya kijisahani <ref>{{NewGrove2001|Tanbūra|Poché, Christian|xxv|pp. 62-63}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}}{{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] [[Jamii:Jibuti]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Jibuti| ]] cc019c0dkqnn37gbuqqzvvh4nwlvmie 0 36230 1581722 1201272 2026-07-25T15:10:31Z Leptictidium 27873 No evidence that this taxon exists beyond Wikipedia and its mirrors 1581722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Fisi | picha = Spotted Hyena, Ngorongoro.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Fisi madoa (''Crocuta crocuta'') | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye [[ugwe wa neva]] mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye [[kiwele|viwele]] wanaonyonyesha wadogo wao)</small> | oda = [[Carnivora]] <small>(Wanyama mbua)</small> | nusuoda = [[Feliformia]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[paka]])</small> | familia = [[Hyaenidae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na [[fisi]])</small> | bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1869 | subdivision = '''Jenasi 3, spishi :''' * ''[[Crocuta]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1828</small> ** ''[[Crocuta crocuta|C. crocuta]]'' <small>[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], 1777</small> * ''[[Hyaena]]'' <small>[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762</small> ** ''[[Hyaena hyaena|H. hyaena]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> * ''[[Parahyaena]]'' <small> ** ''[[Parahyaena brunnea|P. brunnea]]'' <small>[[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]], 1820</small> * ''[[Proteles]]'' <small>[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], 1824</small> ** ''[[Proteles cristata|P. cristata]]'' <small>[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy]], 1824</small> | ramani = Hyaenidae_range.png | upana_wa_ramani = 250px | maelezo_ya_ramani = Msambao wa fisi:<br> buluu - ''H. hyaena''<br> kijani - ''C. crocuta''<br> kahawia - ''H. brunnea''<br> nyekundu/zambarau - ''P. cristata'' }} [[Picha:Hyaena_eximia_head.jpg|thumbnail|Fuvu la Hyaena eximia]] [[Picha:Crocuta_macrodonta.JPG|thumbnail|Fuvu la kichwa la Crocuta macrodonta]] [[Picha:Ictitherium_viverrinum.JPG|thumbnail|Fuvu la kichwa la Ictitherium viverrium, American Museum yaNaturak Hismpakary]] [[Picha:Crocuta_crocuta.jpg|thumbnail|[[Fisi madoa]] wa nusufamilia ya Hyaeninae]] '''Fisi''' ''(kwa [[Kiingereza]]: hyena)'', ijapokuwa wanafanana kiasi na canids, hutengeneza familia tofauti kabisa ya kibiolojia inayofanana kwa karibu kabisa na Herpestidae (familia ya mongooses na meerkats), hivyo kuangukia kwenye Feliformia. Spishi zote wana mwendo mithili ya dubu, kumpakakana na miguu yao ya mbele kuwa mirefu zaidi kuliko ile ya nyuma. Aardwolf, Fisi Mistari na Fisi Kahawi, huwa na madoa yaundayo mistari na nywele mgongoni ambazo husimama pindi wanapoogopeshwa. Manyoya ya Fisi Madoa huonwa mafupi zaidi na yenye mtindo wa madoa kuliko mistari. Fisi madoa, na kwa uchache fisi mistari na wale wa kahawia wana meno chonge yenye nguvu zaidi kwaajili ya kukatia nyama, na magego kwaajili ya kusagia mifupa. [[Fisi madoa]] huaminika kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kung’ata, na wanyama wa jamii hiyo pia nao huonekana wenye nguvu pia. Aadwolf huwa na meno machache kidogo upade wa mashavuni, na wakati mwingine hukosa kabisa katika umri mkubwa, lakini vinginevyo wote wana mpango wa meno wa kufanana. Jamii ya fisi madoa huishi kwa namna mpakafauti kidogo, na huonwa kuwa ni wenye maisha tofauti na mamalia wengine walao nyama, na maisha yao yameripotiwa kufanana na yale ya wanyama wa kale jamii ya cercopithecine. Ishara mojawapo ya akili ya fisi ni ile tabia ya kusogeza mawindo yao pamoja karibu kulinda kumpakaka kwa wale wanyama wala mizoga. Jike la fisi madoa ana [[kinembe (mofolojia)|kinembe]] takriban kirefu kama [[uume]] wa dume na pia ana [[mfuko wa korodani]] bandia. [[Kuma]] na mrija wa [[mkojo]] zinapatikana katika kinembe hicho, ambayo inafanya kupandana ngumu na kuzuia dume apande jike kwa nguvu. Fisi huaminika kuwa walimpakakea miaka milioni 26 iliyopita kumpakaka huku wakiendelea kufanana mpaka na fisi wa sasa. Plioviverrops miongoni mwa fisi wa mwanzo, alikuwa kama wanyama walioishi nyakati za Eurasia miaka milioni 20 – 22 iliyopita. Maelezo kuhusu sikio lake la kati na mpangilio wa meno humfanya kuonekana kama fisi wa kale. Jenasi hii ilifanikiwa zaidi, sababu vizazi vyake vimeng’ara kwa taya zake zilizosimama na miguu yake ya mbio, hasa kama Canidae wa Amerika ya Kaskazini. Miaka milioni 15 iliyopita, fisi afananaye na mbwa alijimpakakeza, na spishi karibu 30 kutambulika. Mpakafauti na vizazi vya siku hizi, fisi hawa hawakuwa mahiri sana katika kusaga mifupa, lakini hawa wa sasa nihodari zaidi na wapo kama mbwa mwitu. Hawa fisi jamii ya mbwa walikuwa na meno ya magego kama ya wale wa jamii ya canid, kuwawezesha kula chakula cha mimea na wanyama. Miaka milioni saba iliyopita, fisi walizidiwa na jamii ya canids katika ushindani wa kuishi kwenye mazingira ya pamoja, wakimpakakea Amerika ya Kaskazini mpaka Eurasia kupitia Bering land bridge. Fisi wakaanza kuishi kwa kutegemea kula wadudu na kusga mifupa ili kupunguza ushindani na canids. Familia hii ya wasagaji wa mifupa, “percrocumpakaids”, ilimpakaweka miaka milioni saba iliyopita na rasmi kusababisha spishi ya fisi inayosaga mifupa. Spishi moja ifananayo na duma, Chasmaporthetes, ilifanikiwa kuvuka Amerika ya Kaskazini na kumpakaweka kabisa miaka milioni 1.5 iliyopita. Mgawanyiko wa mwaisho wa Hyanidae ni ule wa kipindi cha Pleismpakacene, wenye jenera 4 na spishi 9 za fisi. Fisi wasagaji wa mifupa wakawa ndio walaji wa mizoga wakuu kuliko wanyama wengine wote, na kufaidi mara zote mabaki ya nyama kumpakaka kwenye mawindo ya wanyama wengine wala jamii ya nyama wenye meno kuchongoka sana. Wanyama wengine jamii ya paka wenye meno marefu yaliyochongoka walipompakaweka na nfasi yao kuchukuliwa na jamii hiyo lakini meno yao mafupi na hivyo kula nyama vizuri, hivyo fisis nao wakanza kuwinda wenyewe na hivyo kumpakakezea kwenye spishi nyingine ya fisi. == Spishi zilizopo hadi sasa == * ''Crocuta crocuta'', [[Fisi madoa]] ([[w:Spotted Hyena|Spotted Hyena]]) * ''Hyaena brunnea'', [[Fisi milia]] au Fisi miraba ([[w:Striped Hyena|Striped Hyena]]) * ''Hyaena hyaena'', [[Fisi kahawia]] ([[w:Brown Hyena|Brown Hyena]]) * ''Proteles cristata'', [[Fisi ya nkole]] au Fisi mdogo ([[w:Aardwolf|Aardwolf]]) == Jenasi za kabla ya historia == * ''Mpakangxinictis'' (Kati ya Miocene ya Asia) * ''Herpestides'' (Mwanzo Miocene ya Afrika na Eurasia) * ''Plioviverrops'' (pamoja ''Prompakaviverrops'', ''Mesoviverrops''; Mwanzo wa Miocene mpaka mwanzo Pliocene ya Ulaya, mwisho wa Miocene ya Asia) * ''Ictitherium'' (=''Galeotherium''; pamoja na ''Lepthyaena'', ''Sinictitherium'', ''Paraictitherium''; kati ya Miocene ya Afrika, Mwisho wa Miocene mpaka Mapema Pliocene wa Eurasia) * ''Thalassictis'' (pamoja na ''Palhyaena'', ''Miohyaena'', ''Hyaenictitherium'', ''Hyaenalopex''; kati ya Mwisho wa Miocene wa Asia, Mwisho wa Miocene ya Afrika na Ulaya) * ''Hyaenotherium'' (Mwisho wa Miocene mpaka ?Mapema Pliocene ya Eurasia) * ''Miohyaenotherium'' (Mwisho wa Miocene ya Ulaya) * ''Lychyaena'' (Mwisho wa Miocene ya Eurasia) * ''Tungurictis'' (Kati ya Miocene ya Afrika and Eurasia) * ''Proictitherium'' (Kati ya Miocene ya Afrika and Asia, Kati ya mpaka Mwisho wa Miocene ya Ulaya) * ''Palinhyaena'' (Mwisho wa Miocene ya Asia) * ''Ikelohyaena'' (Mapema Pliocene ya Afrika) * ''Hyaenictis'' (Mwisho wa Miocene ya Asia?, Mwisho wa Miocene ya Ulaya, Mapema Pliocene (?Mapema Pleismpakacene) ya Afrika) * ''Leecyaena'' (Mwisho wa Miocene na/au Mapema Pliocene ya Asia) * ''Chasmaporthetes'' (=''Ailuriaena''; pamoja na ''Lycaenops'', ''Euryboas''; Mwisho wa Miocene mpaka Mapema Pleismpakacene ya Eurasia, Mapema Pliocene mpaka Mwisho wa pliocene au Mapema Pleismpakacene ya Afrika, Mwisho wa Pliocene mpaka Mapema Pleismpakacene ya Amerika ya Kaskazini) * ''Pachycrocuta'' (Pliocene and Pleismpakacene ya Eurasia na Afrika) * ''Adcrocuta'' (Mwisho wa Miocene ya Eurasia) == Picha == <gallery> File:Parahyaena brunnea 5.jpg|Fisi kahawia File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg|Fisi milia File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|Fisi ya nkole </gallery> == Marejeo == {{reflist|2}} {{mbegu-mnyama}} [[Jamii:Paka na jamaa]] [[Jamii:Mamalia]] e2wubjckfw1ijp7lb12i29qkj3guwgx 0 40506 1581887 1400400 2026-07-26T10:13:50Z Gaudence Walec 91202 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 1581887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roho''' ni [[umbile]] la pekee lisiloonekana ambalo linasadikiwa kuwemo pamoja na [[mwili]] katika [[binadamu]] na kuunda hasa [[malaika]] (ambao kati yao wale wabaya wanaitwa ma[[shetani]]). Katika [[lugha]] mbalimbali umbile hilo linafananishwa na [[upepo]] au [[pumzi]]. ==Katika Ukristo== [[Mungu]] mwenyewe anasadikiwa kuwa roho bora. Kwa namna ya pekee [[Ukristo]] unasadiki moja ya [[nafsi]] za Kimungu ndani ya [[Utatu]] inayoitwa [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. Pengine roho inafikiriwa kueleza tofauti kubwa mno ambayo inajitokeza kati ya binadamu na [[sokwe]] na [[wanyama]] wengine wote upande wa [[akili]] na [[utendaji]], na ambayo haielezwi vya kutosha na tofauti katika [[DNA]] zao. Inasadikiwa kuwa roho ndiyo sehemu bora zaidi ya mwanadamu na husadikiwa kuwa haifi bali hudumu [[milele]]. Roho humuunganisha mtu na [[ulimwengu]] wa kiroho ambao aghalabu huwa ni ulimwengu usioonekana na [[macho]] ya kawaida, yaani ya mwili. ==Katika Uislamu== Roho ni katika viumbe ambavyo vimeumbwa na Allāh mtukufu, na hakuna mwenye ujuzi wa kujua namna wala umbile la kitu hiki isipokuwa yeye Muumbaji. Na hata walipojaribu watu kumuuliza Nabii kuhusu jambo hili aliambiwa awajibu kuwa hii ni amri ya Mola wangu wala hawakupewa elimu ya hiyo roho isipokuwa ni chache tu. Hili ni umbile lisiloonekana ambalo kwa hakika linajulikana kuwemo pamoja na [[mwili]] katika miili ya viumbe hai wakiwemo wanadamu, majini, malaika, wanyama na [[Mmea|mimea]]. Na hii roho hutolewa kutoka kwa kiumbe husika na hapo ndiyo inaaminika kuwa ameshakufa, kwa maana hana roho. Na hii roho ni katika amri za [[Allah]] ambazo anaamrisha "kuwa na zikawa", na hizi roho zinapulizwa kwa viumbe pindi wanapokuwa kwenye matumbo ya mama zao na hapo ndipo inaaminika kuwa wanapata [[uhai]], na pale zinapoondolewa ndipo inaaminika kuwa wanakufa. Na alisema Allah mtukufu "hakuna nafsi inayokufa isipokuwa kwa ruhusa (idhini) yake kwa muda uliowekwa". Na yeye ana uhai usiokatika, ni wa milele. Roho za binadamu zimeumbwa kwa ajili ya kubakia milele na milele isipokuwa kuna vipindi miili yao itapitia kama vile kuzaliwa, kukua, kuzeeka, kufa na kuoza, na baada ya hapo kurejeshewa roho zao na kufufuliwa kwa ajili ya malipo ya siku ya Malipo na baada ya hapo kuna kubakia milele aidha ni katika bustani za starehe au katika mashimo ya adhabu ya moto. Roho haihusiani kabisa katika kutofautisha baina ya mwanadamu na wanyama isipokuwa kinachotofautisha ni akili ambayo ndio mhimili wa kumbukumbu na mazingatio na utendaji. Na katika kutofautisha baina ya wanyama na wanadamu ilitofautishwa kwa kutumia ufahamu na kuzingatiaji kama alivosema Mola Muumba wa vyote "wana nyoyo na hawatumii nyoyo hizo ili kufahamu na wana masikio na hawatumii masikio kusilizia, basi hao ni kama wanyama au watakuwa ni zaidi ya wanyama kwa kupotea". Inaaminika kuwa roho ndiyo sehemu bora zaidi ya mwanadamu na sio roho tu bali ni moyo na husadikiwa kuwa roho haifi bali hudumu [[milele]]. Roho sio kitu kinachomuunganisha mtu na ulimwengu wa ghaibu bali ni imani ndiyo inayomfanya mtu aamini mambo ya ghaibu (siri) yasiyoonekana kama vile kuamini kuwa malaika wapo, kuamini kuwa Allah muumba wa vitu vyote yupo, kufa, na kufufuliwa, na kuadhibiwa au kuneemeshwa kaburini, kuumbwa kwa bustani za starehe huko juu na moto huko chini ya ardhi ya chini. Yote haya ni kwa kuwa na imani na sio roho tu, bali tunaamini kuwa wapo watu wapo hai na hawaamini mambo haya pamoja kuwa na roho zao hapa duniani. Roho hii hutolewa kutoka kwa mtu na malaika maalumu na hapo anakuwa tayari ameshahudhuria mtu huyo kwenye ulimwengu mwingine (wa kaburini) na baada ya kuzikwa mtu huyo anarejeshewa roho yake kwa ajili ya kuadhibiwa au kuneemeshwa kaburini hapo, na haya ni katika yale ambayo yanaaminika ni mambo ya ghaibu (yasiyoonekana kwa macho) isipokuwa ni kwa kuamini tu kwa moyo. Na moyo ndio ambao unamfanya mtu awe ni mzuri wa tabia au awe ni mbaya kitabia, na pindi kinapotengamaa hiki kipande cha nyama (moyo) basi na vitendo vyake vinakuwa vizuri. {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] [[Jamii:Binadamu]] a4cu2zmcdlnb048f3nw7jvqr6yv904m 0 75471 1581794 1563248 2026-07-26T02:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helium atom (not to scale).svg|thumb|right|Uchoraji wa atomi ya [[heliu]] ambayo ina kipenyo cha pikomita 3<ref name="WebElementsSize">{{cite web | url = http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/atomic_radius | title = Atomic radius | work = WebElements: the periodic table on the web | accessdate = 2015-03-16 | archive-date = 2018-06-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180613060322/https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/atomic_radius/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>]] {{Wiktionary|picometre}} '''Pikomita''' ([[ing.]] ''picometer'', alama pm) ni kipimo cha [[SI]] cha kutaja urefo mdogo wa mita 10⁻¹². Hi ni sawa na sehemu ya milioni 1 (yaani = ¹/1,000,000) ya [[mikromita]] (inayoitwa pia "mikron"). Zamani iliitwa "micromicron", "stigma" au "bikron".<ref>{{cite book | title = Dictionary of Distances | first1 = Elena | last1 = Deza |first2= Michel Marie | last2 = Deza | author2-link = Michel Deza | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-444-52087-2 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=I-PQH8gcOjUC&pg=PA347&dq=stigma+bicron }}</ref> wakati ule alama yake ilikuwa '''µµ'''.<ref>How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement; Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.html |date=20161220235945 }}</ref> Kipimo hiki hutumiwa kwa kutaja vipimo katika fizikia ya [[atomi]] na chembe zake, kemia na elimu ya sauti. Kipenyo cha atomi ni kati ya pikomita 62 hadi 520. Neno linatokana na lugha ya [[Kiitalia]]: piccolo (kadogo). ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Category:Vipimo vya SI]] e8u2asq3bk7j77j3uac7q8k1izlyqn8 0 77977 1581778 1336945 2026-07-25T18:53:52Z Ziv 68200 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Urocyon littoralis full figure.jpg]] → [[File:Urocyon littoralis (Island fox) FWS 001.jpg]] → File replacement: changing the name of a duplicate file ([[c:c:GR]]) 1581778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Siberian tiger]] ni spishi iliyo katika hatari ya kutoweka. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 |title=The Tiger |publisher=Sundarbans Tiger Project |accessdate=2 June 2012 |archivedate=2012-09-17 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120917192637/http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=2 }}</ref>]] '''Shishi adimu'''ni [[spishi]] ambazo zimeandikwa na [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) katika [[orodha]] maalumu yenye majina ya zile zinazoelekea kukoma duniani ([[IUCN Red List|Red List]]). Mwaka [[2012]] orodha hiyo ilikuwa na spishi za [[wanyama]] 3079 na spishi za [[mimea]] 2655,<ref name="iucn 2012.2">{{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf |title=IUCN Red List version 2012.2: Table 2: Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories (CR, EN, VU) from 1996 to 2012 (IUCN Red List version 2012.2) for the major taxonomic groups on the Red List |accessdate=2012-12-31 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2012 |format=PDF |archivedate=2013-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127140524/http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf }}</ref> wakati mwaka [[1998]] zilikuwa 1102 na 1197 tu. Inakadiriwa kwamba zaidi ya [[asilimia]] 40 za spishi ziko hatarini. Siku hizi nchi nyingi zina [[sheria]] za kuhifadhi spishi za namna hiyo, kwa kukataza, k.mf. [[uwindaji]] na [[uchomaji moto]], au kwa kuunda maeneo maalumu [[hifadhi za taifa]]. Pia kuna [[mikataba ya kimataifa]] iliyosainiwa na nchi zote au karibu zote kwa ajili hiyo. == Picha== <gallery widths="145px" style="line-height:1.3em"> File:Urocyon littoralis (Island fox) FWS 001.jpg|[[Island fox]]. File:Sea otter cropped.jpg|[[Sea otter]]. File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg|[[Picha mgando]] ya [[miaka ya 1870]] ya mafuvu ya kichwa ya [[American bison]]. Kufikia mwaka [[1890]], uwindaji ulibakiza wanyama 750 tu wa spishi hiyo. File:California-condor.jpg|Immature [[California condor]]. File:Caretta caretta01.jpg|[[Loggerhead sea turtle]] File:Arowana.jpg|[[Asian arowana]] File:Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Critically Endangered Species).jpg | [[Hawksbill Sea Turtle]] </gallery> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} * Glenn, C. R. 2006. [http://earthsendangered.com "Earth's Endangered Creatures"]. * Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). [http://jstor.org/stable/3868449 Biodiversity Futures], Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4), 179. * Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Päivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3374545 Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics], proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(6), 1963-1967. * Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3868567 Why we need an "Ecological Ethics"], Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332-337. * Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4017054 Preserving Paradise], [[Science News]], 170(6), 92. * Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3868674 How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States?] Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414-420. * Freedman, Bill. "Endangered species." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Discovering Collection. Gale. * Chiras, Daniel D. "Invader Species." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2011. * "Endangered Species." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/species.htm Endangered Species] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/species.htm |date=20080820164159 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.eswr.com Endangered Species & Wetlands Report] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eswr.com/ |date=20190713215604 }} Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA, wetlands and regulatory takings. * [http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSBoxscore USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere] {{Wayback|url=http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/TESSBoxscore |date=20041108000216 }} * https://worldwildlife.org/species {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Category:Hifadhi ya mazingira| ]] [[Category:Wanyama| ]] [[Category:Mimea]] 3n7nydd2r8lvm4t06nt7zhdtu92ubnn 0 88554 1581653 1379840 2026-07-25T13:33:35Z Abduli burhani 60014 1581653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | jina = Dagaa | rangi = #D3D3A4 | picha = Amblygaster leiogaster.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Dagaa-papa tumbo-laini (''Amblygaster leiogaster'') | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | nusufaila = [[Vertebrata]] (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo) | ngeli = [[Actinopterygii]] | oda = [[Clupeiformes]] | bingwa_wa_oda = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1959 | subdivision = '''Familia 5:''' * [[Clupeidae]] <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817</small> * [[Dussumieriidae]] <small>[[Peter James Palmer Whitehead|Whitehead]], 1963</small> * [[Engraulidae]] <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1861</small> * [[Pristigasteridae]] <small>[[]]</small> * [[Spratelloididae]] <small>[[]]</small> }} Dagaa ni [[Samakimagamba|samaki]] mdogo anayepatikana kwa wingi". Kwa sababu ya ukubwa wake mdogo, mara nyingi hukaushwa. [[Usipa]] huliwa sana nchini Malawi na Msumbiji pamoja na ugali. Usipa uliokaushwa huuzwa katika masoko mengi nchini Malawi. Katika Malawi, usipa kwa kawaida huliwa ukiwa na mifupa yake kutokana na kuwa laini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841624747|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Usipa inachukua nafasi muhimu katika maisha ya kiuchumi ya kaya nyingi kando ya Ziwa Malawi zinazotegemea uvuvi kwa kipato. Hakuna mengi yanayojulikana kuhusu biolojia ya spishi hii.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ji4zxThOFfkC&pg=PA2026|title=Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi|date=2008|publisher=WorldFish|isbn=978-983-2346-64-7|language=en}}</ref> == marejeo == {{Mbegu}} ==Spishi zilizochaguliwa za Afrika ya Mashariki== ==Picha== <gallery> Amblygaster sirm.jpg|Dagaa-papa madoadoa Dussumieria elopsoides 1.png|Dagaa-papa upinde-mvua Bulad bolinaw (dried Philippine Anchovies) - Encrasicholina oligobranchus.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli UrumeIS.jpg|Dagaa-papa wa Bahari ya Hindi Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus.jpg|Dagaa-papa milia-buluu Indian Oil Sardine.JPG|Dagaa-papa kichwa-kirefu Spratelloides gracilis by OpenCage.jpg|Dagaa milia-fedha Stolephorus indicus.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli Mhindi Thryssa mystax.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli sharabu </gallery> ==Marejeo== * Rashid Anam & Edoardo Mostarda (2012) ''Field identification guide for the living marine resources of Kenya.'' FAO, Rome. * Gabriella Bianchi (1985) ''Field guide to the commercial marine brackish-water species of Tanzania.'' FAO, Rome. ==Viungo vya nje== [https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?Order=Clupeiformes Dagaa kwenye hifadhidata ya samaki] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?Order=Clupeiformes |date=20190813182446 }} {{mbegu-mnyama}} [[Jamii:Samaki]] [[Jamii:Mboga]] kvwnbyaoj0h2c14kmk2ysqdbqs63uod 1581668 1581653 2026-07-25T13:52:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | jina = Dagaa | rangi = #D3D3A4 | picha = Amblygaster leiogaster.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Dagaa-papa tumbo-laini (''Amblygaster leiogaster'') | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | nusufaila = [[Vertebrata]] (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo) | ngeli = [[Actinopterygii]] | oda = [[Clupeiformes]] | bingwa_wa_oda = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1959 | subdivision = '''Familia 5:''' * [[Clupeidae]] <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1817</small> * [[Dussumieriidae]] <small>[[Peter James Palmer Whitehead|Whitehead]], 1963</small> * [[Engraulidae]] <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1861</small> * [[Pristigasteridae]] <small>[[]]</small> * [[Spratelloididae]] <small>[[]]</small> }} Dagaa ni [[Samakimagamba|samaki]] mdogo anayepatikana kwa wingi". Kwa sababu ya ukubwa wake mdogo, mara nyingi hukaushwa. [[Usipa]] huliwa sana nchini Malawi na Msumbiji pamoja na ugali. Usipa uliokaushwa huuzwa katika masoko mengi nchini Malawi. Katika Malawi, usipa kwa kawaida huliwa ukiwa na mifupa yake kutokana na kuwa laini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Book sources - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841624747|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Usipa inachukua nafasi muhimu katika maisha ya kiuchumi ya kaya nyingi kando ya Ziwa Malawi zinazotegemea uvuvi kwa kipato. Hakuna mengi yanayojulikana kuhusu biolojia ya spishi hii.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ji4zxThOFfkC&pg=PA2026|title=Country Case Study: Development and Status of Freshwater Aquaculture in Malawi|date=2008|publisher=WorldFish|isbn=978-983-2346-64-7|language=en}}</ref> == marejeo == {{Mbegu}} ==Spishi zilizochaguliwa za Afrika ya Mashariki== ==Picha== <gallery> Amblygaster sirm.jpg|Dagaa-papa madoadoa Dussumieria elopsoides 1.png|Dagaa-papa upinde-mvua Bulad bolinaw (dried Philippine Anchovies) - Encrasicholina oligobranchus.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli UrumeIS.jpg|Dagaa-papa wa Bahari ya Hindi Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus.jpg|Dagaa-papa milia-buluu Indian Oil Sardine.JPG|Dagaa-papa kichwa-kirefu Spratelloides gracilis by OpenCage.jpg|Dagaa milia-fedha Stolephorus indicus.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli Mhindi Thryssa mystax.jpg|Dagaa-mcheli sharabu </gallery> ==Marejeo== * Rashid Anam & Edoardo Mostarda (2012) ''Field identification guide for the living marine resources of Kenya.'' FAO, Rome. * Gabriella Bianchi (1985) ''Field guide to the commercial marine brackish-water species of Tanzania.'' FAO, Rome. ==Viungo vya nje== [https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?Order=Clupeiformes Dagaa kwenye hifadhidata ya samaki] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?Order=Clupeiformes |date=20190813182446 }} {{mbegu-mnyama}} [[Jamii:Samaki]] [[Jamii:Mboga]] 142e8my0a28c8xs9uhdrqu3gavka0l9 0 88885 1581718 1581538 2026-07-25T15:01:45Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581718 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Insalata.jpg|thumb|Aina ya kachumbari isiyopikwa.]] '''Kachumbari''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kihindi]] ''cachumber'') ni mchanganyiko wa viungo kama [[pilipili]], [[chumvi]] na [[mboga]] na [[matunda]] mbalimbali kama [[nyanya]], [[vitunguu]], [[kabichi]], [[Tango|matango]], [[nanasi]], [[parachichi]] n.k. Mara nyingi hutumika pamoja na [[pilau]], [[wali]], [[nyama choma]] n.k. ili kuongeza [[ladha]] ya [[chakula]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Forget Caprese—This 5-Ingredient Tomato Salad Deserves the Spotlight|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/east-african-tomato-salad-recipe-11790875|work=Serious Eats|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Kachumbari ni maarufu sana katika [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu]]. * Katika nchi za [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]] na [[mashariki]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] huitwa Kachumbari.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=OINmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Foods of Kenya|last=Sheen|first=Barbara|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC|isbn=978-0-7377-4813-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Restaurant review: Riziki Swahili Grill takes patrons on a tasty culinary trip to Africa|url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/2021/03/17/riziki-swahili-grill-tasty-culinary-trip-africa-northland-columbus/6946782002/|work=The Columbus Dispatch|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=G. A. Benton}}</ref> * Nchini [[Malawi]] huitwa 'Sumu' au 'Shum' au [[saladi]] ya nyanya na vitunguu. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kachumbari.html Jinsi ya kuandaa kachumbari] {{Wayback|url=http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kachumbari.html |date=20180726014635 }} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 7s7iw3l2bjlyg0vpm3nxyd10c5f83n5 0 89650 1581689 1581214 2026-07-25T14:14:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Tundu A. M. Lissu.jpg|thumb|Tundu Lissu katika kipindi cha Kampeni za Urais, Dodoma 2015]] '''Tundu Lissu''' (jina kamili: '''Tundu Antiphas Mughwai Lissu'''; alizaliwa mkoani [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]], [[20 Januari]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]], [[wakili]], na [[mbunge]] wa zamani wa [[Tanzania]] ambaye kwa sasa ni Mwenyekiti <ref>https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tundu-lissu-wins-chadema-chairman-position--4897518</ref> wa [[Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo]] ([[CHADEMA]]) nchini [[Tanzania]]. Anajulikana kwa msimamo wake wa wazi dhidi ya [[rushwa]], ukiukwaji wa [[haki za binadamu]], na matumizi mabaya ya [[madaraka]]. Lissu aliwahi kuwa Mbunge wa [[Singida]] [[Mashariki]] kupitia chama cha upinzani cha [[Chadema]] na pia alikuwa [[Mwanasheria]] Mkuu wa chama hicho. Ametambulika kwa ukosoaji wake mkali dhidi ya [[serikali]], hali iliyomfanya kuwa mmoja wa wanasiasa mashuhuri na wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika [[siasa]] za upinzani nchini.<ref>https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tundu-lissu-wins-chadema-chairman-position--4897518</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2017, Lissu alinusurika jaribio la mauaji baada ya kushambuliwa kwa risasi zaidi ya 16 mjini [[Dodoma]] — tukio lililoibua maswali mengi kuhusu usalama wa wanasiasa wa upinzani. Baada ya matibabu ya muda mrefu nchini [[Kenya]] na baadaye [[Ubelgiji]], Lissu alirejea Tanzania mwaka 2020 na kugombea urais kupitia [[Chadema]], ingawa hakushinda. Licha ya changamoto alizokumbana nazo, bado anahesabiwa kuwa sauti muhimu katika harakati za kudai demokrasia, utawala wa sheria, na haki za kiraia nchini Tanzania. ==Maisha== Tundu Lissu alizaliwa na wakulima. Alisoma Shule ya Sekondari Ilboru ya [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] na kuhitimu mwaka 1983, halafu alisomea sheria katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]].<ref>[https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/432 Hon. Tundu Antiphas Mughwai Lissu] {{Wayback|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/administrations/432 |date=20240812090114 }} Imeandaliwa Agosti 2024</ref> Alichaguliwa kuendelea kuwa [[mbunge]] wa [[jimbo]] la [[Singida|Singida Mashariki]] katika [[bunge]] la [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] katika [[uchaguzi]] wa [[mwaka]] 2015.<ref>[http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/administrations/432 Tovuti ya Bunge la Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/administrations/432 |date=20170508112557 }}Imeandaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Tundu Lissu husifika kwa [[tabia]] yake kuikosoa [[serikali]] kwa kiasi kikubwa akitumia [[taarifa]] na [[takwimu]] nyingi. Kumekuwa na matatizo chungunzima yaliyowekwa wazi na mbunge huyu na alishawahi kusema hatanyamaza kuikosoa serikali, labda afe. Alisema hivyo kwa sababu mara kadhaa alikamatwa na [[polisi]] na kutiwa ndani hadi alipokubaliwa kuweka [[dhamana]]. Mnamo tarehe [[7 Septemba]] [[2017]] majira ya [[saa]] [[Saba (namba)|saba]] [[mchana]] alilengwa [[risasi]] 38, lakini 16 tu katika hizo ndizo zilizompata katika sehemu za [[mkono]], [[miguu]] na [[tumbo]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari-41187945 Habari ya Lissu katika] [[BBC]] mnamo 7 Septemba, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/-Tundu-Lissu-apigwa-risasi-Dodoma/1597578-4086284-db4rt/index.html Tundu Lissu apigwa risasi Dodoma] Gazeti la Mwananchi</ref> Tukio hilo lilitokea [[Nyumba|nyumbani]] kwake Dodoma Area D. Baada ya kupata [[matibabu]] ya awali, Lissu alisafirishwa hadi [[Jiji|jijini]] [[Nairobi]] kwa matibabu zaidi.<ref>[http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Lissu-apelekwa-Nairobi-kwa-matibabu--/1597578-4087160-i4vhcfz/index.html Lissu apelekwa] [[Nairobi]] kwa matibabu - Mwananchi mnamo 7-09-17.</ref> Baada ya hapo alisafirishwa hadi Ubelgiji alipoendelea kufanyiwa [[upasuaji]] hadi kufikia operesheni 22. Tukio hili limelaaniwa vikali na viongozi na watu mashughuri mbalimbali nchini Tanzania, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Rais]] [[John Magufuli]] aliyeandika kwa masikitiko katika [[ukurasa]] wake wa [[Twitter]] kwa kulaani tendo hilo lisilo la [[Binadamu|kibinadamu]].<ref>[https://twitter.com/MagufuliJP/status/905816916920594432 Nimepokea kwa masikitiko taarifa za Lissu] Rais John Pombe Magufuli mnamo 7-09-2017.</ref> [[Mwenyekiti]] wa [[CUF|Chama cha Wananchi (CUF)]] anayetambuliwa na [[vyombo vya dola]], [[Profesa]] [[Ibrahim Lipumba]], naye ameonesha kukerwa na tukio la kutandikwa risasi kwa Lissu. Kwa [[uchungu]], Lipumba amevitaka vyombo vya dola kuwatafuta wahusika wa tukio na wapelekwe katika vyombo vya [[sheria]] mara moja.<ref>[http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Lipumba-akerwa-Lissu-kupigwa-risasi/1597578-4087218-s63cc8/index.html Lipumba akerwa Lissu kupigwa risasi] - [[Gazeti]] la Mwananchi mnamo 07-09-2017.</ref> Hata hivyo, hakuna mtu aliyekamatwa kutokana na [[upelelezi]]. Lissu alikaa Ubelgiji kwa matibabu, lakini pia kwa wasiwasi kuhusu [[usalama]] wake nchini Tanzania. Lissu alirudi mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2020]] ili agombee [[Urais]]. Mnamo Januari 2023, Tundu Lissu alitangaza kuwa amerejea Tanzania baada ya miaka mitano ya uhamishoni nchini Ubelgiji.<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230123-tanzanie-l-opposant-tundu-lissu-annonce-son-retour-apr%C3%A8s-cinq-ans-d-exil www.rfi.fr]</ref> Mnamo Januari 2025, Chama kikuu cha upinzani nchini Tanzania kilimchagua Tundu Lissu kuwa kiongozi mpya kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu uliotarajiwa kufanyika mwezi Oktoba 2025, wakati ambapo kinakabiliwa na ongezeko la ukandamizaji wa kisiasa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mbowe akubali kushindwa Chadema, ampongeza Lissu|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/siasa/mbowe-akubali-kushindwa-chadema-ampongeza-lissu-4897498|work=Mwananchi|date=2025-01-22|accessdate=2025-01-22|language=en}}</ref> Aprili.9.2025, Lissu alikamatwa kwa tuhuma ya uhaini baada ya kudai mageuzi katika taratibu za uchaguzi mkuu katika mkutano wa hadhara mjini Mbinga akiongozwa na kaulimbiu yake ya "no reform no election".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania's opposition leader Tundu Lissu arrested after rally|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/04/10/tanzanias-opposition-leader-tundu-lissu-arrested-after-rally/|work=Africanews|date=2025-04-10|accessdate=2025-04-10|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa-Tanzania}} [[Jamii:Bunge la Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5ue6th0k7yjxa3okm796f3tef5i4otv 0 121926 1581804 1581189 2026-07-26T03:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581804 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] 4at0uajb2ac6lsm9fxsfkx13qs54b5p 0 124023 1581742 1522196 2026-07-25T15:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nihoni''' (''Nihonium'') ni [[Elementi za kikemia|elementi ya kikemia]] yenye [[alama]] '''Nh''' na [[namba atomia]] 113. Iliitwa pia '''eka-thallium'''. Haitokei kiasili maana ni [[elementi sintetiki]] inayoweza kutengenezwa katika [[maabara]] kutokana na [[Mbunguo nururifu|mbunguo]] wa [[Moskovi]]. [[Elementi]] hii ilitambuliwa [[mwaka]] [[2004]]. Vikundi vya [[wanasayansi]] waliitafuta wakati uleule pale [[Dubna]] ([[Urusi]]) na [[Wako]] ([[Japani]]). Hatimaye Wajapani walikubaliwa kuwahi kutambua [[tabia]] zake nyingi wakachagua [[jina]] kufuatana na jina la kienyeji cha Japani, "Nihon". <ref>Morita ''et al.'', [http://jpsj.ipap.jp/link?JPSJ/73/2593/ ''Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn, n)²⁷⁸113''] {{Wayback|url=http://jpsj.ipap.jp/link?JPSJ%2F73%2F2593%2F |date=20070705203116 }}, [http://www.ipap.jp/jpsj/index.htm J. Phys.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipap.jp/jpsj/index.htm |date=20070701130530 }}</ref> ^, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.riken.jp/r-world/info/release/press/2004/040928_2/index.html |title=press release in Japanese |accessdate=2020-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301133920/http://www.riken.jp/r-world/info/release/press/2004/040928_2/index.html |archivedate=2007-03-01 }}</ref> ^, <ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-09/28/content_2034889.htm Japanese scientists create heaviest ever element]</ref> [[Nusumaisha]] ya Nihoni ni [[sekunde]] chache, kwa hiyo haikudumu muda wa kutosha kuangalia tabia zake; kila kiasi kinachotengenezwa kinapotea baada ya sekunde kadhaa. Hivyo hakuna matumizi kwa elementi hiyo yanayojulikana. Kulingana na nafasi yake katika [[Mfumo radidia|jedwali la elementi]] inawezekana ni [[metali]] laini yenye [[rangi]] ya [[fedha]] ikiwa na [[utendanaji]] mkali wa [[Kemia|kikemia]]. == Marejeo == <references /> == Tovuti za Nje == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Nh/index.html WebElements.com - Nihonium]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/115.html Uut na Uup Ongeza Misa yao ya Atomiki kwa Jedwali La Purela] {{Wayback|url=http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/115.html |date=20060907145849 }} * [http://www.apsidium.com/elements/113.htm Apsidium - Nihonium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apsidium.com/elements/113.htm |date=20080615170757 }} * [http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/images.html Ugunduzi wa Vipengee 113 na 115] {{Wayback|url=http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/images.html |date=20050623012629 }} * [http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/about.html Ugunduzi wa Vipengele Vya Superheavy 113 na 115] {{Wayback|url=http://www-cms.llnl.gov/e113_115/about.html |date=20061230123649 }} * [http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/7/7 Vitu vya superheavy] {{Wayback|url=http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/7/7 |date=20070426150804 }} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/113.htm Nihonium] kwenye ''Jedwali La'' [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/113.htm Purela] ''la Video'' (Chuo Kikuu cha Nottingham) {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Metali]] [[Jamii:Elementi sintetiki]] tfu2a3qd7j0vsy14ddmr7rw8mcomysg 0 137410 1581816 1466718 2026-07-26T04:13:42Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inforbox uwanja wa michezo | jina = Uwanja wa michezo wa Taifa, Tanzania | picha = | maelezo ya picha = Muonekano wa juu wa Uwanja | jina maarufu = Uwanja wa Benjamin Mkapa | eneo = [[Temeke]], [[Dar es Salaam]] | Ufunguzi = 2007 | uwezo = 60,000 | aina ya nyasi = Nyasi asilia }} '''Uwanja wa Taifa wa Tanzania <!-- Do not change this. https://www.panoramio.com/photo/15149934 -->''' unajulikana pia kama ''Uwanja wa Mkapa'' ni uwanja wa michezo unaopatikana nchini [[Tanzania]] katika mkoa wa [[Dar es Salaam]]. Uwanja huo, uliojengwa karibu kabisa na uwanja wa uhuru, uwanja wa zamani wa taifa wa [[Tanzania]], ulifunguliwa rasmi mwaka [[2007]]. Uwanja huo unatumika pia kwa ligi kuu ya [[mpira wa miguu]] pamoja na sherehe au matukio mbalimbali ya Kitaifa na yasiyo ya Kitaifa. Ni kati ya viwanja vikubwa vya michezo barani [[Afrika]] ukiwa na uwezo wa kuchukua zaidi ya mashabiki 60,000 na pia ni uwanja mkubwa zaidi wa michezo nchini [[Tanzania]], uwanja huu ulijengwa na kampuni ya wachina ya ''Beijing Construction Engineering Group'' kwa gharama za dola za kimarekani milioni 56. Mechi ya mwanzo katika uwanja huo ilikuwa ni kati ya [[Simba S.C.]] na [[Young Africans S.C.]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7693750.stm</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-jio-dar}} [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya michezo vya Taifa]] [[Jamii:Viwanja vya Michezo Tanzania]] jyoivghl54u5w035m79zcp5o09r0kap 0 140165 1581795 1523889 2026-07-26T03:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Qaemshahr_1.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya [[mji]] wa Qaem Shahr.]] '''Qaem Shahr''' (kwa [[Kitapuri]]: Qaem Shahr) ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[mkoa]] wa [[Mazandaran]] katika [[Uajemi]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi inakadiriwa kuwa takriban [[nusu]] [[milioni]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-24 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082439/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://travital.com/city/qaem-shahr/</ref><ref>https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Qaem-Shahr/</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uajemi]] 8wx0b1owjp1mexga8u9j4cjk84lt4lw 1581827 1581795 2026-07-26T06:19:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Qaemshahr_1.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Sehemu ya [[mji]] wa Qaem Shahr.]] '''Qaem Shahr''' (kwa [[Kitapuri]]: Qaem Shahr) ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[mkoa]] wa [[Mazandaran]] katika [[Uajemi]]. [[Idadi]] ya wakazi inakadiriwa kuwa takriban [[nusu]] [[milioni]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2021-07-24 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082439/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://travital.com/city/qaem-shahr/</ref><ref>https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Qaem-Shahr/</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uajemi]] l2tz7qssqtozruxwb2yr0youc8ojbuq 0 145237 1581895 1213854 2026-07-26T11:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dürer, Albrecht - Hand Study with Bible - 1506.jpg|thumb|[[Mkono|Mikono]] ikishika Biblia, [[mchoro]] wa [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[karne ya 16]].]] '''Somo la Kimungu''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Lectio Divina''), hasa somo la [[Biblia]], ni kati ya njia kuu za [[utakatifu]] zilizotolewa kwa [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wote<ref name="Benner47">''Opening to God: Lectio Divina and Life as Prayer'' by David G. Benner 2010 ISBN|0-8308-3542-3 pages 47–53</ref>. Mara nyingi udanganyifu, uzushi na uhuni vinaambukiza kupitia [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vibaya, kumbe “kusoma vitabu vitakatifu ni [[Uhai|uzima]] wa [[roho]]” ([[Ambrosi]]). ==Biblia== [[Jeromu]] alisimulia jinsi alivyovutiwa kusoma kwa [[Juhudi|juhudi]] [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Maandiko matakatifu]]. Alipoanza [[Mtawa|kutawa]], akipenda bado vitabu vya [[fasihi]], [[ndoto|aliota]] yuko mbele ya [[Mungu]] na kuulizwa kwa ukali ni nani. Alipojieleza kuwa Mkristo, [[Hakimu]] mkuu akamjibu, “Mwongo wewe, u mfuasi wa Sisero; kwa sababu hazina yako ilipo, ndipo ulipo moyo wako pia”. Mara akaagiza apigwe mijeledi. “Nilipoamka nilitambua haikuwa ndoto tu, bali kweli, kwa sababu mabegani nilikuwa na alama za mapigo niliyoyapata. Kuanzia hapo nimesoma Maandiko matakatifu kwa bidii nyingi kuliko nilivyokuwa nikisoma vitabu visivyo vya dini kwanza”. Basi, aliandika, “Usingizi ukukute tu ukisoma, tena angalia sana usipatwe na usingizi juu ya kitabu tofauti na Maandiko matakatifu”. Kwa Wakristo hakuna kitabu wanamoweza kuchota uzima kuliko katika kile alichokiandika Mungu. Hasa [[Injili]], maneno ya [[Mwokozi]] na matukio ya [[maisha]] yake yawe fundisho hai la kulizingatia daima. [[Yesu]] alijua kufanya mambo makuu yaeleweke kwa wote kutokana na usahili alioutumia. Tena neno lake halibaki [[nadharia]] tu, bali linaongoza mara kwenye [[unyenyekevu]] halisi, [[upendo]] wa Mungu na wa jirani. Katika kila neno alitafuta tu [[utukufu]] wa [[mungu Baba|Baba]] aliyemtuma na [[wokovu]] wa watu. Turudie daima maneno ya [[hotuba ya mlimani]] (taz. [[Injili ya Mathayo|Math]] 5-7) na yale yaliyofuata [[karamu ya mwisho]] (taz. [[Injili ya Yohane|Yoh]] 13-17). Tutakuta ndani yake [[neema]] inayotuongoza kuiga kila siku vizuri zaidi [[maadili]] ya Mwokozi na upendo wake wa kishujaa kwa [[msalaba]]. Pamoja na [[ekaristi]], ndiyo lishe halisi ya watakatifu: [[Neno la Mungu]] tuliloletewa na [[Mwana wa Mungu|Mwanae pekee]], [[Neno (Biblia)|Neno]] aliyefanyika [[mwili]]. Chini ya [[herufi]] zake limefichika wazo hai la Mungu, ambalo [[Vipaji vya Roho Mtakatifu|vipaji vya]] [[Akili (kipaji)|akili]] na [[hekima]] vinatuwezesha kulichimba na kulionja zaidi na zaidi. Baada ya Injili hakuna kinachotulisha kuliko [[Matendo ya Mitume]] na [[Nyaraka (Biblia)|Nyaraka]] zao. Ndiyo mafundisho ya Mwokozi ambayo wafuasi wake wa kwanza, walioagizwa kutulea katika [[shule]] yake, waliyatekeleza na kuyafafanua jinsi waamini walivyohitaji. Maisha ya kishujaa ya [[Kanisa]] la mwanzoni, uenezi wake kati ya matatizo makubwa, yale yote yanayoelezwa na Matendo ya Mitume ni fundisho la kumtumainia Mungu na kujiachilia kwake. Hakuna kurasa za dhati na hai kuliko zile za Nyaraka kuhusu [[Nafsi]] na [[kazi]] za [[Masiya|Kristo]] (taz. [[Waraka kwa Wakolosai|Kol]] 1), uangavu wa maisha ya Kanisa na ukuu wa upendo wa Mwokozi kwake (taz. [[Waraka kwa Waefeso|Ef]] 1-3), kufanywa waadilifu kwa kumuamini Kristo (taz. [[Waraka kwa Waroma|Rom]] 1-11), [[Kuhani|ukuhani]] wa [[milele]] wa Yesu (taz. [[Waraka kwa Waebrania|Eb]] 1-9). Halafu tukizingatia maadili ya Nyaraka, hakuna mahimizo ya nguvu zaidi kwa ajili ya upendo, uwajibikaji, udumifu, subira, utakatifu, pamoja na kanuni za hakika kuhusu namna ya kuwatendea wakubwa, watu wa hali moja nasi, wadogo, tena watu dhaifu, wakosefu, walimu wa uongo. Hakuna maelezo hai zaidi kuhusu [[wajibu]] wa Wakristo wote kwa Kanisa. Katika [[Agano la Kale]] kila Mkristo anapaswa kuzijua hasa [[Kitabu cha Zaburi|Zaburi]], zinazodumu kuwa [[sala]] [[sala ya Kanisa|ya Kanisa]]. Tukirudia kusoma mfululizo, kwa heshima na upendo, Maandiko matakatifu, tutakuta ndani yake mwanga na nguvu mpya daima. Mungu amelitia neno lake uweza usioisha, nasi kisha kusoma vitabu vingi na kuvikinai karibu vyote, hatimaye tutairudia Injili kama utangulizi wa mwanga wa milele. ==Maandishi ya watakatifu== Baada ya Biblia, vitabu vya watakatifu ndivyo vinavyotuangaza na kutuwasha zaidi. Vimeandikwa kwa mwanga na mpako wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]], ingawa si kwa [[uvuvio]] ule usioweza kukosea. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linashauri tujue vitabu bora vya [[Basil wa Caesarea|Bazili Mkuu]], [[Yohane Krisostomo]], [[Jeromu]], [[Agostino wa Hippo|Augustino]], [[Yohane Kasiano]], [[Papa Leo I|Leo Mkuu]], [[Dionysius Mwareopago|Denis]], [[Benedikto wa Nursia|Benedikto]], [[Papa Gregori I|Gregori Mkuu]] na [[Maksimo Muungamadini]]. Tujue pia yanayohusu maisha ya Kiroho katika maandishi ya [[Anselm wa Canterbury|Anselmi]], [[Bernardo wa Clairvaux|Bernardo]], [[Richard wa Mt. Viktori]], [[Alberto Mkuu]], [[Thomas Aquinas Mtakatifu|Thoma wa Akwino]], [[Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio|Bonaventura]], [[Anjela wa Foligno]], [[Yohane Tauler]], [[Henri Suso]], [[Katerina wa Siena]], [[Yohane Ruysbroeck]] na [[Thomas wa Kempis]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[Kumfuasa Yesu Kristo]]. Kwa [[karne]] zilizofuata, tusome vitabu vya [[Ignas wa Loyola|Inyasi wa Loyola]], [[Alois wa Blois]], [[Teresa wa Yesu]], [[Yohane wa Msalaba]], [[Alois wa Granada]], [[Fransisko wa Sales]], [[Alois Lallemant]], [[Vinsenti wa Paulo]], [[Yakobo B. Bossuet]], [[Alois Maria wa Montfort]] na [[Alfonso Maria wa Liguori]]. Kuhusu waandishi wa karne za mwishomwisho, walio muhimu zaidi kati yao wanajulikana na wote, hasa [[Teresa wa Mtoto Yesu]]. ==Maisha ya watakatifu== Tuongeze kusoma maisha ya watakatifu, ambayo daima yanavutia na mara nyingi yanaweza kuigwa. Vitabu hivyo vinatueleza walivyotenda, katika nafasi pengine ngumu, wenzetu wa kiume na wa kike, ambao mwanzoni walikuwa na kasoro na udhaifu sawa nasi, lakini polepole neema ikaja kushinda umbile lao kwa kuliponya, kuliinua na kulitia uzima mpya. Ndani mwao tunaona maana halisi na uzito wote wa neno la Thoma wa Akwino: “Neema haiangamizi umbile, bali inalikamilisha”. Katika watakatifu, hasa kwenye hatua ya muungano, mema ya umbile yanalingana kweli na neema. Katika maisha yao tuzingatie zaidi yanayoweza kuigwa; mambo ya pekee tuyaone tu kama ishara ya Kimungu tuliyopewa ili tutoke usingizini na kutambua yaliyo ya ndani na ya juu zaidi katika maisha ya Kikristo ya kawaida. Kwa mfano, maumivu ya waliotiwa madonda ya Yesu yatukumbushe Mateso ya Mwokozi yanapaswa kuwa nini kwetu na jinsi tunavyotakiwa kuimba vizuri zaidi kwenye Njia ya Msalaba, “Mama mtakatifu, fanya hivi, / choma kabisa moyoni mwangu / madonda ya Msulubiwa”. Neema ya watakatifu kadhaa kunywea donda la Moyo wa Yesu itukumbushe kila Komunyo inavyopaswa kuwa motomoto na bora kuliko ile iliyotangulia. Mifano ya watakatifu kuhusu unyenyekevu, subira, tumaini, upendo usiokoma, inatuvuta kuliko mafundisho ya kinadharia tutekeleze maadili: “Mawazo pekee hayasukumi”. Inafaa zaidi kusoma maisha ya watakatifu yaliyoandikwa na watakatifu, kama vile yale ya [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] yaliyoandikwa na Bonaventura; yale ya Katerina wa Siena yaliyoandikwa na [[Raimundi wa Capua]], kiongozi wake; na yale ya akina Teresa waliyoyaandika wenyewe. ==Misimamo inayohitajika ili kufaidika na masomo hayo== [[image:Lectio Divina.svg|thumb|Hatua nne za ''Lectio Divina''. Kwa kufuata mwendo wa saa kuanzia juu kushoto: ''Lectio'' ("kusoma"); ''Meditatio'' ("kutafakari"); ''Oratio'' ("kusali"); ''Contemplatio'' ("kuzamia mafumbo")<ref name="Perfection' page 145">''The Way of Perfection'' by Teresa of Avila 2007 ISBN|1-4209-2847-3 page 145</ref>.]] [[Sala]] iliyofanywa vizuri mwanzoni inatupatia neema ya msaada ya kusoma kwa imani, ili kumtafuta Mungu katika maandishi ya Kiroho, tukiepa udadisi usio na maana, majivuno ya akili na elekeo la kuhukumu tunayoyasoma badala ya kufaidika nayo. Tusiridhike na ujuzi tu, bali tuone namna ya kutekeleza wenyewe, tukiwa na hamu hai tena nyofu ya ukamilifu. Hapo tutapata faida kubwa, hata tukisoma kuhusu “maadili madogomadogo” (Fransisko wa Sales), kwa kuwa yote yanafungamana na adili kuu la upendo. Waliosonga mbele katika njia ya ukamilifu, pengine ni vizuri warudie kusoma yale yanayowafaa wanaoanza: wataona yote kwa mwanga wa juu zaidi na kushangaa yaliyofichika ndani yake; k.mf. katika mistari ya katekisimu ndogo inayohusu lengo la kuwepo duniani: “kumjua, kumpenda na kumtumikia Mungu ili kupata uzima wa milele”. Vilevile inafaa wanaoanza wachungulie ukuu wa ukamilifu wa Kikristo, mradi wasidai kuruka juu kabla hawajapewa neema hiyo. Kwa kuwa lengo la kulifikia ni la mwisho katika utekelezaji, lakini ni la kwanza katika nia: toka mwanzo ni lazima tukusudie kufikia utakatifu ule utakaotuwezesha kuingia mbinguni mara baada ya kufa. Ikiwa wanaoanza na wanaoendelea wana hamu kubwa ya utakatifu, watakuta katika Maandiko matakatifu na katika vitabu vya watakatifu yale yanayowafaa na watafundishwa na mlezi wa ndani. Lakini ni lazima tusome polepole: si kumeza vitabu, bali kupenyezwa na yale tunayoyasoma. Hapo masomo ya Kiroho yatageuka kuwa sala. Kwa Benedikto kusoma ni kidato cha kwanza katika ngazi ifuatayo ya kupanda juu: “Lectio (kusoma), cogitatio (kufikiri), studium (kuzingatia), meditatio (kutafakari), contemplatio (kutazama)”. Inafaa pia turudie kusoma baada ya miaka vitabu bora vilivyokwishatusaidia. Maisha ni mafupi: turidhike kusoma na kurudia kusoma vile ambavyo kweli vina mhuri wa Mungu, bila kupoteza muda kwa vile visivyo na uhai wala thamani. Ni afadhali kuchimba kitabu kimoja bora kuliko kusoma kijuujuu vile vyote vya waandishi wa Kiroho. Halafu tusome kwa roho ya ibada, “kwa kutafuta si ujuzi tu, bali hasa ladha” ya mambo ya Mungu (Bernardo). “Asomaye na afahamu” (Math 24:15), akimuomba mwanga wa kuelewa vema. Wanafunzi wa Emau hawakuelewa utabiri wa manabii mpaka Bwana alipofungua akili zao. Ndiyo sababu Bernardo alisema, “Sala ikatishe somo”: hapo tu litalisha roho na kuelekeza kusali<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/angelus/2005/documents/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20051106_en.html Vatican website: ''Angelus'' Nov 6 2005]</ref>. Hatimaye ni lazima tuanze mara kutekeleza tuliyoyasoma: “Kila asikiaye maneno yangu, na kuyafanya, atafananishwa na mtu mwenye akili, aliyejenga nyumba yake juu ya mwamba… Na kila asikiaye hayo maneno yangu asiyafanye, atafananishwa na mtu mpumbavu, aliyejenga nyumba yake juu ya mchanga” (Math 7:24,26). “Kwa sababu sio wale waisikiao sheria walio wenye haki mbele za Mungu, bali ni wale waitendao sheria watakaohesabiwa haki” (Rom 2:13). “Iweni watendaji wa neno, wala si wasikiaji tu, hali mkijidanganya nafsi zenu” ([[Yak]] 1:22). Hapo somo litazaa matunda mema: “Nyingine zilianguka penye udongo mzuri; zikamea, zikazaa moja kwa mia… ndio wale ambao kwa unyofu na wema wa mioyo yao hulisikia neno, na kulishika; kisha huzaa matunda kwa kuvumilia” ([[Lk]] 8:8,15). Ndivyo lilivyokuwa somo alilolifanya Augustino aliposikia: “Chukua na kusoma”; alifungua Nyaraka zilizokuwa mezani, akasoma, “Kama ilivyohusika na mchana na tuenende kwa adabu; si kwa ulafi na ulevi, si kwa ufisadi na uasherati, si kwa ugomvi na wivu. Bali mvaeni Bwana Yesu Kristo” (Rom 13:13-14). Mara akaongoka, akajitenga kwa muda, akajiandikisha kwa ubatizo: matunda yakawa kweli mara mia kwa faida ya wengi hadi leo. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Marejeo == * Basil Pennington (1998), ''Lectio Divina: Renewing the Ancient Practice of Praying the Scriptures'' (ISBN|0-8245-1736-9). * Geoff New, ''Imaginative Preaching: Praying the Scriptures so God Can Speak through You'', Langham Global Library, (ISBN|9781783688999). * Sr Pascale-Dominique Nau, ''When God Speaks: Lectio Divina in Saint John of the Cross, the Ladder of Monks and the Rule of Carmel'' (Rome, 2012). (ISBN|978-1291037029) [https://www.amazon.com/When-God-Speaks-Lectio-Divina/dp/1291037020/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1546433053&sr=8-1&keywords=When+God+Speaks%3A+Lectio+Divina+in+Saint+John+of+the+Cross%2C+the+Ladder+of+Monks+and+the+Rule+of+Carmel] * Guigo II the Carthusian, ''The Ladder of Monks'' translated by Sr Pascale-Dominique Nau, OP, Rome, 2013 [https://www.amazon.fr/Ladder-Monks-Guigo-II-Carthusian-ebook/dp/B00KSC1WJ8/ref=sr_1_cc_1?s=aps&ie=UTF8&qid=1496996461&sr=1-1-catcorr&keywords=GUigo+Ladder+of+Monks]. * Jean Khoury, ''Lectio Divina at the School of Mary'' (2018), (ISBN|978-1976811722) [https://www.amazon.com/Lectio-Divina-at-School-Mary/dp/1976811724/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1546433118&sr=8-1&keywords=jean+khoury+lectio+divina]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.osb.org/lectio Benedictine resources for Lectio Divina] (Original missing. Archived copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711095245/https://www.osb.org/lectio]) * [https://ocarm.org/en/lectio-divina Lectio Divina at the Carmelite Website] {{Wayback|url=https://ocarm.org/en/lectio-divina |date=20210226141900 }} * [https://schoolofmary.org/lectio-divina/ Jean Khoury resources for Lectio Divina] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] dw4k2ew2787w4dkck1vc0ius0tnw91s 0 148325 1581833 1525147 2026-07-26T07:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Sandra "Alexandrina" Don-Arthur |picha = Sandra Don-Arthur.jpg| |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = [[22 Aprili]] [[1980]] |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Ghana]] |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = Alexandrina |kazi_yake = Msanii wa urembo na Vloga |nchi = [[Ghana]] }} '''Sandra Don-Arthur''' (maarufu kama Alexandrina katika tasnia ya maonesho ya [[biashara]] na [[urembo]]; alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1980]]) ni msanii wa urembo na Vloga (mtu anayeposti video fupi fupi kwenye mitandao ya kijamii) kutoka nchini [[Ghana]].<ref name=":0">https://www.myjoyonline.com/</ref> Pia yeye ndiye mwanzilishi na [[mkurugenzi]] wa ''Alexiglam Studio'',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World’s leading makeup brand launches in Ghana on Friday|url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/|work=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|date=2015-04-23|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172258/https://citifmonline.com/2015/04/worlds-leading-makeup-brand-launches-in-ghana-on-friday/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kampuni ya urembo ya [[Ghana]] inayotoa huduma za urembo kwa [[wanawake]] nchini Ghana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sandra Don-Arthur makes Ghana proud at New York Fashion Week|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sandra-Don-Arthur-makes-Ghana-proud-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-683663|work=GhanaWeb|date=2018-09-10|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Baba yake alikuwa [[Usanifu majengo|msanifu wa majengo]] nchini [[Ghana]] aliyejulikana kwa jina la [[Dk. Eric George Alexander Don-Arthur]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nkrumah Mausoleum decays|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/205635/nkrumah-mausoleum-decays.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=An Architectural History of Ghana • The Cultural Encyclopaedia|url=https://www.culturalencyclopaedia.org/an-architectural-history-of-ghana-entry|work=www.culturalencyclopaedia.org|accessdate=2022-03-25}}</ref> na mama yake alikuwa raia wa Urusi, [[Natalia Don-Arthur]] ambaye alikuwa ni mkemia. Alilelewa nchini [[Ghana]] na [[Urusi]] pamoja na kaka zake wanne na ni dada mdogo wa [[Eric Don-Arthur]], aliyekuwa mgombea ubunge wa [[National Democratic Congress]] kwa Jimbo la [[Effutu]] mwaka 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Former TV3 Man Eric Don- Arthur Wins ...|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201511/261531.php|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|accessdate=2022-03-25|author=Peace FM Online|archive-date=2023-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021113427/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201511/261531.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sandra alihudhuria Shule ya [[Morning Star]] huko [[Cantonments]] na kuhamia Shule ya Upili ya [[St. Roses]] katika mji wa [[Akwatia]]. Baadaye, aliondoka kwenda [[Uingereza]] kusoma Chuo cha [[West London]] na mwaka wa 2011 aliendelea na [[Chuo cha Mink]] ambako alihitimu na cheti cha ujuzi wa urembo, urembo wa nywele na athari zake. lakin pia ni mhitimu wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ashesi]] nchini [[Ghana]]. == Kazi == Mnamo mwaka wa 2011, Alexandrina alianza rasmi kazi ya kuremba watu kitaaluma baada ya kumaliza kozi nchini Uingereza. Kazi yake kama msanii wa kutengeneza vipodozi ilikuja kujulikana sana wakati msanii mkuu wa urembo alipomwomba amtengenezee Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa [[MNET Africa]], [[Biola Alabi]] kama mgeni katika kipindi cha '@ Home With…' TV Show huko jijini [[London]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Makeup artiste Sandra Don Arthur partners Maybelline New York|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/makeup-artiste-sandra-don-arthur-partners-maybelline-new-york.html|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-gb}}</ref> Sandra amefanya kazi na idadi kubwa ya watu mashuhuri katika tasnia ya burudani ya [[Soko la Hisa la Ghana|Ghana]] na [[Nigeria]] kama vile [[Omotola Jalade Ekehinde]], [[Efya, Joselyn Dumas]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Yvonne Okoro]] na [[DJ Cuppy]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Actress retained as Ambassador for BO16|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekehinde-actress-retained-as-ambassador-for-bo16/89wj9cz|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=2016-02-05|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en|author=ayodele johnson|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044930/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekehinde-actress-retained-as-ambassador-for-bo16/89wj9cz|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alichaguliwa na [[Maybelline New York]],kuwa sehemu ya sehemu ya [[Bodi ya Wahandisi wa Tanzania|bodi]] ya washawishi ili kusaidia shughuli za Maybelline nchini Ghana. Maybelline New York pia alimpa fursa ya kuwa mwenyeji wa kipindi cha kwanza cha TV cha [[urembo]] cha kwanza barani [[Afrika]], "Makeup Diaries," ambacho kilionyeshwa kwenye [[DSTV]] katika nchi 46.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top Makeup Artiste Tells Her Success Story|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/32041/top-makeup-artiste-tells-her-success-story.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref> Pia alikuwa mgeni na msanii mkuu wa urembo katika msimu wa kwanza wa kipindi cha [["Keeping It Real"]] kilichoandaliwa na Mwigizaji na Mwenyeji wa [[Ghana Stock Exchange|Ghana]], [[Joselyn Dumas]] ambapo wanawake wengi wa kisasa wa [[Ghana]] walishiriki kutoa maoni yao kuhusu mada mbalimbali zilizowaathiri mwaka wa 2017.<ref>https://yen.com.gh/103574-joselyn-dumas-plastic-surgery.html</ref> Ameunda tahariri za utengenezaji wa Jarida la [[Glitz Africa]], Jarida la [[Debonair Afrika]], Jarida la Harusi ya Ndoto na Jarida la [[Haute Canoe]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Frema Opare, Ursula Owusu, others cover 2017 Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Frema-Opare-Ursula-Owusu-others-cover-2017-Glitz-Africa-Magazine-532871|work=GhanaWeb|date=2017-04-27|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.magzter.com/GH/TOOTMAP/HAUTE-CANOE/Fashion/</ref> Katika kazi yake ya urembo idadi kubwa ya viongozi wa kisiasa wa nchini [[Soko la Hisa la Ghana|Ghana]] pia wameguswa na mikono ya wataalamu wa [[Alexandrina]] ikiwa ni pamoja na Aliyekuwa Mke wa [[Rais]] wa [[Ghana (Mbeya mjini)|Ghana]], [[Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings]], [[Ursula Owusu]], [[Nana Oye Lithur]] na aliyekuwa Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi wa kwanza wa Kike wa [[Ghana]],<ref>https://www.adomonline.com/chief-of-staff-honoured-as-model-african-woman/</ref>[[Frema Osei Opare]] na Waziri wa Mambo ya nje [[Shirley Ayorkor Botchway]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=#WomenInspiringWomen: Glitz Africa Magazine features Ghanaian Power Women – Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, Hanna Tetteh, Nana Oye Lithur & More in the Latest issue|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/09/womeninspiringwomen-glitz-africa-magazine-features-ghanaian-power-women-ursula-owusu-ekuful-hanna-tetteh-nana-oye-lithur-more-in-the-latest-issue/|work=BellaNaija|date=2016-09-06|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US|author=BellaNaija.com}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2015, alihudhuria mazishi na kutoa heshima kwa marehemu [[Kofi Ansah]] kwa ushirikiano na [[Maybelline New York]] kupitia mkusanyiko huo wa [[Haute Avant Garde]] ulioangazia nguo kutoka kwa wabunifu mashuhuri wa mavazi na urembo wa nchini [[Soko la Hisa la Ghana|Ghana]] ili kuonyesha aina mbalimbali za bidhaa za [[Maybelline New York]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/1428/56627.php |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-25 |archive-date=2022-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044926/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/photos/1428/56627.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alichaguliwa kama msanii pekee wa kutengeneza [[vipodozi]] wa [[Soko la Hisa la Ghana|Ghana]] na mwakilishi wa Afrika Magharibi kushiriki katika Wiki ya Mitindo ya [[New York]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sandra Don-Arthur makes Ghana proud at New York Fashion Week|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sandra-Don-Arthur-makes-Ghana-proud-at-New-York-Fashion-Week-683663|work=GhanaWeb|date=2018-09-10|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref> na kufanya kazi na mwanamitindo [[Victoria Secret]], [[Mayowa Nicholas]], [[Sabah Koj]] wakati wa maonyesho ya Msimu wa baridi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sandra Don-Arthur appears at New York Fashion Week by Sarah Taylor - Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/safeejutt/docs/sandra_don-arthur_appears_at_new_yo|work=issuu.com|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316044927/https://issuu.com/safeejutt/docs/sandra_don-arthur_appears_at_new_yo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2019, alizindua lebo yake ya urembo na akademia iliyoitwa [[Alexiglam Studios]] ili kusaidia kukuza ujuzi wa urembo wa Kiafrika na kuwafunza wasanii wachanga juu ya urembo. Amehusisha ukuaji wake kama msanii wa vipodozi kutokana na tabia yake ya kudadisi alipokuwa mtoto na upendo wake wa kuvumbua mambo mapya. Pamoja na kufanya vizuri kwenye tasnia hii ya urembo hakuwa peke yake alikuwa na washauri ambao ni [[Pat McGrath]] na [[Bimpe Onakoya]] .<ref>{{Citation|title=Best of Africa, Sandra Don-Arthur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZgfs-HtZZ4|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-03-25}}</ref> == Kazi zake zilizotambulika zaidi == Wakati wa ziara ya kifalme ya [[Prince Charles|Prince Charles of Wales]] na mke wake [[Camilla]], [[Duchess of Cornwall]] nchini Ghana mnamo Novemba mwaka 2018,kweye hafla iliyoandaliwa na serikali na hafla ya [[mini-fashion]] ilifanyika kwa heshima yao na [[Alexandrina]] aliteuliwa kama msanii mkuu wa urembo kwenye hafla hiyo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Prince Charles in Africa: A royal visit to a land of princes and chiefs|date=2018-11-07|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46110610|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prince-Charles-gets-Ghana-s-Star-honour-698373 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-25 |archivedate=2019-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811231502/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prince-Charles-gets-Ghana-s-Star-honour-698373 }}</ref>Kazi yake ya uhariri kwenye uso wa mwanamitindo wa kimataifa kutoka [[Ghana (Unguja Kati)|Ghana]] na [[Nigeria]], [[Victoria Michaels]] iliandikwa na kutangazwa na gazeti la [[Roots Magazine]] lenye makao yake Paris.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=https://rootsmagazine.fr/|work=Roots Magazine|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402135205/https://rootsmagazine.fr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Uhisani == Yeye pia ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa [[Sickle Strong Warriors Foundation]], shirika lisilo la faida ambalo linalenga kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu seli mundu na kukuza umoja miongoni mwa wagonjwa wa seli mundu nchini [[Soko la Hisa la Ghana|Ghana]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The telling journey of a Sickle Strong Warrior!|url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/06/the-telling-journey-of-a-sickle-strong-warrior/|work=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|date=2017-06-19|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420024147/https://citifmonline.com/2017/06/the-telling-journey-of-a-sickle-strong-warrior/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya kazi zake za shirika hilo (CSR) na uhisani, pia alitumia utaalamu wake kwa mradi wa Haki Sawa, 'Nikumbuke'.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Fair Justice Initiative|url=https://fairjusticegh.com/remember-me|work=The Fair Justice Initiative|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en-GB|author=The Fair Justice Initiative|archivedate=2019-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811233033/https://fairjusticegh.com/remember-me}}</ref> Ulikuwa mradi wa ushirikiano kati ya mpiga picha wa [[Ghana Stock Exchange|Ghana]], [[Francis Kokoroko]], [[Rania Odaymat]], na [[The Fair Justice Initiative]] iliyolenga wanawake kumi na wawili ambao walikuwa wamehukumiwa kifungo cha maisha jela katika [[Magereza]] ya [[Nsawam]].Kupitia mradi huo mavazi ya wanawake wa gereza yalibadilishwa na mavazi ya kitamaduni na picha zao zilipigwa ambazo zilionyeshwa katika maonyesho ya [['Make Be']] huko [[La Maison]] mnamo Oktoba mwaka 2018. Tangu wakati huo kimetengenezwa kuwa kitabu cha kahawa ili kukuza utetezi.<ref>{{Citation|title=Remember Me|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G7O5hod7bY|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-03-25}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Kwa sasa anaishi jijini [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] na watoto wake wawili.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mwaka !Tukio/Shughuli !Tuzo !Matokeo |- |2016 |Tuzo za Urembo za Ghana |Msanii Bora wa Uhalili wa Urembo |Alishinda<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://thebftonline.com/2019/lifestylesports/face-of-make-up-blogging-nominated-for-makeup-blog-of-the-year/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2022-03-25 |archivedate=2020-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024250/https://thebftonline.com/2019/lifestylesports/face-of-make-up-blogging-nominated-for-makeup-blog-of-the-year/ }}</ref> |- |2018 |Tuzo za Urembo za ghana |Msanii Bora wa Urembo |Alishinda<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sandra Don-Arthur Wins Top Ghana Makeup Award|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/49627/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=2022-03-25|language=en}}</ref> |- |2018 |Tuzo za Wajasiriamali Vijana |Ubora katika Sanaa ya Urembo |Alishinda |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] m9d9hrrkbe76ohgr9mppy0bzt8df07q 0 148715 1581682 1581188 2026-07-25T14:10:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sandra Annette Bland''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] mwenye umri wa miaka 28 mwenye asili ya Kiafrika ambaye alipatikana akiwa amejinyonga katika seli ya gereza huko Waller County, [[Texas]], Julai 13, 2015, siku tatu baada ya kukamatwa kwenye kituo cha trafiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authorities investigate apparent suicide at Waller County Jail|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Authorities-investigate-apparent-suicide-at-6385033.php|work=Chron|date=2015-07-15|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Little, Brown and Company|date=2022-01-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little,_Brown_and_Company&oldid=1067939579|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> Kifo chake kilitawaliwa kama kujiua. Ilifuatiwa na maandamano ya kupinga kukamatwa kwake, kupinga sababu ya kifo na madai ya unyanyasaji wa rangi dhidi yake.<ref>{{Citation|last=Montgomery|first=David|title=New Details Released in Sandra Bland’s Death in Texas Jail|date=2015-07-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/us/new-details-released-in-sandra-blands-death-in-texas-jail.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Waller County authorities release more details in jail suicide|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Relatives-question-death-of-woman-found-hanging-6388529.php|work=Chron|date=2015-07-16|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith}}</ref> Bland aliondolewa kwa ukiukaji mdogo wa trafiki mnamo Julai 10 na Askari wa Jimbo Brian Encinia. Majibizano hayo yaliongezeka, na kusababisha Bland kukamatwa na kufunguliwa mashtaka ya kumshambulia [[Ofisa|afisa]] wa [[polisi]]. Kukamatwa huko kulirekodiwa kwa sehemu na dashcam ya Encinia, simu ya rununu ya mtazamaji, na simu yake ya rununu ya Bland. Baada ya mamlaka kukagua picha za dashcam, Encinia aliwekwa likizo ya kiutawala kwa kushindwa kufuata taratibu zinazofaa za kusimamisha trafiki.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lai|first=K. K. Rebecca|title=Assessing the Legality of Sandra Bland’s Arrest|date=2015-07-20|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/20/us/sandra-bland-arrest-death-videos-maps.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/20/us/sandra-bland-arrest-death-videos-maps.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16|last2=Park|first2=Haeyoun|last3=Buchanan|first3=Larry|last4=Andrews|first4=Wilson}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trooper who pulled over Bland placed on administrative duty|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/Waller-County-law-enforcement-under-scrutiny-as-6390814.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=2015-07-17|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith, Leah Binkovitz}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 20]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]] 7hf74rfqft4u9iayboqathefi6n86uv 1581683 1581682 2026-07-25T14:10:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kifo cha Sandra Bland]] hadi [[Sandra Bland]]: usahihi wa jina 1581682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sandra Annette Bland''' alikuwa [[mwanamke]] mwenye umri wa miaka 28 mwenye asili ya Kiafrika ambaye alipatikana akiwa amejinyonga katika seli ya gereza huko Waller County, [[Texas]], Julai 13, 2015, siku tatu baada ya kukamatwa kwenye kituo cha trafiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authorities investigate apparent suicide at Waller County Jail|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Authorities-investigate-apparent-suicide-at-6385033.php|work=Chron|date=2015-07-15|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Little, Brown and Company|date=2022-01-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little,_Brown_and_Company&oldid=1067939579|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> Kifo chake kilitawaliwa kama kujiua. Ilifuatiwa na maandamano ya kupinga kukamatwa kwake, kupinga sababu ya kifo na madai ya unyanyasaji wa rangi dhidi yake.<ref>{{Citation|last=Montgomery|first=David|title=New Details Released in Sandra Bland’s Death in Texas Jail|date=2015-07-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/us/new-details-released-in-sandra-blands-death-in-texas-jail.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Waller County authorities release more details in jail suicide|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Relatives-question-death-of-woman-found-hanging-6388529.php|work=Chron|date=2015-07-16|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith}}</ref> Bland aliondolewa kwa ukiukaji mdogo wa trafiki mnamo Julai 10 na Askari wa Jimbo Brian Encinia. Majibizano hayo yaliongezeka, na kusababisha Bland kukamatwa na kufunguliwa mashtaka ya kumshambulia [[Ofisa|afisa]] wa [[polisi]]. Kukamatwa huko kulirekodiwa kwa sehemu na dashcam ya Encinia, simu ya rununu ya mtazamaji, na simu yake ya rununu ya Bland. Baada ya mamlaka kukagua picha za dashcam, Encinia aliwekwa likizo ya kiutawala kwa kushindwa kufuata taratibu zinazofaa za kusimamisha trafiki.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lai|first=K. K. Rebecca|title=Assessing the Legality of Sandra Bland’s Arrest|date=2015-07-20|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/20/us/sandra-bland-arrest-death-videos-maps.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/20/us/sandra-bland-arrest-death-videos-maps.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2022-04-16|last2=Park|first2=Haeyoun|last3=Buchanan|first3=Larry|last4=Andrews|first4=Wilson}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trooper who pulled over Bland placed on administrative duty|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/Waller-County-law-enforcement-under-scrutiny-as-6390814.php|work=Houston Chronicle|date=2015-07-17|accessdate=2022-04-16|language=en-US|author=St John Barned-Smith, Leah Binkovitz}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:USLW Iringa]] [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 20]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Wamarekani Weusi]] 7hf74rfqft4u9iayboqathefi6n86uv 0 149096 1581793 1523677 2026-07-26T02:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pieter Johannes de Villiers''' ([[19 Juni]] [[1924]] - [[18 Mei]] [[2015]]), alikuwa mpiga [[kinanda]], na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Pieter-de-Villiers/6000000069153928927?through=6000000028948883227|title=Pieter Johannes de Villiers|accessdate=11 April 2018}}</ref> Majina yake ya utani yalikuwa "Prof Piet" na "Piet Vingers". Anajulikana kwa kuunda mashairi ya Boerneef kwenye muziki, kufundisha piano na ogani, na kuwafundisha wana[[muziki]] mashuhuri wa [[Afrika Kusini]] kwenye [[piano]]. == Maisha == Alizaliwa huko [[Klerksdorp]] [[Magharibi]] mwa Transvaal [[Afrika Kusini]] . Alikuwa [[mtoto]] wa pili kati ya watoto watatu. Alikuwa na [[kaka]] mkubwa na [[dada]] mdogo. [[Wazazi]] wake walikuwa Leonard de Villiers na Johanna Christina du Toit. Baba yake Leonard alikuwa mwalimu mkuu wa shule na alicheza fidla(violin). <ref name="heunis">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|title=Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society|work=heunis|accessdate=11 April 2018|author=Heunis, Daniela|archive-date=2018-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415165933/http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Elimu na Taaluma == Pieter de Villiers alipata [[Shahada ya Awali|shahada]] ya kwanza mwaka wa [[1942]] katika [[Lugha]] za Kawaida katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Pretoria . Mnamo [[1946]] alisoma chini ya Ma[[profesa]] Swanson, Fismer na Lubbe huko [[Stellenbosch]] . Alihitimu kama [[mwalimu]] wa muziki mnamo [[1948]]. Mnamo 1954 aliteuliwa kama mhadhiri mdogo katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Potchefstroom cha [[Elimu]] ya Juu ya [[Kikristo]]. Kuanzia mwaka wa [[1962]], alifundisha [[kinanda]], na ogani katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Pretoria . Pia alifanya kazi katika [[Shirika]] la Utangazaji la Afrika Kusini kwa mwaka mmoja mnamo [[1962]]. Alistaafu kutoka chuo kikuu mwaka wa [[1985]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.classicsa.co.za/site/features/view/well-known_composer_and_pianist_pieter_de_villiers_dies_at_90/|title=Well-known composer and pianist Pieter de Villiers dies at 90|work=de Villiers|accessdate=11 April 2018|archivedate=2017-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326124352/http://www.classicsa.co.za/site/features/view/well-known_composer_and_pianist_pieter_de_villiers_dies_at_90}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|title=Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society|work=heunis|accessdate=11 April 2018|author=Heunis, Daniela|archive-date=2018-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415165933/http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580|url-status=dead}}Heunis, Daniela. [http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580 "Two musical and political extremes in the South Africon society"] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/viewFile/666/580 |date=20180415165933 }}. ''heunis''</ref> == Kifo == Alifariki akiwa nyumbani kwake [[Stellenbosch]] tarehe [[18 Mei]] [[2015]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] cfvo3wdhseplsmzatr7p9raldrbn2bk 0 149362 1581866 1221937 2026-07-26T08:50:55Z Muddyb 379 Kuboresha makala 1581866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Flag of Lesotho.svg|thumb|[[Bendera]] ya Lesotho.]] [[Lesotho]], inayojulikana rasmi kama Ufalme wa Lesotho, ni [[taifa]] la [[Afrika ya Kusini|Kusini mwa Afrika]] linalozungukwa pande zote na [[jamhuri]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]], na kundi kubwa la wakazi wake ni la Basotho.<ref name="Nyabela2022">{{cite web |last1=Nyabela |first1=Pusetso |title=Re-Appropriating Seven of Lesotho's Musical Instruments |url=https://www.morijamuseum.org/_files/ugd/eedfa1_dd243f2a08bf4fe7a6ef58f6e3b78e6f.pdf?index=true |website=Morija Museum & Archives |access-date=19 December 2025 |date=December 2022}}</ref> Muziki wa Lesotho ni mchanganyiko tata wa mila za kimuziki zinazosukumwa na uhamaji wa Wabantu, utamaduni wa Basotho, pamoja na ushawishi wa Afrika Kusini na Ulaya.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> == Vyombo vya asili na muziki wa jadi == Anuwai za vyombo vya asili vya Lesotho ni sehemu ya urithi wa pamoja Kusini mwa Afrika, vilivyo na asili ya uhamaji wa Wabantu, jamii za [[Wasani]] na [[Khoikhoi|Khoi]], au mchanganyiko wa vyanzo hivi.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> Kwa mfano, upinde wa muziki ulikuwepo kabla ya kuwasili kwa Wabantu, lakini vyombo hivyo viliongezeka ustadi baada ya kuwasili kwao.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> === Lesiba === [[File:Lesiba quill.JPG|thumb|Unyoya kwenye ncha ya lesiba]] [[Lesiba]] ni aina ya upinde wa muziki unaotajwa na wataalamu wa muziki kama chombo cha kitaifa cha Lesotho, na ndicho chombo maarufu zaidi cha asili nchini humo.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref name="Bruinders2025">{{cite journal |last1=Bruinders |first1=Sylvia |title=Sustainability, revitalisation and repatriation: music and art in Lesotho |journal=Critical African Studies |date=31 October 2025 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/21681392.2025.2575508 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681392.2025.2575508 |access-date=18 December 2025 |issn=2168-1392|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Adams2012">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Charles |title=WIND, BREATH AND STRINGS ROUND AND FLAT: THE LESIBA |journal=Experimental Musical Instruments |orig-date=1986 |year=2012 |volume=1 |issue=5 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63277304/WIND__BREATH_AND_STRINGS_ROUND_AND_FLAT_THE_LESIBA_open20200511-126124-10ufxeh-libre.pdf?1589236433=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DWind_Breath_and_Strings_Round_and_Flat_T.pdf&Expires=1766021152&Signature=ZnjLtBNkm1KeXxBjm8NxxcMT06-nMYtH0HenlwkTjsiCtgjLPZUGAc3GJyn2yZYz~W0V5PBttjDgGc2eMN6KQqMZDm2GFyZOIuCUZws~65Su62iZB2wPnTxJ2UghYSId-Gv3rQQCSGxdY0Ww7CYFpnktGyEe43cpt9cyxh7t-cz14jQcCEmWptOS3Yx2F0O7zkxgd00UEn~qDlFf7gyPPThorabbQk7~30pHvNoybbko~5dvKg-Y9l~J0ZhkUCo-DvOk1nGFIk9bg5xQpRoubCcmbSRZUcg8o385DKVQF6Qs2ABtdThsoxbTxKnJ3FTp69kJd~2mUi2ojsLtG6xY0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Chombo hiki kina sauti ya kipekee na hutumika kama mdundo wa utambulisho kwenye matangazo ya habari za kitaifa.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> Lesiba lina urefu wa takribani mita moja, likitumia unyoya kutoa mtikisiko wa uzi mmoja, na sauti hutengenezwa kwa kuvuta na kuvuvia hewa kwa nguvu kwenye unyoya huo.<ref name="Bruinders2025"/><ref name="Adams2012"/> Kiasili lilikuwa likitumiwa na wachungaji kama ishara ya utambulisho kwa mifugo yao na kuwatuliza Wasikilizaji.<ref name="Bruinders2025"/><ref name="Adams2012"/> === Vyombo vingine vya asili === [[File:Jeune fille païenne jouant du thomo.jpg|thumb|Msichana akipiga thomo]] [[File:Mamokhorong on display.jpg|thumb|Mamokhorong ikionyeshwa]] * Thomo: Chombo cha uzi mmoja kilichounganishwa na kibuyu kama chumba cha sauti, ambacho kiasili hupigwa na wasichana wadogo.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coplan |first1=David B. |title=Musical Understanding: The Ethnoaesthetics of Migrant Workers' Poetic Song in Lesotho |journal=Ethnomusicology |date=1988 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=337–368 |doi=10.2307/851936 |jstor=851936 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/851936 |access-date=19 December 2025 |issn=0014-1836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Setolo-tolo: Chombo kinachofanana na thomo, lakini badala ya kibuyu, mdomo wa mpiga chombo ndio hutumika kama chumba cha sauti.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Musical bow (setolotolo) |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/50749 |website=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> * Vyombo vingine ni pamoja na lekolilo (aina ya filimbi), lekope (upinde rahisi uliotumiwa kama zana ya kujifunzia kabla ya thomo), na sekebeku.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> == Uvumbuzi wa karne ya 20 == Katika karne ya 20, vyombo viwili vilichipuka na kuwa sehemu ya utamaduni: koriana (akordioni) na 'mamokhorong.<ref name="Phafoli2018">{{cite journal |last1=Phafoli |first1=Lehlohonolo |title=THE EVOLUTION OF SOTHO ACCORDION MUSIC IN LESOTHO: 1980–2005 |journal=African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music |date=22 November 2018 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.21504/amj.v10i4.2236 |url=https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/2236 |access-date=17 December 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Nyabela2022"/> * Koriana: Tangu miaka ya 1920, akordioni ilipata umaarufu mkubwa na ikawa msingi wa muziki wa Sotho uliopigwa kwenye klabu ndogo za vinywaji (shebeens) za wafanyakazi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name="Phafoli2018"/> * 'Mamokhorong (au sekhankula): Chombo cha uzi mrefu kinachopigwa mtu akiwa ameketi, kikitengenezwa kwa mti uliopinda na kopo la bati, kikipigwa kwa kutumia upinde kama vile violin.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref name=MIAInstruments>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/musical-instruments-lesotho|title=Musical instruments of Lesotho|date=January 15, 2019|website=Music In Africa |first=Mpho |last=Molikeng}}</ref> == Muziki wa kisasa na Famo == Muziki wa [[Famo]], uliochipuka kutokana na muziki wa koriana, ndio unachukua nafasi kubwa zaidi katika mazingira ya kisasa ya muziki nchini Lesotho.<ref name="Bremner2025">{{cite magazine |last1=Bremner |first1=Matthew |title=Can Famo Music Survive Lesotho's Gang Wars? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/famo-music-lesotho-africa-1235200507/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=5 January 2025}}</ref> Jina famo linatokana na kirai "ho re famo" (kupanua mianzi ya pua), kikionyesha asili yake ya ushindani na uchangamfu.<ref name="Makhetha2020">{{cite book |last1=Makhetha |first1=Esther |chapter=Basotho Mineworkers and zama zama in Disused Commercial Gold Mines in Gauteng Province, South Africa |title=Borders, Mobility, Regional Integration and Development |series=Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development |date=2020 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_5 |isbn=978-3-030-42889-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_5 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Kwa miaka mingi, Famo imehusishwa na makundi ya kihalifu na migogoro ya migodini (zama zama), ambapo makundi kama Terene na Seakhi yalikuwa na ushindani mkubwa hadi kuingia kwenye masuala ya kisiasa.<ref name="Bremner2025"/><ref name="Makhetha2020"/> Mnamo mwaka 2024, serikali ya Lesotho ilipiga marufuku baadhi ya makundi ya Famo ikiyaainisha kama makundi ya kigaidi kutokana na ghasia zinazoendelea.<ref name="Mushawatu2024">{{cite web |last1=Mushawatu |first1=Zachariah |title=How South Africa's Famo music gave birth to Lesotho's 'terrorist' gangs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/11/28/how-south-africas-famo-music-gave-birth-to-lesothos-terrorist-gangs |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett2025">{{cite web |last1=Bartlett |first1=Kate |title=Lesotho's Famo music: from shepherd songs to gang wars |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/29/nx-s1-5518143/famo-lesotho-music-gangs |website=NPR |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Aina nyingine za muziki zinazosikika sana ni pamoja na kwaya za injili, Sotho Hip-hop, AfroPop, RnB, Deep House, Dancehall, Jazz, na Reggae.<ref name="Motsoane2018">{{cite web |last1=Motsoane |first1=Matseliso |title=Hip hop in Lesotho |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/hip-hop-lesotho |website=Music In Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mohloboli2018">{{cite web |last1=Mohloboli |first1=Marafaele |title=Gospel music in Lesotho |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/gospel-music-lesotho |website=Music in Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=6 November 2018}}</ref> == Matamasha na Wimbo wa Taifa == Kila mwaka, Tamasha la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Morija (Morija Arts & Cultural Festival) huandaliwa kuonyesha ngoma na muziki wa Basotho.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morija Arts & Cultural Festival |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/1779 |website=Music In Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=fr |date=11 August 2014}}</ref> Wimbo wa taifa wa Lesotho unajulikana kama "[[Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona|Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona]]", uliotungwa na wamishonari François Coillard na Adolphe Mabille na kupitishwa rasmi mwaka 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2TWVN92hYYC&pg=PA399|title=Historical Dictionary of Lesotho|last2=Weisfelder|first2=Richard F.|date=2013-06-13|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7982-9|pages=399|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Africa topic|muziki wa}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Lesotho]] birhq16zhrmoenlbfrhtgckwcl9210f 1581896 1581866 2026-07-26T11:45:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Flag of Lesotho.svg|thumb|[[Bendera]] ya Lesotho.]] [[Lesotho]], inayojulikana rasmi kama Ufalme wa Lesotho, ni [[taifa]] la [[Afrika ya Kusini|Kusini mwa Afrika]] linalozungukwa pande zote na [[jamhuri]] ya [[Afrika Kusini]], na kundi kubwa la wakazi wake ni la Basotho.<ref name="Nyabela2022">{{cite web |last1=Nyabela |first1=Pusetso |title=Re-Appropriating Seven of Lesotho's Musical Instruments |url=https://www.morijamuseum.org/_files/ugd/eedfa1_dd243f2a08bf4fe7a6ef58f6e3b78e6f.pdf?index=true |website=Morija Museum & Archives |access-date=19 December 2025 |date=December 2022}}</ref> Muziki wa Lesotho ni mchanganyiko tata wa mila za kimuziki zinazosukumwa na uhamaji wa Wabantu, utamaduni wa Basotho, pamoja na ushawishi wa Afrika Kusini na Ulaya.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> == Vyombo vya asili na muziki wa jadi == Anuwai za vyombo vya asili vya Lesotho ni sehemu ya urithi wa pamoja Kusini mwa Afrika, vilivyo na asili ya uhamaji wa Wabantu, jamii za [[Wasani]] na [[Khoikhoi|Khoi]], au mchanganyiko wa vyanzo hivi.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> Kwa mfano, upinde wa muziki ulikuwepo kabla ya kuwasili kwa Wabantu, lakini vyombo hivyo viliongezeka ustadi baada ya kuwasili kwao.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> === Lesiba === [[File:Lesiba quill.JPG|thumb|Unyoya kwenye ncha ya lesiba]] [[Lesiba]] ni aina ya upinde wa muziki unaotajwa na wataalamu wa muziki kama chombo cha kitaifa cha Lesotho, na ndicho chombo maarufu zaidi cha asili nchini humo.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref name="Bruinders2025">{{cite journal |last1=Bruinders |first1=Sylvia |title=Sustainability, revitalisation and repatriation: music and art in Lesotho |journal=Critical African Studies |date=31 October 2025 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/21681392.2025.2575508 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21681392.2025.2575508 |access-date=18 December 2025 |issn=2168-1392|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Adams2012">{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Charles |title=WIND, BREATH AND STRINGS ROUND AND FLAT: THE LESIBA |journal=Experimental Musical Instruments |orig-date=1986 |year=2012 |volume=1 |issue=5 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63277304/WIND__BREATH_AND_STRINGS_ROUND_AND_FLAT_THE_LESIBA_open20200511-126124-10ufxeh-libre.pdf?1589236433=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DWind_Breath_and_Strings_Round_and_Flat_T.pdf&Expires=1766021152&Signature=ZnjLtBNkm1KeXxBjm8NxxcMT06-nMYtH0HenlwkTjsiCtgjLPZUGAc3GJyn2yZYz~W0V5PBttjDgGc2eMN6KQqMZDm2GFyZOIuCUZws~65Su62iZB2wPnTxJ2UghYSId-Gv3rQQCSGxdY0Ww7CYFpnktGyEe43cpt9cyxh7t-cz14jQcCEmWptOS3Yx2F0O7zkxgd00UEn~qDlFf7gyPPThorabbQk7~30pHvNoybbko~5dvKg-Y9l~J0ZhkUCo-DvOk1nGFIk9bg5xQpRoubCcmbSRZUcg8o385DKVQF6Qs2ABtdThsoxbTxKnJ3FTp69kJd~2mUi2ojsLtG6xY0g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Chombo hiki kina sauti ya kipekee na hutumika kama mdundo wa utambulisho kwenye matangazo ya habari za kitaifa.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> Lesiba lina urefu wa takribani mita moja, likitumia unyoya kutoa mtikisiko wa uzi mmoja, na sauti hutengenezwa kwa kuvuta na kuvuvia hewa kwa nguvu kwenye unyoya huo.<ref name="Bruinders2025"/><ref name="Adams2012"/> Kiasili lilikuwa likitumiwa na wachungaji kama ishara ya utambulisho kwa mifugo yao na kuwatuliza Wasikilizaji.<ref name="Bruinders2025"/><ref name="Adams2012"/> === Vyombo vingine vya asili === [[File:Jeune fille païenne jouant du thomo.jpg|thumb|Msichana akipiga thomo]] [[File:Mamokhorong on display.jpg|thumb|Mamokhorong ikionyeshwa]] * Thomo: Chombo cha uzi mmoja kilichounganishwa na kibuyu kama chumba cha sauti, ambacho kiasili hupigwa na wasichana wadogo.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coplan |first1=David B. |title=Musical Understanding: The Ethnoaesthetics of Migrant Workers' Poetic Song in Lesotho |journal=Ethnomusicology |date=1988 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=337–368 |doi=10.2307/851936 |jstor=851936 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/851936 |access-date=19 December 2025 |issn=0014-1836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Setolo-tolo: Chombo kinachofanana na thomo, lakini badala ya kibuyu, mdomo wa mpiga chombo ndio hutumika kama chumba cha sauti.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Musical bow (setolotolo) |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/50749 |website=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> * Vyombo vingine ni pamoja na lekolilo (aina ya filimbi), lekope (upinde rahisi uliotumiwa kama zana ya kujifunzia kabla ya thomo), na sekebeku.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/> == Uvumbuzi wa karne ya 20 == Katika karne ya 20, vyombo viwili vilichipuka na kuwa sehemu ya utamaduni: koriana (akordioni) na 'mamokhorong.<ref name="Phafoli2018">{{cite journal |last1=Phafoli |first1=Lehlohonolo |title=THE EVOLUTION OF SOTHO ACCORDION MUSIC IN LESOTHO: 1980–2005 |journal=African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music |date=22 November 2018 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.21504/amj.v10i4.2236 |url=https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/2236 |access-date=17 December 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Nyabela2022"/> * Koriana: Tangu miaka ya 1920, akordioni ilipata umaarufu mkubwa na ikawa msingi wa muziki wa Sotho uliopigwa kwenye klabu ndogo za vinywaji (shebeens) za wafanyakazi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref name="Phafoli2018"/> * 'Mamokhorong (au sekhankula): Chombo cha uzi mrefu kinachopigwa mtu akiwa ameketi, kikitengenezwa kwa mti uliopinda na kopo la bati, kikipigwa kwa kutumia upinde kama vile violin.<ref name="Nyabela2022"/><ref name=MIAInstruments>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/musical-instruments-lesotho|title=Musical instruments of Lesotho|date=January 15, 2019|website=Music In Africa |first=Mpho |last=Molikeng}}</ref> == Muziki wa kisasa na Famo == Muziki wa [[Famo]], uliochipuka kutokana na muziki wa koriana, ndio unachukua nafasi kubwa zaidi katika mazingira ya kisasa ya muziki nchini Lesotho.<ref name="Bremner2025">{{cite magazine |last1=Bremner |first1=Matthew |title=Can Famo Music Survive Lesotho's Gang Wars? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/famo-music-lesotho-africa-1235200507/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=5 January 2025}}</ref> Jina famo linatokana na kirai "ho re famo" (kupanua mianzi ya pua), kikionyesha asili yake ya ushindani na uchangamfu.<ref name="Makhetha2020">{{cite book |last1=Makhetha |first1=Esther |chapter=Basotho Mineworkers and zama zama in Disused Commercial Gold Mines in Gauteng Province, South Africa |title=Borders, Mobility, Regional Integration and Development |series=Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development |date=2020 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_5 |isbn=978-3-030-42889-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_5 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Kwa miaka mingi, Famo imehusishwa na makundi ya kihalifu na migogoro ya migodini (zama zama), ambapo makundi kama Terene na Seakhi yalikuwa na ushindani mkubwa hadi kuingia kwenye masuala ya kisiasa.<ref name="Bremner2025"/><ref name="Makhetha2020"/> Mnamo mwaka 2024, serikali ya Lesotho ilipiga marufuku baadhi ya makundi ya Famo ikiyaainisha kama makundi ya kigaidi kutokana na ghasia zinazoendelea.<ref name="Mushawatu2024">{{cite web |last1=Mushawatu |first1=Zachariah |title=How South Africa's Famo music gave birth to Lesotho's 'terrorist' gangs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/11/28/how-south-africas-famo-music-gave-birth-to-lesothos-terrorist-gangs |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett2025">{{cite web |last1=Bartlett |first1=Kate |title=Lesotho's Famo music: from shepherd songs to gang wars |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/29/nx-s1-5518143/famo-lesotho-music-gangs |website=NPR |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Aina nyingine za muziki zinazosikika sana ni pamoja na kwaya za injili, Sotho Hip-hop, AfroPop, RnB, Deep House, Dancehall, Jazz, na Reggae.<ref name="Motsoane2018">{{cite web |last1=Motsoane |first1=Matseliso |title=Hip hop in Lesotho |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/hip-hop-lesotho |website=Music In Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mohloboli2018">{{cite web |last1=Mohloboli |first1=Marafaele |title=Gospel music in Lesotho |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/gospel-music-lesotho |website=Music in Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en |date=6 November 2018}}</ref> == Matamasha na Wimbo wa Taifa == Kila mwaka, Tamasha la Sanaa na Utamaduni la Morija (Morija Arts & Cultural Festival) huandaliwa kuonyesha ngoma na muziki wa Basotho.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morija Arts & Cultural Festival |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/1779 |website=Music In Africa |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=fr |date=11 August 2014}}</ref> Wimbo wa taifa wa Lesotho unajulikana kama "[[Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona|Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona]]", uliotungwa na wamishonari François Coillard na Adolphe Mabille na kupitishwa rasmi mwaka 1967.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Scott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2TWVN92hYYC&pg=PA399|title=Historical Dictionary of Lesotho|last2=Weisfelder|first2=Richard F.|date=2013-06-13|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7982-9|pages=399|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Africa topic|muziki wa}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Lesotho]] 7qgoc3w5clz0qtnrwnfcsj6sa8yrb52 0 149401 1581859 1462165 2026-07-26T08:09:14Z Muddyb 379 {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} 1581859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{umbo}} [[Burundi]] ni taifa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika mashariki]] ambalo lina uhusiano wa karibu na [[Rwanda]], kijiografia, kihistoria na kitamaduni. Ngoma kama vile ''karyenda'' ni mojawapo ya umuhimu mkuu. Kimataifa, nchi hiyo imetayarisha kundi la muziki la Royal Drummers of Burundi. Wanamuziki wa Burundi-Ubelgiji kama vile Éric Baranyanka kutoka familia ya kifalme ya Burundese, Ciza Muhirwa na, [[Khadja Nin]], wamepata umaarufu hivi majuzi. Kwa kuwa muziki unatoka akili na rohoni pia, unaelezea zaidi kile watu wa Burundi wanahisi na kile wanachofikiria wanapopiga ngoma. == Midundo ya Burundi == Kinachojulikana kama ''midundo mbalimbali ya Burundi'', iliyojaa ngoma za kipekee zilizoundwa na wanamuziki wa makabila ya Burundi na kurekodiwa na wanaanthropolojia wa Ufaransa, iliyotumika kuunda muziki wa kipekee na bendi za pop za Kiingereza Adam and the Ants na Bow Wow Wow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/25/arts/the-pop-life-latest-british-invasion-the-new-tribalism. html |title=MAISHA YA POP; UVAMIZI WA HIVI KARIBUNI WA UINGEREZA: 'THE NEW TRIBALISM' |publisher=nytimes.com |date=1981-11-25|access-date=2015-11-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}}{{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[jamii:Muziki wa Burundi]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Burundi]] [[jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] stl8cqnu7knmtr5bye2p6a1yrnbu4fc 0 149819 1581630 1282178 2026-07-25T13:06:18Z Francakiria 45589 1581630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Liberia National Anthem.ogg|thumb|Toleo la ala la All Hail, Liberia, Salamu!, wimbo wa taifa wa Liberia.]] "'''All Hail, Liberia, Hail!'''" ni [[Wimbo wa Taifa|wimbo wa taifa]] wa [[Liberia]]. [[Wimbo]] huo uliandikwa na Daniel Bashiel Warner ([[1815]]–[[1880]]), ambaye baadae alikuja kuwa [[rais]] wa tatu wa nchini Liberia, na [[muziki]] ulitungwa na Olmstead Luca ([[1826]]–[[1869]]). Ukawa [[wimbo]] rasmi wa taifa wakati Liberia ilipopata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1847|1847.]] == Historia == '''Mwaka''' '''1974''' '''ilipendekeza mabadiliko ya maandishi''' [[Faili:Coat of arms of Liberia.svg|thumb|Nembo ya Taifa ya Liberia ]] Mnamo [[tarehe]] [[22 Julai]] [[1974]], [[Bunge]] la Liberia lilipitisha kitendo kilichotoa idhini kwa [[rais]] kuunda tume ya kuzingatia mabadiliko yanayowezekana kwa idadi ya alama za kitaifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na "Hail, Liberia, Hail!"  na  bendera.  Rais William Tolbert aliteua wanachama 51 katika Tume ya Umoja wa Kitaifa.  Tume hiyo iliongozwa na McKinley Alfred Deshield Sr., na pia iliitwa Tume ya Deshield.  Tume hiyo ilitaka kuchunguza upya alama hizo na kuondoa vipengele vyenye mgawanyiko.  Tume iliwasilisha ripoti yao tarehe [[24 Januari]] [[1978]]. Ripoti ilipendekeza kubadilisha neno "usiku" katika wimbo wa taifa hadi neno "bila woga".  Mabadiliko yaliyopendekezwa kwa wimbo wa taifa hayakufanywa kamwe.<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Liberia/qt0_RrW8ghkC</nowiki></ref> == Maandishi == Salamu, Liberia, salamu!  (Shikamoo!) 𝄇 Nchi hii tukufu ya uhuru Itakuwa yetu kwa muda mrefu. 𝄆 Ingawa jina lake jipya, Kijani kuwa umaarufu wake,[a] Na nguvu zake ziwe na nguvu, 𝄇 𝄆 Na nguvu zake ziwe na nguvu, 𝄇 Katika furaha na furaha Kwa mioyo yetu iliyounganishwa, Tutapiga kelele kwa uhuru Kwa mbio zilizopigwa usiku, Uishi Liberia, nchi yenye furaha! 𝄆 Nyumba ya uhuru mtukufu, Kwa amri ya Mungu!  𝄇 II 𝄆 Salamu, Liberia, Salamu!  (Shikamoo!) 𝄇 Katika umoja wa mafanikio ni hakika Hatuwezi kushindwa! 𝄆 Mungu akiwa juu Haki zetu za kuthibitisha Tutashinda sote, 𝄇 𝄆 Tutashinda sote, 𝄇 Kwa moyo na mkono Sababu ya nchi yetu kutetea Tutakutana na adui Kwa ujasiri wa kutojidai. Uishi Liberia, nchi yenye furaha! 𝄆 Nyumba ya uhuru mtukufu, Kwa amri ya Mungu!<ref><nowiki>http://www.liberiaembassygermany.de/liberia/the-national-anthem/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=BZerhUZpuFAC</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=3WUTAQAAMAAJ</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_jf8gczEwC</nowiki></ref> == Machapisho == Mara chache huandikwa ''"Kutukuka kuwe utukufu wake''", hasa katika machapisho ya hivi karibuni<ref>{{Citation|title=All Hail, Liberia, Hail!|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Hail,_Liberia,_Hail!&oldid=1365401518|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Wimbo wa Taifa]] [[Jamii:Nyimbo za Taifa za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za muziki wa Afrika]] n3b798clshcwjxc397miw5bh81dlie0 0 151274 1581822 1524337 2026-07-26T04:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mangwashi Victoria Phiyega''', anayejulikana kama '''Riah Phiyega''', alikuwa Kamishna wa Polisi wa Kitaifa wa Huduma ya [[Polisi]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]] . Aliteuliwa kushika wadhifa huo na Rais wa Afrika Kusini [[Jacob Zuma]] tarehe [[12 Juni]] [[2012]] <ref name="M&G2012">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Unmasking SA's new top cop: Who is Mangwashi Phiyega?|author=Parker|first=Faranaaz|work=The M&G Online|date=12 June 2012|accessdate=2017-11-21|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-12-unmasking-mangwashi-phiyega/|quote=}}</ref> na alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushika wadhifa huo. Phiyega alisimamishwa kazi tarehe [[14 Oktoba]] [[2015]] na Rais kufuatia pendekezo la Tume ya Farlam ya Uchunguzi kuhusu vifo vya wachimba migodi waliokuwa wakiandamana huko Marikana mwaka wa [[2012]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Phiyega alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Leolo karibu na Burgersfort na alipata elimu yake ya msingi na upili katika shule mbalimbali huko [[Limpopo]]. <ref name="M&G20122">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Unmasking SA's new top cop: Who is Mangwashi Phiyega?|author=Parker|first=Faranaaz|work=The M&G Online|date=12 June 2012|accessdate=2017-11-21|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-12-unmasking-mangwashi-phiyega/|quote=}}</ref> Alipata shahada ya BA katika Kazi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini (sasa kinaitwa Chuo Kikuu cha Limpopo). Pia alipata shahada ya BA katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Unisa, shahada ya MA katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Johannesburg <ref name="AllAfrica2012">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mangwashi Victoria Phiyega|author=|work=allafrica.com|date=13 June 2012|accessdate=2017-11-21|url=http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0Eq2OXydvXDKyCeR.html|language=|quote=|archive-date=2016-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807030358/http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0Eq2OXydvXDKyCeR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> na stashahada ya uzamili ya Utawala wa Biashara kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha Wales huko Cardiff. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] fdh44j6cv9jdtqn5bfgb2s6oiayaeeq 0 152075 1581849 1581408 2026-07-26T08:00:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Berbere''' ni mchanganyiko wa viungo ambavyo ni [[pilipili]], [[kitunguu saumu]], [[tangawizi]] na mbegu za basil takatifu. Neno Berbere pia inamaanisha pilipili wakati mwingine inajumuisha mchanganyiko wa [[Mmea|mimea]] na [[Viungo vinavyosafisha mwili|viungo]] mbalimbali ambavyo havijulikani kimataifa. kwa kiasi kikubwa mimea hii ulimwa kwa wing na mingine uota kwenye mapori ya nchini [[Ethiopia]] kama Korarima na aframomum. == Picha == <gallery> Faili:Berberespice.jpg|alt=Berbere yenye rangi ya kahawia|thumb|''Berbere yenye rangi ya kahawia'' Faili:BerbereOtherIngredients.JPG|thumb|Viungo katika maandalizi ya kutengeneza berbere. Juu kushoto: nej asmud ("pilipili nyeupe;" ajwain au ikiwezekana kuwa radhuni), korarima, tikur asmud ("pilipili nyeusi;" nigella), na abesh (au abish; fenugreek).  Hizi na tchew (ጨው; chumvi) huongezwa kwenye pilipili nyekundu iliyokaushwa na kusagwa ili kutengeneza berbere.  </gallery> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] 93nt5drghw1i5vcp3gdr30dwdufufu0 0 152087 1581664 1529925 2026-07-25T13:50:00Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 1581664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ravitoto.jpg|alt=Picha ya Ravitoto|thumb|Picha ya Ravitoto]] '''Ravitoto''' ni vyakula vya [[tamaduni|kitamaduni]] vya [[Kimalagasi]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2015-08-24|title=The culinary specificities of Malagasy cuisine by Hotel * RESTAURANT gourmet coconut LODGE MAJUNGA|url=https://www.cocolodgemajunga-madagascar.com/les-specificites-culinaires-de-la-cuisine-malgache-by-hotel-restaurant-gourmand-coco-lodge-majunga/|accessdate=2020-12-16|work=Coconut lodge Madagascar|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ravitoto ina maana ya "[[majani]] ya [[muhogo]] yaliyosagwa". <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pork and ravitoto {{!}} a traditional recipe in Madagascar|url=https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/|accessdate=2020-12-11|work=Book with Madagascar Hotels Booking|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204072124/https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=CASSAVA LEAVES (RAVITOTO)|url=https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126015122/https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archivedate=2020-11-26|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|first=|date=|title=Cassava leaves in Malagasy (ravitoto)|url=http://www.auzoma.com/au/index.php/en/home/26-cooking/vegetable/962-cassava-leaves-in-gabon-ravitoto|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> Haya ni majani matamu ya [[muhogo]] (mti wa muhogo) yaliyopondwa kwa chokaa au kinu cha nyama. <ref name=":0" /> chakula hicho hupikwa na vitunguu na nyama ya nguruwe yenye mafuta mengi. Katika jamii zingine, [[maziwa]] ya [[nazi]] hutumiwa badala yake kupika majani ya muhogo, kama mataba huko [[Komori|Comoro]] . Sahani hii ni rahisi kuandaa, lakini inachukua muda mrefu kupika kwa sababu [[kitoweo]] huchukua [[dakika]] 30 hadi saa. Kuna [[mapishi]] kadhaa ya [https://travelinspires.org/recipe-for-the-famous-ravitoto-of-madagascar/ ravitoto] mtandaoni, na kuna njia kadhaa za kupika. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mmea}}{{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] 4c2kg5bbkwt8w788pf60pm5krq13p4q 0 152146 1581830 1246747 2026-07-26T07:01:43Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 1581830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Madagaskar stew 2019-10-01.jpg|alt=Picha ya mlo wa Romazawa|thumb|Picha ya mlo wa Romazawa]] '''Romazava''' ([rumaˈzavə̥]) ni mlo wa kitaifa wa [[Madagaska]], unaojumuisha [[mboga]] mboga, nyama ya zebu, nyanya, na vitunguu, kwa kawaida huambatana na sehemu ya wali. Sehemu muhimu ya kitoweo hicho ni brèdes mafana, iitwayo anamalaho katika Kimalagasi: [[Mmea]] huu una amidi ya asidi iitwayo Spilanthol katika vichipukizi vyake ambayo huleta athari ya kuchachusha, yenye ukali, ya [[Chungwa|machungwa]] na ya kufa ganzi, na kusababisha utowaji wa mate kupita kiasi. ==Marejeo == [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] c6zwhfd3d9oj1kapn5hewd77venaicx 1581831 1581830 2026-07-26T07:05:26Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 1581831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Madagaskar stew 2019-10-01.jpg|alt=Picha ya mlo wa Romazawa|thumb|Picha ya mlo wa Romazawa]] '''Romazava''' ([rumaˈzavə̥]) ni mlo wa kitaifa wa [[Madagaska]], unaojumuisha [[mboga]] mboga, nyama ya zebu, nyanya, na vitunguu, kwa kawaida huambatana na sehemu ya wali. Sehemu muhimu ya kitoweo hicho ni brèdes mafana, iitwayo anamalaho katika Kimalagasi: [[Mmea]] huu una amidi ya asidi iitwayo Spilanthol katika vichipukizi vyake ambayo huleta athari ya kuchachusha, yenye ukali, ya [[Chungwa|machungwa]] na ya kufa ganzi, na kusababisha utowaji wa mate kupita kiasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romazava {{!}} Traditional Stew From Madagascar {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/romazava|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref> ==Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] gotq3p33p8bfbkpc0m2696ndirjl540 0 156451 1581602 1527005 2026-07-25T12:40:37Z Francakiria 45589 1581602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The African Queen''' (Filamu)'' ni filamu ya matukio iliyotoka mwaka [[1951]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] na [[Marekani]] iliyochukuliwa kutoka kwenye [[riwaya]] ya mwaka [[1935]] yenye jina sawa ya C. S. Forester.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The African Queen (1951) at Reel Classics|url=http://www.reelclassics.com/Movies/African/african.htm|work=www.reelclassics.com|accessdate=2022-08-10|archivedate=2015-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106150610/http://www.reelclassics.com/Movies/African/african.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The African Queen|date=2026-07-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_African_Queen&oldid=1365651618|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>[[Filamu]] hii iliongozwa na John Huston, Sam Spiegel na John Woolf wakiwa watayarishaji<ref>{{Citation|title=The African Queen|date=2026-07-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_African_Queen&oldid=1365651618|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>.Mswada wa filamu hii ulirekebishwa na James Agee, John Huston, John Collier, na Peter Viertel. [[Picha]] zake zilipigwa kwa teknolojia ya ''Technicolor'' na Jack Cardiff, na muziki wake ukapangwa na Allan Gray. Filamu hii imewashirikisha waigizaji Humphrey Bogart (ambaye alishinda [[Tuzo]] ya Akademi ya Mwigizaji Bora wa Kiume, ikiwa ndiyo Oscar yake pekee) na Katharine Hepburn, pamoja na Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner, na Theodore Bikel. ''The African Queen'' ilichaguliwa kuhifadhiwa kwenye Daftari la Kitaifa la Filamu la [[Marekani]] mwaka [[1994]], huku [[Maktaba]] ya Congress ikiitambua kama filamu yenye "umuhimu wa kitamaduni, kihistoria, au kisanaa." == Wahusika == * [[Humphrey Bogart]] ambaye alicheza kama Charlie Allnut * [[Katharine Hepburn]] ambaye alicheza kama Rose Sayer * Robert Morley<ref>{{Citation|title=Robert Morley|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morley&oldid=1364726882|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ambaye alicheza kama Reverend Samuel Sayer, "The Brother" * Peter Bull<ref>{{Citation|title=Peter Bull|date=2026-07-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bull&oldid=1362713385|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ambaye alicheza kama kapteni wa ''Königin Luise'' * Theodore Bikel ambaye alicheza kama afisa wa kwanza wa ''Königin Luise'' * Walter Gotell ambaye alicheza kama afisa wa pili wa ''Königin Luise'' * Peter Swanwick ambaye alicheza kama afisa wa kwanza wa Fort Shona * Richard Marner ambaye alicheza kama afisa wa pili wa Fort Shona * Gerald Onn ambaye alicheza kama afisa mdogo wa ''Königin Luise'' (uncredited) == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Filamu za Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1951]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] oe6voxtrs172dxmynjein6mp98bk7zm 3 160939 1581868 1253735 2026-07-26T09:09:40Z Muddyb 379 /* Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox */ mjadala mpya 1581868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:43, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Thank you for welcoming me. I am really happy to see a facelift in the appearance of an article. I hope you like the databox. Please let me know if you need any resources or training of any sort on that. I will be glad to be of assistance. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:14, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::Habari, asante kwa michango lakini tafadhali usiweke masanduku kama hujazitafsiri. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 17:15, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Thank you for the swift comment. The Databox contained Wikidata properties which are not translated yet and that gives us an opportunity to challenge our community to help with the Kiswahili labels for those [[wikidata:Wikidata:List_of_properties|Wikidata properties]]. In that sense, we fully decolonize the internet into our own language just as we have our own Wikipedia. Once we do that, when change your language to Swahili, every button and everything will be in Swahili. I hope this is helpful. Please you can read more about abstract Wikipedia '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 23:36, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::Dear, thank you for your good intention but I ask you to stop this for now because I would not like to have to block you. I think we should first discuss in our community if we want this type of infobox or not. It definitively has a bit of "colonial" attitude (at least:impolite) trying to force something onto a language community which has not been requested, enters a lot of foreign language into its space and then a heap of categorization originating from a different culture.Besides I see a case where there was nonsense in the box ( Haroub Said Masoud labelled as "Turkish"), for Niamey you bring in a box whch doubles the existing image without caring to remove one copy). So kindly stop it for now. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 04:30, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Alright and thank you for the warm reception. Please let me know what your thoughts are after looking at it carefully. Inasmuch as I didn't follow the protocols in getting this discussed, there's no iota ill intension nor malicious agenda or "Colonization" in the use of the Databox. It's rather an avenue to point to us some of the things that needs to be translated into our language (All the properties that still appear in English is an indication that we have not fully localized our Wikipedia and just creating Swahili labels for them will now make them in the translated language), reducing text of long infobox to a more powerful Wikidata powered infobox that is structured and how summarized data can speed up our whole agenda of providing quality and smarter information to the busy readers especially the youth of our today who are mostly the users of these resources. At least if you compare the articles without the Databox infobox and those that has Databox infobox, you would have found that it makes a lot of changes not only to the appearance of the articles but also to the standardization of the articles because it shows that your article is connected to Wikidata which can be read in so many other languages linked to it. I come in peace and mean no harm. I will stop but if you look at objectively without any lenses of prejudice, you would realized that it is a big fix for a language wikipedia like yours. I don't speak Swahili but with the power Wikidata, we able to connect articles to other languages and generate the infobox based on the available statement. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:51, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::::Thank you very much. I put the topic on the agenda of our coming admins conference. If you are familiar with it: What is the reason for some infoboxes to be very long, others short? Is there a way to link info from wikidata to infoboxes tailored for the need of a specific languages edition, without having to show all content assembled on wikidata? What to do about erroneous information contained (like the case of Haroub Said Masoud mentioned above) - is it necessary to register first at wikidata and to edit there?? As for doubled images, this has probably to be done manually afterwards? No way of suppressing the images if you use the infobox at all? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 18:01, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) == Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox == Dear Dnshitobu, It was great having conversation with you yesterday at the Wikidata session. I'm official inviting you to work on that infobox so we can have one of our own. Feel free to reach out in case of anything. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:09, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ldu7pwvt3gyw5corcseg162fbgupk8q 1581891 1581868 2026-07-26T10:43:09Z Dnshitobu 46425 /* Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox */ Jibu 1581891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:43, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Thank you for welcoming me. I am really happy to see a facelift in the appearance of an article. I hope you like the databox. Please let me know if you need any resources or training of any sort on that. I will be glad to be of assistance. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:14, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::Habari, asante kwa michango lakini tafadhali usiweke masanduku kama hujazitafsiri. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 17:15, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Thank you for the swift comment. The Databox contained Wikidata properties which are not translated yet and that gives us an opportunity to challenge our community to help with the Kiswahili labels for those [[wikidata:Wikidata:List_of_properties|Wikidata properties]]. In that sense, we fully decolonize the internet into our own language just as we have our own Wikipedia. Once we do that, when change your language to Swahili, every button and everything will be in Swahili. I hope this is helpful. Please you can read more about abstract Wikipedia '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 23:36, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::Dear, thank you for your good intention but I ask you to stop this for now because I would not like to have to block you. I think we should first discuss in our community if we want this type of infobox or not. It definitively has a bit of "colonial" attitude (at least:impolite) trying to force something onto a language community which has not been requested, enters a lot of foreign language into its space and then a heap of categorization originating from a different culture.Besides I see a case where there was nonsense in the box ( Haroub Said Masoud labelled as "Turkish"), for Niamey you bring in a box whch doubles the existing image without caring to remove one copy). So kindly stop it for now. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 04:30, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Alright and thank you for the warm reception. Please let me know what your thoughts are after looking at it carefully. Inasmuch as I didn't follow the protocols in getting this discussed, there's no iota ill intension nor malicious agenda or "Colonization" in the use of the Databox. It's rather an avenue to point to us some of the things that needs to be translated into our language (All the properties that still appear in English is an indication that we have not fully localized our Wikipedia and just creating Swahili labels for them will now make them in the translated language), reducing text of long infobox to a more powerful Wikidata powered infobox that is structured and how summarized data can speed up our whole agenda of providing quality and smarter information to the busy readers especially the youth of our today who are mostly the users of these resources. At least if you compare the articles without the Databox infobox and those that has Databox infobox, you would have found that it makes a lot of changes not only to the appearance of the articles but also to the standardization of the articles because it shows that your article is connected to Wikidata which can be read in so many other languages linked to it. I come in peace and mean no harm. I will stop but if you look at objectively without any lenses of prejudice, you would realized that it is a big fix for a language wikipedia like yours. I don't speak Swahili but with the power Wikidata, we able to connect articles to other languages and generate the infobox based on the available statement. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:51, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::::Thank you very much. I put the topic on the agenda of our coming admins conference. If you are familiar with it: What is the reason for some infoboxes to be very long, others short? Is there a way to link info from wikidata to infoboxes tailored for the need of a specific languages edition, without having to show all content assembled on wikidata? What to do about erroneous information contained (like the case of Haroub Said Masoud mentioned above) - is it necessary to register first at wikidata and to edit there?? As for doubled images, this has probably to be done manually afterwards? No way of suppressing the images if you use the infobox at all? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 18:01, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) == Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox == Dear Dnshitobu, It was great having conversation with you yesterday at the Wikidata session. I'm official inviting you to work on that infobox so we can have one of our own. Feel free to reach out in case of anything. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:09, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) :Dear @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]], :I am very happy we met and also glad that you love the Wikidata-powered infobox. Once we get back home after the conference, I will look at the script and than fix the bugs in the module that causes the errors. :Best regards '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) s78u4dl60t5itwwj65higdek5xfxt4o 1581894 1581891 2026-07-26T11:18:12Z Muddyb 379 /* Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox */ Jibu 1581894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:43, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] Thank you for welcoming me. I am really happy to see a facelift in the appearance of an article. I hope you like the databox. Please let me know if you need any resources or training of any sort on that. I will be glad to be of assistance. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:14, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::Habari, asante kwa michango lakini tafadhali usiweke masanduku kama hujazitafsiri. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 17:15, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Thank you for the swift comment. The Databox contained Wikidata properties which are not translated yet and that gives us an opportunity to challenge our community to help with the Kiswahili labels for those [[wikidata:Wikidata:List_of_properties|Wikidata properties]]. In that sense, we fully decolonize the internet into our own language just as we have our own Wikipedia. Once we do that, when change your language to Swahili, every button and everything will be in Swahili. I hope this is helpful. Please you can read more about abstract Wikipedia '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 23:36, 12 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::Dear, thank you for your good intention but I ask you to stop this for now because I would not like to have to block you. I think we should first discuss in our community if we want this type of infobox or not. It definitively has a bit of "colonial" attitude (at least:impolite) trying to force something onto a language community which has not been requested, enters a lot of foreign language into its space and then a heap of categorization originating from a different culture.Besides I see a case where there was nonsense in the box ( Haroub Said Masoud labelled as "Turkish"), for Niamey you bring in a box whch doubles the existing image without caring to remove one copy). So kindly stop it for now. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 04:30, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) :::::@[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] Alright and thank you for the warm reception. Please let me know what your thoughts are after looking at it carefully. Inasmuch as I didn't follow the protocols in getting this discussed, there's no iota ill intension nor malicious agenda or "Colonization" in the use of the Databox. It's rather an avenue to point to us some of the things that needs to be translated into our language (All the properties that still appear in English is an indication that we have not fully localized our Wikipedia and just creating Swahili labels for them will now make them in the translated language), reducing text of long infobox to a more powerful Wikidata powered infobox that is structured and how summarized data can speed up our whole agenda of providing quality and smarter information to the busy readers especially the youth of our today who are mostly the users of these resources. At least if you compare the articles without the Databox infobox and those that has Databox infobox, you would have found that it makes a lot of changes not only to the appearance of the articles but also to the standardization of the articles because it shows that your article is connected to Wikidata which can be read in so many other languages linked to it. I come in peace and mean no harm. I will stop but if you look at objectively without any lenses of prejudice, you would realized that it is a big fix for a language wikipedia like yours. I don't speak Swahili but with the power Wikidata, we able to connect articles to other languages and generate the infobox based on the available statement. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:51, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) ::::::Thank you very much. I put the topic on the agenda of our coming admins conference. If you are familiar with it: What is the reason for some infoboxes to be very long, others short? Is there a way to link info from wikidata to infoboxes tailored for the need of a specific languages edition, without having to show all content assembled on wikidata? What to do about erroneous information contained (like the case of Haroub Said Masoud mentioned above) - is it necessary to register first at wikidata and to edit there?? As for doubled images, this has probably to be done manually afterwards? No way of suppressing the images if you use the infobox at all? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 18:01, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) == Request for Bio Infobox for Self-Info on Databox == Dear Dnshitobu, It was great having conversation with you yesterday at the Wikidata session. I'm official inviting you to work on that infobox so we can have one of our own. Feel free to reach out in case of anything. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:09, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) :Dear @[[Mtumiaji:Muddyb|Muddyb]], :I am very happy we met and also glad that you love the Wikidata-powered infobox. Once we get back home after the conference, I will look at the script and than fix the bugs in the module that causes the errors. :Best regards '''[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dnshitobu#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:43, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:Dnshitobu|Dnshitobu]] Bon voyage! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 11:18, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) 66vtgdhoosks83j99n6zvnekdvlldtt 0 168993 1581870 1525556 2026-07-26T09:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon Lavigne''' (alizaliwa [[Mei]] [[1950]]) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki ya mazingira]] huko [[Louisiana]] aliyelenga kupambana na [[viwanda]] vinavyozalisha [[kemikali]] (petrokemikali) huko Cancer Alley.<ref>https://kairoscenter.org/the-fight-for-life-in-death-alley-sharon-lavigne-testimony/</ref> <ref>https://www.ncronline.org/news/earthbeat/sharon-lavignes-fighting-faith-bayou</ref> Ndiye mpokeaji wa [[Medali]] ya Laetare mnamo mwaka [[2022]], heshima ya juu zaidi kwa [[Wakatoliki]] wa [[Marekani]], na mpokeaji wa [[Tuzo ya Mazingira ya Goldman]] mnamo mwaka [[2021]]. ==Uwanaharakati== Lavigne, ambaye anatoka [[Parokia]] ya [[Mtakatifu Yakobo]], [[Louisiana]], ambayo ni katikati ya uchochoro, ametoa ushahidi mbele ya [[Kongamano la Mfumo wa UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|kongamano]], na anaendesha shirika la kidini, Parokia ya Mtakatifu James, lililolenga kuzuia upanuzi na kuzidisha uchafuzi wa mitambo ya viwanda vinavyo zalisha kemikali (petrokemikali) katika eneo hilo.<ref name="sierraclub.org">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-02-11|title=One Woman's Fight for Clean Air in Louisiana's Cancer Alley|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/one-woman-s-fight-for-clean-air-louisiana-s-cancer-alley|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Sierra Club|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229115014/https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/one-woman-s-fight-for-clean-air-louisiana-s-cancer-alley|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-05-08|title=Cancer Alley Rises Up|url=https://earthjustice.org/features/cancer-alley-rises-up|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Earthjustice|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1950|}} [[Jamii:wanaharakati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Swahili climate voices]] dwzgct6l1d1sqi4kh5yyfuhpr33stdh 0 185698 1581820 1524200 2026-07-26T04:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581820 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Adam''' ni wakili wa [[Australia]] na mtendaji mkuu wa biashara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ciss.org/new-chair-of-the-icsd-women-in-sports-commission|title=New chair of the ICSD Women in Sports Commission|website=www.ciss.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Alikuwa Rais wa Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Michezo kwa Viziwi (ICSD) kati ya 2018 na 2019, ambapo pia alihudumu kama rais wa zamani wa Michezo ya Viziwi Australia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://deaflympics.com/|title=Presidents|website=deaflympics.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Mnamo 2018, Agosti, tareahe 1, aliteuliwa kuwa rais wa awamu ya 10 wa ICSD akichukua nafasi ya Valery Rukhledev ambaye alipatikana na hatia ya ubadhirifu kutoka katika Jumuiya ya Viziwi ya All-Russian na alifukuzwa kazi Mei 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://en.crimerussia.com/financialcrimes/president-of-all-russian-society-of-the-deaf-arrested-for-embezzlement/|title=President of All-Russian Society of the Deaf arrested for embezzlement|website=en.crimerussia.com|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145326/https://en.crimerussia.com/financialcrimes/president-of-all-russian-society-of-the-deaf-arrested-for-embezzlement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aidha, uteuzi wa Rebecca Adam ulizua utata zaidi miongoni mwa mamlaka za michezo ya viziwi ambapo zilitahadharisha kuishtaki ICSD katika Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Olimpiki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1068210/deaf-sports-crisis-deepens-after-almost-50-countries-oppose-appointment-of-new-icsd-president|title=Deaf sports crisis deepens after almost 50 countries oppose appointment of new ICSD President|date=August 2018|website=www.insidethegames.biz|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__74200/Title__ICSD-(Deaflympics)-Board-Presidential-Coup-Unacceptable-AccordingTo-ICSD-Members/292/Articles|title=ICSD (Deaflympics) Board Presidential Coup "Unacceptable" AccordingTo ICSD Members|website=aroundtherings.com|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145432/http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__74200/Title__ICSD-(Deaflympics)-Board-Presidential-Coup-Unacceptable-AccordingTo-ICSD-Members/292/Articles|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili pekee, baada ya Donalda Ammons kuchaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Michezo kwa Viziwi. == Utawala== Rebecca Adam alishikilia wadhifa wa Tume ya Kisheria ya ICSD na kuanzisha Tume ya Michezo ya Wanawake alipokuwa akifanya kazi kama Rais wa Michezo ya Viziwi Australia. Mnamo 2011, baada ya kujiuzulu kama Rais wa Michezo ya Viziwi Australia, aliteuliwa kuwa Bodi ya Wakurungezi ya ICSD.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.expression.com.au/news.asp?aid=118&t=australias-rebecca-adam-|title=Australia's Rebecca Adam appointed to ICSD Board|website=www.expression.com.au|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101193948/https://www.expression.com.au/news.asp?aid=118&t=australias-rebecca-adam-|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rais wa ICSD== Mnamo 31 Julai 2018, Valery Rukhledev alitangaza kujiuzulu kama Rais wa ICSD kufuatia tuhuma za ubadhirifu wa dola 803,800 kutoka katika Jumuiya ya Viziwi ya All-Russian ambayo ilimkemea na kukamatwa kwa kuhusika na mashtaka ya kukughushi alipokuwa akihudumu katika wadhifa wa jumuiya hiyo, na wakati akiwa Rais wa ICSD.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ciss.org/press-release-dr-valery-rukhledev|title=Press Release: Dr. Valery Rukhledev kept under house arrest for alleged corruption money laundering|website=www.ciss.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Aliwekwa kizuizini cha nyumbani kwa zaidi ya miezi miwili na kuishia 23 Julai 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1065562/deaflympics-boss-placed-under-house-arrest-as-part-of-embezzlement-investigation|title=Deaflympics boss placed under house arrest as part of embezzlement investigation|date=27 May 2018|website=www.insidethegames.biz|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na Rebecca Adam mnamo Agosti 1, 2018 baada ya kuchaguliwa kwa kauli moja kushika wadhifa huo hadi 2021, wakati wa mkutano wa kamati ya ICSD.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.ciss.org/press-release-icsd-announcement-3|title=Press Release: ICSD Announcement|website=www.ciss.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Hata hivyo, tukio hilo lilizua utata zaidi kwani vuguvugu kuu la Wanamichezo Viziwi liliibuka kukosoa uteuzi wa Rebecca Adam wakidai haujafuata taratibu na haujaidhinishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://limpingchicken.com/2018/08/03/deaf-news-crisis-at-international-committee-of-sports-for-the-deaf-icsd/|title=Deaf News: Crisis at International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD)|date=2018-08-03|website=The Limping Chicken|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Kukamatwa kwa rais wa zamani, Rukhledev kulitia wasiwasi uandaaji wa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Viziwi ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2019 nchini Italia, lakini baadaye ilithibitishwa kuwa michezo hiyo itaendelea, licha ya kimabadiliko ya kiutawala.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1066733/italy-set-to-host-delayed-winter-deaflympics-as-concerns-remain-over-president-arrested-in-russia|title=Italy set to host delayed Winter Deaflympics as concerns remain over President arrested in Russia|date=26 June 2018|website=www.insidethegames.biz|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> Mnamo 13 Septemba 2018, kwenye mkutano wa vyombo vya habari, Rais mteule wa ICSD Rebecca Adam alitoa taarifa akithibitisha kuwa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Viziwi ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2019 itafanyika kama ilivyokuwa imepangwa na itarabiwa Desemba 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/news/icsd-presidents-message-on-2019-winter-deaflympics|title=ICSD President's Message on 2019 Winter Deaflympics|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/news/icsd-presidents-greeting-to-the-2019-winter-deaflympics-ocgress|title=ICSD President's Greeting to the 2019 Winter Deaflympics OC|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] [[Jamii:wanamichezo wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wiki4Inclusion Campaign in Tanzania]] bfwijrkw58hkl1uxb5smznblfkvn3qi 0 193993 1581826 1498310 2026-07-26T06:18:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rossella Ratto''' (alizaliwa [[20 Oktoba]] [[1993]]) ni Mtaliano wa [[mbio]] za baiskeli wa [[zamani]] ambaye aliendesha kitaalamu kati ya [[2012]] na [[2021]] kwa timu saba tofauti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poliziapenitenziaria.gov.it/polizia-penitenziaria-site/it/atleti.page;jsessionid=8D6796ACC5172D1756AA49ABE08773EA|title=Fiamme Azzurre - Atleti|publisher=polizia.penitenziaria.it|language=it|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/new-womens-team-cylance-taking-aim-at-inaugural-worldtour/ |title=New women's team Cylance taking aim at inaugural WorldTour |last1=Weislo |first1=Laura |date=10 November 2015 |website=[[cyclingnews.com]] |access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.directvelo.com/equipe/3386/btc-city-ljubljana#riders-2019|title=BTC City Ljubljana|language=fr|work=Directvelo|publisher=Association Le Peloton|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=2019-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426155229/https://www.directvelo.com/equipe/3386/btc-city-ljubljana#riders-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/14166/2003424/258|title=Chevalmeire Cycling Team|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200121230822/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/14166/2003424/258|archive-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.directvelo.com/equipe/6185/bingoal-chevalmeire-cycling-team#riders-2021|title=Bingoal-Chevalmeire Cycling Team|language=fr|work=Directvelo|publisher=Association Le Peloton|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210118224824/https://www.directvelo.com/equipe/6185/bingoal-chevalmeire-cycling-team|archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rouleur.cc/blogs/the-rouleur-journal/the-retirees-of-2021 |title=Who is retiring from pro cycling in 2021? |last=Timms |first=Joe |date=18 October 2021 |website=[[Rouleur (magazine)|Rouleur]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213142809/https://www.rouleur.cc/blogs/the-rouleur-journal/the-retirees-of-2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]] nmpbkaf9rvnfdw5attvgzbmls2gy011 2 195477 1581817 1377419 2026-07-26T04:13:45Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania|lugha_rasmi={{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}}|kaulimbiu="Uhuru na Umoja"|wimbo="[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br>[[File:Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]|mji_mkubwa=[[Dar es Salaam]]|mji_mkuu=[[Dodoma]]|latd=6|latm=11|latNS=S|longd=35|longm=44|longEW=E|serikali=[[Jamhuri]]|vyeo_viongozi={{*}}[[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makumu wa Rais]]<br>{{*}}[[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania|Waziri Mkuu]]<br>{{*}} [[Orodha ya Maspika wa Bunge la Tanzania|Spika]]<br>{{*}} Jaji Mkuu|majina_viongozi=[[Samia Suluhu Hassan]]<br>[[Philip Isdor Mpango]]<br>[[Kassim Majaliwa]]<br>[[Tulia Ackson]]<br>[[Ibrahim Hamis Juma]]|muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]|tarehe_uhuru=9 Desemba 1961 ([[Tanganyika]])<br>10 Desemba 1963 ([[Zanzibar]])|eneo_jumla=947 303<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=30 Machi 2024|year=2023}}</ref>|maji=6.4<ref name="worldfactbook"/>|watu_kadirio=65 642 682<ref name="worldfactbook"/>|sensa=Sensa ya 2022|watu_sensa=61 741 120<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sensa.nbs.go.tz |title=Idadi ya watu nchini Tanzania |publisher=Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics|access-date=1 Aprili 2024}}</ref>|pato={{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 84.033<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=738,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Tanzania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 Octoba 2023}}</ref>|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 1 326<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" />|pato_halisi={{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 227.725<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" />|pato_halisi_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 3 595<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" />|mwaka_maendeleo=2021|maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.549<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}</ref> - {{duni}}|fedha=[[Shilingi ya Tanzania]]|majira_saa=+3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]])|udereva=Kushoto|iso3166=[[ISO 3166-2:TZ|TZ]]|tld=[[.tz]]|jina_kawaida=Tanzania|matini_nembo=Nembo ya Tanzania|matini_bendera=Bendera ya Tanzania|dini=63.1 [[Wakristo]]<br>34.1 [[Waislamu]]<br>1.5 [[Ukanamungu|Wakanamungu]]<br>1.2 [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika|dini asilia]]<br>0.1 wengine|msimbo_simu=[[Namba za simu Tanzania|+255]]|maelezo_ramani=Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki|maelezo_ramani2=Ramani ya Tanzania|matini_ramani=Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki|matini_ramani2=Ramani ya Tanzania|bendera=File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|nembo=File:Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg|ramani=File:Tanzania_(orthographic_projection).svg|ramani2=File:Tanzania map-sw.svg|muundo_tarehe=siku/mwezi/mwaka|idadi_makabila=Kupita [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125]]|ukubwa_ramani2=250|latd2=6|latm2=48|latNS2=S|longd2=39|longm2=17|longEW2=E|lugha_taifa=[[Kiswahili]]}} '''Tanzania''' (jina rasmi: '''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania''') ni [[nchi]] iliyoko [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], ndani ya ukanda wa [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|maziwa makuu ya Afrika]]. Imepakana na [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], [[Bahari Hindi]] upande wa [[mashariki]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Malawi]] na [[Zambia]] upande wa [[kusini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]] upande wa [[magharibi]]. Eneo lina [[kilometa za mraba]] 947,303 (nchi ya 31 [[duniani]]); [[maji ya ndani]] yanachukua [[asilimia]] 6.2. [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], [[mlima]] mrefu zaidi barani [[Afrika]], upo kaskazini-mashariki mwa Tanzania. [[Idadi]] ya watu kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] ilikuwa 61,741,120<ref>https://assengaonline.com/2022/11/05/matokeo-ya-sensa-2022-tanzania/</ref>, (nchi ya 24 duniani) kutoka 44,928,923 waliohesabiwa katika sensa ya mwaka [[2012]], likiwa ongezeko la 3.2% kwa mwaka. [[Msongamano]] ni wa watu 47.5 kwa [[km²]] (nchi ya 124 duniani). [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Dodoma mjini|Dodoma]] (wenye wakazi 765,179), lakini [[Dar es Salaam]] ndilo [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, lenye watu 5,383,728. [[Mji|Miji]] mingine ni kama vile [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] (1,004,521), [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] (616,631), [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] (541,603), [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]] (471,409), [[Kahama (mji)|Kahama]] (453,654), [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] (393,429), [[Geita (mji)|Geita]] (361,671), [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]] (308,741) na [[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] (303,986).<ref>Administrative Units Population Distribution Report - National Bureau of Statistics: https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref> ==Jina== [[Jina]] "Tanzania" liliundwa kama mkusanyiko wa majina ya maeneo mawili yaliyoungana kuunda nchi: [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=tanzania {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name tanzania by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tanzania|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Jina lilipatikana kwa mashindano yaliyotangazwa mwaka 1964 na serikali kutafuta jina fupi zaidi kuliko "Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar". Mshindi alikuwa mwenyeji wa Dar es Salaam aliyeitwa [[Mohamed Iqbal Dar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kalulunga.blogspot.com/2011/06/mfahamu-aliyebuni-jina-la-tanzania.html|title=KALULUNGA BLOG: Mfahamu aliyebuni Jina la Tanzania.|author=Gordon Kalulunga|date=2011-06-17|work=KALULUNGA BLOG|accessdate=2019-04-28|archivedate=2019-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428071031/http://kalulunga.blogspot.com/2011/06/mfahamu-aliyebuni-jina-la-tanzania.html}}</ref>. Alipendekeza kuunganisha [[herufi]] tatu za kwanza za [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] akafikia "Tanzan". Hakuridhika bado, akaona nchi nyingi za Afrika zina majina yanayoishia na "ia" akaongeza herufi hizi. Mwenyewe alieleza baadaye chaguo lake kwamba aliamua kutumia "I" ya jina lake Iqbal na "A" ya jina la dhehebu lake analolifuata katika Uislamu la [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/mohammed-iqbal-dar-mbunifu-wa-jina-la-tanzania/|title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mbunifu wa jina la Tanzania|date=2016-03-07|work=Global Publishers|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Jina "Tanganyika" linatokana na maneno ya [[Kiswahili]] "tanga" na "nyika", yakiunda msemo "tanga nyikani". Wakati fulani inaelezwa kama marejeleo ya Ziwa Tanganyika. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Loading...|url=http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|work=home.frognet.net|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> Jina la Zanzibar linatokana na "[[zenji]]", jina la watu wa eneo hilo (inadaiwa lina maana ya "nyeusi"), na neno la Kiarabu "barr", ambalo linamaanisha pwani au ufukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=zanzibar {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name zanzibar by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zanzibar|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Tanzania|Historia ya Zanzibar}} ''(Kuhusu historia ya maeneo ya Tanzania kabla ya 1964 angalia makala za [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]], [[Zanzibar]] na [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]])'' Kabla ya uhuru nchi zote mbili, Tanganyika na Zanzibar, zilikuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Uingereza]] lakini hazikuwa makoloni ya kawaida. Zanzibar ilikuwa na hali ya [[nchi lindwa]] kutokana na mikataba kati ya ma[[sultani]] wa Zanzibar na [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ([[Uingereza]]). Tanganyika iliwahi kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] halafu ikawa chini ya Uingereza kama [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kutokana na azimio la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lililoweka Tanganyika katika ngazi "B" ya maeneo ya kudhaminiwa. Tanganyika na Zanzibar zilikuwa nchi mbili tofauti hadi [[1964]], zilipoungana na kuwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Hapo kiongozi wa Tanganyika [[Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere]] alipata kuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza na kiongozi wa [[mapinduzi]] ya Zanzibar [[Abedi Amani Karume]] akawa [[Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais]]. Tanzania, chini ya Rais wa awamu ya pili [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] ([[1985]]–[[1995]]) iliruhusu mfumo wa [[vyama vingi vya siasa Tanzania]] na kuanza mpango wa kurekebisha [[uchumi]] kuendana na masharti ya [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha Duniani]]. Rais wa awamu ya tatu, [[Benjamin Mkapa]] ([[1995]]–[[2005]]) aliendeleza mfumo wa uchumi wa [[soko huria]] ambapo mashirika ya umma yalibinafsishwa. Tarehe [[21 Desemba]] [[2005]] [[Jakaya Kikwete]] aliapishwa kuwa Rais wa nne wa taifa ([[2005]]–[[2015]]), naye aliendeleza sera za watangulizi wake akitokea chama hichohicho cha [[CCM]]. Tarehe [[5 Novemba]] 2015 aliapishwa Rais wa awamu ya tano, [[John Magufuli]] (wa CCM vilevile). Kufuatana na kifo chake tarehe [[17 Machi]] [[2021]], makamu wake, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], aliapishwa kuwa Rais wa awamu ya sita. ==Jiografia== {{main|Jiografia ya Tanzania|Maziwa ya Tanzania|Mito ya Tanzania|Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania|Funguvisiwa la Zanzibar}} Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 947,303 (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania ni nchi ya 13 kwa ukubwa barani Afrika na ya 31 kwa ukubwa duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html}}</ref> Inapakana na Kenya na Uganda upande wa kaskazini; Rwanda, Burundi, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo upande wa magharibi; na Zambia, Malawi, na Msumbiji upande wa kusini. [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Zana ya kukatia mawe yenye umri wa miaka milioni 1.8 iligunduliwa huko [[Olduvai Gorge]] na kuonyeshwa kwenye [[British Museum]].]] Tanzania iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika na ina ufuo wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] takriban kilomita 424 (885 mi).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean.|url=https://www.fao.org/3/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2022-06-15}}</ref> Pia inajumuisha visiwa kadhaa vya pwani, vikiwemo [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]], na [[Kisiwa cha Mafia|Mafia]]. Tanzania ni nchi yenye sehemu za juu na za chini kabisa barani Afrika: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], wenye urefu wa mita 5,895 (futi 19,341) juu ya usawa wa bahari, na kina cha [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], katika mita 1,471 (futi 4,826) chini ya usawa wa bahari kwa mtiririko huo. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Uhamaji wa Nyumbu [[Serengeti]]]] Tanzania ina milima na misitu minene kaskazini-mashariki, ambako kuna Mlima Kilimanjaro. Nchi iko katika eneo la [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]], hivyo [[Ziwa|maziwa]] yanafunika km² 61,500, yaani 6% za eneo lote la nchi. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi kuna [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ziwa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], ziwa lenye kina kirefu zaidi barani humo, linalojulikana kwa aina yake ya kipekee ya samaki. Upande wa kusini magharibi kuna [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Nyasa]]. Eneo la katikati mwa Tanzania ni uwanda mkubwa, wenye tambarare na ardhi ya kilimo. Ukanda wa mashariki una joto na unyevunyevu, huku Visiwa vya Zanzibar vikiwa karibu. Maporomoko ya maji ya [[Mto Kalambo|Kalambo]] katika mkoa wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Rukwa]] ni maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika, na yanapatikana karibu na ufuo wa kusini-mashariki wa Ziwa Tanganyika kwenye mpaka na Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalambo Falls {{!}} waterfall, East Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en}}</ref> Eneo la [[Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] visiwani Zanzibar ndilo eneo kubwa zaidi la bahari lililohifadhiwa. ==Hali ya hewa== {{Main|Tabia ya nchi Tanzania}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ramani ya Tanzania ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa Köppen]] Hali ya hewa inatofautiana sana ndani ya Tanzania. Katika nyanda za juu, halijoto huanzia 10 hadi 20 °C (50 na 68 °F) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na joto kwa mtiririko huo. {{multiple image |align = right |direction = horizontal |image1 = Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg |caption1 = Tembo akipita karibu na [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] |width1 = 180 |image2 = Ngorongoro Crater.jpg |caption2 = [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]] |width2 = 160 |header_align = centre }} Tanzania hupata [[majira ya joto]] katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] ya [[Desemba]], [[Januari]] na [[Februari]] (25–31 °C au 77.0–87.8 °F) huku kipindi cha baridi zaidi kikitokea kati ya [[Mei]] na [[Agosti]] (15–20 °C au 59–68 °F). Halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 20 °C (68.0 °F). Hali ya hewa ni baridi katika maeneo ya milima mirefu. Tanzania ina vipindi viwili vikuu vya mvua: mvua za [[vuli]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Oktoba]], [[Novemba]] na [[Desemba]] na mvua za [[masika]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Machi]], [[Aprili]] na [[Mei]] ingawa zipo tofauti ndogo kati ya sehemu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075513535|title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March-May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing.|last=Verfasser|first=Zorita, Eduardo|date=2002|oclc=1075513535}}</ref> Kiasi cha mvua na halijoto husababisha tofauti za aina ya [[uoto wa asili]], [[udongo]] na aina ya [[mazao]] yanayolimwa. Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa nchini Tanzania yanasababisha kuongezeka kwa joto na uwezekano mkubwa wa matukio ya mvua kubwa (kusababisha mafuriko) na vipindi vya ukame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|work=www.climatelinks.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa tayari yanaathiri sekta za kilimo, rasilimali za maji, afya na nishati nchini Tanzania. Kupanda kwa kina cha bahari na mabadiliko ya ubora wa maji kunatarajiwa kuathiri uvuvi na ufugaji wa samaki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416075500/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania}}</ref>[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|Twiga Masai ni mnyama wa taifa la Tanzania]] Tanzania ilitoa [[Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Kukabiliana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (NAPAs) mwaka 2007 kama ilivyoagizwa na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]]. Mwaka 2012, Tanzania ilitoa Mkakati wa Kitaifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ili kukabiliana na wasiwasi unaoongezeka wa athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika mazingira ya kijamii na kiuchumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-04-17|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0}}</ref> Tanzania ina [[bioanuwai]] nyingi na ina aina mbalimbali za makazi ya wanyama.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|title=Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands : conservation, management, and sustainable use|last=Stuart|first=S. N.|date=1990|publisher=Gland, Switzerland : IUCN|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2}}</ref> Katika uwanda wa [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti|Serengeti]] nchini Tanzania, [[nyumbu]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), "[[Bovids|''bovids'']]" wengine na [[Punda milia|pundamilia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serengeti wildebeest migration explained with moving map|url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration|work=www.expertafrica.com|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> hushiriki katika uhamaji mkubwa wa kila mwaka. Tanzania ni nyumbani kwa takriban spishi 130 za [[amfibia]] na zaidi ya spishi 275 za wanyama watambaao, wengi wao wanapatikana Tanzania tu na wamejumuishwa katika orodha ya [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020 }}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania ina idadi kubwa ya simba duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 Agosti 2019|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ilikuwa na alama 7.13/10 kwenye [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mwaka 2019, ilishika nafasi ya 54 duniani kati ya nchi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> == Miundo ya muungano == Tangu muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kufanyika mwaka 1964 Tanzania imekuwa na miundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na [[serikali ya muungano]] ikitekeleza [[sheria]] zinazotolewa na [[bunge la Tanzania]]. * [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara haina [[serikali]] wala [[bunge]] la pekee. * [[Zanzibar]] (visiwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake vinavyoratibu mambo yasiyo ya muungano. Mambo yafuatayo yamekubalika kuwa shughuli za muungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, forodha * Bandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu ==Utawala== {{main|Mikoa ya Tanzania|Wilaya za Tanzania}}[[Muundo]] wa [[uongozi]] na [[utawala]] katika kipindi cha [[ukoloni]] ulizingatia mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] baina ya mihimili mitatu ya [[dola]] yaani [[serikali]], [[bunge]] na [[mahakama]]. Tangu [[uhuru]], mgawanyo wa madaraka na uhusiano miongoni mwa mihimili hiyo uliimarishwa kwa kuzingatia wakati, mahitaji ya [[demokrasia]] na misingi ya [[utawala bora]] na umeainishwa pia katika [[katiba]] ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Ibara ya 4 (1). Kuwepo kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] pia kulikuwa hatua ya kuendelea kuimarisha utawala wa ushiriki wa wananchi kadiri mahitaji ya upanuzi wa maono na [[falsafa]] [[duniani]]. [[Ugatuzi]], yaani mgawanyo wa kiutawala, unafuata Katiba ya nchi I 2.2. Tanzania imegawiwa kwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] 31. Kila [[mkoa]] huwa na [[wilaya]] ndani yake. Jumla ya wilaya ni 169, ambazo kati yake 34 ni miji. Ndani ya wilaya kuna ngazi za [[tarafa]] na [[kata]]. Chini ya kata kuna [[vijiji]] na wakati mwingine ngazi ya chini tena ambayo ni vitongoji. {| class="wikitable" !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Ramani ya mikoa |- |[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] |[[Arusha]] |[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |[[Mwanza]] | rowspan="15" |{{Tanzania_Regions_Labelled_Map|width=450}} |- |[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]] |[[Njombe]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] |[[Dodoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] |[[Wete]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] |[[Geita]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] |[[Chake Chake]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] |[[Iringa]] |[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] |[[Kibaha]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] |[[Bukoba]] |[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] |[[Sumbawanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] |[[Mpanda]] |[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |[[Songea]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] |[[Kigoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] |[[Shinyanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] |[[Moshi]] |[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] |[[Bariadi]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] |[[Lindi]] |[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |[[Singida]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] |[[Babati]] |[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] |[[Tabora]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] |[[Musoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] |[[Tanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] |[[Mbeya]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Zanzibar Kati/Kusini]] |[[Koani]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] |[[Morogoro]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] |[[Mkokotoni]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] |[[Mtwara]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Magharibi]] |[[Zanzibar]] |} == Watu == [[File:Human_population_density_Tanzania.png|thumb|Msongamano wa watu nchini mwaka 2022.|300x300px]] Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kwa wastani kuna mtu mmoja tu kwa kilomita ya mraba (1/km²), lakini sehemu zenye [[rutuba]] za [[bara]], kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba na katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ni 3,133 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Asilimia 70 hivi huishi [[kijiji|vijijini]], ingawa uhamiaji mijini unakwenda kasi.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration". thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> ===Makabila=== Jamii nyingi za watu zimeishi na kushirikiana katika eneo la Tanzania bara kwa [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Picha:Sukump1.jpg|thumb|300px|Wasukuma ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini.]] Kati ya jamii hizo, nyingi zilikuja kutoka maeneo mengine ya Afrika. Nyingi katika jamii zilizohamia sehemu hii ziliingia katika makundi madogomadogo kwa [[amani]], ingawa ziko zilizoingia kwa njia ya [[uvamizi]] na [[vita]]. Baadhi ya jamii zilizovamiwa zilijihami na kuwazuia wahamiaji wasiendelee kuteka maeneo mengine. Kufikia mwaka [[1884]], wakati Wajerumani walipoanza harakati za kufanya sehemu hii ya Afrika kuwa [[koloni]] lao, kulikuwa na [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya 120 katika eneo la Tanzania bara. Kuna [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125 hivi]]. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[moja]] ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]], [[Waha]], [[Wagogo]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wamakonde]]. Jambo la pekee kuhusu jamii zilizoishi na zinazoendelea kuishi Tanzania ni kwamba wakazi asili wanawakilisha makundi yote makuu manne ya [[lugha]] barani Afrika.<ref>Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1967–. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.</ref> 1. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni wa jamii ya [[Wabantu]] (k.m. Wazaramo, Wapare na Wapogoro). 2. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. 3. Kundi lingine ni makabila ya [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi kaskazini mwa Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wairaqw]], [[Wafiome]], [[Wasi]] na [[Waburunge]]. 4. Kuna kundi la [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya [[Botswana]] na [[Namibia]]; wanaitwa [[Wasandawe]] . Hatimaye kuna [[Wahadzabe]] wachache ambao [[utafiti]] wa [[DNA]] umeonyesha hivi karibuni wana uhusiano wa asili na [[Watwa]] wa nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Pia kuna asilimia ndogo ya watu wenye asili ya nje ya bara la [[Afrika]], kwa mfano [[Wahindi]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waindochina]], [[Wafarsi]], [[Wachina]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waingereza]]. Hii ilisababishwa na karne za mchanganyiko wa mahitaji ya biashara yaliyofanywa na mabara ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] hapo [[Afrika]]. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} === Lugha === {{main|Orodha ya lugha za Tanzania}} Nchini Tanzania kuna [[lugha]] za [[kabila|kikabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini, kwa kuwa kila kabila lina lugha yake. [[Kiswahili]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na inazidi kuwa [[lugha mama]]<ref>Kadiri ya Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 tayari Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza kwa asilimia 10 za wananchi</ref> kwa [[watoto]] wengi, hasa mijini.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.</ref> Walau asilimia 90 za wakazi wanakitumia walau kama [[lugha ya pili]]. Kiswahili ni mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]: hii imesaidia sana kukubaliwa kwa Kiswahili nchini, kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya Watanzania ni wasemaji wa lugha za [[Kibantu]]. Kiswahili kinatumika kama lugha baina ya watu wa makabila mbalimbali na kwa mambo rasmi; kwa hiyo ni lugha rasmi ya [[dhati]]. Baada ya [[uhuru]], [[Kiingereza]] (iliyokuwa lugha ya [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] kabla ya [[uhuru]]) iliendelea kutumika kwa mambo kadhaa rasmi na kwa [[elimu]] kuanzia [[sekondari]] ingawa sera mpya inataka Kiswahili kishike nafasi yake hadi [[chuo kikuu]];<ref>"Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</ref> kwa hiyo ilichukuliwa kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pamoja na Kiswahili. Lakini utumizi rasmi wa Kiingereza umepungua katika milongo iliyopita, na sasa utumizi huu karibu umekwisha. Kwa hiyo siku hizi ni kawaida zaidi kuchukulia Kiswahili kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pekee. [[Sera]] mpya ya elimu inakusudia kufanya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya kufundishia]] katika ngazi zote kufikia mwaka [[2024]]. === Dini === [[File:Cathedral of Arusha.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la Arusha]] {{Main|Dini nchini Tanzania}} Nchi haina [[dini rasmi]] na [[katiba]] ya Tanzania inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote. Mara nyingi idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] hutajwa kuwa [[theluthi]] moja [[Uislamu|Waislamu]], theluthi moja [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na theluthi moja wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Lakini tangu [[uhuru]] swali la dini ya wananchi halijaulizwa tena katika [[sensa]], kwa hiyo kadirio la theluthi-theluthi inawezekana ni zaidi azimio la kisiasa. Kwenye funguvisiwa la [[Zanzibar]] idadi ya Waislamu huaminiwa kuwa takriban 97%. == Usafiri == [[Picha:Barabara Tanzania Ruvuma wakati wa mvua Tamino 2012.jpg|350px|left|thumbnail|Usafiri wa Tanzania: Kusukuma [[basi]] wakati wa [[mvua]] kwenye [[barabara]] ya kwenda [[Mbamba Bay]] (mwaka 2012)]] {{Main|Usafiri wa Tanzania}} Usafiri nchini Tanzania ni hasa kwa njia ya [[barabara]]. Nyingine ni [[reli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]]. Kwenye [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika|maziwa makubwa]] na [[pwani]] ya Bahari Hindi kuna pia usafiri wa [[meli]]. Hadi sasa idadi ya barabara za [[lami]] si kubwa. Kuna hasa njia nzuri kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Mbeya]] katika kusini-magharibi, Dodoma katika kitovu cha nchi, Arusha / Tanga katika kaskazini-mashariki. Kusini-Mashariki na Magharibi ya nchi kwa jumla haina barabara nzuri na [[mawasiliano]] ni magumu. Mashirika mawili ya reli yanayohudumia Tanzania: ni TRC ([[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] - ''Tanzania Railways Corporation'') na [[TAZARA]] (''Tanzania-Zambia Railways Corporation''). TRC imetawala reli ya kati kuanzia Dar es Salaam hadi [[Kigoma]] halafu reli ya Tanga kati ya Tanga na Arusha. Tazara imeunganisha Dar es Salaam na kusini ya nchi hadi Zambia. Zote hazikutunzwa vizuri na usafiri unakumbwa na huduma mbaya pamoja na [[ajali]]. Huduma kwa ndege zinatumia hasa viwanja vya ndege 11 vyenye barabara ya lami kwa ajili ya ndege, hasa [[Uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Julius Nyerere/Dar es Salaam]], [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro/Arusha-Moshi]] na [[Zanzibar]]-Kisauni. Pia kuna viwanja vingine vya ndege kama vile uwanja wa ndege wa Mwanza, Bukoba na Kigoma. Usafiri wa majini pia unafanyika hasa katika bahari ya Hindi, ingawa hakuna meli ya serikali hapo na mashirika binafsi hutoa huduma. Usafiri wa majini hufanyika pia katika maziwa ya Viktoria, Tanganyika na Nyasa. Miongoni mwa meli ni [[MV Bukoba]] iliyozama tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[1996]] pamoja na abiria karibu 1,000 na [[MV Nyerere]] iliyozama tarehe [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]] pamoja na abiria zaidi ya 200. Katika ziwa Tanganyika ipo meli ya Mv Liemba ambayo ilianza kutumika tangia kipindi cha ukoloni wa Wajerumani: inatoa huduma kati ya miji ya mwambao wa ziwa Tanganyika na nchi jirani. Mwaka 2017 ulianza ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ya njia ya [[geji sanifu]] nchini Tanzania inayolenga kuunganisha [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Morogoro]].<ref>[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-railway-construction/2560-3801608-6plii9/index.html Turkish, Portuguese firms win bid to construct Tanzania’s SGR], tovuti ya theeastafrican.co.ke ya 6 Februari 2017, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Njia hii inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi [[Mwanza]] na hatimaye hadi [[Burundi]]. == Urithi wa Dunia == [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Mchoro wa mwaka [[1572]] ukionyesha mji wa [[Kilwa]] ulivyokuwa wakati huo.]] Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (mwaka wa kukubaliwa – jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Ngorongoro]]. * 1981 – [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. * 1981 – Magofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara. * 1982 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Selous]]. * 1987 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Hifadhi ya Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. * 2000 – [[Mji Mkongwe]] wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]]. * 2006 – [[Michoro ya Kondoa]]. == Utamaduni na Sanaa == {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kitanzania}} === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Tanzania}} Kuna aina zaidi ya tano za muziki nchini Tanzania, kama zilivyofafanuliwa na [[BASATA]] ni pamoja na [[Ngoma (muziki)|ngoma]] [[Ngoma za asili|(ngoma za asili]]), [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[kwaya]] (muziki wa injili), [[taarab]], na [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] ([[Muziki wa pop|pop]]/[[Hip hop ya Kitanzania|hip hop]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania|last=Askew|first=Kelly|last2=Askew|first2=Professor Kelly|date=2002-07-28|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C|title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam|last=Ivaska|first=Andrew|date=2011-01-25|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5|language=en}}</ref> Ngoma ni muziki wa dansi wa kitamaduni, ngoma hutofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Garland Handbook of African Music|last=Stone|first=Ruth M.|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90001-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage|last=Edmondson|first=Laura|date=2007-07-20|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11705-2|language=en}}</ref> Dansi ni muziki wa bendi unatokana na muziki wa [[soukous]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (au "rumba ya kikongo").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahenge|first=Elizabeth|date=2022-04-16|title=Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990|url=http://www.journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/mj/article/view/4823|journal=Mulika Journal|language=SW|volume=40|issue=2}}</ref> Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa bendi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwaya ni muziki ambao asili yake ni [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. Bongo flava ni muziki wa pop wa Tanzania uliozaliwa na [[muziki wa kizazi kipya]], unajumuisha [[reggae]], [[R&B|RnB]], na [[Hip Hop|hip hop]], uliochanganywa na vionjo vya asili (flava) lakini tangu wakati huo umekua na kuwa muziki wa kipekee wa maeneo ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika|Maziwa Makuu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kerr|first=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> Asili mbalimbali za ushawishi zimesaidia kufanya bongo flava kuwa muziki maarufu zaidi Afrika Mashariki, na muziki mmojawapo kati ya ile maarufu zaidi katika bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suriano|first=M.|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’ Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118|journal=Africa Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=3-4|pages=113–126|doi=10.4314/ad.v36i3-4|issn=0850-3907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perullo|first=Alex|date=2005|title=Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=75–101|issn=0001-9887}}</ref> [[Picha:SitiBintiSaad_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mwimbaji wa Tanzania [[Siti Binti Saad]] ]] Tangu kuundwa kwa Tanzania hadi 1993, kurekodi na usambazaji wote wa muziki ulisimamiwa kikamilifu na [[Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania|BASATA]], hasa kupitia [[Radio Tanzania Dar Es Salaam|Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ|title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis|last=Brennan|first=James|last2=Burton|first2=Yus|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-107-3|language=en}}</ref> Ni aina 4 tu za muziki za Kitanzania zilizoruhusiwa kurekodiwa au kutangazwa, ambazo wakati huo zilikuwa ngoma, taarab, kwaya na dansi. Sheria ya Huduma za Utangazaji ya 1993 iliruhusu mitandao ya kibinafsi ya matangazo na studio za kurekodi.<ref>{{Cite web|date={{date|1994-06-11|mdy}}|type=Act|title=THE BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT, 1993|language=en|url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-17|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haya ni mojawapo ya mabadiliko muhimu zaidi katika tasnia ya muziki ya Tanzania tangu kuanzishwa kwa nchi miaka 30 kabla.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ|title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|date=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00150-4|location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]]|access-date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Miaka michache kabla ya Act ya 1993, muziki wa hip hop ulikuwa umeanza kuimarika katika miji ya Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha na Mwanza. Ilikuwa ikianza mageuzi kutoka kwenye hip hop ya Kiingereza huko Uzunguni, maeneo tajiri kama Oysterbay na Masaki pamoja na shule za kimataifa, hadi kizazi kipya [[Uswahilini]], vitongoji maskini na kutumia Kiswahili.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web|last1=Nne|first1=Juma|title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer|url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/|website=Africanhiphop.com|access-date=5 Juni 2022|language=en|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya kufunguliwa kwa mawimbi ya redio, bongo flava ilizaliwa ikienea kwa haraka kote nchini, na katika Maziwa Makuu.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=30|issue=1|page=65-80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> === Fasihi === {{Main|Fasihi ya Tanzania}} Utamaduni wa kifasihi wa Tanzania kimsingi ni wa simulizi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania|last=Otiso|first=Kefa M.|date=2013-01-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08708-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|68}} Tanzu na vipera maaarufu vya [[Fasihi simulizi|fasihi simuliz]]<nowiki/>i ni pamoja na [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]], [[Shairi|mashairi]], [[mafumbo]], [[methali]] na [[nyimbo]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|69}}  Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya fasihi simulizi iliyorekodiwa Tanzania ni ya Kiswahili, ingawa lugha za [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila ya Tanzania]] zina mapokeo yake ya simulizi.  Fasihi simulizi ya nchi imekuwa ikipungua kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya muundo wa jamii, na kufanya uwasilishaji wa fasihi simulizi kuwa mgumu zaidi, pia teknolojia za kisasa zinachangia kushushwa kwa thamani ya fasihi simulizi.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68-9}} Utamaduni wa kuandika na kusoma [[vitabu]] umeenea nchini Tanzania. [[Fasihi andishi]] nyingi za Kitanzania ni za [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]].<ref name=":0" /> {{rp|75}} Watu mashuhuri katika fasihi andishi ya Tanzania ni pamoja na [[Shaaban Robert]] (anatambulika kama baba wa [[fasihi ya Kiswahili]]), [[Muhammed Saley Farsy]], [[Faraji Katalambulla]], Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis]], [[Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed]], [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], na [[Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|76-8}} [[Picha:Makonde elephant.jpg|thumb|150px|Bombwe la Kimakonde: Tembo]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]]|thumb]] === Uchoraji na Uchongaji === Mitindo miwili ya sanaa ya Tanzania imepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref name="Doling">{{Cite book|title=Tanzania Arts Directory|last=Doling|first=Tim|date=1999|publisher=Visiting Arts|isbn=9781902349114|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>   [[Uchoraji]] wa [[Tingatinga (uchoraji)|Tingatinga]] umejulikana tangu [[miaka ya 1970]]. Mtindo huo umepewa [[jina]] la [[mwanzilishi]] wake, mchoraji wa Kitanzania [[Edward Tingatinga|Edward Said Tingatinga]]. Kwa ujumla michoro ya Tingatinga inayoonyesha watu, wanyama, au maisha ya kila siku.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Doling" /> Baada ya kifo cha Tingatinga mwaka wa 1972, wasanii wengine walikubali na kuendeleza mtindo wake, na aina hiyo sasa ndiyo mtindo muhimu zaidi unaolenga utalii katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|113}}<ref name="Doling" /> [[Uchongaji]] wa [[mabombwe ya Kimakonde]] yamesifiwa tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]]. [[Wamakonde]] wengi wamehamia [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es salaam]] au [[Arusha]] wanapohudumia soko la [[watalii]] na soko la nje. === Michezo === {{Main|Michezo ya Tanzania}} Mchezo maarufu nchini Tanzania ni [[mpira wa miguu]]. Ingawa mpira wa miguu ([[kandanda]]) unaongoza kwa ufuasi mkubwa miongoni mwa vijana, michezo mingine kama vile [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mchezo wa ngumi]] na [[riadha]] inazidi kuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36|title=Tanzania|last=Wairagala|first=Wakabi|date=2004|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|title=Tanzania in Pictures|last=Pritchett|first=Bev|date=2007-12-15|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|language=en}}</ref> Baraza la Michezo la Taifa ndicho chombo kinachosimamia michezo nchini chini ya Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Michezo na Utamaduni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSC should perfect all sports categories|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/nsc-should-perfect-all-sports-categories/|work=Tanzania Sports|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania]] ([[TFF]]) ni chombo kinachosimamia mpira wa miguu nchini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Association - Tanzania - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-07-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220736/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about}}</ref> Vilabu maarufu vya soka la kulipwa jijini Dar es Salaam ni [[Young Africans S.C|Young Africans F.C]]. na [[Simba S.C.|Simba S.C]]. Wachezaji wa kandanda ambao wamechezea klabu kubwa za kigeni ni pamoja na [[Mbwana Samatta]], [[Kelvin John]], na [[Morice Abraham]]. Tanzania iliandaa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika U-17 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U17 AFCON - Asante Sana Tanzania!!!|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/u17-afcon-asante-sana-tanzania|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=CAF-Confedération Africaine du Football}}</ref> Soka la wanawake ni mchezo unaokuwa kwa kasi zaidi Tanzania. Utamaduni wa wanawake kucheza mpira wa miguu umeanza kueleweka kwa wengie. [[Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Tanzania]], Taifa Queens ni bingwa wa [[Michuano ya CECAFA kwa Wanawake]] kwa mwaka 2016 na mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania win Cecafa Women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37409082|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania retain Cecafa Women's Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44987890|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> Michuano hii huandaliwa na [[Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] (CECAFA). Timu ya taifa ya wanawake chini ya miaka 17 'Serengeti Girls' ilifuzu kucheza [[Michuano ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake]] nchini [[India]] mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco, Nigeria, Tanzania book last 3 spots in FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in India {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/morocco-nigeria-tanzania-book-last-3-spots-in-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup-in-india/articleshow/92037151.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=PTI / Jun 6, 2022, 15:53 Ist}}</ref> Hasheem Thabeet ni Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani|Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Marekani]] ([[NBA]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasheem Thabeet Stats|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>[[Mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa Tanzania wa mbio za kati, [[Filbert Bayi|Filbert Bayi Sanka]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filbert BAYI {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/tanzania/filbert-bayi-14347725|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> mwaka 1974 aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya mita 1500]], na mwaka wa [[1975]] aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya maili moja]].<ref>{{Citation|title=1975 Miracle Mile: Filbert Bayi runs 3:51.0|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK3d7Ckh2o|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayi's record may be gone but it should never be forgotten|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13143168.bayis-record-may-gone-never-forgotten/|work=HeraldScotland|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mita 1500. === Filamu === Tanzania ina tasnia maarufu ya [[filamu]] inayojulikana kwa jina la "[[Bongo Movie]]".<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/}}</ref> Studio nyingi za utayarishaji filamu za Kitanzania ziko Dar es Salaam. Kabla ya uhuru wa Tanzania mwaka 1961, baadhi ya sinema za kigeni zilirekodiwa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]] huandaa maonyesho ya filamu, warsha, muziki pamoja na sanaa zingine za maigizo. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya Magavana Wakuu wa Tanganyika]] * [[Orodha ya Masultan wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya watu maarufu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania kwa eneo]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Pato la Taifa]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Maendeleo]] * [[Utawala wa Kijiji - Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Tanzania}} {{Commons}} * {{Wikiatlas|Tanzania}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Tanzania}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx Tanzania Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx |date=20160812033656 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Ani-Corruption Portal]] {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} 17y4g2yp0h08k58h8xeyd1mxvsr0kuo 2 196519 1581818 1414138 2026-07-26T04:13:49Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | kaulimbiu = "Uhuru na Umoja" | wimbo = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br>[[File:Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Dar es Salaam]] | mji_mkuu = [[Dodoma]] | latd = 6 | latm = 11 | latNS = S | longd = 35 | longm = 44 | longEW = E | serikali = [[Jamhuri]] | vyeo_viongozi = | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | eneo_jumla = 947 303<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=30 Machi 2024|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 6.4<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | watu_kadirio = 65 642 682<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | sensa = 2022 | watu_sensa = 61 741 120<ref name="sensa22"/> | pato = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 79.14<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Tanzania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=10 Machi 2025}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2024 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 1,220<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 269.07<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 4,130<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.532<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TZA|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=22 Machi 2025}}</ref> (ya 167)</br> {{chini}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | udereva = Kushoto | iso3166 = [[ISO 3166-2:TZ|TZ]] | tld = [[.tz]] | tukio1 = [[Tanganyika]] | tukio2 = [[Zanzibar]] | tukio3 = Muungano | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 9 Desemba 1961 | tukio2_tarehe = 10 Desemba 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 26 Aprili 1964 | tukio4_tarehe = 25 Aprili 1977 | jina_kawaida = Tanzania | matini_nembo = Nembo ya Tanzania | matini_bendera = Bendera ya Tanzania | dini = 63.1% [[Wakristo]]<br>34.1% [[Waislamu]]<br>1.5% [[Ukanamungu|Wakanamungu]]<br>1.2% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika|dini asilia]]<br>0.1% wengine | msimbo_simu = [[Namba za simu Tanzania|255]] | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | matini_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | jina_asili = | bendera = File:Flag of Tanzania.svg | nembo = File:Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | ramani = File:Tanzania_(orthographic_projection).svg | ramani2 = File:Tanzania map-sw.svg | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka | idadi_makabila = Kupita [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125]] | ukubwa_ramani2 = 250 | latd2 = 6 | latm2 = 48 | latNS2 = S | longd2 = 39 | longm2 = 17 | longEW2 = E | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | cheo_watu = 23 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi3 = [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania|Waziri Mkuu]] | cheo_kiongozi4 = [[Orodha ya Maspika wa Bunge la Tanzania|Spika]] | cheo_kiongozi5 = Jaji Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | kiongozi2 = [[Philip Isdor Mpango]] | kiongozi3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | kiongozi4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | kiongozi5 = [[Ibrahim Hamis Juma]] }} '''Tanzania''' (jina rasmi: '''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania''') ni [[nchi]] iliyoko [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], ndani ya ukanda wa [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|maziwa makuu ya Afrika]]. Imepakana na [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], [[Bahari Hindi]] upande wa [[mashariki]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Malawi]] na [[Zambia]] upande wa [[kusini]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]] upande wa [[magharibi]].Eneo lina [[kilometa za mraba]] 947,303 (nchi ya 31 [[duniani]]); [[maji ya ndani]] yanachukua [[asilimia]] 6.2. [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], [[mlima]] mrefu zaidi barani [[Afrika]], upo kaskazini-mashariki mwa Tanzania. [[Idadi]] ya watu kwa mujibu wa [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] ilikuwa 61,741,120<ref name="sensa22">{{Cite report|title=Sensa ya Watu na Makazi ya Mwaka 2022: Matokeo ya Mwanzo|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|date=Oktoba 2022|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/uploads/statistics/documents/sw-1705484563-matokeomwanzooktoba2022.pdf}}</ref>, (nchi ya 24 duniani) kutoka 44,928,923 waliohesabiwa katika sensa ya mwaka [[2012]], likiwa ongezeko la 3.2% kwa mwaka. [[Msongamano]] ni wa watu 47.5 kwa [[km²]] (nchi ya 124 duniani). [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Dodoma mjini|Dodoma]] (wenye wakazi 765,179), lakini [[Dar es Salaam]] ndilo [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, lenye watu 5,383,728. [[Mji|Miji]] mingine ni kama vile [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] (1,004,521), [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] (616,631), [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] (541,603), [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]] (471,409), [[Kahama (mji)|Kahama]] (453,654), [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] (393,429), [[Geita (mji)|Geita]] (361,671), [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]] (308,741) na [[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] (303,986).<ref>{{Cite report|title=Administrative Units Population Distribution Report|date=Desemba 2022|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|language=en|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf}}</ref> ==Jina== [[Jina]] "Tanzania" liliundwa kama mkusanyiko wa majina ya maeneo mawili yaliyoungana kuunda nchi: [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=tanzania {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name tanzania by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tanzania|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Jina lilipatikana kwa mashindano yaliyotangazwa mwaka 1964 na serikali kutafuta jina fupi zaidi kuliko "Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar". Mshindi alikuwa mwenyeji wa Dar es Salaam aliyeitwa [[Mohamed Iqbal Dar]] ([[1944]] - [[2025]]) <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/aliyebuni-jina-tanzania-afariki-dunia-4950694</ref>. Alipendekeza kuunganisha [[herufi]] tatu za kwanza za [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] akafikia "Tanzan". Hakuridhika bado, akaona nchi nyingi za Afrika zina majina yanayoishia na "ia" akaongeza herufi hizi. Mwenyewe alieleza baadaye chaguo lake kwamba aliamua kutumia "I" ya jina lake Iqbal na "A" ya jina la madhehebu yake aliyoyafuata katika Uislamu ya [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/mohammed-iqbal-dar-mbunifu-wa-jina-la-tanzania/|title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mbunifu wa jina la Tanzania|date=2016-03-07|work=Global Publishers|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Jina "Tanganyika" linatokana na maneno ya [[Kiswahili]] "tanga" na "nyika", yakiunda msemo "tanga nyikani". Wakati fulani inaelezwa kama marejeleo ya Ziwa Tanganyika. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Loading...|url=http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|work=home.frognet.net|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> Jina la Zanzibar linatokana na "[[zenji]]", jina la watu wa eneo hilo (inadaiwa lina maana ya "nyeusi"), na neno la Kiarabu "barr", ambalo linamaanisha pwani au ufukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=zanzibar {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name zanzibar by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zanzibar|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Tanzania|Historia ya Zanzibar}} ''(Kuhusu historia ya maeneo ya Tanzania kabla ya 1964 angalia makala za [[Tanganyika (nchi)|Tanganyika]], [[Zanzibar]] na [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]])'' Kabla ya uhuru nchi zote mbili, Tanganyika na Zanzibar, zilikuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Uingereza]] lakini hazikuwa makoloni ya kawaida. Zanzibar ilikuwa na hali ya [[nchi lindwa]] kutokana na mikataba kati ya ma[[sultani]] wa Zanzibar na [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] ([[Uingereza]]). Tanganyika iliwahi kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] halafu ikawa chini ya Uingereza kama [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kutokana na azimio la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lililoweka Tanganyika katika ngazi "B" ya maeneo ya kudhaminiwa. Tanganyika na Zanzibar zilikuwa nchi mbili tofauti hadi [[1964]], zilipoungana na kuwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Hapo kiongozi wa Tanganyika [[Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere]] alipata kuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza na kiongozi wa [[mapinduzi]] ya Zanzibar [[Abedi Amani Karume]] akawa [[Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais]]. Tanzania, chini ya Rais wa awamu ya pili [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] ([[1985]]–[[1995]]) iliruhusu mfumo wa [[vyama vingi vya siasa Tanzania]] na kuanza mpango wa kurekebisha [[uchumi]] kuendana na masharti ya [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha Duniani]]. Rais wa awamu ya tatu, [[Benjamin Mkapa]] ([[1995]]–[[2005]]) aliendeleza mfumo wa uchumi wa [[soko huria]] ambapo mashirika ya umma yalibinafsishwa. Tarehe [[21 Desemba]] [[2005]] [[Jakaya Kikwete]] aliapishwa kuwa Rais wa nne wa taifa ([[2005]]–[[2015]]), naye aliendeleza sera za watangulizi wake akitokea chama hichohicho cha [[CCM]]. Tarehe [[5 Novemba]] 2015 aliapishwa Rais wa awamu ya tano, [[John Magufuli]] (wa CCM vilevile). Kufuatana na kifo chake tarehe [[17 Machi]] [[2021]], makamu wake, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], aliapishwa kuwa Rais wa awamu ya sita. ==Jiografia== {{main|Jiografia ya Tanzania|Maziwa ya Tanzania|Mito ya Tanzania|Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania|Funguvisiwa la Zanzibar}} Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 947,303 (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania ni nchi ya 13 kwa ukubwa barani Afrika na ya 31 kwa ukubwa duniani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html}}</ref> Inapakana na Kenya na Uganda upande wa kaskazini; Rwanda, Burundi, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo upande wa magharibi; na Zambia, Malawi, na Msumbiji upande wa kusini. [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Zana ya kukatia mawe yenye umri wa miaka milioni 1.8 iligunduliwa huko [[Olduvai Gorge]] na kuonyeshwa kwenye [[British Museum]].]] Tanzania iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika na ina ufuo wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] takriban kilomita 424 (885 mi).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean.|url=https://www.fao.org/3/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2022-06-15}}</ref> Pia inajumuisha visiwa kadhaa vya pwani, vikiwemo [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]], na [[Kisiwa cha Mafia|Mafia]]. Tanzania ni nchi yenye sehemu za juu na za chini kabisa barani Afrika: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], wenye urefu wa mita 5,895 (futi 19,341) juu ya usawa wa bahari, na kina cha [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], katika mita 1,471 (futi 4,826) chini ya usawa wa bahari kwa mtiririko huo. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Uhamaji wa Nyumbu [[Serengeti]]]] Tanzania ina milima na misitu minene kaskazini-mashariki, ambako kuna Mlima Kilimanjaro. Nchi iko katika eneo la [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]], hivyo [[Ziwa|maziwa]] yanafunika km² 61,500, yaani 6% za eneo lote la nchi. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi kuna [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ziwa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], ziwa lenye kina kirefu zaidi barani humo, linalojulikana kwa aina yake ya kipekee ya samaki. Upande wa kusini magharibi kuna [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Nyasa]]. Eneo la katikati mwa Tanzania ni uwanda mkubwa, wenye tambarare na ardhi ya kilimo. Ukanda wa mashariki una joto na unyevunyevu, huku Visiwa vya Zanzibar vikiwa karibu. Maporomoko ya maji ya [[Mto Kalambo|Kalambo]] katika mkoa wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Rukwa]] ni maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika, na yanapatikana karibu na ufuo wa kusini-mashariki wa Ziwa Tanganyika kwenye mpaka na Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalambo Falls {{!}} waterfall, East Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en}}</ref> Eneo la [[Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] visiwani Zanzibar ndilo eneo kubwa zaidi la bahari lililohifadhiwa. ==Hali ya hewa== {{Main|Tabia ya nchi Tanzania}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ramani ya Tanzania ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa Köppen]] Hali ya hewa inatofautiana sana ndani ya Tanzania. Katika nyanda za juu, halijoto huanzia 10 hadi 20 °C (50 na 68 °F) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na joto kwa mtiririko huo. {{multiple image |align = right |direction = horizontal |image1 = Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg |caption1 = Tembo akipita karibu na [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] |width1 = 180 |image2 = Ngorongoro Crater.jpg |caption2 = [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]] |width2 = 160 |header_align = centre }} Tanzania hupata [[majira ya joto]] katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] ya [[Desemba]], [[Januari]] na [[Februari]] (25–31 °C au 77.0–87.8 °F) huku kipindi cha baridi zaidi kikitokea kati ya [[Mei]] na [[Agosti]] (15–20 °C au 59–68 °F). Halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 20 °C (68.0 °F). Hali ya hewa ni baridi katika maeneo ya milima mirefu. Tanzania ina vipindi viwili vikuu vya mvua: mvua za [[vuli]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Oktoba]], [[Novemba]] na [[Desemba]] na mvua za [[masika]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Machi]], [[Aprili]] na [[Mei]] ingawa zipo tofauti ndogo kati ya sehemu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075513535|title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March-May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing.|last=Zorita|first=Eduardo|last2=Tilya|first2=Faustine|date=2002|oclc=1075513535}}</ref> Kiasi cha mvua na halijoto husababisha tofauti za aina ya [[uoto wa asili]], [[udongo]] na aina ya [[mazao]] yanayolimwa. Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa nchini Tanzania yanasababisha kuongezeka kwa joto na uwezekano mkubwa wa matukio ya mvua kubwa (kusababisha mafuriko) na vipindi vya ukame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|work=www.climatelinks.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa tayari yanaathiri sekta za kilimo, rasilimali za maji, afya na nishati nchini Tanzania. Kupanda kwa kina cha bahari na mabadiliko ya ubora wa maji kunatarajiwa kuathiri uvuvi na ufugaji wa samaki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416075500/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania}}</ref>[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|Twiga Masai ni mnyama wa taifa la Tanzania]] Tanzania ilitoa [[Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Kukabiliana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (NAPAs) mwaka 2007 kama ilivyoagizwa na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]]. Mwaka 2012, Tanzania ilitoa Mkakati wa Kitaifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ili kukabiliana na wasiwasi unaoongezeka wa athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika mazingira ya kijamii na kiuchumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-04-17|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0}}</ref> ==Wanyamapori na Hifadhi== {{Main|Wanyamapori nchini Tanzania}} {{See also|Mbuga za Taifa la Tanzania}}Tanzania ina takriban 20% ya [[spishi]] za wanyama wengi wa [[Afrika]] wenye [[damu moto]], wanapatikana kwenye mbuga zake za Taifa, hifadhi na [[bahari]]. Hifadhi za Taifa na mbuga za wanyama zimeenea katika eneo la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 42,000 (sq. mi 16,000) na kuunda karibu 38% ya eneo la nchi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Indigenous People in Africa: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights|last=Ridwan|first=Laher|last2=Korir|first2=SingíOei|date=2014-05-05|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ina mbuga 21 za taifa, pamoja na hifadhi mbalimbali za wanyamapori na misitu, ikijumuisha [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]]. Magharibi mwa Tanzania, [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Gombe]] ni kitovu ya uchunguzi unaoendelea wa [[Jane Goodall]] wa tabia ya [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|sokwe]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The official site of the Tanzania National Parks - Gombe Stream National Park|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2014-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|title=Nature's strongholds : the world's greatest wildlife reserves|last=Riley|first=Laura|date=2005|publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press|others=unknown library|isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Tanzania ina [[bioanuwai]] nyingi na ina aina mbalimbali za makazi ya wanyama.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|title=Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands : conservation, management, and sustainable use|last=Stuart|first=S. N.|date=1990|publisher=Gland, Switzerland : IUCN|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2}}</ref> Katika uwanda wa [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti|Serengeti]] nchini Tanzania, [[nyumbu]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), "[[Bovids|''bovids'']]" wengine na [[Punda milia|pundamilia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serengeti wildebeest migration explained with moving map|url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration|work=www.expertafrica.com|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> hushiriki katika uhamaji mkubwa wa kila mwaka. Tanzania ni nyumbani kwa takriban spishi 130 za [[amfibia]] na zaidi ya spishi 275 za wanyama watambaao, wengi wao wanapatikana Tanzania tu na wamejumuishwa katika orodha ya [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020 }}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania ina idadi kubwa ya simba duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 Agosti 2019|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ilikuwa na alama 7.13/10 kwenye [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mwaka 2019, ilishika nafasi ya 54 duniani kati ya nchi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> == Miundo ya muungano == Tangu muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kufanyika mwaka 1964 Tanzania imekuwa na miundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na [[serikali ya muungano]] ikitekeleza [[sheria]] zinazotolewa na [[bunge la Tanzania]]. * [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara haina [[serikali]] wala [[bunge]] la pekee. * [[Zanzibar]] (visiwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake vinavyoratibu mambo yasiyo ya muungano. Mambo yafuatayo yamekubalika kuwa shughuli za muungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, forodha * Bandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu ==Utawala== {{main|Mikoa ya Tanzania|Wilaya za Tanzania}}[[Muundo]] wa [[uongozi]] na [[utawala]] katika kipindi cha [[ukoloni]] ulizingatia mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] baina ya mihimili mitatu ya [[dola]] yaani [[serikali]], [[bunge]] na [[mahakama]]. Tangu [[uhuru]], mgawanyo wa madaraka na uhusiano miongoni mwa mihimili hiyo uliimarishwa kwa kuzingatia wakati, mahitaji ya [[demokrasia]] na misingi ya [[utawala bora]] na umeainishwa pia katika [[katiba]] ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Ibara ya 4 (1). Kuwepo kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] pia kulikuwa hatua ya kuendelea kuimarisha utawala wa ushiriki wa wananchi kadiri mahitaji ya upanuzi wa maono na [[falsafa]] [[duniani]]. [[Ugatuzi]], yaani mgawanyo wa kiutawala, unafuata Katiba ya nchi I 2.2. Tanzania imegawiwa kwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] 31. Kila [[mkoa]] huwa na [[wilaya]] ndani yake. Jumla ya wilaya ni 169, ambazo kati yake 34 ni miji. Ndani ya wilaya kuna ngazi za [[tarafa]] na [[kata]]. Chini ya kata kuna [[vijiji]] na wakati mwingine ngazi ya chini tena ambayo ni vitongoji. {| class="wikitable" !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Ramani ya mikoa |- |[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] |[[Arusha]] |[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |[[Mwanza]] | rowspan="15" |{{Tanzania_Regions_Labelled_Map|width=450}} |- |[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]] |[[Njombe]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] |[[Dodoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] |[[Wete]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] |[[Geita]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] |[[Chake Chake]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] |[[Iringa]] |[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] |[[Kibaha]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] |[[Bukoba]] |[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] |[[Sumbawanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] |[[Mpanda]] |[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |[[Songea]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] |[[Kigoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] |[[Shinyanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] |[[Moshi]] |[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] |[[Bariadi]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] |[[Lindi]] |[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |[[Singida]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] |[[Babati]] |[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] |[[Tabora]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] |[[Musoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] |[[Tanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] |[[Mbeya]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Zanzibar Kati/Kusini]] |[[Koani]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] |[[Morogoro]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] |[[Mkokotoni]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] |[[Mtwara]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Magharibi]] |[[Zanzibar]] |} == Demografia == [[File:Human_population_density_Tanzania.png|thumb|Msongamano wa watu nchini mwaka 2022.|300x300px]] Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kwa wastani kuna mtu mmoja tu kwa kilomita ya mraba (1/km²), lakini sehemu zenye [[rutuba]] za [[bara]], kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba na katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ni 3,133 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Asilimia 70 hivi huishi [[kijiji|vijijini]], ingawa uhamiaji mijini unakwenda kasi.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration". thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> ===Makabila=== Jamii nyingi za watu zimeishi na kushirikiana katika eneo la Tanzania bara kwa [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Picha:Sukump1.jpg|thumb|300px|Wasukuma ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini.]] Kati ya jamii hizo, nyingi zilikuja kutoka maeneo mengine ya Afrika. Nyingi katika jamii zilizohamia sehemu hii ziliingia katika makundi madogomadogo kwa [[amani]], ingawa ziko zilizoingia kwa njia ya [[uvamizi]] na [[vita]]. Baadhi ya jamii zilizovamiwa zilijihami na kuwazuia wahamiaji wasiendelee kuteka maeneo mengine. Kufikia mwaka [[1884]], wakati Wajerumani walipoanza harakati za kufanya sehemu hii ya Afrika kuwa [[koloni]] lao, kulikuwa na [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya 120 katika eneo la Tanzania bara. Kuna [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125 hivi]]. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[moja]] ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]], [[Waha]], [[Wagogo]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wamakonde]]. Jambo la pekee kuhusu jamii zilizoishi na zinazoendelea kuishi Tanzania ni kwamba wakazi asili wanawakilisha makundi yote makuu manne ya [[lugha]] barani Afrika.<ref>Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1967–. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.</ref> 1. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni wa jamii ya [[Wabantu]] (k.m. Wazaramo, Wapare na Wapogoro). 2. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. 3. Kundi lingine ni makabila ya [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi kaskazini mwa Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wairaqw]], [[Wafiome]], [[Wasi]] na [[Waburunge]]. 4. Kuna kundi la [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya [[Botswana]] na [[Namibia]]; wanaitwa [[Wasandawe]] . Hatimaye kuna [[Wahadzabe]] wachache ambao [[utafiti]] wa [[DNA]] umeonyesha hivi karibuni wana uhusiano wa asili na [[Watwa]] wa nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Pia kuna asilimia ndogo ya watu wenye asili ya nje ya bara la [[Afrika]], kwa mfano [[Wahindi]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waindochina]], [[Wafarsi]], [[Wachina]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waingereza]]. Hii ilisababishwa na karne za mchanganyiko wa mahitaji ya biashara yaliyofanywa na mabara ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] hapo [[Afrika]]. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} === Lugha === {{main|Orodha ya lugha za Tanzania}} Nchini Tanzania kuna [[lugha]] za [[kabila|kikabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini, kwa kuwa kila kabila lina lugha yake. [[Kiswahili]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na inazidi kuwa [[lugha mama]]<ref>Kadiri ya Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 tayari Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza kwa asilimia 10 za wananchi</ref> kwa [[watoto]] wengi, hasa mijini.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.</ref> Walau asilimia 90 za wakazi wanakitumia walau kama [[lugha ya pili]]. Kiswahili ni mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]: hii imesaidia sana kukubaliwa kwa Kiswahili nchini, kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya Watanzania ni wasemaji wa lugha za [[Kibantu]]. Kiswahili kinatumika kama lugha baina ya watu wa makabila mbalimbali na kwa mambo rasmi; kwa hiyo ni lugha rasmi ya [[dhati]]. Baada ya [[uhuru]], [[Kiingereza]] (iliyokuwa lugha ya [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] kabla ya [[uhuru]]) iliendelea kutumika kwa mambo kadhaa rasmi na kwa [[elimu]] kuanzia [[sekondari]] ingawa sera mpya inataka Kiswahili kishike nafasi yake hadi [[chuo kikuu]];<ref>"Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</ref> kwa hiyo ilichukuliwa kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pamoja na Kiswahili. Lakini utumizi rasmi wa Kiingereza umepungua katika milongo iliyopita, na sasa utumizi huu karibu umekwisha. Kwa hiyo siku hizi ni kawaida zaidi kuchukulia Kiswahili kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pekee. [[Sera]] mpya ya elimu inakusudia kufanya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya kufundishia]] katika ngazi zote kufikia mwaka [[2024]]. === Dini === [[File:Cathedral of Arusha.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la Arusha]] {{Main|Dini nchini Tanzania}} Nchi haina [[dini rasmi]] na [[katiba]] ya Tanzania inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote. Mara nyingi idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] hutajwa kuwa [[theluthi]] moja [[Uislamu|Waislamu]], theluthi moja [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na theluthi moja wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Lakini tangu [[uhuru]] swali la dini ya wananchi halijaulizwa tena katika [[sensa]], kwa hiyo kadirio la theluthi-theluthi inawezekana ni zaidi azimio la kisiasa. Kwenye funguvisiwa la [[Zanzibar]] idadi ya Waislamu huaminiwa kuwa takriban 97%. == Usafiri == [[Picha:Barabara Tanzania Ruvuma wakati wa mvua Tamino 2012.jpg|350px|left|thumbnail|Usafiri wa Tanzania: Kusukuma [[basi]] wakati wa [[mvua]] kwenye [[barabara]] ya kwenda [[Mbamba Bay]] (mwaka 2012)]] {{Main|Usafiri wa Tanzania}} Usafiri nchini Tanzania ni hasa kwa njia ya [[barabara]]. Nyingine ni [[reli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]]. Kwenye [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika|maziwa makubwa]] na [[pwani]] ya Bahari Hindi kuna pia usafiri wa [[meli]]. Hadi sasa idadi ya barabara za [[lami]] si kubwa. Kuna hasa njia nzuri kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Mbeya]] katika kusini-magharibi, Dodoma katika kitovu cha nchi, Arusha / Tanga katika kaskazini-mashariki. Kusini-Mashariki na Magharibi ya nchi kwa jumla haina barabara nzuri na [[mawasiliano]] ni magumu. Mashirika mawili ya reli yanayohudumia Tanzania: ni TRC ([[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] - ''Tanzania Railways Corporation'') na [[TAZARA]] (''Tanzania-Zambia Railways Corporation''). TRC imetawala reli ya kati kuanzia Dar es Salaam hadi [[Kigoma]] halafu reli ya Tanga kati ya Tanga na Arusha. Tazara imeunganisha Dar es Salaam na kusini ya nchi hadi Zambia. Zote hazikutunzwa vizuri na usafiri unakumbwa na huduma mbaya pamoja na [[ajali]]. Huduma kwa ndege zinatumia hasa viwanja vya ndege 11 vyenye barabara ya lami kwa ajili ya ndege, hasa [[Uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Julius Nyerere/Dar es Salaam]], [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro/Arusha-Moshi]] na [[Zanzibar]]-Kisauni. Pia kuna viwanja vingine vya ndege kama vile uwanja wa ndege wa Mwanza, Bukoba na Kigoma. Usafiri wa majini pia unafanyika hasa katika bahari ya Hindi, ingawa hakuna meli ya serikali hapo na mashirika binafsi hutoa huduma. Usafiri wa majini hufanyika pia katika maziwa ya Viktoria, Tanganyika na Nyasa. Miongoni mwa meli ni [[MV Bukoba]] iliyozama tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[1996]] pamoja na abiria karibu 1,000 na [[MV Nyerere]] iliyozama tarehe [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]] pamoja na abiria zaidi ya 200. Katika ziwa Tanganyika ipo meli ya Mv Liemba ambayo ilianza kutumika tangia kipindi cha ukoloni wa Wajerumani: inatoa huduma kati ya miji ya mwambao wa ziwa Tanganyika na nchi jirani. Mwaka 2017 ulianza ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ya njia ya [[geji sanifu]] nchini Tanzania inayolenga kuunganisha [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Morogoro]].<ref>[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-railway-construction/2560-3801608-6plii9/index.html Turkish, Portuguese firms win bid to construct Tanzania’s SGR], tovuti ya theeastafrican.co.ke ya 6 Februari 2017, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Njia hii inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi [[Mwanza]] na hatimaye hadi [[Burundi]]. == Urithi wa Dunia == [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Mchoro wa mwaka [[1572]] ukionyesha mji wa [[Kilwa]] ulivyokuwa wakati huo.]] Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (mwaka wa kukubaliwa – jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Ngorongoro]]. * 1981 – [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. * 1981 – Magofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara. * 1982 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Selous]]. * 1987 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Hifadhi ya Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. * 2000 – [[Mji Mkongwe]] wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]]. * 2006 – [[Michoro ya Kondoa]]. == Utamaduni na Sanaa == {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kitanzania}} === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Tanzania}} Kuna aina zaidi ya tano za muziki nchini Tanzania, kama zilivyofafanuliwa na [[BASATA]] ni pamoja na [[Ngoma (muziki)|ngoma]] [[Ngoma za asili|(ngoma za asili]]), [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[kwaya]] (muziki wa injili), [[taarab]], na [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] ([[Muziki wa pop|pop]]/[[Hip hop ya Kitanzania|hip hop]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania|last=Askew|first=Kelly|last2=Askew|first2=Professor Kelly|date=2002-07-28|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C|title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam|last=Ivaska|first=Andrew|date=2011-01-25|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5|language=en}}</ref> Ngoma ni muziki wa dansi wa kitamaduni, ngoma hutofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Garland Handbook of African Music|last=Stone|first=Ruth M.|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90001-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage|last=Edmondson|first=Laura|date=2007-07-20|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11705-2|language=en}}</ref> Dansi ni muziki wa bendi unatokana na muziki wa [[soukous]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (au "rumba ya kikongo").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahenge|first=Elizabeth|date=2022-04-16|title=Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990|url=http://www.journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/mj/article/view/4823|journal=Mulika Journal|language=SW|volume=40|issue=2}}</ref> Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa bendi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwaya ni muziki ambao asili yake ni [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. Bongo flava ni muziki wa pop wa Tanzania uliozaliwa na [[muziki wa kizazi kipya]], unajumuisha [[reggae]], [[R&B|RnB]], na [[Hip Hop|hip hop]], uliochanganywa na vionjo vya asili (flava) lakini tangu wakati huo umekua na kuwa muziki wa kipekee wa maeneo ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika|Maziwa Makuu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kerr|first=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> Asili mbalimbali za ushawishi zimesaidia kufanya bongo flava kuwa muziki maarufu zaidi Afrika Mashariki, na muziki mmojawapo kati ya ile maarufu zaidi katika bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suriano|first=M.|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’ Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118|journal=Africa Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=3-4|pages=113–126|doi=10.4314/ad.v36i3-4|issn=0850-3907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perullo|first=Alex|date=2005|title=Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=75–101|issn=0001-9887}}</ref> [[Picha:SitiBintiSaad_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mwimbaji wa Tanzania [[Siti Binti Saad]] ]] Tangu kuundwa kwa Tanzania hadi 1993, kurekodi na usambazaji wote wa muziki ulisimamiwa kikamilifu na [[Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania|BASATA]], hasa kupitia [[Radio Tanzania Dar Es Salaam|Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ|title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis|last=Brennan|first=James|last2=Burton|first2=Yus|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-107-3|language=en}}</ref> Ni aina 4 tu za muziki za Kitanzania zilizoruhusiwa kurekodiwa au kutangazwa, ambazo wakati huo zilikuwa ngoma, taarab, kwaya na dansi. Sheria ya Huduma za Utangazaji ya 1993 iliruhusu mitandao ya kibinafsi ya matangazo na studio za kurekodi.<ref>{{Cite web|date={{date|1994-06-11|mdy}}|type=Act|title=THE BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT, 1993|language=en|url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-17|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haya ni mojawapo ya mabadiliko muhimu zaidi katika tasnia ya muziki ya Tanzania tangu kuanzishwa kwa nchi miaka 30 kabla.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ|title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|date=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00150-4|location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]]|access-date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Miaka michache kabla ya Act ya 1993, muziki wa hip hop ulikuwa umeanza kuimarika katika miji ya Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha na Mwanza. Ilikuwa ikianza mageuzi kutoka kwenye hip hop ya Kiingereza huko Uzunguni, maeneo tajiri kama Oysterbay na Masaki pamoja na shule za kimataifa, hadi kizazi kipya [[Uswahilini]], vitongoji maskini na kutumia Kiswahili.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web|last1=Nne|first1=Juma|title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer|url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/|website=Africanhiphop.com|access-date=5 Juni 2022|language=en|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya kufunguliwa kwa mawimbi ya redio, bongo flava ilizaliwa ikienea kwa haraka kote nchini, na katika Maziwa Makuu.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=30|issue=1|page=65-80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> === Fasihi === {{Main|Fasihi ya Tanzania}} Utamaduni wa kifasihi wa Tanzania kimsingi ni wa simulizi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania|last=Otiso|first=Kefa M.|date=2013-01-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08708-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|68}} Tanzu na vipera maaarufu vya [[Fasihi simulizi|fasihi simuliz]]<nowiki/>i ni pamoja na [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]], [[Shairi|mashairi]], [[mafumbo]], [[methali]] na [[nyimbo]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|69}}  Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya fasihi simulizi iliyorekodiwa Tanzania ni ya Kiswahili, ingawa lugha za [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila ya Tanzania]] zina mapokeo yake ya simulizi.  Fasihi simulizi ya nchi imekuwa ikipungua kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya muundo wa jamii, na kufanya uwasilishaji wa fasihi simulizi kuwa mgumu zaidi, pia teknolojia za kisasa zinachangia kushushwa kwa thamani ya fasihi simulizi.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68-9}} Utamaduni wa kuandika na kusoma [[vitabu]] umeenea nchini Tanzania. [[Fasihi andishi]] nyingi za Kitanzania ni za [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]].<ref name=":0" /> {{rp|75}} Watu mashuhuri katika fasihi andishi ya Tanzania ni pamoja na [[Shaaban Robert]] (anatambulika kama baba wa [[fasihi ya Kiswahili]]), [[Muhammed Saley Farsy]], [[Faraji Katalambulla]], Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis]], [[Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed]], [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], na [[Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|76-8}} [[Picha:Makonde elephant.jpg|thumb|150px|Bombwe la Kimakonde: Tembo]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]]|thumb]] === Uchoraji na Uchongaji === Mitindo miwili ya sanaa ya Tanzania imepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref name="Doling">{{Cite book|title=Tanzania Arts Directory|last=Doling|first=Tim|date=1999|publisher=Visiting Arts|isbn=9781902349114|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>   [[Uchoraji]] wa [[Tingatinga (uchoraji)|Tingatinga]] umejulikana tangu [[miaka ya 1970]]. Mtindo huo umepewa [[jina]] la [[mwanzilishi]] wake, mchoraji wa Kitanzania [[Edward Tingatinga|Edward Said Tingatinga]]. Kwa ujumla michoro ya Tingatinga inayoonyesha watu, wanyama, au maisha ya kila siku.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Doling" /> Baada ya kifo cha Tingatinga mwaka wa 1972, wasanii wengine walikubali na kuendeleza mtindo wake, na aina hiyo sasa ndiyo mtindo muhimu zaidi unaolenga utalii katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|113}}<ref name="Doling" /> [[Uchongaji]] wa [[mabombwe ya Kimakonde]] yamesifiwa tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]]. [[Wamakonde]] wengi wamehamia [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es salaam]] au [[Arusha]] wanapohudumia soko la [[watalii]] na soko la nje. === Michezo === {{Main|Michezo ya Tanzania}} Mchezo maarufu nchini Tanzania ni [[mpira wa miguu]]. Ingawa mpira wa miguu ([[kandanda]]) unaongoza kwa ufuasi mkubwa miongoni mwa vijana, michezo mingine kama vile [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mchezo wa ngumi]] na [[riadha]] inazidi kuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36|title=Tanzania|last=Wairagala|first=Wakabi|date=2004|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|title=Tanzania in Pictures|last=Pritchett|first=Bev|date=2007-12-15|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|language=en}}</ref> Baraza la Michezo la Taifa ndicho chombo kinachosimamia michezo nchini chini ya Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Michezo na Utamaduni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSC should perfect all sports categories|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/nsc-should-perfect-all-sports-categories/|work=Tanzania Sports|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania]] ([[TFF]]) ni chombo kinachosimamia mpira wa miguu nchini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Association - Tanzania - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-07-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220736/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about}}</ref> Vilabu maarufu vya soka la kulipwa jijini Dar es Salaam ni [[Young Africans S.C|Young Africans F.C]]. na [[Simba S.C.|Simba S.C]]. Wachezaji wa kandanda ambao wamechezea klabu kubwa za kigeni ni pamoja na [[Mbwana Samatta]], [[Kelvin John]], na [[Morice Abraham]]. Tanzania iliandaa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika U-17 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U17 AFCON - Asante Sana Tanzania!!!|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/u17-afcon-asante-sana-tanzania|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=CAF-Confedération Africaine du Football}}</ref> Soka la wanawake ni mchezo unaokuwa kwa kasi zaidi Tanzania. Utamaduni wa wanawake kucheza mpira wa miguu umeanza kueleweka kwa wengie. [[Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Tanzania]], Taifa Queens ni bingwa wa [[Michuano ya CECAFA kwa Wanawake]] kwa mwaka 2016 na mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania win Cecafa Women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37409082|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania retain Cecafa Women's Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44987890|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> Michuano hii huandaliwa na [[Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] (CECAFA). Timu ya taifa ya wanawake chini ya miaka 17 'Serengeti Girls' ilifuzu kucheza [[Michuano ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake]] nchini [[India]] mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serengeti Girls yatinga Kombe la Dunia|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/michezo/serengeti-girls-yatinga-kombe-la-dunia-3839528|work=Mwananchi|accessdate=17 Desemba 2024|date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Hasheem Thabeet ni Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani|Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Marekani]] ([[NBA]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasheem Thabeet Stats|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>[[Mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa Tanzania wa mbio za kati, [[Filbert Bayi|Filbert Bayi Sanka]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filbert BAYI {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/tanzania/filbert-bayi-14347725|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> mwaka 1974 aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya mita 1500]], na mwaka wa [[1975]] aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya maili moja]].<ref>{{Citation|title=1975 Miracle Mile: Filbert Bayi runs 3:51.0|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK3d7Ckh2o|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayi's record may be gone but it should never be forgotten|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13143168.bayis-record-may-gone-never-forgotten/|work=HeraldScotland|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mita 1500. === Filamu === Tanzania ina tasnia maarufu ya [[filamu]] inayojulikana kwa jina la "[[Bongo Movie]]".<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/}}</ref> Studio nyingi za utayarishaji filamu za Kitanzania ziko Dar es Salaam. Kabla ya uhuru wa Tanzania mwaka 1961, baadhi ya sinema za kigeni zilirekodiwa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]] huandaa maonyesho ya filamu, warsha, muziki pamoja na sanaa zingine za maigizo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 9a1f2bjh6f1atxfawc4qamm1s8pd3ye 0 198312 1581792 1389279 2026-07-26T02:06:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581792 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyllis Sinclair''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa Kifolki kutoka kwa [[kabila]] la Cree, [[Kanada]]. Yeye ni [[mwimbaji]] mwenye hali ya kijamii inayozungumzia hali ya jamii, na ameonyeshwa kwenye jarida la ''Maverick Magazine'' la [[Uingereza]].<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20131024194221/http://aboriginalpeopleschoice.com/artists/phyllis-sinclair/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canab.com/mainpages/events/musicawards_files/2011/winners/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-01-22 |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202235213/https://canab.com/mainpages/events/musicawards_files/2011/winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024194221/http://aboriginalpeopleschoice.com/artists/phyllis-sinclair/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] bpgvuu0ppecoivvk7vp788w2mfj07lp 1581825 1581792 2026-07-26T06:16:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyllis Sinclair''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa [[nyimbo]] wa Kifolki kutoka kwa [[kabila]] la Cree, [[Kanada]]. Yeye ni [[mwimbaji]] mwenye hali ya kijamii inayozungumzia hali ya jamii, na ameonyeshwa kwenye jarida la ''Maverick Magazine'' la [[Uingereza]].<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20131024194221/http://aboriginalpeopleschoice.com/artists/phyllis-sinclair/</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.canab.com/mainpages/events/musicawards_files/2011/winners/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2025-01-22 |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202235213/https://canab.com/mainpages/events/musicawards_files/2011/winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131024194221/http://aboriginalpeopleschoice.com/artists/phyllis-sinclair/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Kanada]] mwqklvcuqtgzvmpbmp7wjtzibpd67fh 0 199552 1581748 1522218 2026-07-25T16:04:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nikola Stakic''' (alizaliwa Januari 26, [[1998]]) ni mchezaji wa soka kutoka [[Kanada]] ambaye kwa sasa anachezea timu ya Alliance United FC katika Ligi ya kwanza ya [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thevarsity.ca/2019/10/06/nikola-stakich-on-leading-the-mens-soccer-team/|title=Nikola Stakic on leading the men’s soccer team|first=Vincent|last=Ruan|date=October 6, 2019|work=[[The Varsity (newspaper)|The Varsity]]|accessdate=2025-02-01|archive-date=2025-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201075858/https://thevarsity.ca/2019/10/06/nikola-stakich-on-leading-the-mens-soccer-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://varsityblues.ca/sports/mens-soccer/roster/nikola-stakic/13651|title=Nikola Stakic Varsity Blues profile}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://varsityblues.ca/news/2021/11/11/mens-soccer-three-blues-named-oua-all-stars.aspx|title=Three Blues named OUA All-Stars|work=[[Toronto Varsity Blues]]|date=November 11, 2021}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1998|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Kanada]] 2d9hg330qeun3j46snosmvi6myg20n0 0 204876 1581832 1525009 2026-07-26T07:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Samuel Burl Kinison''' (/ˈkɪnɪsən/ KIN-iss-ən; [[8 Desemba]] [[1953]] – [[10 Aprili]] [[1992]]) alikuwa mcheshi wa kumudu simama na [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Marekani]]. Mhubiri wa zamani wa Kipentekoste, alifanya taratibu za kumudu simama ambazo zilijulikana kwa kumudu tirades za ghafla za [[nguvu]], zilizojazwa na kilio chake cha pekee, sawa na wahubiri wa karismatiki. Awali akicheza bila malipo, Kinison alikua mtu wa kawaida katika The Comedy Store, ambapo alikutana na hatimaye akawa rafiki na wacheshi kama Robin Williams na Jim Carrey. Ucheshi wa Kinison ulikuwa wa uchunguzi wa kejeli, hasa kuelekea wanawake na uchumba, na umaarufu wake ulikua haraka, na kumudu pelekea kuonekana kwenye "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson," "Late Night with David Letterman" na "Saturday Night Live." Katika kilele cha kazi yake mapema 1992, aliuawa katika ajali ya gari, akiwa na umri wa miaka 38.<ref name="Grammy">{{cite web|url= https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/sam-kinison/3786|title=Artist Sam Kinison|work=Grammy.com|access-date=October 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TVGuide">{{cite web|url= https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/sam-kinison/bio/210509/|title=Sam Kinison |work=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=October 26, 2020}}</ref> Kinison alipokea uteuzi wa Grammy mnamo 1988 kwa wimbo wa "Wild Thing" kutoka albamu yake ya "Have You Seen Me Lately?," na ushindi wa baada ya kifo mnamo 1994 kwa Albamu Bora ya Ucheshi ya Neno la Kusema, "Live from Hell."<ref name="biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/sam-kinison-424006 |title=Sam Kinison, Comedian (1953–1992) |publisher=[[A+E Networks]] |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> == Maisha == Samuel Burl Kinison alizaliwa Yakima, Washington, tarehe [[8 Desemba]] [[1953]], mwana wa Marie Florence (née Morrow) na Samuel Earl Kinison, mhubiri wa Kipentekoste. Familia ilihamia East Peoria, Illinois, wakati Kinison alikuwa na umri wa miezi mitatu. Akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, Kinison aligongwa na lori, ambalo lilimudu achia na uharibifu wa ubongo na kifafa. [[Baba]] yake alihudumu katika makanisa kadhaa kote nchini, akipokea mapato kidogo. Kinison alikuwa na kaka wawili wakubwa, Richard na Bill, na kaka mdogo, Kevin. [[Wazazi]] wake walitalikiana wakati Kinison alikuwa na miaka 11 baada ya hapo kaka yake Bill akaenda kuishi na baba yake huku Kinison akibaki na familia yote iliyosalia, licha ya pingamizi zake. Bill alielezea hili kama chanzo cha hasira nyingi za Sam. Kinison baadaye alihudhuria [[Shule]] ya Upili ya Jumuiya ya East Peoria huko East Peoria.<ref name="pjs-called">{{cite news |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x1356915489/Luciano-Comedian-called-this-home |title=Comedian called this 'home' |first=Phil |last=Luciano |work=[[Peoria Journal Star]] |date=April 10, 2012 |page=B1 |access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/performer/sam-kinison |title=Sam Kinison - Movies, Wild Thing & Wife |publisher=biography.com |date=April 2, 2014 |access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/sam-kinisons-sad-scream-brothers-tale-goes-beyond-the-wild-performer/article_8f011594-f380-5394-9a57-dd25ed8b6c31.html |title=SAM KINISON'S SAD SCREAM BROTHER'S TALE GOES BEYOND THE WILD PERFORMER |publisher=buffalonews.com |date=August 21, 1994 |access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref> Kinison na ndugu zake walimudu iga baba yao kwa kuwa wahubiri wa Kipentekoste. Kati ya [[1968]] na [[1969]], Kinison alihudhuria Kituo cha Mafunzo ya Biblia cha Pinecrest, shule ya biblia ya miaka mitatu isiyoidhinishwa, iliyoko Salisbury Center, [[New York]]. Mama yake alimuoa mhubiri mwingine na kuhamia Tulsa, Oklahoma, ambapo Kinison aliishi kwa muda. Alihubiri tangu umri wa miaka 17 hadi 24 na rekodi za mahubiri yake zinaonyesha kwamba alitumia mtindo wa "''moto na kiberiti,''" uliojaa kelele zinazofanana na zile ambazo baadaye angetumia katika taratibu zake za kumudu simama. Kaka yake Bill, hata hivyo, alibainisha kuwa "cha kushangaza, hakuwa na uwepo wa jukwaani" na hakuwa na mafanikio makubwa katika kupata pesa kutoka kwa kuhubiri, kwani alikuwa na wasiwasi zaidi na kumudu fanya mahubiri kuwa na taarifa zaidi kuliko burudani. Baada ya Kinison na mke wake wa kwanza kutalikiana, aliacha kuhubiri na akaanza kumudu cheka.<ref name="gq">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2012-04/20/sam-kinison-tribute-death-wild-thing-quotes-video/viewall |magazine=[[GQ]] |date=April 20, 2012 |title=Icon: Sam Kinison |last=Jones |first=Dylan |access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.megiloth.com/thoughts_and_opinions/social_commentary/samkinison.htm |title=Leader of the Banned |publisher=Megiloth.com |date=December 8, 1953 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |archive-date=2015-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105135652/http://www.megiloth.com/thoughts_and_opinions/social_commentary/samkinison.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://recoverycomedy.com/promo-andy-huggins.html |title=Recovery Comedy is proud to present Andy Huggins |publisher=Recovery Comedy |access-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://recoverycomedy.com/promo-jimmy-pineapple.html |title=Recovery Comedy is proud to present Jimmy Pineapple |publisher=Recovery Comedy |access-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6069058/ |title=Kinison: The Scream Continues (2016) |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/02/arts/nine-comedians-appear-on-dangerfield-special.html |title=Nine Comedians Appear On Dangerfield Special |work=[[The New York Times]] |author-link=Stephen Holden |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=August 2, 1985 |access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref> == Kazi == Kinison alianza kazi yake huko Houston, Texas, ambapo alicheza katika vilabu vidogo. Alikua mwanachama wa kikundi cha vicheshi katika Warsha ya Vichekesho, inayojulikana kama Texas Outlaw Comics, ambayo ilijumuisha Bill Hicks, Ron Shock, Riley Barber, Steve Epstein, Andy Huggins, John Farneti, na Jimmy Pineapple. Hicks alimudu taja Kinison kama ushawishi mkubwa katika mtindo wake wa vicheshi, akibainisha kuwa "Alikuwa mtu wa kwanza ambaye niliwahi kumudu ona akienda jukwaani na kwa njia yoyote asimuulize hadhira imupende." Mnamo 1980, Kinison alihamia Los Angeles akitumaini kupata kazi katika The Comedy Store, lakini kwanza aliajiriwa kama mlindaji wa mlango. Muda si muda akaendeleza uraibu wa kokeini na pombe, haraka akiendelea hadi kumudu basa kokeini bila malipo, na akapambana kupata nafasi katika [[Biashara]] hiyo hadi kaka yake Bill alipohamia Los Angeles kumudu saidia kusimamia kazi yake. [[Mafanikio]] yake makubwa yalikuja kwenye HBO ya Rodney Dangerfield's Ninth Annual Young Comedians Special mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1985]]. Baada ya kubainisha uigizaji wa Bob Nelson, mhakiki Stephen Holden wa The New York Times aliandika, "wa vicheshi wengine wanane anayevutia zaidi ni Sam Kinison mwenye vicheshi vya kejeli sana. Bw. Kinison ana utaalam katika kilio cha wanyama cha kutisha ambacho kinaweza kuelezewa kama kilio cha msingi cha [[Mwanaume|mwanamume]] aliyeoa." Kinison baadaye angeonekana katika filamu ya Rodney Dangerfield "Back to School" mnamo 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_VURr6jnWQ |title=Sam Kinison First Appearance on Letterman |date=June 3, 2006 |publisher=YouTube |access-date= May 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/archive/2007/apr/12/sam-kinisons-wild-ride/|title=Sam Kinison's Wild Ride - Las Vegas Weekly|website=lasvegasweekly.com|date=April 12, 2007|accessdate=2025-03-10|archive-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007174739/https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/archive/2007/apr/12/sam-kinisons-wild-ride/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Souiri |first1=Sabrina |title=PTSD Awareness Podcast and Raw Story Telling |url=https://www.sabrinasouiri.com/ |website=Sabrina Souiri .com |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824102335/https://www.sabrinasouiri.com/ |archive-date=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="alamy/412239677">{{cite web |last1=Dominguez |first1=Ralph\ |title=Sam Kinison, sister Sabrina Kinison and wife Malika Souiri (right) attend the 17th Annual American Music Awards at the Shrine Auditorium |url=https://www.alamy.com/sam-kinison-sister-sabrina-kinson-and-wife-malika-souiri-right-attend-the-17th-annual-american-music-awards-on-january-22-1990-at-the-shrine-auditorium-in-los-angeles-california-credit-ralph-dominguezmediapunch-image412239677.html |website=alamy.com |access-date=31 October 2023 |location=Los Angeles, California |language=en |date=January 22, 1990}}</ref><ref name="lasvegasweekly/Kinison-Oral-History">*{{cite news |last1=Seabaugh |first1=Julie |title=Oral history of Sam Kinison 1: AAAHHH! AAAHHH! |url=https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/archive/2007/may/09/aaahhh-aaahhh/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=Las Vegas Weekly |date=May 9, 2007}} *{{cite news |last1=Seabaugh |first1=Julie |title=Oral history of Sam Kinison 2: Wild Ride |url=https://lasvegasweekly.com/news/archive/2007/apr/12/sam-kinisons-wild-ride/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=Las Vegas Weekly |quote=Sabrina Stephan (formerly Souiri), comic and Vegas native: Initially (sister Malika and I) were bored on tour, so I came up with a shtick to get us on the show. I go, "He has a water glass. Notice?" She goes, "Yeah, so?" I go, "We're Vegas performers. We can do this." So he reaches for his water glass and it's not there. He looks in the wings and me and Malika are dressed in these ridiculous costumes. I came out with the pitcher; she comes out with the glass. We did it all showy, like the Arabs do, you know, they pour the water high. And he's like, "Malika and Sabrina, ladies and gentlemen!" Then he's like, "That was just too funny. Let's keep doing it!" The costumes became more outrageous. |date=April 12, 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 6sd2gd1z2tjtt17utdgyzg4zc1nvq4o 0 207829 1581717 1522157 2026-07-25T15:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581717 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Nicholas Omonuk</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Kuzaliwa | class="infobox-data" | 1999 (umri 25–26)<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Pallisa, Mashariki mwa Uganda</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Utaifa | class="infobox-data category" | wa Uganda |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Elimu | class="infobox-data" | Shahada ya Kwanza katika Uchumi wa Ardhi, Tathmini ya Ardhi na Mali (Upimaji) |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" | Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Kazi | class="infobox-data role" | Mwanaharakati wa haki ya hali ya hewa |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shirika | class="infobox-data org" | Komesha Mabaki ya Mafuta Uganda |} '''Nicholas Omonuk''' (alizaliwa 1999 hivi) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-12-17|title=Park Platz|url=https://www.park-platz.org/de/agenda/lokal-aber-global-vernetzt-gemeinsam-gegen-die-klimakrise|accessdate=2025-03-30|work=www.park-platz.org|language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Christian climate campaigners target insurance firms|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2024/1-november/news/uk/christian-climate-campaigners-target-insurance-firms|accessdate=2025-03-30|work=www.churchtimes.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Giving young people a public voice: a conversation with Ugandan climate/biodiversity activist Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://georgianbayearthdays.org/2024/05/giving-young-people-a-public-voice-a-conversation-with-ugandan-climate-biodiversity-activist-nicholas-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> ni mwanaharakati wa [[haki za hali ya hewa]] nchini [[Uganda]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omonuk determined to get global voice for climate justice|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/climate-change/206997/omonuk-determined-to-get-global-voice-for-climate-justic|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en|author=Muhamadi Matovu}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=What do we want? Der Klimastreik – von Systemwandel bis Klimagerechtigkeit|last=Hermann|first=Cyrill|date=2024|publisher=Rotpunktverlag|isbn=978-3-03973-041-4|edition=1. Auflage 2024|location=Zürich}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nicholas Omonuk, Author at African Arguments|url=https://africanarguments.org/author/nicholas-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}</ref> na mwanzilishi wa End Fossil Occupy Uganda, harakati inayotetea kuondolewa kwa matumizi ya mafuta ya visukuku na mpito wa haki (mchakato wa kubadilisha uchumi na jamii kuelekea uendelevu huku ikihakikisha haki na usawa kwa wote, hasa wale walio katika mazingira magumu zaidi dhidi ya mabadiliko) barani Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uganda's Fight for Climate Justice Spearheaded by Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|work=Uganda Timez|date=2024-07-10|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US|author=Jordan Luke|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513142551/https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govts asked to invest in renewable energies to mitigate climate change|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/agriculture/govts-asked-to-invest-in-renewable-energies-t-NV_159249|work=New Vision|date=2023-04-29|accessdate=2025-06-15|author=object Object}}</ref> Omonuk ana shahada ya Uchumi wa Ardhi kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Giving young people a public voice: a conversation with Ugandan climate/biodiversity activist Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://georgianbayearthdays.org/2024/05/giving-young-people-a-public-voice-a-conversation-with-ugandan-climate-biodiversity-activist-nicholas-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERVIEW Reality Check: Why deregulation fuels climate injustice with Nick Omonuk|url=https://corporatejustice.org/news/interview-reality-check-why-deregulation-fuels-climate-injustice-with-nick-omonuk/|work=ECCJ|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> na ameshiriki katika kampeni na mikutano ya kimataifa ya hali ya hewa,<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=M0kEEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Cyrill+Hermann%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=What do we want?: Der Klimastreik – von Systemwandel bis Klimagerechtigkeit|last=Hermann|first=Cyrill|date=2025-04-07|publisher=Rotpunktverlag|isbn=978-3-03973-047-6|language=de}}</ref> ikijumuisha matukio ya hali ya hewa ya kimataifa kama vile Jukwaa la Ulaya la Alpbach <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=https://www.alpbach.org/|accessdate=2025-06-14|work=European Forum Alpbach|language=en}}</ref> nchini [[Austria]], <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wallner|first=26 08 2023 um 03:00 von Eva Winroither und Anna|date=2023-08-25|title=#4: Ein Streit übers Fliegen und ein Afrikaner, der den...|url=https://www.diepresse.com/14429728/4-ein-streit-uebers-fliegen-und-ein-afrikaner-der-den-klimawandel-am-eigenen-leib-erlebt|accessdate=2025-06-14|work=Die Presse|language=de}}</ref> na mikutano ya kila mwaka ya hali ya hewa [[Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|ya UNFCCC]] kama vile [[Makongamano ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|Mkutano wa kila mwaka wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Cli]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-06-04|title=Nicholas Omonuk Okoit, YOUNGO - UNFCCC SB60 - 4Jun24 - photo|url=https://enb.iisd.org/media/nicholas-omonuk-okoit-youngo-unfccc-sb60-4jun24-photo|accessdate=2025-04-21|work=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The loss and damage fund|url=https://forumfor.no/en/news/2023/the-loss-and-damage-fund-the-fund-has-to-be-in-the-billions|work=ForUM for Utvikling og Miljø|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=nb-NO|author=The Norwegian Forum for Development, Environment Hausmanns gate 19}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Omonuk anatoka katika familia ya wafugaji huko [[Pallisa]], Mashariki mwa [[Uganda]] . Anatoka katika kabila la [[Wateso|Iteso]], ambapo kila mtoto ana majukumu maalum ya nyumbani. Kulingana na vyanzo, uanaharakati wake uliathiriwa na athari za changamoto za mazingira, kama vile ukame, wakati wa ujana wake. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nicholas Omonuk: Grassroots to Global|url=https://imaginize.world/nicholas-omonuk-grassroots-to-global/|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uganda's Fight for Climate Justice Spearheaded by Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|work=Uganda Timez|date=2024-07-10|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US|author=Jordan Luke|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513142551/https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERVIEW Reality Check: Why deregulation fuels climate injustice with Nick Omonuk|url=https://corporatejustice.org/news/interview-reality-check-why-deregulation-fuels-climate-injustice-with-nick-omonuk/|work=ECCJ|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Omonuk ana shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi katika Uchumi wa Ardhi, Tathmini ya Ardhi na Mali (Upimaji) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo]] .<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERVIEW Reality Check: Why deregulation fuels climate injustice with Nick Omonuk|url=https://corporatejustice.org/news/interview-reality-check-why-deregulation-fuels-climate-injustice-with-nick-omonuk/|work=ECCJ|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Giving young people a public voice: a conversation with Ugandan climate/biodiversity activist Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://georgianbayearthdays.org/2024/05/giving-young-people-a-public-voice-a-conversation-with-ugandan-climate-biodiversity-activist-nicholas-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref> == Uanaharakati == Omonuk alianzisha End Fossil Occupy Uganda,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uganda's Fight for Climate Justice Spearheaded by Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|work=Uganda Timez|date=2024-07-10|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US|author=Jordan Luke|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513142551/https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govts asked to invest in renewable energies to mitigate climate change|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/govts-asked-to-invest-in-renewable-energies-t-159249|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> harakati ya ndani ya hali ya hewa inayotetea kuondolewa kwa matumizi ya mafuta ya visukuku na mpito wa haki kwa Afrika<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Matovu|first=Muhamadi|date=2024-07-10|title=Omonuk determined to get global voice for climate justice|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/climate-change/206997/omonuk-determined-to-get-global-voice-for-climate-justic|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref> Amekuwa sehemu ya kampeni za hali ya hewa kuzitaka serikali na washirika wa maendeleo kuacha kufadhili nishati ya mafuta duniani kote ili kuwa na mustakabali endelevu kwa kila mtu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hundreds of Students Launch May of Occupations to End Fossil Fuels {{!}} Common Dreams|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/students-occupy-to-end-fossil-fuels|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=www.commondreams.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=To End the Fossil Fuel Era, Activists in London Target the Insurance Industry|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30112024/london-activists-target-insurance-industry-fossil-fuels/|work=Inside Climate News|date=2024-11-30|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US|author=By Keerti Gopal}}</ref> Wakati wa European Forum Alpbach nchini [[Austria]], aliunga mkono mgomo wa hali ya hewa ambapo pia alieleza kupitia podcast jinsi mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yanavyowalazimisha watu wengi kutoka nchi yake kuuza mali zao na kukimbilia nchi nyingine. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Wallner|first=26 08 2023 um 03:00 von Eva Winroither und Anna|date=2023-08-25|title=#4: Ein Streit übers Fliegen und ein Afrikaner, der den...|url=https://www.diepresse.com/14429728/4-ein-streit-uebers-fliegen-und-ein-afrikaner-der-den-klimawandel-am-eigenen-leib-erlebt|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=Die Presse|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=#4/2023: Ein Streit übers Fliegen und ein Afrikaner, der den Klimawandel am eigenen Leib erlebt hat|date=2023-08-26|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/76xpWezpas9k332vI6uVix|language=en|access-date=2025-01-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Keine Bühne für fossile Geldgeber am Forum Alpbach|url=https://www.oekonews.at/keine-buehne-fuer-fossile-geldgeber-am-forum-alpbach+2400+1183527|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=oekonews.at|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-09-26|title=Klimawandel: Genderaspekte|url=https://montreet.net/blogs/news/klimawandel-genderfacts|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=MONTREET|language=de|archive-date=2025-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430091647/https://montreet.net/blogs/news/klimawandel-genderfacts|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliunga mkono hatua ya kuogelea ya hali ya hewa katika Dreirosenbrücke huko Basel, [[Uswisi]] ambayo ililenga kuonyesha uhusiano kati ya uzalishaji wa mafuta na uhamiaji. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jacobi|first=Mona Martin, Maria-Elisa Schrade, Maximilian|date=2023-08-11|title=Klima-Protest bei Basler Dreirosenbrücke stoppte den Schiffsverkehr|url=https://www.bzbasel.ch/basel/basel-stadt/gegen-erdoeltransport-niemand-haengt-mehr-in-den-seilen-klima-aktion-an-der-dreirosenbruecke-beendet-polizei-kontrolliert-anwesende-ld.2497590|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=bz Basel|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-08-13|title=400 am Samstag bei Abschlussdemo in Basel beim No-Border-KlimaCamp|url=https://rdl.de/beitrag/400-am-samstag-bei-abschlussdemo-basel-beim-nobroder-klimacamp|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=Radio Dreyeckland|language=de}}</ref> Omonuk aliwakilisha [[Most Affected People and Areas|Watu na Maeneo Yanayoathirika Zaidi (MAPA)]] katika [[2022 Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|COP27]] na [[2023 Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|COP28]], akitetea kuondolewa kwa nishati ya mafuta na kutekeleza Hazina ya Hasara na Uharibifu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uganda's Fight for Climate Justice Spearheaded by Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|work=Uganda Timez|date=2024-07-10|accessdate=2025-06-15|language=en-US|author=Jordan Luke|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513142551/https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nicholas Omonuk: Grassroots to Climate Justice|url=https://imaginize.world/nicholas-omonuk-grassroots-to-global|accessdate=2025-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 2023, alihudhuria Mkutano wa Hali ya Hewa [[2023 Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|wa COP28]] huko [[Falme za Kiarabu|UAE]] . Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi au Mkutano wa Wanachama wa [[Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|UNFCCC]], unaojulikana zaidi kama COP, ulikuwa [[Makongamano ya Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|mkutano wa 28 wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] unaofanyika kila mwaka kwa wiki mbili. <ref name=":9">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Development|first=The Norwegian Forum for|title=The loss and damage fund|url=https://forumfor.no/en/news/2023/the-loss-and-damage-fund-the-fund-has-to-be-in-the-billions|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=ForUM for Utvikling og Miljø|language=nb-NO}}</ref> Mnamo 2024, aliandaa Muungano wa Agape Earth, shirika lililounganishwa na wanaharakati wa hali ya hewa ya vijana, NGOs, na vikundi vya vuguvugu vya chini kama wanachama. Pia alialikwa kwenye COP29 huko [[Azerbaijan]] . <ref name=":5">{{Rejea tovuti|author=ANA|title=COP29: African Youth Activists Demand Increased Adaptation Finance for the Global South – AfricaNewsAnalysis|url=https://www.africanewsanalysis.com/cop29-african-youth-activists-demand-increased-adaptation-finance-for-the-global-south/|accessdate=2025-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ukosoaji wa Mafuta ya Kisukuku === Miradi ya mafuta kama vile [[Bomba la mafuta ghafi la Uganda –Tanzania|Bomba la Mafuta Ghafi la Afrika Mashariki]] (EACOP) la Uganda, inaonekana kama uwezekano wa kukuza ukuaji wa uchumi na kuboresha upatikanaji wa nishati, <ref>{{Rejea habari|date=2020-07-24|title=The East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) Project - Petroleum Authority of Uganda (PAU).|url=https://www.pau.go.ug/the-east-african-crude-oil-pipeline-eacop-project/|access-date=2025-04-21|work=Petroleum Authority of Uganda (PAU). -|language=en-US}}</ref> ingawa imezua wasiwasi wa mazingira na kupingwa na wanaharakati wa mazingira akiwemo Omonuk. <ref name=":7">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0kEEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Cyrill+Hermann%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2M_FoNOMAxWSwAIHHT0sPP4Q6AF6BAgGEAM|title=What do we want?: Der Klimastreik – von Systemwandel bis Klimagerechtigkeit|last=Hermann|first=Cyrill|date=2025-04-07|publisher=Rotpunktverlag|isbn=978-3-03973-047-6|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2025-06-05|title=D: Misereor warnt vor großer Öl-Pipeline in Afrika - Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/de/kirche/news/2025-06/d-misereror-warnt-vor-grosser-oel-pipeline-in-uganda.html|accessdate=2025-06-15|work=www.vaticannews.va|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=ms-admin-1122|date=2025-06-05|title=Misereor und Klimaaktivist warnen vor Öl-Pipeline|url=https://www.derdom.de/misereor-und-klimaaktivist-warnen-vor-oel-pipeline/|accessdate=2025-06-15|work=Der Dom|language=de}}</ref> Omonuk amekosoa ushiriki wa mashirika katika miradi yenye utata ya nishati ya mafuta katika ngazi ya ndani na kimataifa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Glösel|first=Kathrin|date=2023-10-19|title=Französischer Konzern baut Mega-Pipeline in Uganda und zerstört Lebensgrundlage tausender Familien|url=https://kontrast.at/uganda-pipeline/|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=Kontrast.at|language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EU podjetja pod lupo: prisluhnimo ugandskim aktivistom {{!}} Focus na najdi.si novicah|url=https://novice.najdi.si/novica/6a91f09ad5ceb426b9a44ef4c51b323e/focus/eu-podjetja-pod-lupo-prisluhnimo-ugandskim-aktivistom|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=novice.najdi.si}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2023-10-26|title=Ustrahovanje in pritiski na aktiviste|url=https://www.si21.com/Svet/ustrahovanje-in-pritiski-na-aktiviste/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=Dogajanje in novice iz sveta in tujine - Ustrahovanje in pritiski na aktiviste - Si21 - prvi slovenski portal|language=sl}}</ref> Alipinga miradi ya mafuta kwa athari zake zinazowezekana kwa jamii za wenyeji. <ref name=":10">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gopal|first=By Keerti|date=2024-11-30|title=To End the Fossil Fuel Era, Activists in London Target the Insurance Industry|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30112024/london-activists-target-insurance-industry-fossil-fuels/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=Inside Climate News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Darley|first=James|date=2024-10-30|title=London Insurance Firms and the Pressure for Oil Divestment|url=https://sustainabilitymag.com/articles/insuring-oil-why-top-london-firms-are-the-target-of-protest|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=sustainabilitymag.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Luke|first=Jordan|date=2024-07-10|title=Uganda's Fight for Climate Justice Spearheaded by Nicholas Omonuk|url=https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=Uganda Timez|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513142551/https://www.utimez.com/ugandas-fight-for-climate-justice-spearheaded-by-nicholas-omonuk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''EU CSDDD''' Mnamo Oktoba 2023, Omonuk pamoja na wakili wa haki za binadamu Maxwell Atuhura alitoa wito kwa wabunge wa Umoja wa Ulaya kuunga mkono Maelekezo ya Uangalifu wa Uendelevu wa Mashirika (CSDDD). <ref name=":4">{{Rejea habari|last=Ammann|first=János Allenbach|title=Ugandan activists call on EU to move forward on due diligence law|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/ugandan-activists-call-on-eu-to-move-forward-on-due-diligence-law/|work=EURACTIV}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Silk|first=Ruby|date=2024-10-29|title=Justice is Everybody's Business: How campaigners took on corporate giants - and won|url=https://meta.eeb.org/2024/10/29/justice-is-everybodys-business-how-campaigners-took-on-corporate-giants-and-won/|accessdate=2025-03-30|work=META|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Rejea tovuti|title=INTERVIEW Reality Check: Why deregulation fuels climate injustice with Nick Omonuk|url=https://corporatejustice.org/news/interview-reality-check-why-deregulation-fuels-climate-injustice-with-nick-omonuk/|accessdate=2025-03-30|work=ECCJ|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisema kuwa maelekezo hayo yanaweza kuanzisha mifumo ya uwajibikaji, kuwezesha upatikanaji wa suluhu kwa ukiukwaji wa mazingira na haki za binadamu unaohusiana na Kampuni za Ulaya nchini Uganda, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-04-01|title=Why EU corporate sustainability due diligence directive is important|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/letters/why-eu-corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-directive-is-important-4575212|accessdate=2025-04-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ambako upatikanaji wa msaada wa kisheria ni mdogo. <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The story of campaigners who took on corporate giants - and won|url=https://friendsoftheearth.eu/publication/the-story-of-the-csddd/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=Friends of the Earth Europe|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=White|first=Beatrice|date=2024-10-21|title=The story of campaigners who took on corporate giants – and won|url=https://friendsoftheearth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/JIEB-Document_Oct17.pdf|accessdate=2025-03-31|work=Friends of the Earth Europe}}</ref> Hata hivyo, maagizo hayo yanapingwa na baadhi ya makundi ya washikadau na Nchi Wanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya ambao wana maoni kwamba yangeweka mizigo mingi ya udhibiti, kuongeza gharama za kufuata na kudhuru uwezekano wa ushindani, hasa kwa biashara ndogo na za kati. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=French banks lead opposition to finance sector's inclusion in EU CSDDD|url=https://www.sustainableviews.com/french-banks-lead-opposition-to-finance-sectors-inclusion-in-eu-csddd/|accessdate=2025-04-23|work=www.sustainableviews.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Controversial Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive approved in the EU {{!}} Ministry of Justice and Digital Affairs|url=https://www.justdigi.ee/en/news/controversial-corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-directive-approved-eu|accessdate=2025-04-23|work=www.justdigi.ee|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-03-22|title=The EU's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive is flawed. But it is an opportunity too {{!}} Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/03/eus-corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-directive-flawed-it-opportunity-too|accessdate=2025-04-23|work=www.chathamhouse.org|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1999]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] p0ryvnkisb3nn4knwo6p7sauqmhxx4s 4 208508 1581661 1581386 2026-07-25T13:45:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1581661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2642 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1096 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 420 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 390 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 558 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 509 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 860 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 418 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34974 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 13563 || ↓ -26.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 78.9 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Marekani]] || 991 || ↓ -25.5% |- | 2 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 860 || ↓ -47.8% |- | 3 || [[Kenya]] || 602 || ↓ -21.8% |- | 4 || [[Ufaransa]] || 558 || ↑ +5.1% |- | 5 || [[Australia]] || 499 || ↓ -15.1% |- | 6 || [[Hispania]] || 497 || ↑ +73.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 456 || ↑ +42.9% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 420 || ↓ -22.1% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 390 || ↓ -15.9% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 368 || ↑ +117.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 945ph8l3jj39lqx18aw14dep3y1952y 1581663 1581661 2026-07-25T13:48:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1581663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 620 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2642 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1096 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 420 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 390 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 558 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 509 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 860 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 418 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34974 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21115 || ↓ -23.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 122.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2642 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 991 || ↓ -25.5% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 860 || ↓ -47.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 602 || ↓ -21.8% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 558 || ↑ +5.1% |- | 6 || [[Uingereza]] || 509 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 505 || ↓ -20.8% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 499 || ↓ -15.1% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 497 || ↑ +73.8% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 456 || ↑ +42.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} cqinj68m5wiq0644e61h87qrseo283j 1581779 1581663 2026-07-25T19:15:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1581779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2642 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 991 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1066 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 420 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 390 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 558 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 509 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 860 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 418 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34974 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21115 || ↓ -23.0% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 122.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2642 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 991 || ↓ -25.5% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 860 || ↓ -47.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 602 || ↓ -21.8% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 558 || ↑ +5.1% |- | 6 || [[Uingereza]] || 509 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 505 || ↓ -20.8% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 499 || ↓ -15.1% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 497 || ↑ +73.8% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 456 || ↑ +42.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 25stvfvttir40vcwcuxyqrohl2f7ev8 1581780 1581779 2026-07-25T19:17:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1581780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-25) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-25)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 505 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 602 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2642 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 991 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1066 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 420 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 362 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 251 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 439 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 390 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 499 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 558 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 509 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 335 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 860 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 303 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 456 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 205 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 418 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 368 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 277 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 366 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34974 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 23876 || ↓ -23.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 138.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2642 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 991 || ↓ -25.5% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 860 || ↓ -47.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 602 || ↓ -21.8% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 558 || ↑ +5.1% |- | 6 || [[Uingereza]] || 509 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 505 || ↓ -20.8% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 499 || ↓ -15.1% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 497 || ↑ +73.8% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 456 || ↑ +42.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} nyndcahbat1pwj2dfmx3nh64ptqh1bg 1581796 1581780 2026-07-26T03:24:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1581796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 28 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2628 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1103 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 495 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 548 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 836 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34974 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 23876 || ↓ -23.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.3 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 138.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2642 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 991 || ↓ -25.5% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 860 || ↓ -47.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 602 || ↓ -21.8% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 558 || ↑ +5.1% |- | 6 || [[Uingereza]] || 509 || ↑ +11.1% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 505 || ↓ -20.8% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 499 || ↓ -15.1% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 497 || ↑ +73.8% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 456 || ↑ +42.9% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} p4iz139yco2l4vq88dl5o5qcpv8jbpq 1581800 1581796 2026-07-26T03:34:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1581800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 28 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2628 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1103 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 495 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 548 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 836 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34975 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 23528 || ↓ -24.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 136.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2628 || ↓ -6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 958 || ↓ -28.2% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 836 || ↓ -50.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 599 || ↓ -19.9% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 548 || ↑ +7.5% |- | 6 || [[Australia]] || 497 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 497 || ↓ -22.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 496 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 495 || ↑ +75.5% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 447 || ↑ +38.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 6pilu6ldrzt49ywg27982h6vinuss8h 1581862 1581800 2026-07-26T08:34:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1581862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 28 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2628 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1103 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 495 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 548 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 836 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34975 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 23528 || ↓ -24.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 136.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2628 || ↓ -6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 958 || ↓ -28.2% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 836 || ↓ -50.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 599 || ↓ -19.9% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 548 || ↑ +7.5% |- | 6 || [[Australia]] || 497 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 497 || ↓ -22.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 496 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 495 || ↑ +75.5% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 447 || ↑ +38.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 359 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} nr8iudsixzzzhmmxbq9fw0474ppgsb2 1581863 1581862 2026-07-26T08:35:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1581863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-07-26) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 28 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-07-26)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 599 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2628 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 958 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1103 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 401 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 495 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 360 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 436 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 497 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 548 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 496 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 327 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 836 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 293 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 256 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 241 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 191 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 407 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 379 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Burundian cuisine]] | 0.73 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34977 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 23528 || ↓ -24.3% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 136.0 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2628 || ↓ -6.1% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 958 || ↓ -28.2% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 836 || ↓ -50.0% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 599 || ↓ -19.9% |- | 5 || [[Ufaransa]] || 548 || ↑ +7.5% |- | 6 || [[Australia]] || 497 || ↓ -14.5% |- | 7 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 497 || ↓ -22.2% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 496 || ↑ +10.5% |- | 9 || [[Hispania]] || 495 || ↑ +75.5% |- | 10 || [[Misri]] || 447 || ↑ +38.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} i3dpuf7xet1qkmcw5a65ynl4dujs88s 0 208821 1581819 1437084 2026-07-26T04:13:52Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|]]. 1581819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Utamaduni | jina_la_nchi = Tanzania | picha = Flag of Tanzania.svg | maelezo_ya_picha = Bendera ya Tanzania | idadi_ya_makabila= Takribani 120+ | lugha_rasmi = Kiswahili na Kiingereza | lugha_nyingine = Kisukuma, Kichaga, Kihaya, Kinyakyusa, Kimasai na nyinginezo | vyakula_vikuu = Ugali, Wali, Ndizi za kupika na kukaanga | dini_kubwa = Ukristo, Uislamu }} '''Utamaduni wa [[Tanzania]]''' umeundwa na mchanganyiko wa zaidi ya makabila 120 yenye [[mila]], [[lugha]] na [[desturi]] tofauti. Pamoja na tofauti hizo, Watanzania wamekuwa na mshikamano wa kitaifa unaojengwa juu ya matumizi ya [[Kiswahili]] kama lugha ya taifa katika mawasiliano ya kila siku na maadhimisho ya sherehe za kijamii na kidini.<ref name="britannica">Otiso, Kefa M. (2013). ''Culture and Customs of Tanzania''. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-08708-0. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> == Historia == Historia ya utamaduni wa Tanzania umekuwa ukiathiriwa na mchanganyiko wa jamii zenye asili ya Kibantu, Waswahili wa pwani, na athari kutoka kwa [[Waarabu]], [[Waajemi]] na [[Wazungu]] waliotawala sehemu ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Ukoloni wa Kijerumani na baadae wa Kiingereza ulichangia mabadiliko katika elimu, dini na lugha. Aidha, mabaki ya michoro katika miamba katika maeneo kama [[Tendaguru]] na hifadhi ya Swaga Swaga yanaonesha uwepo wa utamaduni tangu enzi za kale, huku baadhi ya michoro ikikadiriwa kuwa na zaidi ya miaka 500.<ref>Grzelczyk, Maciej (2021). "Amak'hee 4: a newly documented rock art site in the Swaga Swaga Game Reserve". ''Antiquity''. 95 (379): 1–9. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref><ref>Maier, Gerhard (2003). ''African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00054-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> Baada ya [[uhuru]] mnamo 1961, Tanzania chini ya raisi [[Julius Nyerere]] iliendeleza sera za mshikamano wa kitaifa kupitia [[Azimio la Arusha]] na harakati za [[Ujamaa]].<ref name="englebert">Pierre Englebert & Kevin C. Dunn (2013). ''Inside African Politics''. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-835-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> == Lugha == [[File:Ngoma Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Kikundi cha ngoma za asili]] Lugha rasmi ya taifa ni [[Kiswahili]], ambayo hutumika katika shughuli za serikali, elimu, na mawasiliano ya kila siku. [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika elimu ya juu, sheria, na biashara. Mbali na hizo, kuna zaidi ya lugha za asili 120, hasa zenye asili ya kibantu kama [[Kisukuma]], [[Kinyamwezi]], [[Kichagga|Kichaga]], [[Kihaya]], [[Kimakonde]], [[Kinyakyusa]], [[Kimaasai|Kimasai]], [[Kigogo]] na nyinginezo.<ref>"Ethnologue report for Tanzania". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-01-28.</ref><ref name="britannica"/> == Mila na Desturi == Mila na desturi nchini Tanzania hutofautiana kati ya [[makabila]], lakini japokuwa na kuwepo kwa utofauti wa makabila, watanzania hushirikiana katika sherehe za kijamii kama harusi na sherehe za kidini. Muziki, ngoma na sanaa ni sehemu muhimu ya urithi wa kitamaduni. Sherehe maarufu kama Ngoma za Unyago, Ngoma za Sindimba na [[Sauti za Busara]] zimekuwa zikivutia wageni wa ndani na nje ya nchi.<ref name="britannica"/> == Chakula == [[File:Traditional Tanzanian food - pilau kuku, mishkaki, ndizi, &c..JPG|thumb|Pilau kuku, mishkaki, ndizi, maharage, mboga za majani, chapati na pilipili.]] Chakula nchini Tanzania kinategemea zaidi mazao ya kilimo kama [[mahindi]], [[mpunga]], [[mtama]], [[mihogo]] na [[ndizi]]. Vyakula vikuu ni pamoja na [[ugali]], [[wali]], [[ndizi]] za kukaanga, na vyakula vya baharini hasa maeneo ya [[pwani]]. Supu, mishikaki, na [[chipsi mayai]] ni maarufu katika maeneo mengi ya mijini.<ref>Lyana, Manimbulu & Ally Nlooto (2014). "Culture and Food Habits in Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo". ''Journal of Human Ecology''. 48: 9–21. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> == Dini == Dini kuu nchini Tanzania ni [[Ukristo]] na [[Uislamu]], kila moja ikiwa na wafuasi takribani nusu ya idadi ya watu. Katika maeneo ya pwani, Uislamu umekuwa ukienea tangu [[karne ya 9]] kupitia wafanyabiashara wa Kiarabu. Imani za jadi na kitamaduni bado zinafuatwa na baadhi ya makabila hasa vijijini.<ref>"Tanzania: International Religious Freedom Report 2022". United States Department of State. 2022. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> == Michezo na Burudani == Michezo na burudani vina nafasi kubwa katika maisha ya Watanzania. [[Mpira wa miguu]] ndiyo mchezo maarufu zaidi, huku timu ya taifa ya [[Taifa Stars]] ikiwakilisha nchi katika mashindano ya kimataifa. Michezo mingine inayopendwa ni pamoja na [[riadha]], [[mpira wa pete]], na mbio za [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]].<ref>"NSC". Tanzania Sports. October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2020.</ref> Pia ina utajiri wa muziki wa kitamaduni kama ngoma za kizaramo, kigogo, kisambaa na zingine nyingi. Tangu miaka ya 1940, [[muziki wa dansi]] ulitawala, ukiongozwa na bendi maarufu kama Mlimani Park Orchestra na DDC Mlimani Park. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980, muziki wa [[Bongo Flava]] uliibuka, ukiwa na mchanganyiko wa [[hip-hop]], [[R&B]], midundo ya kiafrika na lugha ya Kiswahili. Muziki huu umekuwa nembo ya vijana wa Tanzania na kusambaa hadi nchini zingine barani Afrika na Dunia kwa ujumla.<ref>Perullo, Alex (2007). "Here's a Little Something Local": An Early History of Hip Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984–1997". In Brennan, James R. (ed.). ''Dar es Salaam: Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis''. Mkuki na Nyota. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> Kwa sasa, miondoko kama [[Singeli]] imepata umaarufu mkubwa jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] na nchi nzima kwa ujumla, ikisifika kwa kasi ya midundo na maudhui yanayoelezea maisha ya mtaani. Sanaa ya vinyago, hasa kwa [[Makonde|Wamakonde]], inaendelea kutambulika kimataifa kutokana na umahiri wa uchongaji wa sanamu za kiroho na simulizi za maisha.<ref>Kingdon, Zachary (2002). ''A Host of Devils: The History and Context of the Making of Makonde Spirit Sculpture''. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-47666-2. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Julai 2025.</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Africa in topic|Utamaduni wa}} [[Jamii:Afrocrowd 2025]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Afrika|T]] av8zrkq0s5jhiflebmnwnv3ah7nf6fq 0 212093 1581890 1525891 2026-07-26T10:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A film crew in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Kikundi cha filamu nchini Tanzania]] '''Tasnia ya Filamu nchini Tanzania''', pia inajulikana kama Swahiliwood (muunganiko wa neno la Kiswahili, lugha rasmi ya [[Tanzania]], na Hollywood) au Bongo movie na Bongowood,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://theconversation.com/from-nollywood-to-new-nollywood-the-story-of-nigerias-runaway-success-47959|title = From Nollywood to New Nollywood: The story of Nigeria's runaway success}}</ref> ilianzishwa takriban mwaka [[2001]].<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2025-08-21|archive-date=2020-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Historia== Watanzania walirithi sehemu za [[utamaduni]] wao wa sinema kutoka kwa [[Ukoloni|wakoloni]] [[Waingereza]], ikiwa ni pamoja na utengenezaji wa filamu za kibiashara na filamu za mafundisho zinazofadhiliwa na serikali. <ref name="Mwakalinga 2013">{{Rejea jarida|last=Mwakalinga|first=Mona|date=2013|title=The Political Economy of Cinema (video film) in Tanzania|url=http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|journal=African Review|volume=40|pages=203–217|archive-date=2018-06-16|access-date=2025-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204245/http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/141/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Cinema%20in%20Tanzania.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tazama Pia== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tanzanian_actors Orodha ya waigizaji wa Tanzania] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [https://www.imdb.com/list/ls066722656/ Orodha ya imDb ya "Tanzania in movies".] {{mbegu-uchumi}} [[jamii:ACWP+ film in Tanzania]] [[jamii:Tanzania]] p8l9fwx7rwfgvkhi8o3gd1xqrsifdil 0 214043 1581659 1581127 2026-07-25T13:37:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Zinon Muturi|Zinon Muturi]] ([[User talk:Zinon Muturi|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Janeth Evergreen|Janeth Evergreen]] 1482744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angelina Ngalula''' ni mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa Bravo Group Limited<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=TPSF chair bags prestigious award - Daily News|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/tpsf-chair-bags-prestigious-award/|date=2023-03-26|accessdate=2025-09-24|language=en-US|author=DAILYNEWS Reporter}}</ref>, kampuni ya usafirishaji wa malori ya masafa marefu nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ngalula pia ni mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya usambazaji wa kilimo ya Agricom Africa<ref name=":0" />. Zaidi ya hayo, ni mwenyekiti wa [[shirikisho]] la [[Sekta Binafsi|sekta binafsi]] [[Tanzania]] (Tanzania Private Sector Foundation /TPSF)<ref>{{Cite web|title=TPSF – The Voice of the Private Sector in Tanzania|url=https://www.tpsf.or.tz/|accessdate=2025-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref> na mtu mashuhuri wa umma nchini Tanzania na barani [[Afrika]] kwa ujumla. Ndiye mwenyekiti wa mwisho wa East African Business Council (Bazara la Biashara la Afrika Mashariki)<ref>Executive Committee - East African Business Council</ref> ambapo alitetea mawazo ya kikanda kwa ajili ya soko la [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]], akizitaka serikali kukuza [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]] kama kivutio kimoja cha uwekezaji<ref>{{Cite web|title=MARKET EAST AFRICA AS A SINGLE INVESTMENT DESTINATION – URGES EABC CHAIRPERSON ANGELINA NGALULA - East African Business Council|url=https://eabc-online.com/market-east-africa-as-a-single-investment-destination-urges-eabc-chairperson-angelina-ngalula/|work=eabc-online.com|accessdate=2025-09-14|language=en-US|author=EABC}}</ref>. Miongoni mwa mengine, alihudhuria kongamano la 14 la ngazi ya juu la [[Sekta Binafsi|sekta binafsi]] ya [[Umoja wa Afrika]] mwaka wa 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=REMARKS BY MADAM ANGELINA NGALULA, EABC CHAIRPERSON DURING THE 14TH AFRICAN UNION HIGH-LEVEL PRIVATE SECTOR {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/en/speeches/20230710/remarks-madam-angelina-ngalula-eabc-chairperson-during-14th-african-union-high|work=au.int|accessdate=2025-09-14|archive-date=2025-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220190955/https://au.int/en/speeches/20230710/remarks-madam-angelina-ngalula-eabc-chairperson-during-14th-african-union-high|url-status=dead}}</ref> huko [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] ambapo alitoa wito kwa vyama vyote vya [[serikali]] chini ya uongozi wa [[Umoja wa Afrika]] kujenga eneo bora la biashara la bara. Ngalula ametangazwa kuwa "malkia mwenye ushawishi mkubwa chini ya kitengo cha uongozi wa biashara"<ref name=":0" /> katika Tuzo za Malkia wa Nguvu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - Malkia wa Nguvu|url=https://malkiawanguvu.co.tz/|date=2020-12-08|accessdate=2025-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref> huko [[Mlimani City]], [[Dar es Salaam]] mnamo 2023. == Maoni == Ngalula ametetea [[haki za wanawake]] nchini [[Tanzania]] mara kadhaa hivi karibuni. Amekuwa akibainisha kuwa majukumu ya kijinsia ya kitamaduni hayafai kuwazuia wanawake kuanzisha biashara zao<ref>Bold Steps in Business: Angelina Ngalula ChallengeS Women to Break Barriers – Kilimo Kwanza</ref> na anawahimiza wanawake kuiga mfano wake kuwa mwanamke aliyefanikiwa kibiashara. Zaidi ya masuala ya haki za wanawake nchini Tanzania, amekuwa akiitaka serikali ya [[Tanzania]] kushughulikia ongezeko la ushindani kati ya [[Mfanyabiashara|wafanyabiashara]] wa nje na wa ndani. [[Mwezi]] wa Machi 2025 alihimiza serikali kutekeleza kanuni za "kuzuia wawekezaji wa kigeni kufanya kazi katika sekta zilizotengwa kwa ajili ya wenyeji"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sekta binafsi yalia wageni kuchukua fursa zao kibiashara|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/sekta-binafsi-yalia-wageni-kuchukua-fursa-zao-kibiashara-4981728|work=Mwananchi|date=2025-03-27|accessdate=2025-09-14|language=en}}</ref>. Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] ilitekeleza kanuni kama hizo miezi michache baadaye<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania bans foreigners from key businesses, risks regional fallout|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/31/tanzania-bans-for-non-citizens-from-running-small-businesses/|work=Africanews|date=2025-07-31CEST11:00:49+02:00|accessdate=2025-09-14|language=en|author=AfricaNews}}</ref>. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanawake wa Tanzania]] 4sxlkhk6woqxviqx54kfapn7ovkw4os 0 218914 1581755 1476468 2026-07-25T16:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nivea Smith''' (alizaliwa [[18 Februari]] [[1990]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi anayebobea katika mbio za mita 200 kutoka [[Bahama]]. Alikulia mjini Freeport ambako alisoma katika Shule ya Msingi ya Mary Star of the Sea, kisha akahitimu katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Grand Bahama Catholic. Baadaye aliendelea kushindana akiiwakilisha Chuo Kikuu cha Auburn, ambako alifundishwa na kocha Henry Rolle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smith Bio|url=https://auburntigers.com/sports/xctrack/roster/nivea-smith/3508|website=Auburn Tigers|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=The Bahamas' Top Junior Female Sprinters|url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/sports/The_Bahamas_Top_Junior_Female_Sprinters_printer.shtml|website=Bahamas Weekly|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=2025-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126121727/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/sports/The_Bahamas_Top_Junior_Female_Sprinters_printer.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lesha White, Crystal Bodie, Tia Rolle and Nivea Smith moving the baton around the track in 44.94 seconds to hold off a Jamaica|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/jamaica-continues-to-dominate-carifta-day-2|website=World Athletics|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nivea Smith (22.80) and Michael Mathieu (20.60) dominated the 200m|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/13th-iaaf-world-championships-in-athletics-7003367/news/amp/jamaica-tops-medal-table-in-mayaguez-cac-ch|website=World Athletics|access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref> Alikuwa Mbahama wa kwanza kabisa kushinda medali katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana ya IAAF aliponyakua [[medali]] ya shaba katika mbio za mita 200 mwaka 2007 kwa muda wa sekunde 23.69. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Bahamas]] i3a0apmw4es11c17ut7lpkiqkfapb53 0 223804 1581706 1581358 2026-07-25T14:35:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Brownwandi|Brownwandi]] ([[User talk:Brownwandi|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Christina Charles|Christina Charles]] 1492041 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibrahima Touré''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[17 Desemba]], [[1985]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Senegal]] ambaye alicheza kama [[mshambuliaji]]. Aliwahi kuzichezea klabu za Chengdu Wuniu, Wydad Casablanca, Paykan, Persepolis, Sepahan, Ajman, AS Monaco, Al Nasr, Liaoning Whowin na Gazélec Ajaccio. Aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Senegal mara nne. == Kazi == Touré alizaliwa mjini [[Dakar]]. Akiwa kijana, alicheza katika Akademi ya Gentina Aldo. Katika msimu wa 2004–05, alikaa kwa mwezi mmoja na klabu ya Metz, uzoefu aliouelezea kuwa uliacha “ladha chungu”. Mnamo Februari 2005, kama sehemu ya mradi wa ushirikiano kati ya Metz na Chama cha Mpira wa Miguu cha Chengdu, Touré alihamia klabu ya daraja la pili la China, Chengdu Wuniu, kwa uhamisho wa bure. Akiwa amevaa jezi namba 10, alifunga mabao mawili katika mechi 18 za ligi msimu wa 2005. Touré pia alitolewa nje ya uwanja (akapata kadi nyekundu) mara mbili.<ref>{{cite web|title=2007–2008 Season – Paykan TEH|url=http://www.iplstats.com/website07-08/playersteam8.htm|publisher=Iran Premier League Stats|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1985|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] ei3trn4x5ggbm472a7tf6g1ohywbxgy 0 223977 1581791 1523243 2026-07-26T00:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pape Mamadou Sy''' (alizaliwa [[2 Mei]], [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Senegal]] anayecheza nafasi ya kiperu kwa klabu ya Ligi 1 ya FC Metz na timu ya taifa ya Senegal. ==Kazi ya Klabu== Sy alianza taaluma yake ya vijana katika vilabu vya ASC Marbath, Étoile Lusitana na ASAC Ndiambour, kisha alihamia Génération Foot mwaka 2016 ambapo alianza kazi yake ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://africafoot.com/sacre-de-generation-foot-les-cinq-grands-acteurs-de-ce-3e-titre/|title=Sacre de Génération Foot : Les cinq grands acteurs de ce 3e titre|first=L'équipe|last=Africafoot|date=16 July 2023|website=africafoot.com|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> Alisaidia klabu hiyo kushinda mataji ya Ligi Kuu ya Senegal 2018–19 na Ligi Kuu ya Senegal 2022–23.<ref name="socios-fcmetz">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://socios-fcmetz.com/generation-foot-la-consecration-dun-modele-a-part/|title=Génération Foot : La consécration d'un modèle à part|date=10 August 2023|website=Socios FC Metz|access-date=9 August 2025|archive-date=2026-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624030318/https://socios-fcmetz.com/generation-foot-la-consecration-dun-modele-a-part/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo [[28 Agosti]], [[2023]], aliihama klabu ya Challenger Pro League ya [[Ubelgiji]], R.F.C. Seraing (1922).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://wiwsport.com/2023/08/28/mercato-le-rfc-seraing-annonce-enfin-larrivee-de-ses-recrues-en-provenance-de-generation-foot/|title=Mercato : Le RFC Seraing annonce enfin l'arrivée de ses recrues en provenance de Génération Foot {{pipe|website=Wiwsport|access-date=9 August 2025}} Wiwsport|date=28 August 2023}}</ref> Mnamo [[26 Julai]], 2024]], alihamia [[Ligi]] 1 ya [[Ufaransa]], klabu ya FC Metz kwa mkataba wa miaka 2. ==Kazi ya Kimataifa== Sy alikuwa kiperu wa kuanzia kwa timu ya taifa ya Senegal iliyoshinda Ubingwa wa Afrika wa Mataifa 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=18 December 2022|title=Senegal gear up for a promising CHAN return |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/2022/news/senegal-gear-up-for-a-promising-chan-return|website=[[Confedération Africaine du Football|CAFOnline.com]]|access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1997|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] pnjdaf414qtmuon4ieyataq5vpq8z2o 0 227409 1581893 1560885 2026-07-26T11:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe | picha = Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe – headshot.jpg }} '''Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe''' ni mwanaharakati wa [[ufeministi]] kutoka [[Uganda]], mshauri wa kimataifa wa masuala ya maendeleo, na mtaalamu wa fikra mwenye uzoefu wa zaidi ya miaka 30 katika kuendeleza haki za wanawake, usawa wa kijinsia na haki za kijamii barani [[Afrika]]. Amehudumu katika nafasi za uongozi katika mashirika makubwa ya haki za wanawake na amechangia katika uundaji wa sera, ujenzi wa harakati, na tafiti za kifeministi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Career almost cost Nakaweesi her family |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1172090/career-cost-nakaweesi-family |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Solome Nakaweesi Kimbugwe alizaliwa na Sarah Naiga-Muwayira na marehemu Gaster Muwayire-Nakana Kimbugwe.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Alisoma elimu ya msingi katika Uganda Martyrs Namugongo, kisha Gombe Secondary School, na baadaye akamaliza elimu ya sekondari katika Trinity College Nabbingo.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Alipata Shahada ya Sayansi za Jamii kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] mwaka [[1997]] na Shahada ya Uzamili (MA) katika Mafunzo ya Maendeleo kutoka University of East Anglia, Norwich, Uingereza, mnamo mwaka [[2000]].<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref name="FOWODE">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Solome Nakaweesi – Board Member |url=https://fowode.org/our_board/111/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Forum for Women in Democracy |archive-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416230652/https://fowode.org/our_board/111/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kazi == === Mwanzo wa kazi na UWONET === Nakaweesi alianza harakati zake za kijamii katika miaka ya [[1990]]. Alihudumu kama Mratibu wa Uganda Women’s Network (UWONET), muungano muhimu wa utetezi wa haki za wanawake nchini Uganda. Katika nafasi hiyo alisifiwa kwa kuongeza hadhi ya mtandao huo kupitia mahusiano ya vyombo vya habari na kwa kusimamia wanachama wenye mitazamo tofauti kwa ustadi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Nampewo |first=Angela |date=30 Januari 2005 |title=Uganda: Kimbugwe Has Such a Passion for Women |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200501280669.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=The Monitor (Kampala)}}</ref> Alijitokeza zaidi mnamo mwaka [[2006]] alipoongoza pamoja na wanaharakati wengine uzalishaji wa kwanza nchini Uganda wa tamthilia ''The Vagina Monologues'', iliyozungumzia ukatili wa kijinsia dhidi ya wanawake. Tamthilia hiyo ilipigwa marufuku na Baraza la Vyombo vya Habari, lakini ilizua mjadala mkubwa kuhusu haki za wanawake na ukatili wa kijinsia.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref name="JustAssociates">{{cite book |title=Women Navigate Power: Stories of Rights Work |publisher=Just Associates / ActionAid |year=2006 |chapter=Staging The Vagina Monologues in Kampala |last=Nakaweesi Kimbugwe |first=Solome}}</ref> === Akina Mama wa Afrika === Mnamo mwaka [[2007]] aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[Akina Mama wa Afrika]], shirika la kifeministi barani Afrika lenye makao makuu [[London]] (baadaye [[Kampala]]). Alikuwa Muganda wa kwanza kushika nafasi hiyo.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Akina Mama wa Afrika appoint new ED |url=https://pambazuka.org/governance/akina-mama-wa-afrika-appoint-new-ed |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Akiwa katika nafasi hiyo, aliongoza programu za ujenzi wa uongozi wa kifeministi, utetezi wa sera, na uimarishaji wa harakati za wanawake barani Afrika.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Our Team: Solome Nakaweesi |url=https://www.afyanahaki.org/team/solome-nakaweesi/ |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Baadaye alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Nabagereka Development Foundation, chini ya uongozi wa Nnabagereka wa Buganda, Sylvia Nagginda. Alisimamia programu za kupunguza mimba za utotoni, elimu ya wasichana na uwezeshaji wa familia.<ref name="URN_Teenage">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Nabagereka Foundation Out to Curb Teenage Pregnancy |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nabagereka-foundation-out-to-curb-teenage-pregnancy?districtId=732 |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Nakaweesi ameendelea kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa kimataifa wa maendeleo, akijikita katika ujenzi wa harakati, sera na haki za binadamu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2022-07-14 |title=Solome Nakaweesi-Kimbugwe – PSI |url=https://www.psi.org/sctg-leadership/solome-nakaweesi-kimbugwe/ |access-date=2026-03-25 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pia amefundisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] na Nkumba University.<ref name="FOWODE" /> == Maisha binafsi == Nakaweesi ni mama wa watoto wawili. Ameeleza kuwa ndoa yake akiwa bado mwanafunzi wa chuo na maamuzi yake ya kusoma Uingereza yalikuwa hatua muhimu katika maisha yake ya kikazi.<ref name="NewVisionProfile" /> Anajulikana pia kwa kupenda mitindo na sanaa ya Kiafrika, akihusisha ubunifu wa kitamaduni na uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[jamii:Wanaharakati wa Uganda]] rb03dervieqd7htbw7n06d3ve06eq15 0 229389 1581813 1507580 2026-07-26T03:58:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ramón María Calderé del Rey''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[16 Januari]], [[1959]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Hispania]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama kiungo na kwa sasa ni [[kocha]]. Akiwa kiungo wa aina zote, alicheza zaidi katika klabu ya FC Barcelona, ambapo alicheza mechi 157 za mashindano katika misimu minne ya La Liga. Katika ligi hiyo ya juu ya Hispania, pia aliwakilisha klabu za Real Valladolid na Real Betis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arquero-arba.futbolme.net/Nacionales/1997-98/9798-3-5.htm|title=Tercera División (Grupo 5) 1997–98|trans-title=Tercera División (Group 5) 1997–98|publisher=Futbolme|language=es|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=2023-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418090428/http://arquero-arba.futbolme.net/Nacionales/1997-98/9798-3-5.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arquero-arba.futbolme.net/Regionales/Catalunya/2001-02/0102-1.htm|title=Primera Catalana 2001–02|trans-title=Primera Catalana 2001–02|publisher=Futbolme|language=es|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=2022-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316193412/http://arquero-arba.futbolme.net/Regionales/Catalunya/2001-02/0102-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Hispania]] l4d480g75i4dofxnpmui5e9e37tegbe 0 229564 1581798 1529913 2026-07-26T03:33:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rachel J''' (aliyezaliwa '''Rachel Jambaya''') ni msanii wa muziki, mtangazaji wa televisheni na mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-breaks-silence/|title=Rachel](https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-breaks-silence/|title=Rachel) J breaks silence|website=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.zimbojam.com/behold-rachel-j-the-new-trendsetter/|title=Behold](https://www.zimbojam.com/behold-rachel-j-the-new-trendsetter/|title=Behold) Rachel J, the new trendsetter!|date=28 Septemba 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://dailynews.co.zw/you-are-your-own-motivator-rachel-j-tells-women/|title=You](https://dailynews.co.zw/you-are-your-own-motivator-rachel-j-tells-women/|title=You) are your own motivator, Rachel J tells women|website=Daily News}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Historia == Rachel J alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Kwekwe]] uliopo katika mkoa wa Midlands nchini Zimbabwe, kisha akalelewa katika mji wa [[Gweru]] ambako alipata elimu yake ya awali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/i-am-not-a-slay-queen-rachel-j/|title=I](https://www.herald.co.zw/i-am-not-a-slay-queen-rachel-j/|title=I) am not a slay queen: Rachel J|website=The Herald}}</ref> Alianza kazi yake ya muziki mwaka 2016 alipotoa albamu yake ya kwanza iitwayo ''Triumph'', ambayo ilikuwa ya muziki wa injili na aliitoa kama heshima kwa bibi yake. Baada ya hapo, alianza kutoa nyimbo mbalimbali kuanzia mwaka 2018, ikiwemo wimbo wa afro-fusion uitwao ''Makwikwi''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-launches-single-in-style/|title=Rachel](https://www.herald.co.zw/rachel-j-launches-single-in-style/|title=Rachel) J launches single in style|website=The Herald}}</ref> Wimbo huo ulipata umaarufu mkubwa kwenye vituo vya redio nchini Zimbabwe na ukaingia kwenye chati za muziki kwa wiki kadhaa. Mafanikio hayo yalipelekea kutolewa kwa toleo jipya la wimbo huo liitwalo ''Makwikwi Reloaded'', katika mtindo wa dancehall, likiwashirikisha wasanii kama [[Soul Jah Love]], Sniper Storm na Lady Squanda mnamo Desemba 2018.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/watch-rachel-j-makwikwi-music-video/|title=Watch](https://youthvillage.co.zw/sport-entertainment/watch-rachel-j-makwikwi-music-video/|title=Watch): Rachel J Makwikwi Music Video|date=23 Septemba 2018|website=Youth Village Zimbabwe}}</ref> Mwaka 2019, alitoa wimbo wa jazzi uitwao ''Njiva'' kwa kushirikiana na Dereck Mpofu, ukafuatiwa na ''Bada Boom'' uliomshirikisha Roki pamoja na ''Ngoro'' uliomshirikisha Enzo Ishall.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.hmetro.co.zw/rachel-j-enzo-ishall-release-video-today/|title=Rachel](https://www.hmetro.co.zw/rachel-j-enzo-ishall-release-video-today/|title=Rachel) J, Enzo Ishall release video today|website=H-Metro}}</ref> Wimbo ''Ngoro'' ulizua utata nchini Zimbabwe na hata kupigwa marufuku kurushwa kwenye baadhi ya vituo vya redio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://youthvillage.co.zw/news/rachel-j-and-enzo-ishalls-song-ngoro-banned-on-radio/|title=Rachel](https://youthvillage.co.zw/news/rachel-j-and-enzo-ishalls-song-ngoro-banned-on-radio/|title=Rachel) J and Enzo Ishall's song "Ngoro" banned on radio|date=27 Desemba 2019|website=Youth Village Zimbabwe}}</ref> Mwezi Aprili 2020, Rachel J alitoa wimbo mwingine wa injili uitwao ''Hallelujah'' ambao pia ulifanya vizuri kwenye redio na televisheni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://dailynews.co.zw/rachel-j-opens-up-in-new-song/|title=Rachel](https://dailynews.co.zw/rachel-j-opens-up-in-new-song/|title=Rachel) J opens up in new song|website=Daily News}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2021 alitoa wimbo wa afro-fusion ''Strong Black Man'' uliomshirikisha Novi Keys, na mwaka 2022 alitoa ''Fambai Mberi''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.zimmorningpost.com/rachel-j-bounces-back/|title=Rachel](https://www.zimmorningpost.com/rachel-j-bounces-back/|title=Rachel) J bounces back|date=28 Novemba 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mbali na muziki, Rachel J pia ametambuliwa katika tasnia ya mitindo na burudani. Mwaka 2018 alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanamke Mrembo Bora nchini Zimbabwe katika tuzo za Zimbabwe Models Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[http://www.zekeymedia.com/8/post/2019/12/the-most-beautiful-woman-in-zimbabwe-rachel-j-and-enzo-ishall-ngoro.html|title=The](http://www.zekeymedia.com/8/post/2019/12/the-most-beautiful-woman-in-zimbabwe-rachel-j-and-enzo-ishall-ngoro.html|title=The) Most Beautiful Woman in Zimbabwe Rachel J and Enzo Ishall - Ngoro|website=ZEKEY MEDIA}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka 2022 aliteuliwa katika kipengele cha Mwanamke Maarufu Mwenye Mtindo Bora katika tuzo za Zimbabwe Fashion Awards.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-fashion-awards-nominees-out/|title=Zim](https://www.herald.co.zw/zim-fashion-awards-nominees-out/|title=Zim) Fashion Awards nominees out|website=The Herald}}</ref> Mwaka 2021, Rachel J alichapisha wasifu wa kwanza wa rais wa Zimbabwe [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] uitwao ''A Life of Sacrifice''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangagwas-biography-launched/|title=President](https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/president-mnangagwas-biography-launched/|title=President) Mnangagwa's biography launched|website=The Sunday News}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/ed-launches-his-first-ever-biography/|title=ED](https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/08/ed-launches-his-first-ever-biography/|title=ED) launches his first-ever biography|date=5 Agosti 2021|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Zimbabwe]] pf3h8dp7z26aihssxctdezwqsmofo3j 0 230667 1581848 1551226 2026-07-26T08:00:09Z Muddyb 379 1581848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Filamu 2 | jina = Michael | picha = Michael (2026 film poster).png | maelezo_ya_picha = Bango la filamu wakati inatoka | mwongozaji = [[Antoine Fuqua]] | mwandishi = [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]] | mtayarishaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Graham King]] * [[John Branca]] * John McClain }} | nyota = {{Plainlist| * [[Jaafar Jackson]] * [[Nia Long]] * Juliano Valdi * KeiLyn Durrel Jones * [[Laura Harrier]] * [[Jessica Sula]] * [[Mike Myers]] * [[Miles Teller]] * [[Colman Domingo]] }} | muziki = [[Lior Rosner]] | mpiga_picha = [[Dion Beebe]] | mhariri = {{Plainlist| * [[John Ottman]] * [[Harry Yoon]] * [[Conrad Buff IV]] * [[Tom Cross (film editor)|Tom Cross]] }} | kampuni_ya_utayarishaji = {{Plainlist| * [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Michael Jackson Biopic Lands at Universal for International distribution |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-lands-at-universal-1235607580/ |access-date=November 27, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003183449/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-lands-at-universal-1235607580/ | url-status=live}}</ref> * [[GK Films]] * Optimum Productions }} | msambazaji = {{Plainlist| * Lionsgate (Marekani) * [[Universal Pictures]] (Kimataifa) }} | tarehe_ya_kutoka = {{Film date|2026|04|10|[[Uber Eats Music Hall]]|ref1=<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Michael Jackson Biopic to Premiere in Berlin Ahead of Fan Festival |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-berlin-premiere-90206/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=January 27, 2026}}</ref>|2026|04|24|Marekani}} | muda = dakika 127<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=March 23, 2026 |title=''Michael'' [PG] |url=https://www.alberta.ca/search-movie-ratings.aspx?filmsearchtitle=Michael&filmsearchrating=2&filmsearchadvisory=&filmsearchdistributor=223&filmsearchdatefrom=2026-03-23&filmsearchdateto=2026-03-23&searchfilm= |access-date=March 23, 2026 |website=[[Canadian motion picture rating system|Alberta Film Classification Office]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> | nchi = Marekani | lugha = Kiingereza | bajeti = Dola milioni 155–200 | mapato = $1.01 billion<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Michael |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt11378946/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |access-date=May 14, 2026 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Michael - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Michael-(2026) |access-date=May 14, 2026 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> |imetolewa={{Film date|2026|04|10|[[Uber Eats Music Hall|Berlin]]|ref1=<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Michael Jackson Biopic to Premiere in Berlin Ahead of Fan Festival |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/michael-jackson-biopic-berlin-premiere-90206/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=January 27, 2026}}</ref>|2026|04|24|United States}}}} '''''Michael''''' ni filamu ya wasifu ya mwaka 2026 kutoka nchini Marekani inayomhusu mwanamuziki maarufu [[Michael Jackson]]. Filamu hii imeongozwa na [[Antoine Fuqua]] na kuandikwa na [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]. Inagusia maisha ya Michael Jackson kuanzia kipindi chake na kundi la [[the Jackson 5]] katika miaka ya 1960 hadi ziara ya [[Bad (ziara)|Bad]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980. Jackson ameigizwa na mpwa wake [[Jaafar Jackson]], huku Michael akiwa mtoto akichezwa na Juliano Krue Valdi. == Hadithi == Mnamo mwaka 1966, mfanyakazi wa kiwanda cha chuma [[Joe Jackson (msimamizi wa talanta)|Joseph Jackson]] anawakusanya wanawe watano na kuunda kundi la muziki la [[the Jackson 5]], huku mtoto wake mdogo, [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], akiwa mwimbaji mkuu. Baada ya miezi kadhaa ya mazoezi magumu yaliyohusisha adhabu za viboko kutoka kwa Joseph, kundi la Jackson 5 linaanza kutumbuiza katika kumbi mbalimbali hadi waliposainiwa na lebo ya [[Motown]] mwaka 1969. Albamu zao zinaongoza chati na kundi linatumbuiza Marekani nzima, jambo linalowafanya wahame kutoka [[Gary, Indiana]], kwenda kwenye jumba la kifahari huko [[Hayvenhurst]], [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino, California]], miaka miwili baadaye. Mwanzilishi wa Motown, [[Berry Gordy]], anaamini kuwa Michael ana uwezo mkubwa zaidi kama msanii wa pekee. Mnamo 1978, Michael anasaini na [[Epic Records]] kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya kwanza ya ukubwani kama msanii wa pekee, ''[[Off the Wall]]'', huku [[Quincy Jones]] akiwa mtayarishaji. Licha ya mafanikio yake, Michael anadhibitiwa na Joseph, ambaye anaamini kuwa yeye ndiye aliyehusika pekee na utajiri wa watoto wake. Michael anaanza kujihisi mwenye wasiwasi kuhusu muonekano wake na kuanza kupata ugonjwa wa [[vitiligo]], jambo linalomfanya afanye upasuaji wa pua (rhinoplasty). Baada ya ugomvi na Joseph, Michael anachukua ushauri kutoka kwa mlinzi wake na rafiki wa karibu, Bill Bray, na kuamua kufuata njia yake mwenyewe. Mnamo 1981, anamajiri [[John Branca]] kama mwanasheria wake na kumfanya amfukuze kazi Joseph kupitia faksi. Mbali na kutembelea hospitali za watoto, Michael anafanya majaribio ya mawazo mapya ya albamu yake inayofuata ya mwaka 1982. Baada ya kutazama ripoti ya habari kuhusu vita vya magenge ya Crips–Bloods, anawaajiri washiriki wa magenge hayo kuonekana kwenye video yake ya "[[Beat It]]". Albamu ya ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' inavunja rekodi za mauzo duniani huku Michael akitoa onyesho la kihistoria la "[[Billie Jean]]" kwenye tamasha la [[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever|Motown 25]]. Michael na Branca wanaelekea New York kumuomba rais wa CBS Records, [[Walter Yetnikoff]], kuishawishi [[MTV]] kuonyesha video za Michael. MTV inakubali baada ya Yetnikoff kutishia kuondoa orodha ya wasanii wa CBS kwenye kituo hicho. Wakati Michael akifurahia mafanikio yake, Joseph anafanya kikao na promota wa ndondi [[Don King]] kuhusu pendekezo la ziara ya pamoja ya akina Jackson ya [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons)|Victory Tour]] mwaka 1984. King anamfanyia Joseph dili la udhamini wa [[PepsiCo]], kwa sharti kwamba Michael lazima ashiriki ziara hiyo, jambo ambalo Michael analipinga. Wakati akirekodi tangazo la Pepsi, cheche za moto kutoka kwenye mitambo ya jukwaani zinamteketeza Michael nywele, na kumsababishia majeraha makubwa ya moto na uharibifu wa neva. Yeye na Branca wanaishitaki PepsiCo na fedha za fidia wanazipeleka kwenye kituo cha matibabu ya moto alikotibiwa. Baada ya Michael kupona, anakubali kufanya ziara na ndugu zake. Katika onyesho la mwisho, Michael anatangaza kuwa hiyo ndiyo mara ya mwisho kwa akina Jackson kutumbuiza pamoja, jambo ambalo linakata uhusiano wake wa kikazi na Joseph. Filamu inaishia ikionyesha Michael, akiwa na ngozi iliyokwishabadilika rangi, akitumbuiza huko [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wakati wa ziara ya Bad mwaka 1988, ikigusia uwezekano wa hadithi hiyo kuendelea. == Utayarishaji == Mnamo Novemba 2019, mtayarishaji [[Graham King]] alipata haki za kutengeneza filamu hii huku [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]] akiwa mwandishi.<ref name="LoganNov2019">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=November 22, 2019 |title=Michael Jackson's Life Getting Movie Treatment |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/michael-jackson-movie-bohemian-rhapsody-producer-john-logan-graham-king-1202792922/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> [[Lionsgate Films]] walitangaza filamu Februari 2022. Uandishi wa muswada ulikutana na changamoto baada ya kugundulika kwa makubaliano ya kisheria ya mwaka 1993 yaliyozuia kumtaja Jordan Chandler kwenye filamu yoyote, jambo lililopelekea marejeo ya tuhuma za unyanyasaji wa watoto kuondolewa na mwisho wa filamu kubadilishwa.<ref name="Variety_LangRubin2026">{{Rejea tovuti |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Rubin |first2=Rebecca |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Inside the 'Michael' Overhaul |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/michael-movie-reshoots-removing-child-abuse-allegations-1236710221/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Paris Jackson aliuelezea muswada wa mapema kama "umetiwa sukari", akisema filamu za wasifu mara nyingi huchuja ukweli.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Sun |first=Michael |date=September 4, 2025 |title=Michael Jackson's daughter Paris criticizes 'sugar-coated' biopic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/sep/04/michael-jackson-daughter-paris-criticises-sugar-coated-biopic-about-her-father |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Washiriki == * [[Jaafar Jackson]] kama [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Colman Domingo]] kama [[Joe Jackson (talent manager)|Joseph Jackson]] * [[Nia Long]] kama [[Katherine Jackson]] * [[Miles Teller]] kama [[John Branca]] * [[Mike Myers]] kama [[Walter Yetnikoff]] * [[Larenz Tate]] kama [[Berry Gordy]] * [[Kendrick Sampson]] kama [[Quincy Jones]] * KeiLyn Durrel Jones kama Bill Bray == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{IMDb title|11326202}} [[Jamii:Filamu za wasifu]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 2026]] 5armpzqxlmhqxo8nvk9sauo6x53aaoc 0 231301 1581842 1527528 2026-07-26T07:55:43Z Muddyb 379 1581842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = John Branca | nchi = Marekani | majina_mengine = | picha = John brance website.png | ukubwawapicha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = John Branca mwaka 2022 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = John Gregory Branca | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 11 Desemba 1950 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Bronxville, New York, Marekani | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = Sheria ya burudani | kazi_yake = Wakili wa burudani | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = 1975–sasa | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = | bodi = | dhehebu= | dini = | ndoa = | miaka_ya_Upadri = | rafiki = | watoto = 3 | mahusiano = | washauri_wa_Mwanzo = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = | elimu = Occidental College (Shahada ya Sanaa – BA); Chuo Kikuu cha California, Los Angeles (Shahada ya Sheria – JD) | baba = John Branca Sr | mama = Barbara Werle }} '''John Gregory Branca''' (alizaliwa Desemba 11, 1950) ni [[wakili]] wa [[burudani]] na meneja kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye amebobea katika kuwakilisha wasanii wa muziki wa [[rock and roll]]. Yeye ni msimamizi mwenza wa mirathi ya [[Michael Jackson]] na Mwenyekiti wa Kampuni ya Michael Jackson. Branca amewawakilisha zaidi ya washiriki 30 wa [[Jumba la Umaarufu la Rock and Roll]] wakiwemo [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Bee Gees]] na [[the Doors]]. == Maisha ya awali == Branca alizaliwa Bronxville, [[New York]]. Mama yake alikuwa [[Barbara Werle|Barbara May Theresa Werle]] (1928–2013), mburudishaji na mnenguaji aliyetokea kwenye kipindi cha ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'', na baba yake alikuwa [[John R. Branca]] (1924–2010), mkongwe wa Jeshi la Anga na mwalimu. Branca ni mpwa wa mchezaji maarufu wa baseball wa [[Brooklyn Dodgers]], [[Ralph Branca]]. Alisoma sheria katika chuo cha [[UCLA School of Law]] na kuhitimu shahada ya Uzamivu ya Sheria (J.D.) mnamo 1975. Mapema katika kazi yake, alimwakilisha [[Priscilla Presley]] na wasanii wengine wakubwa.<ref>{{Rejea habari |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/john-branca-1117992762/ |title=John Branca |date=Septemba 23, 2008 |work=Variety |access-date=Mei 1, 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=John Branca |url=https://jackierobinson.org/people/john-branca/ |website=Jackie Robinson Foundation |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sandiegouniontribune/ |title=Obituary News |website=[[Legacy.com]] |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=Desemba 30, 2016 |title=Story of Ralph and Jackie still resonates |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/18370118/story-ralph-branca-jackie-robinson-resonates |access-date=Mei 1, 2026 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A TASTE OF RAINMAKERS: JOHN BRANCA |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/rumor-mill/a-taste-of-lessigreaterrainmakerslessigreater-lessbrgreaterjohn-branca |website=HITS Daily Double |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=John Gregory Branca |url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/fal/Member/Detail/65275 |website=State Bar of California |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |date=Januari 16, 2019 |title=HE'S WHO: BRANCA NAMED WORLD'S TOP MUSIC LAWYER |url=https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=314834&title=HES-WHO:-BRANCA-NAMED-WORLD%E2%80%99S-TOP-MUSIC-LAWYER |access-date=Mei 1, 2026 |work=Hit's Daily Double}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The long and winding road |author=Hilburn, Robert |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=Septemba 22, 1985 |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/john-branca-save-michael-jackson-legacy-leaving-neverland/ |title=What John Branca Is Doing to Save the Jackson Legacy After 'Leaving Neverland' |first=Claudia |last=Rosenbaum |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=Machi 21, 2019 |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Highest-grossing documentary film at the global box office |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/78695-highest-box-office-film-gross-for-a-documentary-film |website=Guinness Book of World Records |access-date=Mei 1, 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea habari |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=Februari 6, 2024 |title=Miles Teller To Play Michael Jackson's Attorney John Branca In Biopic 'Michael' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/miles-teller-michael-jackson-biopic-1235816446/ |access-date=Mei 1, 2026 |work=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=Juni 4, 2024 |title=John Branca '72 Announces $5 Million Gift to Establish the John Branca Institute for Music |url=https://www.oxy.edu/news/john-branca-72-announces-5-million-gift-establish-john-branca-institute-music |access-date=Mei 1, 2026 |website=www.oxy.edu}}</ref> == Kazi na Michael Jackson == John Branca aliajiriwa na Michael Jackson kama wakili wake katika miaka ya 1980. Alimsaidia Jackson kununua kampuni ya [[Sony Music Publishing|ATV Music Publishing]] mnamo 1985 kwa dola milioni 47.5, ambayo ilikuwa inamiliki hakimiliki za nyimbo za [[the Beatles]]. Baada ya kifo cha Michael Jackson mnamo 2009, Branca aliteuliwa kuwa msimamizi mwenza wa mirathi ya mwimbaji huyo. Amesimamia miradi mikubwa kama vile: * Filamu ya ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]''. * Onyesho la [[Cirque du Soleil]] liitwalo ''[[Michael Jackson: One]]'' kule Las Vegas. * Muziki wa Broadway wa ''[[MJ the Musical]]''. * Filamu ya wasifu wa Michael Jackson ya mwaka 2026 iitwayo ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]'', ambapo mwigizaji [[Miles Teller]] amecheza uhusika wa Branca. == Maisha binafsi == Katika harusi ya kwanza ya Branca, Michael Jackson alikuwa msimamizi wa harusi na [[Little Richard]] alikuwa mchungaji aliyeunganisha ndoa hiyo. Ana watoto watatu kutokana na ndoa zake. == Marejeo == {{BD|1950}} [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]] cz6t2e37hjvw4sqmsq39ao5mv6egeo7 0 232400 1581850 1537835 2026-07-26T08:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saphou Lassy''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa soka wa Gabon aliyekuwa [[mshambuliaji]], ambaye klabu yake ya mwisho iliripotiwa kuwa PSS Sleman. == Kazi yake == Mwaka 1998, Lassy alikuwa akicheza soka lake nchini Malaysia na klabu ya Sabah FA. Akiwa huko, alifanya maonyesho mazuri, ikiwemo kufunga hat-trick katika ushindi wa 4–1 dhidi ya Pahang FA kwenye hatua ya makundi ya Kombe la Malaysia, na tena akafunga hat-trick katika ushindi wa 6–0 dhidi ya Brunei FA uliowawezesha kufika nusu fainali ya mashindano hayo. Kwa ujumla, alifunga mabao 12 katika mashindano yote akiwa klabuni hapo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Info Bola Sabah: Top Goalscorers by season|url=http://sabahfa.blogspot.com/2007/06/top-scorers.html|work=Info Bola Sabah|date=2024-03-08|accessdate=2026-05-07}}</ref> Mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2005, alijaribu kujiunga na klabu ya Indonesia ya PSS Sleman, lakini hakupata mkataba kwa sababu klabu iliona kiwango chake hakitoshi. Baadaye, alibadilishwa katika klabu ya PSM Makassar na nafasi yake kuchukuliwa na mchezaji wa [[Brazil]] Cristiano de Oliveira, baada ya uongozi kumwona kama mchezaji asiyejituma na mzembe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Coret Saphou Lassy, PSM Rekrut Cristiano - Worldnews.com|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2000/02/02/Coret_Saphou_Lassy_PSM_Rekrut_Cristiano/|work=article.wn.com|accessdate=2026-05-07|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034112/https://article.wn.com/view/2000/02/02/Coret_Saphou_Lassy_PSM_Rekrut_Cristiano/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Gabon]] 6k0fxn00i9ghjgkpgianlq909s4snov 0 242143 1581807 1579413 2026-07-26T03:41:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Debra Byrd''' ([[19 Julai]] [[1951]] – [[5 Machi]] [[2024]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya kazi na [[Bob Dylan]] na pia alikuwa sehemu ya kundi la waimbaji wasaidizi wa Barry Manilow kati ya mwaka [[1974]] na [[1979]]. Aidha, aliwahi kutumbuiza kwenye maonyesho ya [[Broadway]]. Baadaye, Byrd alijulikana zaidi kama kocha wa sauti katika vipindi vya American Idol na Canadian Idol, ambapo pia aliwasaidia washiriki kwa kuimba sauti za usaidizi. Vilevile, alihusika kama kocha wa sauti katika mfululizo wa televisheni wa Hub, Majors and Minors. Katika kipindi cha baadaye cha maisha yake, alifanya kazi kama kocha wa sauti kwa misimu kumi ya American Idol, pamoja na kipindi cha American Juniors, na kwa misimu yote sita ya Canadian Idol. Mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2006]], alishiriki kama mmoja wa majaji wa Military Idol, shindano la uimbaji lililowashirikisha wanajeshi wa [[Jeshi la Marekani]]. Debra Byrd alifariki dunia tarehe 5 Machi 2024 akiwa na umri wa miaka 72.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Haring|first1=Bruce|title=Debra Byrd Dies: 'American Idol' And 'The Voice' Vocal Coach Was 72|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/debra-byrd-dead-american-idol-the-voice-vocal-coach-was-72-obituary-1235848285/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=March 6, 2024|date=March 6, 2024}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2024]] [[Jamii: Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 14b8tb25sd209qgzm928b3r61vosg3a 0 242150 1581809 1579421 2026-07-26T03:41:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ann Bogan''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1941]]), ambaye wakati mwingine hutajwa pia kama Anne Bogan, ni [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana zaidi kama mwanachama wa kundi la waimbaji wa kike la Motown ''The Andantes,'' ambapo alishiriki katika kurekodi nyimbo mbalimbali. Baadaye, Bogan alijiunga na kundi la ''The Marvelettes'' kama mwanachama wa ziara na pia alishiriki katika shughuli zao za kurekodi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/artist/marvelettes/|title=Marvelettes &#124; Motown Museum &#124; Home of Hitsville U.S.A.|date=December 30, 2020|website=Motown Museum}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waimbaji wa Marekani]] t56spqhcrrvzgyhy2ahht225d6brrgp 0 242177 1581806 1579522 2026-07-26T03:41:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Namugenyi "Nam" Kiwanuka''' ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi wa habari]] kutoka [[Uganda]]-[[Canada]]. Kwa sasa anaendesha kipindi cha habari na makala cha TVO kinachoitwa ''The Thread''. Kiwanuka alihamia Kanada pamoja na familia yake mwaka [[1983]] baada ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Uganda. Alipewa jina la [[Kiingereza]] Mary kama jina la utani. Alianza kujulikana katika vyombo vya habari akiwa VJ wa MuchMusic kuanzia mwaka [[1999]] hadi [[2003]]. Baadaye aliandaa vipindi vya michezo ya mpira wa kikapu na mpira wa miguu kwenye Sportsnet, vikiwemo kipindi cha kila wiki cha NBA XL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kiwanuka|first1=Nam|title=Black identity and the skin I'm in|url=https://www.tvo.org/article/black-identity-and-the-skin-im-in|website=TVO.org|date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mtangazaji mbadala wa kipindi cha habari cha TVOntario The Agenda kuanzia mwaka [[2016]] hadi kipindi hicho kilipomalizika mwaka [[2025]] baada ya mtangazaji Steve Paikin kustaafu.<ref>"Call goes out to all VJ wannabes; Video station MuchMusic holding country-wide auditions". ''[[Toronto Star]]'', November 10, 1999.</ref> Mbali na kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari, Kiwanuka ameshiriki katika shughuli za kibinadamu nje ya nchi kupitia mashirika kama ''War Child Canada, Journalists for Human Rights'' na ''Msalaba Mwekundu wa Kanada''.<ref>"Analysts will be pressed hard to give oomph to NHL draft show". ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', June 25, 2004.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] l187ljro8rlnxrjq9abpwtwrstf238f 0 242179 1581810 1579530 2026-07-26T03:42:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ava Muhammad''' ([[9 Novemba]] [[1951]] – [[25 Agosti]] [[2022]]) alikuwa Muislamu [[Mmarekani]] Mweusi na kiongozi wa kidini katika Taifa la Uislamu (Nation of Islam - NOI). Mwaka [[1998]], alikua mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Waziri wa kuongoza msikiti na eneo ndani ya historia ya Taifa la Uislamu).<ref>{{Cite web|last=josh.barker|date=2022-09-01|title=Nation of Islam mourns the loss of Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/09/01/nation-of-islam-mourns-the-loss-of-minister-dr-ava-muhammad/|access-date=2022-09-12|website=New York Amsterdam News|language=en-US}}</ref> Alijulikana pia kwa nafasi yake kama msemaji wa kitaifa wa Waziri Farrakhan, nafasi ambayo hapo awali iliwahi kushikiliwa na Malcolm X wakati wa uongozi wa Elijah Muhammad. Pia alikuwa mwanachama wa Mafunzo ya Wasichana Waislamu (Muslim Girls' Training - MGT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prlog.org/10009833-groundbreaking-conference-promises-to-shift-the-nation-consciousness.html|title=Groundbreaking Conference Promises To Shift The Nation's Consciousness|publisher=Prlog.org|date=|accessdate=2010-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEEIY4Q1ZAIC&pg=PA248|title=African American Religious Cultures|last1=Pinn|first1=Anthony B.|last2=Finley|first2=Stephen C.|last3=Alexander|first3=Torin|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2009|isbn=9781576074701}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA752|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories|last1=Keller|first1=Rosemary Skinner|last2=Ruether|first2=Rosemary Radford|last3=Cantlon|first3=Marie|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2006|isbn=0253346878}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2022]] ch5egmqqk2gcp10xyyjsrwjxi1m3gyk 0 242209 1581709 1579665 2026-07-25T14:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nia Jervier''' ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Kelsey katika mfululizo wa tamthilia za vichekesho ''Dear White People'', na Tierra katika mfululizo wa tamthilia ''The Chi.''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Classic Lives Forever: Nia Jervier is Living Her Truth & Ready for The Resurgence|url=https://hevisibilityproject.com/breaking-3/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=hevisibilityproject.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='The Chi': Showtime Adds Nia Jervier & Carolyn Michelle Smith To Season 5 As Recurring|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/nia-jervier-carolyn-michelle-smith-the-chi-season-5-recurring-1234935009/|access-date=January 5, 2026|website=deadline.com}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] b2d1b030m37d4dksk7qnpktefa4q3g8 0 242353 1581884 1580668 2026-07-26T09:57:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Washington''' ni mwigizaji wa [[televisheni]] na [[filamu]] aliyetokea katika vipindi vya televisheni kuanzia mwaka 1970. Alionekana kwenye vipindi viwili vya mfululizo wa ''Mission: Impossible'' akicheza kama Muhudumu wa Ndege (Stewardess) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1970 ya "Flight" na kama Wakala wa Usafiri (Travel Agent) katika sehemu ya mwaka 1972 ya "The Puppet", pamoja na kucheza kama Maggie katika sehemu ya tamthilia ya ''Wonder Woman'' ya "Chinese Puzzle".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Watch Shirley Washington Online {{!}} Videos {{!}} Bio {{!}} Photos {{!}} Current Projects - Fancast|url=http://www.fancast.com/people/Shirley-Washington/13491/main|work=www.fancast.com|accessdate=2026-07-18|archive-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408203950/http://www.fancast.com/people/Shirley-Washington/13491/main|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu-USA}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] 7wkhlcr1waqhrc1g3734ak465jdkiys 0 242521 1581802 1581181 2026-07-26T03:35:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqui Gordon-Lawrence''' ni [[wakili]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] na [[mwigizaji]] wa zamani. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuigiza nafasi ya Etta Tavernier katika tamthilia ya [[televisheni]] ya BBC EastEnders. Baada ya kuacha uigizaji, alielekeza taaluma yake kwenye [[sheria]]. Kufikia mwaka [[2008]], alikuwa akifanya kazi kama wakili katika masuala ya sheria za jinai. == Maisha binafsi == Gordon-Lawrence anaishi Hayes, Kusini Mashariki mwa [[London]], pamoja na bingwa wa zamani wa ndondi Horace Notice na binti zao wawili, Naomi na Amelia. Mwimbaji na mwigizaji Michelle Gayle ni mama mlezi wa mmoja wa binti zake. Pia ni mfuasi wa dini ya Mormoni.<ref name="MICHELLEII">"[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=3050 MICHELLE MARK II] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228160248/http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=3050|date=2009-02-28}}", ''The Voice''. URL last accessed on 2007-01-05.</ref><ref name="EEHandbook">{{cite book|title=The EastEnders Handbook|title-link=EastEnders spin-offs#Non-fiction books|last=Kingsley|first=Hilary|publisher=BBC books|year=1990|isbn=978-0-685-52957-7}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[JAmii: Wanasheria wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] nwvyqo5p30c3zvhk9sswajd16s3fgiz 0 242530 1581808 1581195 2026-07-26T03:41:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Estella Daniels''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[dansi]] kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kucheza nafasi ya Nala katika kipindi cha [[televisheni]] cha Sinbad. == Kazi == Estella Daniels amefanya kazi kwa kiwango kikubwa katika ukumbi wa michezo, akionekana katika maonyesho mbalimbali kama Racing Demon katika Ukumbi wa Crucible huko [[Sheffield]], Iya Ile katika Ukumbi wa Soho, na Festa katika ukumbi wa Young Vic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/i402747-8/sinbad-first-look-estella-daniels-as-the-aristocratic-nala.html|title=Estella Daniels as the aristocratic Nala - Sinbad - First Look|publisher=Digital Spy|date=|access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.m.yahoo.com/w/legobpengine/tv/news/elliot-knight-and-estella-daniels-interview---sinbad.html?.b=features&.ts=1350802553&.tsrc=yahoo&.ysid=H8Ep26ScTr8T3zlADdhAuZwY&.intl=gb&.lang=en-gb|title=Yahoo!|publisher=Uk.m.yahoo.com|date=|access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> Mwaka [[2011]], kituo cha Sky1 kilitangaza kuwa Daniels angecheza nafasi ya Nala katika tamthilia ya televisheni Sinbad, akiwa pamoja na waigizaji Elliot Knight na Marama Corlett. Daniels pia alionekana katika kipindi cha televisheni Da Vinci's Demons mwaka [[2013]], pamoja na msimu wa pili wa Death in Paradise.<ref name="curtisbrown1">{{cite web|url=http://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/estella-daniels//works/|title=Estella Daniels credits|publisher=Curtisbrown.co.uk|date=|access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Uingereza]] gme4d0cs653bzjrmu9r2hk8teovre1j 0 242535 1581805 1581202 2026-07-26T03:40:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candy Ford''' ni [[mwigizaji]] na [[mchekeshaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuonekana katika kipindi cha vichekesho vya michoro The Rerun Show.<ref name="Crook">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G4UpAAAAIBAJ&pg=1971,7395182&dq=candy-ford&hl=en|title=''The Rerun Show'' tries for new laughter|last=Crook|first=John|date=28 July 2002|work=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]|page=3H|access-date=21 September 2010}}</ref> Pia ameonekana katika vipindi vingine vya [[televisheni]] kama Curb Your Enthusiasm (Msimu wa 1, Kipindi cha 2) na Will & Grace. Ford pia alitoa sauti katika michezo ya video Law & Order na True Crime: New York City. Aidha,<ref name="tcnyc">{{cite video game|developer=[[Luxoflux]]|title=True Crime: New York City|publisher=[[Activision]]|scene=Pause menu credits, 4:30:05 in, VOICE TALENT|year=2005}}</ref> alishiriki katika vichekesho vya NBC vilivyodumu kwa muda mfupi The Rerun Show, akatoa sauti ya mhusika Trixie katika filamu The Country Bears, na baadaye akaigiza katika kipindi cha Girls Behaving Badly. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] qetz71kxq9vpfkb1a0oe0j81qdqpaot 0 242540 1581690 1581283 2026-07-25T14:15:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ella Mae Irby''' (1923–2001) alikuwa [[msanii]] wa [[Marekani]]. Anahusishwa na kikundi cha ushonaji wa viraka cha Gee's Bend, pamoja na mama yake, Delia Bennett, na binti yake Linda Diane Bennett. Kazi zake zimeonyeshwa katika Jumba la Makumbusho la Sanaa la Houston (Museum of Fine Arts, Houston).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ella Mae Irby {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ella-mae-irby|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|last=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-0-9|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] 9zm8zf2bjp7kv4cbos14vogn8m3ebrf 0 242543 1581692 1581282 2026-07-25T14:17:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party|party name=Democratic Union of Builders|colorcode={{color box|#009400|border=darkgray}} [[Green]]<br>{{color box|#FFD100|border=darkgray}} [[Yellow]]<br>{{color box|{{Party color|Democratic Union of Builders}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue]]|mwanzishaji=Brice Oligui Nguema|slogan="Inclusivity, Development, Happiness"|country=Gabon|ilianzishwa=12 Machi 2025|website_address={{URL|udb.ga}}|party logo=Union démocratique des bâtisseurs.png}} '''Muungano wa Kidemokrasia wa Wajenzi''' (Democratic Union of Builders – RdB) ni chama cha [[siasa]] cha [[Gabon]] kilichoanzishwa na [[Rais]] Brice Oligui Nguema tarehe [[12 Machi]] [[2025]] ili kuunga mkono ugombea wake katika uchaguzi wa urais wa [[mwaka]] 2025<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabon votes for new president, 1st time since 2023 military coup|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/gabon-votes-for-new-president-1st-time-since-2023-military-coup/3535976|work=Anadolu|accessdate=2026-07-23|language=tr}}</ref>. Ingawa awali kilikuwa jukwaa la kisiasa la kumuunga mkono Oligui wakati wa [[uchaguzi]] na kilitarajiwa kuvunjwa baada ya uchaguzi, Oligui baadaye alitangaza kuwa RdB ingebadilishwa kuwa chama cha siasa. Uamuzi huo ulianza kutumika rasmi tarehe 23 Juni 2025<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema announces the creation of his own political party|url=https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2025/06/23/gabon-brice-oligui-nguema-announces-the-creation-of-his-own-political-party/|work=Financial Afrik|date=2025-06-23|accessdate=2026-07-23|language=en-US|author=The Editorial Staff}}</ref>. == Historia == Mnamo 12 Machi 2025, jijini [[Libreville]], Rais wa Mpito na mgombea wa urais Brice Oligui Nguema alitangaza kuanzishwa kwa jukwaa lake la kisiasa lililoitwa ''Muungano wa Wajenzi''. Wiki moja kabla ya hapo, alipotangaza rasmi kugombea urais, alikuwa tayari ameashiria mpango wa kuanzisha jukwaa hilo la kisiasa. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Vyama vya Kisiasa]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Gabon]] iql7yb0hmo8crwtdzpxd71y2wyco1ug 0 242560 1581694 1581290 2026-07-25T14:21:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Kelvin Benjamin|picha=Kelvin benjamin 2014.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|1991|2|5}}|urefu=6|utaifa=Marekani|elimu=[[Glades Central High School|Glades Central]] {{nowrap|(Belle Glade)}}|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo}} '''Kelvin Benjamin''' (aliyezaliwa [[5 Februari]] [[1991]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alicheza nafasi ya mpokeaji wa mipira katika ligi ya ''National Football League (NFL)''. Alikuwa akichezea timu ya chuo kikuu ya ''Florida State Seminoles'' kabla ya kuchaguliwa na timu ya ''Carolina Panthers'' katika raundi ya kwanza ya '''rasimu ya NFL ya [[mwaka]] [[2014]]. == Maisha ya awali == Alizaliwa na kukulia katika mji wa Belle Glade, [[Florida]], nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa na mama mwenye asili ya Marekani na baba mwenye asili ya [[Jamaika]], ambaye alifukuzwa nchini Marekani na kurudishwa Jamaika wakati Benjamin akiwa bado mdogo sana<ref>{{Citation|last=Fairburn|first=Matthew|title=Kelvin Benjamin has escaped—but not forgotten—Muck City|date=2018-06-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/401290/2018/06/21/kelvin-benjamin-muck-city-buffalo-bills/|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref>. == Maisha ya chuo kikuu == Baada ya kukaa mwaka [[2011]] bila kucheza rasmi, Benjamin alicheza katika michezo yote 14 mwaka [[2012]], ambapo alifanikiwa kupata mapokezi 30 ya mipira kwa jumla ya yadi 495 na kufunga magoli ya kugusa manne<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kelvin Benjamin College Gamelog|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/kelvin-benjamin-1/gamelog/2012|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-07-23|language=en}}</ref>. Akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa mwaka wa pili mwaka [[2013]], alifanya vizuri zaidi kwa kupata mapokezi 54 kwa jumla ya yadi 1,011 na kufunga 15. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] p1i6bfrz3y9s3pjhrnjvwal1asb0g8g 1581695 1581694 2026-07-25T14:22:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Kelvin Benjamin|picha=Kelvin benjamin 2014.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|1991|2|5}}|urefu=6|utaifa=Marekani|elimu=[[Glades Central High School|Glades Central]] {{nowrap|(Belle Glade)}}|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo}} '''Kelvin Benjamin''' (aliyezaliwa [[5 Februari]] [[1991]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alicheza nafasi ya mpokeaji wa mipira katika ligi ya ''National Football League (NFL)''. Alikuwa akichezea timu ya chuo kikuu ya ''Florida State Seminoles'' kabla ya kuchaguliwa na timu ya ''Carolina Panthers'' katika raundi ya kwanza ya rasimu ya NFL ya [[mwaka]] [[2014]]. == Maisha ya awali == Alizaliwa na kukulia katika mji wa Belle Glade, [[Florida]], nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa na mama mwenye asili ya Marekani na baba mwenye asili ya [[Jamaika]], ambaye alifukuzwa nchini Marekani na kurudishwa Jamaika wakati Benjamin akiwa bado mdogo sana<ref>{{Citation|last=Fairburn|first=Matthew|title=Kelvin Benjamin has escaped—but not forgotten—Muck City|date=2018-06-21|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/401290/2018/06/21/kelvin-benjamin-muck-city-buffalo-bills/|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref>. == Maisha ya chuo kikuu == Baada ya kukaa mwaka [[2011]] bila kucheza rasmi, Benjamin alicheza katika michezo yote 14 mwaka [[2012]], ambapo alifanikiwa kupata mapokezi 30 ya mipira kwa jumla ya yadi 495 na kufunga magoli ya kugusa manne<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kelvin Benjamin College Gamelog|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/kelvin-benjamin-1/gamelog/2012|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-07-23|language=en}}</ref>. Akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa mwaka wa pili mwaka [[2013]], alifanya vizuri zaidi kwa kupata mapokezi 54 kwa jumla ya yadi 1,011 na kufunga 15. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] 46f0jd3weyktjm1aacd6scwriauxlyt 0 242563 1581801 1581248 2026-07-26T03:35:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Telisha Shaw.jpg|thumb|Telisha Shaw]] '''Telisha Shaw''' (alizaliwa [[4 Oktoba]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[dansi]] na [[mwimbaji]] mstaafu kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>Birthday and Credits taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930161352/http://www.tv.com/telisha---shaw/person/384397/summary.html?q=&tag=search_results;title;1 TV.com]</ref> Anajulikana zaidi kwa kufanya maonyesho ya dansi na wasanii maarufu kama [[Janet Jackson]], [[Christina Aguilera]] na Green Day. Pia amejulikana kwa majukumu yake katika vipindi vya [[televisheni]] kama Weeds na It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Shaw pia aliigiza katika filamu Dirty pamoja na Cuba Gooding Jr.. Mwaka [[2008]], aliigiza nafasi ya Felicia katika filamu ya Buena Vista Pictures, Step Up 2: The Streets, iliyotolewa mwezi [[Februari]] [[2008]].<ref>As stated in [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i78ed7fdd05f8f5f5d59ab1a45457a809 The ''Hollywood Reporter'']</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] qtd5ad6ae83vrw6ly4ggduu8kb6bhen 0 242566 1581799 1581251 2026-07-26T03:34:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Abigail Asante.jpg|thumb|Abigail Asante]] '''Abigail Burland''' (alizaliwa [[11 Septemba]] [[1997]]), anayejulikana kitaalamu kama Abigail Asante, ni [[rapa]], mcheza dansi na mtu maarufu kwenye mitandao ya kijamii kutoka [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rockson|first=Annie|date=2019-04-16|title=Abigail x Ivorian Doll Release Visuals for 'Spare Me'|url=https://amormagazine.co.uk/abigail-x-ivorian-doll-release-visuals-for-spare-me/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Amor Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> Alipata umaarufu kupitia video za densi alizokuwa akichapisha kwenye mtandao wa kijamii wa [[Instagram]], pamoja na video za muziki zilizorekodiwa katika maeneo ya umma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sotire|first=Timi|date=2021-02-09|title=Abigail Asante: Carving Out Her Own Space In The UK Drill Scene|url=https://www.reformthefunk.com/features/abigail-asante-carving-out-her-own-space-in-the-uk-drill-scene|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-15|website=REFORM THE FUNK|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215927/https://www.reformthefunk.com/features/abigail-asante-carving-out-her-own-space-in-the-uk-drill-scene|archive-date=2021-02-10}}</ref> Alianza kazi yake ya muziki kwa kushirikiana na Ivorian Doll, ambapo walitoa nyimbo chini ya jina Abigail × Ivorian Doll. Baadaye, Asante alianza kazi yake kama msanii wa kujitegemea na ametoa nyimbo zake mwenyewe, zikiwemo "Stupid", "Liar", na "Bad Gyal Bounce" aliyoshirikiana nayo na Brixx.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Felicity|date=2020-04-04|title=Premiere: Abigail Asante shares explosive debut single 'Stupid'|url=https://www.dummymag.com/new-music/premiere-abigail-asante-shares-explosive-debut-single-stupid/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-17|website=DummyMag|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011017/https://www.dummymag.com/new-music/premiere-abigail-asante-shares-explosive-debut-single-stupid/|archive-date=2020-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Murray|first=Robin|date=2020-07-27|title=Abigail Asante's 'Liar' Is A Statement Of Empowerment|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/abigail-asantes-liar-is-a-statement-of-empowerment|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-17|website=Clash Magazine|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802233202/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/abigail-asantes-liar-is-a-statement-of-empowerment|archive-date=2020-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Archibald-Powell|first=Naimah|date=2020-11-01|title=Brixx & Abigail Asante link up for "Bad Gyal Bounce"|url=https://grmdaily.com/brixx-abigail-asante-bad-gyal-bounce/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-17|website=GRM Daily|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129221300/https://grmdaily.com/brixx-abigail-asante-bad-gyal-bounce/|archive-date=2020-11-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii: Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] qnhect2k8rcpbkycfic652o706o6raj 0 242570 1581811 1581258 2026-07-26T03:42:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581811 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celeda''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Victoria Sharpe''', alizaliwa [[17 Novemba]] [[1970]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://queermusicheritage.com/drag3.html|title=Drag Artist Discography|website=queermusicheritage.com}}</ref> ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[muziki]] wa dansi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Alianza kupata mafanikio kwenye chati ya U.S. Hot Dance Club Play mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1990]]. Wimbo wake wa kwanza uliopata umaarufu ulikuwa "Music Is the Answer (Dancin' & Prancin')", aliourekodi kwa ushirikiano na DJ na mtayarishaji Danny Tenaglia. Wimbo huo ulifikia nafasi ya 15 kwenye chati ya Hot Dance Club Play mwaka [[1998]], na pia ulifika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Chati ya Singles ya [[Uingereza]] mwezi [[Septemba]] mwaka huo.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|last=Roberts|first=David|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|year=2006|isbn=1-904994-10-5|edition=19th|location=London, UK|page=98}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Waimbaji wa Marekani]] mm7novxxpuwi4at0zqbfsi9tdwdc4y8 0 242582 1581700 1581336 2026-07-25T14:27:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Josh Allen|picha=Josh Allen SEPT2021 (cropped2).jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|1996|5|21|mf=y}}|utaifa=Marekani|elimu={{ubl|[[Reedley Tigers football|Reedley]] (2014)|[[Wyoming Cowboys football|Wyoming]] (2015–2017)}}|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo|urefu=6|tuzo=Mchezaji Bora wa NFL (NFL Most Valuable Player - MVP) mwaka 2024. Alichaguliwa mara 2 katika Timu ya Pili ya All-Pro (Second-team All-Pro), mwaka 2020 na 2024. Alichaguliwa mara 4 kushiriki Pro Bowl, katika misimu ya 2020, 2022, 2024, na 2025. Mshindi wa Tuzo ya Art Rooney mwaka 2024. Mshindi wa FedEx Air Player of the Year mwaka 2024.}} '''Joshua Patrick Allen''' (alizaliwa [[21 Mei]] [[1996]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Josh Allen Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/A/AlleJo02.htm|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en}}</ref> ni mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Futiboli ya Marekani]] anayechukua nafasi ya robo beki katika [[timu]] ya ''Buffalo Bills'' ya [[ligi]] ya ''National Football League (NFL)''. Ingawa hakutazamwa kama [[mchezaji]] mwenye matarajio makubwa alipokuwa [[shule]] ya [[sekondari]], Allen alianza kucheza [[mpira]] wa [[miguu]] wa vyuo vikuu akiwa na timu ya ''Reedley Tigers'', kabla ya kuhamia timu ya ''Wyoming Cowboys''. [[Mwaka]] [[2018]], alichaguliwa na Buffalo Bills akiwa mchezaji wa saba kwa jumla katika uchaguzi wa [[wachezaji]] wa ''NFL'' (2018 NFL Draft). == Maisha ya awali == Joshua Allen alikulia katika [[shamba]] la [[pamba]] lenye ukubwa wa eka 3,000 (takriban hekta 1,200) karibu na Firebaugh, jimbo la [[California]], Marekani. Firebaugh ni [[mji]] mdogo uliopo takriban maili 40 (kilomita 64) [[magharibi]] mwa [[Fresno, California|Fresno]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Wyoming's Josh Allen went from zero scholarships to the top of NFL draft boards|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/wyomings-josh-allen-went-zero-scholarships-top-nfl-draft-boards-193456311.html|work=Yahoo Sports|date=2017-08-17|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US|author=Jeff EisenbergSenior writer}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=You bloom where you're planted: The cultivation of Josh Allen, Part 1|date=2018-05-19|url=https://buffalonews.com/2018/05/19/you-bloom-where-youre-planted-the-cultivation-of-josh-allen-part-1/|work=The Buffalo News|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A look at the farm Bills quarterback Josh Allen grew up on|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/00000177-2b40-dc68-af7f-aff06cfa0000-123|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2021-01-22|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en}}</ref>. Familia yake imeishi katika eneo la Firebaugh tangu babu yake mkubwa, Arvid Allen, ambaye alikuwa mhamiaji kutoka [[Uswidi]], alipohamia na kuishi huko wakati wa kipindi cha [[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa Uchumi katika [[miaka ya 1930]]. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] mji5mbtoynoi3jn7zrwk6rsil0l6sus 0 242601 1581704 1581378 2026-07-25T14:33:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Siyamthanda Kolisi|picha=Siya Kolisi 2022.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|6|16}}|utaifa=Afrika Kusini|elimu=[[Grey High School]]|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo}} '''Siyamthanda "Siya" Kolisi''' OIG (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mchezo]] wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye kwa sasa ni [[nahodha]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Baada ya kuichezea klabu za ''Stormers'' na ''Racing 92'', kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya ''Sharks'' katika mashindano ya ''United Rugby Championship (URC)''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|url=https://stormers.co.za/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kolisi to make Bok debut|url=https://stormers.co.za/siya-kolisi-on-bok-debut-against-scotland/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|date=2013-06-13|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SIYA KOLISI IS OFFICIALLY A SHARK|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2021/02/17/siya-kolisi-is-officially-a-shark/|work=The Sharks Durban|date=2021-02-17|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-ZA|author=The Sharks}}</ref>. Kwa kawaida hucheza katika nafasi za [[mshambuliaji]] wa pembeni na mchezaji wa safu ya [[tatu]]. == Maisha ya awali == Kolisi alikulia Zwide, iBhayi, ambayo ni kitongoji kilichopo [[Port Elizabeth]], Afrika Kusini. Mama yake, Phakama, alikuwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 16 alipomzaa Siya, huku [[baba]] yake, Fezakele, akiwa katika mwaka wake wa mwisho wa masomo ya [[shule]]. Mama wa Kolisi alifariki [[dunia]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 15, jambo lililomfanya alelewe na bibi yake [[marehemu]], Nolulamile<ref>{{Citation|title=Siya Kolisi: ‘We represent something much bigger than we can imagine’|date=2018-06-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/06/siya-kolisi-interview-south-africa-first-black-test-captain-england|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-07-24}}</ref>. == Wasifu wa klabu == Kolisi alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya [[kwanza]] katika ngazi ya wakubwa akiwa na ''Western Province'' dhidi ya ''Golden Lions'' kwenye mashindano ya ''Vodacom Cup'' mwaka [[2011]]. Baadaye mwaka huo, kutokana na majeraha ya baadhi ya wachezaji pamoja na kuitwa kwa wengine kujiunga na timu za [[taifa]], alipata [[nafasi]] ya kuanza mara kwa mara katika kikosi kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya ndani ya [[raga]] ya ''Currie Cup''. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] f5n07wljq1it7a553v0lem38o0krkv2 1581705 1581704 2026-07-25T14:34:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1581705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Siyamthanda Kolisi|picha=Siya Kolisi 2022.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|6|16}}|utaifa=Afrika Kusini|elimu=[[Grey High School]]|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo}} '''Siyamthanda "Siya" Kolisi''' OIG (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mchezo]] wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye kwa sasa ni [[nahodha]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Baada ya kuichezea klabu za ''Stormers'' na ''Racing 92'', kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya ''Sharks'' katika mashindano ya ''United Rugby Championship (URC)''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|url=https://stormers.co.za/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kolisi to make Bok debut|url=https://stormers.co.za/siya-kolisi-on-bok-debut-against-scotland/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|date=2013-06-13|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SIYA KOLISI IS OFFICIALLY A SHARK|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2021/02/17/siya-kolisi-is-officially-a-shark/|work=The Sharks Durban|date=2021-02-17|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-ZA|author=The Sharks}}</ref>. Kwa kawaida hucheza katika nafasi za [[mshambuliaji]] wa pembeni na mchezaji wa safu ya [[tatu]]. == Maisha ya awali == Kolisi alikulia Zwide, iBhayi, ambayo ni kitongoji kilichopo [[Port Elizabeth]], Afrika Kusini. Mama yake, Phakama, alikuwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 16 alipomzaa Siya, huku [[baba]] yake, Fezakele, akiwa katika mwaka wake wa mwisho wa masomo ya [[shule]]. Mama wa Kolisi alifariki [[dunia]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 15, jambo lililomfanya alelewe na bibi yake [[marehemu]], Nolulamile<ref>{{Citation|title=Siya Kolisi: ‘We represent something much bigger than we can imagine’|date=2018-06-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/06/siya-kolisi-interview-south-africa-first-black-test-captain-england|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-07-24}}</ref>. == Wasifu wa klabu == Kolisi alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya [[kwanza]] katika ngazi ya wakubwa akiwa na ''Western Province'' dhidi ya ''Golden Lions'' kwenye mashindano ya ''Vodacom Cup'' mwaka [[2011]]. Baadaye mwaka huo, kutokana na majeraha ya baadhi ya wachezaji pamoja na kuitwa kwa wengine kujiunga na timu za [[taifa]], alipata [[nafasi]] ya kuanza mara kwa mara katika kikosi kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya ndani ya [[raga]] ya ''Currie Cup''. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] 04dbzc3xyf93equc5g4325nspyng6xj 1581892 1581705 2026-07-26T11:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Siyamthanda Kolisi|picha=Siya Kolisi 2022.jpg|tarehe ya kuzaliwa={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|6|16}}|utaifa=Afrika Kusini|elimu=[[Grey High School]]|kazi yake=Mwanamichezo}} '''Siyamthanda "Siya" Kolisi''' OIG (alizaliwa [[16 Juni]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[mchezo]] wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye kwa sasa ni [[nahodha]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Baada ya kuichezea klabu za ''Stormers'' na ''Racing 92'', kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya ''Sharks'' katika mashindano ya ''United Rugby Championship (URC)''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|url=https://stormers.co.za/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kolisi to make Bok debut|url=https://stormers.co.za/siya-kolisi-on-bok-debut-against-scotland/|work=The Official Website for the DHL Stormers|date=2013-06-13|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=SIYA KOLISI IS OFFICIALLY A SHARK|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2021/02/17/siya-kolisi-is-officially-a-shark/|work=The Sharks Durban|date=2021-02-17|accessdate=2026-07-24|language=en-ZA|author=The Sharks|archive-date=2024-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621021351/https://sharksrugby.co.za/2021/02/17/siya-kolisi-is-officially-a-shark/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kwa kawaida hucheza katika nafasi za [[mshambuliaji]] wa pembeni na mchezaji wa safu ya [[tatu]]. == Maisha ya awali == Kolisi alikulia Zwide, iBhayi, ambayo ni kitongoji kilichopo [[Port Elizabeth]], Afrika Kusini. Mama yake, Phakama, alikuwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 16 alipomzaa Siya, huku [[baba]] yake, Fezakele, akiwa katika mwaka wake wa mwisho wa masomo ya [[shule]]. Mama wa Kolisi alifariki [[dunia]] akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 15, jambo lililomfanya alelewe na bibi yake [[marehemu]], Nolulamile<ref>{{Citation|title=Siya Kolisi: ‘We represent something much bigger than we can imagine’|date=2018-06-06|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jun/06/siya-kolisi-interview-south-africa-first-black-test-captain-england|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-07-24}}</ref>. == Wasifu wa klabu == Kolisi alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya [[kwanza]] katika ngazi ya wakubwa akiwa na ''Western Province'' dhidi ya ''Golden Lions'' kwenye mashindano ya ''Vodacom Cup'' mwaka [[2011]]. Baadaye mwaka huo, kutokana na majeraha ya baadhi ya wachezaji pamoja na kuitwa kwa wengine kujiunga na timu za [[taifa]], alipata [[nafasi]] ya kuanza mara kwa mara katika kikosi kilichoshiriki [[mashindano]] ya ndani ya [[raga]] ya ''Currie Cup''. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] 5a4u53z9fhllvkyeeg6w2ugplt3wict 0 242605 1581707 1581369 2026-07-25T14:36:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Akbar Abdi|picha=Akbar Abdi 2020.jpg|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa={{Birth date|1960|08|26|df=y}}}} '''Akbar Abdi''' (kwa [[Kiajemi]]: اکبر عبدی; [[26 Agosti]] [[1960]]- [[24 Julai]] [[2026]]) alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu kutoka [[Irani|Iran]]. Katika maisha yake ya uigizaji, alipokea tuzo mbalimbali kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika filamu. Miongoni mwa tuzo hizo ni Crystal Simorgh mara mbili, Tuzo ya Hafez, na Tuzo ya Chama cha Wakosoaji na Waandishi wa [[Filamu]] cha Iran. Akbar Abdi alifariki dunia kutokana na mshtuko wa moyo.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lastgreatrevolut00wrig/page/117|title=The last great revolution: turmoil and transformation in Iran|last=Wright|first=Robin B.|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-375-40639-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastgreatrevolut00wrig/page/117 117]|quote=Akbar Abdi is Iran's greatest comedic actor|author-link=Robin Wright (author)|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13941008000571|title=اکبر عبدی در زادگاهش تجلیل شد/کلید طلایی شهر در دستان هنرپیشه کشوری &#124; خبرگزاری فارس|access-date=2015-12-29|archive-date=2015-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229220356/http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13941008000571|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akbar Abdi died.|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/86218272/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA|access-date=2026-07-24|website=www.irna.ir}}</ref> == Maisha ya Kazi == Akbar Abdi alianza kazi yake ya uigizaji mwaka [[1981]] kupitia tamthilia ya watoto ya [[televisheni]] iliyoitwa The Traffic Neighborhood, iliyoongozwa na Dariush Moadebian. Baadhi ya filamu zake zilizompatia umaarufu ni The Actor, Delshodegan, na The Snowman. Pia alicheza katika filamu ya Ejareh-Nesheenha (The Tenants). Mwezi [[Juni]] [[2016]], Akbar Abdi alifanyiwa upandikizaji wa figo. Baadaye, alikosolewa kutokana na kutoa kauli zilizotafsiriwa kuwa za chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi. Akbar Abdi alifariki dunia tarehe 24 Julai 2026, akiwa na umri wa miaka 65 == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Irani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] b866ogerodx8vytexd96n2khoa60s8u 0 242607 1581708 1581372 2026-07-25T14:36:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorraine Chandler''' (alizaliwa kwa jina la Ermastine Lewis; [[29 Aprili]] [[1946]] – [[2 Januari]] [[2020]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa soul, [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka Marekani.<ref>[http://www.thesoulbasement.com/Site/In_Memoriam.html "Lorraine Chandler", ''The Soul Basement'']. Retrieved 2 June 2020</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] sogsz9m2nvcra7ic5eeygo8ma1tyrp4 0 242610 1581712 1581393 2026-07-25T14:45:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Museveni (Jina la Ukoo)]] hadi [[Museveni (jina la ukoo)]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1581376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Museveni''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni: Janet Museveni (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1948]]), mwanasiasa wa [[Uganda]] na mke wa Yoweri Museveni. '''[[Yoweri Museveni]]''' (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1944]]), mwanasiasa wa Uganda na [[Rais]] wa Uganda. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Majina ya watu]] irvy9taudsgnnxc26n6fwwvstxosmxk 0 242613 1581716 1581383 2026-07-25T14:51:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''“A Piece of Cake: A Memoir”''' ni kitabu cha kumbukumbu za maisha (autobiography/memoir) kilichoandikwa na Cupcake Brown na kuchapishwa na Crown mwaka 2006. Kitabu hicho kinaelezea safari ya maisha ya Brown, ikiwemo kushuka kwake katika maisha ya ukahaba akiwa kijana na utegemezi wa dawa za kulevya. Ingawa kumekuwa na mashaka kuhusu ukweli wa baadhi ya matukio yaliyoelezwa katika kumbukumbu hizo za maisha, Brown anaendelea kusisitiza kwamba matukio yaliyomo katika kitabu hicho ni ya kweli.<ref>Maslin, Janet. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/23/books/annals-of-addiction-and-recovery-chapter-umpteen.html "Annals of Addiction and Recovery, Chapter Umpteen,"] ''New York Times'' (Feb. 23, 2006): "Ms. Brown looks like the new [[James Frey]], with a rough, lurid, not entirely verifiable story to tell."</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:kitabu]] 8ib2qca77j4qrvxl2fu0sszqq8392wt 0 242614 1581714 1581384 2026-07-25T14:46:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Malakwang dish.jpg|thumb|Amalakwang]] '''Amalakwang''' au Malakwang ni aina ya [[Mboga (mmea)|mboga]] inayopatikana [[Kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. Ni aina ya [[mmea]] unaoitwa rozela ambao hutumika kutengeneza vyakula mbalimbali. Mboga hii inaweza kupikwa kwa njia tofauti. Njia mojawapo ni kuchemshwa kisha kuchanganywa na unga wa karanga, halafu huliwa pamoja na [[viazi vitamu]], [[ugali]] au [[wali]]. Pia, Amalakwang huandaliwa kwa kuchanganywa na [[samaki]] au [[maharagwe]], hasa na jamii ya Alur nchini Uganda. Mboga hii pia inaweza kukaushwa na kuhifadhiwa kwa muda mrefu ili itumike baadaye. Mbali na kuwa chakula, Amalakwang hutumika pia kwa [[matibabu]] ya asili. Mboga hii hupatikana pia katika maeneo mengine ya Uganda kama Nile Magharibi, [[Mashariki]] mwa Uganda na Karamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amalakwang in English - Lango (Uganda)-English Dictionary|url=https://glosbe.com/laj/en/amalakwang|access-date=2025-01-26|website=glosbe.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The magnetism of the northern Ugandan dishes|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1129332/magnetism-northern-ugandan-dishes|access-date=2025-01-26|website=New Vision Official|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-02|title=Malakwang, a bitter sweet delicacy|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/malakwang-a-bitter-sweet-delicacy-1523530|access-date=2025-01-26|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Padiyar|first=Diya|date=2023-09-08|title=How To Make Malakwang? - Global Indian Network|url=https://globalindiannetwork.com/how-to-make-malakwang/|access-date=2025-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How To Make Malakwang? - Global Indian Network|url=https://globalindiannetwork.com/how-to-make-malakwang/|date=2023-09-08|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Diya Padiyar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Acholi cooking lesson with Doreen|url=https://invisiblechildren.com/blog/2012/08/29/acholi-cooking-lesson-with-doreen/|work=Invisible Children|date=2012-08-29|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mmea}} [[Jamii:Mboga]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Uganda]] 8tv0g30cmhsc0rpqi7ufrkd1jh8r5al 0 242615 1581715 1581382 2026-07-25T14:48:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Okello''' (pia huandikwa '''Okelo''') ni [[jina]] la [[ukoo]] linalotumiwa sana na [[Binadamu|watu]] wa [[jamii]] za [[Wajaluo]] na [[Waateker]] nchini [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] na [[Sudan]]. Jina hili linaweza kurejelea: == Watu == * Okello Oculi ([[1942]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120920220007/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/25/647758</ref>–[[2025]]<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/810172-okello-oculi-1942-2025-the-scholar-who-lived-and-breathed-africa-by-yusuf-bangura.html</ref>), [[mwandishi]] wa [[riwaya]] na [[mshairi]] wa [[Uganda]]. * Allan Okello (amezaliwa [[2000]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/</ref>), [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] <ref>https://www.sofascore.com/football/player/allan-okello/933067</ref>wa Uganda. * Bazilio Olara-Okello ([[1929]]–[[1990]]), [[mwanajeshi]] wa Uganda aliyewahi kuwa mkuu wa [[nchi]] wa Uganda. * David Okello (amezaliwa [[1986]]), mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kenya]]. * Emmy Okello (amezaliwa [[1977]]), [[daktari]] [[bingwa]] mshauri wa Uganda. * Esther Okello Lutwa (alikufa [[2002]]), [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa Uganda na [[mke]] wa [[rais]] wa [[zamani]] wa Uganda. * Galdino Moro Okello (amezaliwa [[1940]]), [[jaji]] wa Uganda. * Henry Oryem Okello (amezaliwa [[1960]]), mwanasiasa wa Uganda. * James Okello (amezaliwa 1990), mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa Uganda. * John Okello ([[1937]]–[[1971]]), [[kiongozi]] aliyezaliwa Uganda aliyehusika katika [[Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar|Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar.]] * Noble Okello (amezaliwa 2000), mchezaji wa [[soka]] wa [[Kanada|Kanada.]] * Tito Okello ([[1914]]–[[1996]]), mwanajeshi na mwanasiasa wa Uganda aliyekuwa Rais wa Uganda kuanzia [[1985]] hadi [[1986]]. == Matumizi mengine == * '''Okello''', mhusika katika filamu ya mwaka [[1972]] ''Aguirre, the Wrath of God''. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Majina ya watu]] bd4cnt9bfwj0vgv5kqfiv2qehbws6q6 0 242617 1581834 1581389 2026-07-26T07:44:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nabwiso''' ni jina la [[ukoo]] linalopatikana kwa kawaida nchini [[Uganda]]. Miongoni mwa [[watu]] mashuhuri wenye jina hili la ukoo ni:- * Eleanor Nabwiso, [[Mwigizaji wa filamu]], mtayarishaji, mwongozaji na mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka Uganda.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6278813/</ref> * Frank Nabwiso ([[1940]]–[[2024]]), [[Mwalimu]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Uganda <ref>https://chimpreports.com/dr-frank-nabwiso-historian-and-fdc-politician-dies-at-84/</ref> * Mathew Nabwiso, Muigizaji wa Uganda <ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/behind-the-scenes-with-mathew-nabwiso-on-directing-sabotage/</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Majina ya ukoo]] [[Jamii:watu wa Uganda]] ec98d1tdg4aofj2zge34m6ihm802vdg 0 242618 1581835 1581391 2026-07-26T07:46:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chepkoech''' ni jina la ukoo linalotumika nchini Kenya. Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni: * [[Beatrice Chepkoech]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1991) – Mwanariadha wa Kenya anayebobea katika mbio za masafa marefu. * [[Caroline Chepkoech Kipkirui]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1994) – Mwanariadha wa mbio za masafa marefu mwenye uraia wa Kenya na Kazakhstan. * [[Jackline Chepkoech]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 2003) – Mwanariadha wa Kenya anayeshiriki mbio za kuruka viunzi na maji (steeplechase). * [[Joyce Chepkoech Korir]] – Mwanasiasa wa Kenya {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:majina ya ukoo]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kenya]] 1nz9z1u7x5jo3sfrgwdna36ksa35f13 1581865 1581835 2026-07-26T08:41:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''Chepkoech''' ni jina la ukoo linalotumika nchini Kenya. Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni: * [[Beatrice Chepkoech]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1991) – Mwanariadha wa Kenya anayebobea katika mbio za masafa marefu. * [[Caroline Chepkoech Kipkirui]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1994) – Mwanariadha wa mbio za masafa marefu mwenye uraia wa Kenya na Kazakhstan. * [[Jackline Chepkoech]] (aliyezaliwa mwaka 2003) – Mwanariadha wa Kenya anayeshiriki mbio za kuruka viunzi na maji (steeplechase). * [[Joyce Chepkoech Korir]] – Mwanasiasa wa Kenya {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:majina ya ukoo]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kenya]] n2jtbu4dssvlspuiaog60v7t05lxdgk 0 242621 1581836 1581500 2026-07-26T07:50:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ney''' (hutamkwa nei) ni [[filimbi]] inayopulizwa kutoka upande wa juu. Ni chombo muhimu sana cha muziki wa jadi wa Wakurdi, Wapersia, Waturuki, Wayahudi, Waarabu na Wamisri. Katika baadhi ya tamaduni hizi, ney ndiyo chombo pekee cha muziki wa upepo kinachotumika. Ney imekuwa ikichezwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 4,500, tangu enzi za Misri ya Kale. Hii inaifanya kuwa moja ya vyombo vya muziki vya zamani zaidi duniani ambavyo bado vinatumika hadi leo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ANE TODAY - 201801 - The Earliest Music in Ancient Egypt|url=https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/01/earliest-music-egypt/|access-date=2022-09-18|website=American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR)|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170858/https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/01/earliest-music-egypt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:ala za muziki]] bmk1n64figqny2tox6ftoy9dec1hrt9 1581837 1581836 2026-07-26T07:50:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ney''' (hutamkwa nei) ni [[filimbi]] inayopulizwa kutoka upande wa juu. Ni chombo muhimu sana cha muziki wa jadi wa Wakurdi, Wapersia, Waturuki, Wayahudi, Waarabu na Wamisri. Katika baadhi ya tamaduni hizi, ney ndiyo chombo pekee cha muziki wa upepo kinachotumika. Ney imekuwa ikichezwa kwa zaidi ya miaka 4,500, tangu enzi za Misri ya Kale. Hii inaifanya kuwa moja ya vyombo vya muziki vya zamani zaidi duniani ambavyo bado vinatumika hadi leo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ANE TODAY - 201801 - The Earliest Music in Ancient Egypt|url=https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/01/earliest-music-egypt/|access-date=2022-09-18|website=American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR)|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170858/https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/01/earliest-music-egypt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:ala za muziki]] e3vfyf0d1kf3g64vhyyej70h0rq2lnq 0 242622 1581838 1581397 2026-07-26T07:51:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:A homemade nian gao from old woman in yuen long.jpg|thumb|Nian gao]] '''Nian gao''' (Kichina: 年糕; pinyin: ''niángāo''; Cantonese Yale: ''nìhngōu''), ambayo wakati mwingine hutafsiriwa kama [[keki]] ya mwaka, keki ya Mwaka Mpya, au keki ya Mwaka Mpya wa [[Kichina]], ni chakula kinachotengenezwa kwa [[unga]] wa [[mchele]] wenye nata na huliwa katika vyakula vya Kichina. Pia hujulikana kwa urahisi kama keki ya mchele.ingawa inaweza kuliwa mwaka mzima, kwa kawaida huwa maarufu zaidi wakati wa Mwaka Mpya wa Kichina. Inaaminika kuwa kula nian gao katika kipindi hicho huleta bahati njema, kwa sababu jina nian gao (年糕) linafanana kimatamshi na maneno yanayomaanisha "kupanda kila mwaka" au "kufanikiwa zaidi kila mwaka" (年高), yakimaanisha mwaka wenye mafanikio na ustawi zaidi.Katika lugha ya [[Kimandarini|Mandarin]] (ingawa si katika lugha zote za Kichina), nian gao (年糕) pia hutamkwa sawa kabisa na "keki yenye kunata" (黏糕 au 粘糕), ambapo herufi 黏/粘 (nián) humaanisha "kunata". Hivyo, jina hili lina maana ya moja kwa moja ya keki ya mchele yenye kunata, na pia linaashiria maendeleo, ukuaji na ustawi wa kila mwaka. Kitafunwa hiki kitamu na chenye kunata kiliaminika kuwa sadaka kwa Mungu wa Jikoni , kwa lengo la kufanya mdomo wake unate na keki hiyo ili asiweze kusema mabaya kuhusu familia ya binadamu mbele ya Mfalme wa Jade. Pia, kwa desturi, nian gao huliwa wakati wa Mwaka Mpya wa Kichina.Keki hii ilianzia nchini China, lakini baadae ikaenea na ikachangia kuzaliwa kwa aina nyingine zinazofanana za keki za mchele katika nchi mbalimbali za [[Asia]] ya Kusini-Mashariki na [[Sri Lanka]], kutokana na ushawishi wa jamii za Wachina waliohamia na kuishi katika maeneo hayo. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa China]] 05g6flpxk0ejpe91w5r7220tn6ts895 0 242623 1581839 1581399 2026-07-26T07:53:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kondowole''' ni [[chakula]] kikuu cha nchini [[Malawi]] ambacho huliwa zaidi katika eneo la [[kaskazini]] mwa nchi hiyo. Hutengenezwa kwa kutumia [[unga]] wa mhogo na maji. Ni chakula chenye mnato sana na kinafanana na nsima ya Malawi.<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=8R4WAqhpIQsC&pg=PA24&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Malawi]] l6zr3j7flrrpts2cfd1f5cdizordrbl 0 242624 1581840 1581400 2026-07-26T07:53:54Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:GrassJellyBlocks.jpg|thumb|Jeli ya nyasi]] '''Jeli ya nyasi''', inayojulikana pia kama jeli ya majani au jeli ya mitishamba, ni kitindamlo chenye umbo la jeli asili yake ni nchini [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]]. Huliwa kwa wingi katika nchi za [[Asia ya Mashariki]] na [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki]]. Hutengenezwa kwa kutumia mmea unaoitwa Mesona chinensis, ambao ni miongoni mwa mimea ya jamii ya mnanaa, na huwa na ladha hafifu yenye uchungu kiasi. Jeli ya nyasi ilibuniwa na watu wa jamii ya watu wa Hakka, ambao kihistoria waliitumia kupunguza athari za joto kali mwilini baada ya kufanya kazi kwa muda mrefu mashambani. Baadae, kitindamlo hiki kilienezwa katika nchi za Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki kupitia uhamiaji wa Wachina. Kwa kawaida, jeli ya nyasi hutolewa ikiwa imepozwa na huweza kuandaliwa pamoja na viambato vingine kama vile matunda. Pia hutumiwa katika chai ya lulu na vinywaji vingine mbalimbali. Nje ya bara la Asia, hupatikana katika maduka yanayouza bidhaa za vyakula vya Kiasia. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] mrgjynxkgxosc5uxbs338wuizp1e0o6 0 242625 1581841 1581401 2026-07-26T07:55:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Samosas, snack food at Wikipedia's 16th Birthday celebration in Chittagong (01).jpg|thumb|Sambusa]] '''Samosa''' (Sambusa) ni [[kitafunwa]] kilichokaangwa kwa [[mafuta]] ambacho asili yake ni [[Nchi]] za [[Mwambao (Kibiti)|mwambao]] wa [[Hindi]], ndani yake huwekwa mchanganyiko wa [[Viungo (chakula)|viungo]] kama [[viazi]], [[Kitunguu|vitunguu]], [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi]], [[karoti]], [[pilipili]] na hata mbogamboga na wakati mwingine huwekwa hata [[nyama]] au hata [[samaki]]. <ref>https://www.rimping.com/blog/7364/samosa-south-asia</ref><ref>https://www.seattlesamosa.com/s/stories/history-of-samosa-the-worlds-best-known-indian-snack</ref> Neno Sambusa linatokana na neno la [[Kiajemi]] cha kale "sambosag" ambalo maana yake ni [[andazi]] la pembe tatu. Sambusa hutengenezwa kwa maumbo tofauti kutokana na eneo, kama vile umbo la pembe tatu, koni, au wakati mwingine umbo la [[mwezi]] mchanga. <ref><nowiki>https://www.dawn.com/news/1157291/foods-holy-triangle</nowiki></ref> Sambusa ni kitafunwa maarufu sana katika Ukanda wa [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] na miongoni mwa jamii za [[Wahindi]] waliotawanyika duniani kote. <ref><nowiki>https://thebetterindia.com/80824/samosa-history-india/</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] o6j3g1xbnwhb5dk52e7jfwfwh2492vb 0 242626 1581843 1581402 2026-07-26T07:55:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baozi''', au kwa kifupi ''bao'', ni aina ya [[mkate]] laini unaotengenezwa kwa unga uliotiwa chachu na kujazwa viambato mbalimbali. Ni [[chakula]] maarufu katika aina mbalimbali za vyakula vya [[Kichina]].<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Az3IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA405&redir_esc=y</ref> Kuna aina nyingi za ujazo, zikiwemo za nyama au mboga, na pia njia tofauti za kuandaa chakula hiki. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi ''baozi'' hutengenezwa kwa unga wa ngano na huiva kwa mvuke.<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=MD0QDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&source=gbs_toc_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> ''Baozi'' ni toleo la ''mantou'', mkate wa [[mvuke]] usio na ujazo ambao asili yake ni Kaskazini mwa China. Tofauti kuu ni kwamba ''baozi'' hujazwa viambato mbalimbali, ilhali ''mantou'' kwa kawaida haina <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20250817153519/https://www.britannica.com/topic/bao-food</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] tulcg7j8lijkxzb1s70gpme9ymmpi0t 0 242627 1581699 1581403 2026-07-25T14:24:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cream to get clarified butter home made.Ghee.jpg|thumb|siagi]] '''Ghee''' ni aina ya '''[[siagi]] iliyoyeyushwa na kusafishwa''' ambayo asili yake ni katika bara [[Hindi]]. Mara nyingi hutengenezwa kwa kuyeyusha siagi ya maziwa ya [[ng'ombe]] au [[Nyati wa Afrika|nyati,]] kisha kuondoa maji na mabaki yote ya maziwa ili kubaki na mafuta safi kabisa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghee {{!}} Definition, Production, & Religious Significance {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghee|work=www.britannica.com|date=2026-07-04|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title="Ghee – Food Safety Plans" (PDF). FoodSafe, Ministry of Health, Government of British Columbia, Canada. September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2026.|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=%22Ghee+%E2%80%93+Food+Safety+Plans%22+(PDF).+FoodSafe,+Ministry+of+Health,+Government+of+British+Columbia,+Canada.+September+2022.+Retrieved+1+March+2026.&FORM=SSQNT1&PC=U531|work=Bing|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] t9jzh0lylsq6ubq8nyi8neuxa3t4ows 1581844 1581699 2026-07-26T07:56:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Cream to get clarified butter home made.Ghee.jpg|thumb|siagi]] '''Ghee''' ni aina ya [[siagi]] iliyoyeyushwa na kusafishwa ambayo asili yake ni katika [[bara Hindi]]. Mara nyingi hutengenezwa kwa kuyeyusha siagi ya maziwa ya [[ng'ombe]] au [[nyati]], kisha kuondoa maji na mabaki yote ya maziwa ili kubaki na mafuta safi kabisa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ghee {{!}} Definition, Production, & Religious Significance {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghee|work=www.britannica.com|date=2026-07-04|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title="Ghee – Food Safety Plans" (PDF). FoodSafe, Ministry of Health, Government of British Columbia, Canada. September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2026.|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=%22Ghee+%E2%80%93+Food+Safety+Plans%22+(PDF).+FoodSafe,+Ministry+of+Health,+Government+of+British+Columbia,+Canada.+September+2022.+Retrieved+1+March+2026.&FORM=SSQNT1&PC=U531|work=Bing|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 298asucn3jp5c65zxjwda46626pfiny 0 242628 1581846 1581404 2026-07-26T07:57:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alakena''' ni [[chakula]] cha asili kinachotengenezwa kutokana na [[mchwa]] na huliwa hasa na jamii ya [[Walango]] wa [[Kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hupatikana zaidi wakati maalum wa mwaka, wakati mchwa wanapokuwa wengi. Ni mfano muhimu wa utamaduni wa kula wadudu kama chakula [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]. Kwa jamii ya Lango, Alakena si chakula tu, bali pia ni sehemu ya utamaduni na mila zao. Hutumika kama chanzo cha virutubisho vya chakula na pia huonyesha utambulisho wa jamii hiyo.<ref name="busitema2017">{{cite journal |author=Omotoso, O.T. |year=2017 |title=Knowledge, attitudes and practices on edible insects in Lango sub-region, northern Uganda |url=https://ir.busitema.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12283/115 |journal=Busitema University Institutional Repository}}</ref><ref name="brill2017">{{cite journal |last1=Akullo |first1=J. |last2=Obaa |first2=B.B. |last3=Acai |first3=J. Okwee |last4=Nakimbugwe |first4=D. |last5=Agea |first5=J.G. |year=2017 |title=Knowledge, attitudes and practices on edible insects in Lango sub-region, northern Uganda |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jiff/3/2/article-p73_73.xml |journal=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=73–85 |doi=10.3920/JIFF2016.0033 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="nature2024">{{cite journal |last1=Cheseto |first1=Xavier |last2=Ochieng |first2=Brian O. |last3=Subramanian |first3=Sevgan |last4=Tanga |first4=Chrysantus M. |year=2024 |title=Unravelling the nutritional and health benefits of marketable winged termites (Macrotermes spp.) as sustainable food sources in Africa |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.9993C |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-60729-9 |pmc=11063174 |pmid=38693201 |article-number=9993}}</ref><ref name="sciencedirect2013">{{cite journal |last1=Kinyuru |first1=John N. |last2=Konyole |first2=Silvenus O. |last3=Roos |first3=Nanna |last4=Onyango |first4=Christine A. |last5=Owino |first5=Victor O. |last6=Owuor |first6=Bethwell O. |last7=Estambale |first7=Benson B. |last8=Friis |first8=Henrik |last9=Aagaard-Hansen |first9=Jens |last10=Kenji |first10=Glaston M. |year=2013 |title=Nutrient composition of four species of winged termites consumed in western Kenya |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889157513000409 |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=120–124 |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2013.02.008 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Maandalizi na Msimu wa Upatikanaji == Alakena huandaliwa katika kipindi maalum cha mwaka, ambacho huendana na wakati mchwa wanapozaliana kwa wingi. Katika kipindi hiki, vichuguu vya mchwa huanza kutoa mchwa wenye mabawa pamoja na mchwa walinzi wanaoitwa "Ngwen" kwa lugha ya Lango. Muda huu ni muhimu kwa sababu ndiyo kipindi ambacho mchwa hupatikana kwa wingi zaidi. Mchwa hutoka kwenye makazi yao ya chini ya ardhi na kuruka kwa ajili ya uzazi na kuanzisha makoloni mapya. Kwa jamii ya Lango, huu huwa ni wakati maalum wa kukusanya mchwa na kuandaa chakula cha jadi cha Alakena. == Umuhimu wa Kitamaduni == Katika jamii ya Lango, chakula cha Alakena kina umuhimu mkubwa wa kitamaduni zaidi ya kuwa chanzo cha chakula tu. Chakula hiki ni sehemu ya mila za vyakula vya asili na kinaonyesha uhusiano wa jamii hiyo na mila za mababu zao ambazo zimehifadhiwa na kurithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine. Utafiti uliofanyika katika eneo la Lango unaonyesha kuwa mchwa wenye mabawa ambao huitwa "Ngwen" kwa lugha ya Lango, huliwa na zaidi ya asilimia 97 ya watu waliohojiwa katika eneo hilo. Pia, mchwa walinzi ambao huitwa "okok" huliwa na takribani asilimia 73 ya watu. Hii inaonyesha kuwa kula mchwa ni sehemu iliyokubalika sana katika utamaduni wa chakula wa jamii ya Lango na imekuwa ikitumika kwa muda mrefu kama sehemu ya maisha yao ya kila siku. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Uganda]] jwm6vfxdch03b9lc79lzzvxqd1j2959 0 242630 1581847 1581407 2026-07-26T07:59:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Falafels 2.jpg|thumb|falafel]] '''Falafel''' ni [[chakula]] chenye [[asili]] ya [[Misri]] kinachotengenezwa kwa kusaga [[maharagwe]] ya fava, dengu, au mchanganyiko wa vyote viwili. [[Mchanganyiko wa aina moja|Mchanganyiko]] huo huongezewa [[mboga]] za [[majani]] zenye harufu nzuri na viungo, kisha hutengenezwa katika umbo la mipira au vibanzi na kukaangwa kwenye mafuta mengi. Falafel ni chakula maarufu katika vyakula vya [[Mashariki ya Kati|Mashariki ya Kati,]] hasa katika eneo la Levant, na mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na [[mkate]], saladi na michuzi mbalimbali.pamoja na viungo , kisha hutengenezwa katika umbo la mipira au vibanzi na kukaangwa hadi viive.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lemish|first=Noam|title=Falafel Jazz? The Politics of Genre and Culture|date=2023-11-28|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003043300-5|work=Transcultural Jazz|pages=149–177|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-003-04330-0|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Post-Lausanne Turkey: Most Favored Dictatorship?|date=2023-04-27|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009029957.005|work=When Democracy Died|pages=222–271|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-02995-7|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Misri]] oewg0nt5vrtg8c28zis7nb9y8bj7e62 0 242631 1581851 1581409 2026-07-26T08:02:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Homemade Chow mein with shrimps and meat with a choy and Choung.jpg|thumb|chow mein]] '''Chow mein''' ni [[Chakula cha asili|chakula]] cha asili ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[tambi]] zinazokaangwa pamoja na [[Mboga (mmea)|mboga]], na wakati mwingine huongezwa nyama au tofu. Kwa muda mrefu, aina mbalimbali za chow mein ziliibuka katika maeneo tofauti ya China. Kila eneo lina mtindo wake wa kuandaa chakula hiki, ikiwemo namna ya kukaanga tambi na aina za viambato vinavyoongeza chakula hiki katika nchi nyingine duniani. Leo, chow mein ni maarufu katika jamii nyingi za Wachina wanaoishi nje ya China na hupatikana katika migahawa mingi ya Kichina duniani. Pia ni chakula kinachopendwa [[Nchi|nchini]] [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Marekani]]<ref>https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/indian-chinese-cuisine-indias-love-affair-with-chinese-food-1214445</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=wiIw2_WFwC4C&q=chow+mein+nepali&pg=PA65&redir_esc=y</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa China]] sywd4zdyy4g893ab5qzfyeshd66fovk 0 242632 1581852 1581410 2026-07-26T08:03:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha: Kamia Brown speaking.jpg|thumb|Kamia Brown]] '''Kamia Brown''' (alizaliwa [[24 Oktoba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Florida (Florida House of Representatives) akiwakilisha Wilaya ya 45 ya uchaguzi kuanzia mwaka 2016 hadi 2022. Mwaka 2022, Brown aligombea nafasi ya Seneti ya Jimbo la Florida (Florida Senate), lakini hakufanikiwa kushinda uchaguzi huo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4625&LegislativeTermId=87|title=Florida House of Representatives - Kamia L. Brown - 2016 - 2018 ( Speaker Corcoran )|publisher=Myfloridahouse.gov|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Brittany Gaines|url=https://www.orangeobserver.com/article/sen-randolph-bracy-and-rep-kamia-brown-each-took-their-oath-of-office-jan-5|title=Sen. Randolph Bracy and Rep. Kamia Brown each took their oath of office Jan. 5|publisher=Orangeobserver.com|date=2017-01-12|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Marekani]] jx1rx8u5xl6cbqf6onhq1u5a9sa8h90 0 242633 1581853 1581411 2026-07-26T08:04:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Bread fruit]] hadi [[Shelisheli (tunda)]]: jina la Kiswahili 1581411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunda la mkaate''', ni tunda linalozalishwa na mti wa kitropiki. Linaitwa tunda la mkaate kwa sababu linapopikwa lina muundo na ladha inayofanana na mkate au viazi. Ganda lake huwa la kijani, huku sehemu ya ndani ikiwa nyeupe au ya rangi ya krimu. Tunda hili ni chanzo kizuri cha wanga, nyuzinyuzi, vitamini C na madini ya potasiamu, hivyo husaidia kuupa mwili nguvu, kuboresha mmeng'enyo wa chakula na kuimarisha afya. (Breadfruit) au tunda la mkate linaweza kutayarishwa kwa njia mbalimbali, kama vile kuchemshwa, kuchomwa, kukaangwa au kusagwa kuwa unga kwa ajili ya kuandaa vyakula tofauti. Kwa ujumla, tunda la mkate ni zao muhimu la chakula kwa sababu huchangia lishe bora, usalama wa chakula na kuongeza kipato kwa wakulima. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] cd2s9zzs53exzbls9yckoh6ch9qfn8b 1581855 1581853 2026-07-26T08:06:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shelisheli''' (pia: '''Tunda la mkate''') ni tunda linalozalishwa na mti wa kitropiki. Linaitwa tunda la mkate kwa sababu linapopikwa lina muundo na ladha inayofanana na mkate au viazi. Ganda lake huwa la kijani, huku sehemu ya ndani ikiwa nyeupe au ya rangi ya krimu. Tunda hili ni chanzo kizuri cha wanga, nyuzinyuzi, vitamini C na madini ya potasiamu, hivyo husaidia kuupa mwili nguvu, kuboresha mmeng'enyo wa chakula na kuimarisha afya. Tunda la mkate linaweza kutayarishwa kwa njia mbalimbali, kama vile kuchemshwa, kuchomwa, kukaangwa au kusagwa kuwa unga kwa ajili ya kuandaa vyakula tofauti. Kwa ujumla, tunda la mkate ni zao muhimu la chakula kwa sababu huchangia lishe bora, usalama wa chakula na kuongeza kipato kwa wakulima. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:matunda]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] gbsihlg2p56tj2jcl7g0wuwg0rkgsas 0 242634 1581857 1581412 2026-07-26T08:07:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1581857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zongzi''' (kwa Kichina: 粽子; pinyin: zòngzi), inayojulikana pia kama zong (kwa Kichina: 粽; pinyin: zòng) au kutafsiriwa kama dumplings<ref>Ho, Christine (May 2014). "Cantonese Sticky Rice Dumplings". ''Christine's Recipes''</ref> <ref>"Dragon Boat Festival For Beginners: Cantonese Rice Dumplings". ''Michelin Guide''. 2021-06-09.</ref>za [[mchele]] na pia kama tamales za [[Kichina]], ni chakula cha jadi cha [[Kichina]]<ref>Fung, Patricia. "Chinese Tamales". Retrieved 2026-06-19.</ref> cha mchele kinachotengenezwa kwa mchele wa glutinous uliowekwa ndani yake vichungi mbalimbali na kuvikwa kwenye majani ya mianzi. Vichungi vinaweza kuwa vitamu, kama vile kuweka maharagwe mekundu, au vya chumvi/viungo, kama vile nyama ya nguruwe au sausage ya Kichina. Mianzi inayotumika kufunika zongzi kwa ujumla ni ya [[spishi]] ya Indocalamus tessellatus, ingawa wakati mwingine mierezi au majani mengine [[makubwa]] ya gorofa yanaweza kutumika. Zongzi hupikwa kwa njia ya [[mvuke]] au kuchemshwa. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:utamaduni wa China]] aboasmgydz4yvur92gha7vhteptux2m 0 242645 1581691 1581426 2026-07-25T14:16:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Processed seafood clipped.jpg|thumb|fish balls]] Fish balls ni mipira inayotengenezwa kwa [[samaki]] waliosagwa au kusindikwa kuwa uji , kisha huchemshwa au hukaangwa kwenye [[mafuta]] mengi . Muundo wake unafanana na [[keki]] ya samaki . Mara nyingi fish balls hutengenezwa kwa nyama ya samaki iliyosagwa au surimi (nyama ya samaki iliyosindikwa), huongezewa chumvi na [[Kiungo (chakula)|kiungo]] cha kufungamanisha mchanganyiko , kama vile unga wa [[muhogo]]<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZIUCT2GdLwC&dq=difference+between+fish+ball+and+fish+cake&pg=PA194|title=Commodity Classification Under the Harmonized System|date=1990|publisher=Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&dq=difference+between+fish+ball+and+fish+cake&pg=PA166|title=IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology|last=Service|first=International Food Information|date=2009-05-18|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-8740-4|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] epsi3pjefxczf393ojque3st52cjael 0 242646 1581688 1581460 2026-07-25T14:13:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Faluda.JPG|thumb|Falooda ya Asia kusini]] == Falooda au faluda == ni peremende ya baridi ya Kimughal inayotengenezwa kwa vermiseli (tambi nyembamba).<ref>{{Citation|title=Cooke, Col Sir David (William Perceval), (28 April 1935–13 May 2017), freelance consultant/researcher|date=2007-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.11741|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Ina asili katika chakula cha [[Kiajemi]] cha faloodeh, ambacho lahaja zake zinapatikana kote [[Asia ya Magharibi|Asia Magharibi]],<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Oxford companion to sugar and sweets|last=Goldstein|first=Darra|date=2015|publisher=Oxford university press|isbn=978-0-19-931339-6|location=Oxford}}</ref> ya Kati, [[Kusini]], na Kusini[[Mashariki|-Mashariki]]. Kijadi, huandaliwa kwa kuchanganya sharubati ya waridi, ver miseli, na mbegu za [[basil]] tamu na maziwa, mara nyingi hutolewa pamoja na kulfi (Aiskrimu ya Kiasia).<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2015 |title=Samson Occom, journal, 1784 May 8 to 1785 April 26 |url=https://doi.org/10.1349/ddlp.1282 |doi=10.1349/ddlp.1282}}</ref> Vermiseli inayotumika kuandaa falooda hutengenezwa kwa [[ngano]], unga wa mishumaa (arrowroot),<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Camp |first=Gregory |date=2015-08 |title=Spotify. https://www.spotify.com/. Retrieved 21 January 2015 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s1752196315000280 |journal=Journal of the Society for American Music |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=375–378 |doi=10.1017/s1752196315000280 |issn=1752-1963}}</ref> [[wanga]] wa [[mahindi]], au sago. == Historia == Asili ya falooda inarudi nchini [[Irani|Iran]] (Uajemi), ambapo chakula cha [[Asili|asil]]<nowiki/>i kinachofanana na hicho cha faloodeh bado ni maarufu. Chakula hiki kilifika India ya mwisho wa enzi za kati kupitia nasaba nyingi za [[Asia]] ya Kati zilizovamia na kuweka makazi Kusini mwa Asia katika karne ya kunja kumi na sita (16) hadi karne ya kumi na nane (18).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Statement by Marzunisham Omar, Executive Director for Myanmar and Ms. May Toe Win, Advisor to the Executive Director, January 25, 2017|url=https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475574098.002.a006|work=doi.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Muundo wa sasa wa falooda ulitengenezwa wakati wa Dola ya Mughal na ukaenea sambamba na ushindi wao. Watawala wenye asili ya Kiajemi waliofuata baada ya Wamughal waliendelea kukienzi na kukiboresha chakula hiki kwa mtindo wao wenyewe, hasa katika maeneo ya [[Hyderabad]] [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] na Carnatic nchini India ya sasa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Foster, Sir (Albert) Ridgeby, (12 June 1907–10 May 1973)|date=2007-12-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u154561|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Kinywaji hiki sasa ni sehemu ya vyakula vya asili vya [[Pakistani|Pakistan]]<nowiki/>i, [[Afghanistan]], [[Myanmar|Myanmar,]] [[India Juliana|India,]] Bangladesh, na Sri Lanka, na hutolewa kwenye harusi na sherehe nyinginezo. Nchini Sri Lanka, falooda mara nyingi hunywewa kama burudani maarufu ya maziwa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ionete|first=Ștefan|title=Persian Loanwords in Baghdadi Arabic|date=2019|url=https://doi.org/10.4000/books.iremam.3994|work=Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics|publisher=Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans|isbn=979-10-365-3389-1|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mmea}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] pmlcw6lgshh2m8woo8zgbbnuyw04wz5 0 242657 1581698 1581440 2026-07-25T14:24:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=Getnet Wale Bayabl|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=Alizaliwa tarehe 16 julai 2000|utaifa=Ethiopia|uraia=Raia wa Ethiopia|kazi yake=Mwanariadha|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Mbio za mita 3000}} [[Faili:Getnet Wale at the 2020 PSD Bank Meeting in Dusseldorf.jpg|thumb|Getnet Wale]] '''Getnet''' '''Wale''' (alizaliwa tarehe 16 Julai [[2000]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Ethiopia]] aliyebobea katika [[mbio]] za mita 3,000 kuruka viunzi na maji (3000 m steeplechase).<ref>{{Citation|title=World Athletics|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Athletics&oldid=1363328424|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Alishika [[nafasi]] ya [[Nne]] kwenye [[michezo]] ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 2020 iliyofanyika [[Tokyo]], pia katika [[Mashindano]] ya [[Dunia]] ya mwaka 2019 na 20222.<ref>{{Citation|title=World Athletics|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Athletics&oldid=1363328424|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> '''Getnet''' '''Wale''' alishinda [[medali]] ya [[fedha]] kwenye [[Michezo]] ya [[Afrika]] ya mwaka 2019, na [[medali]] ya [[shaba]] kwenye [[Mashindano]] ya [[Riadha]] ya [[Afrika]] mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=World Athletics|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Athletics&oldid=1363328424|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == '''Getnet''' '''Wale''' alizaliwa katika [[kijiji]] cha Sekele nchini [[Ethiopia]], akiwa mmoja wa [[watoto]] wanane katika [[familia]] yao. Alipokuwa akisoma, alikuwa akikimbia [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 4 kwenda na kurudi [[Shule ya Upili ya Wavulana ya Starehe|shuleni]] kila siku. Akiwa na umri wa miaka [[13]], alishinda mashindano ya [[mkoa]] katika [[mbio]] za mita 1,500 na mita 3,000. [[Mafanikio]] hayo yalimvutia [[kocha]] wa [[mbio]] za kuruka viunzi na maji, '''Teshome''' '''Kebede''', ambaye alimwalika kwenda Addis Ababa ili kuendeleza kipaji chake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Los Angeles 28 {{!}} Olympic Games {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/la28/news/article/getnet-wale-ethiopia-steeplechase|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Michezo]] [[Jamii:Riadha]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] 76zzdjorxv7vc8fso0w5zr1aji4xa34 0 242667 1581693 1581450 2026-07-25T14:20:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ful medames (arabic meal).jpg|thumb|maharagwe ya fava]] '''Maharagwe ya Fava''' ni mchuzi mzito wa [[maharagwe]] ya mapana yaliyopikwa na kuandaliwa pamoja na [[mafuta]] ya [[mzeituni]], [[bizari]] nyembamba[[Kitunguu saumu|,kitunguu saumu]], [[kitunguu maji]], juisi ya [[Limau|limao]], [[pilipili]],giligilani au [[mboga]] na viungo vingine.chakula hiki ni chakula cha kijadi ambacho hupikwa na kupakuliwa kutoka kwenye mtungi mkubwa wa chuma. Ni chakula kikuu nchini [[Misri]] na kinachukuliwa kuwa ndicho [[chakula]] cha kitaifa cha nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ful medames|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ful_medames&oldid=1364836440|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ful medames|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ful_medames&oldid=1364836440|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Syrian Ful Medames (Breakfast Bean Salad)|url=https://zenandzaatar.com/ful-medames-syrian-style-arabic-bean-salad-vegan-gf/|work=Zen and Zaatar|date=2017-01-26|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Zena Hassoun}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/nMy3jwEACAAJ|title=The Gaza Kitchen: A Palestinian Culinary Journey|last=El-Haddad|first=Laila M.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Maggie|date=2016|publisher=Just World Books|isbn=978-1-68257-008-1|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mboga]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Jadi]] gj9dje0qup2uxcaiiw1855tximbqtt4 0 242674 1581701 1581458 2026-07-25T14:29:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guizotia abyssinica''' ni [[mmea]] wa kila [[mwaka]]. Unakua kwa kusimama moja kwa moja, una matawi mengi, na shina lake ni gumu na lenye nguvu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guizotia abyssinica|date=2026-02-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&oldid=1336186990|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Mmea huu hulimwa kwa ajili ya mafuta yake ya kula na mbegu zake. Asili yake: Kilimo cha mmea huu kilianza katika mabonde ya juu ya Eritrea na [[Ethiopia]] na baadae kukaenea sehemu nyingine za Ethiopia.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guizotia abyssinica|date=2026-02-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&oldid=1336186990|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Majina mengine ya kawaida:[[Noor Naga|Noog / Nug]] Jina linalotumika Ethiopia na Eritrea:  Ramtil / Ramtilla, Mbegu ya Niger / Nyger - inatamkwa<ref>{{Citation|title=Guizotia abyssinica|date=2026-02-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizotia_abyssinica&oldid=1336186990|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> [[Norwei|_Noug]] ni mmea wa mafuta unaofanana na alizeti kidogo, maua yake ni ya njano, na unalima sana Ethiopia kwa ajili ya mafuta na mbegu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Help:Pronunciation respelling key|date=2026-04-11|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key&oldid=1348177802|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=When did Niger become Nyjer?|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/11/30/winegar|work=MPR News|date=2011-11-30|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=Karin Winegar}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Dempewolf |first=Hannes |last2=Kane |first2=Nolan C. |last3=Ostevik |first3=Katherine L. |last4=Geleta |first4=Mulatu |last5=Barker |first5=Michael S. |last6=Lai |first6=Zhao |last7=Stewart |first7=Megan L. |last8=Bekele |first8=Endashaw |last9=Engels |first9=Johannes M. M. |last10=Cronk |first10=Quentin C. B. |last11=Rieseberg |first11=Loren H. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Establishing genomic tools and resources for Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.—the development of a library of expressed sequence tags, microsatellite loci, and the sequencing of its chloroplast genome |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02859.x |journal=Molecular Ecology Resources |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1048–1058 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02859.x |issn=1755-0998}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Faili:Guizotia abyssinica 154758132.jpg|thumb|Guizotia abyssinica]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 54weqx880ifg7i4p89rqst4c6ci8kzf 0 242681 1581746 1581467 2026-07-25T15:56:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mapishi ya Kimalagasi''' ni [[utamaduni]] wa [[chakula]] wa watu wa Madagaska, kisiwa kilichopo Bahari ya Hindi. Aina ya vyakula wanavyokula ina mchanganyiko wa [[maisha]] ya watu waliotoka sehemu mbalimbali [[duniani]] kama Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki, Afrika, India,[[China]], [[Ulaya]] na [[visiwa]] vya Oceania waliohamia hapo miaka ya [[zamani]] sana (kati ya mwaka 100 na 500 Baada ya [[Kristo]]). [[Faili:Achards de mangue et citron lemon mango achar Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Chakula cha kimalagasi]] == Marejeo<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/madagascarshorth0000rand|title=Madagascar : a short history|last=Randrianja|first=Solofo|date=2009|publisher=Chicago : University of Chicago Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-226-70418-0}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/madagascarshorth0000rand|title=Madagascar : a short history|last=Randrianja|first=Solofo|date=2009|publisher=Chicago : University of Chicago Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-226-70418-0}}</ref> == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 89lhoamyaly10nznma6oqsywj4fz9ft 0 242690 1581812 1581477 2026-07-26T03:42:29Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afewerki''', '''Afwerki''' au '''Afewerk''' , ni jina la Kieritrea linaloweza kumrejelea: * Afewerki Tekle<ref>{{Cite web|title=File:Afewerk Tekle 1965.jpg - Wikipedia|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afewerk_Tekle_1965.jpg|work=commons.wikimedia.org|date=1965|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Afewerk Tekle|date=2026-02-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afewerk_Tekle&oldid=1339957121|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (1932–2012): Mchoraji wa Ethiopia aliyechora picha zenye maudhui ya Kiafrika na Kikristo, pia alikuwa msanii wa vioo vya rangi. * Abraham Afewerki<ref>{{Citation|title=Abraham Afewerki|date=2025-12-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Afewerki&oldid=1326757332|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (1966–2006): Mwimbaji kutoka Eritrea. * [[Isaias Afwerki]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Isaias Afwerki|date=2026-07-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaias_Afwerki&oldid=1363825010|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1946): Rais wa Eritrea. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} 8kjgjb29myxey7odixdee9xe76p1waj 0 242691 1581697 1581478 2026-07-25T14:24:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Yodit Getahun.jpg|thumb]] '''Yodit Getahun''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[12 Februari]] [[1985]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na [[mshindi]] wa [[taji]] la [[mashindano]] ya [[urembo]]. Alitawazwa kuwa mlimbwende wa duniani Ethiopia mwaka [[2003]] na aliwakilisha Ethiopia katika mashindano matatu ya kimataifa ya urembo, ambapo alijishindia mataji mawili Alishiriki katika shindano la mlembwende wa utalii [[Dunia|duniani]] lililofanyika [[Moscow]], [[Urusi]], na kutunukiwa taji la udhamini la Miss Neva 2003. Pia alitunukiwa taji la Miss Congeniality (Mshiriki Mwenye Urafiki Zaidi) katika mashindano ya Miss Earth yaliyofanyika Manila, Ufilipino. Aidha, alifadhiliwa na Ethiopian Life Foundation yenye makao yake [[London]] na kushiriki katika mashindano ya Miss International Beauty Pageant yaliyofanyika Tokyo, Japani.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bainbridge|first=Stephen M.|title=Introduction|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316670279.001|work=Can Delaware Be Dethroned?|pages=1–15|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Senegal stripped of title: Afcon ruling is lawful, but it puts Caf’s reputation at risk|url=https://doi.org/10.64628/aaj.9vxptspgg|work=doi.org|date=2026-03-20|accessdate=2026-07-25|author=Fabrice Lollia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika]] bxn9f0gyw6f0y1ujvhy0ilv8j3aqp4n 0 242692 1581788 1581510 2026-07-26T00:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara''' '''Nekesa Oundo''' alizaliwa tarehe 6, Juni 1984 ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa Uganda anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Afrika Kusini, akiwa na makao yake mjini [[Pretoria]]. Katika nafasi hiyo, pia anaiwakilisha Uganda katika nchi za Afrika Kusini, [[Botswana|Botswana,]] [[Namibia|Namibia,]] [[Lesotho|Lesotho,]] na [[Eswatini]] (zamani ilijulikana kama Swaziland).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Museveni appoints Dr Kiyonga Uganda’s ambassador to Beijing|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-appoints-dr-kiyonga-uganda-s-ambassador-to-beijing-1685414|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-15|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Hapo awali, alihudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Nchi anayeshughulikia Masuala kidiplomasia katika Baraza la Mawaziri la [[Uganda|Uganda.]] Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo tarehe 27 Mei 2011, akichukua nafasi ya Janet Museveni, ambaye baadaye aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Karamoja. Oundo pia alikuwa Mbunge wa Jimbo la [[Busia, Uganda|Busia]] akiwakilisha wanawake<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Uganda High Commission in Pretoria.|url=http://www.ugandahighcommissionpretoria.com/|work=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Uganda-High-Commission-in-South-Africa|accessdate=2026-07-25|archive-date=2014-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629123210/http://www.ugandahighcommissionpretoria.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] 0n0hovl9gawfirsozqfljtoazz01x91 0 242695 1581797 1581482 2026-07-26T03:33:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''Gugsa''' ni jina la kiume lenye asili ya [[Ethiopia]]. Jina hili linaweza kumaanisha au kuhusishwa na watu mbalimbali maarufu katika historia ya Ethiopia, wakiwemo: * Gugsa Araya Selassie – mmoja wa viongozi wa kifalme wa Ethiopia. * Gugsa wa Yejju – mtawala wa eneo la Yejju katika historia ya Ethiopia. * Gugsa Welle – kiongozi wa kifalme wa Ethiopia aliyehusishwa na familia ya kifalme ya Yejju. * Uasi wa Gugsa Wale (Gugsa Wale's rebellion) – tukio la kihistoria lililohusisha uasi ulioongozwa na Gugsa Wale dhidi ya utawala wa Ethiopia. * Haile Selassie Gugsa – mwanachama wa familia ya kifalme ya Ethiopia. * Shimeket Gugesa (Shimeket Gugsa) – jina linalohusishwa na mtu kutoka historia ya Ethiopia. mecbh0dbbi1fkchsy71m1c838mkt7he 0 242696 1581711 1581483 2026-07-25T14:45:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581711 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:ISOMBE.jpg|thumb]] '''Isombe''' au kisamvu ni [[mchuzi]] wa [[Mboga (mmea)|mboga]] za [[majani]] wenye [[asili]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya kongo]], lakini hutumiwa sana [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Hupikwa kwa kuchemsha majani ya [[Muhogo|mihogo]] yaliyokatwa pamoja na [[nyanya]], [[Kitunguu maji|kitunguu maji,]] [[kitunguu saumu]], na mchuzi wa [[mifupa]], kisha kuongezwa [[Siagi ya karanga|siagi]] ya [[karanga]] mwishoni. Mara nyingi huliwa kwa [[ugali]], [[wali]], [[maharagwe]] au [[mkate]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Isombe {{!}} Traditional Stew From Rwanda {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/isombe|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:24081:ed-1:v1:en|work=www.iso.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ISOMBE – Momkoumba|url=https://momkoumba.com/isombe/|date=2025-12-30|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DSpace|url=https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/5268|work=www.suaire.sua.ac.tz|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{DEFAULTSORT:Chakula}} [[Jamii:Mboga]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] ah46e69nvl4mcm37uc7tgvbuio48ssk 0 242697 1581719 1581484 2026-07-25T15:02:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Porrón 1.jpg|thumb|Kalimotxo]] '''Kalimotxo''' (<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>hutamkwa ), au '''Calimocho''',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> ni kinywaji kinachotengenezwa kwa kuchanganya kwa uwiano sawa '''[[divai]] [[nyekundu]]''' na <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>'''kinywaji [[baridi]] chenye ladha ya [[Kolandoto|kola]] (cola)'''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mmea}}{{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 1o8ngffuyd0viid9ol4uqngttg5pj63 0 242710 1581735 1581501 2026-07-25T15:40:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tempering''' ni mbinu ya upishi inayotumika katika nchi za [[Uhindi|India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistani|Pakistan]], Sri Lanka na maeneo ya Karibea, ambapo viungo vizima (na wakati mwingine viungo vingine kama pilipili kavu, tangawizi iliyosagwa au sukari) hupikwa kwa muda mfupi katika mafuta au siagi iliyosafishwa (ghee) ili kutoa mafuta asilia yenye harufu kutoka ndani ya seli za viungo hivyo na hivyo kuongeza ladha yake, kabla ya kumwagwa pamoja na mafuta hayo kwenye chakula. Tempering pia hufanywa kwa kukaanga viungo vizima bila mafuta (dry-roasting) kwenye sufuria kabla ya kuviponda au kusaga, jambo linalosaidia kuimarisha harufu na ladha ya viungo. Kwa kawaida, mbinu hii hufanyika mwanzoni mwa mchakato wa kupika, kabla ya kuongeza viungo vingine vya chakula kama vile mchuzi wa kari au vyakula vinavyofanana na hivyo. Pia inaweza kufanyika mwishoni mwa upishi, ambapo mchanganyiko wa viungo vilivyokaangwa huongezwa juu ya chakula muda mfupi kabla ya kutolewa, kama inavyofanyika kwenye vyakula kama dal (mchuzi wa dengu), sambar au supu nzito (stew).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/12/07/143251451/the-crackling-spices-of-indian-tempering|title=The Crackling Spices Of Indian Tempering|website=NPR.org|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> [[Faili:Tadka_Dal.jpg|thumb|Tadka dal, ambayo inajumuisha chaunk]] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mapishi ya Kihindi]] kiyyydzqu3whcgpuu087ct8z2fpz5we 0 242711 1581803 1581503 2026-07-26T03:39:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1581803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kigezo:Vyanzo}} '''Kiprotich''' (kwa mwanaume) na '''Jerotich''' au Cherotich (kwa mwanamke) ni majina ya jamii ya Kalenjin, yanayopatikana sana nchini [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda|Uganda,]] ambako watu wa Kalenjin wanaishi. Majina haya yanatokana na maneno "Rot Tich", ambayo yanamaanisha [[ng'ombe]] wanaorudi nyumbani kutoka malishoni kati ya saa 11 jioni hadi saa 12 jioni (takriban saa 5:00 hadi 6:00 kwa mfumo wa kimataifa). Kiambishi Chep- au Jep- huonyesha kuwa mwenye jina ni msichana, aliyezaliwa wakati ng'ombe walikuwa wanarudi kutoka malishoni. Jina Kiprotich ni toleo la wavulana. Jina Jerotich au Cherotich ni toleo la wasichana. Majina haya yana uhusiano wa karibu na majina Cherono au Jerono, ambayo pia hutokana na utamaduni wa Kalenjin wa kuwapa watoto majina kulingana na wakati au tukio la kuzaliwa. Kwa ufupi, Kiprotich humaanisha mvulana aliyezaliwa wakati ng'ombe walikuwa wanarudi kutoka malishoni, na Jerotich/Cherotich humaanisha msichana aliyezaliwa wakati huo huo. == '''Marejeo''' == [[Jamii:Wanyama]] hbejxwwtdm1n4cdm0fnuxrczhru1qvs 0 242720 1581757 1581527 2026-07-25T16:58:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Floris Claesz. van Dyck 001.jpg|thumb|chakula cha asili nchini uganda]] '''Mugoyo''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] na cha [[msingi]] nchini [[Uganda]] kinachopikwa na kuliwa katika maeneo mengi ya [[nchi]] hiyo. Chakula hiki huandaliwa kwa kuchanganya na kuponda kwa pamoja [[viungo]] vyake vikuu viwili, ambavyo ni [[viazi]] vitamu na [[maharagwe]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] <references /> b6bbzdb9rxpol2yhm6exkisei1wq13q 0 242724 1581759 1581523 2026-07-25T16:59:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Local Brew.jpg|thumb|Girl brewing munkoyo beer in rural zambia]] '''Munkoyo'''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=FcXW4MJUGYkC&pg=PA289&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=How to live and survive in Zambezian open forest (Miombo ecoregion)|last=Malaisse|first=Françoise|date=2010|publisher=Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux|isbn=978-2-87016-106-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=ZG2fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Probiotics|last=Rigobelo|first=Everlon|date=2012-10-03|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-953-51-0776-7|language=en}}</ref>au ibwatu ni aina ya [[bia]] inayotengenezwa vijijini [[Zambia]]. Ni [[kinywaji]] kilichochacha kidogo kilichotengenezwa kutoka kwa uji wa [[mahindi]] na Rhynchosia venulosa (inayojulikana kama mizizi ya munkoyo).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lukwesa Burak|date=2025-09-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lukwesa_Burak&oldid=1311063306|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Mchanganyiko huu huchemshwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beating malnourishment with traditional drinks|url=https://www.resource-online.nl/index.php/2019/11/13/ondervoeding-te-lijf-met-traditionele-zambiaanse-dranken/?lang=en|work=Resource online|date=2019-11-13|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Coretta Jongeling}}</ref> Kinaweza kunywewa mara tu baada ya kutengenezwa au kuruhusiwa kuchachuka kwa siku kadhaa. Mara nyingi huitwa "bia tamu" na Wazambia. Pia hupatikana katika nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati|Afrika ya kati]] kama [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] ambapo hutumiwa kama kinywaji katika sherehe za kitamaduni na vile vile kinywaji cha kawaida. munkoyo inajulikana kuwa na athari chanya kiafya, ikiwa ni pamoja na kukuza afya mikrobiome ya utumbo na vitamini B.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Beating malnourishment with traditional drinks|url=https://www.resource-online.nl/index.php/2019/11/13/ondervoeding-te-lijf-met-traditionele-zambiaanse-dranken/?lang=en|work=Resource online|date=2019-11-13|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Coretta Jongeling}}</ref> {{Mbegu}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula]] 7h7medvmcxla1z9yypdqb2c9kto9f5u 0 242729 1581751 1581531 2026-07-25T16:08:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Amama Mbabazi.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox person|jina la kuzaliwa=John Patrick Amama Mbabazi|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=alizaliwa tarehe 16 Januari 1949|utaifa=Uganda|uraia=Raia wa Uganda|elimu=Stashahada ya Uzamili katika Mafunzo ya Uanasheria|anajulikana kwa ajili ya=Wazuri mkuu wa 9 wa Uganda}} '''John Patrick Amama Mbabazi''' (maarufu kama '''Amama Mbabazi'''), alizaliwa tarehe[[16]] Januari [[1949]]. Ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Uganda]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri]] Mkuu wa [[tisa]] wa [[Uganda]] kuanzia tarehe 24 Mei [[2011]] hadi 19 Septemba [[2014]]. Alikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika mapambano ya [[ukombozi]] wa [[Uganda]] dhidi ya tawala za kidikteta kati ya mwaka [[1972]] na [[1986]]. Pia ni mmoja wa [[waanzilishi]] wa [[Harakati]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Upinzani]] (National Resistance Movement – NRM), ambayo ndiyo [[chama]] tawala nchini [[Uganda|Uganda.]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amama Mbabazi’s road to Prime Minister|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-07-25|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref> '''Mbabazi''' alikuwa [[Mbunge]] wa [[Jimbo]] la Kinkiizi [[West]] katika Wilaya ya [[Kanungu]] kuanzia mwaka [[1996]] hadi mwaka [[2016]]. Mwaka 2016, aligombea [[urais]] wa [[Uganda]] lakini isivyo bahati hakufanikiwa kushinda [[uchaguzi]] huo.<ref name=":0" /> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == '''Amama Mbabazi''' alizaliwa tarehe 16 Januari 1949 katika Kijiji cha [[Mparo]], Kata ya Rukiga, ambayo kwa sasa ipo katika Wilaya ya Rukiga nchini [[Uganda]]. Elimu yake ya [[sekondari]] aliipata katika Shule ya Kigezi [[College]] Butobere, kisha akamaliza elimu ya kidato cha [[tano]] na sita katika Shule ya Ntare. Baadaye alihitimu shahada ya [[Sheria]] (Bachelor of Laws) kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha [[Makerere]]. Pia alipata [[Stashahada]] ya Uzamili katika Mafunzo ya Uanasheria kutoka Kituo cha [[Maendeleo]] ya Sheria (Law Development Centre) kilichopo Kampala. Mbabazi ni wakili anayehitimu kufanya kazi katika mahakama za Uganda na amekuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Wanasheria]] cha [[Uganda]] tangu mwaka 1977.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amama Mbabazi’s road to Prime Minister|url=https://www.newvision.co.ugnull/|work=New Vision|accessdate=2026-07-25|author=Vision Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Observer|url=http://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=14694:mbabazi-mutebile-to-revive-former-school|work=www.observer.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-gb|author=Edward Ssekika}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=18&const=Kinkiizi+County+West&dist_id=65&distname=Kanungu|work=www.parliament.go.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Afrika]] g09yzktj7tt4qqbqlfco2xy66fuyixo 0 242731 1581752 1581534 2026-07-25T16:09:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mehari''' (kwa Kiamhari: '''መሀሪ''' au '''መሐሪ''') ni jina la '''[[Kiumeni|kiume]]''' linalotumiwa nchini [[Ethiopia]] na [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Durame.com is for sale|url=https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=Durame.com|work=HugeDomains|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Maana yake halisi katika [[lugha]] ya Kiamhari ni '''"'''mwenye huruma'''"''', '''"'''mwenye kusamehe'''"'''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ethiopian Names - letter M|url=https://ethiopia.limbo13.com/index.php/ethiopian_names/ethiopian_names_m/|work=Road to Ethiopia - Camino a Etiopia|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>, au '''"'''msamehevu'''."''' Kama ilivyo kwa majina mengi ya wanaume nchini Ethiopia <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mehari Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/mehari|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>Mehari linaweza kutumiwa pia kama jina la ukoo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Durame.com is for sale|url=https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=Durame.com|work=HugeDomains|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Kwa ufupi: ''Mehari'' ni jina la kiume la Ethiopia na Eritrea linalomaanisha mtu mwenye huruma na anayesamehe, na linaweza kutumika pia kama jina la [[ukoo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Durame.com is for sale|url=https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=Durame.com|work=HugeDomains|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejoe == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu]] an52rvtsxx9i3o5g2tr1jstg2zixmbf 0 242736 1581744 1581544 2026-07-25T15:51:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581744 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Chicken Luwombo.JPG|thumb|Luwombo]] '''Luwombo''' (pia inaitwa ''Oluwombo'' kwa umoja, au ''Mpombo/Empombo'' kwa wingi) ni chakula cha asili cha [[Uganda]]. Ni mchuzi unaopikwa ndani ya majani machanga ya ndizi (aina ya Ndiizi) yaliyolainishwa kwa moto. Chakula hiki kilianza mwaka [[1887]] huko [[Buganda]], na zamani kilikuwa kinapikwa kwa ajili ya [[wafalme]] tu. Lakini hivi sasa kinaliwa na watu wote wa Buganda na [[makabila]] mengine nchini Uganda. Luwombo ina aina nyingi, kama vile: Luwombo ya kuku, Luwombo ya nyama, Luwombo ya samaki, au Luwombo ya karanga zilizochanganywa na uyoga.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=What you didn't know about oluwombo|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1426924/didn-about-oluwombo|access-date=2025-02-19|website=New Vision|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Oluwombo has been in Uganda for more than 100 years|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1072595/oluwombo-uganda-100|access-date=2025-02-19|website=New Vision|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-07-06|title=Kampala celebrates 50 years of fine eating|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/kampala-celebrates-50-years-of-fine-eating--1312494|access-date=2025-02-19|website=The EastAfrican|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-03|title=Savouring the smoked banana aroma|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/savouring-the-smoked-banana-aroma-1512510|access-date=2025-02-19|website=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] <references />{{Mbegu}} lnd604mmkwtoqya18icv40rzn3jynf0 0 242737 1581749 1581542 2026-07-25T16:07:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vyakula''' vya [[Mauritius]] vinaakisi mazingira ya kitropiki ya kisiwa hicho na historia yake ndefu ya utofauti wa kitamaduni. Mila za upishi za Mauritius zinajumuisha vipengele vya vyakula vya Afrika, vyakula vya Uchina, vyakula vya Ulaya hasa vyakula vya [[Ufaransa]] na vyakula vya India, hususan vyakula vya Bhojpuri, hali inayoakisi makundi mbalimbali yaliyokuja kuishi kisiwani humo.<ref name=":5">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Africa : an encyclopedia of culture and society|date=2016|others=Toyin Falola, Daniel Jean-Jacques|isbn=978-1-59884-665-2|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=813–814|oclc=900016532}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Vyakula vya Asali]] 6si66aqjiyalu9s0fu046rbaj49ql8n 0 242743 1581745 1581551 2026-07-25T15:54:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mageu (carton and glass).JPG|thumb|uji wa mtindi]] '''Uji wa mtindi''' ni kinywaji cha jadi kinachotengenezwa kutokana na uji wa unga wa mahindi (au mtama) uliochachushwa kidogo, hivyo kina ladha ya kuchachwa kidogo na tamu-tamu. Hunywewa baridi, hasa siku za joto, na ni maarufu sana Kenya na maeneo mengine ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=2004-03-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5094-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Mbegu]] ifumvrkrutf5vcibmmd177b3y5m7qj0 0 242746 1581734 1581554 2026-07-25T15:31:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kisra''',ni mkate maarufu wa [[Sudan Kusini|Sudan]] uliotengenezwa kwa kuchachushwa na kuwa [[mwembamba]] sana. Hutengenezwa Sudan, Chad, Sudan Kusini, [[Algeria]] na katika baadhi ya sehemu za [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]]. Hutengenezwa kwa [[mtama]] au ngano.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=ofLEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA566&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food|last=Guardia|first=Miguel de la|last2=Garrigues|first2=Salvador|date=2015-05-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-65436-1|language=en}}</ref> Kuna aina 2 tofauti za kisra: Kisra rhaheefa - ni makaratasi mepesi yaliyookwa. Hufanana na [[injera]]. Kisra aseeda au aceda - ni uji mnene. Huliwa pamoja na kitoweo cha [[nyama]] na [[mboga]] kama [[Mullah Omar|mullah]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title='The Sudanese Kitchen Cookbook:' A Culinary Map of Sudan’s Rich Food Traditions|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/the-sudanese-kitchen-cookbook-a-culinary-map-of-sudans-rich-food-traditions/213039|work=okayafrica|date=2025-07-11|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Amuna Wagner}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka [[1995]] [[Faili:Kisra maker.jpeg|thumb|kisra]] nchi ya Sudan iliyokuwa bado haijagawanyika ilitumia takriban tani 18,000 hadi 27,000 za unga wa mtama kwa mwaka kutengeneza kisra.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=VKlHKIvrogUC&pg=PA196&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=1995-11-14|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-9352-4|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2025, CNN iliweka kisra katika orodha ya mikate 50 bora zaidi duniani.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=ofLEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA566&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food|last=Guardia|first=Miguel de la|last2=Garrigues|first2=Salvador|date=2015-05-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-65436-1|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za Kenya]] 0q7t8072imjs7nwsy8xfgiwt8a14zgh 0 242747 1581761 1581563 2026-07-25T16:59:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutale''' ni [[jina]] lenye [[asili]] ya [[Zambia]] ambalo linaweza kumaanisha: * Mutale Nalumango<ref>{{Citation|title=Mutale Nalumango|date=2026-07-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutale_Nalumango&oldid=1364389724|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1955]]), [[mwalimu]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Zambia * Mutale Nkonde<ref>{{Citation|title=Mutale Nkonde|date=2026-04-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutale_Nkonde&oldid=1351573630|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>, [[mwandishi wa habari]] na mtafiti wa sera za akili mbandia wa Zambia * Bernard Mutale<ref>{{Citation|title=Bernard Mutale|date=2024-08-15|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Mutale&oldid=1240449823|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>, [[beki]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa Zambia * Billy Mutale<ref>{{Citation|title=Billy Mutale|date=2025-01-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Mutale&oldid=1267431454|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1993]]), mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Zambia * Edith Mutale<ref>{{Citation|title=Edith Mutale|date=2026-06-07|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edith_Mutale&oldid=1358302997|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1994]]), [[balozi]] wa [[Mwanamke|wanawake]] wa Zambia * Kelvin Mutale<ref>{{Citation|title=Kelvin Mutale|date=2026-07-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelvin_Mutale&oldid=1362886594|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ([[1969]]–1993), mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Zambia * Lucky Mutale<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucky Mutale Bio, Stats, and Results|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/lucky-mutale-1.html|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka 1955), aliyekuwa mwanabondia wa Zambia aliyestaafu * Vincent Mutale <ref>{{Citation|title=Vincent Mutale|date=2025-01-05|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Mutale&oldid=1267431449|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>(aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1973]]), mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Zambia == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari wa Zambia]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 869jxro9l9lcevuunx82flm0fm31pkl 0 242749 1581670 1581559 2026-07-25T13:53:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581670 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni '''mlo''' wa jadi unaoliwa katika nchi za '''[[Asia]] [[Kusini]]''', <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>na ni miongoni mwa milo ya kila siku inayopendwa zaidi katika eneo hilo pamoja na baadhi ya nchi za '''Karibiani'''. Mlo huu ni rahisi kuandaa, una lishe [[bora]], na huliwa na watu wengi kama chakula kikuu cha kila siku. Muunganiko wa '''dal (dengu)''' na '''bhat ('''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Taste of Nepal: Nepali Dhindo - ढिडोँ - (Cornmeal Porridge)|url=https://tasteofnepal.blogspot.com/2013/03/nepali-dhindo-cornmeal-porridge.html|work=Taste of Nepal|date=2013-03-29|accessdate=2026-07-25|author=Jyoti Pathak}}</ref>'''[[wali]])''' unathaminiwa kwa sababu hutoa '''protini''' na '''[[wanga]]''' kwa pamoja, hivyo kuufanya kuwa mlo wenye uwiano mzuri wa virutubisho, unaoshiba na unaokidhi mahitaji ya mwili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Discover the origin of Kalimotxo|url=https://www.institutohemingway.com/news/1630/discover-the-origin-of-kalimotxo-.html|work=www.institutohemingway.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] h52m1nvw7ovqhqonchihdrfcjflvoi9 0 242752 1581681 1581562 2026-07-25T14:08:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Empogola''' ni chakula cha asili nchini [[Uganda]], ambacho kwa kiasi kubwa kinajumuisha ndizi mbichi (matoke) zinazopikwa zikiwa na maganda yake. Chakula hiki hupendwa sana katika maeneo mbalimbali nchini Uganda na mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na nyama za kuchoma kama vile nyama ya nguruwe au ''muchomo'' (nyama choma).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-06-27|title=Local Ugandan Food. 10 Ugandan Dishes To Taste On Your Visit {{!}} Exclusive African Safaris|url=https://ugandasafariexperts.com/local-ugandan-food/|access-date=2025-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=nielsskovjoergensen|date=2015-06-04|title=Recipes on your favorite traditional Ugandan food?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Uganda/comments/38hxbu/recipes_on_your_favorite_traditional_ugandan_food/?rdt=34591|access-date=2025-02-28|website=r/Uganda}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-01-02|title=Green Banana: Benefits, Calories, Side Effects & More|url=https://bebodywise.com/blog/green-banana/|access-date=2025-02-28|website=Bodywise|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=6 'Bad' Foods You Should Be Eating to Help Manage High Blood Pressure, According to Dietitians|url=https://www.eatingwell.com/bad-foods-for-high-blood-pressure-11683043|access-date=2025-02-28|website=EatingWell|language=en}}</ref> == Jinsi ya Kutayarisha na Kuandaa == * Chagua ndizi nzuri''':''' Chagua ndizi mbichi zilizokomaa vizuri lakini ngumu, zisizo na mawaa au kuharibika. * Osha vizuri: Osha ndizi hizo vizuri sana ili kuondoa udongo na uchafu wowote kwenye maganda, kwa sababu zinapikwa zikiwa na maganda yake. * Pika: Weka ndizi hizo zisizomenywa kwenye sufuria kubwa yenye maji yanayotokota. * Muda wa kupika: Acha zichemke kwa dakika 30 hadi 40, au mpaka ziwe laini. * Pakua: Mwaga maji hayo kisha pakua ndizi zikiwa bado za moto. Maganda yanaweza kutolewa (kumenywa) wakati wa kula tu. * Huliwa pamoja na nyama choma (''muchomo''), nyama ya nguruwe ya kuchoma, mchuzi wa karanga, au mboga za majani. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 4l6kshupgeno4b0d81gajl0dqvlz8jz 0 242756 1581568 2026-07-25T11:59:59Z YUSTA MWAIPOPO 91174 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Caril de amendoim.jpg|thumb]] '''kari ya karanga''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha [[Msumbiji]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[maziwa]] ya [[Nazi (tunda)|nazi]], [[nyama]] ya [[kuku]] au [[samaki]] aina ya samaki changu, pamoja na [[karanga]]. [[Chakula]] hiki hupatikana zaidi katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] ya [[kusini]] mwa Msumbiji, hususan na . Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa [[mahindi]] unaokatwa vipande na kuliwa badala ya [[wali]] au [[ugali]]. K...' 1581568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Caril de amendoim.jpg|thumb]] '''kari ya karanga''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha [[Msumbiji]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[maziwa]] ya [[Nazi (tunda)|nazi]], [[nyama]] ya [[kuku]] au [[samaki]] aina ya samaki changu, pamoja na [[karanga]]. [[Chakula]] hiki hupatikana zaidi katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] ya [[kusini]] mwa Msumbiji, hususan na . Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa [[mahindi]] unaokatwa vipande na kuliwa badala ya [[wali]] au [[ugali]]. Karanga husagwa vizuri na kuchanganywa na maji hadi kuwa laini, jambo linaloipa kari hii [[rangi]] ya krimu na muundo [[Laini Saba|laini]] na mzito unaoteleza [[Kinywa|mdomoni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stirring the Pot: Mozambique|url=https://www.saltmagazine.org/stirring-pot-mozambique/|work=Salt Magazine|date=2017-12-15|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula]] tmimo4izogmcwfxisijz77lwpw55rew 1581765 1581568 2026-07-25T17:24:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Caril de amendoim.jpg|thumb]] '''kari ya karanga''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha [[Msumbiji]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[maziwa]] ya [[Nazi (tunda)|nazi]], [[nyama]] ya [[kuku]] au [[samaki]] aina ya samaki changu, pamoja na [[karanga]]. [[Chakula]] hiki hupatikana zaidi katika [[Mkoa|mikoa]] ya [[kusini]] mwa Msumbiji, hususan na . Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa [[mahindi]] unaokatwa vipande na kuliwa badala ya [[wali]] au [[ugali]]. Karanga husagwa vizuri na kuchanganywa na maji hadi kuwa laini, jambo linaloipa kari hii [[rangi]] ya krimu na muundo [[Laini Saba|laini]] na mzito unaoteleza [[Kinywa|mdomoni]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Stirring the Pot: Mozambique|url=https://www.saltmagazine.org/stirring-pot-mozambique/|work=Salt Magazine|date=2017-12-15|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula]] qijx00pxt2jlbq9u4nvbz7pvavtfenv 0 242757 1581570 2026-07-25T12:01:55Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Erika White (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1972]]/1973) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mwanachama wa chama cha Democratic Party katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Ohio (Ohio House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 41. Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Ohio wa mwaka 2024. Wilaya anayoiwakilisha iko katika Kaunti ya Lucas pekee na inajumuisha maeneo ya sehemu za miji ya Toledo, Maumee na Holland....' 1581570 wikitext text/x-wiki Erika White (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1972]]/1973) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mwanachama wa chama cha Democratic Party katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Ohio (Ohio House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 41. Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Ohio wa mwaka 2024. Wilaya anayoiwakilisha iko katika Kaunti ya Lucas pekee na inajumuisha maeneo ya sehemu za miji ya Toledo, Maumee na Holland. Awali, White aligombea nafasi hiyo katika uchaguzi wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Ohio mwaka 2022, lakini alishindwa na Derek Merrin. Baada ya mabadiliko ya mipaka ya majimbo ya uchaguzi (redistricting), aliamua kugombea tena katika wilaya ya 41.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Williams, White, Grim, Ghanbari win Ohio House seats|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/politics/2024/11/06/ohio-house-election-williams-white-grim-ghanbari-district-democrats-republicans/stories/20241106007|access-date=2025-04-30|website=The Blade|language=en}}</ref> Kabla ya kuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Masuala ya Afya (Health Chair) katika tawi la Toledo la taasisi ya NAACP (Chama cha Kitaifa cha Maendeleo ya Watu Weusi). Pia aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Communications Workers of America (Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Mawasiliano cha Marekani).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Croup|first=Josh|date=2024-11-07|title=Northwest Ohio elects pair of political newcomers to Ohio House|url=https://www.13abc.com/2024/11/07/northwest-ohio-elects-pair-political-newcomers-ohio-house/|access-date=2025-04-30|website=13abc|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] 5sb87jnkywyd4kcgyyw37ncs8uwg0zw 1581685 1581570 2026-07-25T14:10:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581685 wikitext text/x-wiki Erika White (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1972]]/1973) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye ni mwanachama wa chama cha Democratic Party katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Ohio (Ohio House of Representatives), akiwakilisha wilaya ya 41. Alichaguliwa kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Ohio wa mwaka 2024. Wilaya anayoiwakilisha iko katika Kaunti ya Lucas pekee na inajumuisha maeneo ya sehemu za miji ya Toledo, Maumee na Holland. Awali, White aligombea nafasi hiyo katika uchaguzi wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Ohio mwaka 2022, lakini alishindwa na Derek Merrin. Baada ya mabadiliko ya mipaka ya majimbo ya uchaguzi (redistricting), aliamua kugombea tena katika wilaya ya 41.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Williams, White, Grim, Ghanbari win Ohio House seats|url=https://www.toledoblade.com/local/politics/2024/11/06/ohio-house-election-williams-white-grim-ghanbari-district-democrats-republicans/stories/20241106007|access-date=2025-04-30|website=The Blade|language=en}}</ref> Kabla ya kuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo, aliwahi kuhudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Masuala ya Afya (Health Chair) katika tawi la Toledo la taasisi ya NAACP (Chama cha Kitaifa cha Maendeleo ya Watu Weusi). Pia aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa bodi ya Communications Workers of America (Chama cha Wafanyakazi wa Mawasiliano cha Marekani).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Croup|first=Josh|date=2024-11-07|title=Northwest Ohio elects pair of political newcomers to Ohio House|url=https://www.13abc.com/2024/11/07/northwest-ohio-elects-pair-political-newcomers-ohio-house/|access-date=2025-04-30|website=13abc|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] he1lo8g6zr7gx03kqpzibu9pitqoxms 0 242758 1581571 2026-07-25T12:02:33Z Abduli burhani 60014 ukurasa umeundwa 1581571 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Traditional Tanzanian food - pilau kuku, mishkaki, ndizi, &c..JPG|thumb|chakula cha kitanzania]] Vyakula cha Kitanzania hujumuisha wali , ugali, [[nyama]] choma, [[samaki]], [[pilau]], na [[ndizi]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Pierre Englebert|date=2025-06-19|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Englebert&oldid=1296282209|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLWIITj8X-sC&pg=PA|title=African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions|last=Maier|first=Gerhard|date=2003-07-02|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00054-5|language=en}}</ref> Mboga zinazotumika mara kwa mara Tanzania ni pamoja na bamia, ambayo mara nyingi huliwa kama mchuzi au kuandaliwa kuwa mchuzi wa kitamaduni unaoitwa [[mlenda]], [[mchicha]], [[njegere]] , [[Maharagwe|maharage]], na kisamvu na makande [[Tanzania]] inazalisha angalau aina 17 tofauti za ndizi zinazotumika kwa supu, mchicha wa nyama, na chipsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzanian Rock Art Depicts Trios of Bizarre Anthropomorphic Figures {{!}} Archaeology {{!}} Sci-News.com|url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/tanzanian-rock-art-09332.html|work=Sci.News: Breaking Science News|date=2021-02-08|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Enrico de Lazaro}}</ref> Baadhi ya chakula cha kiamsha kinywa kinachoonekana mara kwa mara Tanzania ni maandazi , chai, chapati uji, na hasa katika maeneo ya vijijini chipsi mayai. Vyakula vya vitafunwa vya Kitanzania ni pamoja na visheti, kashata , kabaab , sambusa , mkate wa kumimina, vileja, vitumbua, na bagia za kunde.   == marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] kimyxtsu7f4ykwudif0hh6gutulighd 0 242759 1581572 2026-07-25T12:03:23Z Camiddo 86373 Chapisha makala 1581572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waweru''' ni jina la [[Kenya|Kikenya]] linalopewa [[watoto]] wa kiume wa [[kabila]] la [[Wakikuyu]], hasa katika eneo la Mlima Kenya. Baadhi ya watu mashuhuri wenye jina la Waweru ni: Charles Waweru Kamathi (amezaliwa mwaka [[1978]]) – Mwanariadha wa Kenya anayebobea katika mbio za masafa marefu. '''David Waweru''' – Afisa [[Mkuu wa wilaya|Mkuu]] Mtendaji (CEO) wa [[kampuni]] ya uchapishaji ya WordAlive Publishers. George Japhet Waweru (amezaliwa mwaka [[1978]]) – [[Mchezaji]] wa [[mpira]] wa miguu kutoka Kenya. Joel Waweru Mwangi (amezaliwa mwaka [[1959]]) – Askofu wa Kenya. John Kiarie Waweru (amezaliwa mwaka [[1978]]) – [[Mwanasiasa]] wa Kenya. Julius Waweru Karangi (amezaliwa mwaka [[1951]]) – [[Jenerali]] mstaafu wa [[Jeshi]] la Ulinzi la Kenya (Kenya Defence Forces). Patrick Waweru (amezaliwa mwaka [[1958]]) – [[Bondia]] kutoka Kenya. Peter Waweru (amezaliwa mwaka [[1982]]) – Mwamuzi wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Kenya. Wangechi Waweru (amezaliwa mwaka [[1994]]) – [[Mwanamuziki]] wa Kenya. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Kenya]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] fx3dke2wyjbejurml6p2uzv2chjyawt 0 242760 1581573 2026-07-25T12:04:21Z Emmanuel Alfonce 91178 Kiswahili chetu 2026 1581573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsegaye''' (kwa Kiharifu: ፀጋዬ), Tsegai, au Tsegay (kwa Kitigrinya: ፀጋይ) ni jina la kiume lenye asili ya [[Ethiopia]] na Eritrea. Watu mashuhuri wenye [[jina]] hili ni pamoja na:<ref>''This page or section lists people that share the same'' given name''.'' <small>If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.</small></ref> Tsegaye Tsegaye Degineh (aliyezaliwa [[1969]]), mtetezi wa [[sanaa]] za kijeshi wa [[Ethiopia]] Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin ([[1936]]–[[2006]]), mwandishi wa [[Ethiopia]] na Mshairi wa Laureate Tsegaye Segne (aliyezaliwa [[1964]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali mrefu wa EthiopiaMarcus Velado-Tsegaye (aliyezaliwa [[2001]]), mchezaji wa soka wa Kanada Michael Tsegaye (aliyezaliwa [[1979]]), msanii na mpiga picha wa Ethiopia Tirfi Tsegaye (aliyezaliwa [[1984]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali mrefu wa Ethiopia anayebobea katika mbio za marathoni Tsegai Atsedu Tsegay (aliyezaliwa [[1991]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali mrefu wa Ethiopia anayebobea katika mbio za nusu marathoni Genet Tsegay (aliyezaliwa [[1992]]), mshiriki wa [[mashindano]] ya [[urembo]] ya Ethiopia Gudaf Tsegay (aliyezaliwa [[1997]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali wa kati wa [[Ethiopia]] Samuel Tsegay (aliyezaliwa [[1988]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali mrefu wa Eritrea anayebobea katika mbio za mita 5000 na mita 10,000 Yemane Tsegay (aliyezaliwa [[1985]]), mkimbiaji wa umbali mrefu wa [[Ethiopia]] anayebobea katika mbio za marathoni Ukalimani huu unatoa tafsiri sahihi kwa lugha ya [[Kiswahili]] ya orodha ya majina ya watu mashuhuri wanaoitwa Tsegaye, Tsegai, au Tsegay kutoka nchini [[Ethiopia]] na Eritrea pamoja na fani zao mbalimbali kama zilivyoelezwa katika vyanzo vya kihistoria na taarifa za kielektroniki zinazohusu wasifu wao. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] knto0z0krx87bp3pmtpdqh1ufm1moic 0 242761 1581574 2026-07-25T12:05:16Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kikalayi''' ni chakula cha jadi kinachopatikana nchini [[Uganda]] na ni maarufu hasa miongoni mwa watu wanaopenda kula [[nyama]] ya [[nguruwe]]. Chakula hiki ni sehemu ya utamaduni wa vyakula vya Uganda na hupatikana katika migahawa, maeneo ya kuchomea nyama na mikusanyiko mbalimbali ya kijamii. Kikalayi ni moja ya vyakula vinavyopendwa sana na huchukuliwa kuwa sehemu muhimu ya urithi wa upishi wa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Improving...' 1581574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikalayi''' ni chakula cha jadi kinachopatikana nchini [[Uganda]] na ni maarufu hasa miongoni mwa watu wanaopenda kula [[nyama]] ya [[nguruwe]]. Chakula hiki ni sehemu ya utamaduni wa vyakula vya Uganda na hupatikana katika migahawa, maeneo ya kuchomea nyama na mikusanyiko mbalimbali ya kijamii. Kikalayi ni moja ya vyakula vinavyopendwa sana na huchukuliwa kuwa sehemu muhimu ya urithi wa upishi wa Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Improving food safety in Uganda: Piloting the nudge theory to change risky practices amongst Uganda's pork handlers|url=https://www.ilri.org/news/improving-food-safety-uganda-piloting-nudge-theory-change-risky-practices-amongst-ugandas-pork|access-date=2025-02-22|website=www.ilri.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-27|title=Local Ugandan Food. 10 Ugandan Dishes To Taste On Your Visit {{!}} Exclusive African Safaris|url=https://ugandasafariexperts.com/local-ugandan-food/|access-date=2025-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ngwili |first1=Nicholas |last2=Ahimbisibwe |first2=Salaviriuse |last3=Sentamu |first3=Derrick Noah |last4=Thomas |first4=Lian F. |last5=Ouma |first5=Emily |date=2023-05-22 |title=Structure of the pork value chain in Northern Uganda: implications for Taenia solium control interventions |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |language=English |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2023.1177526 |hdl=20.500.11820/6dce981f-6dd8-4abf-9de5-2216d848e54f |issn=2297-1769 |pmc=10239858 |pmid=37283878 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Magazine|first1=Smithsonian|last2=Clark|first2=Laura|title=People Ate Pork in the Middle East Until 1,000 B.C.—What Changed?|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-ate-pork-middle-east-until-1000-bcwhat-changed-180954614/|access-date=2025-02-22|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Prateek|date=2023-11-10|title=How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?|url=https://medium.com/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70|access-date=2025-02-22|website=Teatime History|language=en}}</ref> == Asili na Umuhimu wa Kitamaduni == Jina Kikalayi limetokana na [[sufuria]] kubwa za kukaangia zinazotumika kuandaa chakula hiki. Sufuria hizi hutengenezwa kwa [[chuma]] imara na husaidia nyama kuiva vizuri kwa kusambaza joto kwa usawa. Kikalayi ni chakula kinachohusishwa zaidi na miji mikubwa na vituo vya biashara nchini Uganda, ambapo maeneo maalumu ya kuandaa na kuuza nyama ya nguruwe ni sehemu maarufu za kukutana na kupata kula. Hapo awali, ulaji wa nyama ya nguruwe nchini Uganda ulikuwa ukifanywa na jamii chache kutokana na sababu za kiutamaduni na kidini. Hata hivyo, kadiri miaka ilivyopita, ulaji wake uliongezeka na kukubalika na watu wengi. Leo, Kikalayi ni mojawapo ya vyakula vinavyopendwa sana na ni sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa vyakula nchini Uganda == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] q53ml6485e8ab317eu4f09q0098st3q 1581725 1581574 2026-07-25T15:18:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1581725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kikalayi''' ni chakula cha jadi kinachopatikana nchini [[Uganda]] na ni maarufu hasa miongoni mwa watu wanaopenda kula [[nyama]] ya [[nguruwe]]. Chakula hiki ni sehemu ya utamaduni wa vyakula vya Uganda na hupatikana katika migahawa, maeneo ya kuchomea nyama na mikusanyiko mbalimbali ya kijamii. Kikalayi ni moja ya vyakula vinavyopendwa sana na huchukuliwa kuwa sehemu muhimu ya urithi wa upishi wa Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-03-25|title=Improving food safety in Uganda: Piloting the nudge theory to change risky practices amongst Uganda's pork handlers|url=https://www.ilri.org/news/improving-food-safety-uganda-piloting-nudge-theory-change-risky-practices-amongst-ugandas-pork|access-date=2025-02-22|website=www.ilri.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2024-06-27|title=Local Ugandan Food. 10 Ugandan Dishes To Taste On Your Visit {{!}} Exclusive African Safaris|url=https://ugandasafariexperts.com/local-ugandan-food/|access-date=2025-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last1=Ngwili |first1=Nicholas |last2=Ahimbisibwe |first2=Salaviriuse |last3=Sentamu |first3=Derrick Noah |last4=Thomas |first4=Lian F. |last5=Ouma |first5=Emily |date=2023-05-22 |title=Structure of the pork value chain in Northern Uganda: implications for Taenia solium control interventions |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |language=English |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2023.1177526 |hdl=20.500.11820/6dce981f-6dd8-4abf-9de5-2216d848e54f |issn=2297-1769 |pmc=10239858 |pmid=37283878 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last1=Magazine|first1=Smithsonian|last2=Clark|first2=Laura|title=People Ate Pork in the Middle East Until 1,000 B.C.—What Changed?|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-ate-pork-middle-east-until-1000-bcwhat-changed-180954614/|access-date=2025-02-22|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Dasgupta|first=Prateek|date=2023-11-10|title=How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?|url=https://medium.com/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70|access-date=2025-02-22|website=Teatime History|language=en}}</ref> == Asili na Umuhimu wa Kitamaduni == Jina Kikalayi limetokana na [[sufuria]] kubwa za kukaangia zinazotumika kuandaa chakula hiki. Sufuria hizi hutengenezwa kwa [[chuma]] imara na husaidia nyama kuiva vizuri kwa kusambaza joto kwa usawa. Kikalayi ni chakula kinachohusishwa zaidi na miji mikubwa na vituo vya biashara nchini Uganda, ambapo maeneo maalumu ya kuandaa na kuuza nyama ya nguruwe ni sehemu maarufu za kukutana na kupata kula. Hapo awali, ulaji wa nyama ya nguruwe nchini Uganda ulikuwa ukifanywa na jamii chache kutokana na sababu za kiutamaduni na kidini. Hata hivyo, kadiri miaka ilivyopita, ulaji wake uliongezeka na kukubalika na watu wengi. Leo, Kikalayi ni mojawapo ya vyakula vinavyopendwa sana na ni sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa vyakula nchini Uganda == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] hen21ikpu2l9sjqs2eh2qmmd6uid83f 0 242762 1581575 2026-07-25T12:06:52Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kamara Bacchus''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[11 Januari]] [[1986]]) ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. == Wasifu == Kamara alianza safari yake ya uigizaji kupitia nafasi yake ya kwanza katika tamthilia ya polisi ya kituo cha [[televisheni]] cha [[ITV Tanzania|ITV]] iitwayo The Bill. Baadaye aliendelea kupata nafasi katika kipindi cha vichekesho cha CBBC kinachoitwa Kerching!.<ref name="RBM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbmactors.com/clients.php?section_id=26|titl...' 1581575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamara Bacchus''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[11 Januari]] [[1986]]) ni mwigizaji wa [[Uingereza]]. == Wasifu == Kamara alianza safari yake ya uigizaji kupitia nafasi yake ya kwanza katika tamthilia ya polisi ya kituo cha [[televisheni]] cha [[ITV Tanzania|ITV]] iitwayo The Bill. Baadaye aliendelea kupata nafasi katika kipindi cha vichekesho cha CBBC kinachoitwa Kerching!.<ref name="RBM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbmactors.com/clients.php?section_id=26|title=Rbm actors ; clients|publisher=Rbmactors.com|accessdate=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111171054/http://www.rbmactors.com/clients.php?section_id=26|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliendelea kuonekana katika miradi mingine ya televisheni ikiwemo West 10 LDN, kipindi cha vichekesho cha BBC kinachoitwa Beautiful People, na baadaye alipata nafasi katika mfululizo maarufu wa kisayansi wa Doctor Who, akiwa katika kipindi kilichomhusisha Daktari wa Kumi na Moja (Eleventh Doctor). Kamara ni mhitimu wa shule ya sanaa na ubunifu ya BRIT School. Mwaka 2009, alialikwa tena shuleni hapo kutoa mazungumzo kama sehemu ya siku ya taaluma (career day) pamoja na wanafunzi wengine waliowahi kuhitimu katika shule hiyo.<ref name="IMDB">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2001075/|title=Kamara Bacchus|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Uingereza]] i381pk7ii2yo8f9k20dqiauo8l3bun0 0 242763 1581576 2026-07-25T12:07:25Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1581576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kipchirchir''' ni jina linalotumiwa miongoni mwa [[jamii]] ya [[Wakalenjin]] lenye maana kwamba mvaaji ni [[Mwanaume|mwanamume]] na "alizaliwa baada ya uchungu mfupi wa kujifungua" kwani neno "Chirchir" linamaanisha haraka. Jina lake la [[Kikerewe|kike]] linalolingana nalo ni Chepchirchir. == Watu mashuhuri == === Wanariadha === * Alex Kipchirchir (aliyezaliwa 1984), mwanariadha wa masafa ya kati kutoka Kenya na bingwa wa Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya [[2006]] * Emmanuel Kipchirchir Mutai (aliyezaliwa 1984), mwanariadha wa marathoni kutoka Kenya na mshindi wa Marathoni ya London ya [[2011]] * Daniel Kipchirchir Komen (aliyezaliwa [[1984]]), mwanariadha wa masafa ya kati kutoka Kenya na mshindi wa pili wa dunia wa mashindano ya ndani mara mbili * Abraham Kipchirchir Rotich (aliyezaliwa [[1993]]), mwanariadha wa mita 800 kutoka [[Kenya]] * Bernard Kipchirchir Lagat (aliyezaliwa [[1974]]), mwanariadha wa masafa ya kati na marefu kutoka [[kenya]] na bingwa wa dunia mara mbili anayewakilisha Marekani == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Majina]] qvy4dkh6b7z0k4km0azwowz12svc6ec 0 242764 1581577 2026-07-25T12:10:34Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ssali''' ni [[jina]] la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Godfrey Ssali <ref>{{Cite web|title=Godfrey Ssali: Career, Stats & Clubs|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe74691/godfrey-ssali/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref>(aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1977]]), [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa mpira]] wa miguu wa [[Uganda]] * Jaberi Bidandi Ssali<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaberi Bidandi Ssali|date=2026-06-20|url...' 1581577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ssali''' ni [[jina]] la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Godfrey Ssali <ref>{{Cite web|title=Godfrey Ssali: Career, Stats & Clubs|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe74691/godfrey-ssali/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref>(aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1977]]), [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa mpira]] wa miguu wa [[Uganda]] * Jaberi Bidandi Ssali<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaberi Bidandi Ssali|date=2026-06-20|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaberi_Bidandi_Ssali&oldid=1360224008|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1937]]), [[mwanasiasa]] wa Uganda * Joseph Ssali <ref>{{Citation|title=Joseph Ssali|date=2026-07-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ssali&oldid=1364059970|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>([[1967]]–[[2003]]), [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi wa Uganda * Sarah Ssali<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarah Ssali|date=2026-01-20|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Ssali&oldid=1333880622|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1971]]), [[mwanasayansi]] wa jamii wa Uganda * Shaka Ssali <ref>{{Citation|title=Shaka Ssali|date=2026-05-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaka_Ssali&oldid=1354903517|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>([[1953]]–[[2025]]), [[mwandishi wa habari]] Mmarekani mwenye asili ya Uganda == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] f3jww5z42of8hc5m2ha85687j5h3648 1581769 1581577 2026-07-25T17:57:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ssali''' ni [[jina]] la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Godfrey Ssali <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Godfrey Ssali: Career, Stats & Clubs|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe74691/godfrey-ssali/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref>(aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1977]]), [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji wa mpira]] wa miguu wa [[Uganda]] * Jaberi Bidandi Ssali<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaberi Bidandi Ssali|date=2026-06-20|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaberi_Bidandi_Ssali&oldid=1360224008|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1937]]), [[mwanasiasa]] wa Uganda * Joseph Ssali <ref>{{Citation|title=Joseph Ssali|date=2026-07-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ssali&oldid=1364059970|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>([[1967]]–[[2003]]), [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio fupi wa Uganda * Sarah Ssali<ref>{{Citation|title=Sarah Ssali|date=2026-01-20|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Ssali&oldid=1333880622|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1971]]), [[mwanasayansi]] wa jamii wa Uganda * Shaka Ssali <ref>{{Citation|title=Shaka Ssali|date=2026-05-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaka_Ssali&oldid=1354903517|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>([[1953]]–[[2025]]), [[mwandishi wa habari]] Mmarekani mwenye asili ya Uganda == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa habari]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] m3s0gexihrzuyvmturg43ssttv8nkud 0 242765 1581578 2026-07-25T12:11:47Z Mienzi9570 74001 nimehalili makala 1581578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Opio''' ni jina la ukoo linalopatikana hasa nchini [[Uganda]]. [[Binadamu|Watu]] mbalimbali maarufu wenye jina hili wamejulikana kupitia kazi zao tofauti, kama vile [[sayansi]], [[siasa]], ucheshi na [[michezo]]. Baadhi ya watu maarufu wenye jina la ukoo Opio ni: * Asinisi Fina Opio (amezaliwa mwaka 1986) – Ni [[mwanasayansi]] kutoka Uganda anayefanya utafiti katika sekta ya sayansi ya tiba na viumbe hai (biomedical science). * Gabriel Opio (amezaliwa mwaka 1945) – Ni mtaalamu wa uchumi na mwanasiasa kutoka Uganda. * Joe Opio – Ni mchekeshaji na mwandishi wa vipindi vya televisheni kutoka Uganda. * John Opio (amezaliwa mwaka 1951) – Ni bondia kutoka Uganda. == marejeo == m1ezwt9unsspsme74zz5uqvct7ajkxx 0 242766 1581579 2026-07-25T12:12:06Z CHRISTINE VENANCE 83854 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Ndambuki''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri walio na jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * '''Angela Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1979), wakili na [[mkurugenzi]] [[Mtendeni|mtendaji]] nchini [[Kenya]] * '''Daniel Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1977), mchekeshaji nchini Ken * '''Gideon Musyoka Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1947), [[mwanasiasa]] nchini Kenya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Surname|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sur...' 1581579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndambuki''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri walio na jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * '''Angela Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1979), wakili na [[mkurugenzi]] [[Mtendeni|mtendaji]] nchini [[Kenya]] * '''Daniel Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1977), mchekeshaji nchini Ken * '''Gideon Musyoka Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1947), [[mwanasiasa]] nchini Kenya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Surname|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surname&oldid=1365921891|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=English surnames explained: The seven types of last names you should know {{!}} Blog|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/blog/help/surname-types|work=www.findmypast.co.uk|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Surname|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surname&oldid=1365921891|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] 41e21sqqgg2zgklmaioa1mwn1kovk1q 1581763 1581579 2026-07-25T17:05:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndambuki''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu mashuhuri walio na jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * '''Angela Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1979), wakili na [[mkurugenzi]] [[Mtendeni|mtendaji]] nchini [[Kenya]] * '''Daniel Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1977), mchekeshaji nchini Ken * '''Gideon Musyoka Ndambuki''' (aliezaliwa mwaka 1947), [[mwanasiasa]] nchini Kenya.<ref>{{Citation|title=Surname|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surname&oldid=1365921891|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=English surnames explained: The seven types of last names you should know {{!}} Blog|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/blog/help/surname-types|work=www.findmypast.co.uk|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Surname|date=2026-07-25|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surname&oldid=1365921891|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] mg4jyi7u1eso78tgsjlz24v39mw3qi1 0 242767 1581580 2026-07-25T12:12:24Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elizabeth Lands''' (alizaliwa [[11 Februari]] [[1939]] – [[11 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa soul kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/98645952/?terms=Liz%2BLands|title=Detroiter's Recording Given to Democrats|date=September 2, 1964|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|location=Detroit, Michigan|page=13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 9, 1964 |title=Liz Lands Gospel Lyric Soprano,...' 1581580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Lands''' (alizaliwa [[11 Februari]] [[1939]] – [[11 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa soul kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/98645952/?terms=Liz%2BLands|title=Detroiter's Recording Given to Democrats|date=September 2, 1964|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|location=Detroit, Michigan|page=13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 9, 1964 |title=Liz Lands Gospel Lyric Soprano, Waxes JFK Tribute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcIDAAAAMBAJ&q=Liz+Lands+jet&pg=PA51 |journal=Jet |pages=51}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake mkubwa wa sauti ambao ulidaiwa kuwa na upana wa noti tano (five-octave vocal range). Uwezo huo ulimsaidia kuanza safari yake ya muziki kupitia kampuni ya Motown kabla ya Berry Gordy kujaribu kumjengea jina katika soko la muziki wa R&B na Pop kupitia lebo yake ya Gordy Records.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG_LAwAAQBAJ&q=Liz+Lands&pg=PT333|title=Motown Encyclopedia|last=Betts|first=Graham|date=2014-06-02|publisher=AC Publishing|isbn=978-1-311-44154-6|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] bpdm8i8uu3mmyjgcc60lguydok2l2c3 1581741 1581580 2026-07-25T15:47:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581741 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Lands''' (alizaliwa [[11 Februari]] [[1939]] – [[11 Januari]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa soul kutoka [[Marekani]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/98645952/?terms=Liz%2BLands|title=Detroiter's Recording Given to Democrats|date=September 2, 1964|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|location=Detroit, Michigan|page=13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=January 9, 1964 |title=Liz Lands Gospel Lyric Soprano, Waxes JFK Tribute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcIDAAAAMBAJ&q=Liz+Lands+jet&pg=PA51 |journal=Jet |pages=51}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake mkubwa wa sauti ambao ulidaiwa kuwa na upana wa noti tano (five-octave vocal range). Uwezo huo ulimsaidia kuanza safari yake ya muziki kupitia kampuni ya Motown kabla ya Berry Gordy kujaribu kumjengea jina katika soko la muziki wa R&B na Pop kupitia lebo yake ya Gordy Records.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG_LAwAAQBAJ&q=Liz+Lands&pg=PT333|title=Motown Encyclopedia|last=Betts|first=Graham|date=2014-06-02|publisher=AC Publishing|isbn=978-1-311-44154-6|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] kunt8m6cbokzyuzl1tp136dtz8eo4f8 0 242768 1581581 2026-07-25T12:12:26Z MagesaDm 86369 Vyakula vya Malawi 1581581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nsima Relishes.JPG|thumb|Nsima]] '''Chai na samaki''' ni sehemu maarufu ya [[vyakula]] vya [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan|url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html|work=www.malawiembassy.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>Pia, sukari, kahawa, mahindi, viazi, mtama, ng'ombe na mbuzi ni vitu muhimu katika vyakula vyao pamoja na kuchangia katika [[uchumi]] wa nchi. Ziwa [[Malawi]] ni chanzo kikubwa cha [[samaki]] kama chambo, usipa, mpasa na kampango ambao ni sehemu muhimu ya chakula cha watu wa [[Malawi]]. [[Chakula]] kinachopendwa sana nchini humo ni nsima, ambacho hutengenezwa kwa unga wa [[mahindi]] na mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na nyama, maharage au mboga. Nsima ni chakula cha kawaida kinacholiwa wakati wa [[mchana]] na [[jioni]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan|url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html|work=www.malawiembassy.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 8ea5ep8jgrw0y97olg6ncr29c7wgagz 1581747 1581581 2026-07-25T15:56:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nsima Relishes.JPG|thumb|Nsima]] '''Chai na samaki''' ni sehemu maarufu ya [[vyakula]] vya [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan|url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html|work=www.malawiembassy.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>Pia, sukari, kahawa, mahindi, viazi, mtama, ng'ombe na mbuzi ni vitu muhimu katika vyakula vyao pamoja na kuchangia katika [[uchumi]] wa nchi. Ziwa [[Malawi]] ni chanzo kikubwa cha [[samaki]] kama chambo, usipa, mpasa na kampango ambao ni sehemu muhimu ya chakula cha watu wa [[Malawi]]. [[Chakula]] kinachopendwa sana nchini humo ni nsima, ambacho hutengenezwa kwa unga wa [[mahindi]] na mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na nyama, maharage au mboga. Nsima ni chakula cha kawaida kinacholiwa wakati wa [[mchana]] na [[jioni]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan|url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html|work=www.malawiembassy.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 3ow79b0w1fv67zuynr5hmudlavnaty5 0 242769 1581582 2026-07-25T12:15:58Z LUJASA 82902 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Boerewors ni mshikaki au saoseji ndefu ya nyama iliyosagwa na kuungwa viungo, inayochomwa kwenye mkaa. Ni Nyama Halisi: Imeng'inizwa na kujazwa nyama ya ng'ombe (au kondoo) iliyosagwa na kuchanganywa na viungo kama mbegu za kotmiri na pilipili manga<ref><nowiki>https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/boerewors/e00992</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Faili:Boerewors raw.jpg|thumb|Boerewors ]] [[Jamii:Jamii ya Afrika]]' 1581582 wikitext text/x-wiki Boerewors ni mshikaki au saoseji ndefu ya nyama iliyosagwa na kuungwa viungo, inayochomwa kwenye mkaa. Ni Nyama Halisi: Imeng'inizwa na kujazwa nyama ya ng'ombe (au kondoo) iliyosagwa na kuchanganywa na viungo kama mbegu za kotmiri na pilipili manga<ref><nowiki>https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/boerewors/e00992</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Faili:Boerewors raw.jpg|thumb|Boerewors ]] [[Jamii:Jamii ya Afrika]] 68k9gddx7ktngvybpccu3q3odlujy8c 0 242770 1581583 2026-07-25T12:16:17Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Easter red eggs, symbolizes the blood of Christ.jpg|thumb|Mayai mekundu ya kichina]] '''Mayai mekundu''' haya ni mayai yaliyopikwa kisha yakapakwa rangi nyekundu, ambayo ni desturi ya Kichina ya kusherehekea mtoto anapotimiza mwezi mmoja tangu kuzaliwa Rangi nyekundu inawakilisha bahati njema na furaha katika utamaduni wa Kichina.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=In...' 1581583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Easter red eggs, symbolizes the blood of Christ.jpg|thumb|Mayai mekundu ya kichina]] '''Mayai mekundu''' haya ni mayai yaliyopikwa kisha yakapakwa rangi nyekundu, ambayo ni desturi ya Kichina ya kusherehekea mtoto anapotimiza mwezi mmoja tangu kuzaliwa Rangi nyekundu inawakilisha bahati njema na furaha katika utamaduni wa Kichina.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=2004-03-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5094-7|language=en}}</ref> == jeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] mdc6pjc86nv13z96qq875e48sl65hv8 1581750 1581583 2026-07-25T16:07:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Easter red eggs, symbolizes the blood of Christ.jpg|thumb|Mayai mekundu ya kichina]] '''Mayai mekundu''' haya ni mayai yaliyopikwa kisha yakapakwa rangi nyekundu, ambayo ni desturi ya Kichina ya kusherehekea mtoto anapotimiza mwezi mmoja tangu kuzaliwa Rangi nyekundu inawakilisha bahati njema na furaha katika utamaduni wa Kichina.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=2004-03-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5094-7|language=en}}</ref> == jeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 63k6npadqzc3dr5gxlwx53hqm67n4k7 0 242771 1581584 2026-07-25T12:16:49Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581584 wikitext text/x-wiki Kirui ni jina la [[ukoo]] lenye [[asili]] ya Kalenjin ambalo linaweza kuwa la mtu fulani:- * Abel Kirui ([[1982]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya na bingwa wa dunia mara mbili.<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/abel-kirui-14208543</ref> * Catherine Kirui ([[1976]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu<ref>https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/40th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-2-7048505/news/amp/kirui-dispatches-okayo-chepkemei-ndereba-and</ref> * Dominic Kirui , mwandishi wa habari wa Kenya <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/author/dominic-kirui</ref> * Eliud Kirui ([[1975]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za nyika<ref>https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kirui-and-jepleting-take-vallagarina-titles</ref> * Geoffrey Kirui ([[1993]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/geoffrey-kirui-14424831</ref> * Ismael Kirui ([[1975]]),mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za mita 5000 na bingwa wa dunia mara mbili. * Paul Kirui ([[1980]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za barabarani na bingwa wa dunia wa Nusu Marathoni mwaka 2004. * Peter Cheruiyot Kirui ([[1988]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya. * Silas Kirui ([[1981]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu za uwanjani anayewakilisha Bahrain kama Hasan Mahboob * Gilbert Kirui ([[1994]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za viunzi na majI == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Majina]] ki9z4k69erky9p5h265qobfxyqqhydv 1581588 1581584 2026-07-25T12:21:57Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581588 wikitext text/x-wiki Kirui ni jina la [[ukoo]] lenye [[asili]] ya Kalenjin ambalo linaweza kuwa la mtu fulani:- * Abel Kirui ([[1982]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya na bingwa wa dunia mara mbili.<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/abel-kirui-14208543</ref> * Catherine Kirui ([[1976]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu<ref>https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/40th-iaaf-world-cross-country-championships-2-7048505/news/amp/kirui-dispatches-okayo-chepkemei-ndereba-and</ref> * Dominic Kirui , mwandishi wa habari wa Kenya <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/author/dominic-kirui</ref> * Eliud Kirui ([[1975]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za nyika<ref>https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kirui-and-jepleting-take-vallagarina-titles</ref> * Geoffrey Kirui ([[1993]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/geoffrey-kirui-14424831</ref> * Ismael Kirui ([[1975]]),mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za mita 5000 na bingwa wa dunia mara mbili. * Paul Kirui ([[1980]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za barabarani na bingwa wa dunia wa Nusu Marathoni mwaka 2004. * Peter Cheruiyot Kirui ([[1988]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya. * Silas Kirui ([[1981]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio ndefu za uwanjani anayewakilisha Bahrain kama Hasan Mahboob * Gilbert Kirui ([[1994]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za viunzi na majI == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Majina]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} 5lgcjihn3aegaw7fe8eev1znzj0z9o7 0 242772 1581585 2026-07-25T12:18:20Z Mtoka japhet 91179 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Eritrean Injera with stews.jpg|thumb]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&redir_esc=y|title=Food and Culture|last=Kittler|first=Pamela Goyan|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn P.|last3=Nelms|first3=Marcia|date=2011-08-22|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-73497-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mild Frontier|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/230924/mild-frontier/|work=Washington City Paper|date=...' 1581585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eritrean Injera with stews.jpg|thumb]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&redir_esc=y|title=Food and Culture|last=Kittler|first=Pamela Goyan|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn P.|last3=Nelms|first3=Marcia|date=2011-08-22|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-73497-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mild Frontier|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/230924/mild-frontier/|work=Washington City Paper|date=2009-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Tim Carman}}</ref>Vyakula vya [[Eritrea]] vinatokana na utamaduni wa [[asili]] wa upishi wa wananchi wa Eritrea, lakini pia vimeathiriwa na maingiliano ya muda mrefu na [[mataifa]] mengine. Vyakula hivi vinafanana kwa kiwango kikubwa na vya [[nchi]] jirani ya Ethiopia kwani [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] ziliwahi kuwa chini ya utawala mmoja kwa mamia ya [[miaka]]. Kutokana na [[historia]] hiyo ya pamoja, [[vyakula]] vingi vinapatikana na kuthaminiwa katika mataifa yote mawili, vikionyesha [[urithi]] wao wa kitamaduni unaofanana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mild Frontier|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/230924/mild-frontier/|work=Washington City Paper|date=2009-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Tim Carman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&redir_esc=y|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|last=Tekle|first=Amare|date=1994|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0-932415-97-4|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Jamii kwa eneo]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] qb43fr15lqrt8i34rghy89981drd0ay 1581686 1581585 2026-07-25T14:11:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eritrean Injera with stews.jpg|thumb]] <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC&redir_esc=y|title=Food and Culture|last=Kittler|first=Pamela Goyan|last2=Sucher|first2=Kathryn P.|last3=Nelms|first3=Marcia|date=2011-08-22|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-73497-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mild Frontier|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/230924/mild-frontier/|work=Washington City Paper|date=2009-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Tim Carman}}</ref>Vyakula vya [[Eritrea]] vinatokana na utamaduni wa [[asili]] wa upishi wa wananchi wa Eritrea, lakini pia vimeathiriwa na maingiliano ya muda mrefu na [[mataifa]] mengine. Vyakula hivi vinafanana kwa kiwango kikubwa na vya [[nchi]] jirani ya Ethiopia kwani [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] ziliwahi kuwa chini ya utawala mmoja kwa mamia ya [[miaka]]. Kutokana na [[historia]] hiyo ya pamoja, [[vyakula]] vingi vinapatikana na kuthaminiwa katika mataifa yote mawili, vikionyesha [[urithi]] wao wa kitamaduni unaofanana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mild Frontier|url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/230924/mild-frontier/|work=Washington City Paper|date=2009-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Tim Carman}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&redir_esc=y|title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation|last=Tekle|first=Amare|date=1994|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0-932415-97-4|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Jamii kwa eneo]] [[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] 4zbg3nqzguclsdeo87k5yzhigtxcqrd 0 242773 1581586 2026-07-25T12:18:20Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1581586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabwe''' ni [[jina]] la Kiafrika linaloweza kurejea majina kama; ● Kabwe Kamuzati (amezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1984]]) [[Mchezaji]] wa [[mpira]] wa miguu wa [[Zambia]].<ref><nowiki>https://grokipedia.com/page/kabwe_kamuzati</nowiki></ref> ● Kabwe Kasongo (amezaliwa mwaka [[1970]]) Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutokea [[Congo]].<ref><nowiki>https://grokipedia.com/page/kabwe_kasongo</nowiki></ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] exmm6duxwr8cinlzxrphia8h464d3do 0 242774 1581587 2026-07-25T12:19:17Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha ukulasa mpya 1581587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kipruto''' ni jina la ukoo la asili ya [[Kenya]] linalomaanisha "mtu anayependa kusafiri" au "aliyezaliwa safarini/safari.Watu mashuhuri walio na jina ni pamoja na:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kipruto Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kipruto|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> [[Amos Kipruto]] aliyezaliwa 1992), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amos KIPRUTO {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/amos-kipruto-14694013|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Asbel Kipruto Kiprop (aliyezaliwa 1989), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio za kati na bingwa wa Olimpiki wa 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asbel KIPROP {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/asbel-kiprop-14208403|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Ben Chebet Kipruto (aliyezaliwa 1982), mwanariadha wa Kenya wa mbio za marathoni anayeishi Italia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Kipruto CHEBET {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14207463|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-Kenya}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Kenya]] jcucvemvmoylls9rp02578aoko7a71d 1581732 1581587 2026-07-25T15:27:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kipruto''' ni jina la ukoo la asili ya [[Kenya]] linalomaanisha "mtu anayependa kusafiri" au "aliyezaliwa safarini/safari.Watu mashuhuri walio na jina ni pamoja na:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kipruto Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kipruto|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> [[Amos Kipruto]] aliyezaliwa 1992), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Amos KIPRUTO {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/amos-kipruto-14694013|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Asbel Kipruto Kiprop (aliyezaliwa 1989), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio za kati na bingwa wa Olimpiki wa 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Asbel KIPROP {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/asbel-kiprop-14208403|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Ben Chebet Kipruto (aliyezaliwa 1982), mwanariadha wa Kenya wa mbio za marathoni anayeishi Italia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ben Kipruto CHEBET {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14207463|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-Kenya}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Kenya]] rua8srot6gdwaxxxvp59dw2kq4csuuw 0 242775 1581589 2026-07-25T12:23:23Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maggie Porter Cole''' ([[1853]]–[[1942]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa kizazi cha kwanza cha watu waliopata uhuru kutoka utumwani nchini Marekani. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuwa mmoja wa wanachama wa awali wa kundi la waimbaji la Fisk Jubilee Singers, na alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama wanne pekee walioshiriki katika ziara zote tatu za kwanza za kundi hilo.<ref name="blackpast.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/porter-maggie-...' 1581589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maggie Porter Cole''' ([[1853]]–[[1942]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] na mmoja wa kizazi cha kwanza cha watu waliopata uhuru kutoka utumwani nchini Marekani. Anajulikana zaidi kwa kuwa mmoja wa wanachama wa awali wa kundi la waimbaji la Fisk Jubilee Singers, na alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama wanne pekee walioshiriki katika ziara zote tatu za kwanza za kundi hilo.<ref name="blackpast.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/porter-maggie-1853-1942|title=Porter, Maggie (1853-1942) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|work=blackpast.org|date=26 April 2008}}</ref> Alitambulika kwa kipaji chake cha uimbaji katika sauti ya soprano. Mbali na kazi yake ya muziki, pia alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa shule..<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/peopleevents/pande02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001120041000/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/peopleevents/pande02.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 20, 2000|title=The American Experience - Jubilee Singers - People & Events - Maggie Porter|work=pbs.org}}</ref> [[Faili:Maggie_Porter_Cole.jpg|thumb|{{center|Maggie Porter}}]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1853]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1942]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] sbhnfed2nyvn3n0b3v4lzss20qds5yh 0 242776 1581590 2026-07-25T12:23:36Z LilianErasto 89931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Legesse''' ni jina la kiume la asili ya [[Ethiopia]],  lina maana ya alitoa kwa ukarimu au alikuwa mkarimu au mtoaji. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Legesse Wolde Yohannes<ref>{{Citation|title=Legesse Wolde-Yohannes|date=2026-02-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legesse_Wolde-Yohannes&oldid=1338616929|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>: Mwanasayansi wa kilimo cha bustani kutoka Ethiopia. * Mesker...' 1581590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Legesse''' ni jina la kiume la asili ya [[Ethiopia]],  lina maana ya alitoa kwa ukarimu au alikuwa mkarimu au mtoaji. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Legesse Wolde Yohannes<ref>{{Citation|title=Legesse Wolde-Yohannes|date=2026-02-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legesse_Wolde-Yohannes&oldid=1338616929|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>: Mwanasayansi wa kilimo cha bustani kutoka Ethiopia. * Meskerem Legesse<ref>{{Citation|title=Meskerem Legesse|date=2026-07-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskerem_Legesse&oldid=1361984281|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (1986–2013): Mwanariadha wa kike wa Ethiopia wa mbio za umbali wa kati aliyeshiriki Michezo ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 2004, Alifariki ghafla mwaka 2013 akiwa na umri wa miaka 26 pekee, alipopata [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] akiwa mjamzito. * Meskerem Assefa Legesse<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meskerem Assefa - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskerem_Assefa#cite_note-IAAFBio-2|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1985): Mwanariadha wa kike wa Ethiopia wa mbio za umbali wa kati aliyeshiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] 4p3rjzgw7wks9opw8fo3xjuvcoeih69 1581739 1581590 2026-07-25T15:44:19Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Legesse''' ni jina la kiume la asili ya [[Ethiopia]],  lina maana ya alitoa kwa ukarimu au alikuwa mkarimu au mtoaji. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: * Legesse Wolde Yohannes<ref>{{Citation|title=Legesse Wolde-Yohannes|date=2026-02-16|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legesse_Wolde-Yohannes&oldid=1338616929|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>: Mwanasayansi wa kilimo cha bustani kutoka Ethiopia. * Meskerem Legesse<ref>{{Citation|title=Meskerem Legesse|date=2026-07-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meskerem_Legesse&oldid=1361984281|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (1986–2013): Mwanariadha wa kike wa Ethiopia wa mbio za umbali wa kati aliyeshiriki Michezo ya [[Michezo ya Olimpiki|Olimpiki]] ya mwaka 2004, Alifariki ghafla mwaka 2013 akiwa na umri wa miaka 26 pekee, alipopata [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] akiwa mjamzito. * Meskerem Assefa Legesse<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meskerem Assefa - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskerem_Assefa#cite_note-IAAFBio-2|work=en.wikipedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1985): Mwanariadha wa kike wa Ethiopia wa mbio za umbali wa kati aliyeshiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka 2008. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] 0he81apqqdtqzxve2gq8cuyc36ozkmr 0 242777 1581591 2026-07-25T12:27:09Z Emanuel masaki 82931 En 1581591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:THB 33ml.jpg|thumb|Bia ya farasi watatu]] {{Mbegu}} Bia ya farasi watutu ni '''bia''' aina ya pale lager inayotengenezwa na [[kampuni]] ya Star Breweries [[Nchi|nchini]] [[Madagaska|Madagascar]] tangu mwaka [[1958]]. Hii ndiyo bia inayouzwa zaidi nchini Madagascar na inachukuliwa kama moja ya alama muhimu za taifa hilo. THB inauzwa kote nchini Madagascar, na tangu mwaka [[2005]] imekuwa ikisafirishwa kwenda nchi na maeneo kama Ufaransa, Kisiwa cha Réunion, Comoro, na Mayotte.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historique {{!}} Les Brasseries STAR Madagascar|url=http://www.brasseries-star.com/historique|work=www.brasseries-star.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 32h0az6oluy1a4d8ljiryaer8gu7le3 0 242778 1581592 2026-07-25T12:29:27Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 En 1581592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vyakula]] vya [[Rwanda]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref>vinatofautiana na vyakula vya nchi nyingine za Afrika Mashariki kwa kuwa hutumia zaidi viambato vinavyotokana na [[Mmea|mimea]] pamoja na michuzi mbalimbali, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref>ingawa vinafanana kwa [[kiasi]] kikubwa katika baadhi ya viambato vinavyotumika.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Faili:Local Food Dish.jpg|thumb|Rwandan cuisine]] {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] g37xrgy27p3tei4hcqhena8ulpiou33 1581768 1581592 2026-07-25T17:41:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vyakula]] vya [[Rwanda]] <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref>vinatofautiana na vyakula vya nchi nyingine za Afrika Mashariki kwa kuwa hutumia zaidi viambato vinavyotokana na [[Mmea|mimea]] pamoja na michuzi mbalimbali, <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref>ingawa vinafanana kwa [[kiasi]] kikubwa katika baadhi ya viambato vinavyotumika.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Nsabimana |first=Phenias |last2=Gutema |first2=Befikadu Tariku |last3=Langley |first3=Kate |last4=Vasanthakaalam |first4=Hilda |last5=De Henauw |first5=Stefaan |last6=Somé |first6=Jérome W. |last7=Abbeddou |first7=Souheila |date=2024-11-14 |title=Exploratory dietary patterns, the global diet quality score, and their associated socio-demographic factors among young adults in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using a food list-validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39543676 |journal=Nutrition & Metabolism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92 |doi=10.1186/s12986-024-00859-z |issn=1743-7075 |pmc=11566664 |pmid=39543676}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Faili:Local Food Dish.jpg|thumb|Rwandan cuisine]] {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] khcvrmpkqousmsj91xea1tfue9n428h 0 242779 1581593 2026-07-25T12:30:17Z MagesaDm 86369 Jamii 1581593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Gulab-jamun-wallpaper-1.jpg|thumb|Gulab Jamun]] '''Gulab Jamun''' ni kitindamlo maarufu chenye ladha tamu kilichoanzia Bara [[Hindi]] na hupendwa katika nchi kama [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Maldives]] na [[Myanmar]]. Pia hupatikana katika nchi nyingi zenye watu wenye asili ya [[Asia]] Kusini. Kitindamlo hiki hutengenezwa hasa kwa [[maziwa]] yaliyokaushwa au unga wa maziwa, kisha hupikwa na mara nyingi hupambwa kwa [[karanga]] kama lozi (almonds) na [[korosho]] ili kuongeza ladha na [[mvuto]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Sj6SMyPQ7nMC&q=Gulab+jamun&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gulab%20jamun&f=false|title=Ajanta|last=Moorjani|first=Lachu|date=2009-09|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-1333-6|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] dk0nvzfnu6sueh6whu3dwprjp55nbj8 1581702 1581593 2026-07-25T14:29:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Gulab-jamun-wallpaper-1.jpg|thumb|Gulab Jamun]] '''Gulab Jamun''' ni kitindamlo maarufu chenye ladha tamu kilichoanzia Bara [[Hindi]] na hupendwa katika nchi kama [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Maldives]] na [[Myanmar]]. Pia hupatikana katika nchi nyingi zenye watu wenye asili ya [[Asia]] Kusini. Kitindamlo hiki hutengenezwa hasa kwa [[maziwa]] yaliyokaushwa au unga wa maziwa, kisha hupikwa na mara nyingi hupambwa kwa [[karanga]] kama lozi (almonds) na [[korosho]] ili kuongeza ladha na [[mvuto]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=Sj6SMyPQ7nMC&q=Gulab+jamun&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gulab%20jamun&f=false|title=Ajanta|last=Moorjani|first=Lachu|date=2009-09|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-1333-6|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Tiba]] p12v9tm4c62twwphbkpfpw0jt27csj0 0 242780 1581594 2026-07-25T12:32:36Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1581594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen.jpg|thumb|mtoto wa mfakme : Asfaw Wossen, kutoka Ethiopia]] Asfaw Wossenni [[jina]] la kiume lenye asili ya [[Ethiopia|Ethiopia.]] == Watu walioitwa Asfaw Wossen == Asfaw Wossen Amha Iyasus, mtawala wa Shewa katika karne ya mwishoni ya [[18]] . Asfa-Wossen Asserate, mwandishi, mshauri wa kisiasa, na mwana [[mfalme]]/mtukufu. Asfaw Wossen Haile Selassie, mtoto wa kwanza wa kiume na mrithi wa Mfalme [[Haile Selassie]] I, ambaye baadaye alichukua jina la kifalme la Amha Selassie I kwa madai. Ukurasa au sehemu hii inaorodhesha watu wanaoshiriki jina m {{Mbegu-mtu}} oja la kwanza. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] qhv0fi7pacy7xyfrknzrrypf7zt61xn 0 242781 1581595 2026-07-25T12:32:59Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581595 wikitext text/x-wiki Cherop au Jerop ni [[jina]] lenye asili ya [[Kenya]] linalomaanisha aliyezaliwa wakati wa [[mvua]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la [[ukoo]] ni pamoja na:- * '''Peninah Arusei Jerop''' ([[1979]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za nusu marathoni.<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/peninah-arusei-14288767</ref> * '''Sharon Cherop''' ([[1984]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/sharon-jemutai-cherop-14288956</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} haz2ujmwi6n7ymdgoeoixg15m5r82pb 1581598 1581595 2026-07-25T12:35:45Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581598 wikitext text/x-wiki Cherop au Jerop ni [[jina]] lenye asili ya [[Kenya]] linalomaanisha aliyezaliwa wakati wa [[mvua]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la [[ukoo]] ni pamoja na:- * '''Peninah Arusei Jerop''' ([[1979]]), mkimbiaji wa Kenya wa mbio za nusu marathoni.<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/peninah-arusei-14288767</ref> * '''Sharon Cherop''' ([[1984]]), mkimbiaji wa mbio za marathoni kutoka Kenya<ref>https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/sharon-jemutai-cherop-14288956</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 80fpr1oqmw4qacth6xc6akbdgrsjqwl 0 242782 1581596 2026-07-25T12:33:03Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Karamojong Shepherd.jpg|alt=Karamojong Shepherd|thumb|'''Karamojong Shepherd''']] '''Ekyalakanu''' ni [[chakula]] cha jadi kinachotumiwa na jamii ya Wakaramoja, ambao ni jamii ya [[Waniloti]] wanaoishi katika eneo la Karamoja, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa kuchanganya damu mbichi ya ng'ombe na maziwa. Desturi hii imekuwepo kwa miongo mingi katika jamii ya Wakaramoja wanaoishi maisha ya ufugaji wa kuhamahama. Hufa...' 1581596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karamojong Shepherd.jpg|alt=Karamojong Shepherd|thumb|'''Karamojong Shepherd''']] '''Ekyalakanu''' ni [[chakula]] cha jadi kinachotumiwa na jamii ya Wakaramoja, ambao ni jamii ya [[Waniloti]] wanaoishi katika eneo la Karamoja, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa kuchanganya damu mbichi ya ng'ombe na maziwa. Desturi hii imekuwepo kwa miongo mingi katika jamii ya Wakaramoja wanaoishi maisha ya ufugaji wa kuhamahama. Hufanyika katika matukio maalumu kama [[sherehe]] za ndoa, vita, sherehe baada ya uwindaji wenye mafanikio, na kusherehekea kuzaliwa kwa mapacha. Katika sherehe za [[mapacha]], [[samli]] huongezwa kwenye uji wa mtama uliochanganywa na maziwa na damu, kisha hupewa mapacha kunywa. Damu hupatikana kwa kumchoma ng'ombe shingoni ili damu itoke na kukusanywa kwenye chombo, kisha huchanganywa na maziwa kwa ajili ya matumizi. Katika jamii hii, mifugo huchinjwa mara chache kwa ajili ya nyama. Badala yake, nyama huliwa pale mnyama anapokufa kwa sababu za asili. Desturi hii husaidia jamii kuwa na idadi kubwa ya mifugo, ambayo hutoa maziwa na damu kwa matumizi yao.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atamba|first=Sharon|date=2023-08-12|title=Consumption of Raw Blood-Milk Mixture Phasing out Among the Karamojong - Explorer Uganda|url=https://explorer.co.ug/consumption-of-raw-blood-milk-mixture-phasing-out-among-the-karamojong/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=explorer.co.ug|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karimojong treat twins as a blessing|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/people/karimojong-treat-twins-as-a-blessing-NV_113068|access-date=2025-02-12|website=New Vision|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Client|first=U. B.|date=2024-01-16|title=Blood taking in Karamoja {{!}} Uganda Cultural Tours {{!}} Uganda Tour|url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/blood-taking-in-karamoja/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Uganda Budget Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=polly|date=2024-01-25|title=Interesting facts about Karamoja region {{!}} Uganda Safaris|url=https://www.kideponationalpark.com/information/interesting-facts-about-karamoja-region/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Kidepo Valley National Park|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2023-06-01|title=The Karamojong Tribe & Culture In Uganda|url=https://vibrantholidaysafaris.com/the-karamojong-tribe-culture-in-uganda/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Vibrant Holiday Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] cy4jxz1z41xmso75s6m7vjb3nj1jae0 1581678 1581596 2026-07-25T14:05:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1581678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karamojong Shepherd.jpg|alt=Karamojong Shepherd|thumb|'''Karamojong Shepherd''']] '''Ekyalakanu''' ni [[chakula]] cha jadi kinachotumiwa na jamii ya Wakaramoja, ambao ni jamii ya [[Waniloti]] wanaoishi katika eneo la Karamoja, kaskazini-mashariki mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa kuchanganya damu mbichi ya ng'ombe na maziwa. Desturi hii imekuwepo kwa miongo mingi katika jamii ya Wakaramoja wanaoishi maisha ya ufugaji wa kuhamahama. Hufanyika katika matukio maalumu kama [[sherehe]] za ndoa, vita, sherehe baada ya uwindaji wenye mafanikio, na kusherehekea kuzaliwa kwa mapacha. Katika sherehe za [[mapacha]], [[samli]] huongezwa kwenye uji wa mtama uliochanganywa na maziwa na damu, kisha hupewa mapacha kunywa. Damu hupatikana kwa kumchoma ng'ombe shingoni ili damu itoke na kukusanywa kwenye chombo, kisha huchanganywa na maziwa kwa ajili ya matumizi. Katika jamii hii, mifugo huchinjwa mara chache kwa ajili ya nyama. Badala yake, nyama huliwa pale mnyama anapokufa kwa sababu za asili. Desturi hii husaidia jamii kuwa na idadi kubwa ya mifugo, ambayo hutoa maziwa na damu kwa matumizi yao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Atamba|first=Sharon|date=2023-08-12|title=Consumption of Raw Blood-Milk Mixture Phasing out Among the Karamojong - Explorer Uganda|url=https://explorer.co.ug/consumption-of-raw-blood-milk-mixture-phasing-out-among-the-karamojong/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=explorer.co.ug|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Karimojong treat twins as a blessing|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/people/karimojong-treat-twins-as-a-blessing-NV_113068|access-date=2025-02-12|website=New Vision|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Client|first=U. B.|date=2024-01-16|title=Blood taking in Karamoja {{!}} Uganda Cultural Tours {{!}} Uganda Tour|url=https://www.ugandabudgetsafaris.com/blog/blood-taking-in-karamoja/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Uganda Budget Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=polly|date=2024-01-25|title=Interesting facts about Karamoja region {{!}} Uganda Safaris|url=https://www.kideponationalpark.com/information/interesting-facts-about-karamoja-region/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Kidepo Valley National Park|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=admin|date=2023-06-01|title=The Karamojong Tribe & Culture In Uganda|url=https://vibrantholidaysafaris.com/the-karamojong-tribe-culture-in-uganda/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Vibrant Holiday Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] al3mmuv4z73dq8l8ln62i0s5woaemwf 0 242783 1581597 2026-07-25T12:35:07Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Raiders of the Lost Ark''' ni filamu ya [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] ya mwaka 1981 ya mapigano na matukio ya kusisimua (action-adventure), iliyoongozwa na Steven Spielberg na kuandikwa na Lawrence Kasdan, ikitokana na hadithi ya George Lucas na Philip Kaufman. Hadithi ya filamu hii imewekwa mwaka 1936 na inamshirikisha Harrison Ford katika nafasi ya Indiana Jones, mwanaakiolojia anayesafiri duniani kote kutafuta hazina na mabaki ya kihistoria. Katika filamu...' 1581597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raiders of the Lost Ark''' ni filamu ya [[Marekani|Kimarekani]] ya mwaka 1981 ya mapigano na matukio ya kusisimua (action-adventure), iliyoongozwa na Steven Spielberg na kuandikwa na Lawrence Kasdan, ikitokana na hadithi ya George Lucas na Philip Kaufman. Hadithi ya filamu hii imewekwa mwaka 1936 na inamshirikisha Harrison Ford katika nafasi ya Indiana Jones, mwanaakiolojia anayesafiri duniani kote kutafuta hazina na mabaki ya kihistoria. Katika filamu hiyo, Jones anashindana na majeshi ya Ujerumani ya Wanazi katika jitihada za kulipata Sanduku la Agano (Ark of the Covenant), ambalo linaaminika kuwa na uwezo wa kulifanya jeshi lolote lisishindike vitani.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/wendie-malick-recalls-auditioning-with-a-hangover-for-raiders-of-the-lost-ark-11738579|title=Wendie Malick knows exactly why she wasn't cast in 'Raiders of the Lost Ark'|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Akiungana na mpenzi wake wa zamani mwenye ujasiri, Marion Ravenwood (aliyechezwa na Karen Allen), Indiana Jones anakimbizana na wakati ili kumzuia mwanaakiolojia mpinzani, René Belloq (aliyechezwa na Paul Freeman), asiwaongoze Wanazi kulipata Sanduku hilo na kutumia nguvu zake za ajabu. [[Faili:Ark_of_covenant_replica.jpg|alt=A photograph of a replica of the Ark of the Covenant on display|left|thumb|Nakala ya Sanduku la Agano ikionyeshwa mwaka wa 2016]] == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] 4ygu305f3t6ge5o03rc7aq6wywkg8qp 0 242784 1581599 2026-07-25T12:37:53Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1581599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meseret ('''Amharic) ni jina la kike au la kiume lililopewa asili ya Kiethiopia ambalo linaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meseret Defar {{!}} Biography, Titles, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meseret-Defar|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> [[Meseret Defar]] (aliyezaliwa 1983), mwanariadha wa Ethiopia wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa Olimpiki mara mbili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meseret DEFAR {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/meseret-defar-14259882|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Meseret Hailu (aliyezaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa Ethiopia wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa [[dunia]] wa mbio za nusu marathon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meseret Hailu|url=https://ihe.uga.edu/team-member/meseret-hailu/|work=Institute of Higher Education|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Meseret Mebrate, mwigizaji wa [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Meseret Mebrate on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/artist-meseret-mebrate/1683019910|work=Apple Music - Web Player|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Meseret Mengistu (aliyezaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa [[Ethiopia]] wa mbio ndefu na mshindi wa medali ya timu katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya IAAF ya Nusu Marathon 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meseret MENGISTU {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/meseret-mengistu-14334138|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-historia}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] 05muq479jtri3gcg62fzka2h75gnke8 1581753 1581599 2026-07-25T16:10:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1581753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meseret ('''Amharic) ni jina la kike au la kiume lililopewa asili ya Kiethiopia ambalo linaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meseret Defar {{!}} Biography, Titles, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meseret-Defar|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> [[Meseret Defar]] (aliyezaliwa 1983), mwanariadha wa Ethiopia wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa Olimpiki mara mbili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meseret DEFAR {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/meseret-defar-14259882|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Meseret Hailu (aliyezaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa Ethiopia wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa [[dunia]] wa mbio za nusu marathon.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meseret Hailu|url=https://ihe.uga.edu/team-member/meseret-hailu/|work=Institute of Higher Education|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Meseret Mebrate, mwigizaji wa [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Artist Meseret Mebrate on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/artist-meseret-mebrate/1683019910|work=Apple Music - Web Player|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Meseret Mengistu (aliyezaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa [[Ethiopia]] wa mbio ndefu na mshindi wa medali ya timu katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya IAAF ya Nusu Marathon 2010.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meseret MENGISTU {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/meseret-mengistu-14334138|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-historia}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] kttrn90bu1ocrpbr7ovdnlcctdhtkyj 0 242785 1581600 2026-07-25T12:38:32Z Abduli burhani 60014 ukurasa umeundwa 1581600 wikitext text/x-wiki Beatrice Akello Akori ( 2020 hadi sasa), mwanasiasa wa Uganda<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full List of Elected MPs in Uganda 2021|url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/19/full-list-mps-elected-in-uganda-2021/|work=Daily Express|date=2021-01-19|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-GB|author=Express Reporter}}</ref> Frances Akello (alizaliwa 1936), mkulima wa Uganda, mwalimu na mwanasiasa wa zamani<ref>{{Cite web|title=One of Uganda’s pioneer female legislators|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/one-of-uganda-s-pioneer-female-legislators-1555184|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-05|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Grace Akello (alizaliwa 1950), mshairi wa Uganda, mwandishi wa insha, mtafiti wa hadithi za kale, na mwanasiasa<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-TMhtk5AUYC|title=Who's who in Contemporary Women's Writing|last=Miller|first=Jane Eldridge|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15980-7|language=en}}</ref> Ibrahim Akello (alizaliwa 1985), mchezaji wa zamani wa kriketi wa Kenya<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/271/271281/271281.html|work=cricketarchive.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Lucy Akello (alizaliwa 1980), mfanyakazi wa kijamii wa Uganda na mwanasiasa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament OF Uganda|url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=130|work=www.parliament.go.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Patricia Akello (alizaliwa 1992), mfano wa kitaalamu wa Uganda<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda’s Akello now on South Africa’s runways|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/uganda-s-akello-now-on-south-africa-s-runways-1598704|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-07|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Rose Lilly Akello (alizaliwa 1971), mwanasiasa wa Uganda<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=507|work=www.parliament.go.ug|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] 7jvjdcp21v1y0zs2gy4v76has2o9b4n 0 242786 1581601 2026-07-25T12:40:31Z YUSTA MWAIPOPO 91174 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Grinded pigeon peas 01.jpg|thumb]] Dek Agira ni [[chakula]] cha [[jadi]] cha [[jamii]] ya watu wa lango kutoka [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi]] au [[maharagwe]] yaliyochemshwa na kisha kupondwa hadi kuwa laini na yenye umbile la krimu. Kwa kawaida huliwa pamoja na [[mafuta]] ya shea na Ugali wa [[mtama]], ambayo ni ugali unaotengenezwa kwa unga wa mtama. Kijadi, Dek Agira hutumika katika sher...' 1581601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grinded pigeon peas 01.jpg|thumb]] Dek Agira ni [[chakula]] cha [[jadi]] cha [[jamii]] ya watu wa lango kutoka [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi]] au [[maharagwe]] yaliyochemshwa na kisha kupondwa hadi kuwa laini na yenye umbile la krimu. Kwa kawaida huliwa pamoja na [[mafuta]] ya shea na Ugali wa [[mtama]], ambayo ni ugali unaotengenezwa kwa unga wa mtama. Kijadi, Dek Agira hutumika katika [[sherehe]] za kuwatambua au kuwatia mafuta viongozi wa kimila wa koo za [[jamii]] ya Lango na baadhi ya jamii ya kaskazini mwa Uganda. Pia, chakula hiki huandaliwa katika sherehe za [[harusi]] za [[jadi]], ambapo mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na [[siagi ya karanga]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A food to annoint Lango’s leaders|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/a-food-to-annoint-lango-s-leaders-1527208|work=Monitor|date=2020-09-14|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delicious Delights from Northern Uganda: Exploring the Enchanting Flavors of Luo Cuisine - Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://ubc.go.ug/2023/05/12/delicious-delights-from-northern-uganda-exploring-the-enchanting-flavors-of-luo-cuisine/|date=2023-05-12|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Uganda Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Food in Uganda: 19 Things You Need To Try During Your Trip|url=https://ugandaliveandtravel.com/food-in-uganda/|work=Uganda Live and Travel|date=2022-05-07|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Uganda Live and Travel}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] atzpmnnvlbclo4egmsmtfvo29dv4hvt 1581674 1581601 2026-07-25T13:56:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grinded pigeon peas 01.jpg|thumb]] Dek Agira ni [[chakula]] cha [[jadi]] cha [[jamii]] ya watu wa lango kutoka [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]]. Chakula hiki hutengenezwa kwa [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi]] au [[maharagwe]] yaliyochemshwa na kisha kupondwa hadi kuwa laini na yenye umbile la krimu. Kwa kawaida huliwa pamoja na [[mafuta]] ya shea na Ugali wa [[mtama]], ambayo ni ugali unaotengenezwa kwa unga wa mtama. Kijadi, Dek Agira hutumika katika [[sherehe]] za kuwatambua au kuwatia mafuta viongozi wa kimila wa koo za [[jamii]] ya Lango na baadhi ya jamii ya kaskazini mwa Uganda. Pia, chakula hiki huandaliwa katika sherehe za [[harusi]] za [[jadi]], ambapo mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na [[siagi ya karanga]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A food to annoint Lango’s leaders|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/a-food-to-annoint-lango-s-leaders-1527208|work=Monitor|date=2020-09-14|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Delicious Delights from Northern Uganda: Exploring the Enchanting Flavors of Luo Cuisine - Uganda Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://ubc.go.ug/2023/05/12/delicious-delights-from-northern-uganda-exploring-the-enchanting-flavors-of-luo-cuisine/|date=2023-05-12|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Uganda Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Food in Uganda: 19 Things You Need To Try During Your Trip|url=https://ugandaliveandtravel.com/food-in-uganda/|work=Uganda Live and Travel|date=2022-05-07|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Uganda Live and Travel}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] nx454pttdx4vgi6mm12lyke0fn3njxq 0 242787 1581603 2026-07-25T12:42:22Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bessie Mae Smith''' alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa blues kutoka St. Louis, nchini [[Marekani]]. Kati ya mwaka 1927 na 1941, alirekodi nyimbo zake kupitia kampuni za kurekodi za Okeh, Vocalion na Paramount, akitumia majina mbalimbali ya kisanii. Inasemekana alikuwa ameolewa na mwanamuziki wa Delta blues, Big Joe Williams, ambaye wakati mwingine alimpa sifa ya kuandika wimbo wake maarufu “Baby, Please Don't Go.” Nyimbo za Bessie Mae Smith mara nyi...' 1581603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bessie Mae Smith''' alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa blues kutoka St. Louis, nchini [[Marekani]]. Kati ya mwaka 1927 na 1941, alirekodi nyimbo zake kupitia kampuni za kurekodi za Okeh, Vocalion na Paramount, akitumia majina mbalimbali ya kisanii. Inasemekana alikuwa ameolewa na mwanamuziki wa Delta blues, Big Joe Williams, ambaye wakati mwingine alimpa sifa ya kuandika wimbo wake maarufu “Baby, Please Don't Go.” Nyimbo za Bessie Mae Smith mara nyingi zilikuwa na taswira za kipekee na za kufikirika (surreal imagery), pamoja na mafumbo na sitiari zenye maudhui ya kimapenzi na kingono.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/st-louis-bessie-mn0000163281|title=St. Louis Bessie|last=Layne|first=Joslyn|date=|website=|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=May 3, 2021|quote=}}</ref> Kuna mkanganyiko kuhusu jina lake halisi. Ingawa alirekodi nyimbo kwa majina ya Bessie Mae Smith, Blue Belle, na St. Louis Bessie, na huenda pia alitumia majina ya Mae Belle Miller na Streamline Mae, rekodi zake katika kampuni ya Okeh Records zilimtaja kama Bessie Martin. Aidha, wimbo mmoja aliourekodi kwa kampuni ya Paramount ulitolewa tena kwa jina la Sara Carter, na nyimbo zilizorekodiwa kwa jina la Streamline Mae zilionyesha mtunzi wake kuwa Mary Belle Smith. Hata hivyo, aliyekuwa mume wake, Big Joe Williams, alisisitiza kwamba jina lake halisi lilikuwa Bessie Mae Smith. Bessie Mae Smith hapaswi kuchanganywa na mwimbaji mwingine maarufu wa muziki wa classic blues, Bessie Smith, ambaye ni mtu tofauti.<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=Blues Who's Who: A Biographical Dictionary of Blues Singers|last=Harris|first=Sheldon|date=1989|publisher=Da Capo Press, Inc.|isbn=0-306-80155-8|location=New York|page=464|author-link=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] dxhh10s77ubnjfebvlkwrrp41ik2sca 0 242788 1581604 2026-07-25T12:43:12Z CHRISTINE VENANCE 83854 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Dek Ngoo.jpg|thumb|mchuzi]] '''Dek ngor''' ni [[mchuzi]] wa asili wa Uganda unaotengenezwa kwa kutumia [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi.]] Mchuzi huu unatokea [[Kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]] miongoni mwa jamii ya i [[Waacholi|Waochol]](Acholi), na pia huliwa katika maeneo ya lango na maghalibi ya [[Nile]] nchini Uganda. Viungo Wakuu: * [[Mbaazi (mmea)|Mbaazi]] au mbaazi za manjano zilizomenywa/zilizopasuliwa * [[Unga]] wa [[ufuta]] uliosagwa/siagi ya ufuta,...' 1581604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dek Ngoo.jpg|thumb|mchuzi]] '''Dek ngor''' ni [[mchuzi]] wa asili wa Uganda unaotengenezwa kwa kutumia [[Mbaazi (mmea)|mbaazi.]] Mchuzi huu unatokea [[Kaskazini]] mwa [[Uganda]] miongoni mwa jamii ya i [[Waacholi|Waochol]](Acholi), na pia huliwa katika maeneo ya lango na maghalibi ya [[Nile]] nchini Uganda. Viungo Wakuu: * [[Mbaazi (mmea)|Mbaazi]] au mbaazi za manjano zilizomenywa/zilizopasuliwa * [[Unga]] wa [[ufuta]] uliosagwa/siagi ya ufuta, au [[siagi]] ya [[karanga]]) * [[Chumvi]] ya [[chakula]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Dek Ngor|date=2026-06-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dek_Ngor&oldid=1360453944|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Dek Ngor|date=2026-06-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dek_Ngor&oldid=1360453944|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Mboga]] iws1qn7p55j5rx1o6wrc7s3m3cau4f2 0 242789 1581605 2026-07-25T12:43:33Z Mtoka japhet 91179 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Eshabwe.jpg|thumb|Eshabwe]] Eshabwe ni aina ya [[siagi]] iliyosafishwa inayotokana na eneo la [[Ankole]] nchini Uganda. Hutumiwa kama kiambato cha kuongeza ladha kwenye [[vyakula]] mbalimbali. Pia hujulikana kama mchuzi wa [[samli]], na ni mlo wa [[jadi]] wenye umuhimu mkubwa katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wanyankole]]. Mara nyingi Eshabwe huandaliwa na kuliwa wakati wa sherehe, harusi, mapokezi ya wageni wa [[heshima]] na matukio mengine maalumu, ikiwa...' 1581605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eshabwe.jpg|thumb|Eshabwe]] Eshabwe ni aina ya [[siagi]] iliyosafishwa inayotokana na eneo la [[Ankole]] nchini Uganda. Hutumiwa kama kiambato cha kuongeza ladha kwenye [[vyakula]] mbalimbali. Pia hujulikana kama mchuzi wa [[samli]], na ni mlo wa [[jadi]] wenye umuhimu mkubwa katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wanyankole]]. Mara nyingi Eshabwe huandaliwa na kuliwa wakati wa sherehe, harusi, mapokezi ya wageni wa [[heshima]] na matukio mengine maalumu, ikiwa ni ishara ya ukarimu, [[heshima]] na urithi wa kiutamaduni<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eshabwe: simple sauce that can pair any food|url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle-entertainment/eshabwe-simple-sauce-that-can-pair-any-food/|work=The Observer Media Ltd|date=2020-02-11|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Frank Kisakye}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ESHABWE: A dish from Ankole’s long-horned cattle|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/eshabwe-a-dish-from-ankole-s-long-horned-cattle-1515176|work=Monitor|date=2020-09-14|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] h0uch8874jmbl0w3pb6qidjjica7vpv 1581687 1581605 2026-07-25T14:11:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Eshabwe.jpg|thumb|Eshabwe]] Eshabwe ni aina ya [[siagi]] iliyosafishwa inayotokana na eneo la [[Ankole]] nchini Uganda. Hutumiwa kama kiambato cha kuongeza ladha kwenye [[vyakula]] mbalimbali. Pia hujulikana kama mchuzi wa [[samli]], na ni mlo wa [[jadi]] wenye umuhimu mkubwa katika [[utamaduni]] wa [[Wanyankole]]. Mara nyingi Eshabwe huandaliwa na kuliwa wakati wa sherehe, harusi, mapokezi ya wageni wa [[heshima]] na matukio mengine maalumu, ikiwa ni ishara ya ukarimu, [[heshima]] na urithi wa kiutamaduni<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Eshabwe: simple sauce that can pair any food|url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle-entertainment/eshabwe-simple-sauce-that-can-pair-any-food/|work=The Observer Media Ltd|date=2020-02-11|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Frank Kisakye}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ESHABWE: A dish from Ankole’s long-horned cattle|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/eshabwe-a-dish-from-ankole-s-long-horned-cattle-1515176|work=Monitor|date=2020-09-14|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] osxo3jjgmmmmz2ghdxg7j4l3cpl5ts1 0 242790 1581606 2026-07-25T12:46:48Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Georgette Reed''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[26 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya kutupa tufe (shot put) kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1992. Yeye ni binti wa George Reed, aliyekuwa mchezaji maarufu wa timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Kanada ya Saskatchewan Roughriders.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athl...' 1581606 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgette Reed''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[26 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya kutupa tufe (shot put) kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1992. Yeye ni binti wa George Reed, aliyekuwa mchezaji maarufu wa timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Kanada ya Saskatchewan Roughriders.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/georgette-reed-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064211/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/re/georgette-reed-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Georgette Reed Olympic Results|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> Reed pia aliliwakilisha timu ya riadha ya Washington State Cougars katika mashindano ya vyuo vikuu ya Marekani yanayojulikana kama NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leaderpost.com/life/george-reed-foundation-gala-raises-approximately-60000|title=George Reed Foundation gala raises approximately $60,000|last=Seiberling|first=Irene|date=4 December 2012|work=leaderpost.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kanada]] mi7mvgn23tkwx1oo35vjxekrx04pbnm 1581608 1581606 2026-07-25T12:47:10Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 1581608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgette Reed''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[26 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya kutupa tufe (shot put) kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1992. Yeye ni binti wa George Reed, aliyekuwa mchezaji maarufu wa timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Kanada ya Saskatchewan Roughriders. Reed pia aliliwakilisha timu ya riadha ya Washington State Cougars katika mashindano ya vyuo vikuu ya Marekani yanayojulikana kama NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://leaderpost.com/life/george-reed-foundation-gala-raises-approximately-60000|title=George Reed Foundation gala raises approximately $60,000|last=Seiberling|first=Irene|date=4 December 2012|work=leaderpost.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kanada]] e9ne1hn3dfcg2caexlwvbt02m3w2tux 1581696 1581608 2026-07-25T14:23:48Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Georgette Reed''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[26 Januari]] [[1967]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya kutupa tufe (shot put) kwa wanawake kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1992. Yeye ni binti wa George Reed, aliyekuwa mchezaji maarufu wa timu ya mpira wa miguu ya Kanada ya Saskatchewan Roughriders. Reed pia aliliwakilisha timu ya riadha ya Washington State Cougars katika mashindano ya vyuo vikuu ya Marekani yanayojulikana kama NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association).<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://leaderpost.com/life/george-reed-foundation-gala-raises-approximately-60000|title=George Reed Foundation gala raises approximately $60,000|last=Seiberling|first=Irene|date=4 December 2012|work=leaderpost.com|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kanada]] ri58yifbbv7ffnyo8576dj4017qr73l 0 242791 1581607 2026-07-25T12:47:01Z LUJASA 82902 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'ni mlo maarufu sana wa mtaani wenye asili ya nchini [[Tanzania]], na sasa umesambaa katika maeneo mengi ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. [[Faili:Chipsi mayai (zege).jpg|thumb|Chips mayai]] Jinsi Inavyotengenezwa: Viazi vilivyokaangwa (chipsi) huwekwa kwenye kikaango, kisha humwagiliwa mayai yaliyopigwa (mara nyingi mayai 2 au zaidi) na kukaangwa pamoja hadi iwe kama keki au pizza ya duara. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu waTanzania]] Jamii:Watu wa Dar es s...' 1581607 wikitext text/x-wiki ni mlo maarufu sana wa mtaani wenye asili ya nchini [[Tanzania]], na sasa umesambaa katika maeneo mengi ya [[Afrika Mashariki]]. [[Faili:Chipsi mayai (zege).jpg|thumb|Chips mayai]] Jinsi Inavyotengenezwa: Viazi vilivyokaangwa (chipsi) huwekwa kwenye kikaango, kisha humwagiliwa mayai yaliyopigwa (mara nyingi mayai 2 au zaidi) na kukaangwa pamoja hadi iwe kama keki au pizza ya duara. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu waTanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Dar es salaam]] fdzpg084b20fx31bctvpmcayw5f8jf9 0 242792 1581609 2026-07-25T12:47:43Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581609 wikitext text/x-wiki Nabbanja ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * Proscovia Nabbanja ([[1978]]), mtaalamu wa jiolojia na mtendaji mkuu wa kampuni kutoka Uganda.<ref>https://www.unoc.co.ug/leadership/proscovia-nabbanja-2/</ref> * Robinah Nabbanja ([[1969]]), mwalimu wa shule, mwanasiasa, na waziri wa baraza la mawaziri kutoka Uganda ,ambaye pia ni Waziri Mkuu,<ref>https://prideminister.com/about-uganda/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] 3hrs19xefoh5yk3ef53g6zmw7lxoyxc 1581610 1581609 2026-07-25T12:49:07Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581610 wikitext text/x-wiki Nabbanja ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * Proscovia Nabbanja ([[1978]]), mtaalamu wa jiolojia na mtendaji mkuu wa kampuni kutoka Uganda.<ref>https://www.unoc.co.ug/leadership/proscovia-nabbanja-2/</ref> * Robinah Nabbanja ([[1969]]), mwalimu wa shule, mwanasiasa, na waziri wa baraza la mawaziri kutoka Uganda ,ambaye pia ni Waziri Mkuu,<ref>https://prideminister.com/about-uganda/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} qwqygt71m97zrcj4al98js2msz46rq8 0 242793 1581611 2026-07-25T12:49:10Z Hamisi msafiri mzuki 81808 Ukurasa ulianzishwa 1581611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mwamba''' ni [[jina]] linalotolewa kwa [[watu]] [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]]. Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na ● Mwamba Luchembe (amezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1960]]): [[Mwanasiasa]] kutoka nchini [[Zambia]].<ref><nowiki>https://grokipedia.com/page/mwamba_luchembe</nowiki></ref> ● Alexis Thambwe Mwamba (amezaliwa mwaka [[1943]]): Mwanasiasa kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (DRC).<ref><nowiki>https://au.int/en/speeches/20110131-1</nowiki></ref> ● Anthony Mwamba ([[1960]]–[[2021]]): Alikuwa [[bondia]] kutoka nchini [[Zambia]]<ref><nowiki>https://grokipedia.com/page/anthony_mwamba</nowiki></ref> ● Bertin Mwamba (amezaliwa mwaka [[1932]]): Mwanasiasa kutoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC). == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika]] kn24upnba83kkk04t9zn3o4203r2hjb 0 242794 1581612 2026-07-25T12:49:14Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox Person|picha=War correspondents-Lee-Miller.jpg|jina=Lee Miller|kazi_yake=Mpiga picha|tarehe_ya_kufariki=21/07/1977}} '''Elizabeth "Lee" Miller''' aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose) alikuwa mpiga picha na [[mwandishi]] wa [[habari]] za picha wa Marekani. Katika [[miaka]] ya [[1920]], alianza kazi kama Elizabeth "Lee" Miller aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose alikuwa mpiga picha na mwandishi wa habari za picha wa [[Marekani]]. Katika miaka ya 1...' 1581612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|picha=War correspondents-Lee-Miller.jpg|jina=Lee Miller|kazi_yake=Mpiga picha|tarehe_ya_kufariki=21/07/1977}} '''Elizabeth "Lee" Miller''' aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose) alikuwa mpiga picha na [[mwandishi]] wa [[habari]] za picha wa Marekani. Katika [[miaka]] ya [[1920]], alianza kazi kama Elizabeth "Lee" Miller aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose alikuwa mpiga picha na mwandishi wa habari za picha wa [[Marekani]]. Katika miaka ya 1920, alianza kazi kama mwanamitindo jijini [[New York]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], ambako alijijenga na kuwa mpiga picha maarufu wa [[mitindo]] na sanaa jijini New York kabla ya kuhamia Paris, Ufaransa, ambako alijijenga na kuwa mpiga [[picha]] maarufu wa [[mitindo]] na sanaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] 3icnxicnzws3ygb0c8qan5wv509k92s 1581738 1581612 2026-07-25T15:44:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|picha=War correspondents-Lee-Miller.jpg|jina=Lee Miller|kazi_yake=Mpiga picha|tarehe_ya_kufariki=21/07/1977}} '''Elizabeth "Lee" Miller''' aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose) alikuwa mpiga picha na [[mwandishi]] wa [[habari]] za picha wa Marekani. Katika [[miaka]] ya [[1920]], alianza kazi kama Elizabeth "Lee" Miller aliyejulikana pia kama Lady Penrose alikuwa mpiga picha na mwandishi wa habari za picha wa [[Marekani]]. Katika miaka ya 1920, alianza kazi kama mwanamitindo jijini [[New York]] kabla ya kuhamia [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], ambako alijijenga na kuwa mpiga picha maarufu wa [[mitindo]] na sanaa jijini New York kabla ya kuhamia Paris, Ufaransa, ambako alijijenga na kuwa mpiga [[picha]] maarufu wa [[mitindo]] na sanaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The marriage of sweet potatoes and beans|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/dining-recipes/the-marriage-of-sweet-potatoes-and-beans-1521788|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-03|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Sanaa]] 73dwxnhw1dspuzj0y4b3fhtaql8ahkk 0 242795 1581613 2026-07-25T12:49:35Z LilianErasto 89931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' '''Gebremeskel''' ni jina la kike au la kiume la asili ya [[Ethiopia]] linalotumika kama jina la kwanza au jina la ukoo. Maana yake katika lugha za Geez na [[Kiamhari]] ni Mtumishi wa Msalaba.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Dejen Gebremeskel|date=2026-07-15|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejen_Gebremeskel&oldid=1364242959|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: Jina la kwanza...' 1581613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gebremeskel''' ni jina la kike au la kiume la asili ya [[Ethiopia]] linalotumika kama jina la kwanza au jina la ukoo. Maana yake katika lugha za Geez na [[Kiamhari]] ni Mtumishi wa Msalaba.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Dejen Gebremeskel|date=2026-07-15|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejen_Gebremeskel&oldid=1364242959|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Watu mashuhuri wenye jina hili ni pamoja na: Jina la kwanza: * Gebremeskel Chala<ref>{{Citation|title=Gebremeskel Chala|date=2026-04-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebremeskel_Chala&oldid=1347144500|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1984): Mwanasiasia wa Ethiopia. * Yohannes Gebremeskel Tesfamariam<ref>{{Citation|title=Yohannes Gebremeskel|date=2026-04-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yohannes_Gebremeskel&oldid=1348729997|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>: Luteni Jenerali wa jeshi la Ethiopia. Jina la ukoo: * Dejen Gebremeskel<ref name=":0" /> (alizaliwa 1989): Mwanariadha wa Ethiopia wa mbio ndefu na mshindi wa medali ya fedha ya Olimpiki. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] 674yt79a6gor3f75c1s8udmccoc6fzx 0 242796 1581614 2026-07-25T12:51:21Z SARAH CLEMENT TZ 91176 Kuanz 1581614 wikitext text/x-wiki Aweke (Kiamhari: አወቀ (āwek’e)) ni [[jina]] la kiume la [[asili]] ya [[lugha]] ya Kiamhari. Maana yake halisi ni "kujua," "kutambua," au "kugundua." Kama ilivyo kwa majina mengi ya [[wanaume]] nchini [[Ethiopia]], Aweke linaweza pia kutumika kama jina la [[Ukoo|uko]], yaani jina linalotokana na jina la baba, badala ya kuwa ukoo wa kurithi. Jina Aweke linaweza kumaanisha watu hawa: Aster Aweke (amezaliwa [[mwaka]] [[1959]]), mwimbaji maarufu kutoka Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aweke Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/aweke|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Aweke Ayalew (amezaliwa mwaka [[1993]]), mwanariadha wa [[mbio]] za masafa ya kati na marefu, aliyezaliwa Ethiopia lakini anayewakilisha [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aweke Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/aweke|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ethiopia]] 7oa56okqfwanf8ogw2n5lin5qkoc55l 0 242797 1581615 2026-07-25T12:51:46Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Laura Johnson Dandridge''' ([[1852]]–[[1918]]), ambaye pia alijulikana kwa jina la Dolly Johnson, alikuwa mpishi mkuu mwanamke mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika katika Ikulu ya [[Marekani]] (White House), makazi rasmi ya Rais wa Marekani, katika karne ya 19.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Fling|first=Sarah|title="Kitchen Genius": Dolly Johnson at the White House|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/kitchen-genius-dolly-johnson-at-the-white-house|access...' 1581615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura Johnson Dandridge''' ([[1852]]–[[1918]]), ambaye pia alijulikana kwa jina la Dolly Johnson, alikuwa mpishi mkuu mwanamke mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika katika Ikulu ya [[Marekani]] (White House), makazi rasmi ya Rais wa Marekani, katika karne ya 19.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Fling|first=Sarah|title="Kitchen Genius": Dolly Johnson at the White House|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/kitchen-genius-dolly-johnson-at-the-white-house|access-date=2023-05-15|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya kazi katika Ikulu ya White House wakati wa utawala wa Rais Benjamin Harrison, kisha akasitisha kazi kwa muda ili kumhudumia binti yake aliyekuwa na matatizo ya kiafya. Baadaye alirejea tena kufanya kazi katika White House wakati wa utawala wa Rais Grover Cleveland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johnson, Laura "Dolly" · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database|url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1447|access-date=2023-05-15|website=nkaa.uky.edu}}</ref> Baada ya kuacha utumishi wa serikali ya shirikisho, alirudi katika mji aliozaliwa wa Lexington, Kentucky, ambako alianzisha migahawa na kumbi kadhaa za chakula mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1900. Miongoni mwa biashara hizo kulikuwa na mgahawa ulioitwa White House Café, jina lililoakisi uzoefu wake wa kufanya kazi katika Ikulu ya White House. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1852]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1918]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 7vx5twmrn2l4i5r4xu57ezo15ma9j1s 1581737 1581615 2026-07-25T15:43:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura Johnson Dandridge''' ([[1852]]–[[1918]]), ambaye pia alijulikana kwa jina la Dolly Johnson, alikuwa mpishi mkuu mwanamke mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika katika Ikulu ya [[Marekani]] (White House), makazi rasmi ya Rais wa Marekani, katika karne ya 19.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|last=Fling|first=Sarah|title="Kitchen Genius": Dolly Johnson at the White House|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/kitchen-genius-dolly-johnson-at-the-white-house|access-date=2023-05-15|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> Alifanya kazi katika Ikulu ya White House wakati wa utawala wa Rais Benjamin Harrison, kisha akasitisha kazi kwa muda ili kumhudumia binti yake aliyekuwa na matatizo ya kiafya. Baadaye alirejea tena kufanya kazi katika White House wakati wa utawala wa Rais Grover Cleveland.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Johnson, Laura "Dolly" · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database|url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1447|access-date=2023-05-15|website=nkaa.uky.edu}}</ref> Baada ya kuacha utumishi wa serikali ya shirikisho, alirudi katika mji aliozaliwa wa Lexington, Kentucky, ambako alianzisha migahawa na kumbi kadhaa za chakula mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1900. Miongoni mwa biashara hizo kulikuwa na mgahawa ulioitwa White House Café, jina lililoakisi uzoefu wake wa kufanya kazi katika Ikulu ya White House. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1852]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1918]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 3mtdayb75p4f02pqlxpp3ja4s3ugcas 0 242798 1581616 2026-07-25T12:53:00Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Drunkenshrimp.jpg|thumb|kamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ]] Kwamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ni mchuzi maarufu wa jamii ya Wafaransa wa Krioli na visiwa vya karibu, unaotengenezwa kwa nyanya, vitunguu, tangawizi, kitunguu saumu, na viungo mbalimbali, kisha kupikwa na kamba. Ni chakula chenye ladha kali na tamu, mara nyingi huliwa na wali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Indust...' 1581616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Drunkenshrimp.jpg|thumb|kamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ]] Kwamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ni mchuzi maarufu wa jamii ya Wafaransa wa Krioli na visiwa vya karibu, unaotengenezwa kwa nyanya, vitunguu, tangawizi, kitunguu saumu, na viungo mbalimbali, kisha kupikwa na kamba. Ni chakula chenye ladha kali na tamu, mara nyingi huliwa na wali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=2004-03-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5094-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mboga]] svlousgcelhfpw2qam3zei5r3k4u6h1 1581720 1581616 2026-07-25T15:03:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Drunkenshrimp.jpg|thumb|kamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ]] Kwamba wa mchuzi wa nyanya ni mchuzi maarufu wa jamii ya Wafaransa wa Krioli na visiwa vya karibu, unaotengenezwa kwa nyanya, vitunguu, tangawizi, kitunguu saumu, na viungo mbalimbali, kisha kupikwa na kamba. Ni chakula chenye ladha kali na tamu, mara nyingi huliwa na wali.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=hT1a1xR3n8EC&pg=PA398&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Industrialization of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Revised and Expanded|last=Steinkraus|first=Keith|date=2004-03-26|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-5094-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mboga]] midkboylwl8jwrwfw7mux3mnd5bh7z6 0 242799 1581617 2026-07-25T12:54:13Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Muziki]] wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] unahusisha aina mbalimbali za muziki wa kiasili na wa kisasa. Aina maarufu zaidi ya kisasa ni ''makossa'', mtindo unaopendwa sana ambao umepata mashabiki kote barani [[Afrika]], pamoja na mtindo wake wa kucheza unaohusiana nao uitwao ''bikutsi''. Wavua samaki au wanamaji wa mitumbwi wa jijini [[Douala]] wanajulikana kwa aina ya uimbaji uitwao "Ngoso," ambao umebadilika na kuwa aina ya muziki wa kisasa unaosindikizwa na v...' 1581617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Muziki]] wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] unahusisha aina mbalimbali za muziki wa kiasili na wa kisasa. Aina maarufu zaidi ya kisasa ni ''makossa'', mtindo unaopendwa sana ambao umepata mashabiki kote barani [[Afrika]], pamoja na mtindo wake wa kucheza unaohusiana nao uitwao ''bikutsi''. Wavua samaki au wanamaji wa mitumbwi wa jijini [[Douala]] wanajulikana kwa aina ya uimbaji uitwao "Ngoso," ambao umebadilika na kuwa aina ya muziki wa kisasa unaosindikizwa na vyombo kama ''zanza'' (mrimba), ''balafon'' (marimba ya mti), na vyombo mbalimbali vya kupiga (ngoma).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accueil {{!}} Musée d'ethnographie de Genève|url=https://www.meg.ch/fr|work=www.meg.ch|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] 3pdgd7qs00s6ncnw3d3yozsd5dtppmi 1581762 1581617 2026-07-25T17:00:09Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Muziki]] wa [[Kamerun|Kameruni]] unahusisha aina mbalimbali za muziki wa kiasili na wa kisasa. Aina maarufu zaidi ya kisasa ni ''makossa'', mtindo unaopendwa sana ambao umepata mashabiki kote barani [[Afrika]], pamoja na mtindo wake wa kucheza unaohusiana nao uitwao ''bikutsi''. Wavua samaki au wanamaji wa mitumbwi wa jijini [[Douala]] wanajulikana kwa aina ya uimbaji uitwao "Ngoso," ambao umebadilika na kuwa aina ya muziki wa kisasa unaosindikizwa na vyombo kama ''zanza'' (mrimba), ''balafon'' (marimba ya mti), na vyombo mbalimbali vya kupiga (ngoma).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Accueil {{!}} Musée d'ethnographie de Genève|url=https://www.meg.ch/fr|work=www.meg.ch|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] s16ontjpe3773rbb1qt3mbe51f3v5sv 0 242800 1581618 2026-07-25T12:56:09Z Fesheli 91181 En 1581618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moukhbaza''' ''ni'' chakula cha jadi kinachopatikana katika nchi za Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Mashariki, hususan Yemen. Hutengenezwa kwa [[mkate]] unaoandaliwa kwa unga wa [[ngano]], maji, [[Chumvi (kemia)|chumvi na]] wakati mwingine chachu, kisha huokwa juu ya sahani ya [[moto]] au ndani ya tanuri. Katika maeneo mbalimbali, mkate huu hutofautiana kwa unene na namna ya kuandaliwa, na mara nyingine hupakwa siagi au mafuta baada ya kuokwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|work=World Travel Guide|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Mukhbaza huliwa pamoja na vyakula mbalimbali kama vile mchuzi wa [[nyama]], kunde, dengu, [[maharagwe]] au michuzi yenye [[viungo]]. Chakula hiki hupendwa kwa ulaini wake na uwezo wake wa kuendana na aina nyingi za vyakula. Aidha, hutumiwa sana majumbani na katika mikusanyiko ya kijamii, ambapo mara nyingi mkate hutumika kuokotea chakula kwa mkono kulingana na utamaduni wa kula pamoja<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|work=World Travel Guide|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] qvjwsowjuhwjie29ohs2af1seyl6z9q 1581758 1581618 2026-07-25T16:58:51Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moukhbaza''' ''ni'' chakula cha jadi kinachopatikana katika nchi za Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Mashariki, hususan Yemen. Hutengenezwa kwa [[mkate]] unaoandaliwa kwa unga wa [[ngano]], maji, [[Chumvi (kemia)|chumvi na]] wakati mwingine chachu, kisha huokwa juu ya sahani ya [[moto]] au ndani ya tanuri. Katika maeneo mbalimbali, mkate huu hutofautiana kwa unene na namna ya kuandaliwa, na mara nyingine hupakwa siagi au mafuta baada ya kuokwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|work=World Travel Guide|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Mukhbaza huliwa pamoja na vyakula mbalimbali kama vile mchuzi wa [[nyama]], kunde, dengu, [[maharagwe]] au michuzi yenye [[viungo]]. Chakula hiki hupendwa kwa ulaini wake na uwezo wake wa kuendana na aina nyingi za vyakula. Aidha, hutumiwa sana majumbani na katika mikusanyiko ya kijamii, ambapo mara nyingi mkate hutumika kuokotea chakula kwa mkono kulingana na utamaduni wa kula pamoja<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/sudan/|work=World Travel Guide|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] btk98wfmznpdpi84ljrs896jsz79rb0 0 242801 1581619 2026-07-25T12:56:49Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Awaze''' ni mchuzi wa [[pilipili]] wenye ukali unaotokana na vyakula vya asili vya [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sustainable_Development_Research_in_Manu/2aVMEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awaze+ethiopian&pg=PA185&printsec=frontcover|title=Sustainable Development Research in Manufacturing, Process Engineering, Green Infrastructure, and Water Resources: Advancement of Science and Technology|last=Fanta|first=Solomon Work...' 1581619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awaze''' ni mchuzi wa [[pilipili]] wenye ukali unaotokana na vyakula vya asili vya [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sustainable_Development_Research_in_Manu/2aVMEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awaze+ethiopian&pg=PA185&printsec=frontcover|title=Sustainable Development Research in Manufacturing, Process Engineering, Green Infrastructure, and Water Resources: Advancement of Science and Technology|last=Fanta|first=Solomon Workneh|last2=Tenagashaw|first2=Mesfin Wogayehu|last3=Tigabu|first3=Muluken Temsgen|last4=Gedilu|first4=Ephrem Yetbarek|date=2025-03-05|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-031-77339-6|pages=185-186|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Jewish_Food/gFK_yx7Ps7cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awaze+ethiopian&pg=PT204&printsec=frontcover|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|last=Marks|first=Gil|date=2010-11-17|publisher=HMH|isbn=978-0-544-18631-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_on_a_Plate/9boBDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awaze+ethiopian&pg=PA272&printsec=frontcover|title=The World on a Plate: 40 Cuisines, 100 Recipes, and the Stories Behind Them|last=Holland|first=Mina|date=2015|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-312765-9|pages=272|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cuisine_and_Culture/uaRl9ZUtBYkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=awaze+ethiopian&pg=PA266&printsec=frontcover|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People|last=Civitello|first=Linda|date=2011-03-29|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-40371-6|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> == Maelezo == Awaze hutengenezwa kwa pilipili nyekundu iliyochachushwa na kuchanganywa na viungo mbalimbali kama [[kitunguu]], [[tangawizi]], [[kitunguu saumu]], rosemary, thyme, kotimiri, [[mdalasini]], [[iliki]], hilba na [[bizari]]. Wakati mwingine huongezewa divai, hasa wakati wa sherehe na hafla. Familia nyingi nchini Ethiopia zina [[mapishi]] yao ya kipekee ya kutengeneza Awaze. Awaze hutumika kama kiungo cha kuongeza ladha kwenye chakula na pia kama mchanganyiko wa kulowekea nyama kabla ya kupikwa. Kutokana na ladha yake ya ukali, Awaze hufanana na mchuzi wa pilipili kali Baadhi ya aina zinazojulikana za Awaze ni Berbere Awaze na Mitmita Awaze. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] nub21jeqzzrmgl6ygq57qmnjxgfsmau 0 242802 1581620 2026-07-25T12:57:15Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1581620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimaiyo''' ni jina la [[asili]] ya Mkenya linalomaanisha "[[mvulana]] aliyezaliwa kukiwa na [[pombe]] Maiyo" (kutoka Kip- + Maiyo) . Inaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimaiyo Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kimaiyo|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Daniel Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1948), mchezaji wa Kenya na bingwa wa Afrika mara mbili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniel KIMAIYO {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/daniel-kimaiyo-14343573|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> David Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1960), [[polisi]] wa [[Kenya]] na Inspekta Jenerali wa Polisi wa Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Kimaiyo - Men's Cross Country|url=https://gomountainlions.com/sports/mens-cross-country/roster/david-kimaiyo/2485|work=UCCS Athletics|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Eric Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1969), mwanariadha wa Kenya wa mbio za [[Mbio ya Marathoni|marathon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erick KIMAIYO KIMASE {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/eric-kiprono-kimaiyo-14208083|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Fatwell Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1947), Mkenya mkimbiaji mbio za mita 110 na bingwa mara mbili wa Michezo ya All-Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympedia – Fatwell Kimaiyo|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72769|work=www.olympedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Hellen Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1968), mwanariadha wa [[Kenya]] wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa Afrika mara mbili.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympedia – Hellen Kimaiyo|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72715|work=www.olympedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za Kenya]] nisv16yuzjjzhmnizdqog6063e9qw8g 1581728 1581620 2026-07-25T15:22:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1581728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kimaiyo''' ni jina la [[asili]] ya Mkenya linalomaanisha "[[mvulana]] aliyezaliwa kukiwa na [[pombe]] Maiyo" (kutoka Kip- + Maiyo) . Inaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kimaiyo Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/kimaiyo|work=forebears.io|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Daniel Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1948), mchezaji wa Kenya na bingwa wa Afrika mara mbili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Daniel KIMAIYO {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/daniel-kimaiyo-14343573|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> David Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1960), [[polisi]] wa [[Kenya]] na Inspekta Jenerali wa Polisi wa Kenya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=David Kimaiyo - Men's Cross Country|url=https://gomountainlions.com/sports/mens-cross-country/roster/david-kimaiyo/2485|work=UCCS Athletics|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Eric Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1969), mwanariadha wa Kenya wa mbio za [[Mbio ya Marathoni|marathon]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Erick KIMAIYO KIMASE {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/eric-kiprono-kimaiyo-14208083|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Fatwell Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1947), Mkenya mkimbiaji mbio za mita 110 na bingwa mara mbili wa Michezo ya All-Africa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olympedia – Fatwell Kimaiyo|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72769|work=www.olympedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Hellen Kimaiyo (aliyezaliwa 1968), mwanariadha wa [[Kenya]] wa mbio ndefu na bingwa wa Afrika mara mbili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olympedia – Hellen Kimaiyo|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72715|work=www.olympedia.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za Kenya]] gb192i72cg0k5t1zhdd2nmumik8joyk 0 242803 1581621 2026-07-25T12:59:24Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lena Wilson''' (takriban 1898 – takriban 1939) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa blues kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya maonesho katika mtindo wa jadi wa waimbaji wanawake wa blues (classic female blues style). Akiwa mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika, Wilson alifanya maonesho katika jukwaa la burudani la vaudeville pamoja na kaka yake Danny na mke wake Edith Wilson mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1910 na katika miaka ya 1920. Katika miaka ya 1920, Lena Wilson al...' 1581621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lena Wilson''' (takriban 1898 – takriban 1939) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa muziki wa blues kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyefanya maonesho katika mtindo wa jadi wa waimbaji wanawake wa blues (classic female blues style). Akiwa mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika, Wilson alifanya maonesho katika jukwaa la burudani la vaudeville pamoja na kaka yake Danny na mke wake Edith Wilson mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1910 na katika miaka ya 1920. Katika miaka ya 1920, Lena Wilson alirekodi nyimbo nyingi kama msanii wa kujitegemea kupitia kampuni mbalimbali za kurekodi, zikiwemo Black Swan, Paramount, Pathé, Victor, na Vocalion.<ref name="Dead">{{cite web|url=http://thedeadrockstarsclub.com/1950.html|title=The 1950s and earlier|website=Thedeadrockstarsclub.com|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1898]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]] fo2nc7t6sp6xojk57uuo75qkuqi819h 0 242804 1581624 2026-07-25T13:03:23Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gessesse''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * Tesfaye Gessesse ([[1936]]–[[2020]]), muigizaji kutoka [[Ethiopia]].<ref>https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2020/12/20/tesfaye-gessesse-1936-2020/</ref> * Tilahun Gessesse ([[1940]]–[[2009]]), mwimbaji kutoka Ethiopia<ref>https://en.sewasew.com/p/tilahun-gessesse-(%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%81%E1%8A%95-%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A0%E1%88%A0)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2009]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ethiopia]] 6154mqok5ft2jv5fxl45ulb6n66c7tk 1581626 1581624 2026-07-25T13:03:52Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gessesse''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Watu maarufu wenye jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: * Tesfaye Gessesse ([[1936]]–[[2020]]), muigizaji kutoka [[Ethiopia]].<ref>https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2020/12/20/tesfaye-gessesse-1936-2020/</ref> * Tilahun Gessesse ([[1940]]–[[2009]]), mwimbaji kutoka Ethiopia<ref>https://en.sewasew.com/p/tilahun-gessesse-(%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%88%81%E1%8A%95-%E1%8C%88%E1%88%A0%E1%88%A0)</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2009]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ethiopia]] <references />{{Mbegu-mtu}} 668hjoeb7nmmrxqa9l8sy6abpp54ku7 0 242805 1581625 2026-07-25T13:03:50Z Maria Mashishanga 88790 Eng 1581625 wikitext text/x-wiki Jiko a Kauri la kenya ni [[jiko]] la kubeba linalotumia[[mkaa]] kwa aajili ya kupikia, na hupatikana zaidi katika nyumba za mijini nchini [[Kenya]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>Lilibuniwa kupitia ushirikiano kati ya taasisi na makundi ya ndani pamoja na yale ya kimataifa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>kwa lengo la kupunguza matumizi ya mkaa wakati wa kupika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 5agl89fsb4f7gkxshht6dk8n0sgsz0m 1581721 1581625 2026-07-25T15:09:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581721 wikitext text/x-wiki Jiko a Kauri la kenya ni [[jiko]] la kubeba linalotumia[[mkaa]] kwa aajili ya kupikia, na hupatikana zaidi katika nyumba za mijini nchini [[Kenya]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>Lilibuniwa kupitia ushirikiano kati ya taasisi na makundi ya ndani pamoja na yale ya kimataifa, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref>kwa lengo la kupunguza matumizi ya mkaa wakati wa kupika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Kenya Ceramic Jiko|url=https://www.solutions-site.org/kids/stories/KScat2_sol60.htm|work=www.solutions-site.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] tvinkbepj3v3mo9v5wabhc8h76cu8mj 0 242806 1581627 2026-07-25T13:04:59Z MagesaDm 86369 Jamii, mbegu 1581627 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:KororimaWhole01.jpg|thumb|Iliki nyeusi]] '''Iliki nyeusi (Aframomum Corrorima),''' ni mmea wa [[maua]] unaotoka katika familia ya [[tangawizi]] (Zingiberaceae). Ni mmea wa kudumu unaoota kila [[mwaka]] na hukua kutoka kwenye mizizi inayotambaa chini ya [[ardhi]]. Mashina yake hufikia urefu wa mita 1 hadi 2. [[Majani]] yake huwa ya kijani kibichi, marefu na yenye umbo la mviringo uliorefuka. Mmea huu hutoa maua ya rangi ya [[waridi]] karibu na usawa wa ardhi, ambayo baadaye hugeuka kuwa matunda mekundu yenye nyama. Ndani ya matunda hayo hupatikana [[mbegu]] za kahawia zinazong'aa, ambazo hutumika kama [[kiungo]] maarufu katika kupikia na kutengeneza vinywaji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aframomum corrorima (A.Braun) P.C.M.Jansen {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908251-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aframomum corrorima - Useful Tropical Plants|url=https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Aframomum+corrorima|work=tropical.theferns.info|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ELMA SKIN CARE|url=https://www.elmanaturaboutique.com/|work=ELMA SKIN CARE|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> '''Mbegu za Iliki''' '''nyeusi''' (Aframomum corrorima) hutumika kama [[kiungo]] kinachojulikana kwa majina ya iliki ya [[Ethiopia]], iliki bandia au korarima. Kiungo hiki hutumika sana katika mapishi ya [[Ethiopia]] na [[Eritrea]]. Hutumika kutengeneza mchanganyiko wa [[viungo]] kama [[berbere]], [[mitmita]] na awaze, na pia huongezwa kwenye [[kahawa]] ili kuongeza harufu na [[ladha]]. Ladha yake inafanana na ile ya iliki ya kijani. Katika tiba za asili nchini [[Ethiopia]], mbegu zake hutumiwa kuongeza [[nguvu]] mwilini, kusaidia mmeng'enyo wa [[chakula]], kupunguza [[gesi]] tumboni na kusaidia kuondoa [[choo]] kwa urahisi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protabase Record|url=http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Aframomum%20corrorima_En.htm|work=database.prota.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] t8zmunoo8dxzzokkwn84wg6c72zsfjd 1581710 1581627 2026-07-25T14:42:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:KororimaWhole01.jpg|thumb|Iliki nyeusi]] '''Iliki nyeusi (Aframomum Corrorima),''' ni mmea wa [[maua]] unaotoka katika familia ya [[tangawizi]] (Zingiberaceae). Ni mmea wa kudumu unaoota kila [[mwaka]] na hukua kutoka kwenye mizizi inayotambaa chini ya [[ardhi]]. Mashina yake hufikia urefu wa mita 1 hadi 2. [[Majani]] yake huwa ya kijani kibichi, marefu na yenye umbo la mviringo uliorefuka. Mmea huu hutoa maua ya rangi ya [[waridi]] karibu na usawa wa ardhi, ambayo baadaye hugeuka kuwa matunda mekundu yenye nyama. Ndani ya matunda hayo hupatikana [[mbegu]] za kahawia zinazong'aa, ambazo hutumika kama [[kiungo]] maarufu katika kupikia na kutengeneza vinywaji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Aframomum corrorima (A.Braun) P.C.M.Jansen {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:908251-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Aframomum corrorima - Useful Tropical Plants|url=https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Aframomum+corrorima|work=tropical.theferns.info|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ELMA SKIN CARE|url=https://www.elmanaturaboutique.com/|work=ELMA SKIN CARE|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> '''Mbegu za Iliki''' '''nyeusi''' (Aframomum corrorima) hutumika kama [[kiungo]] kinachojulikana kwa majina ya iliki ya [[Ethiopia]], iliki bandia au korarima. Kiungo hiki hutumika sana katika mapishi ya [[Ethiopia]] na [[Eritrea]]. Hutumika kutengeneza mchanganyiko wa [[viungo]] kama [[berbere]], [[mitmita]] na awaze, na pia huongezwa kwenye [[kahawa]] ili kuongeza harufu na [[ladha]]. Ladha yake inafanana na ile ya iliki ya kijani. Katika tiba za asili nchini [[Ethiopia]], mbegu zake hutumiwa kuongeza [[nguvu]] mwilini, kusaidia mmeng'enyo wa [[chakula]], kupunguza [[gesi]] tumboni na kusaidia kuondoa [[choo]] kwa urahisi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Protabase Record|url=http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Aframomum%20corrorima_En.htm|work=database.prota.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] pld46prwgovmy049jwtccrtdl6g9q6m 0 242807 1581628 2026-07-25T13:05:17Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1581628 wikitext text/x-wiki Kirop ni [[Jina la kikoa|jina]] la [[ukoo]] lenye asili ya Kenya. [[Watu]] [[Mashauri ya Kiinjili|mashuhuri]] wenye jina hili la ukoo ni pamoja na: maana kwa undani ni: Jina "Kirop" linatokana na neno la Kalenjin "Rop'''"''' (au ''Ropta''), ambalo linamaanisha [[mvua]]. Kiambishi awali "Kip-" hutumika katika majina ya kiume kumaanisha [[mtoto]] wa kiume au "aliyezaliwa wakati wa...". Kwa hiyo, jina Kirop linamaanisha: * "Mwanamume aliyezaliwa wakati wa mvua" au wakati mvua ilipokuwa inanyesha. * Helena Kirop (aliyezaliwa [[1976]]), mwanariadha wa marathoni kutoka [[Kenya]] * Pius Maiyo Kirop (aliyezaliwa [[1990]]), mwanariadha wa nusu marathoni kutoka Kenya * Sammy Kirop Kitwara (aliyezaliwa [[1986]]), mwanariadha wa barabarani kutoka Kenya Tazama pia . == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika]] aa1bq4hs3y6kgtm0fb1qhuotk1amy45 0 242808 1581629 2026-07-25T13:06:11Z Abduli burhani 60014 ukurasa umeundwa 1581629 wikitext text/x-wiki Elisha Tanui (alizaliwa 1983), mwanariadha wa mbio za marathon wa Kenya Moses Tanui (alizaliwa 1965), mbio mrefu wa Kenya na bingwa wa dunia mwaka 1991 Paul Tanui (alizaliwa 1990),mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu wa Kenya na mshindi wa pili wa World Cross Country mwaka 2011 William Tanui (alizaliwa 1964), mwanariadha wa mbio za kati wa Kenya na bingwa wa Olimpiki mwaka 1992 [[Faili:İlham Tanui Özbilen.JPG|thumb|Ilham Tunai Ozbilen. mwanariadha wa kenya]] William Biwott Tanui (alizaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa mbio Kenya anayeshindana kama İlham Tanui Özbilen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spor|url=https://www.birgun.net/kategori/spor-12|work=birgun.net|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=Turkish}}</ref> {{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha nchini kenya]] c5eb7p6rvhcnovv1yxz766du2mcuol3 1581770 1581629 2026-07-25T18:02:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581770 wikitext text/x-wiki Elisha Tanui (alizaliwa 1983), mwanariadha wa mbio za marathon wa Kenya Moses Tanui (alizaliwa 1965), mbio mrefu wa Kenya na bingwa wa dunia mwaka 1991 Paul Tanui (alizaliwa 1990),mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu wa Kenya na mshindi wa pili wa World Cross Country mwaka 2011 William Tanui (alizaliwa 1964), mwanariadha wa mbio za kati wa Kenya na bingwa wa Olimpiki mwaka 1992 [[Faili:İlham Tanui Özbilen.JPG|thumb|Ilham Tunai Ozbilen. mwanariadha wa kenya]] William Biwott Tanui (alizaliwa 1990), mwanariadha wa mbio Kenya anayeshindana kama İlham Tanui Özbilen.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spor|url=https://www.birgun.net/kategori/spor-12|work=birgun.net|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=Turkish}}</ref> {{Mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha nchini kenya]] 9d7rc9dwm7nbkdnbp4tmo2sjsy1pesr 0 242809 1581631 2026-07-25T13:06:19Z LilianErasto 89931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb]] '''Sabayad:''' (pia inajulikana kama Kimis)<ref>{{Citation|title=Sabaayad|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&oldid=1364847554|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ni aina ya mkate mwororo, ulio bapa na wa mraba, wenye tabaka laini, unaoliwa kwa wingi katika nchi za [[Somalia]], K...' 1581631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb]] '''Sabayad:''' (pia inajulikana kama Kimis)<ref>{{Citation|title=Sabaayad|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabaayad&oldid=1364847554|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ni aina ya mkate mwororo, ulio bapa na wa mraba, wenye tabaka laini, unaoliwa kwa wingi katika nchi za [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Ethiopia]] na [[Jibuti]]. Ni chakula maarufu sana katika mapishi ya Kisomali kinacholiwa zaidi wakati wa kifungua kinywa au chakula cha jioni. Mkate huo hutengenezwa kwa kutengeneza mchanganyiko wa unga wa ngano, maji na chumvi, kisha husukumwa na kukatwa katika umbo la mraba kabla ya kuchomwa kidogo kwenye kikaango == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 4o8uv8qasmgdagyvikt7a2ibwvwhhpw 0 242810 1581632 2026-07-25T13:07:11Z YUSTA MWAIPOPO 91174 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lakotokoto''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha Lakotokoto ni chakula cha asili cha Waacholi wa [[kaskazini]] mwa kaskazini mwa [[Uganda]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[ufuta]] mbichi uliosagwa, vikichanganywa na vitunguu, nyanya na protini kama samaki wakavu au nyama. Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa ulezi, ugali wa [[muhogo]] au [[Viazi vitamu|viazi]] vitamu. Jina '''Lakotokoto''' limetokana na [[sauti]] inayotokea wakati chakula hiki kinapikwa. <ref>{{...' 1581632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lakotokoto''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha Lakotokoto ni chakula cha asili cha Waacholi wa [[kaskazini]] mwa kaskazini mwa [[Uganda]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[ufuta]] mbichi uliosagwa, vikichanganywa na vitunguu, nyanya na protini kama samaki wakavu au nyama. Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa ulezi, ugali wa [[muhogo]] au [[Viazi vitamu|viazi]] vitamu. Jina '''Lakotokoto''' limetokana na [[sauti]] inayotokea wakati chakula hiki kinapikwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakotokoto: It's taste depends on additional ingredients|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/lakotokoto-it-s-taste-depends-on-additional-ingredients-1528374|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mboga]] 03lhi96ixu2xhf0w54s6kb76wvjzv8c 1581736 1581632 2026-07-25T15:42:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lakotokoto''' ni [[chakula]] cha [[asili]] cha Lakotokoto ni chakula cha asili cha Waacholi wa [[kaskazini]] mwa kaskazini mwa [[Uganda]] kinachotengenezwa kwa [[ufuta]] mbichi uliosagwa, vikichanganywa na vitunguu, nyanya na protini kama samaki wakavu au nyama. Mara nyingi huliwa pamoja na ugali wa ulezi, ugali wa [[muhogo]] au [[Viazi vitamu|viazi]] vitamu. Jina '''Lakotokoto''' limetokana na [[sauti]] inayotokea wakati chakula hiki kinapikwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lakotokoto: It's taste depends on additional ingredients|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/life/lakotokoto-it-s-taste-depends-on-additional-ingredients-1528374|work=Monitor|date=2021-01-09|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Mboga]] 5t8p0gkv1r1wxcs8qx5uny6h47elqvp 0 242811 1581633 2026-07-25T13:09:10Z Emanuel masaki 82931 Rn 1581633 wikitext text/x-wiki "Bia nchini [[Ethiopia]] ndiyo kinywaji cha kilevi kinachozalishwa [[viwandani]] kinachopendwa zaidi na kutumiwa kwa wingi. Miongoni mwa aina za [[bia]], bia ya lager ndiyo inayotumiwa zaidi. Hata hivyo, katika maeneo ya vijijini, bia za asili zinazotengenezwa nyumbani kama vile tella au siwa bado ndizo zinazotawala kwa matumizi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia to end malt import boosting local production – new Business Ethiopia (nBE)|url=https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-to-end-malt-import-boosting-local-production/|work=newbusinessethiopia.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] 88sdxlqhcddf5c5sbvlu320qrwn6cjb 1581637 1581633 2026-07-25T13:14:51Z Emanuel masaki 82931 1581637 wikitext text/x-wiki "Bia nchini [[Ethiopia]] ndiyo kinywaji cha kilevi kinachozalishwa [[viwandani]] kinachopendwa zaidi na kutumiwa kwa wingi. Miongoni mwa aina za [[bia]], bia ya lager ndiyo inayotumiwa zaidi. Hata hivyo, katika maeneo ya vijijini, bia za asili zinazotengenezwa nyumbani kama vile tella au siwa bado ndizo zinazotawala kwa matumizi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia to end malt import boosting local production – new Business Ethiopia (nBE)|url=https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-to-end-malt-import-boosting-local-production/|work=newbusinessethiopia.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] avdm1hy0sffo0w8nlk0k3f057m8tazv 0 242812 1581634 2026-07-25T13:09:41Z CHRISTINE VENANCE 83854 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''The english patient''' ni riwaya ya mwaka 1992 iliyoandikwa na Michael Ondaatje. Inasimulia kisa cha watu wanne tofauti waliokutana kwenye nyumba moja nchini Italia wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia: mwanamume aliyeungua sana usoni na mwilini (anayedhaniwa kuwa Mwingereza), muuguzi wake raia wa [[Kanada]], mtegua mabomu wa [[Kiswahili|Kisikh]], na mwizi wa Kikanada.Kitabu hiki kinafichua taratibu maisha ya mgonjwa huyo kabla ya kuumia na jinsi siri z...' 1581634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The english patient''' ni riwaya ya mwaka 1992 iliyoandikwa na Michael Ondaatje. Inasimulia kisa cha watu wanne tofauti waliokutana kwenye nyumba moja nchini Italia wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia: mwanamume aliyeungua sana usoni na mwilini (anayedhaniwa kuwa Mwingereza), muuguzi wake raia wa [[Kanada]], mtegua mabomu wa [[Kiswahili|Kisikh]], na mwizi wa Kikanada.Kitabu hiki kinafichua taratibu maisha ya mgonjwa huyo kabla ya kuumia na jinsi siri zake zinavyowaathiri wenzake. Ni mwendelezo wa riwaya ya ''In the Skin of a Lion'' (1987). Kilishinda tuzo mashuhuri za ''Booker Prize'' (1992) na ''Golden Man Booker'' (2018), na kugeuzwa kuwa filamu maarufu iliyotoka mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Citation|title=The English Patient|date=2026-05-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_English_Patient&oldid=1352838431|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The English Patient|date=2026-05-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_English_Patient&oldid=1352838431|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu]] mqnv82ka7a5mafytle8j9sh71cma2uq 0 242813 1581635 2026-07-25T13:09:44Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kim Davis''' ni mtendaji wa kampuni kutoka [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama makamu wa rais (vice president) katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Magongo ya Barafu (National Hockey League - NHL).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/nhl/2020/06/06/kim-davis-nhl-inclusivity-racism-hockey|title=Kim Davis Q&A: NHL Exec. on Racism, Inclusivity in Hockey|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Wasifu wa kazi == Davis alihitimu kutoka Spelman College il...' 1581635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Davis''' ni mtendaji wa kampuni kutoka [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama makamu wa rais (vice president) katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Magongo ya Barafu (National Hockey League - NHL).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/nhl/2020/06/06/kim-davis-nhl-inclusivity-racism-hockey|title=Kim Davis Q&A: NHL Exec. on Racism, Inclusivity in Hockey|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Wasifu wa kazi == Davis alihitimu kutoka Spelman College iliyopo Atlanta mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 akiwa na shahada ya uchumi. Kuanzia mwaka 1991, Davis alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi katika JPMorgan Chase, ambapo pia alihudumu kama rais wa JPMorgan Chase Foundation. Mwaka 1995, alikua mwanamke wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika kupandishwa cheo hadi nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa rais (Senior Vice President) katika benki hiyo. Baada ya kufanya kazi na kampuni hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka 20, aliacha JPMorgan na kujiunga na kampuni ya Teneo akiwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Usimamizi (Senior Managing Director).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/28780407/how-kim-davis-pushing-nhl-diverse-territory|title=How Kim Davis is pushing the NHL into diverse territory|website=ESPN|date=26 February 2020}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 2017, alianza nafasi mpya kama Makamu Mkuu wa Rais wa Masuala ya Athari za Kijamii, Mipango ya Ukuaji na Masuala ya Sheria katika National Hockey League (NHL). Katika nafasi hiyo, alilenga hasa kuboresha utofauti na ushirikishwaji (diversity and inclusion) ndani ya ligi hiyo. Mwaka 2020, NHL ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa Baraza la Utendaji la Ujumuishaji (Executive Inclusion Council) kwa lengo la kuimarisha juhudi za kukuza usawa, utofauti na mazingira jumuishi katika taasisi hiyo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i06qc566cw5gi3jrzqpk3kyf9h3xj73 1581727 1581635 2026-07-25T15:22:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kim Davis''' ni mtendaji wa kampuni kutoka [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama makamu wa rais (vice president) katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Magongo ya Barafu (National Hockey League - NHL).<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/nhl/2020/06/06/kim-davis-nhl-inclusivity-racism-hockey|title=Kim Davis Q&A: NHL Exec. on Racism, Inclusivity in Hockey|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=6 June 2020}}</ref> == Wasifu wa kazi == Davis alihitimu kutoka Spelman College iliyopo Atlanta mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 akiwa na shahada ya uchumi. Kuanzia mwaka 1991, Davis alifanya kazi kama mkurugenzi katika JPMorgan Chase, ambapo pia alihudumu kama rais wa JPMorgan Chase Foundation. Mwaka 1995, alikua mwanamke wa kwanza mwenye asili ya Kiafrika-Amerika kupandishwa cheo hadi nafasi ya makamu mkuu wa rais (Senior Vice President) katika benki hiyo. Baada ya kufanya kazi na kampuni hiyo kwa zaidi ya miaka 20, aliacha JPMorgan na kujiunga na kampuni ya Teneo akiwa Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Usimamizi (Senior Managing Director).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/28780407/how-kim-davis-pushing-nhl-diverse-territory|title=How Kim Davis is pushing the NHL into diverse territory|website=ESPN|date=26 February 2020}}</ref> Mnamo Desemba 2017, alianza nafasi mpya kama Makamu Mkuu wa Rais wa Masuala ya Athari za Kijamii, Mipango ya Ukuaji na Masuala ya Sheria katika National Hockey League (NHL). Katika nafasi hiyo, alilenga hasa kuboresha utofauti na ushirikishwaji (diversity and inclusion) ndani ya ligi hiyo. Mwaka 2020, NHL ilitangaza kuanzishwa kwa Baraza la Utendaji la Ujumuishaji (Executive Inclusion Council) kwa lengo la kuimarisha juhudi za kukuza usawa, utofauti na mazingira jumuishi katika taasisi hiyo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1hk0ptkw4blt6p81w0qrhp12jeo9ux6 0 242814 1581636 2026-07-25T13:10:06Z Mtoka japhet 91179 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Calypso Mama, singer.jpg|thumb|Calypso Botez]] Calypso Botez (1880–1933) alikuwa mwandishi, [[mwalimu]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za [[wanawake]] kutoka Romania. Alitumia elimu na uandishi kuhamasisha wanawake kupata fursa sawa na [[wanaume]] katika elimu, ajira na uongozi Kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika kupigania usawa wa kijinsia, anakumbukwa kama mmoja wa wanawake waliochangia maendeleo ya haki za [[wanawake]] nchini Romania.<ref>{{Cita...' 1581636 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Calypso Mama, singer.jpg|thumb|Calypso Botez]] Calypso Botez (1880–1933) alikuwa mwandishi, [[mwalimu]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za [[wanawake]] kutoka Romania. Alitumia elimu na uandishi kuhamasisha wanawake kupata fursa sawa na [[wanaume]] katika elimu, ajira na uongozi Kutokana na mchango wake mkubwa katika kupigania usawa wa kijinsia, anakumbukwa kama mmoja wa wanawake waliochangia maendeleo ya haki za [[wanawake]] nchini Romania.<ref>{{Citation|title=Spouge|date=2026-05-28|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spouge&oldid=1356540604|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=rHFOemkETacC&dq=%22Abb%C3%A9+Masse%22+calypso&pg=PA98&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making|last=Cowley|first=John|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65389-3|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Elimu ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Elimu huria]] 59dqx1ivjx9xsx2r1u4mt397rwv3kpe 0 242815 1581638 2026-07-25T13:15:32Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Kuanzisha makala 1581638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Allan Okello|picha=Allan Okello.jpg|ukubwa wa picha=200px|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=04/07/2000|utaifa=Uganda|kazi_yake=Mchezaji mpira wa miguu}} Allan Okello (amezaliwa tarehe [[4 Julai]] [[2000]])<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181103150845/http://www.kccafc.co.ug/player/allan-okello/</ref> ni [[Mchezaji mpira|mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uganda|Uganda,]] anayecheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|Ligi Kuu ya Tanzania]] [[Yanga]] ([[Dar es Salaam]] [[Young Africans S.C.|Young Africans]])<ref>https://cecafaonline.com/ugandas-star-player-okello-joins-tanzanian-giants-young-africans-sc/</ref><ref>https://panafricafootball.com/article/okello-enters-vipers-history-books-after-young-africans-deal</ref> na timu ya [[taifa]] ya Uganda.<ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/75055/Allan_Okello.html</ref> == Maisha Binafsi == Alizaliwa na kukulia kata ndogo ya Barr, [[wilaya ya Lira]], [[kaskazini]] mwa Uganda. Okello alielekea [[Kampala]] kusoma katika shule maarufu ya soka ya Kibuli Secondary School baada ya kifo cha mama yake mzazi mwaka [[2012]]. Okello alizaliwa na Patrick Ojom (marehemu) na Joan Agomu. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] 5tpn5t0crmpo1oc160k68mb4mbe8pc2 0 242816 1581639 2026-07-25T13:17:44Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014137-0002, Bonn, Afrikawoche, Nationalballett Guinea.jpg|thumb|wapiga ngoma wa nyimbo ya Taifa ya Guinea]] '''Guinea''' ni [[taifa]] la [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Music of Guinea|date=2026-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guinea&oldid=1358772862|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> lenye makabila mbalimbali. Miongoni mwa [[wanamuziki]] wa...' 1581639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014137-0002, Bonn, Afrikawoche, Nationalballett Guinea.jpg|thumb|wapiga ngoma wa nyimbo ya Taifa ya Guinea]] '''Guinea''' ni [[taifa]] la [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Music of Guinea|date=2026-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guinea&oldid=1358772862|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> lenye makabila mbalimbali. Miongoni mwa [[wanamuziki]] wake wanaojulikana zaidi ni Mory Kanté—albamu yake ya ''10 Cola Nuts'' ilipata mafanikio makubwa katika soko la kawaida nchini Gine na [[Mali]], wakati wimbo wake wa "Yé ké yé ké" kutoka kwenye [[albamu]] ya ''Akwaba Beach'' ulipata mafanikio makubwa barani [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1988]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] lr3m9kywbkpvrhy5u00ee7kcamuxeh5 1581860 1581639 2026-07-26T08:09:42Z Muddyb 379 {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} 1581860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014137-0002, Bonn, Afrikawoche, Nationalballett Guinea.jpg|thumb|wapiga ngoma wa nyimbo ya Taifa ya Guinea]] '''Guinea''' ni [[taifa]] la [[Afrika ya Magharibi|Afrika Magharibi]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Music of Guinea|date=2026-06-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guinea&oldid=1358772862|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> lenye makabila mbalimbali. Miongoni mwa [[wanamuziki]] wake wanaojulikana zaidi ni Mory Kanté—albamu yake ya ''10 Cola Nuts'' ilipata mafanikio makubwa katika soko la kawaida nchini Gine na [[Mali]], wakati wimbo wake wa "Yé ké yé ké" kutoka kwenye [[albamu]] ya ''Akwaba Beach'' ulipata mafanikio makubwa barani [[Ulaya]] mwaka [[1988]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] piww3w22x5dc62jwlx1h9gopcwcqwmj 0 242817 1581640 2026-07-25T13:18:43Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Borocera cajani, ni aina ya kipepeo/nondo (mdudu anayeruka usiku, kama nondo wa kawaida) anayepatikana nchini Madagaska tu.Kabla ya kuwa kipepeo, huanza kama kiwavi (funza mdogo mwenye miguu mingi). Kiwavi huyu ni maalum kwa sababu mbili:Watu wa Madagaska humla — ni chakula chao cha protini. (Anatengeneza hariri (silk) — nyuzi laini zinazotumika kushona nguoKwa hiyo ni kama nondo/kiwavi mwenye manufaa mawili: chakula na hariri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mad...' 1581640 wikitext text/x-wiki Borocera cajani, ni aina ya kipepeo/nondo (mdudu anayeruka usiku, kama nondo wa kawaida) anayepatikana nchini Madagaska tu.Kabla ya kuwa kipepeo, huanza kama kiwavi (funza mdogo mwenye miguu mingi). Kiwavi huyu ni maalum kwa sababu mbili:Watu wa Madagaska humla — ni chakula chao cha protini. (Anatengeneza hariri (silk) — nyuzi laini zinazotumika kushona nguoKwa hiyo ni kama nondo/kiwavi mwenye manufaa mawili: chakula na hariri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madagascar: What’s good for the forest is good for the native silk industry|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/08/madagascar-whats-good-for-the-forest-is-good-for-the-native-silk-industry/|work=news.mongabay.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Rebecca Kessler}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] 3x5kz7tu9jjv9fcjs6f0zub2ez8rxfh 0 242818 1581641 2026-07-25T13:18:56Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Trader Horn''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Marekani]] ya mwaka [[1931]] inayohusu matukio ya kusisimua barani [[Afrika]]. Filamu hii iliongozwa na W.S. Van Dyke na waigizaji wakuu walikuwa ''Harry Carey'' na ''Edwina Booth''. Filamu hii inatajwa kuwa ndiyo ya kwanza ya hadithi kurekodiwa katika maeneo halisi ya Afrika. Imetokana na kitabu chenye jina hilo hilo kilichoandikwa na ''Alfred Aloysius Horn'', ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara na msafiri. Filamu inaelezea...' 1581641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trader Horn''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Marekani]] ya mwaka [[1931]] inayohusu matukio ya kusisimua barani [[Afrika]]. Filamu hii iliongozwa na W.S. Van Dyke na waigizaji wakuu walikuwa ''Harry Carey'' na ''Edwina Booth''. Filamu hii inatajwa kuwa ndiyo ya kwanza ya hadithi kurekodiwa katika maeneo halisi ya Afrika. Imetokana na kitabu chenye jina hilo hilo kilichoandikwa na ''Alfred Aloysius Horn'', ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara na msafiri. Filamu inaelezea safari na matukio mbalimbali yaliyowakuta wasafiri waliokuwa barani Afrika. Mazungumzo ya filamu yaliandikwa na ''Cyril Hume'', huku ''John Thomas Neville'' na ''Dale Van Every'' wakiandika muundo wa filamu kutoka kwenye kitabu. Mwaka 1931, Trader Horn iliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Academy ya Filamu Bora. Wakati wa kurekodi filamu hiyo Afrika, mwigizaji mkuu ''Edwina Booth'' alipata ugonjwa uliosababisha kushindwa kuendelea na kazi yake ya uigizaji. Baadaye alifungua kesi dhidi ya kampuni ya filamu ya Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) kutokana na ugonjwa alioupata wakati wa utengenezaji wa filamu hiyo.<ref name="scott">Scott Eyman, ''Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer'', Robson, 2005 p 110</ref><ref name="Mannix">{{Citation|title=The Eddie Mannix Ledger|place=Los Angeles, California|publisher=Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study}}</ref><ref name="Horn1927">{{citation|last=Horn|first=Alfred Aloysius|title=Trader Horn; being the life and works of Alfred Aloysius Horn|year=1927|publisher=New York, Grosset & Dunlap|oclc=4350259|last2=Lewis|first2=Ethelreda}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=On location in Africa: Trader Horn|url=https://www.makefilmhistory.com/trader.html#:~:text=On%20location%20in%20Africa:%20Trader%20Horn&text=MGM%20dispatched%20Van%20Dyke%20and,%E2%80%94Congorilla%E2%80%94followed%20in%201932.|access-date=2024-02-26|website=www.makefilmhistory.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Filamu za 1931]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] <references />{{Mbegu-filamu}} 0d3vukg89yxv8yybcoq2sqgetdqfzd2 1581773 1581641 2026-07-25T18:11:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trader Horn''' ni [[filamu]] ya [[Marekani]] ya mwaka [[1931]] inayohusu matukio ya kusisimua barani [[Afrika]]. Filamu hii iliongozwa na W.S. Van Dyke na waigizaji wakuu walikuwa ''Harry Carey'' na ''Edwina Booth''. Filamu hii inatajwa kuwa ndiyo ya kwanza ya hadithi kurekodiwa katika maeneo halisi ya Afrika. Imetokana na kitabu chenye jina hilo hilo kilichoandikwa na ''Alfred Aloysius Horn'', ambaye alikuwa mfanyabiashara na msafiri. Filamu inaelezea safari na matukio mbalimbali yaliyowakuta wasafiri waliokuwa barani Afrika. Mazungumzo ya filamu yaliandikwa na ''Cyril Hume'', huku ''John Thomas Neville'' na ''Dale Van Every'' wakiandika muundo wa filamu kutoka kwenye kitabu. Mwaka 1931, Trader Horn iliteuliwa kuwania Tuzo ya Academy ya Filamu Bora. Wakati wa kurekodi filamu hiyo Afrika, mwigizaji mkuu ''Edwina Booth'' alipata ugonjwa uliosababisha kushindwa kuendelea na kazi yake ya uigizaji. Baadaye alifungua kesi dhidi ya kampuni ya filamu ya Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) kutokana na ugonjwa alioupata wakati wa utengenezaji wa filamu hiyo.<ref name="scott">Scott Eyman, ''Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer'', Robson, 2005 p 110</ref><ref name="Mannix">{{Citation|title=The Eddie Mannix Ledger|place=Los Angeles, California|publisher=Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study}}</ref><ref name="Horn1927">{{citation|last=Horn|first=Alfred Aloysius|title=Trader Horn; being the life and works of Alfred Aloysius Horn|year=1927|publisher=New York, Grosset & Dunlap|oclc=4350259|last2=Lewis|first2=Ethelreda}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=On location in Africa: Trader Horn|url=https://www.makefilmhistory.com/trader.html#:~:text=On%20location%20in%20Africa:%20Trader%20Horn&text=MGM%20dispatched%20Van%20Dyke%20and,%E2%80%94Congorilla%E2%80%94followed%20in%201932.|access-date=2024-02-26|website=www.makefilmhistory.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Filamu za 1931]] [[Jamii:Filamu za Marekani]] <references />{{Mbegu-filamu}} kbmgilb77kenrhfo0plwifygdiv9kln 0 242819 1581642 2026-07-25T13:20:54Z Leticiakid 89066 Picha 1581642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:IMG-20180922-WA0007 cropped.jpg|thumb]] Shango (kwa Kiyoruba: Ṣàngó) ni [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo|Orisha]] (mungu au mungu mdogo) wa moto, radi, umeme, nguvu za kiume, dansi, upigaji wa ngoma, nguvu na haki katika dini ya jadi ya Wayoruba.<ref /> Kwa upande wa nasaba, Shango anahesabiwa kuwa babu wa kifalme wa [[Wayoruba|Wayoruba,]] kwani alikuwa Alaafin (mfalme) wa tatu wa Dola la Oyo kabla ya kupewa hadhi ya uungu baada ya kifo chake.<ref><nowiki>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=CfmDsiI7TbgC&pg=PA44&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</nowiki></ref> Marejeo {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Jadi]] [[Jamii:Mungu]] nvjpljk1bkf7nvktchgsvu85k2ueg67 0 242820 1581643 2026-07-25T13:23:23Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}}...' 1581643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.pahouse.com/young/About/Biography|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.pahouse.com|language=en}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2020 na alianza rasmi kuhudumu katika nafasi hiyo tarehe 1 Desemba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representative Regina G. Young|url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/House_bio.cfm?id=1917|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] o5gshf0amrbo0125bu1wsuxgw3i5cnz 1581647 1581643 2026-07-25T13:27:01Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 1581647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.pahouse.com/young/About/Biography|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.pahouse.com|language=en}}</ref> [[picha:" 11 - ITALY - MART Museum Art Contemporary Design Rovereto Trento.JPG|thumb|Regina Young]]22.03.15 State Funding for FDR Park Announcement at FDR Park Regina Young (cropped).jpg'''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.pahouse.com/young/About/Biography|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.pahouse.com|language=en}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2020 na alianza rasmi kuhudumu katika nafasi hiyo tarehe 1 Desemba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representative Regina G. Young|url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/House_bio.cfm?id=1917|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 4caft14q91hen171qvfdb3ryr3f0lea 1581766 1581647 2026-07-25T17:34:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1581766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.pahouse.com/young/About/Biography|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.pahouse.com|language=en}}</ref> [[picha:" 11 - ITALY - MART Museum Art Contemporary Design Rovereto Trento.JPG|thumb|Regina Young]]22.03.15 State Funding for FDR Park Announcement at FDR Park Regina Young (cropped).jpg'''Regina G. Young''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[23 Agosti]] [[1973]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mratibu wa shughuli za kijamii kutoka Marekani, anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo la Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania House of Representatives) akiwakilisha wilaya ya 185.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Regina Young|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Regina_Young|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rep. Regina Young {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.pahouse.com/young/About/Biography|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.pahouse.com|language=en}}</ref> Alichaguliwa katika uchaguzi wa Novemba 2020 na alianza rasmi kuhudumu katika nafasi hiyo tarehe 1 Desemba 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Representative Regina G. Young|url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/House_bio.cfm?id=1917|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly.|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 3b58c7jw5it04dhqz42zmx9s91buleo 0 242821 1581644 2026-07-25T13:23:38Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581644 wikitext text/x-wiki Picha za mami za Fayum ni aina ya [[picha]] halisi za uchoraji wa nta ambazo kwa kawaida zilichorwa kwenye [[mbao]] zilizoambatanishwa na watu wa tabaka la juu kutoka kipindi cha [[Misri]] ya Kiromani. Picha hizi ni sehemu ya mapokeo ya uchoraji kwenye mbao, mojawapo ya aina za sanaa zilizoheshimiwa zaidi katika ulimwengu wa Kale . Picha za Fayum ndicho mkusanyiko mkubwa pekee wa sanaa kutoka kwenye mapokeo hayo ulioweza kunusurika hadi sasa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070808184841/https://www.egyptologyonline.com/mummy_portraits.htm</ref> <ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5459999/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Picha nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Sanaa]] sg38i3ll4t1zju7ze74aw0fs2he9zis 1581646 1581644 2026-07-25T13:26:06Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Fayum-34.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Fayum]] Picha za mami za Fayum ni aina ya [[picha]] halisi za uchoraji wa nta ambazo kwa kawaida zilichorwa kwenye [[mbao]] zilizoambatanishwa na watu wa tabaka la juu kutoka kipindi cha [[Misri]] ya Kiromani. Picha hizi ni sehemu ya mapokeo ya uchoraji kwenye mbao, mojawapo ya aina za sanaa zilizoheshimiwa zaidi katika ulimwengu wa Kale . Picha za Fayum ndicho mkusanyiko mkubwa pekee wa sanaa kutoka kwenye mapokeo hayo ulioweza kunusurika hadi sasa.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070808184841/https://www.egyptologyonline.com/mummy_portraits.htm</ref> <ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5459999/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Picha nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Sanaa]] 7rwwf3b0vmlntyawnqkcmq4eibqwvdg 0 242822 1581645 2026-07-25T13:26:04Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1581645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lungu''' ni [[kabila]] linaloishi leo karibu na Wabemba na Kazembe karibu na [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]], na wanaweza kupatikana pia [[zambia]] wamegawanywa katika makundi mawili, Mambwe lungu and Malala lungu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Lungu people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/lungu.html|work=www.101lasttribes.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> '''Wanasiasa''' Alexei Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1983), mwanasiasa na mwanahabari wa Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexei Lungu|url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q137324230/|work=OpenSanctions.org|date=2025-07-31|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> [[Edgar Lungu]] (1956–2025), Rais wa Zambia (2015–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edgar Chagwa Lungu {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3422/edgar-lungu|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> '''wanamichezo''' Adrian Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1960), mchezaji wa chama cha raga cha Rumania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adrian LUNGU {{!}} Consultant {{!}} Institutul Clinic Fundeni, Bucharest {{!}} Department of Pediatric Nephrology {{!}} Research profile|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adrian-Lungu|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=Md, Consultant at Institutul Clinic Fundeni}}</ref> Alexandru Lungu (mpiganaji) (aliyezaliwa 1974), msanii wa kijeshi wa Kiromania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexandru Lungu ("Sandu") {{!}} MMA Fighter Page|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/alexandru-lungu|work=Tapology|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Andrei Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1989), mchezaji kandanda wa Kiromania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrei Lungu - Stats, Contract, Salary & More|url=https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/1051546/andrei-lungu|work=www.eliteprospects.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-michezo}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] g8zmk9kbthshq53v3s3smqm923dvriy 1581743 1581645 2026-07-25T15:51:17Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1581743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lungu''' ni [[kabila]] linaloishi leo karibu na Wabemba na Kazembe karibu na [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa Tanganyika]] katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]], na wanaweza kupatikana pia [[zambia]] wamegawanywa katika makundi mawili, Mambwe lungu and Malala lungu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Lungu people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/lungu.html|work=www.101lasttribes.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> '''Wanasiasa''' Alexei Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1983), mwanasiasa na mwanahabari wa Moldova.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alexei Lungu|url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q137324230/|work=OpenSanctions.org|date=2025-07-31|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> [[Edgar Lungu]] (1956–2025), Rais wa Zambia (2015–2021).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Edgar Chagwa Lungu {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3422/edgar-lungu|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> '''wanamichezo''' Adrian Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1960), mchezaji wa chama cha raga cha Rumania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Adrian LUNGU {{!}} Consultant {{!}} Institutul Clinic Fundeni, Bucharest {{!}} Department of Pediatric Nephrology {{!}} Research profile|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adrian-Lungu|work=ResearchGate|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=Md, Consultant at Institutul Clinic Fundeni}}</ref> Alexandru Lungu (mpiganaji) (aliyezaliwa 1974), msanii wa kijeshi wa Kiromania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alexandru Lungu ("Sandu") {{!}} MMA Fighter Page|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/alexandru-lungu|work=Tapology|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Andrei Lungu (aliyezaliwa 1989), mchezaji kandanda wa Kiromania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Andrei Lungu - Stats, Contract, Salary & More|url=https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/1051546/andrei-lungu|work=www.eliteprospects.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-michezo}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] 4r1cjo8pbi14l7kwypztjttxdf7i1jk 0 242823 1581648 2026-07-25T13:30:31Z Dickson manumbu mapambano 73990 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Xylophone (PSF).svg|thumb|xylophone]] '''Xylophone''' <ref>{{Citation|title=Help:IPA/English|date=2026-07-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/English&oldid=1362258465|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>ni ala ya [[muziki]] ya kupigwa iliyo katika kundi la ala za [[Miundombinu ya maji|midundo]] (''percussion''). Jina lake linatokana na lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] cha Kale, ambapo '''xylon''' maana yake ni ''mba...' 1581648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Xylophone (PSF).svg|thumb|xylophone]] '''Xylophone''' <ref>{{Citation|title=Help:IPA/English|date=2026-07-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/English&oldid=1362258465|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>ni ala ya [[muziki]] ya kupigwa iliyo katika kundi la ala za [[Miundombinu ya maji|midundo]] (''percussion''). Jina lake linatokana na lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] cha Kale, ambapo '''xylon''' maana yake ni ''mbao'' na phone maana yake ni ''sauti''. <ref>{{Citation|title=Help:IPA/English|date=2026-07-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/English&oldid=1362258465|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>Hivyo, xylophone humaanisha '''"'''sauti ya mbao.'''"''' Ala hii imeundwa kwa vipande vya mbao vilivyopangwa kwa mpangilio maalumu. Vipande hivyo hupigwa kwa vijiti maalumu vinavyoitwa '''mallets''' ili kutoa sauti. Kila kipande cha mbao hutoa noti tofauti ya muziki.<ref>{{Citation|title=Xylophone|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylophone&oldid=1364703704|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Xylophone hutengenezwa kwa mifumo tofauti ya noti kulingana na matumizi yake. Baadhi hutumia noti tano ('''pentatoniki''') au saba ('''heptatoniki'''), kama ilivyo kwa ala nyingi za [[Afrika]] na [[Asia]]. Nyingine hutumia mfumo wa noti saba '''(diatoniki)''' unaopatikana katika ala nyingi za watoto za Magharibi, huku xylophone za orchestra zikitumia mfumo wa kromatiki''',''' unaojumuisha noti zote za muziki.<ref>{{Citation|title=Xylophone|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylophone&oldid=1364703704|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Kwa kifupi, xylophone ni ala ya muziki yenye vipande vya mbao vinavyopigwa kwa vijiti ili kutoa sauti za noti mbalimbali za muziki.<ref>{{Citation|title=Xylophone|date=2026-07-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylophone&oldid=1364703704|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] 8l5leg31whm84rs7gepd2w1rsd40gmp 0 242824 1581649 2026-07-25T13:31:16Z SARAH CLEMENT TZ 91176 Kuanzisha makala 1581649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Meilie Meal.jpg|thumb|Mielie meal]] '''Mielie meal''', pia huitwa mealie meal au [[unga]] wa [[mahindi]], ni unga wa mahindi wenye chembechembe kubwa kiasi (ulio mzito zaidi kuliko unga laini wa mahindi au wanga wa mahindi). Hutengenezwa kutokana na mahindi katika eneo la [[Kusini]] mwa [[Afrika]]. Hapo awali uliletwa Afrika kutoka [[Amerika]] na [[Wareno]]. Asili ya jina lake haijulikani kwa uhakika, huenda limetokana na neno la Kireno milho, au neno la Kiafrikana mielie, ambalo lilitokana na [[Kiholanzi]] cha [[zamani]] milie (likiwa na maana ya mtama au mahindi). Pia hujulikana kwa majina mengine mbalimbali katika lugha za asili kulingana na eneo au [[nchi]] husika.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=seX5e48GbpoC&pg=PA330&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Imperial African Cookery Book: Recipes from English-speaking Africa|last=Sellick|first=Will|date=2010|publisher=Jeppestown Press|isbn=978-0-9553936-8-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=White Star Super Maize Meal|url=https://whitestar.africa/products/white-star-super-maize-meal/|work=whitestar.africa|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=Techsys}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] mu50b9fu7lw86c99pgbcqi1zbli0dub 1581754 1581649 2026-07-25T16:16:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Meilie Meal.jpg|thumb|Mielie meal]] '''Mielie meal''', pia huitwa mealie meal au [[unga]] wa [[mahindi]], ni unga wa mahindi wenye chembechembe kubwa kiasi (ulio mzito zaidi kuliko unga laini wa mahindi au wanga wa mahindi). Hutengenezwa kutokana na mahindi katika eneo la [[Kusini]] mwa [[Afrika]]. Hapo awali uliletwa Afrika kutoka [[Amerika]] na [[Wareno]]. Asili ya jina lake haijulikani kwa uhakika, huenda limetokana na neno la Kireno milho, au neno la Kiafrikana mielie, ambalo lilitokana na [[Kiholanzi]] cha [[zamani]] milie (likiwa na maana ya mtama au mahindi). Pia hujulikana kwa majina mengine mbalimbali katika lugha za asili kulingana na eneo au [[nchi]] husika.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=seX5e48GbpoC&pg=PA330&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Imperial African Cookery Book: Recipes from English-speaking Africa|last=Sellick|first=Will|date=2010|publisher=Jeppestown Press|isbn=978-0-9553936-8-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=White Star Super Maize Meal|url=https://whitestar.africa/products/white-star-super-maize-meal/|work=whitestar.africa|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=Techsys}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] hzai3hgxkjcicpaomj9m4wjy6iguwhl 0 242825 1581650 2026-07-25T13:31:33Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Muziki wa''' '''Zimbabwe''' unategemea sana matumizi ya vyombo vya asili kama mbira, [[Ngoma (ala)|ngoma]] na hosho. [[Muziki]] huu una maana kubwa zaidi ya kuwa burudani tu, kwani aina za muziki wa [[asili]] na wa kisasa zilitumika kama ishara ya matumaini kwa Wazimbabwe waliokuwa wakipigania uhuru kutoka utawala wa [[Rhodesia]]. Muziki umekuwa na nafasi muhimu katika historia ya Zimbabwe. Umetumika katika sherehe za jadi za Bira kwa ajili ya kuwaunga...' 1581650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muziki wa''' '''Zimbabwe''' unategemea sana matumizi ya vyombo vya asili kama mbira, [[Ngoma (ala)|ngoma]] na hosho. [[Muziki]] huu una maana kubwa zaidi ya kuwa burudani tu, kwani aina za muziki wa [[asili]] na wa kisasa zilitumika kama ishara ya matumaini kwa Wazimbabwe waliokuwa wakipigania uhuru kutoka utawala wa [[Rhodesia]]. Muziki umekuwa na nafasi muhimu katika historia ya Zimbabwe. Umetumika katika sherehe za jadi za Bira kwa ajili ya kuwaunganisha watu na kuomba msaada wa roho za mababu, na pia ulitumika kama njia ya kutoa ujumbe wa kupinga ukandamizaji wakati wa harakati za kupigania [[uhuru]]. Jamii ya Zimbabwe ilitumia muziki kueleza malalamiko yao na kupinga mateso waliyokuwa wakipitia, kwa kuwa ulikuwa mojawapo ya njia muhimu walizoweza kutumia kutoa sauti yao. Katika miaka ya [[1980]], muziki wa Zimbabwe ulikuwa maarufu sana katika eneo la Afrika kutokana na aina za muziki kama Sungura na Jit. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanamuziki walizuiwa kuonekana kwenye [[televisheni]] na [[redio]] za serikali, hali iliyosababisha baadhi ya maeneo ya burudani kufungwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Dwamena|first=Anakwa|title=Zimbabwe's Powerful Music of Struggle|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/zimbabwes-powerful-music-of-struggle|access-date=2020-11-30|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Popoola|first=Tayo|title=True Jit Bulawayo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2018/26/true-jit-bulawayo|access-date=2021-04-07|website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/an-eviction-that-inspired-the-evicted-band/|title=An eviction that inspired the "Evicted Band"|website=Business Times|date=20 July 2018|access-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.therockpit.net/2018/zimbabwes-dividing-the-element-unleash-the-worlds-first-shona-metal-album/|title=Zimbabwe's Dividing The Element Unleash The World's First Shona Metal Album|website=Rock Pit|date=May 23, 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki> {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Zimbabwe]] 370yj2nmmpkwbjcrramr13ujgxb0ldr 1581760 1581650 2026-07-25T16:59:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581760 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muziki wa''' '''Zimbabwe''' unategemea sana matumizi ya vyombo vya asili kama mbira, [[Ngoma (ala)|ngoma]] na hosho. [[Muziki]] huu una maana kubwa zaidi ya kuwa burudani tu, kwani aina za muziki wa [[asili]] na wa kisasa zilitumika kama ishara ya matumaini kwa Wazimbabwe waliokuwa wakipigania uhuru kutoka utawala wa [[Rhodesia]]. Muziki umekuwa na nafasi muhimu katika historia ya Zimbabwe. Umetumika katika sherehe za jadi za Bira kwa ajili ya kuwaunganisha watu na kuomba msaada wa roho za mababu, na pia ulitumika kama njia ya kutoa ujumbe wa kupinga ukandamizaji wakati wa harakati za kupigania [[uhuru]]. Jamii ya Zimbabwe ilitumia muziki kueleza malalamiko yao na kupinga mateso waliyokuwa wakipitia, kwa kuwa ulikuwa mojawapo ya njia muhimu walizoweza kutumia kutoa sauti yao. Katika miaka ya [[1980]], muziki wa Zimbabwe ulikuwa maarufu sana katika eneo la Afrika kutokana na aina za muziki kama Sungura na Jit. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wanamuziki walizuiwa kuonekana kwenye [[televisheni]] na [[redio]] za serikali, hali iliyosababisha baadhi ya maeneo ya burudani kufungwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Dwamena|first=Anakwa|title=Zimbabwe's Powerful Music of Struggle|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/zimbabwes-powerful-music-of-struggle|access-date=2020-11-30|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Popoola|first=Tayo|title=True Jit Bulawayo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2018/26/true-jit-bulawayo|access-date=2021-04-07|website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/an-eviction-that-inspired-the-evicted-band/|title=An eviction that inspired the "Evicted Band"|website=Business Times|date=20 July 2018|access-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.therockpit.net/2018/zimbabwes-dividing-the-element-unleash-the-worlds-first-shona-metal-album/|title=Zimbabwe's Dividing The Element Unleash The World's First Shona Metal Album|website=Rock Pit|date=May 23, 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == <nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki> {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Zimbabwe]] 2er8hojhef9g2uhcnnx6hayhfkqjjsw 0 242826 1581651 2026-07-25T13:31:37Z Fesheli 91181 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dal puri''' ni aina ya [[mkate]] bapa uliojazwa wenye asili ya vyakula vya [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] na unaopatikana pia katika maeneo yenye jamii za wahamiaji wa India. Toleo la [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] ni puri inayokaangwa kwa mafuta mengi na kutengenezwa kwa unga wa [[ngano]] nzima, huku ikijazwa [[njegere]] au dengu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Thrillist|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrillist&oldid=1363255660|w...' 1581651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dal puri''' ni aina ya [[mkate]] bapa uliojazwa wenye asili ya vyakula vya [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] na unaopatikana pia katika maeneo yenye jamii za wahamiaji wa India. Toleo la [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] ni puri inayokaangwa kwa mafuta mengi na kutengenezwa kwa unga wa [[ngano]] nzima, huku ikijazwa [[njegere]] au dengu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Thrillist|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrillist&oldid=1363255660|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> [[Faili:A flicker of Bengali tradition.jpg|thumb|Dal puri]] Aina zake za karibu hutumia [[unga]] mweupe na huokwa kwenye kutengeneza. Aina hizi mara nyingi hujazwa [[njegere]] zilizopasuliwa na hufungwa pamoja kuliwa kama sandwichi, hasa kama [[chakula]] cha mitaani<ref>{{Citation|title=Thrillist|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrillist&oldid=1363255660|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] oc1mi1oysmtiqn7hh7s1m1saxm24sg2 1581660 1581651 2026-07-25T13:39:16Z Fesheli 91181 1581660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dal puri''' ni aina ya [[mkate]] bapa uliojazwa wenye asili ya vyakula vya [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] na unaopatikana pia katika maeneo yenye jamii za wahamiaji wa India. Toleo la [[Asia ya Kusini|Asia Kusini]] ni puri inayokaangwa kwa mafuta mengi na kutengenezwa kwa unga wa [[ngano]] nzima, huku ikijazwa [[njegere]] au dengu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Thrillist|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrillist&oldid=1363255660|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> [[Faili:A flicker of Bengali tradition.jpg|thumb|Dal puri]] Aina zake za karibu hutumia [[unga]] mweupe na huokwa kwenye kutengeneza. Aina hizi mara nyingi hujazwa [[njegere]] zilizopasuliwa na hufungwa pamoja kuliwa kama sandwichi, hasa kama [[chakula]] cha mitaani<ref>{{Citation|title=Thrillist|date=2026-07-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrillist&oldid=1363255660|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] <references /> [[Jamii:Chakula]] jmvf1gt2flfxdzvitjgtlf7btzm134t 0 242827 1581652 2026-07-25T13:33:32Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 majaribio ya kuandika makala 1581652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bazilio Olara-Okello''' ([[1929]] – [[9 Januari]] [[1990]]) alikuwa afisa wa kijeshi wa [[Uganda]] na mmoja wa makamanda wa Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Taifa la Uganda (UNLA), ambalo kwa kushirikiana na jeshi la [[Tanzania]] lilipanga mapinduzi ya kijeshi yaliyomuondoa madarakani [[Idi Amin]] mwaka [[1979]]. Mwaka [[1985]], kwa muda mfupi alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi lililokuwa likitawala na kiongozi wa de facto wa Uganda, na baadaye akawa [[Luteni jenerali|Luteni Jenerali]] na Mkuu wa Majeshi. Wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Uganda kati ya UNLA (ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa jeshi la taifa) na Jeshi la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRA) la Yoweri Museveni, Rais Milton Obote aliwatenga maafisa wengi wa kijeshi waliokuwa wa kabila la Acholi, akiwemo Olara-Okello na Jenerali Tito Okello, baada ya kumteua Brigedia Smith Opon Acak, ambaye alikuwa wa kabila lake la Lango, kuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi. Mnamo tarehe 27 Julai 1985, kikosi cha kijeshi cha UNLA kilichoongozwa na Olara-Okello, na ambacho kilikuwa na wanajeshi wengi wa Acholi, kilifanya mapinduzi ya kijeshi dhidi ya serikali ya Milton Obote na kutwaa madaraka. Bunge la Taifa lilivunjwa na Baraza la Kijeshi likaanzishwa. Kati ya tarehe 27 na 29 Julai 1985, Olara-Okello alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi na kiongozi wa de facto wa Uganda. Mnamo tarehe 29 Julai, Jenerali Tito Okello alichukua nafasi ya Olara-Okello kama Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi. Olara-Okello alipandishwa cheo kutoka Brigedia hadi Luteni Jenerali na kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi. Aliongoza jeshi hadi Jeshi la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRA) la Yoweri Museveni lilipotwaa madaraka tarehe 26 Januari 1986. Olara-Okello alikimbilia uhamishoni nchini Sudan, ambako aliishi hadi alipofariki katika Hospitali ya Omdurman mjini Khartoum tarehe 9 Januari 1990. ebqvh8t6dchw75ts3cuug4qurqekhl6 1581774 1581652 2026-07-25T18:13:49Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 1581774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Bazilio Olara-Okello|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=1929|tarehe_ya_kufariki=9 Januari 1990|mahala_alipofia=Khartoum|utaifa=Uganda}} '''Bazilio Olara-Okello''' ([[1929]] – [[9 Januari]] [[1990]]) alikuwa afisa wa kijeshi wa [[Uganda]] na mmoja wa makamanda wa Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Taifa la Uganda (UNLA), ambalo kwa kushirikiana na jeshi la [[Tanzania]] lilipanga mapinduzi ya kijeshi yaliyomuondoa madarakani [[Idi Amin]] mwaka [[1979]]. Mwaka [[1985]], kwa muda mfupi alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi lililokuwa likitawala na kiongozi wa de facto wa Uganda, na baadaye akawa [[Luteni jenerali|Luteni Jenerali]] na Mkuu wa Majeshi. Wakati wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini Uganda kati ya UNLA (ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa jeshi la taifa) na Jeshi la kitaifa la upinzani (NRA) la [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni|Yoweri Museveni,]] Rais [[Milton Obote]] aliwatenga maafisa wengi wa kijeshi waliokuwa wa kabila la Acholi, akiwemo Olara-Okello na Jenerali Tito Okello, baada ya kumteua Brigedia Smith Opon Acak, ambaye alikuwa wa kabila lake la Lango, kuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi. Mnamo tarehe [[27 Julai]] 1985, kikosi cha kijeshi cha UNLA kilichoongozwa na Olara-Okello, na ambacho kilikuwa na wanajeshi wengi wa Acholi, kilifanya mapinduzi ya kijeshi dhidi ya serikali ya Milton Obote na kutwaa madaraka. Bunge la Taifa lilivunjwa na Baraza la Kijeshi likaanzishwa. Kati ya tarehe 27 na 29 Julai 1985, Olara-Okello alikuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi na kiongozi wa de facto wa Uganda. Mnamo tarehe [[29 Julai]], Jenerali Tito Okello alichukua nafasi ya Olara-Okello kama Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Kijeshi. Olara-Okello alipandishwa cheo kutoka Brigedia hadi Luteni Jenerali na kuteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi. Aliongoza jeshi hadi Jeshi la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRA) la Yoweri Museveni lilipotwaa madaraka tarehe 26 Januari [[1986|1986.]] Olara-Okello alikimbilia uhamishoni nchini [[Sudan|Sudani]], ambako aliishi hadi alipofariki katika Hospitali ya Omdurman mjini [[Khartoum]] tarehe 9 Januari 1990.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/08/world/around-the-world-uganda-s-new-rulers-reportedly-detain-1000.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1929]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Siasa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] r79fttqllvgg497eaobcuugpxsem8pa 0 242828 1581654 2026-07-25T13:34:55Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tina Tyus-Shaw''' (aliyezaliwa Griffin, Georgia) ni mtangazaji wa habari za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa habari ambaye amefanya kazi katika kituo cha WSAV-TV kilichopo Savannah, Georgia, kwa zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-14|title=Who Are Herschel Walker-Warnock Debate Moderators? Tina Tyus-Shaw And Buck Lanford Are Ready|url=https://blackamericaweb.com/2022/10/14/herschel-walker-warnock-debate-moderators/|access-date=2023-01-10|w...' 1581654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tina Tyus-Shaw''' (aliyezaliwa Griffin, Georgia) ni mtangazaji wa habari za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa habari ambaye amefanya kazi katika kituo cha WSAV-TV kilichopo Savannah, Georgia, kwa zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-14|title=Who Are Herschel Walker-Warnock Debate Moderators? Tina Tyus-Shaw And Buck Lanford Are Ready|url=https://blackamericaweb.com/2022/10/14/herschel-walker-warnock-debate-moderators/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=Black America Web|language=en-US}}</ref> Tina alianza kuwa na ndoto ya kuwa mtangazaji wa televisheni tangu akiwa mdogo. Alihitimu kutoka Tennessee State University akiwa na shahada ya Sayansi (Bachelor of Science) katika masomo ya Hotuba, Mawasiliano na Uigizaji wa Jukwaani (Speech, Communication and Theater). Alifanya kazi mbalimbali katika vituo vya redio na televisheni huko Macon, Georgia; North Carolina; na Columbus, Georgia, kabla ya kuhamia na kuanzisha maisha yake ya kazi huko Savannah mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika WSAV-TV mwezi Aprili mwaka huo kama mtangazaji wa habari za wikendi. Hata hivyo, ndani ya miaka mitatu pekee, alipanda cheo na kuwa mtangazaji mkuu wa habari za usiku zinazotolewa saa 6 na saa 11.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mwandishi}}{{Reflist}} awecss6pgueuppwzswy1ukglul17lp8 1581655 1581654 2026-07-25T13:36:01Z EdwardJacobo42 48620 1581655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tina Tyus-Shaw''' (aliyezaliwa Griffin, Georgia) ni mtangazaji wa habari za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa habari ambaye amefanya kazi katika kituo cha WSAV-TV kilichopo Savannah, Georgia, kwa zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-14|title=Who Are Herschel Walker-Warnock Debate Moderators? Tina Tyus-Shaw And Buck Lanford Are Ready|url=https://blackamericaweb.com/2022/10/14/herschel-walker-warnock-debate-moderators/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=Black America Web|language=en-US}}</ref> Tina alianza kuwa na ndoto ya kuwa mtangazaji wa televisheni tangu akiwa mdogo. Alihitimu kutoka Tennessee State University akiwa na shahada ya Sayansi (Bachelor of Science) katika masomo ya Hotuba, Mawasiliano na Uigizaji wa Jukwaani (Speech, Communication and Theater). Alifanya kazi mbalimbali katika vituo vya redio na televisheni huko Macon, Georgia; North Carolina; na Columbus, Georgia, kabla ya kuhamia na kuanzisha maisha yake ya kazi huko Savannah mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika WSAV-TV mwezi Aprili mwaka huo kama mtangazaji wa habari za wikendi. Hata hivyo, ndani ya miaka mitatu pekee, alipanda cheo na kuwa mtangazaji mkuu wa habari za usiku zinazotolewa saa 6 na saa 11.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} 5k4yrqwkivvn3mp93q8tey0s4pjeez1 1581772 1581655 2026-07-25T18:09:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tina Tyus-Shaw''' (aliyezaliwa Griffin, Georgia) ni mtangazaji wa habari za [[televisheni]] na [[mwandishi]] wa habari ambaye amefanya kazi katika kituo cha WSAV-TV kilichopo Savannah, Georgia, kwa zaidi ya miaka 30.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-10-14|title=Who Are Herschel Walker-Warnock Debate Moderators? Tina Tyus-Shaw And Buck Lanford Are Ready|url=https://blackamericaweb.com/2022/10/14/herschel-walker-warnock-debate-moderators/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=Black America Web|language=en-US}}</ref> Tina alianza kuwa na ndoto ya kuwa mtangazaji wa televisheni tangu akiwa mdogo. Alihitimu kutoka Tennessee State University akiwa na shahada ya Sayansi (Bachelor of Science) katika masomo ya Hotuba, Mawasiliano na Uigizaji wa Jukwaani (Speech, Communication and Theater). Alifanya kazi mbalimbali katika vituo vya redio na televisheni huko Macon, Georgia; North Carolina; na Columbus, Georgia, kabla ya kuhamia na kuanzisha maisha yake ya kazi huko Savannah mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> Alianza kufanya kazi katika WSAV-TV mwezi Aprili mwaka huo kama mtangazaji wa habari za wikendi. Hata hivyo, ndani ya miaka mitatu pekee, alipanda cheo na kuwa mtangazaji mkuu wa habari za usiku zinazotolewa saa 6 na saa 11.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Skenes Millen|first=Elizabeth|title=Tina Tyus-Shaw - Pure in Heart|url=https://www.itsallpink.com/featured-women/item/tina-tyus-shaw}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} 9oa4ymlbeteievh23tuwzoi6s88gb31 0 242829 1581656 2026-07-25T13:36:18Z Moshi Jilala 79965 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Amahoro Stadium Kigali.jpg|thumb|Mapinduzi nchini Rwanda ]] '''Rwanda Nziza''' ("Rwanda Yetu") ndicho kilichokuwa [[wimbo]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[kwanza]] wa [[Rwanda]], uliotungwa nchi hiyo ilipopata [[uhuru]] kutoka kwa Ubelgiji mwaka 1962. Uhurudamu huo ulipatikana katikati ya [[mvutano]] mkubwa kufuatia [[Mapinduzi]] ya Rwanda: [[utawala]] wa miaka mingi wa Watutsi walio wachache ulipinduliwa ndani ya miaka [[mitatu]] tu, na Wahutu walio wengi waka...' 1581656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Amahoro Stadium Kigali.jpg|thumb|Mapinduzi nchini Rwanda ]] '''Rwanda Nziza''' ("Rwanda Yetu") ndicho kilichokuwa [[wimbo]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[kwanza]] wa [[Rwanda]], uliotungwa nchi hiyo ilipopata [[uhuru]] kutoka kwa Ubelgiji mwaka 1962. Uhurudamu huo ulipatikana katikati ya [[mvutano]] mkubwa kufuatia [[Mapinduzi]] ya Rwanda: [[utawala]] wa miaka mingi wa Watutsi walio wachache ulipinduliwa ndani ya miaka [[mitatu]] tu, na Wahutu walio wengi wakashika [[madaraka]] kupitia machafuko [[makubwa]] yaliyowalazimu zaidi ya watu 100,000 kukimbilia [[nchi]] jirani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] [[Jamii:Wanamapinduzi]] dylg4af5m7o90xr78cz62aijpk91men 1581767 1581656 2026-07-25T17:41:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Amahoro Stadium Kigali.jpg|thumb|Mapinduzi nchini Rwanda ]] '''Rwanda Nziza''' ("Rwanda Yetu") ndicho kilichokuwa [[wimbo]] wa [[taifa]] wa [[kwanza]] wa [[Rwanda]], uliotungwa nchi hiyo ilipopata [[uhuru]] kutoka kwa Ubelgiji mwaka 1962. Uhurudamu huo ulipatikana katikati ya [[mvutano]] mkubwa kufuatia [[Mapinduzi]] ya Rwanda: [[utawala]] wa miaka mingi wa Watutsi walio wachache ulipinduliwa ndani ya miaka [[mitatu]] tu, na Wahutu walio wengi wakashika [[madaraka]] kupitia machafuko [[makubwa]] yaliyowalazimu zaidi ya watu 100,000 kukimbilia [[nchi]] jirani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chikanda {{!}} Traditional Snack From Zambia {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda|work=www.tasteatlas.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaharakati]] [[Jamii:Wanamapinduzi]] fluuy6jka0o4crb0735m3801mbi9cb2 0 242830 1581657 2026-07-25T13:36:40Z Ramadhani kamala 82903 chapisha ukurasa mpya 1581657 wikitext text/x-wiki Tihlo (kwa Kitigrinya: ጥሕሎ) ni chakula cha asili kutoka mkoa wa kihistoria wa Agame huko [[Jimbo la Tigray|Tigray]], ambacho mara nyingi hutiwa kama [[kitafunwa]], na kinaundwa na [[Vidonge vya majira|vidonge]] vya unga wa shayiri vilivyofunikwa kwa [[nyama]] na mchuzi unaotokana na pilipili ya [[berber]]<nowiki/>e<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tubiana |first=Joseph |date=2012-10-22 |title=Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294 |journal=Aethiopica |volume=7 |pages=194–211 |doi=10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294 |issn=2194-4024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi |date=2003-11 |title=Banasa: A Spiritual Autobiography. Translated and Introduced by Monika Horstmann. (Khoj 7). pp. 92. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303343469 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=414–416 |doi=10.1017/s1356186303343469 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>. Tihlo huliwa kwa kawaida kama chakula cha pembeni au kitafunwa, hasa katika jamii za Tigray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammed |first=Jemal |last2=Seleshi |first2=Semeneh |last3=Nega |first3=Fetene |last4=Lee |first4=Mooha |date=2016-06 |title=Revisit to Ethiopian traditional barley-based food |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352618116300476 |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=135–141 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2016.06.001}}</ref> == Muhtasari == Punje ya shayiri huondolewa [[Maana ya maisha|maganda]] yake kabisa na kusagwa kuwa unga. Tihlo hutengenezwa kwa kutumia unga wa shayiri uliokaangwa na kuloweshwa kidogo, ambao hukandiwa hadi upate mshikamano thabiti. Kisha unga huo hukatwa vipande [[Vidonge vya majira|vidogo]] vya tufe na kupangwa pembezoni mwa bakuli lenye supu au [[mchuzi]] wa nyama wenye viungo vya pilipili. Uma maalum wa mbao wenye ncha mbili unaoitwa ''shint'ar'' (ሽንጣር) hutumika kuch<ref>{{Citation|title=Subject Index / World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics / Authors Index for Volumes 5�11 / World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics|url=https://doi.org/10.1159/000387581|work=World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics|pages=283–293|publisher=S. Karger AG|isbn=978-3-8055-0662-5|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] 600pv8uoyti8jkjxi1y242kjrfx6ouf 1581771 1581657 2026-07-25T18:09:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581771 wikitext text/x-wiki Tihlo (kwa Kitigrinya: ጥሕሎ) ni chakula cha asili kutoka mkoa wa kihistoria wa Agame huko [[Jimbo la Tigray|Tigray]], ambacho mara nyingi hutiwa kama [[kitafunwa]], na kinaundwa na [[Vidonge vya majira|vidonge]] vya unga wa shayiri vilivyofunikwa kwa [[nyama]] na mchuzi unaotokana na pilipili ya [[berber]]<nowiki/>e<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Tubiana |first=Joseph |date=2012-10-22 |title=Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294 |journal=Aethiopica |volume=7 |pages=194–211 |doi=10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.294 |issn=2194-4024}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi |date=2003-11 |title=Banasa: A Spiritual Autobiography. Translated and Introduced by Monika Horstmann. (Khoj 7). pp. 92. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303343469 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=414–416 |doi=10.1017/s1356186303343469 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>. Tihlo huliwa kwa kawaida kama chakula cha pembeni au kitafunwa, hasa katika jamii za Tigray.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mohammed |first=Jemal |last2=Seleshi |first2=Semeneh |last3=Nega |first3=Fetene |last4=Lee |first4=Mooha |date=2016-06 |title=Revisit to Ethiopian traditional barley-based food |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352618116300476 |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=135–141 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2016.06.001}}</ref> == Muhtasari == Punje ya shayiri huondolewa [[Maana ya maisha|maganda]] yake kabisa na kusagwa kuwa unga. Tihlo hutengenezwa kwa kutumia unga wa shayiri uliokaangwa na kuloweshwa kidogo, ambao hukandiwa hadi upate mshikamano thabiti. Kisha unga huo hukatwa vipande [[Vidonge vya majira|vidogo]] vya tufe na kupangwa pembezoni mwa bakuli lenye supu au [[mchuzi]] wa nyama wenye viungo vya pilipili. Uma maalum wa mbao wenye ncha mbili unaoitwa ''shint'ar'' (ሽንጣር) hutumika kuch<ref>{{Citation|title=Subject Index / World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics / Authors Index for Volumes 5�11 / World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics|url=https://doi.org/10.1159/000387581|work=World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics|pages=283–293|publisher=S. Karger AG|isbn=978-3-8055-0662-5|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Chakula cha Kiafrika]] rux4163840c195nvezxbbexlyi5hj80 0 242831 1581658 2026-07-25T13:37:05Z LilianErasto 89931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Siku ya Uhuru(filamu 1996) ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya kisaayansi na mapigano<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wi...' 1581658 wikitext text/x-wiki Siku ya Uhuru(filamu 1996) ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya kisaayansi na mapigano<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> ya mwaka 1996 iliyoongozwa na Roland Emmerich na kuandikwa na Emmerich pamoja na mtayarishaji Dean Devlin. Filamu hii imewashirikisha waigizaji mashuhuri kama Will Smith, Bill Pullman, Jeff Goldblum, Mary McDonnell, Judd Hirsch, Margaret Colin, Randy Quaid, Robert Loggia, Adam Baldwin, Vivica A. Fox, James Rebhorn, na Harvey Fierstein. Story ya filamu hii inahusu makundi mbalimbali ya watu wanaokutana katika jangwa la Nevada baada ya dunia kushambuliwa na viumbe kutoka angani, ambapo wanaungana na watu wengine duniani kufanya shambulio la kulipiza kisasi mnamo Julai 4 Siku ya Uhuru nchini Marekani. Filamu hii inachukuliwa kama hatua kubwa katika historia ya filamu za Hollywood, ikiwa kinara wa urejeo wa filamu za majanga na sayansi za miaka ya hamsini na tisini. Ilizinduliwa ulimwenguni kote mnamo Julai 3, 1996 na kampuni ya 20th Century Fox, ingawa ilianza kuonyeshwa Julai 2 (siku ambayo hadithi ya filamu inapoanzia) kutokana na ushawishi na hamu kubwa ya watazamaji. Filamu ilipokea maoni chanya na kuingiza zaidi ya dola milioni 817.4 duniani kote<ref>{{Citation|title=Independence Day (1996 film)|date=2026-07-22|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(1996_film)&oldid=1365508538|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref>, na kuwa filamu iliyoongoza kwa mauzo mwaka 1996 na ya pili kwa ukubwa wakati huo baada ya Jurassic Park (1993). Pia ilishinda Tuzo ya Academy (Oscar) ya Madhari Bora ya Picha na kuteuliwa katika kipengele cha Sauti Bora. Filamu yake ya mwendelezo, Independence Day: Resurgence, ilitoka miaka 20 baadaye mnamo Juni 24, 2016 == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Filamu]] ql6wh8cksi0n8fym3hcenu45ivxpozj 0 242832 1581662 2026-07-25T13:48:49Z Amina sauli 89067 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Beyaynetu.JPG|thumb|Beyaynetu]] '''Beyaynetu''' ni aina ya mkate wa wenye umbo la duara na maumbo madogo madogo ya matundu juu yake (kama sponji), unaotokana na unga uliochachushwa kwa muda kabla ya kupikwa. Hutengenezwa kwa unga wa nafaka iitwayo teff (ingawa wakati mwingine huchanganywa na ngano, mtama au mahindi), kisha kuoteshwa kama mkate wa mkate wa chachu (fermented) na baadaye kupikwa kwenye kikaango bapa.ukiwa umewekewa aina mbalimbali za...' 1581662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Beyaynetu.JPG|thumb|Beyaynetu]] '''Beyaynetu''' ni aina ya mkate wa wenye umbo la duara na maumbo madogo madogo ya matundu juu yake (kama sponji), unaotokana na unga uliochachushwa kwa muda kabla ya kupikwa. Hutengenezwa kwa unga wa nafaka iitwayo teff (ingawa wakati mwingine huchanganywa na ngano, mtama au mahindi), kisha kuoteshwa kama mkate wa mkate wa chachu (fermented) na baadaye kupikwa kwenye kikaango bapa.ukiwa umewekewa aina mbalimbali za nyama na mboga juu yake. Jina lake lina maana ya "mchanganyiko" au "aina mbalimbali", kutokana na wingi wa viungo vinavyotumika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Beyaynetu Is A Must-Try For Those Who Like Variety In One Dish|url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1388955/ethiopian-beyainatu-variety-dish/|work=Tasting Table|date=2023-09-13|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US|author=Claire Redden}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Chakula]] ayllmn3zaed7fcsrfcwl1lrv0wiinj2 0 242833 1581665 2026-07-25T13:50:21Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1581665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudenda''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Inaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mudenda Name Meaning: Personality, Traits & Life Influence|url=https://www.kabalarians.com/name-meanings/female/mudenda.htm|work=www.kabalarians.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Elijah Mudenda (1927–2008), [[mwanasiasa]] wa Zambia. [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Pili wa [[Zambia]] (1975-1977).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mudenda, Elijah {{!}} Richard Nixon Museum and Library|url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/taxonomy/term/1236|work=www.nixonlibrary.gov|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Jacob Mudenda, mwanasiasa wa [[Zimbabwe]], Spika wa Bunge la Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Mudenda - Black Golden Communications|url=https://blackgoldencommunications.com/tag/jacob-mudenda/|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Kennedy Mudenda (aliyezaliwa 1988), mwanasoka wa [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kennedy Mudenda - Player profile|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/kennedy-mudenda/profil/spieler/156409|work=www.transfermarkt.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] m7rwozwob2sj5i6w8crf48q8cof1sxw 1581666 1581665 2026-07-25T13:52:21Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Malekebisho ya nakala 1581666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudenda''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Inaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mudenda Name Meaning: Personality, Traits & Life Influence|url=https://www.kabalarians.com/name-meanings/female/mudenda.htm|work=www.kabalarians.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Elijah Mudenda (1927–2008), [[mwanasiasa]] wa Zambia. [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Pili wa [[Zambia]] (1975-1977).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mudenda, Elijah {{!}} Richard Nixon Museum and Library|url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/taxonomy/term/1236|work=www.nixonlibrary.gov|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Jacob Mudenda, mwanasiasa wa [[Zimbabwe]], [[Spika]] wa Bunge la Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Mudenda - Black Golden Communications|url=https://blackgoldencommunications.com/tag/jacob-mudenda/|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Kennedy Mudenda (aliyezaliwa 1988), mwanasoka wa [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kennedy Mudenda - Player profile|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/kennedy-mudenda/profil/spieler/156409|work=www.transfermarkt.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] ssv9ftb551cecgyc7rkx4uhcgqnifmy 1581756 1581666 2026-07-25T16:58:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudenda''' ni jina la [[ukoo]]. Inaweza kurejelea:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mudenda Name Meaning: Personality, Traits & Life Influence|url=https://www.kabalarians.com/name-meanings/female/mudenda.htm|work=www.kabalarians.com|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Elijah Mudenda (1927–2008), [[mwanasiasa]] wa Zambia. [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Pili wa [[Zambia]] (1975-1977).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mudenda, Elijah {{!}} Richard Nixon Museum and Library|url=https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/taxonomy/term/1236|work=www.nixonlibrary.gov|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> Jacob Mudenda, mwanasiasa wa [[Zimbabwe]], [[Spika]] wa Bunge la Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Jacob Mudenda - Black Golden Communications|url=https://blackgoldencommunications.com/tag/jacob-mudenda/|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Kennedy Mudenda (aliyezaliwa 1988), mwanasoka wa [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kennedy Mudenda - Player profile|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/kennedy-mudenda/profil/spieler/156409|work=www.transfermarkt.com|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en}}</ref> {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] 60og3ul37mlxkakxyc48cbv69e5s6bv 0 242834 1581667 2026-07-25T13:52:28Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Black Mischief''' ni [[riwaya]] ya tatu ya Evelyn Waugh, iliyochapishwa mwaka [[1932]]. Ilitoholewa kutoka kwenye riwaya fupi iliyoitwa ''<nowiki/>'Seth''', na riwaya hii inaeleza jitihada za Mfalme Seth aliyesoma [[Uingereza]], akisaidiwa na mhitimu mwenzake wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], Basil Seal, za kujaribu kuiletea maendeleo na kuiboresha Dola yake ya kisiwa cha kufikirika cha Azania kilichopo katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], mashariki mwa [[pwani]] ya...' 1581667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Black Mischief''' ni [[riwaya]] ya tatu ya Evelyn Waugh, iliyochapishwa mwaka [[1932]]. Ilitoholewa kutoka kwenye riwaya fupi iliyoitwa ''<nowiki/>'Seth''', na riwaya hii inaeleza jitihada za Mfalme Seth aliyesoma [[Uingereza]], akisaidiwa na mhitimu mwenzake wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], Basil Seal, za kujaribu kuiletea maendeleo na kuiboresha Dola yake ya kisiwa cha kufikirika cha Azania kilichopo katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], mashariki mwa [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-fasihi}} [[Jamii:Fasihi]] teoz8knuq6yoffk1ue0qbyzw8jmv1wo 1581671 1581667 2026-07-25T13:53:37Z Francakiria 45589 1581671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Black Mischief''' ni [[riwaya]] ya tatu ya Evelyn Waugh, iliyochapishwa mwaka [[1932]]. Ilitoholewa kutoka kwenye riwaya fupi iliyoitwa 'Seth, na riwaya hii inaeleza jitihada za Mfalme Seth aliyesoma [[Uingereza]], akisaidiwa na mhitimu mwenzake wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], Basil Seal, za kujaribu kuiletea maendeleo na kuiboresha Dola yake ya kisiwa cha kufikirika cha Azania kilichopo katika [[Bahari ya Hindi]], mashariki mwa [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika]]. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-fasihi}} [[Jamii:Fasihi]] s0tdxvxmbt5s0tlff5cgt9vcmyihmxs 0 242835 1581672 2026-07-25T13:53:55Z Mary calist mlay 39270 anzisha makala 1581672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zindalii''' ni aina ya [[muziki]] kutoka nchini [[Algeria]]. Ni aina ya muziki wa kiasili kutoka mji wa Constantine. Kama ilivyo kwa aina hii ya muziki, rekodi za nyimbo za zindalii ni nadra sana kupatikana.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040625081859/http://w3fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Bulletin/reynolds.htm</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] asr2qztna4xozisxnbd8iq99kywzovf 1581673 1581672 2026-07-25T13:55:48Z Mary calist mlay 39270 1581673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zindalii''' ni aina ya [[muziki]] kutoka nchini [[Algeria]]. Ni aina ya muziki wa kiasili kutoka mji wa Constantine. Kama ilivyo kwa aina hii ya muziki, rekodi za nyimbo za zindalii ni nadra sana kupatikana.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040625081859/http://w3fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Bulletin/reynolds.htm</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] <references />{{Mbegu-muziki}} 08sszy8n1qu3brta8p5qdxn667uolsy 0 242836 1581675 2026-07-25T14:03:25Z LilianErasto 89931 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Allan Quatermain.jpg|thumb]] '''Allan Quatermain''' ni mhusika mkuu katika riwaya ya mwaka 1885 ya H. Rider Haggard iitwayo Mashimo ya mfalme suleimani ([[King Solomon's Mines (filamu)|King Solomon's Mines]]), pamoja na mwendelezo wake uitwao Allan Quatermain (1887), riwaya 12 za kabla, na hadithi fupi 4, ambazo kwa pamoja zinatengeneza jumla ya kazi 18. Akiwa ni mwindaji mtaalamu wa wanyama wakubwa na mgunduzi kutoka [[Uingereza]], kwenye filamu n...' 1581675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Allan Quatermain.jpg|thumb]] '''Allan Quatermain''' ni mhusika mkuu katika riwaya ya mwaka 1885 ya H. Rider Haggard iitwayo Mashimo ya mfalme suleimani ([[King Solomon's Mines (filamu)|King Solomon's Mines]]), pamoja na mwendelezo wake uitwao Allan Quatermain (1887), riwaya 12 za kabla, na hadithi fupi 4, ambazo kwa pamoja zinatengeneza jumla ya kazi 18. Akiwa ni mwindaji mtaalamu wa wanyama wakubwa na mgunduzi kutoka [[Uingereza]], kwenye filamu na televisheni amewahi kuigiza na waigizaji kama Richard Chamberlain, Sean Connery, Cedric Hardwicke, Patrick Swayze, na Stewart Granger.<ref>{{Citation|title=Allan Quatermain|date=2026-07-14|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Quatermain&oldid=1364160947|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] qw031ul9ntbhf33ak18cyxd5dynf7h2 0 242837 1581676 2026-07-25T14:03:32Z ANTONY ILDEFONS 74003 Kuanzisha kulasa mpya 1581676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyaga''' au '''Nyagah''' ni [[jina]] lililopewa au jina la [[asili]] ya Mkenya inayoshirikiwa na watu kadhaa mashuhuri, wakiwemo:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meaning of the name Nyanga|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/nyanga|work=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2025-10-21|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> '''JINA LA UKOO''' Caroline Nyaga (aliyezaliwa 1993), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caroline NYAGA {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/caroline-nyaga-14814043|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> David Nyaga, mzaliwa wa Kenya mkimbiaji wa mbio za kati wa [[Qatar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. David Nyaga Bururia Ph.D.|url=https://www.chuka.ac.ke/personnel/prof-david-nyaga-bururia-ph-d/|work=Chuka Univeristy|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Jeremiah J. M. Nyagah, mwanasiasa wa [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bio #891 {{!}} World Vision International|url=https://www.wvi.org/bio/jeremiah-nyagah|work=www.wvi.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] pq92q2ljxluoeoelgrcofvkc8h1dydt 1581764 1581676 2026-07-25T17:12:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1581764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyaga''' au '''Nyagah''' ni [[jina]] lililopewa au jina la [[asili]] ya Mkenya inayoshirikiwa na watu kadhaa mashuhuri, wakiwemo:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meaning of the name Nyanga|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/nyanga|work=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2025-10-21|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en|author=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> '''JINA LA UKOO''' Caroline Nyaga (aliyezaliwa 1993), Mkenya mwanariadha wa mbio ndefu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Caroline NYAGA {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/caroline-nyaga-14814043|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> David Nyaga, mzaliwa wa Kenya mkimbiaji wa mbio za kati wa [[Qatar]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prof. David Nyaga Bururia Ph.D.|url=https://www.chuka.ac.ke/personnel/prof-david-nyaga-bururia-ph-d/|work=Chuka Univeristy|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Jeremiah J. M. Nyagah, mwanasiasa wa [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bio #891 {{!}} World Vision International|url=https://www.wvi.org/bio/jeremiah-nyagah|work=www.wvi.org|accessdate=2026-07-25}}</ref> {{Mbegu-siasa}} == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Afrika]] msv5r0u0f0eoagas6qngamdt0kwzofe 0 242838 1581677 2026-07-25T14:04:57Z Francakiria 45589 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:A Musician Performs in Zambia.jpg|thumb|Mwanamuziki wa Zambia]] '''Muziki wa Zambia''' una [[urithi]] mkuu unaogawanyika kwa ujumla katika makundi ya muziki wa kiasili, muziki wa kisasa, na muziki wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]. == Muziki wa Tamaduni == Muziki wa kiasili wa [[Zambia]] umekita mizizi katika imani na mila za makabila mbalimbali nchini humo, na umeshuhudia anguko fulani katika miongo mitatu iliyopita. Wakati mmoja, muziki wa kiasili wa Zamb...' 1581677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:A Musician Performs in Zambia.jpg|thumb|Mwanamuziki wa Zambia]] '''Muziki wa Zambia''' una [[urithi]] mkuu unaogawanyika kwa ujumla katika makundi ya muziki wa kiasili, muziki wa kisasa, na muziki wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]. == Muziki wa Tamaduni == Muziki wa kiasili wa [[Zambia]] umekita mizizi katika imani na mila za makabila mbalimbali nchini humo, na umeshuhudia anguko fulani katika miongo mitatu iliyopita. Wakati mmoja, muziki wa kiasili wa Zambia ulikuwa na madhumuni ya wazi ya kiibada au ulikuwa dhihirisho la mfumo wa kijamii wa [[utamaduni]] wao. [[Nyimbo]] zilitumika kufundisha, kuponya, kuomba msaada kutoka kwa roho za mababu, na kwa ajili ya burudani tu. Japo muziki wa kiasili umepungua, athari zake bado zinaweza kusikika katika mitindo mingi ya muziki wa sasa nchini Zambia. Mtindo maarufu wa Kiafrika wa "mwitikio" unaweza kusikika katika karibu kila wimbo wa Zambia bila kujali mtindo wake. Miundo ya midundo ya ngoma za kiasili na vipimo vya kurefusha mdundo vinaonekana wazi katika aina mbalimbali za muziki wa Zambia. Mitindo ya kisasa inayopendwa kama vile Kalindula ya Zambia pia inaonyesha alama za muziki wa kiasili kupitia mtindo wa kupiga [[gitaa]] kwa vidole unaotumiwa na wapiga gitaa na wanamuziki wengine. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki]] mthf0t2rwl7gp5ie0bn3oqe391zeghy 1581856 1581677 2026-07-26T08:07:23Z Muddyb 379 1581856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:A Musician Performs in Zambia.jpg|thumb|Mwanamuziki wa Zambia]] '''Muziki wa Zambia''' una [[urithi]] mkuu unaogawanyika kwa ujumla katika makundi ya muziki wa kiasili, muziki wa kisasa, na muziki wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]. == Muziki wa Tamaduni == Muziki wa kiasili wa [[Zambia]] umekita mizizi katika imani na mila za makabila mbalimbali nchini humo, na umeshuhudia anguko fulani katika miongo mitatu iliyopita. Wakati mmoja, muziki wa kiasili wa Zambia ulikuwa na madhumuni ya wazi ya kiibada au ulikuwa dhihirisho la mfumo wa kijamii wa [[utamaduni]] wao. [[Nyimbo]] zilitumika kufundisha, kuponya, kuomba msaada kutoka kwa roho za mababu, na kwa ajili ya burudani tu. Japo muziki wa kiasili umepungua, athari zake bado zinaweza kusikika katika mitindo mingi ya muziki wa sasa nchini Zambia. Mtindo maarufu wa Kiafrika wa "mwitikio" unaweza kusikika katika karibu kila wimbo wa Zambia bila kujali mtindo wake. Miundo ya midundo ya ngoma za kiasili na vipimo vya kurefusha mdundo vinaonekana wazi katika aina mbalimbali za muziki wa Zambia. Mitindo ya kisasa inayopendwa kama vile Kalindula ya Zambia pia inaonyesha alama za muziki wa kiasili kupitia mtindo wa kupiga [[gitaa]] kwa vidole unaotumiwa na wapiga gitaa na wanamuziki wengine. == Marejeo == {{Africa topic}} {{Mbegu-muziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki]] 784m0k093811hjv90ftvdc2lwzoffkz 1581858 1581856 2026-07-26T08:07:50Z Muddyb 379 /* Marejeo */ 1581858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:A Musician Performs in Zambia.jpg|thumb|Mwanamuziki wa Zambia]] '''Muziki wa Zambia''' una [[urithi]] mkuu unaogawanyika kwa ujumla katika makundi ya muziki wa kiasili, muziki wa kisasa, na muziki wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]]. == Muziki wa Tamaduni == Muziki wa kiasili wa [[Zambia]] umekita mizizi katika imani na mila za makabila mbalimbali nchini humo, na umeshuhudia anguko fulani katika miongo mitatu iliyopita. Wakati mmoja, muziki wa kiasili wa Zambia ulikuwa na madhumuni ya wazi ya kiibada au ulikuwa dhihirisho la mfumo wa kijamii wa [[utamaduni]] wao. [[Nyimbo]] zilitumika kufundisha, kuponya, kuomba msaada kutoka kwa roho za mababu, na kwa ajili ya burudani tu. Japo muziki wa kiasili umepungua, athari zake bado zinaweza kusikika katika mitindo mingi ya muziki wa sasa nchini Zambia. Mtindo maarufu wa Kiafrika wa "mwitikio" unaweza kusikika katika karibu kila wimbo wa Zambia bila kujali mtindo wake. Miundo ya midundo ya ngoma za kiasili na vipimo vya kurefusha mdundo vinaonekana wazi katika aina mbalimbali za muziki wa Zambia. Mitindo ya kisasa inayopendwa kama vile Kalindula ya Zambia pia inaonyesha alama za muziki wa kiasili kupitia mtindo wa kupiga [[gitaa]] kwa vidole unaotumiwa na wapiga gitaa na wanamuziki wengine. == Marejeo == {{Africa topic|Muziki wa}} {{Mbegu-muziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki]] p4vzcb0jv1emzeo020emmos6l7wy33t 0 242839 1581680 2026-07-25T14:05:46Z Ester Gasper Kimario 70787 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''"Liberté"''' (kwa lugha ya Pulaar: 𞤐𞤁𞤋𞤃𞤓, maana yake "[[Uhuru]]") ni wimbo wa taifa wa [[Guinea]]. Wimbo huu ulipitishwa rasmi mwaka [[1958]], baada ya Guinea kupata uhuru. Mpangilio wa muziki wa wimbo huu ulifanywa na ''Fodéba Keïta'', [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii kutoka Guinea. Wimbo huu umetokana na mdundo wa wimbo wa sifa wa jamii ya Maninka, uliotungwa na ''Korofo Moussa'' kwa heshima ya Mfalme ''Alpha Yayo'' ''Diallo'' wa Fouta Dja...' 1581680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"Liberté"''' (kwa lugha ya Pulaar: 𞤐𞤁𞤋𞤃𞤓, maana yake "[[Uhuru]]") ni wimbo wa taifa wa [[Guinea]]. Wimbo huu ulipitishwa rasmi mwaka [[1958]], baada ya Guinea kupata uhuru. Mpangilio wa muziki wa wimbo huu ulifanywa na ''Fodéba Keïta'', [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii kutoka Guinea. Wimbo huu umetokana na mdundo wa wimbo wa sifa wa jamii ya Maninka, uliotungwa na ''Korofo Moussa'' kwa heshima ya Mfalme ''Alpha Yayo'' ''Diallo'' wa Fouta Djallon, aliyekuwa kiongozi katika karne ya 19.<ref name="Posthumus">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MftyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|title=Guinea: Masks, Music and Minerals|last=Posthumus|first=Bram|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-455-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-02-06|title=Zimbabwean Afro-Jazz icon impacting young musicians|url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/06/zimbabwean-afro-jazz-icon-impacting-young-musicians/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Africanews|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vision Guinee">{{Cite web|date=2016-05-25|title=L'hymne national de Guinée a été inspiré du Foutah, selon Fodéba Isto Keira|url=https://www.visionguinee.info/2016/05/25/lhymne-national-de-guinee-a-ete-inspire-du-foutah-selon-fodeba-isto-keira/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Vision Guinee|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124054250/https://www.visionguinee.info/2016/05/25/lhymne-national-de-guinee-a-ete-inspire-du-foutah-selon-fodeba-isto-keira/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] ek4s11keaqrp0hxsn2jh88suw4jblho 1581740 1581680 2026-07-25T15:45:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"Liberté"''' (kwa lugha ya Pulaar: 𞤐𞤁𞤋𞤃𞤓, maana yake "[[Uhuru]]") ni wimbo wa taifa wa [[Guinea]]. Wimbo huu ulipitishwa rasmi mwaka [[1958]], baada ya Guinea kupata uhuru. Mpangilio wa muziki wa wimbo huu ulifanywa na ''Fodéba Keïta'', [[mwanamuziki]] na msanii kutoka Guinea. Wimbo huu umetokana na mdundo wa wimbo wa sifa wa jamii ya Maninka, uliotungwa na ''Korofo Moussa'' kwa heshima ya Mfalme ''Alpha Yayo'' ''Diallo'' wa Fouta Djallon, aliyekuwa kiongozi katika karne ya 19.<ref name="Posthumus">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MftyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|title=Guinea: Masks, Music and Minerals|last=Posthumus|first=Bram|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-455-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|date=2018-02-06|title=Zimbabwean Afro-Jazz icon impacting young musicians|url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/06/zimbabwean-afro-jazz-icon-impacting-young-musicians/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Africanews|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vision Guinee">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2016-05-25|title=L'hymne national de Guinée a été inspiré du Foutah, selon Fodéba Isto Keira|url=https://www.visionguinee.info/2016/05/25/lhymne-national-de-guinee-a-ete-inspire-du-foutah-selon-fodeba-isto-keira/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Vision Guinee|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124054250/https://www.visionguinee.info/2016/05/25/lhymne-national-de-guinee-a-ete-inspire-du-foutah-selon-fodeba-isto-keira/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] nbj7k45mm7t4fyf62zf5k7lzjjya39p 0 242840 1581684 2026-07-25T14:10:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Kifo cha Sandra Bland]] hadi [[Sandra Bland]]: usahihi wa jina 1581684 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sandra Bland]] 9pvv2q465klza2wob5dvvcaq0uvt9mh 0 242841 1581713 2026-07-25T14:45:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Museveni (Jina la Ukoo)]] hadi [[Museveni (jina la ukoo)]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1581713 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Museveni (jina la ukoo)]] g3xlfnny681g4qtdu36blr2guhurzm4 10 242842 1581723 2026-07-25T15:14:13Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Kigezo:Infobox biography]] 1581723 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kigezo:Infobox biography]] 6g6ahyq520anny3pwcgtfuexpfagmzx 1581724 1581723 2026-07-25T15:17:44Z Muddyb 379 Removed redirect to [[Kigezo:Infobox biography]] 1581724 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Infobox | abovestyle = background-color: lightsteelblue | aboveclass = hd | headerstyle = background-color: lightsteelblue | above = {{PAGENAME}} | image = {{#if:{{#Property:P10|from={{{item|}}}}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P10|formatting=[[File:$1|260px]]|list=false}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P18|formatting=[[File:$1|260px]]|value={{{image|}}}|list=false}}}}{{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P2096|formatting=<br/> $1|list=false}} | caption = {{#invoke:Wikidata|claim|property=P18|qualifier=P2096|formatting={{PAGELANGUAGE}}|value={{{caption|}}}|rowformat=$1}} | image2 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim |property=P990|formatting=[[File:$1|260px]]|list=false}} | caption2 = <small>Voice</small> | data1= {{#if:{{#Property:P39}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata |claim |formatting=table |property=P39 |qualifier=P580| qualifier2=P582 |qualifier3=P1365 |qualifier4=P1366 |qualifier5=P768 |qualifier6=P1545 |qualifier7=P2715 |qualifier8=P94 |qualifier9=P708|rowformat= {{bio/position|$8 $6 $0}} <br />$1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $9 $7 |rowsubformat1 = $1&nbsp;- | rowsubformat3=<br />&larr; $3 | rowsubformat4=- $4 &rarr; | rowsubformat5=<br /><small>{{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|District}}: $5</small> | rowsubformat7=<br /><small>{{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Election}}: $7</small> | rowsubformat6=$6. | rowsubformat8={{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=$8 |size=25px|sizedefault=frameless |upright=3|suppressplaceholder=yes}}<br /> | rowsubformat9=<br />{{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Dioceses}}: $9|tablesort=1}}}} <!--- FIRST BLOCK: LIFE ---> | header2 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Life}} | label3 = 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/>|conjunction=<br />}} <!-- Astronauts--> | header80 = {{#if:{{#Property:P450}}{{#Property:P2873}}|{{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Astronaut}}}} | label81 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Missions}} | data81 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P450|formatting = internallink|separator=&nbsp;|conjunction=&nbsp;}} | label82 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Mission patch}} | data82 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P450|formatting = table|rowformat={{((}}subitem image{{!}}$0{{!}}P154{{!}}50x50px{{))}}|colformat0=raw |separator=&nbsp;|conjunction=&nbsp;}} | label83 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Time at space}} | data83 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P2873|formatting = unit}} <!--- BELIEVINGS ---> | header90 = {{#if:{{#Property:P140}}{{#Property:P102}}{{#Property:P611}}|{{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Belief}}}} | label91 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Religion}} | data91 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P140|formatting = internallink|separator=<br />|conjunction=<br />}} | label92 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Religious-order}} | data92 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P611|formatting = internallink|separator=<br />|conjunction=<br />}} | label93 = {{Bio/{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|Political parties}} | data93 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P102|formatting = internallink|separator=<br />|conjunction=<br />}} <!-- SIGNATURE AND LINKS --> |label97 = [[IMDb]] |data97 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P345|formatting = [http://www.imdb.com/name/$1 $1]}} |data98 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P856|formatting = weblink}} |data99 = {{#invoke:Wikidata | claim | property=P109|formatting = [[File:$1|200px]]}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> a5xwad6t6mehq8kza2fdifml0iwb3y5 828 242843 1581726 2026-07-25T15:19:44Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'require('strict') -- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their -- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data. local p = {} -- exposed variables local g = {} -- these are variables with global scope in this module local info = {} -- contains general purpose information (e.g. header background colour) info.debug = false -- ONLY SET THIS WHILE TESTING --local paramData...' 1581726 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') -- All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable that will hold their -- externally accessible functions. They can have any name and may also hold data. local p = {} -- exposed variables local g = {} -- these are variables with global scope in this module local info = {} -- contains general purpose information (e.g. header background colour) info.debug = false -- ONLY SET THIS WHILE TESTING --local paramData = require( 'Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota Infobox/data' ) -- contains the taxon ranks in order --local autotaxa = require("Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota Infobox/Autotaxobox") --local autotaxa = require("Module:Autotaxobox") local parameters = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/param' ) local core = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/core' ) -- ######################### PARAMETER HANDLING ############################ local templateArgs = {} -- contains preprocessed arguments from calling template --TODO use info.args instead of templateArgs? -- ########################### MAIN AND OTHER ENTRY FUNCTIONS ################################## --[[ main function callable in Wikipedia via the #invoke command. creates a taxobox-style infobox handles preliminary parameter handling enulating taxobox and automatic taxobox templates -- the parameters are also checked for content, alias, valid names and valid combinations -- the parameter handling is in subpage Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota Infobox/param these are passed the core function -- the core function emulates the template {{Taxobox/core}) -- the function is found in subpage Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota Infobox/core -- the core them creates the taxobox creates main table and header section (with header, subheader and fossil ranges) adds addition rows for template arguments with following subsidiary functions: p.addImageSection() - images and range maps p.addStatusSection() - conservation status p.addTaxonomySection() - listing of taxonomic heirarchy (manuel or using automatic taxonomy system) p.addTaxonSection() - adds section with taxonomic information (binomial or trinomials; type genus or species; diversity) p.addListSection() - section containing list if subdivisions, synonyms, included or excluded groups --]] p.main = function(frame) --p.getArgs(frame) parameters.getArgs(frame, templateArgs, info) -- gets arguments, checks for value, aliases, and against valid parameter list if info.auto then p.AutomaticTaxoboxOptions(frame) -- this emulates the automatic taxobox templates that feed the core else --[[TODO manual taxobox options: name or use Template:Taxonomy name |genus|species|binomial name colour = p.getTaxoboxColor(frame) ]] end --return p._core(frame) return core.core(frame, templateArgs, info) end -- this functions emulates Template:automatic taxobox and uses Template:Taxobox/core p.auto = function(frame) --info.auto = frame.args.auto or "automatictaxobox" p.getArgs(frame) -- gets arguments, checks for value, aliases, and against valid parameter list if info.auto then p.AutomaticTaxoboxOptions(frame) -- this emulates the automatic taxobox templates that feed the core end -- additional parameters needed by Template:Taxobox/core templateArgs['edit link']="edit taxonomy" templateArgs['colour'] = p.getTaxoboxColor(frame) templateArgs['upright'] = templateArgs['image_upright'] or 1 templateArgs['upright2'] = templateArgs['image2_upright'] or 1 -- use Template:Taxobox/core return tostring(frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'taxobox/core', args = templateArgs } ) end --[[ ##################### CORE FUNCTIONS ################################### this core function emulates Template:Taxobox/core it is followed by functions handling the different type of entry MOVED to subpage Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota_Infobox/core ]] -- ################## AUTOMATIC TAXOBOX SYSTEM HANDLING ################################ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- handle specific requirements of different options: auto, speciesbox etc function p.AutomaticTaxoboxOptions(frame) --TODO replace genus with first word (genus) to strip parenthetic term -- done in speciesbox? templateArgs['display_taxa'] = templateArgs['display_parents'] or 1 -- note change of parameter name local extinct = "" if templateArgs['extinct'] or templateArgs['status'] == "EX" then --extinct = "†" extinct = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'extinct' } -- use template to get tooltip -- speciesbox also checks the genus taxonomy template for extinct parameter end ---------------------variables for SPECIESBOX, SUBSPECIESBOX and INFRASPECIESBOX--------------------- if info.auto == "hybridbox" then --templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['parent'] or templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs['genus1'] local species1 = templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs['species1'] or templateArgs['father'] or templateArgs['father_species'] or "" local species2 = templateArgs['species2'] or templateArgs['mother'] or templateArgs['mother_species'] or templateArgs['species'] or "" local genus1 = templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs['genus1'] or templateArgs['father_genus'] -- TODO use page local genus2 = templateArgs['genus2'] or templateArgs['mother_genus'] or templateArgs['genus'] local species3 = templateArgs['species3'] or "" local genus3 = templateArgs['genus3'] or templateArgs['genus'] or "" local subspecies1, subspecies2, subspecies3 = "", "", "" --if (templateArgs['subspecies1'] and templateArgs['subspecies2']) if templateArgs['subspecies1'] or templateArgs['subspecies2'] or (templateArgs['father_subspecies'] and templateArgs['mother_subspecies']) then subspecies1 = " " .. ((templateArgs['subspecies1'] or templateArgs['father_subspecies']) or "") subspecies2 = " " .. ((templateArgs['subspecies2'] or templateArgs['mother_subspecies']) or "") if templateArgs['subspecies3'] then subspecies3 = " " .. templateArgs['subspecies3'] species3 = species1 end end local link1 = templateArgs['link1'] or templateArgs['father_link'] or (genus1 .. " " .. species1 .. subspecies1) local link2 = templateArgs['link2'] or templateArgs['mother_link'] or (genus2 .. " " .. species2 .. subspecies2) local link3 = templateArgs['link3'] or (genus3 .. " " .. species3 .. subspecies3) if not templateArgs['parent'] then templateArgs['parent'] = genus1 end --TODO disambiguate genus pages -- not needed unless using page name --genus1 = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Speciesbox/getGenus' , args = {"", genus1 } } -- genus2 = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Speciesbox/getGenus' , args = {"", genus2 } } if not templateArgs['genus2'] and not templateArgs['father_genus'] then genus1 = string.sub(genus1,1,1) .. "." -- shorten generic names for intrageneric hybrids genus2 = string.sub(genus2,1,1) .. "." genus3 = string.sub(genus3,1,1) .. "." end -- shorten species name if subspecies of same species if subspecies1 ~= "" and not templateArgs['species2'] then species1 = string.sub(species1,1,1) .. "." -- shorten specific epithet for intraspecific hybrids species2 = string.sub(species2,1,1) .. "." if subspecies3 ~= "" then species3 = string.sub(species3,1,1) .. "." end end local maleSymbol, femaleSymbol = "", "" if templateArgs['father'] or templateArgs['father_genus'] or templateArgs['father_species'] or templateArgs['father_subspecies'] then maleSymbol = "♂" end if templateArgs['mother'] or templateArgs['mother_genus'] or templateArgs['mother_species'] or templateArgs['mother_subspecies'] then femaleSymbol = "♀" end templateArgs['hybrid'] = "'''''[[" .. link1 .. "|" .. genus1 .. " " .. species1 .. subspecies1 .."]]'''''" .. maleSymbol .. " × " .. "'''''[[" .. link2 .. "|" .. genus2 .. " " .. species2 .. subspecies2 .. "]]'''''" .. femaleSymbol if species3 ~= "" then templateArgs['hybrid'] = templateArgs['hybrid'] .. " × " .. "'''''[[" .. link3 .. "|" .. genus3 .. " " .. species3 .. subspecies3 .. "]]'''''" end --templateArgs['hybrid species'] = templateArgs['hybrid'] if subspecies1 ~= "" and not templateArgs['species2'] then templateArgs['species'] = "''[[" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. " " .. templateArgs['species'] .. "|" .. genus1 .. " " .. templateArgs['species'] .. "]]''" else templateArgs['species'] = nil end templateArgs['offset'] = 1 -- ======================= setup for SPECIESBOX ============================= elseif info.auto == "speciesbox" then -- code to emulate SPECIESBOX --[[ {{speciesbox}} gets genus and species from taxon, genus+species or page name 1. uses 'taxon' paramter ( given as binomial) if available 2. otherwise uses 'genus' and 'species' parameters 3. uses page name the genus is used for the 'parent' taxon unless the parent is supplied (e.g. for subgenus) This logic is handled using {{Speciesbox/getGenus}}, {{Speciesbox/getSpecies}} and {{Speciesbox/trim}} code doing similar is in an older version of this page --]] local genus, species = "", "" genus = frame:expandTemplate { title = 'Speciesbox/getGenus' , -- get genus from taxon or genus parameter args = { templateArgs['taxon'], templateArgs['genus'] } } genus = frame:expandTemplate { title = 'Speciesbox/trim' , -- remove disambiguation args = { genus } } species = frame:expandTemplate { title = 'Speciesbox/getSpecies' , -- get species from taxon or species parameter args = { templateArgs['taxon'], templateArgs['species'] } } if not templateArgs['parent'] or templateArgs['parent'] == "" then templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['genus'] or genus -- set parent to genus (with disambiguation if given) end templateArgs['genus'] = genus -- set to genus without diambiguation templateArgs['species'] = species templateArgs['taxon'] = genus .. ' ' .. species templateArgs['name'] = frame:expandTemplate { title = 'Speciesbox/name' , -- set the page name args = { templateArgs['name'], templateArgs['taxon'], templateArgs['genus'], templateArgs['species'], --mw.title.getCurrentTitle().baseText, -- =BASEPAGENAME (magic word for parent page) frame:expandTemplate { title = 'PAGENAMEBASE' }, -- page name without parenthetic term templateArgs['italic_title' or 'yes'] } } templateArgs['binomial'] = "''" .. templateArgs['taxon'] .. "''" templateArgs['binomial_authority'] = templateArgs['authority'] or nil -- set species_name e.g. Panthera leo -> P. leo templateArgs['species_name'] = extinct .. "'''''" .. string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '. ' .. templateArgs['species'] .. "'''''" templateArgs['species'] = templateArgs['species_name'] templateArgs['display_taxa'] = templateArgs['display_taxa'] -1 templateArgs['offset'] = 1 if templateArgs['subgenus'] and templateArgs['subgenus'] ~= "" then templateArgs['offset'] = templateArgs['offset'] + 1 templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] = templateArgs['parent_authority'] or "" end templateArgs['taxon'] = nil -- For auto module -- ===================== set-up for SUBSPECIESBOX or INTRASPECIESBOX ================= elseif info.auto == "subspeciesbox" or info.auto == "infraspeciesbox" then --[[ From template description: "The genus name, species name and subspecies name" [or "genus name, specific epithet and infraspecific epithet"] " must be supplied separately: the combined taxon parameter cannot be used."" "The genus name is then the entry into the taxonomic hierarchy."" The trinomial name is set from these parameters and the parameter ignored. --NOTE no infraspeciebox is currently using trinomial parameter --]] -- Parameter checking. This could be here or moved to parameter checking function if templateArgs['genus'] and templateArgs['species'] and templateArgs['subspecies'] then -- valid parameters for subspecies (may have variety as well) elseif templateArgs['genus'] and templateArgs['species'] and templateArgs['variety'] then -- valid parameters for infraspecies (variety without subspecies) else -- insufficient parameters -- TODO add error message and return end local offset = 2 -- authority offset when subspecies OR variety --TODO strip genus of disambiguator (need to check this works) local genus =mw.text.split( templateArgs['genus'], " ", true ) if genus[1] ~= "" then templateArgs['genus'] = genus[1] end templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['genus'] -- genus must be supplied -- handle parent species name local fullName = templateArgs['genus'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['species'] local shortName = string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '. ' .. templateArgs['species'] if templateArgs['species_link'] then templateArgs['species_name'] = "''[[" ..templateArgs['species_link'] .. '|'.. shortName .. "]]''" else templateArgs['species_name'] = "''[[" .. fullName .. '|'.. shortName .. "]]''" end if templateArgs['species_extinct'] then extinct = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'extinct' } -- if parent species extinct, all children will be templateArgs['species_name'] = extinct .. templateArgs['species_name'] end -- handle subspecies name (if set; varieties may not have a subspecies) local separator = " " -- subspecies separator (default zoological) local abbr_subspecies_name if templateArgs['subspecies'] then -- might not be subspecies if variety if info.auto == "infraspeciesbox" then separator = " ''subsp.'' " -- separator for plants etc end -- set abbreviated name, full name, and trinomial abbr_subspecies_name = string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '.&nbsp;' .. string.sub(templateArgs['species'],1,1) .. '.' .. separator .. templateArgs['subspecies'] fullName = templateArgs['genus'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['species'] .. separator .. templateArgs['subspecies'] templateArgs['trinomial'] = extinct .. "''" .. fullName .. "''" --templateArgs['subspecies_authority'] = templateArgs['authority'] -- replicates authoity in trinomial (unwanted?) templateArgs['subspecies_name']= extinct .. "'''''" .. abbr_subspecies_name .. "'''''" end -- handle population (of a species or subspecies) if templateArgs['population'] then if templateArgs['subspecies'] then -- link subspecies name when using population templateArgs['subspecies_name'] = "''[[" .. fullName .. "|" .. abbr_subspecies_name .. "]]''" end if not templateArgs['name'] then templateArgs['name'] = templateArgs['population'] -- set taxobox name to population end if templateArgs['population_rank_name'] and templateArgs['population_rank_abbrev'] then templateArgs['trinomial'] = templateArgs['trinomial'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['population_rank_abbrev'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['population'] else templateArgs['trinomial'] = nil -- don't show trinomial with population unless it has morpha or other suffix end --templateArgs['binomial'] = nil -- don't show binomial with population (when population of species); nver set if templateArgs['population_extinct'] == "yes" or templateArgs['population_extinct'] == "true" then extinct = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'extinct' } -- use template to get tooltip end templateArgs['population'] = extinct .. "'''" .. templateArgs['population'] .. "'''" end -- handle variety if templateArgs['variety'] or templateArgs['varietas'] then -- should now be aliased local vSeparator = " ''var.'' " --alias done? templateArgs['variety']= templateArgs['variety'] or templateArgs['varietas'] -- will use variety as parameter TODO alias this templateArgs['variety_name'] = extinct .. "'''''" .. string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '.&nbsp;' .. string.sub(templateArgs['species'],1,1) .. '.' .. vSeparator .. templateArgs['variety'] .. "'''''" templateArgs['trinomial'] = "''" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['species'] .. vSeparator .. templateArgs['variety'] .. "''" --templateArgs['variety_authority'] = templateArgs['authority'] -- replicates authority in trinomial if templateArgs['subspecies'] then -- subspecies needs to linked local redirectName = templateArgs['genus'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['species'] .. " subsp. " .. templateArgs['subspecies'] local shortName = "''" .. string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '.&nbsp;' .. string.sub(templateArgs['species'],1,1) .. '.' .. separator .. templateArgs['subspecies'] .. "''" templateArgs['subspecies_name'] = "[[" .. redirectName .. '|' .. shortName .. "]]" offset = offset + 1 -- offset when susbpecies AND variety templateArgs['subspecies_authority'] = templateArgs['parent_authority'] end end -- handle customisable infraspecies ranks -- alias (TODO move to parameter section when parameter name conversion complete; see talk page ) if templateArgs['infraspecies1_name'] or templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] then templateArgs['infraspecies1_name1'] = templateArgs['infraspecies1_name'] or templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] end if templateArgs['infraspecies2_name'] or templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] then templateArgs['infraspecies2_name'] = templateArgs['infraspecies2_name'] or templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] end if templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] then if templateArgs['subspecies'] then -- link subspecies --templateArgs['subspecies_name'] = "''[[" .. fullName:gsub("%'*%<%/?small%>%'*","") .. "|" .. abbr_subspecies_name .. "]]''" templateArgs['subspecies_name'] = "''[[" .. fullName .. "|" .. abbr_subspecies_name .. "]]''" end local binomial = "''" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. ' ' .. templateArgs['species'] .. "''" local abbrSpeciesName = string.sub(templateArgs['genus'],1,1) .. '.&nbsp;' .. string.sub(templateArgs['species'],1,1) .. '.&nbsp;' abbrSpeciesName = "''" .. abbrSpeciesName .. "''" -- italicise if templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] then local isrSeparator = " " .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2_abbrev'] .. " " templateArgs['trinomial'] = binomial .. isrSeparator .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] = abbrSpeciesName .. isrSeparator .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] = "'''" .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2'] .. "'''" -- bold infraspecific name else local isrSeparator = "&nbsp;" .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1_abbrev'] .. "&nbsp;" templateArgs['trinomial'] = binomial .. isrSeparator .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] = abbrSpeciesName .. isrSeparator .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] = "'''" .. templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1'] .. "'''" -- bold first infraspecific name end end --TODO what else do subspeciesbox and infraspeciesbox cover?) --[[ code from templates both: |trinomial_authority = {{{authority|{{{trinomial authority|{{{trinomial_authority|}}} }}} }}} infraspeciesbox: |species_authority = {{{parent_authority|{{{parent authority|{{{binomial authority|{{{binomial_authority|}}}}}}}}}}}} subspeciesbox: | species_authority = {{{parent authority|{{{binomial authority|{{{binomial_authority|}}}}}}}}} note: subspeciesbox doesn't recognise patent_authority with underscore monthly reports on subspeciesbox and infraspeciesbox no uses of parent_authority, binomial_authority or trinomial authority no uses of grandparent, greatgrandparent etc authorites ]] templateArgs['trinomial_authority'] = templateArgs['authority'] or nil if not templateArgs['name'] or templateArgs['name'] == "" then -- if page name not set templateArgs['name'] = templateArgs['trinomial'] end -- these are used by manual taxobox to complete the taxonomy table templateArgs['species'] = templateArgs['species_name'] templateArgs['subspecies'] = templateArgs['subspecies_name'] templateArgs['variety'] =templateArgs['variety_name'] --QUESTION what happens to parent taxa when subspecies and variety? -- set species and subgenus authorities if templateArgs['subgenus'] then offset = offset + 1 if offset == 4 then -- when subgenus, species, subspecies and variety templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] = templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] or templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['species_authority'] = templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] or "" elseif offset == 3 then -- when subgenus, species, (subspecies OR variety) templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] = templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] or templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['species_authority'] = templateArgs['parent_authority'] or "" end else -- only need to set species authority or subspecues (if also variety) if offset == 3 then -- species, subspecies and variety templateArgs['species_authority'] = templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['subspecies_authority'] = templateArgs['parent_authority'] or "" elseif offset == 2 then -- species, (subspecies or variety) templateArgs['species_authority'] = templateArgs['parent_authority'] or "" end end templateArgs['display_taxa'] = (templateArgs['display_taxa'] or 1) -2 templateArgs['offset'] = offset -- need to set subgenus_authority, species_authority, subspecies_authority and variety_authority --[[shift authorities for subspeciesbox (two steps or three if subgenus set) if templateArgs['subgenus'] and templateArgs['subgenus'] ~= "" then templateArgs['subgenus_authority'] = templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['authority'] = templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['parent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['greatgreatgrandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" else templateArgs['authority'] = templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['parent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['grandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" templateArgs['greatgreatgrandparent_authority'] = templateArgs['greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority'] or "" end ]] -- ========================= setup for AUTOMATIC TAXOBOX ================================ -- CHECK authomatic taxobox pagename overrides taxon (e.g. Tortrix? destructus) for header -- it does but no italics in header for Tortrix? destructus --elseif info.auto == "automatictaxobox" then elseif info.auto == "virus" or info.auto == "virusbox" then templateArgs['virus'] = "yes" templateArgs['color_as'] = "Virus" if not templateArgs['parent'] then if templateArgs['taxon'] then templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['taxon'] elseif templateArgs['species'] then templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['species'] templateArgs['species'] = nil else templateArgs['parent'] = tostring( mw.title.getCurrentTitle()) or "" end else templateArgs['link_parent'] = "yes" -- if parent given, we want to link it end else -- "the automated taxobox first looks for the taxonomy template that matches the supplied |taxon= parameter " -- "(or, if none is supplied, the article's title, ignoring any parenthetical expressions). " if not templateArgs['taxon'] or templateArgs['taxon'] == "" then --templateArgs['taxon'] = templateArgs['name'] or tostring( mw.title.getCurrentTitle()) templateArgs['taxon'] = tostring( mw.title.getCurrentTitle()) or "" --TODO strip name of parenthetical terms off page title if templateArgs['taxon'] ~= "" then --TODO error message and exit end end if templateArgs['parent'] then templateArgs['link_parent'] = "yes" -- if parent given, we want to link it else templateArgs['parent'] = templateArgs['taxon'] -- otherwise set parent templateArgs['link_parent'] = "yes" -- we still want to link it? VERIFY end --TODO set name if parameter no supplies --[[ TODO if no taxonomy template, then call setup taxonomy template {{#ifexist:Template:Taxonomy/{{{taxon|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}} {{Automatic taxobox/floating intro|taxon={{{taxon|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }} ]] end -- end special handling for speciesbox, subspeciesbox, and automatic taxobox -- check taxonomy templates for automatic taxobox systtem --{{#ifexist:Template:Taxonomy/{{{taxon|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly><noinclude>Acacia</noinclude>}}} -- |<noinclude><!--do nothing if it exists--></noinclude> -- |{{Automatic taxobox/floating intro|taxon={{{taxon|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }} -->}} end ------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.templateStyle( frame, src ) return frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = src } ); end ----------------------------------------- function p.testTables(frame) if 1==1 then return end -- disable local root = mw.html.create('table'):addClass('wikitable') local row = root:tag('tr') -- add row using lua library local cell = row:tag('td') cell:wikitext('row A:') cell = row:tag('td'):wikitext('content A') row = root:tag('tr') -- add row using lua library cell = row:tag('td'):wikitext('row B:') cell = row:tag('td') :wikitext('\n{|\n|-\n|P\n|Q\n|}') --but include a wikitxt table in one cell -- :done() -- row:done() --root=mw.html:allDone() root:wikitext('<tr><td>a</td><td>b</td></tr>') -- add row to root using html root:wikitext('\n|-\n|X\n|Y\n') -- add row to root using wikitext (FAILS) root:wikitext('\r|-\r|I\r|J\r') -- FAIL output |- |X |Y root:wikitext(frame:preprocess('\n|-\n|U\n|V\n')) -- FAIL output |- |U |V root:wikitext('<tr>\n|M\n|N\n</tr>') row=root:tag('tr'):node('<td>c</td><td>d</td>') -- adds row successfully row=root:tag('tr'):node('\n|Xc\n|Xd\n') -- fails to adds row row = root:tag('tr') -- add another row using lua library cell = row:tag('td'):wikitext('row C:') cell = row:tag('td'):wikitext('content C') root:node('\n{|\n|-\n|Xx\n|Yx\n|}\n') -- adds new table after --frame:preprocess return tostring(root) --[[ CONCLUSION: cannot mix wikitext freely in the node structure A complete wikitext table can be included in a cell (e.g. used for automatic taxonomy now) An alternative is to use wikitext for the whole taxobox table ]] end -- --------------------------- TEST AUTO TAXONOMY FUNCTIONS ----------------------------- function p.test(frame) local a = require("Module:Sandbox/Jts1882/Biota Infobox/auto") --local taxonTable = a.loadTaxonomyTable(frame) now done in showTaxonomyTable return a.showTaxonomyTable(frame) end -- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia. return p pmjb4f445oyya3206ublut6hxp2jsit 828 242844 1581729 2026-07-25T15:22:29Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'require('strict') local p = {} local templateArgs = {} local info = {} local paramData = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/data' ) -- contains the taxon ranks in order local autotaxa = require("Module:Autotaxobox") local parameters = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/param' ) --[[ ##################### CORE FUNCTIONS ################################### this core function emulates Template:Taxobox/core it is followed by functions handling the d...' 1581729 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local templateArgs = {} local info = {} local paramData = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/data' ) -- contains the taxon ranks in order local autotaxa = require("Module:Autotaxobox") local parameters = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/param' ) --[[ ##################### CORE FUNCTIONS ################################### this core function emulates Template:Taxobox/core it is followed by functions handling the different type of entry ]] p.main = function(frame) -- this function emulates Template:Taxobox/core when called from taxobox feeder templates -- i.e. Taxobox, Automatic taxobox, Speciesbox, etc parameters.getArgs(frame) templateArgs['image_upright'] = templateArgs['upright'] or 1 templateArgs['image2_upright'] = templateArgs['upright2'] or 1 info.headerColor = templateArgs['colour'] return p._core --TODO check it works end -- this is the core function, called either from main() or auto() p.core = function(frame, args, localinfo) templateArgs = args info = localinfo return p._core(frame) end p._core = function(frame) -- TODO use mw.title.getCurrentTitle().basePageTitle info.name = templateArgs['name'] or tostring( mw.title.getCurrentTitle() ) --.rootPageTitle ) if not info.headerColor then info.headerColor = p.getTaxoboxColor(frame) -- so only transverse taxobox heirarchy once end --[[ create table (two versions) 1. use mwhtml library to build table in taxoboxTable 2. use wikitest to build table in wikitextTable ]] local taxoboxTable = mw.html.create('table'):addClass('infobox'):addClass('biota') :addClass('biota-infobox') local wikitextTable = '\n{| class="infobox biota biota-infobox" ' info.subheader = '' if templateArgs['subheader'] and templateArgs['subheader'] ~= '' then info.subheader='<div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">'..templateArgs['subheader']..'</div>' end --TODO do we need additional handling to check {{geological range}} templete -- or handle oldest_fossil and youngest_fossil (these don't seem to be used now) -- Note: taxobox/core uses temporal_range local temporalRange = '' if templateArgs['temporal_range'] then temporalRange = '<div><small>Temporal range: ' .. templateArgs['temporal_range'] .. '</small></div>' -- use <div> rather than <br/> end local rowHeader = taxoboxTable:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', '2'):addClass('section-header') :cssText('background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';') :wikitext(info.name .. info.subheader .. temporalRange) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. '\n|-\n! colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';" ' .. '|' .. info.name .. info.subheader .. temporalRange -- add images wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'image') .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'image2') --add conservation status wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addStatusSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'status') .. p.addStatusSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'status2') -- add taxonomy table (uses entered parameters or automatic taxonomy system) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addTaxonomySection(frame, taxoboxTable) -- add sections with binomial, trinomial, type species/genus (with authorities) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'binomial', 'Bionomial name') .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'trinomial', 'Trionomial name') .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'type_genus', 'Type genus') --TODO type_ichnogenus, type_oogenus .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'type_species', 'Type species') --TODO type_ichnospecies, type_oospecies .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'type_strain', 'Type strain') -- add sections showing subdivisions (i.e. child taxa) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'subdivision', templateArgs['subdivision_ranks'] or 'Subdivisions') .. p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'possible_subdivision', templateArgs['possible_subdivision_ranks'] or 'Possible subdivisions') -- diversity section (TODO consider how best to handle) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'diversity', 'Diversity') -- show included groups (accepts 'included' or 'includes') [used for paraphyletic taxa] wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'includes', 'Groups included') --p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'included', 'Groups included') -- use alias --add range map (should this be below binomial/trinomial?) wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'range_map') -- show excluded groups (accepts 'excluded' or 'excludes') [used for paraphyletic taxa] local excludedHeaderText = '[[Cladistics|Cladistically]] included but traditionally excluded taxa' wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'excludes', excludedHeaderText) -- add addition binomials, trinomial and range maps wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'binomial2', 'Bionomial name (2)') --p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'trinomial2', 'Trionomial name (2)') .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'range_map2') .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'binomial3', 'Bionomial name (3)') --p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'trinomial3', 'Trionomial name (3)') .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'range_map3') .. p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'binomial4', 'Bionomial name (4)') --p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'trinomial4', 'Trionomial name (4)') .. p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'range_map4') -- add synonyms section wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'synonyms', '[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]') -- add debug/tracking info section if info.debug then wikitextTable = wikitextTable ..p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, 'debug', 'Debug/tracking info') end ------------------add templateSyles and return taxobox table--------------------------- local src = "Template:Biota infobox/styles.css" -- TemplateStyles file wikitextTable = wikitextTable .. '\n|}' local output = wikitextTable -- output the wikitext table --local output = tostring(taxoboxTable) -- output the mw.html table return p.templateStyle( frame, src ) .. output .. info.parameterCategory -- .. (info.parameterCategory or "") end -- End the main function. --[[ ==================================================================================== function to add conservation sections uses template {{taxobox/species|{{{status_system|}}}|{{{status|}}}|{{{status_ref|}}}|extinct={{{extinct|}}} }} }} --]] function p.addStatusSection(frame, taxoboxTable, status) -- must use table container to handle template output -- don't use header or content cells; the 'taxobox/species' template handles it -- just need to add background colour on the row local wikiText = "" if templateArgs[status] and templateArgs[status] ~= "" then local status = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'taxobox/species', args = {templateArgs[status..'_system'] or '', templateArgs[status] or '', templateArgs[status..'_ref'] or '', ['extinction_date'] = templateArgs['extinct'] or '' } } local row = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') --:cssText('background:' .. p.getTaxoboxColor(frame) .. ';') local cell = row:tag('td'):attr('colspan', '2') :wikitext('\n{|\n|- style="background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';"') :wikitext('\n'..tostring(status)) :wikitext('\n|}') wikiText = '\n|- colspan="2" style="background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';" ' .. '\n' ..tostring(status) end return wikiText end --[[ ============================================================================== function to add sections for taxonomic information with authorities ('_authority' suffix) e.g. binomial, trinomial, type_species, type_genus; diversity also handled here --]] function p.addTaxonSection(frame, taxoboxTable, target, headerText) local wikiText = "" -- return if we don't have value if not templateArgs[target] or templateArgs[target] == '' then return "" end local bold = "" -- variable for bolding binomial and trinomial (type genus/species etc are not bolded) local showHeader = true local listHeader = (templateArgs[target..'_text'] or headerText) -- custom processing section --if target == 'binomial' or target == 'binomial2' or target == 'binomial3' or target == 'binomial4' then if target == 'binomial' then headerText = '[[Binomial nomenclature|' .. listHeader .. ']]' bold ="'''" --elseif target == 'trinomial' or target == 'trinomial2' or target == 'trinomial3' or target == 'trinomial4' then elseif target == 'trinomial' then local trinomenLink = "Trinomen" -- for zoological or default if info.auto == "infraspeciesbox" then trinomenLink = "Infraspecific name (botany)" end -- regnum contains plant/fung/Archaeplastida" headerText = '[['.. trinomenLink .. '|' .. headerText .. ']]' bold ="'''" elseif target == 'binomial2' or target == 'binomial3' or target == 'binomial4' or target == 'trinomial2' or target == 'trinomial3' or target == 'trinomial4' then showHeader = false bold ="'''" elseif target == 'diversity' then headerText = '[[Biodiversity|' .. headerText .. ']]' else --TODO is any handling needed for other option headerText = '[[' .. headerText .. ']]' end if templateArgs[target..'_ref'] then headerText = headerText .. templateArgs[target..'_ref'] .. '\n' end local contentString = '' -- content for the content cell if target == 'diversity' and templateArgs['diversity'] ~= "" then if templateArgs[target..'_link'] and templateArgs[target..'_link'] ~= "" then contentString = '\n[[' .. templateArgs[target..'_link'] .. '|' .. templateArgs[target] .. ']]\n' else contentString = '\n' .. templateArgs[target] .. '\n' end else -- taxon name and authority (binomial, type species, etc) local authorityString = '' if templateArgs[target..'_authority'] then authorityString = '<br/><small>' .. templateArgs[target..'_authority'] .. '</small>' -- \n' end contentString = bold .. templateArgs[target] .. bold .. authorityString .. '\n' --contentString = '\n' .. bold .. templateArgs[target] .. bold .. authorityString .. '\n' -- extra <p> inserted end -- add table rows if templateArgs[target] and templateArgs[target] ~= '' then if showHeader then local rowHeader = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') rowHeader :tag('th') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('section-header') :cssText('background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';') :wikitext( headerText ) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n! colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';" ' .. '|' .. headerText end local rowList = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') rowList :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') --:addClass('section-content') :addClass('taxon-section') --:cssText('text-align:center;') --font-weight:bold;') :wikitext( contentString ) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n| colspan="2" class="taxon-section" |' .. contentString end return wikiText end --[[ ==================================================================================== function to produce sections for included taxa (subdivisions), synonyms, etc - each consists of two rows containing a header and the content - for paraphyletic groups it has include(d|s) and exclude(d|s) groups - for general taxobox it has subdivision and possible subdivision (disabled here) - any can be modified for other purposes (e.g. sisters) by changing the header taxt with a -text parameter ]] function p.addListSection(frame, taxoboxTable, target, headerText) if not templateArgs[target] or templateArgs[target] == "" then return "" end -- redundant for now local wikiText = "" local refString = '' if templateArgs[target..'_ref'] then --add '_ref' option for 'synonym_ref' (the rest get it as a bonus) TODO check example refString = templateArgs[target..'_ref'] --.. '\n' end local listHeader = (templateArgs[target..'_text'] or headerText) .. refString -- add table rows if templateArgs[target] and templateArgs[target] ~= ''then local rowHeader = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') rowHeader :tag('th') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('section-header') :cssText('background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';') :wikitext(listHeader) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n! colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';" ' .. '|' .. listHeader local rowList = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') rowList :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('section-content') :wikitext('\n' .. templateArgs[target] .. '\n' ) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n| colspan="2" class="section-content" ' .. '|' .. '\n' .. templateArgs[target] .. '\n' end return wikiText end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ ============================================================================ function to add image sections - used for illustrative images at top and for range maps --]] function p.addImageSection(frame, taxoboxTable, target) local wikiText = "" if templateArgs[target] and templateArgs[target] ~= '' then local imageWidth = '' local imageCaptionString = '' if templateArgs[target..'_caption'] then --imageCaptionString = '<br /><small><div style="text-align:center">' .. templateArgs[target .. '_caption'] .. '</div></small>' --imageCaptionString = '<br /><div>' .. templateArgs[target .. '_caption'] .. '</div>' imageCaptionString = templateArgs[target .. '_caption'] end local imageAltString = '' if templateArgs[target..'_alt'] then imageAltString = templateArgs[target..'_alt'] elseif templateArgs[target..'_caption'] then imageAltString = templateArgs[target..'_caption'] -- use caption for alt text if none provided end local upright = templateArgs['image_upright'] or 1 local InfoboxImage = require( 'Module:InfoboxImage' ) --, parent.args[target] ) local params = { args = { image = templateArgs[target], size = templateArgs[target..'_width'], sizedefault = 'frameless', alt = imageAltString, upright = templateArgs[target..'_upright'] or upright } } local image = InfoboxImage.InfoboxImage( params ) --local rowImage = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') local rowImage = mw.html.create('tr') rowImage:tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass("image-section") :wikitext(image) --:wikitext(imageCaptionString) taxoboxTable:node(rowImage) wikiText= wikiText .. '\n|- \n|colspan="2" class="image-section" |' .. image if imageCaptionString ~= "" then -- only insert row if caption string local rowImageCaption = mw.html.create('tr') rowImageCaption:tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass("image-section") --:wikitext(image) :wikitext(imageCaptionString) taxoboxTable:node(rowImageCaption) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n|colspan="2" class="image-section" |' .. imageCaptionString end end -- TODO handle upright return wikiText end --[[ ============================ TAXONOMY SECTION ======================================= adds a table showing the taxonomy - uses either manual parameters or the automatic taxonomy system - currently adds a table inside a cell (like paraphyletic group) rather than just adding rows (core taxobox system) --]] function p.addTaxonomySection(frame, taxoboxTable) local wikiText = "" local taxonomyHeader = "[[Taxonomy_(biology)|Scientific classification]]" if templateArgs['virus_group'] then taxonomyHeader = "[[Virus classification]]" elseif templateArgs['ichnos'] then taxonomyHeader = "[[Trace fossil classification]]" elseif templateArgs['veterovata'] then taxonomyHeader = "[[Veterovata|Eggshell classification]]" else -- TODO add other options (DONE but not verified ichnos or veterovata) -- ! colspan=2 style="min-width:15em; text-align: center{{#if:{{{colour|}}}|{{;}} background-color{{COLON}} {{{colour}}} }}" | -- {{#if:{{{virus_group|{{{virus|}}}}}}|[[Virus classification]] -- |{{#if:{{{ichnos|}}}|[[Trace fossil classification]] -- |{{#if:{{{veterovata|}}}|[[Veterovata|Eggshell classification]] -- |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]]}} }} }} -- {{#if:{{{edit link|}}}|{{edit taxonomy|{{{parent|}}} | {{{edit link}}} }} -- {{#if: {{{classification_status|}}} | <br>({{{classification_status}}}) | }} }} -- handle |classification_status=disputed (add ref) end -- add symbol and link to taxonomy editor local editLink = '' if info.auto then local tooltip = templateArgs['edit link'] or "Edit this classification" local style = 'font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;' local link = 'Template:Taxonomy/' .. templateArgs['parent'] if info.db == "wikidata" then local message = 'Select%20preview%20to%20see%20Wikidata%20hierarchy' local url='https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&section=new&preloadtitle=' .. message .. '&title=Template:Biota_infobox/Wikidata/preview&preload=User:Jts1882/Taxonomy/preload2&preloadparams%5b%5d=' link = url .. string.gsub( templateArgs['parent'], " ", "_") end editLink = '<span class="plainlinks" style="'.. style ..'">' .. '[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|15px|link=' .. link .. '|' .. tooltip .. ']]</span>' --.. '[[File:Red Pencil Icon.png|link=' .. link .. '|' .. tooltip .. ']]</span>' end local status = "" if templateArgs['classification_status'] then status = '<div style="font-weight:normal;" >(' .. templateArgs['classification_status'] .. ')' if templateArgs['classification_ref'] then status = status .. templateArgs['classification_ref'] end status = status .. '</div>' end local rowTaxonomyHeader = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') rowTaxonomyHeader:tag('th') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('section-header') :cssText('background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';') :wikitext(taxonomyHeader) :wikitext(editLink) :wikitext(status) wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n! colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:' .. info.headerColor .. ';" ' .. '|' .. taxonomyHeader .. editLink .. status --[[ get taxonomy list, either using automatic taxobox system or manual system manual: get ranks and taxa from template parameter auto (default): get ranks and taxa from taxonomy template parameters module: get ranks and taxa from dataa submodules wikidata: get ranks and taxa from wikidata ]] -- shows ranks of genus or above for all auto modes if info.db == "module" then local wdModule = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/Wikidata' ) wikiText = wikiText .. wdModule.addModuleTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable, templateArgs) -- use module copy of template data elseif info.db == "wikidata" then --wikiText = wikiText ..'\n|-|\n|' .. p.addWikidataTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable) -- use wikidata local wdModule = require( 'Module:Biota infobox/Wikidata' ) wikiText = wikiText .. wdModule.addWikidataTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable, templateArgs) -- use wikidata -- TODO need to handle colour -- the default is class="section-header" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(250,240,230);" -- wikiText = wikiText:gsub('style="background:rgb%(250,240,230%);"', 'style="background:red;"') -- gsub must be applied to wikitextTable -- use more generally to avoid traversing the hierarchy twice) elseif info.auto then --[[ get automatic taxonomy hierarchy (three different variants) 1) direct call to taxoboxList() - preferred if issues with setting frame arguments can be resolved (used in live version) 2) experimental version of taxoboxList() 3) [ET] using Template:Taxobox/taxonomy ]] wikiText = wikiText ..'\n|-|\n|' .. p.addAutomaticTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable) -- use #invoke of module end if info.auto then -- use manual taxobox for subgeneric ranks: subgenus,species, subspecies, variety -- ranks below genys using manual taxobox code local taxonRanks = { 'subgenus', 'species', 'hybrid', 'subspecies', 'population', 'variety' , 'infraspecies_rank1' , 'infraspecies_rank2'} wikiText = wikiText .. p.addManualTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable, taxonRanks) else wikiText = wikiText .. p.addManualTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable, paramData.taxonRanks) -- just add rows manually end return wikiText end -------------------------------------------------AUTOMATIC TAXONOMY (using invoke of module function) ----------- function p.addAutomaticTaxonomy(frame, taxoboxTable) -- use invoke of module function --emulate template: {{taxobox/taxonomy}} --which uses {{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxList --local autotaxa = require("Module:Autotaxobox") -- also needed for colours so global now local bold_first = 'bold' if templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs['hybrid'] then bold_first = 'link' end if templateArgs['link_parent'] then bold_first = 'link' end local args = { templateArgs['parent'], -- or tostring( mw.title.getCurrentTitle() ), display_taxa = templateArgs['display_taxa'] or 1, offset = templateArgs['offset'] or 0, authority = templateArgs['authority'], parent_authority = templateArgs['parent_authority'], gparent_authority = templateArgs['grandparent_authority'], ggparent_authority = templateArgs['greatgrandparent_authority'], gggparent_authority = templateArgs['greatgreatgrandparent_authority'], virus=templateArgs['virus'], bold_first = bold_first } frame.args = args -- templateArgs['debug'] = mw.dumpObject(frame) local autoTaxonomy = autotaxa.taxoboxList(frame) if (1==1) then return autoTaxonomy end local row = taxoboxTable:tag('tr') -- incompatible with the templates called :wikitext('\n|rank ||taxon name ') :wikitext('\n'.. autoTaxonomy ) -- autoTaxonomy ends with a new row (|-)at end :wikitext('\n|x ||y ') -- so add blank cells to complete extra row -- this and affects spacing in taxonomy rows --:wikitext('\n') -- spacing fine, newline for table wikitext --[[ note: the output of {{taxobox/showtaxon}} [used by invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxList] ends with a newline token this and affects spacing in taxonomy rows leaving the empty row results in spurious paragraphs above the table ]] return end ----------------------------------------MANUAL TAXONOMY-------------------------------- function p.addManualTaxonomy(frame,taxoboxTable, taxonRanks) --local parent = mw.getCurrentFrame():getParent() --local taxonRanks = data.taxonRanks -- following {{Paraphyletic group, a table is add to the cell in the classification row --local taxonomyTable = mw.html.create('table'):addClass('taxonomy') -- an alternative is to dispense with the extra table and just add the rows (like taxobox/core), -- which would need colspan=2 on other rows (DONE) local taxonomyTable = taxoboxTable local wikiText = "" for k,v in pairs(taxonRanks) do if templateArgs[v] then local taxonName = templateArgs[v] local taxonRank = frame:expandTemplate{ title = "anglicise rank", args = {taxonRanks[k]} } if v == 'infraspecies_rank1' and templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1_name'] then taxonRank = templateArgs['infraspecies_rank1_name'] elseif v == 'infraspecies_rank2' and templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2_name']then taxonRank = templateArgs['infraspecies_rank2_name'] elseif v == 'population' and templateArgs['population_rank_name']then taxonRank = templateArgs['population_rank_name'] end if taxonRanks[k] == "virus_group" then taxonName = frame:expandTemplate{ title = "Virus group", args = {templateArgs[v]} } -- taxonRank = "Group" -- handled by anglicise rank template end local authorityString = '' if templateArgs[taxonRanks[k]..'_authority'] then authorityString = '<br /><small>'..templateArgs[taxonRanks[k]..'_authority']..'</small>' end local taxonString = '<span class="'.. taxonRanks[k] ..'">'..taxonName..'</span>'..authorityString local row = taxonomyTable:tag('tr') row:tag('td'):wikitext(taxonRank..':') row:tag('td'):wikitext(taxonString) --:wikitext('<br /><small>'..parent.args[taxonRanks[k]..'_authority']..'</small>') wikiText = wikiText .. '\n|- \n|' .. taxonRank..': \n|' .. taxonString end end -- end for loop --return tostring(taxonomyTable) return wikiText end --[[ ########################### UTILITY FUNCTIONS ############################################### -----------------------------------------TAXOBOX COLOUR-------------------------------------- -- gets colour for headers using manual or automatic taxobox schemes ]] function p.getTaxoboxColor(frame) local colorAs = templateArgs['color_as'] or nil if info.auto and not templateArgs['virus_group'] then --[[(1) if color_as|colour_as|color as|colour as set, use template {{Taxobox colour|color_as}} (2) else use the auto taxonnomy tree to find colour: {{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxColour| }} {{#invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxColour|{{{parent|{{{genus|{{first word|{{{taxon|{{PAGENAME}} }} --]] --[[if (templateArgs['color_as'] and templateArgs['color_as'] ~= "") or (templateArgs['colour_as'] and templateArgs['colour_as'] ~= "") or (templateArgs['color as'] and templateArgs['color as'] ~= "") or (templateArgs['colour as'] and templateArgs['colour as'] ~= "") then local colorAs = "" if templateArgs['color_as'] then colorAs = templateArgs['color_as'] end if templateArgs['colour_as'] then colorAs = templateArgs['colour_as'] end if templateArgs['color as'] then colorAs = templateArgs['color as'] end if templateArgs['colour as'] then colorAs = templateArgs['colour as'] end]] if colorAs then -- templateArgs['color_as'] and templateArgs['color_as'] ~= "" then return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Taxobox colour', args = {colorAs} } else -- us #invoke:Autotaxobox|taxoboxColour|{{{parent}}} [parent should be set] frame.args[1] = templateArgs['parent'] return autotaxa.taxoboxColour(frame) --return "palegreen" end else -- use manual taxobox colours --{{Taxobox colour|{{{regnum|{{{virus_group|{{{unranked_phylum|{{{phylum|''[[Incertae sedis]]''}}}}}}}}}}}}}} if not colorAs then --templateArgs['color_as'] then local group ='' if templateArgs['regnum'] then group = templateArgs['regnum'] elseif templateArgs['virus_group'] then group = templateArgs['virus_group'] elseif templateArgs['unranked_phylum'] then group = templateArgs['unranked_phylum'] elseif templateArgs['phylum'] then group = templateArgs['phylum'] else group = "''[[Incertae sedis]]''" -- TODO check if this is what was desired end colorAs = group end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Taxobox colour', args = {colorAs} } end end ------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.templateStyle( frame, src ) return frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = src } ); end function p.firstToUpper(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end function p.test(frame) return info.auto end return p t0j1nukifzd9vnd9ea3rhxzvxxykee1 828 242845 1581730 2026-07-25T15:23:11Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'local params = {} --[[ list of aliases - no need to specify spaces for underscore as handled by getArg() ]] params.aliasMap = { ['fossil_range'] = 'temporal_range', -- switch? taxobox used temporal_range ['colour_as'] = 'color_as', ['included'] = 'includes', ['included_text'] = 'includes_text', ['included_ref'] = 'includes_ref', ['exc...' 1581730 Scribunto text/plain local params = {} --[[ list of aliases - no need to specify spaces for underscore as handled by getArg() ]] params.aliasMap = { ['fossil_range'] = 'temporal_range', -- switch? taxobox used temporal_range ['colour_as'] = 'color_as', ['included'] = 'includes', ['included_text'] = 'includes_text', ['included_ref'] = 'includes_ref', ['excluded'] = 'excludes', ['excluded_text'] = 'excludes_text', ['excluded_ref'] = 'excludes_ref', ['varietas'] = 'variety', } --[[ list of valid parameters used by calling templates automatictaxobox = params.validAutomatictaxobox, speciesbox = params.validSpeciesbox, subspeciesbox = params.validSubspeciesbox, infraspeciesbox = params.validInfraspecies NOTE: need to add to params.validList below ]] params.validList = { automatictaxobox = { 'taxon', 'edit link', 'edit_link', 'db', 'temporal_range', 'temporal range', 'fossil_range', 'fossil range', 'oldest fossil', 'oldest_fossil', 'youngest fossil', 'youngest_fossil', 'display parents', 'display_parents', 'authority', 'parent authority', 'parent_authority', 'grandparent authority', 'grandparent_authority', 'greatgrandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'name', 'italic name', 'italic_name', 'binomial', 'color_as', 'colour_as', 'color as', 'colour as', 'status', 'status system', 'status_system', 'status ref', 'status_ref', 'status2', 'status2 system', 'status2_system', 'status2 ref', 'status2_ref', 'trend', 'extinct', 'image', 'image_width', 'image width', 'image_upright', 'image upright', 'image alt', 'image_alt', 'image caption', 'image_caption', 'image caption align', 'image_caption_align', 'image2', 'image2 width', 'image2_width', 'image2_upright', 'image2 upright', 'image2 alt', 'image2_alt', 'image2 caption', 'image2_caption', 'classification status', 'classification_status', 'diversity', 'diversity ref', 'diversity_ref', 'diversity link', 'diversity_link', 'binomial authority', 'binomial_authority', 'trinomial', 'trinomial authority', 'trinomial_authority', 'type genus', 'type_genus', 'type genus authority', 'type_genus_authority', 'type species', 'type_species', 'type species authority', 'type_species_authority', 'subdivision', 'subdivision ranks', 'subdivision_ranks', 'type strain', 'type_strain', 'type strain ref', 'type_strain_ref', 'range map', 'range_map', 'range_map_upright', 'range map upright', 'range map width', 'range_map_width', 'range map alt', 'range_map_alt', 'range map caption', 'range_map_caption', 'binomial2', 'binomial2 authority', 'binomial2_authority', 'range map2', 'range_map2', 'range_map2_upright', 'range map2 upright', 'range map2 width', 'range_map2_width', 'range map2 alt', 'range_map2_alt', 'range map2 caption', 'range_map2_caption', 'binomial3', 'binomial3 authority', 'binomial3_authority', 'range map3', 'range_map3', 'range_map3_upright', 'range map3 upright', 'range map3 width', 'range_map3_width', 'range map3 alt', 'range_map3_alt', 'range map3 caption', 'range_map3_caption', 'binomial4', 'binomial4 authority', 'binomial4_authority', 'range map4', 'range_map4', 'range_map4_upright', 'range map4 upright', 'range map4 width', 'range_map4_width', 'range map4 alt', 'range_map4_alt', 'range map4 caption', 'range_map4_caption', 'synonyms ref', 'synonyms_ref', 'synonyms', }, speciesbox = { 'edit link', 'edit_link', 'db', 'subheader', 'fossil_range', 'fossil range', 'temporal_range', 'temporal range', 'oldest fossil', 'oldest_fossil', 'youngest fossil', 'youngest_fossil', 'parent', 'genus', 'taxon', 'display parents', 'display_parents', 'authority', 'binomial authority', 'binomial_authority', 'subgenus', 'subgenus_authority', 'parent authority', 'parent_authority', 'grandparent authority', 'grandparent_authority', 'greatgrandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'name', 'species', 'italic_title', 'italic title', 'color_as', 'colour_as', 'color as', 'colour as', 'status', 'status system', 'status_system', 'status ref', 'status_ref', 'status2', 'status2 system', 'status2_system', 'status2 ref', 'status2_ref', 'trend', 'image', 'image_upright', 'image upright', 'image_width', 'image width', 'image alt', 'image_alt', 'image caption', 'image_caption', 'image caption align', 'image_caption_align', 'image2', 'image2_upright', 'image2 upright', 'image2 width', 'image2_width', 'image2 alt', 'image2_alt', 'image2 caption', 'image2_caption', 'classification status', 'classification_status', 'diversity', 'diversity ref', 'diversity_ref', 'diversity link', 'diversity_link', 'extinct', 'trinomial', 'trinomial authority', 'trinomial_authority', 'subdivision', 'subdivision ranks', 'subdivision_ranks', 'type strain', 'type_strain', 'type strain ref', 'type_strain_ref', 'range map', 'range_map', 'range_map_upright', 'range map upright', 'range map width', 'range_map_width', 'range map alt', 'range_map_alt', 'range map caption', 'range_map_caption', 'binomial2', 'binomial2 authority', 'binomial2_authority', 'range map2', 'range_map2', 'range_map2_upright', 'range map2 upright', 'range map2 width', 'range_map2_width', 'range map2 alt', 'range_map2_alt', 'range map2 caption', 'range_map2_caption', 'binomial3', 'binomial3 authority', 'binomial3_authority', 'range map3', 'range_map3', 'range_map3_upright', 'range map3 upright', 'range map3 width', 'range_map3_width', 'range map3 alt', 'range_map3_alt', 'range map3 caption', 'range_map3_caption', 'binomial4', 'binomial4 authority', 'binomial4_authority', 'range map4', 'range_map4', 'range_map4_upright', 'range map4 upright', 'range map4 width', 'range_map4_width', 'range map4 alt', 'range_map4_alt', 'range map4 caption', 'range_map4_caption', 'synonyms ref', 'synonyms_ref', 'synonyms', 'infraspecies_rank1', 'infraspecies_rank1_name', 'infraspecies_rank1_abbrev', 'infraspecies_rank2', 'infraspecies_rank2_name', 'infraspecies_rank2_abbrev', 'population', }, subspeciesbox = { 'edit link', 'edit_link', 'db', 'subheader', 'fossil_range', 'fossil range', 'temporal_range', 'temporal range', 'oldest fossil', 'oldest_fossil', 'youngest fossil', 'youngest_fossil', 'genus', 'display parents', 'display_parents', 'parent_authority', 'parent authority', 'binomial authority', 'binomial_authority', 'subgenus', 'subgenus_authority', 'grandparent_authority', 'grandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'species', 'subspecies', 'name', 'color_as', 'colour_as', 'color as', 'colour as', 'status', 'status system', 'status_system', 'status ref', 'status_ref', 'status2', 'status2 system', 'status2_system', 'status2 ref', 'status2_ref', 'trend', 'image', 'image_width', 'image width', 'image_upright', 'image upright', 'image alt', 'image_alt', 'image caption', 'image_caption', 'image caption align', 'image_caption_align', 'image2', 'image2 width', 'image2_width', 'image2_upright', 'image2 upright', 'image2 alt', 'image2_alt', 'image2 caption', 'image2_caption', 'classification status', 'classification_status', 'diversity', 'diversity link', 'diversity_link', 'extinct', 'species extinct', 'species_extinct', 'species link', 'species_link', 'authority', 'trinomial authority', 'trinomial_authority', 'subdivision', 'subdivision ranks', 'subdivision_ranks', 'type strain', 'type_strain', 'type strain ref', 'type_strain_ref', 'range map', 'range_map', 'range_map_upright', 'range map upright', 'range map width', 'range_map_width', 'range map alt', 'range_map_alt', 'range map caption', 'range_map_caption', 'synonyms ref', 'synonyms_ref', 'synonyms', 'infraspecies_rank1', 'infraspecies_rank1_name', 'infraspecies_rank1_abbrev', 'infraspecies_rank2', 'infraspecies_rank2_name', 'infraspecies_rank2_abbrev', 'population', 'population_rank_name', 'population_rank_abbrev', }, infraspeciesbox = { 'edit link', 'edit_link', 'db', 'fossil_range', 'fossil range', 'temporal_range', 'temporal range', 'oldest fossil', 'oldest_fossil', 'youngest fossil', 'youngest_fossil', 'genus', 'display parents', 'display_parents', 'authority', 'trinomial authority', 'trinomial_authority', 'parent authority', 'parent_authority', 'binomial authority', 'binomial_authority', 'subgenus', 'subgenus_authority', 'grandparent_authority', 'grandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent authority', 'greatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent authority', 'greatgreatgreatgreatgrandparent_authority', 'color_as', 'colour_as', 'color as', 'colour as', 'status', 'status system', 'status_system', 'status ref', 'status_ref', 'status2', 'status2 system', 'status2_system', 'status2 ref', 'status2_ref', 'image', 'image_width', 'image width', 'image_upright', 'image upright', 'image alt', 'image_alt', 'image caption', 'image_caption', 'image caption align', 'image_caption_align', 'image2', 'image2 width', 'image2_width', 'image2_upright', 'image2 upright', 'image2 alt', 'image2_alt', 'image2 caption', 'image2_caption', 'classification status', 'classification_status', 'diversity', 'diversity link', 'diversity_link', 'species_link', 'species link', 'species', 'subspecies', 'variety', 'varietas', 'subspecies_link', 'trinomial', 'name', 'subdivision', 'subdivision ranks', 'subdivision_ranks', 'type strain', 'type_strain', 'type strain ref', 'type_strain_ref', 'range map', 'range_map', 'range_map_upright', 'range map upright', 'range map width', 'range_map_width', 'range map alt', 'range_map_alt', 'range map caption', 'range_map_caption', 'synonyms ref', 'synonyms_ref', 'synonyms', 'infraspecies_rank1', 'infraspecies_rank1_name', 'infraspecies_rank1_abbrev', 'infraspecies_rank2', 'infraspecies_rank2_name', 'infraspecies_rank2_abbrev', 'population', }, } -- list of params.validList2 = { automatictaxobox = params.validAutomatictaxobox, speciesbox = params.validSpeciesbox, subspeciesbox = params.validSubspeciesbox, infraspeciesbox = params.validInfraspeciesbox, } --[[ list of taxon ranks used by manual taxobox ]] params.taxonRanks = { "virus_group", "unranked_superdomain", "superdomain", "unranked_domain", "domain", "unranked_superregnum", "superregnum", "unranked_regnum", "regnum", "unranked_subregnum", "subregnum", "unranked_superdivisio", "superdivisio", "unranked_superphylum", "superphylum", "unranked_divisio", "divisio", "unranked_phylum", "phylum", "unranked_subdivisio", "subdivisio", "unranked_subphylum", "subphylum", "unranked_infraphylum", "infraphylum", "unranked_microphylum", "microphylum", "unranked_nanophylum", "nanophylum", "unranked_superclassis", "superclassis", "unranked_classis", "classis", "unranked_subclassis", "subclassis", "unranked_infraclassis", "infraclassis", "unranked_subterclassis", "subterclassis", "unranked_magnordo", "magnordo", "unranked_superordo", "superordo", "unranked_ordo", "ordo", "unranked_subordo", "subordo", "unranked_infraordo", "infraordo", "unranked_parvordo", "parvordo", "unranked_zoodivisio", "zoodivisio", "unranked_zoosectio", "zoosectio", "unranked_zoosubsectio", "zoosubsectio", "unranked_superfamilia", "superfamilia", "unranked_familia", "familia", "unranked_subfamilia", "subfamilia", "unranked_supertribus", "supertribus", "unranked_tribus", "tribus", "unranked_subtribus", "subtribus", "unranked_alliance", "alliance", "unranked_genus", "genus", "unranked_subgenus", "subgenus", "unranked_sectio", "sectio", "unranked_subsectio", "subsectio", "unranked_series", "series", "unranked_subseries", "subseries", "unranked_species_group", "species_group", "unranked_species_subgroup", "species_subgroup", "unranked_species_complex", "species_complex", "unranked_species", "species", "unranked_subspecies", "subspecies", "variety", "forma" } return params 54agr05ilgzgsgwnks6fa15ci8xn4oy 10 242846 1581733 2026-07-25T15:29:56Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '/* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; /* @noflip */ margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; } .infobox-header, .infobox-label, .infobox-above, .infobox-full-data, .infobox-data, .infobox-below, .infobox-subheader, .infobox-image, .infobox-navbar,...' 1581733 sanitized-css text/css /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; /* @noflip */ margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em; } .infobox-header, .infobox-label, .infobox-above, .infobox-full-data, .infobox-data, .infobox-below, .infobox-subheader, .infobox-image, .infobox-navbar, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox th, .infobox td { vertical-align: top; } .infobox-label, .infobox-data, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox th, .infobox td { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-above, .infobox .infobox-title, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox caption { font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; } .infobox-title, /* Remove element selector when every .infobox thing is using the standard module/templates */ .infobox caption { padding: 0.2em; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-header, .infobox .infobox-subheader, .infobox .infobox-image, .infobox .infobox-full-data, .infobox .infobox-below { text-align: center; } /* Remove .infobox when element selectors above are removed */ .infobox .infobox-navbar { /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } 1mdbhnwyj4etqpqjsb6viu68ajoltb2 0 242847 1581775 2026-07-25T18:20:17Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Kuanzisha makala 1581775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Abong'o Okello''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[19 Septemba]] [[1986]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kimataifa wa soka kutoka [[Kenya]] anayecheza kama [[Golikipa|kipa]] wa [[klabu]] ya Tusker. == Maisha ya Kitaaluma == Mzaliwa wa [[Nairobi]], Okello amewahi kucheza soka la klabu katika timu za Thika United, [[Sofapaka]] na Tusker.<ref name=":0">https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30884/David_Okello.html</ref> Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa akiwa na timu ya taifa ya Kenya mwaka [[2007]].<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Kenya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu wa Kenya]] hvbzjmq6gbry6zuygqql1utsionzlmo 0 242848 1581776 2026-07-25T18:44:51Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 Kuanzisha makala 1581776 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmy Okello''' ni daktari bingwa wa [[Uganda]] ambaye amebobea katika tiba ya [[moyo]] (interventional cardiology) na utafiti. Anahudumu kama Mkuu wa Idara ya Catheterization ya Moyo katika Taasisi ya Moyo ya Uganda (Uganda Heart Institute), taasisi ya [[serikali]] iliyoko Kampala inayobobea katika matibabu ya magonjwa ya moyo ya kuzaliwa nayo na yale yanayopatikana baadaye.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1436433/heart-disease-uganda-future</ref> Okello ana shauku maalum katika ugonjwa wa moyo wa baridi yabisi (Rheumatic Heart Disease – RHD), na ni miongoni mwa wataalamu wanaotambuliwa kuwa viongozi katika eneo hili la tiba ya moyo katika ukanda huu.<ref>https://thrive.or.ug/background-2/thrive-2-fellows/london-school-of-hygiene-and-tropical-medicine/dr-emmy-okello/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Okello alisajiliwa katika Shule ya Tiba ya [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Mbarara]] (Mbarara University School of Medicine) miaka ya [[1990]], ambapo alihitimu shahada ya Udaktari wa Tiba na Upasuaji (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery). Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Wuhan]] kilichopo [[Hubei|Hubei,]] [[China]] na kuhitimu shahada ya Uzamili ya Tiba katika Tiba ya Ndani (Internal Medicine). Mwaka [[2015]], alihitimu shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], chuo kikuu cha zamani zaidi na kikubwa zaidi cha umma nchini Uganda. Baadaye alifanya mafunzo ya mwaka mmoja ya utaalamu wa juu (fellowship) katika Tiba ya Moyo (Interventional Cardiology) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Case Western Reserve huko [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland, Ohio,]] [[Marekani]].<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmy-okello-909360ab</ref> Tasnifu yake ya uzamivu ilikuwa na kichwa '''"Mzigo, Visababishi vya Hatari na Matokeo ya Ugonjwa wa Moyo wa Baridi Yabisi nchini Uganda"''' (''Burden, Risk Factors And Outcome of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Uganda''). Utafiti wake umebaini kiwango kikubwa cha magonjwa na vifo, pamoja na mzigo mkubwa unaosababishwa na ugonjwa wa moyo wa baridi yabisi (RHD). Pia aligundua uwepo wa mwelekeo wa kijenetiki wa kupata RHD unaohusishwa na antijeni za binadamu za leukosaiti (HLA) za daraja la II za mfumo mkuu wa upatanifu wa tishu (MHC) hasa HLA DR–11. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Madaktari wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ghoo8h0skostmk3axllchssz3r32nt4 1581777 1581776 2026-07-25T18:46:02Z Gladys Gibbs 40388 1581777 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmy Okello''' (alizaliwa [[1977]]) ni daktari bingwa wa [[Uganda]] ambaye amebobea katika tiba ya [[moyo]] (interventional cardiology) na utafiti. Anahudumu kama Mkuu wa Idara ya Catheterization ya Moyo katika Taasisi ya Moyo ya Uganda (Uganda Heart Institute), taasisi ya [[serikali]] iliyoko Kampala inayobobea katika matibabu ya magonjwa ya moyo ya kuzaliwa nayo na yale yanayopatikana baadaye.<ref>https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1436433/heart-disease-uganda-future</ref> Okello ana shauku maalum katika ugonjwa wa moyo wa baridi yabisi (Rheumatic Heart Disease – RHD), na ni miongoni mwa wataalamu wanaotambuliwa kuwa viongozi katika eneo hili la tiba ya moyo katika ukanda huu.<ref>https://thrive.or.ug/background-2/thrive-2-fellows/london-school-of-hygiene-and-tropical-medicine/dr-emmy-okello/</ref> == Maisha ya awali na Elimu == Okello alisajiliwa katika Shule ya Tiba ya [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Mbarara]] (Mbarara University School of Medicine) miaka ya [[1990]], ambapo alihitimu shahada ya Udaktari wa Tiba na Upasuaji (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery). Aliendelea na masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Wuhan]] kilichopo [[Hubei|Hubei,]] [[China]] na kuhitimu shahada ya Uzamili ya Tiba katika Tiba ya Ndani (Internal Medicine). Mwaka [[2015]], alihitimu shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD) kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]], chuo kikuu cha zamani zaidi na kikubwa zaidi cha umma nchini Uganda. Baadaye alifanya mafunzo ya mwaka mmoja ya utaalamu wa juu (fellowship) katika Tiba ya Moyo (Interventional Cardiology) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Case Western Reserve huko [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland, Ohio,]] [[Marekani]].<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/emmy-okello-909360ab</ref> Tasnifu yake ya uzamivu ilikuwa na kichwa '''"Mzigo, Visababishi vya Hatari na Matokeo ya Ugonjwa wa Moyo wa Baridi Yabisi nchini Uganda"''' (''Burden, Risk Factors And Outcome of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Uganda''). Utafiti wake umebaini kiwango kikubwa cha magonjwa na vifo, pamoja na mzigo mkubwa unaosababishwa na ugonjwa wa moyo wa baridi yabisi (RHD). Pia aligundua uwepo wa mwelekeo wa kijenetiki wa kupata RHD unaohusishwa na antijeni za binadamu za leukosaiti (HLA) za daraja la II za mfumo mkuu wa upatanifu wa tishu (MHC) hasa HLA DR–11. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Madaktari wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] 1n9t2nbmtmlu1ln45knp4z3rz0y7gbb 0 242849 1581781 2026-07-25T20:18:13Z Godfavor22 83108 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Shanaelle Petty''' (aliyezaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1998]]) ni mwanamitindo mwenye asili ya Kikroeshia na Mmarekani mwenye taji la urembo ambaye alitawazwa kuwa Miss Universe Croatia 2017 na kuiwakilisha [[Kroatia]] katika shindano la Miss Universe 2017 ambapo alishika nafasi ya16. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dnevnik.hr/showbuzz/celebrity/miss-universe-shanaelle-petty-usla-u-top-16-na-svjetkom-izboru-pobijedila-juzna-afrika---497655.html|publisher=dne...' 1581781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shanaelle Petty''' (aliyezaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1998]]) ni mwanamitindo mwenye asili ya Kikroeshia na Mmarekani mwenye taji la urembo ambaye alitawazwa kuwa Miss Universe Croatia 2017 na kuiwakilisha [[Kroatia]] katika shindano la Miss Universe 2017 ambapo alishika nafasi ya16. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dnevnik.hr/showbuzz/celebrity/miss-universe-shanaelle-petty-usla-u-top-16-na-svjetkom-izboru-pobijedila-juzna-afrika---497655.html|publisher=dnevnik.hr|title=Veliki uspjeh naše ljepotice u Las Vegasu! Shanaelle pri samom vrhu najljepših|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Petty alizaliwa huko [[Bad Kreuznach]], Ujerumani kwa baba mwenye asili ya Afika na Marekani na mama Mkroatia. Alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Terry Sanford huko [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], na anazungumza [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], na [[Kikroatia|Kikroeshia]] kwa ufasaha. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.miss-universe-croatia.hr/default.aspx?id=2375|title=Shanaelle Petty|accessdate=29 April 2017|publisher=Miss Universe Croatia|language=Croatian}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thetech.com/2018/03/01/shanaelle-petty-miss-universe-croatia-class-of-2022|title=Miss Universe alumna, MIT prefrosh|accessdate=1 March 2018|publisher=The Tech|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo nchi kwa nchi]] hwmblom9xfqynqnsda7oibeofh7pb1v 1581869 1581781 2026-07-26T09:16:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1581869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shanaelle Petty''' (aliyezaliwa [[28 Februari]] [[1998]]) ni mwanamitindo mwenye asili ya Kikroeshia na Mmarekani mwenye taji la urembo ambaye alitawazwa kuwa Miss Universe Croatia 2017 na kuiwakilisha [[Kroatia]] katika shindano la Miss Universe 2017 ambapo alishika nafasi ya16. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dnevnik.hr/showbuzz/celebrity/miss-universe-shanaelle-petty-usla-u-top-16-na-svjetkom-izboru-pobijedila-juzna-afrika---497655.html|publisher=dnevnik.hr|title=Veliki uspjeh naše ljepotice u Las Vegasu! Shanaelle pri samom vrhu najljepših|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Petty alizaliwa huko [[Bad Kreuznach]], Ujerumani kwa baba mwenye asili ya Afika na Marekani na mama Mkroatia. Alihitimu kutoka Shule ya Upili ya Terry Sanford huko [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], na anazungumza [[Kiingereza]], [[Kihispania]], na [[Kikroatia|Kikroeshia]] kwa ufasaha. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.miss-universe-croatia.hr/default.aspx?id=2375|title=Shanaelle Petty|accessdate=29 April 2017|publisher=Miss Universe Croatia|language=Croatian|archive-date=2019-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120124217/http://miss-universe-croatia.hr/default.aspx?id=2375|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thetech.com/2018/03/01/shanaelle-petty-miss-universe-croatia-class-of-2022|title=Miss Universe alumna, MIT prefrosh|accessdate=1 March 2018|publisher=The Tech|language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo nchi kwa nchi]] h40od54n4m2or0qydvf1b7t64bhbuzm 0 242850 1581782 2026-07-25T20:31:08Z Godfavor22 83108 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Madwa-Nika Phanord-Cadet''', anajulikana zaidi kama '''Madwa-Nika Cadet''', ni mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]], ambaye alichaguliwa katika Bunge la Quebec katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Quebec wa [[2022]] . Anawakilisha upandaji wa Bourassa-Sauvé kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Liberal cha Quebec . <ref>David Beauchamp, [https://journalmetro.com/actualites/elections/2920201/nouvelle-candidate-meme-resultat-pour-bourassa-sauve/ "Nouvelle candidate, même résultat pour...' 1581782 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madwa-Nika Phanord-Cadet''', anajulikana zaidi kama '''Madwa-Nika Cadet''', ni mwanasiasa wa [[Kanada]], ambaye alichaguliwa katika Bunge la Quebec katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Quebec wa [[2022]] . Anawakilisha upandaji wa Bourassa-Sauvé kama mwanachama wa Chama cha Liberal cha Quebec . <ref>David Beauchamp, [https://journalmetro.com/actualites/elections/2920201/nouvelle-candidate-meme-resultat-pour-bourassa-sauve/ "Nouvelle candidate, même résultat pour Bourassa-Sauvé"]. ''[[Métro (Montreal newspaper)|Métro]]'', October 3, 2022.</ref> Kufikia [[7 Septemba|Septemba 7]], [[2024]], alikuwa mkosoaji wa Ajira, Kazi, Vijana, na Lugha ya Kifaransa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Madwa-Nika Cadet - National Assembly of Québec|url=https://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/cadet-madwa-nika-19261/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628192437/https://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/cadet-madwa-nika-19261/index.html|archivedate=2025-06-28|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=www.assnat.qc.ca|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kanada]] d0jx2ai6bpe4qmmsgvhrrqy116aeq8b 0 242851 1581783 2026-07-25T20:39:18Z Godfavor22 83108 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Angeline Tetteh-Wayoe''' ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] wa [[Kanada]], kufikia [[Oktoba]] [[2016]] alikuwa ni mtangazaji kwenye mtandao wa CBC Music. <ref>"Emmy winner joins CBC's fifth estate". ''[[Toronto Star]]'', September 23, 2016.</ref>Tetteh-Wayoe alikuwa mtangazaji wa [[Tuzo]] za Juno za 2021. <ref>David Friend, [https://www.timescolonist.com/the-weeknd-leads-winners-at-historic-pre-telecast-junos-with-three-awards-1.24327139 "The Weeknd leads...' 1581783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angeline Tetteh-Wayoe''' ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] wa [[Kanada]], kufikia [[Oktoba]] [[2016]] alikuwa ni mtangazaji kwenye mtandao wa CBC Music. <ref>"Emmy winner joins CBC's fifth estate". ''[[Toronto Star]]'', September 23, 2016.</ref>Tetteh-Wayoe alikuwa mtangazaji wa [[Tuzo]] za Juno za 2021. <ref>David Friend, [https://www.timescolonist.com/the-weeknd-leads-winners-at-historic-pre-telecast-junos-with-three-awards-1.24327139 "The Weeknd leads winners at historic pre-telecast Junos with three awards"]. ''[[Victoria Times-Colonist]]'', June 4, 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 3s51a6ezeh06oe1ggkuc5vgcs7gmhei 0 242852 1581784 2026-07-25T20:47:13Z Godfavor22 83108 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anna Louise James''' ([[19 Januari|Januari 19]], [[1886]] - [[1977]]) alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika Mmarekani [[Daktari wa dawa|mfamasia]] huko Connecticut. Aliendesha Duka la Dawa la James huko Old Saybrook, Connecticut, kwa miaka hamsini.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-12|title=Miss James, First Woman Pharmacist in CT Right in Old Saybrook|url=https://connecticuthistory.org/miss-james-first-woman-pharmacist-in-ct-right-in-old-saybrook...' 1581784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Louise James''' ([[19 Januari|Januari 19]], [[1886]] - [[1977]]) alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwafrika Mmarekani [[Daktari wa dawa|mfamasia]] huko Connecticut. Aliendesha Duka la Dawa la James huko Old Saybrook, Connecticut, kwa miaka hamsini.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-03-12|title=Miss James, First Woman Pharmacist in CT Right in Old Saybrook|url=https://connecticuthistory.org/miss-james-first-woman-pharmacist-in-ct-right-in-old-saybrook/|accessdate=2020-08-13|work=Connecticut History {{!}} a CTHumanities Project|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=African American Connecticut explored|others=Normen, Elizabeth J.|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8195-7400-8|location=Middletown, Connecticut|oclc=872273282}}</ref>Anna Louise James alizaliwa Januari 19, 1886, huko '''[[Hartford, Connecticut]].''' == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1886]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]] lkyz87r3mpyhoh1bljtx5ndoma29i98 0 242853 1581785 2026-07-25T20:50:16Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ad-hoc earth oven in Zhuhai dllu.jpg|thumb|Jiko la ardhini]] [[Faili:Preparing Hawaiian imu, to cook pig overnight, on Oahu, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Maandalizi ya jiko la jadi la ardhini la Kihawaii (''imu'') kwa ajili ya kupika nguruwe ]] '''Jiko la ardhini''' , ambalo pia hujulikana kama '''Tanuri la ardhini''' au '''shimo la kupikia''', ni mojawapo ya miundo rahisi na ya kale zaidi ya kupikia. Tanuri la kwanza la ardhini linalojulikana kugunduliwa lilipatikana [[Ulaya]] ya [[Kati]] na linakadiriwa kuwa la [[mwaka]] 29,000<ref>{{Citation|title=Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31085915|work=NBC News|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (Kabla ya [[Kristo]]). Kwa muundo wake wa msingi kabisa, tanuri la ardhini ni [[shimo]] linalochimbwa ardhini na kutumiwa kuhifadhi [[joto]] kwa ajili ya kuoka, kuvukiza [[moshi]], au kupika [[chakula]] kwa [[mvuke]]. Tanuri za ardhini zimetumika katika maeneo na [[tamaduni]] nyingi [[duniani]] tangu nyakati za kale. Kwa wanaakiolojia, uwepo wa mashimo haya ya kupikia ni mojawapo ya viashiria muhimu vya [[makazi]] ya [[binadamu]] wa kale, hivyo huyatafuta mara kwa mara wanapofanya [[uchunguzi]] wa [[akiolojia]]. Hadi leo, tanuri za ardhini bado ni njia ya kawaida ya kupika kiasi kikubwa cha chakula katika maeneo ambayo vifaa vya kisasa vya kupikia havipatikani. Mbinu hii ya kupikia imetumika katika [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali duniani na inaendelea kutumika kwa wingi, hasa katika eneo la [[Pasifiki]]. == Asia == Nchini [[China]], vyakula kama [[kuku]] vilipikwa awali kwa kutumia tanuri za ardhini. Kulingana na simulizi za jadi, mvumbuzi wa [[mbinu]] hiyo alichimba shimo ardhini, akawasha moto, kisha akamzika kuku ndani ya shimo hilo ili aive. Jamii ya Wahakka nchini China wanaoishi katika [[nyumba]] za jadi zinazoitwa tulou pia wamejulikana kutumia tanuri za ardhini kupikia chakula.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is an Imu? - Hawaii Luaus™|url=https://luaus.org/blog/luau-terminology-what-is-an-imu/|date=2019-01-15|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] 8w1g4i4velfy9zzccjeuskaitzhvq7z 1581821 1581785 2026-07-26T04:24:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ad-hoc earth oven in Zhuhai dllu.jpg|thumb|Jiko la ardhini]] [[Faili:Preparing Hawaiian imu, to cook pig overnight, on Oahu, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Maandalizi ya jiko la jadi la ardhini la Kihawaii (''imu'') kwa ajili ya kupika nguruwe ]] '''Jiko la ardhini''' , ambalo pia hujulikana kama '''Tanuri la ardhini''' au '''shimo la kupikia''', ni mojawapo ya miundo rahisi na ya kale zaidi ya kupikia. Tanuri la kwanza la ardhini linalojulikana kugunduliwa lilipatikana [[Ulaya]] ya [[Kati]] na linakadiriwa kuwa la [[mwaka]] 29,000<ref>{{Citation|title=Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31085915|work=NBC News|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> (Kabla ya [[Kristo]]). Kwa muundo wake wa msingi kabisa, tanuri la ardhini ni [[shimo]] linalochimbwa ardhini na kutumiwa kuhifadhi [[joto]] kwa ajili ya kuoka, kuvukiza [[moshi]], au kupika [[chakula]] kwa [[mvuke]]. Tanuri za ardhini zimetumika katika maeneo na [[tamaduni]] nyingi [[duniani]] tangu nyakati za kale. Kwa wanaakiolojia, uwepo wa mashimo haya ya kupikia ni mojawapo ya viashiria muhimu vya [[makazi]] ya [[binadamu]] wa kale, hivyo huyatafuta mara kwa mara wanapofanya [[uchunguzi]] wa [[akiolojia]]. Hadi leo, tanuri za ardhini bado ni njia ya kawaida ya kupika kiasi kikubwa cha chakula katika maeneo ambayo vifaa vya kisasa vya kupikia havipatikani. Mbinu hii ya kupikia imetumika katika [[ustaarabu]] mbalimbali duniani na inaendelea kutumika kwa wingi, hasa katika eneo la [[Pasifiki]]. == Asia == Nchini [[China]], vyakula kama [[kuku]] vilipikwa awali kwa kutumia tanuri za ardhini. Kulingana na simulizi za jadi, mvumbuzi wa [[mbinu]] hiyo alichimba shimo ardhini, akawasha moto, kisha akamzika kuku ndani ya shimo hilo ili aive. Jamii ya Wahakka nchini China wanaoishi katika [[nyumba]] za jadi zinazoitwa tulou pia wamejulikana kutumia tanuri za ardhini kupikia chakula.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What Is an Imu? - Hawaii Luaus™|url=https://luaus.org/blog/luau-terminology-what-is-an-imu/|date=2019-01-15|accessdate=2026-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mbegu]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] ldjk1rorxknsk06waldlvvbef4os9n3 0 242854 1581786 2026-07-25T20:57:39Z Godfavor22 83108 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Viviane Porto Silva''' (alizaliwa [[2 Januari|Januari 2]], [[1981]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Brazil]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa densi. <ref name="RV">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Viviane Porto|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1099452/|work=IMDb}}</ref> Kuonekana kwake kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye TV ilikuwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji wa kipindi cha mchezo cha Fantasia, kuanzia [[1997]] hadi [[1999]]. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], aliigiza kama msusi nywele Cilene huko Bab...' 1581786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Viviane Porto Silva''' (alizaliwa [[2 Januari|Januari 2]], [[1981]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Brazil]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa densi. <ref name="RV">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Viviane Porto|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1099452/|work=IMDb}}</ref> Kuonekana kwake kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye TV ilikuwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji wa kipindi cha mchezo cha Fantasia, kuanzia [[1997]] hadi [[1999]]. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], aliigiza kama msusi nywele Cilene huko Babilonia, [[televisheni]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://kogut.oglobo.globo.com/noticias-da-tv/noticia/2015/05/no-ar-em-babilonia-ex-fantasia-fala-de-volta-novelas-apos-12-anos-e-de-temporada-na-europa.html|title=No ar em 'Babilônia', ex-'Fantasia' fala de volta às novelas após 12 anos e de temporada na Europa|date=20 May 2015|publisher=globo.com|language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji]] r4lpf5z364fg8x6zmqtv03atiy9pyyh 1581828 1581786 2026-07-26T06:27:31Z Justine Msechu 45962 1581828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Viviane Porto Silva''' (alizaliwa [[2 Januari|Januari 2]], [[1981]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Brazil]] na [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa densi. <ref name="RV">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Viviane Porto|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1099452/|work=IMDb}}</ref> Alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye TV na kwa mda mwaka mmoja wa uchezaji katika kipindi cha mchezo cha Fantasia, kuanzia [[1997]] hadi [[1999]]. Mnamo mwaka wa [[2015]], aliigiza kama msusi wa nywele Cilene huko Babilonia, [[televisheni]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://kogut.oglobo.globo.com/noticias-da-tv/noticia/2015/05/no-ar-em-babilonia-ex-fantasia-fala-de-volta-novelas-apos-12-anos-e-de-temporada-na-europa.html|title=No ar em 'Babilônia', ex-'Fantasia' fala de volta às novelas após 12 anos e de temporada na Europa|date=20 May 2015|publisher=globo.com|language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji Filamu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji]] gkuooqovh60nwnhkgfzk27977o01p3j 0 242855 1581824 2026-07-26T06:15:45Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jonas''' ni jina la kawaida la kiume katika [[nchi]] nyingi za ulimwengu wa [[Magharibi]] na [[Kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Afrika]]. Hutumika hasa kama jina la [[kwanza]], lakini pia hupatikana kama jina la ukoo. Jina hili ni maarufu sana nchini [[Ujerumani]], [[Israeli]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Uholanzi]], na nchi za [[Skandinavia]]. Pia ndilo jina linalotumiwa zaidi nchini [[Lithuania]]. Hata hivyo, nchini Lithuania jina Jonas limetokana na jina la [[Kiebrania]] Yohanan''')''' == Etimolojia == Jina '''Jonas''' [[mara]] nyingi linawakilisha [[neno]] la [[Kiebrania]] '''(Yōnā)''' lenye maana ya "hua", ambalo ni jina la watu kadhaa wanaotajwa katika [[Biblia]]. Umbo la jina Jonah limetokana moja kwa moja na Kiebrania, ilhali umbo Jonas (lenye herufi '''s''' mwishoni) lilipatikana kupitia [[lugha]] ya [[Kigiriki]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ordnet.dk/dnl/ordbog/Jonas|work=ordnet.dk|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Aina za jina la kiume == * '''Giona''' — [[Kiitaliano]] * '''Jonàs''' — [[Kikatalani]] * '''Jona''' — Kikroeshia * '''Jonáš''' — [[Kicheki]] * '''Jonah''' — [[Kiingereza]] * '''Jonas''' — Kijerumani, [[Kiswidi]], [[Kiholanzi]], [[Kilithuania]] na [[Kireno]] * '''Jónás''' — [[Kihungaria]] * '''Jónas''' — Kiaislandi * '''Joona''' — [[Kifini]] * '''Joonas''' — [[Kifini]] * '''Junis''' — [[Kikazakhi]] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Ujerumani]] fakll4urwz3alkxzzaj1kggrcatbavw 1581886 1581824 2026-07-26T10:07:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jonas''' ni jina la kawaida la kiume katika [[nchi]] nyingi za ulimwengu wa [[Magharibi]] na [[Kaskazini]] [[mashariki]] mwa [[Afrika]]. Hutumika hasa kama jina la [[kwanza]], lakini pia hupatikana kama jina la ukoo. Jina hili ni maarufu sana nchini [[Ujerumani]], [[Israeli]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Uholanzi]], na nchi za [[Skandinavia]]. Pia ndilo jina linalotumiwa zaidi nchini [[Lithuania]]. Hata hivyo, nchini Lithuania jina Jonas limetokana na jina la [[Kiebrania]] Yohanan''')''' == Etimolojia == Jina '''Jonas''' [[mara]] nyingi linawakilisha [[neno]] la [[Kiebrania]] '''(Yōnā)''' lenye maana ya "hua", ambalo ni jina la watu kadhaa wanaotajwa katika [[Biblia]]. Umbo la jina Jonah limetokana moja kwa moja na Kiebrania, ilhali umbo Jonas (lenye herufi '''s''' mwishoni) lilipatikana kupitia [[lugha]] ya [[Kigiriki]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ordnet.dk/dnl/ordbog/Jonas|work=ordnet.dk|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Aina za jina la kiume == * '''Giona''' — [[Kiitaliano]] * '''Jonàs''' — [[Kikatalani]] * '''Jona''' — Kikroeshia * '''Jonáš''' — [[Kicheki]] * '''Jonah''' — [[Kiingereza]] * '''Jonas''' — Kijerumani, [[Kiswidi]], [[Kiholanzi]], [[Kilithuania]] na [[Kireno]] * '''Jónás''' — [[Kihungaria]] * '''Jónas''' — Kiaislandi * '''Joona''' — [[Kifini]] * '''Joonas''' — [[Kifini]] * '''Junis''' — [[Kikazakhi]] == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Majina]] [[Jamii:Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] [[Jamii:Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Ujerumani]] 0fkawg19579yqm7kvri6mdgxhco5chm 0 242856 1581829 2026-07-26T06:57:14Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Shrimp curry on plate.jpg|thumb|Kari ya kamba]] '''Kari ya kamba''' (kwa Kireno: '''caril de camarão'''; kwa Kiindonesia: '''gulai udang''' au '''kari udang'''), ambayo pia hujulikana kama kari ya prawni, ni aina ya [[chakula]] cha kari kinachotengenezwa kwa kutumia [[kamba]]. Ni mlo wa kawaida katika [[mapishi]] ya [[jadi]] ya [[Myanmar]] (Burma), [[Indonesia]], hasa katika maeneo ya Aceh na Sumatra [[Magharibi]], [[mapishi]] ya [[Uhindi]] nchini [[India]], hasa [[jimbo]] la [[Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/recipes/goan-prawn-curry-recipe-by-chef-anil-bhatt/|work=www.lifestyleasia.com|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref>, pamoja na [[Ureno]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Authentic Goan Cooking in Mouraria|url=https://culinarybackstreets.com/stories/lisbon/tentacoes-de-goa|work=Culinary Backstreets|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en|author=Francesca Savoldi}}</ref>, [[Msumbiji]] (Mozambique) na [[Thailand]], hasa katika [[eneo]] la Phuket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goan prawn & coconut curry with cumin rice recipe {{!}} Good Food|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/goan-prawn-coconut-curry-cumin-rice|work=www.bbcgoodfood.com|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en|author=Sara Buenfeld}}</ref> Kama jina lake linavyoonyesha, hiki ni chakula kinachotayarishwa kwa kutumia [[kamba]] (ambazo katika baadhi ya maeneo pia huitwa prawni). Kwa kawaida hupikwa katika mchuzi mzito wenye [[rangi]] ya [[njano]]. Viungo vinavyotumika ni pamoja na [[nazi]] iliyokunwa, manjano, [[bizari]], giligilani, [[pilipili]], [[kitunguu]], kitunguu [[saumu]], [[ukwaju]], siki, [[sukari]] na [[chumvi]]. Mara nyingi hutolewa pamoja na [[wali]] mweupe. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mapishi]] [[Jamii:Mapishi ya Kihindi]] [[Jamii:Indonesia]] [[Jamii:Ureno]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] 2ql2y0jw1iskh7z5t62qy65glgphj1z 1581888 1581829 2026-07-26T10:14:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1581888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Shrimp curry on plate.jpg|thumb|Kari ya kamba]] '''Kari ya kamba''' (kwa Kireno: '''caril de camarão'''; kwa Kiindonesia: '''gulai udang''' au '''kari udang'''), ambayo pia hujulikana kama kari ya prawni, ni aina ya [[chakula]] cha kari kinachotengenezwa kwa kutumia [[kamba]]. Ni mlo wa kawaida katika [[mapishi]] ya [[jadi]] ya [[Myanmar]] (Burma), [[Indonesia]], hasa katika maeneo ya Aceh na Sumatra [[Magharibi]], [[mapishi]] ya [[Uhindi]] nchini [[India]], hasa [[jimbo]] la [[Goa]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/recipes/goan-prawn-curry-recipe-by-chef-anil-bhatt/|work=www.lifestyleasia.com|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref>, pamoja na [[Ureno]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Authentic Goan Cooking in Mouraria|url=https://culinarybackstreets.com/stories/lisbon/tentacoes-de-goa|work=Culinary Backstreets|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en|author=Francesca Savoldi}}</ref>, [[Msumbiji]] (Mozambique) na [[Thailand]], hasa katika [[eneo]] la Phuket.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goan prawn & coconut curry with cumin rice recipe {{!}} Good Food|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/goan-prawn-coconut-curry-cumin-rice|work=www.bbcgoodfood.com|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en|author=Sara Buenfeld}}</ref> Kama jina lake linavyoonyesha, hiki ni chakula kinachotayarishwa kwa kutumia [[kamba]] (ambazo katika baadhi ya maeneo pia huitwa prawni). Kwa kawaida hupikwa katika mchuzi mzito wenye [[rangi]] ya [[njano]]. Viungo vinavyotumika ni pamoja na [[nazi]] iliyokunwa, manjano, [[bizari]], giligilani, [[pilipili]], [[kitunguu]], kitunguu [[saumu]], [[ukwaju]], siki, [[sukari]] na [[chumvi]]. Mara nyingi hutolewa pamoja na [[wali]] mweupe. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mapishi]] [[Jamii:Mapishi ya Kihindi]] [[Jamii:Indonesia]] [[Jamii:Ureno]] [[Jamii:Chakula]] ovs0qvn39ay8vjbc7yl3qnxu1h2njal 0 242857 1581845 2026-07-26T07:57:05Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|jina=King Solomon's Mines|kurasa=320|lugha=Kingereza|nchi=Mwingereza|mchapishaji=[[Cassell ]]|mwandishi=H. Rider Haggard}} [[Faili:King Solomon's Mines comic cover.jpg|thumb|''King Solomon's Mines'']] '''King Solomon's Mines''' ni [[riwaya]] maarufu ya [[mwaka]] '''[[1885]]''' iliyoandikwa na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Kiingereza]], H. Rider Haggard, ambaye alijulikana kwa kuandika [[hadithi]] za matukio na simulizi za kubuni. Riwaya hiyo ilichapishwa na [[Kampuni]] ya Cassell. Hadithi hii inasimulia [[safari]] ya msafara wa wavumbuzi unaoongozwa na [[Allan Quatermain]], ambao unasafiri kupitia [[eneo]] lisilokuwa limechunguzwa barani [[Afrika]] wakimtafuta ndugu aliyepotea wa mmoja wa washiriki wa msafara huo. Mfalme Solomon's Mines ni miongoni mwa riwaya za [[kwanza]] za Kiingereza za matukio zilizowekwa katika [[mazingira]] ya Afrika na inachukuliwa kuwa ndiyo iliyoanzisha aina ya [[fasihi]] inayojulikana kama hadithi za ulimwengu uliopotea . Pia ndiyo riwaya ya kwanza kati ya riwaya [[14]] na hadithi fupi '''[[4]]''' ambazo H. Rider Haggard aliandika kuhusu mhusika Allan Quatermain. == Usuli == [[Kitabu]] hiki kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1885]] huku kikitangazwa kwa [[kampeni]] kubwa ya matangazo. Mabango na matangazo makubwa yalibandikwa sehemu mbalimbali za [[jiji]] la [[London]] yakitangaza kuwa "Kitabu cha Kushangaza Zaidi Kuliko Vyote Kilichowahi Kuandikwa." Mara tu baada ya kuchapishwa, kilikuwa miongoni mwa [[vitabu]] vilivyouzwa kwa wingi zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=King Solomon’s Mines {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/king-solomons-mines#:~:text=Haggard%20won%20the,Katz,%20p.%201).|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/reality-check-king-solomons-mines-right-era-wrong-kingdom-8C11073742|work=NBC News|date=2013-09-05|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Vitabu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Uingereza]] eyea6srn7ptcd2zpjp6wpsapaw5x54c 1581889 1581845 2026-07-26T10:29:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|jina=King Solomon's Mines|kurasa=320|lugha=Kingereza|nchi=Mwingereza|mchapishaji=[[Cassell ]]|mwandishi=H. Rider Haggard}} [[Faili:King Solomon's Mines comic cover.jpg|thumb|''King Solomon's Mines'']] '''King Solomon's Mines''' ni [[riwaya]] maarufu ya [[mwaka]] '''[[1885]]''' iliyoandikwa na [[mwandishi]] wa [[Kiingereza]], H. Rider Haggard, ambaye alijulikana kwa kuandika [[hadithi]] za matukio na simulizi za kubuni. Riwaya hiyo ilichapishwa na [[Kampuni]] ya Cassell. Hadithi hii inasimulia [[safari]] ya msafara wa wavumbuzi unaoongozwa na [[Allan Quatermain]], ambao unasafiri kupitia [[eneo]] lisilokuwa limechunguzwa barani [[Afrika]] wakimtafuta ndugu aliyepotea wa mmoja wa washiriki wa msafara huo. Mfalme Solomon's Mines ni miongoni mwa riwaya za [[kwanza]] za Kiingereza za matukio zilizowekwa katika [[mazingira]] ya Afrika na inachukuliwa kuwa ndiyo iliyoanzisha aina ya [[fasihi]] inayojulikana kama hadithi za ulimwengu uliopotea . Pia ndiyo riwaya ya kwanza kati ya riwaya [[14]] na hadithi fupi '''[[4]]''' ambazo H. Rider Haggard aliandika kuhusu mhusika Allan Quatermain. == Usuli == [[Kitabu]] hiki kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1885]] huku kikitangazwa kwa [[kampeni]] kubwa ya matangazo. Mabango na matangazo makubwa yalibandikwa sehemu mbalimbali za [[jiji]] la [[London]] yakitangaza kuwa "Kitabu cha Kushangaza Zaidi Kuliko Vyote Kilichowahi Kuandikwa." Mara tu baada ya kuchapishwa, kilikuwa miongoni mwa [[vitabu]] vilivyouzwa kwa wingi zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=King Solomon’s Mines {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/king-solomons-mines#:~:text=Haggard%20won%20the,Katz,%20p.%201).|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/reality-check-king-solomons-mines-right-era-wrong-kingdom-8C11073742|work=NBC News|date=2013-09-05|accessdate=2026-07-26|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-kitabu}} [[Jamii:Vitabu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Uingereza]] 0hng50gjgfap4lcwuoqt4yv3zohsn9d 0 242858 1581854 2026-07-26T08:04:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Bread fruit]] hadi [[Shelisheli (tunda)]]: jina la Kiswahili 1581854 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shelisheli (tunda)]] 718wtizh4di9310pqlja9my6fg7qpw6 0 242859 1581864 2026-07-26T08:40:52Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sierra Leone Koindu dance.jpg|thumb|Muziki wa Sierra Leone]] '''Muziki wa Sierra Leone''' ni mchanganyiko wa [[muziki]] wa [[asili]] wa wenyeji pamoja na mitindo ya muziki iliyoathiriwa na [[tamaduni]] za [[Ufaransa]], [[Uingereza]], na [[jamii]] ya Wakrioli. Mojawapo ya [[mitindo]] inayowakilisha muziki wa [[Sierra Leone]], ambao huchezwa kwa kutumia [[gitaa]] la akustik'''i''' likiambatana na ala za midundo. Mtindo huu pia unapatikana katika nchi nyingi zilizo kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika]] [[Magharibi]]. Kama ilivyo kwa nchi nyingi za Afrika Magharibi, Sierra Leone imekumbatia pia [[mitindo]] ya kisasa ya muziki kama vile [[rap]], [[reggae]], [[dancehall]], [[R&B]] na grime. == Muziki wa jadi == Kundi kubwa zaidi la kikabila nchini Sierra Leone ni Watemne, wanaozungumza [[lugha]] za [[familia]] ya Mel, ambao [[mwaka]] [[2009]] walikuwa wakifanya takriban asilimia [[35]] ya idadi ya watu. Wanafuatiwa na Wamende, wanaounda asilimia [[31]] ya wakazi, pamoja na Wamandingo wanaounda asilimia [[2]]. Tamaduni za muziki za Wamende zina uhusiano wa karibu na zile za [[jamii]] za Wamende katika nchi jirani. [[Makundi]] mengine ya kikabila yaliyorekodiwa ni Walimba (asilimia [[8]]), Wakono (asilimia [[5]]), Waloko (asilimia 2) na Wakrioli wa Sierra Leone (asilimia 2), huku asilimia [[15]] ya wakazi wakiorodheshwa katika kundi la "wengine." [[Vita]] na migogoro ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe iliyotokea katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Afrika Magharibi imesababisha kupungua kwa [[idadi]] na uwepo wa wasanii wa muziki wa jadi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo|title=World music : the rough guide|last=Broughton|first=Simon|date=1999|publisher=London : Rough Guides|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-85828-635-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone: Afropop Country -- West Africa, palm wine|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/19/Sierra%20Leone|work=www.afropop.org|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] eqyiit0kvcxi84xlex4uj37jp2y0tl1 1581898 1581864 2026-07-26T11:46:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1581898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Sierra Leone Koindu dance.jpg|thumb|Muziki wa Sierra Leone]] '''Muziki wa Sierra Leone''' ni mchanganyiko wa [[muziki]] wa [[asili]] wa wenyeji pamoja na mitindo ya muziki iliyoathiriwa na [[tamaduni]] za [[Ufaransa]], [[Uingereza]], na [[jamii]] ya Wakrioli. Mojawapo ya [[mitindo]] inayowakilisha muziki wa [[Sierra Leone]], ambao huchezwa kwa kutumia [[gitaa]] la akustik'''i''' likiambatana na ala za midundo. Mtindo huu pia unapatikana katika nchi nyingi zilizo kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika]] [[Magharibi]]. Kama ilivyo kwa nchi nyingi za Afrika Magharibi, Sierra Leone imekumbatia pia [[mitindo]] ya kisasa ya muziki kama vile [[rap]], [[reggae]], [[dancehall]], [[R&B]] na grime. == Muziki wa jadi == Kundi kubwa zaidi la kikabila nchini Sierra Leone ni Watemne, wanaozungumza [[lugha]] za [[familia]] ya Mel, ambao [[mwaka]] [[2009]] walikuwa wakifanya takriban asilimia [[35]] ya idadi ya watu. Wanafuatiwa na Wamende, wanaounda asilimia [[31]] ya wakazi, pamoja na Wamandingo wanaounda asilimia [[2]]. Tamaduni za muziki za Wamende zina uhusiano wa karibu na zile za [[jamii]] za Wamende katika nchi jirani. [[Makundi]] mengine ya kikabila yaliyorekodiwa ni Walimba (asilimia [[8]]), Wakono (asilimia [[5]]), Waloko (asilimia 2) na Wakrioli wa Sierra Leone (asilimia 2), huku asilimia [[15]] ya wakazi wakiorodheshwa katika kundi la "wengine." [[Vita]] na migogoro ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe iliyotokea katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Afrika Magharibi imesababisha kupungua kwa [[idadi]] na uwepo wa wasanii wa muziki wa jadi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo|title=World music : the rough guide|last=Broughton|first=Simon|date=1999|publisher=London : Rough Guides|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-85828-635-8}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sierra Leone: Afropop Country -- West Africa, palm wine|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/19/Sierra%20Leone|work=www.afropop.org|accessdate=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Sierra Leone]] [[Jamii:Afrika]] 4pztt1zvdraw2qntwwogkvkefkqapb0 0 242860 1581867 2026-07-26T09:05:34Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Wooden Darabukkeh, Earthen Darabukkeh (Lane (1836), 2010, pp. 363).jpg|thumb|Ngoma ya kikombe]] [[Faili:Djembe 2 20231001.jpg|thumb|Ngoma ya kikombe]] '''Ngoma ya kikombe''' ni aina ya [[ngoma]] yenye [[ngozi]] moja yenye [[mwili]] wenye [[umbo]] la [[kikombe]]. Ngoma hii hutumika zaidi katika [[muziki]] wa jadi wa [[Afrika]] [[Kaskazini]] na [[Mashariki]] ya Kati. Pia hupatikana katika muziki wa [[jadi]] wa [[Asia]] [[Kusini]] na [[Ulaya]] Mashariki. Ngoma za Afrika Magharibi kama djembe na bougarabou pia ni aina ya ngoma zenye umbo la kikombe. == Historia == Ngoma za kikombe zimekuwepo kwa maelfu ya [[miaka]] na zilitumiwa katika tamaduni za Mesopotamia na [[Misri]] ya Kale. Pia zilionekana katika maeneo ya Babilonia na Sumeri tangu takriban [[mwaka]] [[1100]] KK (Kabla ya Kristo). Katika [[kisiwa]] cha [[Sulawesi]], ngoma kubwa zenye umbo la kikombe hutumiwa kama ala za [[ibada]] kwenye mahekalu na huwekwa chini wakati wa kupigwa, jambo ambalo linaweza kuonyesha matumizi ya kale ya aina hii ya ngoma. Asili ya neno Darbuka inatokana na neno la lahaja ya [[Kiarabu]] cha vijijini nchini Misri, ambapo neno "darb" lenye maana ya "kupiga" lilibadilishwa na kuwa "darbuka"<ref>{{Citation|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|date=2026-05-08|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians&oldid=1353114042|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Ngoma]] [[Jamii:Misri]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] q5d51uv1r52n7cll9a3m5skgw8cw60n 0 242861 1581871 2026-07-26T09:46:44Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1581871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Niger, Toubou people at Koulélé (18).jpg|thumb|Muziki wa Niger]] '''Muziki wa Niger''' umeendelea kutokana na [[mila]] za [[muziki]] za mchanganyiko wa [[makundi]] mbalimbali ya kikabila, yakiwemo Wahausa, Wazarma–Wasonghai, Watuareg, Wafula, Wakanuri, Watoubou, [[Waarabu]] wa Diffa na Wagurma, pamoja na Waboudouma wanaoishi karibu na [[Ziwa]] [[Chad]]. Mitindo mingi ya muziki wa makundi haya yaliendelea kuwepo kwa kujitegemea katika [[eneo]] la [[Afrika]] [[Magharibi]] ya [[Kifaransa]]. Hata hivyo, tangu [[miaka]] ya [[1960]], mitindo hiyo imeanza kuchanganyika na kuunda aina mpya za muziki. Ingawa muziki maarufu wa [[Niger]] haujapata umaarufu mkubwa kimataifa ukilinganishwa na muziki wa nchi jirani kama [[Mali]] au Nigeria, mitindo ya muziki wa [[jadi]] na mipya imeendelea kustawi tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]]. [[Wahausa]], ambao wanaunda zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya [[watu]] wa Niger, hutumia [[duma]] kwa ajili ya midundo na molo (aina ya [[kinanda]] chenye [[nyuzi]]) katika [[mila]] zao za Griot (wasimulizi na wahifadhi wa [[historia]] kwa njia ya muziki). Pia hutumia ganga, alghaïta (aina ya ala ya [[upepo]] inayofanana na zumari) na kakaki (tarumbeta) katika matukio ya kijeshi, kifalme na [[sherehe]]. Zaidi ya [[asilimia]] [[20]] ya wakazi wa Niger ni Wazarma. Watuareg na Wafulani kila kundi lina takriban watu [[milioni]] moja mwanzoni mwa [[karne]] ya 21, huku kila moja likiwa na chini kidogo ya asilimia 10 ya [[idadi]] ya watu. Wakanuri wana zaidi ya asilimia 4, wakati Watoubou, Waarabu wa Diffa na Wagurma ni makundi madogo yenye chini ya nusu asilimia ya idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disparition de Adams Junior - Fofo Mag !|url=http://fofomag.com/Index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&articleid=1242&rub=International|work=fofomag.com|accessdate=2026-07-26|author=PlaneteAfrique Network}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tichoumaren|date=2026-04-04|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tichoumaren&oldid=234788558|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Niger]] 3o7x9wg4o6z1l8f9u9pufm0d3beiwut 1581897 1581871 2026-07-26T11:45:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1581897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Niger, Toubou people at Koulélé (18).jpg|thumb|Muziki wa Niger]] '''Muziki wa Niger''' umeendelea kutokana na [[mila]] za [[muziki]] za mchanganyiko wa [[makundi]] mbalimbali ya kikabila, yakiwemo Wahausa, Wazarma–Wasonghai, Watuareg, Wafula, Wakanuri, Watoubou, [[Waarabu]] wa Diffa na Wagurma, pamoja na Waboudouma wanaoishi karibu na [[Ziwa]] [[Chad]]. Mitindo mingi ya muziki wa makundi haya yaliendelea kuwepo kwa kujitegemea katika [[eneo]] la [[Afrika]] [[Magharibi]] ya [[Kifaransa]]. Hata hivyo, tangu [[miaka]] ya [[1960]], mitindo hiyo imeanza kuchanganyika na kuunda aina mpya za muziki. Ingawa muziki maarufu wa [[Niger]] haujapata umaarufu mkubwa kimataifa ukilinganishwa na muziki wa nchi jirani kama [[Mali]] au Nigeria, mitindo ya muziki wa [[jadi]] na mipya imeendelea kustawi tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1980]]. [[Wahausa]], ambao wanaunda zaidi ya nusu ya idadi ya [[watu]] wa Niger, hutumia [[duma]] kwa ajili ya midundo na molo (aina ya [[kinanda]] chenye [[nyuzi]]) katika [[mila]] zao za Griot (wasimulizi na wahifadhi wa [[historia]] kwa njia ya muziki). Pia hutumia ganga, alghaïta (aina ya ala ya [[upepo]] inayofanana na zumari) na kakaki (tarumbeta) katika matukio ya kijeshi, kifalme na [[sherehe]]. Zaidi ya [[asilimia]] [[20]] ya wakazi wa Niger ni Wazarma. Watuareg na Wafulani kila kundi lina takriban watu [[milioni]] moja mwanzoni mwa [[karne]] ya 21, huku kila moja likiwa na chini kidogo ya asilimia 10 ya [[idadi]] ya watu. Wakanuri wana zaidi ya asilimia 4, wakati Watoubou, Waarabu wa Diffa na Wagurma ni makundi madogo yenye chini ya nusu asilimia ya idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Disparition de Adams Junior - Fofo Mag !|url=http://fofomag.com/Index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&articleid=1242&rub=International|work=fofomag.com|accessdate=2026-07-26|author=PlaneteAfrique Network}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tichoumaren|date=2026-04-04|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tichoumaren&oldid=234788558|work=Wikipédia|language=fr|access-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Muziki]] [[Jamii:Niger]] 0w348hpacz1fnttig75djgkgaeekf2l 3 242862 1581872 2026-07-26T09:48:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581872 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ozgmpjtmfxk3dqvcf1dursxvwpnujnw 3 242863 1581873 2026-07-26T09:48:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581873 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ozgmpjtmfxk3dqvcf1dursxvwpnujnw 3 242864 1581874 2026-07-26T09:48:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581874 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ozgmpjtmfxk3dqvcf1dursxvwpnujnw 1581885 1581874 2026-07-26T10:00:20Z Steven jaluo 91195 /* */ Jibu 1581885 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] Asante sana na nikukaribishe piya wewe kwani hata Mimi nitawajuza mambo mengi ili lengo kuburudisha,kufundisha na kujuzana mengi yaliyo nyuma ya pazia karibu sana.🤝 '''[[Mtumiaji:Steven jaluo|Steven jaluo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Steven jaluo#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:00, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) kbcrn8m0w6pftcn4brpim4ti4pjvga6 3 242865 1581875 2026-07-26T09:48:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581875 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ozgmpjtmfxk3dqvcf1dursxvwpnujnw 3 242866 1581876 2026-07-26T09:48:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581876 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) ozgmpjtmfxk3dqvcf1dursxvwpnujnw 3 242867 1581877 2026-07-26T09:49:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581877 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242868 1581878 2026-07-26T09:49:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242869 1581879 2026-07-26T09:49:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581879 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242870 1581880 2026-07-26T09:49:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581880 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242871 1581881 2026-07-26T09:49:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581881 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242872 1581882 2026-07-26T09:49:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581882 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) pw4zkngs2lmckv5hbtmx3ms1xy9hiu5 3 242873 1581883 2026-07-26T09:50:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1581883 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 26 Julai 2026 (UTC) itpy3xgqo94eipugwoiyfruo56gt749