Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3189 1583064 1580290 2026-08-01T13:30:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kuhusu|nchi|eneo kusini mwa Afrika|Afrika ya Kusini}} {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini | jina_asili = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:85% | title = Majina mengine kumi rasmi<ref name="constitution">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf| title = The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf}}</ref> | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:80% | datastyle=font-style:italic | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Kizulu]]: | data1 = iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Kixhosa]]: | data2 = iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Kiafrikana]]: | data3 = Republiek van Suid-Afrika | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Kipedi]]: | data4 = Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Kisotho]]: | data5 = Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Kitswana]]: | data6 = Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Kitsonga]]: | data7 = Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Kiswati]]: | data8 = iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Kivenda]]: | data9 = Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[Kindebele]]: | data10 = iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika }} }} | kauli_mbiu = "''ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke''" ([[Kixam]])<br> "Watu anuwai huungana" | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Nkosi Sekelel' iAfrika" | bendera = File:Flag of South Africa.svg | matini_bendera = Bendera ya Afrika Kusini | nembo = File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | matini_nembo = Nembo ya Afrika Kusini | ramani = File:ZAF orthographic.svg | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Afrika Kusini | ramani2 = File:South Africa relief location map.svg | matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya kijiografia ya Afrika Kusini | maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya kijiografia ya Afrika Kusini | mji_mkubwa = [[Johannesburg]] | mji_mkuu1 = [[Pretoria]] | aina_mji_mkuu1 = Utendaji | mji_mkuu2 = [[Cape Town]] | aina_mji_mkuu2 = Bunge | mji_mkuu3 = [[Bloemfontein]] | aina_mji_mkuu3 = Mahakama | serikali = [[Serikali ya kibunge|Jamhuri ya kibunge]] yenye [[rais]] mtendaji | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais | kiongozi1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = Naibu Rais | kiongozi2 = Paul Mashatile | cheo_kiongozi3 = Mwenyekiti | kiongozi3 = Amos Masondo | cheo_kiongozi4 = Spika | kiongozi4 = Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula | cheo_kiongozi5 = Jaji Mkuu | kiongozi5 = Raymond Zondo | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka Ufalme wa Muungano ''' | tukio1 = Jamhuri | tukio1_tarehe = 31 Mei 1961 | tukio2 = Mwisho wa [[Apartheid]] | tukio2_tarehe = 4 Februari 1997 | eneo_jumla = 1,221,037 km² | maji = 0.380% | idadi_ya_watu = 62,027,503 | mwaka_watu = 2023 | sensa = 2022 | msongamano = | pato = {{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 1.038 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 16,625 | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 401.466 | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 6,426 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{punguko}} 0.717 -{{juu}} | gini = 63.0 | mwaka_gini = | kabila = 81.4% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]]<br>8.2% [[Chotara|Machotara]]<br>7.3% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]]<br>2.7% [[Asia|Waasia]] | lugha_rasmi = {{Collapsible list | title = Lugha 12 rasmi | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-size:100% | [[Kiafrikana]] | [[Kiingereza]] | [[Kindebele]] | [[Kipedi]] | [[Kisotho]] | [[Kitswana]] | [[Lugha ya ishara]] | [[Kiswazi]] | [[Kivenda]] | [[Kixhosa]] | [[Kitsonga]] | [[Kizulu]] }} | fedha = Randi ya Afrika Kusini | majira_saa = +2 ([[Saa za Afrika Kusini|Afrika Kusini]]) | muundo_tarehe = mwaka/mwezi/siku | udereva = Kushoto | iso3166 = ZA | tld = .za | msimbo_simu = 27 }} '''Afrika Kusini''' ([[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini''') ni nchi iliyoko katika sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya [[bara la Afrika]]. Inapakana na [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], na [[Zimbabwe]] kaskazini, [[Msumbiji]] na [[Eswatini]] kaskazini-mashariki, na inazunguka kabisa nchi ya [[Lesotho]]. Ikiwa na idadi ya watu wapatao milioni 60, inashika nafasi ya 24 kwa idadi ya watu duniani. Afrika Kusini ina [[mji mkuu|miji mikuu mitatu]]: [[Pretoria]], [[Cape Town]], na [[Bloemfontein]], huku [[Johannesburg]] ikiwa [[jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na kitovu cha [[uchumi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=South Africa Demographics |url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/south-africa-demographics/|publisher=Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Afrika Kusini inajulikana sana kwa utofauti wake wa kitamaduni, hali iliyoiwezesha kuitwa "Taifa la Upinde wa Mvua (''Rainbow nation''). <ref name="BrandSA_Rainbow">{{cite web |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/about-south-africa/history/south-africa-the-rainbow-nation |title=South Africa: The Rainbow Nation |website=Brand South Africa |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nchi hii ina lugha rasmi kumi na moja, zikiwemo [[Kizulu]], [[Kixhosa]], [[Kiafrikana]], na [[Kiingereza]], zikionyesha jamii yake ya makabila na tamaduni mbalimbali. <ref name="CIA_WFB_SA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ |title=South Africa - World Factbook |website=cia.gov |date=April 28, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Idadi kubwa ya watu wa Afrika Kusini ni wenye asili ya [[Kiafrika]], huku kukiwa na jamii kubwa za [[Mzungu|Wazungu]], [[chotara|Wachotara]], na wenye asili ya [[Wahindi|Kihindi]]/Kiasia. <ref name="StatsSA_Census22">{{cite web |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142022.pdf |title=Census 2022 Statistical Release |website=Statistics South Africa |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Historia ya nchi hii yenye changamoto ya [[ukoloni]] na ubaguzi wa rangi imeathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa siasa na jamii ya sasa, huku jitihada zikiendelea kufanywa katika maridhiano, maendeleo, na utawala jumuishi. <ref name="Britannica_SA_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/History |author=Christopher Saunders |title=History of South Africa |website=Britannica |date=April 20, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> [[Afrika Kusini#Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Afrika Kusini ina mandhari mbalimbali, kutoka kwenye maeneo ya jangwa kavu kaskazini-magharibi hadi maeneo yenye unyevu wa kitropiki katika pwani ya mashariki. <ref name="CIA_WFB_SA"/> Nchi hii ina viumbe hai wengi na hifadhi nyingi za [[wanyamapori]], zikiwemo hifadhi maarufu kama [[Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Kruger]]. <ref name="SANParks_Kruger_Detail">{{cite web |url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/parks_kruger/tourism/kruger-guide-english.pdf |title=Kruger National Park Official Guide |website=South African National Parks |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Aidha, ina rasilimali nyingi za madini kama [[dhahabu]], platinamu, na [[almasi]], ambazo zimekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika uchumi wake. <ref name="MineralsCouncil_Facts">{{cite web |url=https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/sa-mining/mining-in-sa |title=Mining in South Africa: Key Facts |website=Minerals Council South Africa |date=2025 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Leo, Afrika Kusini inachukuliwa kuwa taifa lenye uchumi wa [[Pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha kati ya juu]] na nguvu kubwa katika kanda. <ref name="WorldBank_SA_Overview">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica/overview |title=South Africa: Economic Overview and Development |website=World Bank |date=April 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Afrika Kusini}} Zamadamu waliishi katika eneo la Afrika Kusini tangu miaka milioni 3 iliyopita, inavyoshuhudiwa na [[akiolojia]]. [[Binadamu]] wameishi huko kwa miaka 170,000 mfululizo. Wakazi wa muda mrefu zaidi ni [[Wakhoikhoi]] na [[Wasani]], ambao wazagumzumza lugha ya [[jamii]] ya [[Khoi-San]]. Katika [[karne ya 4]] au [[Karne ya 5|ya 5]] walifika [[Wabantu]] ambao waliwazidi nguvu hao wa kwanza. === Koloni la Waholanzi kwenye Rasi === Chanzo cha Afrika Kusini kama nchi ni [[Koloni ya Rasi|Koloni la Rasi]] iliyoundwa na [[Waholanzi]] katika eneo la [[Cape Town]] kuanzia mwaka [[1652]]. Huko [[kabila]] jipya la [[Makaburu]] lilijitokeza kati ya [[walowezi]] [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Uholanzi]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Lugha yao ilikuwa [[Kiholanzi]] iliyoanza kuchukua maneno ya [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiafrika]] na [[Kiingereza]] na kuendelea kuwa lugha ya pekee [[Kiafrikaans]]. Karne za kwanza za koloni la Kiholanzi ziliona pia kufika kwa [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Indonesia]] walioletwa kama [[wafanyakazi]] wa Waholanzi na Makaburu. Hao Waindonesia walikuwa [[chanzo]] cha [[jumuiya]] ya [[Uislamu]] kwenye [[rasi]]. Pia [[machotara]] walitokea kutokana na kuzaliana kati ya Makaburu na [[wanawake]] [[Waafrika]] na Waindonesia. Sehemu ya machotara hao wameingia katika jumuiya ya Makaburu na wengi wao wanapimwa kuwa na mababu Waafrika. Katika miaka ya baadaye [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] uliongezeka na watoto machotara wa Wazungu na Waafrika mara nyingi hawakukubalika; walianza kuishi kama kundi la pekee kati ya Waafrika na Wazungu, nao ni chanzo cha hao walioitwa baadaye "Cape Coloreds". === Milki za Waafrika na Mfecane === Sehemu kubwa ya eneo [[kaskazini]] kwa rasi ilikaliwa na makabila ya Waafrika. Mnamo mwaka [[1800]] falme na milki zilianza kutokea hapa. Mwanzo wa [[karne ya 19]] ni hasa [[Wazulu]] chini ya [[Shaka Zulu]] walioanza kuenea na kuwashambulia majirani katika [[vita vya Mfecane]]. Vita hivyo vilileta [[uharibifu]] mkubwa lakini vilisababisha pia kutokea kwa milki za [[Wasotho]] na [[Watswana]] na wengine walioiga mitindo ya Wazulu na kujenga ma[[dola]] yenye uwezo wa ki[[jeshi]]. === Kuingia kwa Uingereza na jamhuri za Makaburu === Mwaka [[1814]] Koloni la Rasi lilitwaliwa na Waingereza na kuwa sehemu ya [[Milki ya Uingereza]]. [[Utawala]] wa Waingereza ulisababisha [[uhamisho]] wa nje wa sehemu ya Makaburu waliotokana na Wazungu kutoka Uholanzi, Ufaransa na Ujerumani; Makaburu hao walihama kwenda kaskazini wakaanzisha [[jamhuri]] ndogo kati ya maeneo ya Waafrika ama kwa njia ya mapatano au kwa njia ya [[vita]]. Kati ya miaka [[1840]] na [[1850]] Waingereza waliwafuata Makaburu kwa kueneza maeneo yao hadi [[mto Oranje]]; waliteka jamhuri ya Kikaburu ya [[Natalia]] na kuanzisha koloni jipya la [[Natal]]. Jamhuri mbili za Makaburu ziliweza kustawi kwa miaka kadhaa ambazo zilikuwa jamhuri ya [[Dola Huru la Oranje]] upande wa kaskazini wa mto Oranje na jamhuri ya [[Transvaal]] (ilijiita pia Jamhuri ya Kiafrika ya Kusini) upande wa kaskazini wa [[mto Vaal]]. === Waafrika, Waingereza na Makaburu waligongana === Milki za Kiafrika zilitafuta njia zao kati ya [[himaya]] hizi za Wazungu ambao walikuwa na nguvu kutokana na [[silaha]] za kisasa. Wengine walitafuta [[uhusiano]] mzuri na Makaburu na kushikamana nao; wengine waliona Makaburu kama [[hatari]] wakatafuta uhusiano wa [[ulinzi]] na Waingereza. Mikataba kati ya Waingereza na milki za Kiafrika iliunda [[nchi lindwa]] zinazoendelea hadi leo kama [[nchi huru]] kama vile [[Botswana]] (Bechuanaland), [[Lesotho]] (Basutoland) na [[Uswazi]] (Swaziland). Katika [[miaka ya 1880]] [[almasi]] na [[dhahabu]] zilipatikana kwa wingi katika jamhuri hizi na kusababisha kufika kwa [[wachimbamadini]] wengi, hasa Waingereza, waliotaka kutajirika; Makaburu walisita kuwapa [[haki za kiraia]] kwa sababu waliogopa [[wageni]] wengi. [[Tatizo]] hilo lilisababisha vita vya Makaburu dhidi ya Uingereza na jamhuri za Makaburu zilitwaliwa na jeshi la Kiingereza hadi mwaka [[1902]] zikawa makoloni. === Karne ya 20: Muungano wa Afrika Kusini === Jitihada za kupatanisha Wazungu wa Afrika Kusini (yaani Waingereza na Makaburu) zilisababisha kuundwa kwa [[Muungano wa Afrika Kusini]] kama [[nchi ya kujitawala]] ndani ya Milki ya Uingereza. Waafrika kwa jumla hawakuwa na haki za kiraia katika nchi hiyo isipokuwa katika [[Jimbo la Rasi]] kama walikuwa na elimu na [[mapato]] ya kulipa [[kodi]] za kutosha. === Siasa ya Apartheid tangu 1948 === Baada ya [[vita kuu ya pili ya dunia]] Chama cha National kilichofuata [[itikadi kali]] ilipata [[kura]] nyingi na kuchukua [[serikali]] ya Afrika Kusini. Hapo ilianzisha mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi kwa jina la [[apartheid]]. Haki za wasio Wazungu zilipunguzwa zaidi. Maeneo ya Kiafrika yalitangazwa kuwa nchi za pekee chini ya [[usimamizi]] wa serikali ya Kizungu ya Afrika Kusini; kwa hiyo wananchi kutoka maeneo hayo hawakuwa tena na haki za kukata [[rufaa]] mbele ya [[mahakama]]; walipewa vibali vya muda tu kukaa kwenye miji. Waafrika walipaswa kutembea muda wote na [[pasipoti]] na vibali; [[ndoa]] na [[mapenzi]] kati ya watu wa [[rangi]] tofauti zilipigwa [[marufuku]]. [[Shule]] na [[makazi]] zilitenganishwa. Siasa hiyo ilisababisha [[farakano]] kati ya nchi nyingi za [[dunia]] na Afrika Kusini. [[Upinzani]] kutoka Uingereza na [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ulisababisha kuondoka kwa Afrika Kusini katika jumuiya hiyo na kutangazwa kwa Jamhuri ya Afrika Kusini. === Afrika Kusini mpya === Mwaka 1990 Apartheid ilikwisha na serikali ya National Party ilipaswa kuendesha [[uchaguzi huru]] kwa wananchi wote na kukabidhi [[madaraka]] kwa serikali ya [[ANC]] chini ya [[Nelson Mandela]]. == Jiografia== Afrika Kusini iko katika ncha ya kusini ya bara la [[Afrika]] na ina jiografia ya asili yenye utofauti mkubwa unaojumuisha nyanda za juu, milima, [[tambarare]] za pwani, na maeneo ya ukame. Inapakana na [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Eswatini]], na kuizunguka kabisa [[Lesotho]]. Nchi ina pwani kwenye [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] upande wa mashariki, jambo linaloipa mazingira mbalimbali ya bahari na pwani. Eneo lake lote ni takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 1.22. Kitopografia, sehemu kubwa ya Afrika Kusini inatawaliwa na nyanda kubwa za ndani zinazojulikana kama ''Highveld'', ambazo zimetenganishwa na maeneo ya pwani na Mlima Mkubwa wa Escarpment. [[Milima ya Drakensberg]] upande wa mashariki ndiyo safu ya milima mirefu zaidi nchini, ikifikia zaidi ya mita 3,400. Sehemu ya magharibi ya ndani inajumuisha sehemu za [[Jangwa la Kalahari]], huku eneo la kusini-magharibi likiwa na eneo la ukame wa wastani lijulikanalo kama Karoo. [[Tambarare]] za pwani ni nyembamba zaidi upande wa Atlantiki na pana zaidi upande wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]], hasa katika [[jimbo la KwaZulu-Natal]]. Afrika Kusini ina [[hali ya hewa]] tofauti inayochangiwa na mwinuko na mikondo ya bahari. Nyanda za juu za ndani kwa ujumla zina hali ya hewa ya wastani yenye mvua za [[majira ya joto]], wakati maeneo ya pwani ya magharibi ni ya ukame zaidi kutokana na mkondo baridi wa Benguela. Pwani ya mashariki hupokea mvua nyingi zaidi na ina [[hali ya hewa]] ya kitropiki ya unyevunyevu zaidi. Mfumo wa mito ya nchi unajumuisha mito mikuu kama [[Mto Orange]], ambao ndio mrefu zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini, na [[Mto Limpopo]], unaounda sehemu ya mpaka wake wa kaskazini. Mifumo hii ya mito ni muhimu kwa kilimo, upatikanaji wa maji, na uzalishaji wa umeme wa maji. == Serikali na Utawala == Afrika Kusini ni [[shirikisho]]. [[Katiba]] mpya ya mwaka [[1997]] iliendeleza muundo huu uliundwa kama "Umoja wa Afrika Kusini" baada ya [[vita ya makaburu dhidi Uingereza]]. Afrika Kusini ya kale ilikuwa na majimbo manne: [[Jimbo la Rasi|Rasi]], [[Jimbo la Natal|Natal]], [[Dola Huru la Mto Orange]] na [[Transvaal]]. Maeneno makubwa yaliyokaliwa na Waafrika yalibaki nje katika katiba ya [[Apartheid]] yakiitwa [[bantustan]]s (au: ''homeland''). Katiba mpya ilichora mipaka upya. === Majimbo ya Afrika Kusini === [[Picha:South Africa Districts April 2006.png|thumb|300px|left|Ramani ya majimbo na wilaya za Afrika Kusini]] Mji mkuu wa jimbo watajwa katika mabano. # '''<font color=#E0E080>[[Rasi ya Magharibi]]</font color=#E0E080>''' (Western Cape)¹ ([[Cape Town]]) kifupi: WC # '''<font color=#E0A0C0>[[Rasi ya Kaskazini]]</font color=#E0A0C0>''' (Northern Cape) ([[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]) <small>kifupi:</small> NC # '''<font color=#E0E040>[[Rasi ya Mashariki]]</font color=#E0E040>''' (Eastern Cape) ([[Bhisho]]) <small>kifupi:</small> EC # '''<font color=#E04080>[[KwaZulu-Natal]]</font color=#E04080>''' ([[Pietermaritzburg]]²) <small>kifupi:</small> KZ, KZN or KN # '''<font color=#80C080>[[Dola Huru]]</font color=#80C080>''' (Free State) ([[Bloemfontein]]) <small>kifupi:</small> FS # '''<font color=#40C0C0>[[Kaskazini-Magharibi (jimbo la Afrika Kusini)|Kaskazini-Magharibi]]</font color=#40C0C0>''' ([[Mafikeng]]) <small>kifupi:</small> NW # '''<font color=#C1ABD7>[[Gauteng]]</font color=#C1ABD7>''' ([[Johannesburg]]) <small>kifupi:</small> GT or GP # '''<font color=#808040>[[Mpumalanga]]</font color=#808040>''' ([[Nelspruit]]) <small>kifupi:</small> MP # '''<font color=#008000>[[Limpopo]]</font color=#008000>''' ([[Polokwane]]) <small>kifupi:</small> LP ==Demografia== === Asili === Afrika Kusini ina idadi ya watu yenye tofauti nyingi za kitamaduni na kikabila, na mara nyingi hujulikana kama "''Taifa la Upinde wa mvua.''" Kwa mujibu wa makadirio ya hivi karibuni, [[Watu weusi|Waafrika]] wanaunda takriban asilimia 80.7 ya idadi ya watu, huku [[Chotara|Machotara]] — kundi la kikabila la watu wa mchanganyiko wa rangi, hasa wanaopatikana katika [[Rasi ya Magharibi|Cape Magharibi]] — wakifanya takriban asilimia 8.8. [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wa Afrika Kusini, wengi wao wakiwa na asili ya [[Kiholanzi]], [[Kiingereza]] na [[Ulaya]] nyingine, ni karibu asilimia 7.9 ya idadi ya watu. [[Asia|Waasia]], hasa wenye asili ya [[Kihindi]] na [[Kichina]], wanawakilisha takriban asilimia 2.6. Afrika Kusini ina lugha rasmi kumi na moja, jambo linaloonyesha utofauti wake wa kikabila, na mila pamoja na tamaduni hutofautiana sana kati ya jamii mbalimbali. Licha ya historia tata iliyogubikwa na ukoloni na ubaguzi wa rangi, Afrika Kusini kwa sasa inakumbatia utambulisho wake wa tamaduni mbalimbali kama sehemu muhimu ya tabia yake ya kitaifa.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Ethnicity in South Africa|publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/South-Africa |accessdate=2025-04-29|lang=en}}</ref> === Lugha=== [[Lugha]] za kwanza zinazozungumzwa zaidi nchini Afrika Kusini ni [[Kizulu]] (22.7%), [[Kixhosa]] (16.0%), [[Kiafrikana]] (13.5%), [[Kisepedi]] (9.1%), [[Kitswana]] (8.0%), na [[Kiingereza]] (8.4%). Lugha nyingine muhimu ni pamoja na [[Kisotho]] (7.6%), [[Kitsonga]] (4.5%), [[Kiswati]] (2.5%), [[Kivenda]] (2.4%), na [[Kindebele]] (1.6%). Ingawa ni sehemu ndogo tu ya watu wanazungumza [[Kiingereza]] kama lugha ya kwanza, ndicho kinachotumika zaidi kwa mawasiliano rasmi na baina ya makabila mbalimbali, na karibu nusu ya wananchi wanaweza kukizungumza === Dini === [[File:Catholic Church, Kokstad.jpg|thumb|Kanisa la Katoliki, Kokstad]] Wengi (85.3%) ni [[Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mengi sana, hasa ya [[Uprotestanti]]; [[Wakatoliki]] ni 6.8%. [[Dini]] nyingine ni: [[Dini za jadi]] (7.8%), [[Uislamu]] (1.6%), [[Uhindu]] (1.1%) na [[Uyahudi]] (0.1%). Asilimia 3.1 ya watu hawana dini yoyote. === Afya === [[File:Somerset Hospital Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Hospitali ya Somerset , Cape Town]] Afrika Kusini ina mfumo wa afya uliostawi vizuri ikilinganishwa na nchi nyingi nyingine za [[Afrika]], ikiwa na mtandao imara wa hospitali za umma na [[kliniki]] binafsi. Mafanikio makubwa katika sekta ya afya ya umma ni pamoja na upanuzi wa mipango ya chanjo kwa watoto, kuboreshwa kwa huduma za afya ya mama na mtoto, na kuongezeka kwa wastani wa maisha. Hata hivyo, nchi bado inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa za kiafya, ikiwemo kiwango kikubwa cha maambukizi ya VVU/[[UKIMWI]], kifua kikuu, na magonjwa yasiyoambukiza kama vile kisukari na shinikizo la damu. Mwaka 2015, kulikuwa na takriban watu milioni 7 waliokuwa wakiishi na VVU/UKIMWI, na kufikia mwaka 2018, asilimia 20.4 ya watu wazima wenye umri wa miaka 15–49 walikuwa wameathirika. Afrika Kusini pia imewekeza kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mipango ya matibabu ya kupunguza makali ya VVU na mageuzi ya huduma za afya yanayolenga kupunguza tofauti kati ya sekta ya umma na binafsi. Licha ya changamoto zinazoendelea, viashiria vya afya ya umma vimeonyesha maendeleo ya hatua kwa hatua katika kipindi cha muongo mmoja uliopita. === Miji Mikubwa === {{main|Orodha ya miji ya Afrika Kusini}} [[Picha:Sf-map.png|thumb|300px|left|Ramani ya Afrika Kusini]] Hii ifuatayo ni miji/manispaa/majiji kumi yenye wakazi wengi zaidi nchini. {|border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" ! Na. ! Manispaa au Jiji ! Wakazi (2001) ! Wakazi (1996) ! Asilimia ya badiliko<br /> 1996-2001 |- | 1. |[[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]] | 3,225,812 | 2,639,110 | 22.2% |- | 2. |[[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | 3,090,117 | 2,751,193 | 12.3% |- | 3. |[[Cape Town]], [[Rasi ya Magharibi]] | 2,893,251 | 2,563,612 | 12.9% |- | 4. |[[East Rand]], [[Gauteng]] | 2,480,282 | 2,026,807 | 22.4% |- | 5. |[[Pretoria]], [[Gauteng]] | 1,985,984 | 1,682,701 | 18.0% |- | 6. |[[Port Elizabeth]], [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] | 1,005,776 | 969,771 | 3.7% |- | 7. |[[East London]], [[Rasi ya Mashariki]] | 701,881 | 682,287 | 2.9% |- | 8. |[[Vereeniging]], [[Gauteng]] | 658,422 | 597,948 | 10.1% |- | 9. |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Dola Huru]] | 645,441 | 603,704 | 6.9% |- | 10. |[[Thohoyandou]], [[Limpopo]] | 584,469 | 537,454 | 8.7% |- |} ===Watu maarufu=== Kati ya watu mashuhuri sana wa Afrika Kusini ni: * [[Nelson Mandela]] aliyekuwa [[rais]] kati ya mwaka [[1994]] na mwaka [[1999]]. * [[Shaka Zulu]] aliyekuwa kiongozi wa kijeshi kabla ya [[ukoloni]] * [[Christiaan Barnard]], [[daktari]] wa kwanza duniani aliyehamisha [[moyo]] wa mtu kwa mtu mwingine. == Uchumi == [[Picha:Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|left|Johannesburg, Kitovu cha Uchumi wa Afrika Kusini]] Afrika Kusini ina [[uchumi]] mkubwa barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa na [[Pato la taifa]] (PLT) la takriban dola bilioni 401.5 na PLT kwa [[Usawa wa Nguvu ya Ununuzi]] (PPP) la dola trilioni 1.038 kufikia mwaka 2023. Nchi hii imeainishwa kama [[uchumi]] wa kipato cha kati cha juu na ni nchi iliyoendelea zaidi [[Viwanda|kiviwanda]] barani [[Afrika]]. Sekta ya [[huduma]] inaongoza [[uchumi]], ikichangia takriban 61% ya [[Pato la taifa]], ikifuatiwa na sekta ya [[viwanda]] kwa 30% na [[kilimo]] kwa 9%. Sekta kuu za kiuchumi ni pamoja na uchimbaji [[madini]], utengenezaji bidhaa, fedha, na mawasiliano. Afrika Kusini ni mzalishaji mkubwa zaidi wa platinamu duniani, ikichangia zaidi ya 70% ya usambazaji wa kimataifa, na pia ni mzalishaji muhimu wa dhahabu, almasi, na makaa ya mawe. Hata hivyo, ukuaji wa [[uchumi]] unakua kwa kasi ndogo, ukiwa na kiwango cha ukuaji cha 0.6% mwaka 2023, kutokana na changamoto za kimuundo, uhaba wa nishati, na ukosefu mkubwa wa ajira. Nchi hii inakabiliwa na viwango vya juu vya ukosefu wa ajira, vilivyofikia 32.1% mwaka 2023, huku ajira kwa vijana ikiwa zaidi ya 60%. Kutokuwa na usawa wa kipato ni changamoto kubwa, huku [[Afrika ya Kusini]] ikiwa na [[Kiashiria cha Gini]] cha 63.0, na kuifanya kuwa moja ya jamii zenye pengo kubwa zaidi kati ya matajiri na maskini duniani. Takriban 55.5% ya wananchi wanaishi chini ya mstari wa umaskini wa kitaifa. Uchumi pia unaathirika sana na matatizo ya usambazaji wa umeme, ambapo shirika la umeme la taifa, Eskom, linakumbwa na kukatika kwa umeme mara kwa mara, hali inayopunguza uzalishaji wa viwanda na kuathiri ujasiri wa wawekezaji. Aidha, uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni (FDI) umepungua, huku mtiririko wa uwekezaji ukishuka hadi dola bilioni 2.9 mwaka 2023, ikilinganishwa na dola bilioni 4.6 mwaka 2019. Pamoja na changamoto hizi, Afrika Kusini inasalia kuwa kitovu cha kifedha kilichoendelea zaidi barani [[Afrika]], huku [[Soko la H hisa]] la Johannesburg (JSE) likiwa miongoni mwa masoko 20 makubwa zaidi duniani, likiwa na mtaji wa soko unaozidi dola trilioni 1. Nchi pia ni mshiriki muhimu wa [[BRICS]] na [[Eneo la Biashara Huru la Afrika]] (AfCFTA), likitoa fursa za [[biashara]] na uwekezaji. Sekta ya [[utalii]], inayochangia 7% ya [[Pato la Taifa]], ni chanzo kikuu cha mapato ya kigeni, ikivutia zaidi ya wageni milioni 10 kila mwaka. Juhudi za kupanua uchumi zinajumuisha kuwekeza katika nishati mbadala, ili kupunguza utegemezi wa makaa ya mawe, ambayo kwa sasa yanachangia 80% ya umeme nchini. Kupitia mageuzi yanayoendelea katika [[miundombinu]], [[nishati]], na [[teknolojia]] ya kidijitali, Afrika Kusini inalenga kufufua ukuaji wa [[uchumi]], kuboresha ajira, na kupunguza ukosefu wa usawa wa kipato katika miaka ijayo. == Siasa == [[File:Nelson Mandela.jpg|thumb|Nelson Mandela]] Siasa za Afrika Kusini zinaendeshwa chini ya mfumo wa [[Serikali ya kibunge|jamhuri ya kibunge]] uliowekwa na Katiba ya mwaka 1996, iliyochukua nafasi ya mfumo wa enzi za [[Apartheid|ubaguzi wa rangi]] na kuanzisha utaratibu wa kidemokrasia wa kikatiba. <ref name="SA_Gov_Constitution">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/history |title=South Africa's Constitution and History |website=South African Government |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali, na huchaguliwa na Bunge la Taifa. <ref name="CFR_SA_Politics">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-africas-bold-and-shaky-democracy |author=Michelle Gavin |title=South Africa’s Bold and Shaky Democracy |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bunge la Afrika Kusini lina mabunge mawili, ambayo ni Bunge la Taifa na Baraza la Kitaifa la Mikoa, huku mahakama ikiwa huru na ikiongozwa na Mahakama ya Katiba, ambayo ndiyo mamlaka ya juu katika masuala ya kikatiba. <ref name="Britannica_SA_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Government-and-society |author=Christopher Saunders |title=South Africa: Government and society |website=Britannica |date=April 20, 2026 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Afrika Kusini ina mfumo wa vyama vingi vya siasa, ingawa Chama cha [[ANC|African National Congress (ANC)]] kimekuwa chama tawala tangu uchaguzi wa kwanza wa kidemokrasia mwaka 1994. <ref name="BBC_SA_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094760 |title=South Africa country profile |website=BBC News |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Vyama vingine vikuu vya kisiasa ni pamoja na ''Democratic Alliance'' (DA), ''Economic Freedom Fighters'' (EFF), pamoja na vyama vya kikanda na vya kitaifa vya ukubwa mdogo. [[Uchaguzi]] hufanyika mara kwa mara katika ngazi ya kitaifa, mikoa, na serikali za mitaa kwa kutumia mfumo wa uwakilishi wa uwiano, unaowezesha vyama mbalimbali kupata uwakilishi bungeni. <ref name="IEC_Results">{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Elections/National-And-Provincial-Elections-2024 |title=National and Provincial Elections 2024 |website=Electoral Commission of South Africa |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Masuala ya kisiasa nchini Afrika Kusini yanajumuisha ukosefu wa usawa wa [[Uchumi wa Afrika Kusini|kiuchumi]], ukosefu wa ajira, rushwa, utoaji wa huduma za umma, mageuzi ya ardhi, upungufu wa nishati, na uhalifu. <ref name="HRW_SA_2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/south-africa |title=World Report 2024: South Africa |website=Human Rights Watch |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi inaendelea kushughulikia athari za muda mrefu za ubaguzi wa rangi, ikiwa ni pamoja na tofauti za utajiri na upatikanaji wa huduma. Mijadala ya umma mara nyingi huzingatia mageuzi ya utawala, sera za uchumi, na haki za kikatiba, huku mashirika ya kiraia, vyama vya wafanyakazi, na vyombo vya habari vikiendelea kuwa washiriki muhimu katika maisha ya kisiasa. <ref name="FreedomHouse_SA">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/south-africa/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: South Africa |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Afrika Kusini pia ina nafasi muhimu katika siasa za kikanda na kimataifa. Ni mwanachama wa mashirika kama [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU), [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC), [[BRICS]], na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. <ref name="DIRCO_Foreign_Policy">{{cite web |url=https://www.dirco.gov.za/south-africas-foreign-policy/ |title=South Africa's Foreign Policy |website=Department of International Relations and Cooperation |date=2024 |access-date=May 7, 2026 }} </ref> Sera ya nje ya nchi hiyo inasisitiza ushirikiano wa kikanda, maendeleo ya uchumi, ulinzi wa amani, na diplomasia ya kimataifa, ikionyesha nafasi yake kama moja ya mataifa yenye ushawishi mkubwa kisiasa na kiuchumi barani [[Afrika]]. <ref name="Britannica_SA_Gov"/> == Jeshi == Jeshi la Afrika Kusini ina silaha za kisasa kushinda nchi zote za majirani. Uchumi unawezesha nchi kutumia kiasi kikubwa kwa ajili ya jeshi kuliko nchi zote za Afrika kusini kwa [[Sahara]]. Afrika Kusini iliwahi kuwa na [[silaha za nyuklia]] lakini ilizibomoa baada ya mwaka [[1993]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Afrika Kusini]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Bibliografia== {{refbegin}} *''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 1 March 2001. 384 pages. ISBN 0-300-08776-4. *''Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991''. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN *''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 1 January 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-93559-8. *''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 1 July 2000. 194 pages. ISBN 0-631-21661-8. *''South Africa: A Narrative History''. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. ISBN 1-56836-258-7. *''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]]. New Africa Press. February 2008. 260 pages. ISBN 978-0-9802587-3-8. *''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 1 October 2000. 216 pages. ISBN 0-415-21178-6. *''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 28 December 2000. 256 pages. ISBN 0-582-38227-0. *''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart. Oxford University Press 2001, 414 pages, ISBN 0-19-289318-1 {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons}} *[http://www.gov.za/ Government of South Africa] *{{CIA World Factbook link|sf|South Africa}} * [http://www.africa.com/south-africa/ South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/ |date=20150715201640 }} profile from [[Africa.com]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm |date=20081026035604 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/South_Africa}} *[http://www.oecd.org/southafrica/ South Africa] [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 South Africa] from the [[BBC News]] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555568/South-Africa South Africa] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' *[http://www.southafrica.info/ SouthAfrica.info] *[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/home South Africa Tourism] *{{wikiatlas|South Africa}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZA Key Development Forecasts for South Africa] from [[International Futures]] * [http://allafrica.com/southafrica/ South Africa in the news] {{Wayback|url=http://allafrica.com/southafrica/ |date=20090225110531 }} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 3tl1relish691w0i0if0u8vzpaq75dx 0 3532 1583051 1583050 2026-08-01T12:18:35Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni */ 1583051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; Kidholuo: NamLolwe; Kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Ukerewe|url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html|work=ntz.info|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Viktoria na mgunduzi [[John Hanning Speke,]] Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo mwaka 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na [[Richard Francis Burton]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source|date=2011-09-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor|title=The White Nile|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|date=1960|publisher=New York : Harper|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ekolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Hidrolojia na Limnolojia== Ziwa Viktoria hupokea asilimia 80 ya maji yake kutokana na mvua ya moja kwa moja.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|title=Tropical inland fisheries|last=Hickling|first=Charles Frederick|date=1961|publisher=[London] Longmans|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wastani wa uvukizi kwenye ziwa ni kati ya mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6 ft 7 in na 7 ft 3 in) kwa mwaka, karibu mara mbili ya mvua ya maeneo ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|last=Ominde|first=S. H.|last2=Ominde|first2=Simeon Hongo|date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3|language=en}}</ref> Ziwa Viktoria hupokea maji yake ya ziada kutoka mito, na maelfu ya vijito vidogo. Mto Kagera ndio mto mkubwa unaopita katika ziwa hilo, mdomo wake ukiwa kwenye ufukwe wake wa magharibi. Ziwa Viktoria hutiwa maji na Mto Nile karibu na [[Jinja]], Uganda, kwenye ufuo wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); [[Ukerewe]] ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha ziwani kuliko vyote [[bara|barani]] Afrika. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] == Katika utamaduni == * Ziwa Victoria, fuo zake, na visiwa vinaonyeshwa katika riwaya ya Jules Verne wiki tano katika puto, ambapo wasafiri huvuka ziwa Kutoka Mashariki hadi kaskazini magharibi kutafuta chanzo cha Mto nile (sura ya 18 na 19).<ref>{{cite book|author=Butcher, William |date=2008 |location=Hong Kong |pages=29 |publisher=Acadien |title=Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * Katika filamu ya kusisimua "In A Hot Air Balloon" (1962), Profesa Ferguson Na wenzake wanaruka Kupitia Ziwa Victoria katika puto la hewa moto wakati wa msafara kutoka Zanzibar hadi Afrika Magharibi, Hadi Mto Volta.<ref>{{IMDb title |0055988 |Five Weeks in a Balloon}}</ref> * Katika riwaya ya kihistoria ya Ivan Yefremov kwenye ukingo wa Oikoumene (Ardhi ya povu), msafara wa Zamani Wa Wamisri ulifika nchi ya Punt (Somalia ya Leo) kwa meli, na kutoka hapo watoto wachanga walifika Mto Zambezi Na Ziwa Victoria (Sehemu Ya 1, "Safari Ya Baurdjed").<ref>''Ефремов И.А.'' «На краю Ойкумены» — М.: Стройиздат, 1982. — 447 с.</ref><ref>''Ерёмина О. А., Смирнов Н. Н.'' Иван Ефремов. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2013. — 682 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей; вып. 1440). — ISBN 978-5-235-03658-1</ref> * Katika riwaya ya Andrei Gusev "Consummation in Mombasa" (2017), wahusika Wakuu, Andy Na Jennifer, wanaanza safari ya harusi kutoka Mombasa kwenda Kisumu, kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria, na kisha kupumzika katika nyumba ya bweni kwenye Kisiwa Cha Kenya Cha [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] katikati ya Ziwa Victoria.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Рецензия на повесть ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm}} — на сайте общественного фонда «Союз литераторов Москвы», 2020</ref><ref>[[Andrei Gusev|Андрей Гусев]] [https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''], 2017. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28}}</ref><ref>[[Andrei Gusev|Андрей Гусев]] [http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336}} — in Lady’s Club, 2017</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] 3k06862roox2wvjrxgc3170dstncabk 1583069 1583051 2026-08-01T13:56:19Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni */ 1583069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; Kidholuo: NamLolwe; Kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Ukerewe|url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html|work=ntz.info|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Viktoria na mgunduzi [[John Hanning Speke,]] Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo mwaka 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na [[Richard Francis Burton]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source|date=2011-09-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor|title=The White Nile|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|date=1960|publisher=New York : Harper|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ekolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Hidrolojia na Limnolojia== Ziwa Viktoria hupokea asilimia 80 ya maji yake kutokana na mvua ya moja kwa moja.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|title=Tropical inland fisheries|last=Hickling|first=Charles Frederick|date=1961|publisher=[London] Longmans|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wastani wa uvukizi kwenye ziwa ni kati ya mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6 ft 7 in na 7 ft 3 in) kwa mwaka, karibu mara mbili ya mvua ya maeneo ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|last=Ominde|first=S. H.|last2=Ominde|first2=Simeon Hongo|date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3|language=en}}</ref> Ziwa Viktoria hupokea maji yake ya ziada kutoka mito, na maelfu ya vijito vidogo. Mto Kagera ndio mto mkubwa unaopita katika ziwa hilo, mdomo wake ukiwa kwenye ufukwe wake wa magharibi. Ziwa Viktoria hutiwa maji na Mto Nile karibu na [[Jinja]], Uganda, kwenye ufuo wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); [[Ukerewe]] ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha ziwani kuliko vyote [[bara|barani]] Afrika. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] == Katika utamaduni == * Ziwa Victoria, fuo zake, na visiwa vinaonyeshwa katika riwaya ya Jules Verne wiki tano katika puto, ambapo wasafiri huvuka ziwa Kutoka Mashariki hadi kaskazini magharibi kutafuta chanzo cha Mto nile (sura ya 18 na 19).<ref>{{cite book|author=Butcher, William |date=2008 |location=Hong Kong |pages=29 |publisher=Acadien |title=Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * Katika filamu ya kusisimua "In A Hot Air Balloon" (1962), Profesa Ferguson Na wenzake wanaruka Kupitia Ziwa Victoria katika puto la hewa moto wakati wa msafara kutoka Zanzibar hadi Afrika Magharibi, Hadi Mto Volta.<ref>{{IMDb title |0055988 |Five Weeks in a Balloon}}</ref> * Katika riwaya ya kihistoria ya Ivan Yefremov kwenye ukingo wa Oikoumene (Ardhi ya povu), msafara wa Zamani Wa Wamisri ulifika nchi ya Punt (Somalia ya Leo) kwa meli, na kutoka hapo watoto wachanga walifika Mto Zambezi Na Ziwa Victoria (Sehemu Ya 1, "Safari Ya Baurdjed").<ref>''Ефремов И.А.'' «На краю Ойкумены» — М.: Стройиздат, 1982. — 447 с.</ref><ref>''Ерёмина О. А., Смирнов Н. Н.'' Иван Ефремов. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2013. — 682 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей; вып. 1440). — ISBN 978-5-235-03658-1</ref> * Katika riwaya ya [[Andrei Gusev]] "Consummation in Mombasa" (2017), wahusika Wakuu, Andy Na Jennifer, wanaanza safari ya harusi kutoka Mombasa kwenda Kisumu, kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria, na kisha kupumzika katika nyumba ya bweni kwenye Kisiwa Cha Kenya Cha [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] katikati ya Ziwa Victoria.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm Рецензия на повесть ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105203257/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa_.htm}} — на сайте общественного фонда «Союз литераторов Москвы», 2020</ref><ref>[[Andrei Gusev|Андрей Гусев]] [https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''], 2017. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28}}</ref><ref>[[Andrei Gusev|Андрей Гусев]] [http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336}} — in Lady’s Club, 2017</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] pf5w2trxsrbwkk9ohiach3xhg39h40q 1583071 1583069 2026-08-01T14:15:05Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni */ 1583071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; Kidholuo: NamLolwe; Kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Ukerewe|url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html|work=ntz.info|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Viktoria na mgunduzi [[John Hanning Speke,]] Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo mwaka 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na [[Richard Francis Burton]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source|date=2011-09-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor|title=The White Nile|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|date=1960|publisher=New York : Harper|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ekolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Hidrolojia na Limnolojia== Ziwa Viktoria hupokea asilimia 80 ya maji yake kutokana na mvua ya moja kwa moja.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|title=Tropical inland fisheries|last=Hickling|first=Charles Frederick|date=1961|publisher=[London] Longmans|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wastani wa uvukizi kwenye ziwa ni kati ya mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6 ft 7 in na 7 ft 3 in) kwa mwaka, karibu mara mbili ya mvua ya maeneo ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|last=Ominde|first=S. H.|last2=Ominde|first2=Simeon Hongo|date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3|language=en}}</ref> Ziwa Viktoria hupokea maji yake ya ziada kutoka mito, na maelfu ya vijito vidogo. Mto Kagera ndio mto mkubwa unaopita katika ziwa hilo, mdomo wake ukiwa kwenye ufukwe wake wa magharibi. Ziwa Viktoria hutiwa maji na Mto Nile karibu na [[Jinja]], Uganda, kwenye ufuo wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); [[Ukerewe]] ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha ziwani kuliko vyote [[bara|barani]] Afrika. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] == Katika utamaduni == * Ziwa Victoria, fuo zake, na visiwa vinaonyeshwa katika riwaya ya Jules Verne wiki tano katika puto, ambapo wasafiri huvuka ziwa Kutoka Mashariki hadi kaskazini magharibi kutafuta chanzo cha Mto nile (sura ya 18 na 19).<ref>{{cite book|author=Butcher, William |date=2008 |location=Hong Kong |pages=29 |publisher=Acadien |title=Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * Katika filamu ya kusisimua "In A Hot Air Balloon" (1962), Profesa Ferguson Na wenzake wanaruka Kupitia Ziwa Victoria katika puto la hewa moto wakati wa msafara kutoka Zanzibar hadi Afrika Magharibi, Hadi Mto Volta.<ref>{{IMDb title |0055988 |Five Weeks in a Balloon}}</ref> * Katika riwaya ya kihistoria ya Ivan Yefremov kwenye ukingo wa Oikoumene (Ardhi ya povu), msafara wa Zamani Wa Wamisri ulifika nchi ya Punt (Somalia ya Leo) kwa meli, na kutoka hapo watoto wachanga walifika Mto Zambezi Na Ziwa Victoria (Sehemu Ya 1, "Safari Ya Baurdjed").<ref>''Ефремов И.А.'' «На краю Ойкумены» — М.: Стройиздат, 1982. — 447 с.</ref><ref>''Ерёмина О. А., Смирнов Н. Н.'' Иван Ефремов. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2013. — 682 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей; вып. 1440). — ISBN 978-5-235-03658-1</ref> * Katika riwaya ya [[Andrei Gusev]] "Consummation in Mombasa" (2017), wahusika Wakuu, Andy Na Jennifer, wanaanza safari ya harusi kutoka Mombasa kwenda Kisumu, kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria, na kisha kupumzika katika nyumba ya bweni kwenye Kisiwa Cha Kenya Cha [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] katikati ya Ziwa Victoria.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of Writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady's Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2017 {{in lang|ru}}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] j5aneqfqbbl63m5axkuoydv1tsaap7i 1583091 1583071 2026-08-01T20:43:21Z Amanich7 44301 /* Katika utamaduni */ 1583091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi linavyoonekana kutoka [[anga|angani]] | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[mto Katonga]], [[mto Nzoia]] n.k. | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} [[Picha:Rift.svg|240px|thumb|right|Ziwa Viktoria na [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki]].]] [[Picha:Density evolution Victoria.png|250px|thumb|left|Ongezeko la [[msongamano wa watu]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Image-Languages-Lakevictoria-fr.svg|220px|left|thumb|[[Lugha]] kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Hydrography-graph-Lake Victoria.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tofauti ya levo katika Ziwa Viktoria.]] [[Picha:Human density Lake Victoria.png|225px|right|Ongezeko la msongamano wa watu kandokando ya Ziwa Victoria likilinganishwa na lile la Afrika nzima.]] '''Ziwa Viktoria''' (pia: '''Ziwa Nyanza''' au '''Ziwa Ukerewe''') ni [[ziwa]] kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] lililopo baina ya [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. Eneo la [[maji]] ya ziwa limegawanywa 49[[%]] (km² 33,700) nchini Tanzania, 45% (km² 31,000) nchini Uganda, na 6% (km² 4,100) nchini Kenya. Ziwa Viktoria lipo [[mita]] 1134 [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]] na lina eneo la [[kilometa za mraba]] zaidi ya 68,100. Hivyo ni ziwa kubwa kuliko yote [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]] na la pili [[duniani]] kwa uso wa maji baridi, baada ya [[Ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Ziwa hili linapata [[maji]] yake mengi kutokana na [[mvua]] (80[[%]]) na kutoka vijito vingi vidogo. [[Mto]] mkubwa unaoingia Viktoria ni [[Mto Kagera]] unaotiririka kutoka [[magharibi]]. [[Maji]] ya ziwa Viktoria yanatoka na kumiminika kwenye [[mto]] [[Nile]] na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediteranea]] kwa [[umbali]] wa [[maili]] 4,000. Ziwa hilo lina [[kina]] cha [[wastani]] cha [[mita]] 40 na [[mwambao]] wa [[urefu]] wa kilomita 4,828, visiwa vyake vikiwa vimechangia 3.7% ya urefu huu. Ziwa hilo liliwahi kukauka kabisa mara kadhaa tangu lilipoanza miaka 400,000 iliyopita. ==Majina== Ingawa lilikuwa na majina mengi ya lugha za kienyeji (Kiswahili: Ukerewe; Kidholuo: NamLolwe; Kiganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Victoria Nyanza. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects|date=1899|url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|language=en|access-date=2026-06-14|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lake Ukerewe|url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html|work=ntz.info|accessdate=2026-06-15}}</ref>, ziwa hili lilipewa jina la Malkia Viktoria na mgunduzi [[John Hanning Speke,]] Muingereza wa kwanza kuliandika mnamo mwaka 1858, akiwa kwenye msafara na [[Richard Francis Burton]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Alberge|first=Dalya|title=How feud wrecked the reputation of explorer who discovered Nile's source|date=2011-09-10|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2026-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor|title=The White Nile|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|date=1960|publisher=New York : Harper|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Jiolojia== [[File:Lake Victoria View.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Ziwa Viktoria kutokea Mwanza, Tanzania]] Ziwa Viktoria lina [[historia]] ya pekee ya [[Jiolojia|kijiolojia]]. Tofauti na maziwa mengi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kama [[ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[ziwa Malawi]], ambayo yalitokana na [[ufa]] mkubwa wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], Ziwa Viktoria halikuundwa moja kwa moja na harakati za [[gandunia]]. Badala yake, lilichukua [[umbo]] lake kutokana na mchakato wa mwinuko wa ardhi na mifumo ya mto iliyozuiwa au kuelekezwa upya kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[Jiografia|kijiografia]], hususan katika kipindi cha [[Pleistocene]]. Sehemu ya [[bonde]] la ziwa iliundwa na mvutano wa [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] ya kale ya ''Precambria'', huku mwinuko wa ardhi katika maeneo ya kusini mwa Uganda na kaskazini mwa Tanzania ukisababisha maji kujikusanya na kuunda ziwa la ndani. Ziwa hili linaenea katika ngao ya ''Afrika ya Precambria'', ambayo ina miamba ya kale sana inayokadiriwa kuwa na [[umri]] wa zaidi ya miaka [[bilioni]] 2.7. Miamba ya [[gneiss]], [[itale]] na [[shist]] huunda msingi wa kijiolojia wa eneo hili, na kuathiri sifa za ardhi ya bonde la ziwa. Ingawa ziwa Viktoria si sehemu ya moja kwa moja ya ufa wa tektoniki, linaathiriwa kwa karibu na mikondo ya tektoniki kutoka Bonde Kuu la Ufa, ambalo liko karibu sana upande wa magharibi na mashariki mwa ziwa. Harakati hizi husababisha mikondo midogo ya miamba na [[Tetemeko la ardhi|vitetemeko vya ardhi]] katika eneo la ziwa, lakini si kwa kiwango kikubwa kama katika maziwa ya Tanganyika au Malawi. Katika [[historia]] ya hivi karibuni ya kijiolojia, ziwa Viktoria limepitia mabadiliko makubwa ya [[mazingira|kimazingira]], ikiwa ni pamoja na kukauka kabisa takriban miaka 14,600 iliyopita kutokana na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]], na kujaza tena ndani ya kipindi cha maelfu machache ya miaka. Tukio hili linaakisi unyeti wa mfumo wa ziwa kwa mabadiliko ya kijiografia na hali ya hewa. Uwepo wa mito mingi inayoingia na kutoka ziwani, kama vile Mto Kagera na Mto Nile Nyeupe, unaendelea kuchangia katika mzunguko wa kijiolojia na maji wa ziwa hilo. Kwa sasa, ziwa Viktoria ni sehemu muhimu ya [[ekolojia]], [[uchumi]], na mabadiliko ya kijiolojia yanayoendelea katika eneo la Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Hidrolojia na Limnolojia== Ziwa Viktoria hupokea asilimia 80 ya maji yake kutokana na mvua ya moja kwa moja.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|title=Tropical inland fisheries|last=Hickling|first=Charles Frederick|date=1961|publisher=[London] Longmans|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wastani wa uvukizi kwenye ziwa ni kati ya mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6 ft 7 in na 7 ft 3 in) kwa mwaka, karibu mara mbili ya mvua ya maeneo ya pembezoni.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|last=Ominde|first=S. H.|last2=Ominde|first2=Simeon Hongo|date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3|language=en}}</ref> Ziwa Viktoria hupokea maji yake ya ziada kutoka mito, na maelfu ya vijito vidogo. Mto Kagera ndio mto mkubwa unaopita katika ziwa hilo, mdomo wake ukiwa kwenye ufukwe wake wa magharibi. Ziwa Viktoria hutiwa maji na Mto Nile karibu na [[Jinja]], Uganda, kwenye ufuo wa kaskazini wa ziwa hilo.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Visiwa vya Ziwa Viktoria== Ziwa Viktoria ni miongoni mwa maziwa yenye [[visiwa]] vingi (takribani 985); [[Ukerewe]] ndicho kisiwa kikubwa cha ziwani kuliko vyote [[bara|barani]] Afrika. ===Upande wa Kenya=== [[Kisiwa cha Bihiri|Bihiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Chamarungo|Chamarungo]] * [[Visiwa vya Daraja|Daraja]] * [[Kisiwa cha Gengra|Gengra]] * [[Kisiwa cha Hongwe|Hongwe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ilemba|Ilemba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kijani|Kijani]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kimaboni|Kimaboni]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiringiti|Kiringiti]] * [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa|Kiwa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Koyamo|Koyamo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mageta|Mageta]] * [[Visiwa vya Magogo|Magogo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Maiunya|Maiunya]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbaiyu|Mbaiyu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mbasa|Mbasa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mfangano|Mfangano]] * [[Kisiwa cha Migingo|Migingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mlinzi|Mlinzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mogare|Mogare]] * [[Visiwa vya Mogare]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mzenzi|Mzenzi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Namulamia|Namulamia]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ndede|Ndede]] * [[Kisiwa cha Ngodhe|Ngodhe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Piramidi|Piramidi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Risi|Risi]] * [[Kisiwa cha Rusinga|Rusinga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Saga|Saga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Seki|Seki]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sifu|Sifu]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sirigombe|Sirigombe]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sukuru|Sukuru]] * [[Kisiwa cha Sumba|Sumba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] * [[Visiwa vya Ugingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Unyama|Unyama]] * [[Kisiwa cha Usingo|Usingo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Uware|Uware]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wahondo|Wahondo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Wayaga|Wayaga]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yalombo|Yalombo]] * [[Kisiwa cha Yamburi|Yamburi]] ===Upande wa Tanzania=== [[kisiwa cha Anchor (Tanzania)|Anchor]] *[[Kisiwa cha Barega|Barega]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bezi|Bezi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bihila|Bihila]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bisuvi|Bisuvi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Biswe|Biswe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buganbwe|Buganbwe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bugeru|Bugeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukerebe|Bukerebe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bukurani|Bukurani]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buluza|Buluza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bumbire|Bumbire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bunyasa|Bunyasa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Burubi|Burubi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busonyi|Busonyi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Busyengere|Busyengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Butwa|Butwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Buzumu|Buzumu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Bwiru|Bwiru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chakazimbe|Chakazimbe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Charaki|Charaki]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chienda|Chienda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chihara|Chihara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chikonero|Chikonero]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chinyeri|Chinyeri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Sengerema)|Chitandere (Sengerema)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Chitandere (Ukerewe)|Chitandere (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dunacheri|Dunacheri]] *[[Kisiwa cha Dwiga|Dwiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gabalema|Gabalema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Kagera)|Galinzira (Kagera)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Galinzira (Ukerewe)|Galinzira (Ukerewe)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gama|Gama]] *[[Kisiwa cha Gana|Gana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijinga|Ijinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ijirambo|Ijirambo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ikuru|Ikuru]] *[[Ikuza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ilangala|Ilangala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iramba (Tanzania)|Iramba (Tanzania)]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iriga|Iriga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iroba|Iroba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Irugwa|Irugwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Iruma|Iruma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itami|Itami]] *[[Kisiwa cha Itemusi|Itemusi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ito|Ito]] *[[Kisiwa cha Izinga|Izinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juguu|Juguu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Juma|Juma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kagongo|Kagongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kamasi|Kamasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kaserazi|Kaserazi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kasima|Kasima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kategurwa|Kategurwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiamugasire|Kiamugasire]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiau|Kiau]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kibinda|Kibinda]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kihombe|Kihombe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinagomwishu|Kinamogwishu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kinyanwana|Kinyanwana]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Ukerewe)|Kiregi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kireta|Kireta]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kishaka|Kishaka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kitua|Kitua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kivumba|Kivumba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Komasi|Komasi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kome|Kome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kulazu|Kulazu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kunene|Kunene]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kuriro|Kuriro]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru|Kweru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kweru Mutu|Kweru Mutu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwigari|Kwigari]] *[[Kisiwa cha Kwilela|Kwilela]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liagoba|Liagoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Liegoba|Liegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyegoba|Lyegoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luanji|Luanji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luhuguru|Luhuguru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukando|Lukando]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lukuba|Lukuba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Luwaima|Luwaima]] *[[Kisiwa cha Lyamwenge|Lyamwenge]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mabibi|Mabibi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mafunke|Mafunke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maisome|Maisome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majeje|Majeje]] *[[Kisiwa cha Majunwa|Majunwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makibwa|Makibwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makome|Makome]] *[[Kisiwa cha Makove|Makove]] *[[Kisiwa cha Malelema|Malelema]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mambe|Mambe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Maremera|Maremera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masakara|Masakara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masheka|Masheka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Masuha|Masuha]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mashwera|Mashwera]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mazinga|Mazinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mgonchi|Mgonchi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miandere|Funguvisiwa la Miandere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Miganiko|Miganiko]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mijo|Mijo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mkuru Kinagi|Mkuru Kinagi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Morova|Morova]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mraoba|Mraoba]] *[[Kisiwa cha Msalala|Msalala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtenga|Mtenga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mtoa|Mtoa]] * [[Kisiwa cha Mtoto|Mtoto]] *[[Kisiwa cha Musira|Musira]] *[[Kisiwa cha Mwengwa|Mwengwa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nabuyongo|Nabuyongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nafuba|Nafuba]] * [[Kisiwa cha Nakaranga|Nakaranga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namatembe|Namatembe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Namguma|Namguma]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ndarua|Ndarua]] *[[Kisiwa cha Niankuru|Niankuru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Njaburu|Njaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyabugudzi|Nyabugudzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyaburu|Nyaburu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyajune|Nyajune]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakanyanse|Nyakanyanse]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyakasanga|Nyakasanga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamasangi|Nyamasangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamatala|Nyamatala]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyambugu|Nyambugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyamikongo|Nyamikongo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Nyanswi|Nyanswi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Raju|Raju]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ramawe|Ramawe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisi|Rubisi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubisho|Rubisho]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rubondo|Rubondo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruiga|Ruiga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Runeke|Runeke]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ruregaja|Ruregaja]] *[[Kisiwa cha Rwevaguzi|Rwevaguzi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Saanane|Saanane]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sara|Sara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sata|Sata]] *[[Kisiwa cha Seza|Seza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Shuka|Shuka]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siawangi|Siawangi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sina|Sina]] *[[Kisiwa cha Siza|Siza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sizu|Sizu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Songe|Songe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sosswa|Sosswa]] *[[Kisiwa cha Sozihe|Sozihe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Tefu|Tefu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukara|Ukara]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ukerewe|Ukerewe]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usengere|Usengere]] *[[Kisiwa cha Usumuti|Usumuti]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vesi|Funguvisiwa la Vesi]] *[[Kisiwa cha Vianza|Vianza]] *[[Kisiwa cha Wambuji|Wambuji]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yarugu|Yarugu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Yodzu|Yodzu]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zeru|Zeru]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zimo|Zimo]] *[[Kisiwa cha Zinga|Zinga]] *[[Kisiwa cha Ziragura|Ziragura]] * [[Kisiwa cha Zue|Zue]] ===Upande wa Uganda=== [[Kisiwa cha Baga|Baga]], [[Kisiwa cha Banda (Uganda)|Banda]], [[Kisiwa cha Batwala|Batwala]], [[Kisiwa cha Bu|Bu]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubeke|Bubeke]], [[Kisiwa cha Bubembe|Bubembe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bufumira|Bufumira]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaba|Bugaba]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugaia|Bugaia]], [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,32, long 32,24), [[Kisiwa cha Bugala|Bugala]] (lat -0,64, long 32,31), [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Mpigi)|Buiga (Mpigi)]], [[Kisiwa cha Buiga (Wakiso)|Buiga (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukasa|Bukasa]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukone|Bukone]], [[Kisiwa cha Bukwaya|Bukwaya]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulago|Bulago]][[Kisiwa cha Bulanku|Bulanku]], [[Kisiwa cha Bulingugwe|Bulingugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjako|Bunjako]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunjazi|Bunjazi]], [[Kisiwa cha Bunyama|Bunyama]], [[Kisiwa cha Bussi|Bussi]], [[Kisiwa cha Busungwe|Busungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Buturume|Buturume]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvu|Buvu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buvuma|Buvuma]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyange|Buyange]], [[Kisiwa cha Buyovu|Buyovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziranjovu|Buziranjovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Buziri|Buziri]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwema|Bwema]], [[Kisiwa cha Bwigi|Bwigi]], [[Kisiwa cha Dagusi|Dagusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Damba|Damba]], [[Kisiwa cha Dinzira|Dinzira]], [[Kisiwa cha Duweru|Duweru]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Mukulu|Dwanga Mukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwanga Muto|Dwanga Muto]], [[Kisiwa cha Dwasendwe|Dwasendwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Dyabalume|Dyabalume]], [[Kisiwa cha Funve|Funve]], [[Kisiwa cha Galo|Galo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ikunyu|Ikunyu]], [[Kisiwa cha Iramba|Iramba]], [[Kisiwa cha Isamba|Isamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Izinga (Buvuma)|Izinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Jana|Jana]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabaganja|Kabaganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kabale|Kabale]], [[Visiwa vya Kabuguza|Kabuguza]],[[Kisiwa cha Kabulataka|Kabulataka]], [[Kisiwa cha Kagulumu|Kagulumu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaina|Kaina]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaivali|Kaivali]], [[Kisiwa cha Kalambide|Kalambide]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamukulu|Kamukulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kamutenga|Kamutenga]], [[Visiwa vya Kansove|Kansove]],[[Kisiwa cha Kaserwa|Kaserwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Katanga|Katanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Kayanja|Kayanja]], [[Kisiwa cha Kaza|Kaza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kerenge|Kerenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi (Buvuma)|Kibibi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kaskazini|Kibibi Kaskazini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kibibi Kusini|Kibibi Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Kimi|Kimi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiraza|Kiraza]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiregi (Uganda)|Kiregi]], [[Kisiwa cha Kirugu|Kirugu]], [[Kisiwa cha Kisima|Kisima]], [[Kisiwa cha Kitobo|Kitobo]], [[Kisiwa cha Kiwa (Uganda)|Kiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Komogwe|Komogwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Koome|Koome]], [[Kisiwa cha Kuiye|Kuiye]], [[Kisiwa cha Kyanga|Kyanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lambu|Lambu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lebu|Lebu]], [[Kisiwa cha Limaiba|Limaiba]], [[Kisiwa cha Linga (Uganda)|Linga]], [[Kisiwa cha Lingira|Lingira]], [[Kisiwa cha Lolui|Lolui]], [[Kisiwa cha Lufu|Lufu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lujabwa|Lujabwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukalu|Lukalu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luke (Uganda)|Luke]], [[Kisiwa cha Lukiusa|Lukiusa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lula|Lula]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulamba|Lulamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Lulanda|Lulanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Lumva|Lumva]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunfuwa|Lunfuwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Lunkulu|Lunkulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luntwa|Luntwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Luserera|Luserera]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvangu|Luvangu]], [[Kisiwa cha Luvia|Luvia]], [[Kisiwa cha Luwungulu|Luwungulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabagenge|Lwabagenge]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabalega|Lwabalega]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwabana|Lwabana]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwaji|Lwaji]], [[Kisiwa cha Lwantete|Lwantete]], [[Kisiwa cha Lyabana|Lyabana]], [[Visiwa vya Mabanda|Mabanda]], [[Kisiwa cha Makalugi|Makalugi]], [[Kisiwa cha Makusu|Makusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Marija|Marija]], [[Kisiwa cha Masiwa|Masiwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Masovwi|Masovwi]], [[Kisiwa cha Maundu|Maundu]], [[Kisiwa cha Maungwe|Maungwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mavi|Mavi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mawe|Mawe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mayinja|Mayinja]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbirubuziba|Mbirubuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbive|Mbive]], [[Kisiwa cha Mbulamwalo|Mbulamwalo]], [[Visiwa vya Meru|Meru]], [[Visiwa vya Mitusi|Mitusi]], [[Kisiwa cha Mkovu|Mkovu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpande|Mpande]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpata|Mpata]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuga|Mpuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpugwe|Mpugwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Mpuni|Mpuni]], [[Kisiwa cha Mukalanga|Mukalanga]], [[Kisiwa cha Munene|Munene]], [[Visiwa vya Musambwa|Musambwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Musambwa Kusini|Musambwa Kusini]], [[Kisiwa cha Musene|Musene]], [[Kisiwa cha Mutyomu|Mutyomu]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwama|Mwama]], [[Kisiwa cha Mwana|Mwana]], [[Kisiwa cha Mweza|Mweza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nagembiruwa|Nagembiruwa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nainaivi|Nainaivi]], [[Kisiwa cha Namalusu|Namalusu]], [[Kisiwa cha Namama|Namama]], [[Kisiwa cha Namasimbi|Namasimbi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambewa|Nambewa]], [[Kisiwa cha Nambuga|Nambuga]], [[Kisiwa cha Namite|Namite]], [[Kisiwa cha Namubega|Namubega]], [[Kisiwa cha Nfo|Nfo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngabo|Ngabo]], [[Kisiwa cha Ngamba (Uganda)|Ngamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkata|Nkata]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkese|Nkese]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkose|Nkose]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Kalangala)|Nkusa (Kalangala)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Mukono)|Nkusa (Mukono)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkusa (Wakiso)|Nkusa (Wakiso)]], [[Kisiwa cha Nkuzi|Nkuzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsadzi|Nsadzi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsenyi|Nsenyi]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsimba|Nsimba]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsinga|Nsinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsirwe|Nsirwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nsonga|Nsonga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ntokwe|Ntokwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Nvuza|Nvuza]], [[Kisiwa cha Nyenda|Nyenda]], [[Kisiwa cha Nziribanje|Nziribanje]], [[Kisiwa cha Ramafuta|Ramafuta]], [[Kisiwa cha Sagitu|Sagitu]], [[Kisiwa cha Sali (Uganda)|Sali]], [[Kisiwa cha Samoka|Samoka]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Buvuma)|Sanga (Buvuma)]], [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat -0,07, long 32,80), [[Kisiwa cha Sanga (Mukono)|Sanga (Mukono)]] (lat 0,08, long 32,65), [[Kisiwa cha Segamba|Segamba]], [[Kisiwa cha Sege|Sege]], [[Visiwa vya Semuganja|Semuganja]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omunene|Semuganja Omunene]], [[Kisiwa cha Semuganja Omutono|Semuganja Omutono]], [[Kisiwa cha Sentwe|Sentwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Serinya|Serinya]], [[Visiwa vya Sese|Sese]], [[Kisiwa cha Sigulu|Sigulu]], [[Kisiwa cha Simu|Simu]],[[Kisiwa cha Sindiro|Sindiro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sira|Sira]], [[Kisiwa cha Siro|Siro]], [[Kisiwa cha Sowe (Uganda)|Sowe]], [[Kisiwa cha Tavu|Tavu]], [[Kisiwa cha Visa (Uganda)|Visa]], [[Kisiwa cha Vumba|Vumba]], [[Kisiwa cha Wabuziba|Wabuziba]], [[Kisiwa cha Waiasi|Waiasi]], [[Kisiwa cha Waitwe|Waitwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yubwe|Yubwe]], [[Kisiwa cha Yuweh|Yuweh|]], [[Kisiwa cha Zigunga|Zigunga]], [[Visiwa pacha vya Zigunga|Zigunga Pacha]], [[Kisiwa cha Zinga (Uganda)|Zinga]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziro|Ziro]], [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat -0,09, long 33,21), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Buvuma)|Ziru (Buvuma)]] (lat 0,05, long 32,98), [[Kisiwa cha Ziru (Kalangala)|Ziru (Kalangala)]] == Katika utamaduni == * Ziwa Victoria, fuo zake, na visiwa vinaonyeshwa katika riwaya ya Jules Verne wiki tano katika puto, ambapo wasafiri huvuka ziwa Kutoka Mashariki hadi kaskazini magharibi kutafuta chanzo cha Mto nile (sura ya 18 na 19).<ref>{{cite book|author=Butcher, William |date=2008 |location=Hong Kong |pages=29 |publisher=Acadien |title=Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> * Katika filamu ya kusisimua "Five Weeks in a Balloon" (1962), Profesa Ferguson Na wenzake wanaruka Kupitia Ziwa Victoria katika puto la hewa moto wakati wa msafara kutoka Zanzibar hadi Afrika Magharibi, Hadi Mto Volta.<ref>{{IMDb title |0055988 |Five Weeks in a Balloon}}</ref> * Katika riwaya ya kihistoria ya Ivan Yefremov kwenye ukingo wa Oikoumene (Ardhi ya povu), msafara wa Zamani Wa Wamisri ulifika nchi ya Punt (Somalia ya Leo) kwa meli, na kutoka hapo watoto wachanga walifika Mto Zambezi Na Ziwa Victoria (Sehemu Ya 1, "Safari Ya Baurdjed").<ref>''Ефремов И.А.'' «На краю Ойкумены» — М.: Стройиздат, 1982. — 447 с.</ref><ref>''Ерёмина О. А., Смирнов Н. Н.'' Иван Ефремов. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2013. — 682 с. — (Жизнь замечательных людей; вып. 1440). — ISBN 978-5-235-03658-1</ref> * Katika riwaya ya [[Andrei Gusev]] "Consummation in Mombasa" (2017), wahusika Wakuu, Andy Na Jennifer, wanaanza safari ya harusi kutoka Mombasa kwenda Kisumu, kwenye mwambao wa Ziwa Victoria, na kisha kupumzika katika nyumba ya bweni kwenye Kisiwa Cha Kenya Cha [[Kisiwa cha Takawiri|Takawiri]] katikati ya Ziwa Victoria.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Mombasa.htm Review of ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of Writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 ''"Consummation in Mombasa"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609223657/https://lady.webnice.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22336 |date=9 June 2020 }} — in Lady's Club, 2017 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 ''«Консуммация в Момбасе»''] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2017 {{in lang|ru}}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804015027/https://proza.ru/2017/07/30/28 |date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Kenya]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Uganda]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Viktoria ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html |date=20070927212902 }} {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{maziwa ya Uganda}} {{Maziwa ya Kenya}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kenya]] [[Jamii:Nile]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Viktoria| ]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Kagera]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Geita]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]] dmq6yui8tl9igjlp90x6lmtym95y06a 0 5375 1583109 1502686 2026-08-02T00:38:39Z Shiana1 91359 /* Uchumi */ 1583109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Pakistani | jina_asili = اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان (Urdu) | bendera = Flag of Pakistan.svg | nembo = State emblem of Pakistan.svg | kauli_mbiu = "ایمان، اتحاد، نظم" (Iman – Ittehad – Nazm / Faith, Unity, Discipline) | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Qaumī Tarānah" (قَومی ترانہ) <br/>[[File:National anthem of Pakistan, instrumental.oga]] | ramani = PAK orthographic.svg | maelezo_ramani = Ramani ya Pakistan katika dunia | mji_mkuu = [[Islamabad]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Karachi]] | lugha_rasmi = [[Urdu]], [[Kiingereza]] | dini = {{Plainlist| * 96.3% [[Uislamu]] * 2.2% [[Uhindu]] * 1.4% [[Ukristo]] * 0.1% nyingine }} | uraia = Mpakistani | serikali = Jamhuri ya Kishirikisho ya Kiislamu | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Rais]] | kiongozi1 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Waziri Mkuu]] | kiongozi2 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]] | bunge = Bunge la Pakistan (Seneti na Bunge la Taifa) | muundo_uhuru = Uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | tukio1 = Tangazo | tukio1_tarehe = 23 Machi 1940 | tukio2 = Miliki | tukio2_tarehe = 14 Agosti 1947 | tukio3 = Jamhuri | tukio3_tarehe = 23 Machi 1956 | tukio6 = Katiba | tukio6_tarehe = 14 Agosti 1973 | eneo_jumla = 881,913 km² | maji = 2.86% | watu_kadirio = 241,499,431 | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | msongamano = 273.8 | plt_ppp = $1.67 trilioni | mwaka_plt_ppp = 2025 | plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = $6,950 | plt = $410.5 bilioni | mwaka_plt = 2025 | plt_kwa_mtu = $1,710 | hdi = {{Ongezeko}} 0.544 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | cheo_maendeleo = 168 | gini = 29.6 (2018) | fedha = Rupia ya Pakistan(₨) | majira_saa = 5 | muundo_tarehe = dd-mm-yyyy | tld = .pk, .پاکستان. | msimbo_simu = 92 | tovuti_rasmi = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}} }} '''Pakistani''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Pakistani''' (kwa [[kiurdu]] ''اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان'') ni nchi ya [[Asia ya Kusini]]. Imepakana na [[Ghuba ya Uarabuni]] upande wa kusini, [[Afuganistani]] na [[Uajemi]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Uhindi]] upande wa mashariki na [[Uchina]] kaskazini-mashariki. Ina idadi ya watu takriban Milioni 241 na kuwa nchi ya sita duniani kwa idadi ya watu. [[Karachi]] ndio mji mkubwa wa Pakistani huku [[Islamabad]] ukiwa [[mji mkuu]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiurdu]]. Pakistani ina [[Pakistani#Historia|historia]] tajiri na changamano inayochukua maelfu ya miaka, na ni chanzo cha [[ustaarabu]] wa kale kama vile Ustaarabu wa Bonde la Indus, mojawapo ya jamii za mwanzo kabisa za mijini duniani. Katika karne nyingi, eneo hili limeathiriwa na tamaduni na himaya mbalimbali, zikiwemo za [[Uajemi|Kiajemi]], [[Ugiriki ya Kale|Kigiriki]], Kimaurya, Kimughal, na utawala wa kikoloni wa [[Waingereza]]. Baada ya kumalizika kwa utawala wa [[Waingereza]] mwaka 1947, Pakistani iliundwa kama taifa tofauti kwa [[Waislamu]] wa [[Bara Hindi]], hapo awali ikiwa na Pakistani Mashariki na Pakistani Magharibi. Nchi hiyo ilipitia mabadiliko makubwa ya kisiasa na [[jamii|kijamii]] baada ya [[Historia ya Bangladesh|Pakistani Mashariki]] kuwa taifa huru la [[Bangladesh]] mwaka 1971. [[Utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]], Pakistani ni nchi yenye utofauti mkubwa, ikiwa na makundi mengi ya [[Pakistani#Demografia|kikabila, lugha, na mila]] zinazoakisi [[historia]] yake changamano na [[jiografia]] yake. [[Uislamu]] una nafasi kuu katika maisha ya [[jamii|kijamii]] na [[siasa|kisiasa]] ya nchi, ukichangia katika sheria, desturi, na sherehe. Pakistani pia ina urithi tajiri katika sanaa, [[fasihi]], [[muziki]], na usanifu majengo, pamoja na maeneo ya [[Pakistani#Historia|kihistoria]] kuanzia mabaki ya kale ya Mohenjo-daro hadi misikiti na ngome za enzi ya Mughal. Nafasi yake ya kimkakati katika makutano ya [[Asia ya Kusini]], [[Asia ya Kati]], na [[Mashariki ya Kati]] imeifanya kuwa mhusika muhimu katika siasa za kikanda, biashara, na masuala ya usalama. Jina la '''Pākistān''' lina maana ya "nchi ya watu safi" kwa [[Kiurdu]]. Ni nchi yenye [[Waislamu]] wengi duniani baada ya [[Indonesia]]. ==Historia== ===Wakati wa ukoloni=== Pakistani ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Uhindi wa Kiingereza]] hadi [[1947]]. Mwaka [[1857]] Wahindi walipinga [[utawala]] wa [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi wa Mashariki]]. Matokeo yake utawala ulishikwa na [[serikali]] yenyewe ya [[Uingereza]] kama [[koloni]] ([[1858]]). Mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]] [[harakati]] za Wahindi kutafuta [[uhuru]] zilianza upya. Mwaka [[1885]] [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha INC ([[Indian National Congress]]) kiliundwa na [[Wahindu]] na [[Waislamu]] pamoja waliodai uhuru. Mwaka [[1906]] viongozi Waislamu walitoka katika INC na kuunda "[[Shirikisho la Waislamu]]". Mwaka [[1917]] Uingereza ulitamka ya kwamba ulitaka kuelekea polepole hali ya kujitawala kwa Wahindi. Viongozi wa wenyeji hawakuridhika na mkasi wa mabadiliko. Chini ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Mahatma Ghandi]] mwendo wa kupigania uhuru bila mabavu ulipata nguvu. Ghandi alipigania hasa [[umoja]] wa Wahindu na Waislamu lakini alipingwa na viongozi wenye [[itikadi kali]] wa pande zote mbili. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] Waingereza walikubali kujiondoa katika Uhindi. Swali kubwa lilikuwa kama nchi itabaki kama nchi moja au kama maeneo ya Waislamu yatajitenga. ===Baada ya uhuru=== Tarehe 14/[[15 Agosti]] [[1947]] utawala wa Uingereza ulikwisha. Bara Hindi iligawanywa katika nchi mbili za [[Uhindi]] na Pakistan. [[Mgawanyo wa Uhindi]] ulikuja na [[vita]] na kumwaga kwa [[damu]] nyingi. Tarehe [[30 Januari]] [[1948]] Ghandi mwenyewe aliuawa na Hindu mkali aliyemchukia kwa sababu alitaka [[usawa]] wa Waislamu na Wahindu. Wakati ule ilikuwa nchi moja pamoja na [[Bangla Desh]] ya leo, lakini mwaka [[1971]] hizo pande mbili zilitengana baada ya vita kati yao. ==Utawala== Nchi ni shirikisho la [[jimbo|majimbo]] manne ya [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Jimbo la mpaka wa kaskazini-magharibi]] na [[Baluchistan]], mbali ya maeneo matatu. ==Demografia== ==== Lugha ==== [[Lugha rasmi]] nchini Pakistan ni [[Kiurdu]] na [[Kiingereza]]. [[Lugha]] nyingine ni zaidi ya 60, lakini ni ndogo, zenye wasemaji wachache; karibu zote ni [[lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya]] (angalia [[orodha ya lugha za Pakistan]]). [[Robo]] tatu za wakazi wanaelewa Kiurdu. ==== Dini ==== [[File:Badshahi Mosuqe Complete View Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Msikiti wa Badshahi]] [[Asilimia]] 96.4 za wakazi ni [[Waislamu]], hasa [[Wasuni]]. Ndiyo [[dini rasmi]]. [[Wahindu]] ni 2.14% na [[Wakristo]] 1.27%. == Uchumi == Pakistani ina [[uchumi]] wenye utofauti na unaoendelea unaounganisha [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na sekta za [[huduma]]. Kihistoria, [[kilimo]] kimekuwa uti wa mgongo wa [[uchumi]] wa Pakistani, kikiajiri sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu na kuchangia katika usalama wa chakula na [[mauzo ya nje]]. Mazao makuu ni [[ngano]], [[mchele]], [[pamba]], [[miwa]], na [[mahindi]], huku ufugaji wa mifugo ukiwa pia chanzo muhimu cha kipato. Nchi imewekeza katika miundombinu ya umwagiliaji, kama vile mifereji na mabwawa, ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa kilimo, ingawa changamoto kama ukosefu wa maji na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]] zinaendelea kuathiri sekta hii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Agriculture, Tourism and Services of Pakistan|author=Lawrence Ziring|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Economy|publisher=Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Sekta ya [[viwanda]] na uzalishaji inachukua nafasi inayokua katika uchumi wa Pakistani, ikitengeneza [[nguo]], [[saruji]], [[chuma]], [[kemikali]], na bidhaa za watumiaji. Sekta ya nguo na mavazi, hasa, ni mchango mkubwa kwa [[mauzo ya nje]] na [[ajira]], ikifanya Pakistani kuwa mojawapo ya wazalishaji wakuu wa nguo duniani. Vituo vya viwanda vimejikita katika miji kama [[Karachi]], [[Faisalabad]], na [[Lahore]], huku juhudi za serikali zikiwa ni za kuhimiza ukuaji wa viwanda, uwekezaji wa kigeni, na kuanzishwa kwa maeneo maalumu ya kiuchumi ili kuongeza uzalishaji na maendeleo ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]]. Sekta ya [[huduma]], ikiwemo [[fedha]], [[mawasiliano]], rejareja, na [[utalii]], imepanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa katika miongo ya karibuni, ikichangia ukuaji wa uchumi mijini na uundaji wa ajira. Uchumi wa Pakistani pia unafaidika na mishahara inayotumwa na wafanyakazi wake wengi walioko nje, hasa [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Ulaya]]. Hata hivyo, nchi inakabiliana na changamoto kama uhaba wa [[nishati]], upungufu wa bajeti, ukosefu wa utulivu wa kisiasa, na [[mfumuko wa bei]], vinavyoathiri utulivu wa uchumi. Licha ya matatizo haya, Pakistan inaendelea kutekeleza mageuzi na miradi ya maendeleo inayolenga kuongeza utofauti wa uchumi, kuvutia uwekezaji wa kigeni, na kuendeleza ukuaji endelevu. {| class="infobox borderless" |+ National symbols of Pakistan (Official) |- ! '''National animal''' | | [[Image:Markhor.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National bird''' | | [[Image:Keklik.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National tree''' | | [[Image:Pedrengo cedro nel parco Frizzoni.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National flower''' | | [[Image:Jasminum officinale.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage animal''' | | [[Image:Snow Leopard 13.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National heritage bird''' | | [[Image:Vándorsólyom.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National aquatic marine mammal''' | | [[Image:National aquatic marine mammal of Pakistan.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National reptile''' | | [[Image:Persiancrocodile.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National amphibian''' | | [[Image:Bufo stomaticus04.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National fruit''' | | [[Image:Chaunsa.JPG|50px]] |- ! '''National mosque''' | | [[Image:Shah Faisal Mosque (Islamabad, Pakistan).jpg |50px]] |- ! '''National mausoleum''' | | |- ! '''National river''' | | [[Image:Indus river from karakouram highway.jpg|50px]] |- ! '''National mountain''' | | [[Image:K2, Mount Godwin Austen, Chogori, Savage Mountain.jpg|50px]] |- |} == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{en}} [http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Tovuti rasmi] * {{CIA World Factbook link|pk|Pakistan}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/pakistan.htm Pakistan] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/pakistan.htm |date=20120829212601 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12965779 Pakistan] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438805/Pakistan Pakistan] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * {{Wikiatlas|Pakistan}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PK Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan] from [[International Futures]] * [http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx Population Of Pakistan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.geohive.com/earth/population_now.aspx |date=20140702055710 }} * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/PAK/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Pakistan Summary Trade Statistics] {{asia}} [[Jamii:Pakistan| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 7dz2e7oafujht2hvtno0zkujw5h107v 0 5438 1583080 1251974 2026-08-01T15:47:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Ankara |picha_ya_satelite = Ankara.jpg |pushpin_map = Uturuki |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Ankara katika Uturuki |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Uturuki]] |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd = 39 |latm = 52 |lats=0 |latNS = N |longd = 32 |longm = 52 |longs=0 |longEW = E |website = [http://www.ankara.bel.tr/ www.ankara.bel.tr./] }} [[Picha:Ankara asv2021-10 img40 Kocatepe Mosque.jpg|right|260px|thumb|200px|Masjid ya Kocatepe]] '''Ankara''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Uturuki]]. Iko katika kitovu cha [[Anatolia]] kwenye kimo cha 938 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/68/Ankara.html |title=Ankara, Turkey: Latitude, Longitude and Altitude |accessdate=2011-01-28 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711095906/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/68/Ankara.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Huu ndiyo mji mkuu wa [[Mkoa wa Ankara]]. Ankara ni mji mkubwa wa pili nchini baada ya [[Istanbul]]. Kuna wakazi 4,319,167 ([[2005]]). == Historia == Ankara ilianzishwa katika [[milenia ya pili KK]] na tangu [[karne ya tatu KK]] ilijulikana kwa jina la Ancyra. Wakatai wa Dola la Roma ilikuwa mji mkuu wa jimbo la [[Galatia]]. Mji uliendelea katika [[Dola la Bizanti]] (Roma ya Masahriki). Tangu mwaka [[1071]] makabila ya [[Waturuki]] walianza kuvamia Anatolia na [[Sultani Alparslan]] alitwaa mji mwaka [[1073]] ukawa sehemu ya falme mbalimbali ya kituruki hadi kuja kwa [[Dola la Uturuki]] wa [[Waosmani]]. Baada ya kushindwa kwa Uturuki katika [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] nchi washindi hasa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Italia na Ugiriki zilianza kugawa mabaki ya Dola la Uturuki. Kiongozi wa upinzani wa kitaifa wa Kituruki jenerali [[Kemal Atatürk]] alichagua Ankara kama makao makuu ya upinzani mwaka [[1919]]. Baada ya [[vita ya uhuru wa Uturuki]] mwaka [[1923]] nchi ilitangazwa kuwa [[jamhuri]] na Ankara mji wake mkuu badala ya [[Istanbul]] iliyowahi kuwa mji wa masultani. <references/> {{commons}} {{Wilaya za Uturuki|provname=Ankara}} {{Miji ya Uturuki}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Asia]] [[Jamii:Ankara| ]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Dola la Roma]] bhn9d71adthnwvzeekr9g52nxr72xmd 0 15876 1583123 1486952 2026-08-02T06:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:GiuseppeVerdi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Giuseppe Verdi.]] [[Picha:Giuseppe Verdi signature.jpg|200px|thumb|]] '''Giuseppe Verdi''' (Roncole, karibu na [[Busseto]], [[Parma]] [[9 Oktoba|9 au]] [[10 Oktoba]] [[1813]] - [Milano] [[27 Januari]] [[1901]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[opera]] kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Yaaminika kwamba Verdi na [[Richard Wagner]] walikuwa watunzi wakubwa kabisa wa [[muziki]] wa opera kwa kipindi cha [[karne ya 19]], ingawaje walikuwa wakiishi nchi tofauti. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.giuseppeverdi.it Giuseppe Verdi Official Site] {{Wayback|url=http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/ |date=20041101090732 }} * [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=569 "Verdi and Milan"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=569 |date=20081012162432 }}, lecture by [[Roger Parker]] on Verdi, given at [[Gresham College]],[[London]] [[14 Mei]] [[2007]] (text, audio & video; available for download or streaming) * [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Verdi%2C+Giuseppe&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Verdi cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[:en:University of California, Santa Barbara|University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. * [http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html Stanford University list of Verdi operas, premiere locations and dates, etc.] {{Wayback|url=http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html |date=20140428153210 }} * [http://www.classicistranieri.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=6146 ''I Lombardi alla prima crociata''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.classicistranieri.com/dblog/articolo.asp?articolo=6146 |date=20061018135716 }} MP3 Creative Commons Recording (Italian) * {{gutenberg author| id=Giuseppe+Verdi | name=Giuseppe Verdi}} * [http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/verdi/index.html "Album Verdi" from the Digital Library of the National Library of Naples (Italy)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/verdi/index.html |date=20110115001022 }} * [http://www.zyworld.com/amicidiverdi/Events.htm London Society for Verdi enthusiasts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zyworld.com/amicidiverdi/Events.htm |date=20071015071858 }} * Listen to a free MP3 recording of [http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/cgi-bin/acc_download.cgi/4mp3/Ave%20Maria%20Verdi%203.mp3 Ave Maria ] with [http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/indexENG.html Umeå Akademiska Kör]. * [http://www.liberliber.it/audioteca/v/verdi/index.htm Free MP3 Verdi's operas] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liberliber.it/audioteca/v/verdi/index.htm |date=20110604151111 }} * [http://www.mariannehofer.ch/downloads/verdi.mp3 Un ballo in Maschera] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mariannehofer.ch/downloads/verdi.mp3 |date=20090930101849 }} Soprano (free MP3) * [http://www.classicalmusicmobile.com/ Classical Music Mobile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.classicalmusicmobile.com/ |date=20080820044422 }} Classical Music MP3 > Verdi * {{IMSLP|id=Verdi%2C_Giuseppe|cname=Verdi}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-38460}} * [http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk Detailed listing of "complete" recordings of Verdi's operas and of extended excerpts.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/ |date=20090504003439 }} {{Commons category|Giuseppe Verdi}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{Uromantik}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Verdi, Giuseppe}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1813]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1901]] 9i361dxy8b0hq4vcf22k0z0vyi0cok2 0 16134 1583114 1148721 2026-08-02T02:18:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Edvard_Grieg_(1888)_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg|right|thumb|Edvard Grieg, 1888]] '''Edvard Hagerup Grieg''' ([[15 Juni]] [[1843]]- [[4 Septemba]] [[1907]]) alikuwa mtunzi wa [[Opera]] na mpigaji kinanda maarufu kutoka nchi [[Norwei]]. Huyu nae alikuwa mmoja kati ya watunzi wa [[Opera]] kwa kipindi cha Romantiki. == Viungo vya nje == * {{WIMA|idx=Grieg|name=Edvard Grieg}} * [http://www.grieg07.no The 100th year commemoration of Edvard Grieg's death official site] * [http://www.edvardgrieg.no The Grieg archives at Bergen Public Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edvardgrieg.no/ |date=20090413060030 }} * [http://www.troldhaugen.no Troldhaugen Museum, Grieg's home] * [http://www.mnc.net/norway/GRIEG.HTM Biography of Grieg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mnc.net/norway/GRIEG.HTM |date=20051214011056 }} by prof. Harald Herresthal * [http://home.online.no/~trold/griegopus.htm Grieg: the work list (Norwegian/English)] {{Wayback|url=http://home.online.no/~trold/griegopus.htm |date=20050830070916 }} * Films about Grieg's life: [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303955/ ''What Price Immortality?'' (1999)], [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066393/ ''Song of Norway'' (1970)] === Nakala na baadhi ya rekodi za Edvard Grieg === * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?action=search&page=show&order=op&query=edvard+grieg www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] - Grieg's complete piano works * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/grieg.htm Edvard Hagerup Grieg - MIDI files] * Works by Grieg in MP3 format at [http://www.logoslibrary.org/classical/grieg/index.html Logos Virtual Library] {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{Uromantik}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grieg, Edvard}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Romantik]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1843]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1907]] bvx5wb178ska4y5soh2isbh0ocg6i19 0 16146 1583120 1233739 2026-08-02T05:04:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Liszt 1858.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Franz Liszt mwaka 1858.]] '''Franz Liszt''' ([[22 Oktoba]] [[1811]] – [[31 Julai]] [[1886]]) alikuwa [[mtunzi]] wa [[Opera]] na [[mpigakinanda]] mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Hungaria]]. Amefahamika sana kwa ujuzi wake wa upigaji [[kinanda]] kwa haraka zaidi na kuwa na maarifa ya juu katika [[fani]] hiyo. Upande wa [[dini]], alikuwa [[Mkristo]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], tena mwanachama wa [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/1/4/1/11419/11419-h/11419-h.htm The Love Affairs of Great Musicians, Volume 2] by Rupert Hughes, full-text from [[Project Gutenberg]] * [http://www.liszt.dk/ Franz Liszt Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liszt.dk/ |date=20080416223027 }} - A comprehensive Liszt site with searchable databases. * {{musicbrainz artist|id=2cd475bb-1abd-40c4-9904-6d4b691c752c|name=Franz Liszt}} * [http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Liszt/00000010.htm Letters of Franz Liszt] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Liszt/00000010.htm |date=20110928073933 }} * [http://www.cph.rcm.ac.uk/Programmes1/Pages/BtoR9.htm Concert programme for September 16, 1840 at The Centre for Performance History] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cph.rcm.ac.uk/Programmes1/Pages/BtoR9.htm |date=20050517002902 }} * [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=liszt%2C+franz&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Old cylinder recordings of orchestral arrangements of Liszt Hungarian Rhapsodies], from the [[:en:Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project|Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[:en:University of California, Santa Barbara|University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. * [http://www.liszt.nl International Franz Liszt Piano Competition - official page] * [http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/liszt_index.asp Catalogue of the Complete Liszt Recording by Leslie Howard] * [http://www.limerickcorp.ie/media/Media,4060,en.pdf Liszt in Limerick] {{Wayback|url=http://www.limerickcorp.ie/media/Media,4060,en.pdf |date=20080408224611 }}, The Old Limerick Journal, Richard Ahern * [http://www.sausagelynx.com/Franz%20Liszt%20Resource.htm Sausage Lynx Franz Liszt Page],Frenetically filled with fascinating Franz Liszt information * [http://www.liszt-archiv.de/en Liszt Archive] === Nakala za muziki wake === * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/index.php?action=search&page=show&order=op&query=franz+liszt www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] Liszt's piano works * {{IMSLP | id=Liszt%2C_Franz | cname=Franz Liszt}} * {{ChoralWiki}} * [http://www.sheetmusicfox.com/Liszt/]-Free Sheet Music at SheetMusicFox === Rekodi zake === * Michael Sayers: [http://www.michaelsayers.com/ferenclisztmp3s.html Liszt's Resignazione as a mp3 file] {{Wayback|url=http://www.michaelsayers.com/ferenclisztmp3s.html |date=20080414205600 }} * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/liszt.htm Franz Liszt - (Live) MIDI files] * [http://magnatune.com/collections/liszt Liszt at Magnatune] {{Wayback|url=http://magnatune.com/collections/liszt |date=20200920131833 }} [[MP3]] [[Creative Commons]] recordings * [http://www.classicalarchives.com/liszt.html Liszt's page] at [[Classical Archives]] * [http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/625.htm Liszt, Franz] {{Wayback|url=http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/625.htm |date=20081013091034 }} - Biography and Music. * Demko Miroslav: ''Franz Liszt compositeur Slovaque'', L´Age d´Homme, Suisse, 2003. === Kazi za fasihi === * {{gutenberg author| id=Franz+Liszt | name=Franz Liszt}} {{mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{Uromantik}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Liszt, Franz}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1811]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1886]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Hungaria]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Hungaria]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Romantik]] [[Jamii:Wafransisko]] todby5wo5h2jk7ch12f7p931osrlq79 0 16652 1583093 1485514 2026-08-01T21:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Paka | picha = Black-footed cat, Zoo Wuppertal, July 2009.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Paka miguu-myeusi | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] <small>(Wanyama wenye viwele)</small> | oda = [[Carnivora]] <small>(Wanyama mbua)</small> | nusuoda = [[Feliformia]] <small>(Wanyama kama [[paka]])</small> | familia = [[Felidae]] <small>(Wanyama walio na mnasaba na paka)</small> | nusufamilia = [[Felinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na paka)</small> | bingwa_wa_nusufamilia = [[Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim|Fischer von Waldheim]], 1817 | subdivision = '''Jenasi 10:''' * ''[[Acinonyx]]'' <small>[[Joshua Brookes|Brookes]], 1828</small> * ''[[Caracal]]'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1843</small> * ''[[Felis]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small> * ''[[Leopardus]]'' <small>Gray, 1842</small> * ''[[Leptailurus]]'' <small>[[Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov|Severtsov]], 1858</small> * ''[[Lynx]]'' <small>[[Robert Kerr|Kerr]], 1792</small> * ''[[Pardofelis]]'' <small>[[William Charles Linnaeus Martin|Martin]], 1837</small> * ''[[Prionailurus]]'' <small>Severtsov, 1858</small> * ''[[Profelis]]'' <small>Severtsov, 1858</small> * ''[[Puma (mnyama)|Puma]]'' <small>[[William Jardine|Jardine]], 1834</small> }} '''Paka''' ni [[wanyama]] walao [[nyama]] wanaohusishwa na nusufamilia ''Felinae'' katika [[familia]] ''Felidae''. Ndani ya kundi hili hupatikana [[spishi]] mbalimbali kama [[duma]], [[simbamangu]], [[Mondo (mnyama)|mondo]] na wengineo. Wengi wao ni wadogo kama paka wa kufugwa majumbani, lakini wapo walio wakubwa zaidi kama duma, [[linksi]] na puma.<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O’Donoghue |first15=P. |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=11−63 |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S.}}</ref> Isipokuwa spishi kama simbamangu, Asian golden cat, puma na pengine paka-msitu, paka wengi wana alama za milia au madoa katika manyoya yao. Paka hukamata mawindo ya aina mbalimbali, na ukubwa wa mawindo hutegemea ukubwa wa spishi husika.<ref name="werdelin">{{cite book|title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N.|last3=Johnson|first3=W. E.|last4=O'Brien|first4=S. J.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-923445-5|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=D. W.|location=Oxford, UK|pages=59–82|chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)|editor2-last=Loveridge|editor2-first=A. J.|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142}}</ref><ref name="Kingdon">{{cite book|title=Mammals of Africa|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4081-2251-8|editor1-last=Kingdon|editor1-first=J.|volume=5|location=London, UK|pages=144–210|chapter=Subfamily Felinae − Cats|editor2-last=Happold|editor2-first=D.|editor3-last=Butynski|editor3-first=T.|editor4-last=Hoffmann|editor4-first=M.|editor5-last=Happold|editor5-first=M.|editor6-last=Kalina|editor6-first=J.|chapter-url={{Google Books|id=B_07noCPc4kC|page=RA4-PA148|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Baadhi ya spishi za paka hupatikana katika misitu, ilhali nyingine hupatikana katika maeneo ya wazi kama [[savana]] na nyanda kame.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1917 |title=VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ |url=https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/112 |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=19 |issue=109 |pages=113−136 |doi=10.1080/00222931709486916}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hast |first1=M. H. |year=1989 |title=The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=163 |pages=117–121 |pmc=1256521 |pmid=2606766}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=G. |year=2002 |title=Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mammal-review_2002-12_32_4/page/245 |journal=Mammal Review |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=245−271 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x}}</ref> == Spishi za Afrika == * ''Acinonyx jubatus'' [[Duma]] ([[w:Cheetah|Cheetah]]) * ''Caracal caracal'' [[Simbamangu]] ([[w:Caracal|Caracal]]) * ''Felis chaus'' ([[w:Jungle Cat|Jungle Cat]]) ** ''Felis c. nilotica'', [[Paka-maji]] ([[w:Jungle Cat|Swamp Lynx]]) * ''Felis margarita'', [[Paka-mchanga]] ([[w:Sand Cat|Sand Cat]]) * ''Felis nigripes'', [[Paka Miguu-myeusi]] ([[w:Black-footed Cat|Black-footed Cat]]) * ''Felis silvestris'', [[Paka-pori]] ([[w:Wildcat|Wild Cat]]) ** ''Felis s. cafra'', [[Kimburu]] au Paka-pori wa Afrika (Eastern and Southern African Wild Cat) ** ''Felis s. catus'', [[Paka-kaya]] ([[w:Cat|Domestic Cat]]) – pia ''Felis catus'' ** ''Felis s. lybica'', [[Paka-jangwa]] ([[w:African Wildcat|North African Wild Cat]]) * ''Leptailurus serval'', [[Mondo (mnyama)|Mondo]] au Kisongo ([[w:Serval|Serval]]) * ''Profelis aurata'', [[Paka Dhahabu]] au Paka-msitu ([[w:African Golden Cat|African Golden Cat]]) == Spishi za mabara mengine == * ''Felis chaus'', [[Paka-mwitu]] ([[w:Jungle Cat|Jungle Cat]]) * ''Felis manul'', [[Paka wa Pallas]] ([[w:Pallas' Cat|Pallas' Cat]]) * ''Felis silvestris'', [[Paka-pori]] ([[w:Wildcat|Wild Cat]]) ** ''Felis s. bieti'', [[Paka-pori wa Uchina]] ([[w:Chinese Mountain Cat|Chinese Mountain Cat]]) ** ''Felis s. ornata'' [[Paka-pori wa Asia]] ([[w:Asiatic Wildcat|Asiatic Wild Cat]]) ** ''Felis s. silvestris'' [[Paka-pori wa Ulaya]] ([[w:European Wildcat|European Wild Cat]]) * ''Leopardus braccatus'', [[Paka wa Pantanal]] ([[w:Pantanal Cat|Pantanal Cat]]) * ''Leopardus colocolo'', [[Kolokolo (mnyama)|Kolokolo]] ([[w:Colocolo|Colocolo]]) * ''Leopardus geoffroyi'', [[Paka wa Geoffroy]] ([[w:Geoffroy's Cat|Geoffroy's Cat]]) * ''Leopardus guigna'', [[Kodikodi]] ([[w:Kodkod|Kodkod]]) * ''Leopardus guttulus'', [[Onisila]] ([[w:Oncilla|Oncilla]]) * ''Leopardus jacobitus'', [[Paka wa Milima Andes]] ([[w:Andean Mountain Cat|Andean Mountain Cat]]) * ''Leopardus pajeros'', [[Paka wa Pampas]] ([[w:Pampas Cat|Pampas Cat]]) * ''Leopardus pardalis'', [[Oseloti]] ([[w:Ocelot|Ocelot]]) * ''Leopardus tigrinus'', [[Tigrina]] ([[w:Tigrina|Tigrina]]) * ''Leopardus wiedii'', [[Marakaya]] ([[w:Margay|Margay]]) * ''Lynx canadensis'', [[Linksi wa Kanada]] ([[w:Canadian Lynx|Canadian Lynx]]) * ''Lynx lynx'', [[Linksi wa Ulaya]] ([[w:Eurasian Lynx|Eurasian Lynx]]) * ''Lynx pardinus'', [[Linksi wa Hispania]] ([[w:Iberian Lynx|Iberian Lynx]]) * ''Lynx rufus'', [[Linksi-nyika]] ([[w:Bobcat|Bobcat]]) * ''Pardofelis badia'', [[Paka wa Borneo]] ([[w:Bay Cat|Bay Cat]]) * ''Pardofelis marmorata'', [[Paka-madoa]] ([[w:Marbled Cat|Marbled Cat]]) * ''Pardofelis temminckii'', [[Paka-msitu wa Asia]] ([[w:Asian Golden Cat|Asian Golden Cat]]) * ''Prionailurus bengalensis'', [[Paka-chui]] ([[w:Leopard Cat|Leopard Cat]]) * ''Prionailurus iriomotensis'', [[Paka wa Iriomote]] ([[w:Iriomote Cat|Iriomote Cat]]) * ''Prionailurus planiceps'', [[Paka Kichwa-kipana]] ([[w:Flat-headed Cat|Flat-headed Cat]]) * ''Prionailurus rubiginosus'', [[Paka madoa-mekundu]] ([[w:Rusty-spotted Cat|Rusty-spotted Cat]]) * ''Prionailurus viverrinus'', [[Paka-mvuvi]] ([[w:Fishing Cat|Fishing Cat]]) * ''Puma concolor'', [[Simba-milima]] ([[w:Cougar|Puma]]) * ''Puma yagouaroundi'', [[Jaguarundi]] ([[w:Jaguarundi|Jaguarundi]]) == Picha == <gallery> File:Cheetah Kruger.jpg|Duma File:Caracal hunting in the serengeti.jpg|Simbamangu File:FelisChausMunsiari3.jpg|Paka-maji File:Sand cat at bristol zoo arp.jpg|Paka-mchanga File:Mauegyptien.jpg|Paka-kaya (aina ya Misri) File:AfricanWildCat.jpg|Paka-jangwa File:Serval in Tanzania.jpg|Mondo </gallery> <gallery> Rohrkatze-6218.jpg|Paka-mwitu <br> ''Felis chaus'' File:ManulZooEdinburg.jpg|Paka wa Pallas <br> ''Felis manul'' File:European Wildcat Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald 03.jpg|Paka-pori wa Ulaya <br> ''Felis sylvestris silvestris'' File:Leopardus geoffroyi.jpg|Paka wa Geoffroy <br> ''Leopardus geoffroyi'' File:Gato andino.jpg|Paka wa Milima Andes <br> ''Leopardus jacobitus'' File:Ocelot_(Leopardus_pardalis)-8.jpg|Oseloti <br> ''Leopardus pardalis'' File:Tika2009Jan24.jpg|Oseloti Mdogo <br> ''Leopardus tigrinus'' File:Margaykat Leopardus wiedii.jpg|Marakaya <br> ''Leopardus wiedii'' File:Canadian Lynx.jpg|Linksi wa Kanada <br> ''Lynx canadensis'' File:Lynx lynx2.jpg|Linksi wa Ulaya <br> ''Lynx lynx'' File:Linces19.jpg|Linksi wa Hispania <br> ''Lynx pardinus'' File:Bobcat stare.jpg|Linksi-nyika <br> ''Lynx rufus'' File:Catopuma temminckii.jpg|Paka-msitu wa Asia <br> ''Asian golden cat'' File:Leopard Cat Tennoji (crop).jpg|Paka-chui <br> ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' File:Rostkatze Zoo Berlin.JPG|Paka madoa-mekundu <br> ''Prionailurus rubiginosus'' File:Prionailurus viverrinus.jpg|Paka-mvuvi <br> ''Prionailurus viverrinus'' File:Captive cougar at the Cincinnati Zoo, Nov. 2013.jpg|Simba-milima <br> ''Puma concolor'' File:Puma yaguarondi.jpg|Jaguarundi <br> ''Puma yagouaroundi'' </gallery> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Paka na jamaa]] [[Jamii: Wanyama]] o1gcbuslmonwy8o3gyj55v91obprzqu 0 27826 1583111 1460127 2026-08-02T01:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Spice Girls (6 janv) 56.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Spice Girls kazini]] '''Diskografia ya Spice Girls''' - hii ni orodha kamili ya matoleo rasmi ya albamu za [[Spice Girls]], kundi la [[muziki wa pop]] la [[Kiingereza]]. Kundi la [[Spice Girls]] wametoa albamu tatu, moja ni [[kompilesheni albamu]], single [[kumi na tatu]] na [[muziki wa video|miziki ya video]] kadhaa. Nyimbo zimerekodiwa katika studio ya [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]. == Albamu == === Studio ya albamu === {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Mwaka !align="center" rowspan="2" width="200"|Maelezo !align="center" colspan="16"|Chati !align="center" rowspan="2" width="130"|[[:en:Music recording sales certification|Matunukio]]<br /><small>([[:en:List of music recording sales certifications|mauzo]])</small> !align="center" rowspan="2" width="125"|[[:en:List of music recording sales certifications|Mauzo Bora]] |- ! width="25"| <small>[[Ufalme wa Muungano Albums Chart|UK]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Billboard 200|U.S.]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Canada|CAN]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[RIANZ|NZ]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[France|FRA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Austria|AUT]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Spain|SPA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Sweden|SWE]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Netherlands|NET]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Ireland|IRE]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Japan|JAP]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Italy|ITA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Switzerland|SWI]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Russia|RUS]]</small> |----- | 1996 | '''''[[Spice]]''''' <small> *Imetolewa: Novemba 1996 *Muundo: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|Cassette]], [[LP album|LP]], [[Mini Disc]] | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 3 | <center> 7 | <center> 6 | <center> 2 | <center> 5 | <center> 8 |align="center"| [[:en:British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: 10× Platinum<ref name="bpi">BPI. [http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=26808 Award's Certifications, ''Spice'' 10× Platinum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=26808 |date=20080214084558 }}. British Phonographic Industry</ref><br> [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 7× Platinum<br> [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: 10× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated2">CRIA. [http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php?page=2&wclause=WHERE+artist_name+like+%27%25spice+girls%25%27+ORDER+BY+cert_date%2C+cert_award+&rcnt=37&csearch=0&nextprev=1 Gold & Platinum Certifications: "Spice Girls"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php?page=2&wclause=WHERE+artist_name+like+%27%25spice+girls%25%27+ORDER+BY+cert_date%2C+cert_award+&rcnt=37&csearch=0&nextprev=1|date=20081004114600}}. [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]].</ref><br> [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: 6× Platinum<ref name="aus">ARIA. [http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm Albums Certification Awards]. [[Australian Recording Industry Association]].</ref><br> [[Europe|EU]]: 8× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated5">IFPI. [http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1997.html Certifications Europe 1997] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1997.html|date=20131016054952}}. "Spice" 8× Platinum. [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]].</ref> |align="center"| <small> World: 23,000,000<ref>[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Magazine]]. [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/spicegirls/biography ''"Spice" selling some 23 million copies worldwide''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/spicegirls/biography |date=20090503114725 }}. Biography Spice Girls.</ref><br> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]: 3,020,000<ref>Evening Chronicle, (Newcastle, England). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6783/is_2003_August_16/ai_n28152028?tag=content;col1 Top 10 selling albums of the 1990s in the UK] {{Wayback|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6783/is_2003_August_16/ai_n28152028?tag=content;col1 |date=20200521213452 }}. quote: "Spice: 3.02m". 16 Agosti 2003. Retrevied 13 Januari 2009.</ref><br> [[US]]: 7,400,000<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003608469 Ask Billboard July 2007] Sales US Spice Girls Album's</ref><br> [[Europe|EU]]: 9,400,000<ref name="saleseu">Charts in France. [http://www.chartsinfrance.net/communaute/index.php?s=&showtopic=17993&view=findpost&p=715567 Les 100 Albums les plus vendus en Europe de l'histoire]. "The 100 best-selling albums in Europe". 27 Agosti 2007. Retrieved 23 Januari 2009.</ref> </small> |- | 1997 | '''''[[Spiceworld]]''''' <small> *Imetolewa: Novemba 1997 *Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|Cassette]], [[LP album|LP]], [[Mini Disc]] | <center> 1 | <center> 3 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 2 | <center> 1 | <center> 2 | <center> 3 | <center> 1 | <center> 1 | <center> 2 | <center> 6 | <center> 4 | <center> 2 | <center> 2 | <center> 3 |align="center"| [[:en:British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: 5× Platinum<ref name="bpi2">BPI. [http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=27227 Award's Certifications, ''Spiceworld'' 5× Platinum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=27227 |date=20071220020654 }}. [[British Phonographic Industry]].</ref><br> [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 4× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated2" /><br> [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: 10× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated2" /><br> [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: 6× Platinum<ref name="aus" /><br> [[Europe|EU]]: 5× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated6">IFPI. [http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1998.html Certifications Europe 1998] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1998.html|date=20100205183557}}. "Spiceworld" 5× Platinum. [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]].</ref> |align="center"| <small> World: 20,000,000<ref name="timesales">[[The Times]]. Sinclair, David.[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article1994828.ece?pgnum=7 The Prefab Five are back. Are you ready?] {{Wayback|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article1994828.ece?pgnum=7 |date=20080830052224 }}. quote: "Their first two albums, Spice and Spiceworld, each sold more than 20 million copies." 28 Juni 2007.</ref><br> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]: 1,500,000<ref name="autogenerated7">Spice Girls LLP. [http://www.thespicegirls.com/facts/albums Official Sales Album's] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thespicegirls.com/facts/albums |date=20120326020103 }}. 19 Management.</ref> <br> [[US]]: 4,100,000<ref name="autogenerated3" /><br> [[Europe|EU]]: 5,500,000<ref name="saleseu" /> |- | 2000 | '''''[[Forever]]''''' <small> *Imetolewa: Novemba 2000 *Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|Cassette]], [[Mini Disc]] | <center> 2 | <center> 39 | <center> 6 | <center> 25 | <center> 43 | <center> 10 | <center> 26 | <center> 24 | <center> 14 | <center> 15 | <center> 9 | <center> 12 | <center> 6 | <center> 11 | <center> 11 | <center> 5 |align="center"| [[:en:British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: Platinum<ref name="bpi3">BPI. [http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=29197 Award's Certifications, Platinum for ''Forever''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=29197 |date=20071021135024 }}. [[British Phonographic Industry]].</ref><br> [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="autogenerated2" /><br> [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Platinum<ref name="aus" /><br> [[Germany|GER]]: Gold<ref name="ger">[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/ "Gold/Platin-Datenbank"]. [[Media Control GfK International]]. Note: User must define "Suchen" search parameter as "Spice Girls".</ref><br> [[Switzerland|SWI]]: Platinum<ref name="swi">[http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=spice+girls "The Official Swiss Charts", The database awards: ''Forever Platin'']. [[Switzerland]].</ref> |align="center"| <small> World: 3,000,000<ref>Virgin Media. [http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/toptens/album-flops.php?ssid=5 Top ten biggest album flops] {{Wayback|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/toptens/album-flops.php?ssid=5 |date=20081104034302 }}. Forever sold 2 Million.</ref><br> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]: 300,000<ref name="autogenerated7" /><br> [[US]]: 207,000<ref name="autogenerated3" /><br> [[Europe|EU]]: 600,000<ref name="Sales">[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/communaute/index.php?s=f1c266941acb9fcf10283c516cdb0825&showtopic=6523&view=findpost&p=577670 Sales Europe for ''Forever'': 600,000]</ref> </small> |- |} ===Kompilesheni albamu=== {| class="wikitable" !align="center" rowspan="2"|Mwaka !align="center" rowspan="2" width="200"|Maelezo !align="center" colspan="16"|Chati !align="center" rowspan="2" width="130"|[[:en:Music recording sales certification|Matunukio]]<br /><small>([[:en:List of music recording sales certifications|mauzo]])</small> !align="center" rowspan="2" width="125"|[[List of music recording sales certifications|Mauzo]] |- ! width="25"| <small>[[Ufalme wa Muungano Albums Chart|UK]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Billboard 200|U.S.]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Canada|CAN]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[RIANZ|NZ]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[France|FRA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Austria|AUT]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Spain|SPA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Sweden|SWE]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Netherlands|NET]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Ireland|IRE]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Japan|JAP]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Media Control Charts|GER]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Italy|ITA]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Switzerland|SWI]]</small> ! width="25"| <small>[[Russia|RUS]]</small> |----- | 2007 | '''''[[Greatest Hits (albamu ya Spice Girls)|Greatest Hits]]''''' <small> *Imetolewa: Novemba 2007 *Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Digital Download]] | <center> 2 | <center> 93 | <center> 11 | <center> 15 | <center> 31 | <center> 74 | <center> 23 | <center> 50 | <center> 73 | <center> 9 | <center> 1 | <center> 18 | <center> 50 | <center> 20 | <center> 52 | <center> 20 |align="center"| <small> [[:en:British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: Platinum<ref name="bpi4">BPI. [http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33128 Award's Certifications, Platinum for ''Greatest Hits''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=33128 |date=20080220133205 }}. [[British Phonographic Industry]].</ref><br> [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: Gold<ref name="ew">[[Entertainment Weekly]]. [http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2007/11/spice-girls-gre.html ''Spice Girls' 'Greatest' already gold, but what about the charts?''] {{Wayback|url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2007/11/spice-girls-gre.html|date=20090105195733}}. shipped 600,000 copies by [[Victoria's Secret]].</ref><br> [[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CAN]]: Gold<ref name="Cria">CRIA. [http://www.cria.ca/gold/0108_g.php Gold Certifications for Greatest Hits] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0108_g.php|date=20090511021628}}. [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]].</ref><br> [[Australian Recording Industry Association|AUS]]: Platinum<ref name="aus" /><br> [[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRL]]: Platinum<ref>IRMA. [http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/platinum07.htm 2007 Certification Awards, ''Platinum'']. [[Irish Recorded Music Association]].</ref> |align="center"| <small> World: 1,700,000<ref>IFPI. [http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-50-albums-2007.pdf 6.4 million sold Greatest Hits] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-50-albums-2007.pdf |date=20080411183036 }}</ref><br> [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]: 360,000<ref name="gre">[http://spiceheart.mforos.com/82498/7161240-headlines-gh-official-chart-run-ii-platino-en-irlanda/ ''Greatest Hits'' Sales UK and Canada]</ref><br> [[US]]: 600,000<ref name="ew" /> |- |} ==Single== {| class="wikitable" ! width="20" rowspan="2"| '''Mwaka''' ! width="240" rowspan="2"| '''Jina''' ! colspan="17"| '''Chati'''<sup> !width="80" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! width="20"| [[Ufalme wa Muungano Singles Chart|UK]] ! width="20"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] ! width="20"| [[Billboard Hot 100|U.S.]] ! width="20"| [[Euro Hot 100|EUR]] ! width="20"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] ! width="20"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] ! width="20"| [[Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique|FRA]] ! width="20"| [[Dutch Top 40|NL]] ! width="20"| [[Spain|SPA]] ! width="20"| [[Switzerland|SWI]] ! width="20"| [[Sweden|SWE]] ! width="20"| [[Finland|FIN]] ! width="20"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] ! width="20"| [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|NZ]] ! width="20"| [[Russia|RUS]] ! width="20"| [[Italy|ITA]] ! width="20"| [[Austria|AUT]] |- |rowspan="3"| 1996 |align="left"|"[[Wannabe]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |rowspan="5"| ''[[Spice]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Say You'll Be There]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|16 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|25 |align="center"|7 |- |align="left"|"[[2 Become 1]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|13 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|9 |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 |align="left"|"[[Who Do You Think You Are]]" ^{<span id="ref_A"></span>[[:en:#endnote_A|'''[A]''']]} |align="center" rowspan="2"|1 |align="center" rowspan="2"|1 |align="center" rowspan="2"|~ |align="center"|3 |align="center" rowspan="2"|~ |align="center"|22 |align="center"|16 |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|~ |align="center" rowspan="2"|6 |align="center" rowspan="2"|5 |align="center"|— |align="center" rowspan="2"|13 |align="center" rowspan="2"|6 |align="center" rowspan="2"|3 |align="center"|26 |align="center"|— |- |align="left"|"[[Mama (wimbo wa Spice Girls)|Mama]]"^{<span id="ref_A"></span>[[:en:#endnote_A|'''[A]''']]} |align="center"|3 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|— |align="center"|15 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|"[[Spice Up Your Life]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|14 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|12 |rowspan="4"| ''[[Spiceworld]]'' |- |align="left"|"[[Too Much]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|21 |align="center"|20 |align="center"|15 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|10 |align="center"|15 |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 |align="left"|"[[Stop]]" |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|16 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|35 |align="center"|12 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|— |align="center"|20 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|9 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|15 |align="center"|12 |- |align="left"|"[[Viva Forever]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|~ |align="center"|2 |align="center"|~ |align="center"|4 |align="center"|18 |align="center"|7 |align="center"|~ |align="center"|3 |align="center"|6 |align="center"|~ |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|4 |- |align="left"|"[[Goodbye]]" |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|11 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|17 |align="center"|21 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|13 |rowspan="3"| ''[[Forever]]'' |- |rowspan="2"| 2000 |align="left"|"[[Holler]]"^{<span id="ref_C"></span>[[:en:#endnote_C|'''[C]''']]} |align="center" rowspan="2"|1 |align="center" rowspan="2"|3 |align="center"|107 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|17 |align="center" rowspan="2"|44 |align="center" rowspan="2"|15 |align="center" rowspan="2"|5 |align="center"|15 |align="center"|8 |align="center"|6 |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|2 |align="center" rowspan="2"|8 |align="center"|3 |align="center" rowspan="2"|24 |- |align="left"|"[[Let Love Lead the Way]]"^{<span id="ref_C"></span>[[#endnote_C|'''[C]''']]} |align="center"|~ |align="center"|2 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|31 |- |rowspan="1"| 2007 |align="left"|"[[Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)]]" |align="center"|11 |align="center"|29 |align="center"|90 |align="center"|14 |align="center"|42 |align="center"|46 |align="center"|— |align="center"|— |align="center"|2 |align="center"|52 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|— |align="center"|74 |align="center"|— |align="center"|8 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|— |rowspan="1"| ''[[Greatest Hits (albamu ya Spice Girls)|Greatest Hits]]'' |- |} ==Muziki wa Video== {| class="wikitable" !Albamu !Mwaka !Video !Mwongozaji !Kiungo !Maelezo |- |rowspan="5"|''[[Spice]]'' |rowspan="3"|1996 | "Wannabe" | Jhoan Camitz | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3wgaWAHo2Q YouTube video] | Toleo la Juu |- | "Say You'll Be There" | Vaughan Arnell | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynBtZqurKaQ YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- | "2 Become 1" | [[Big TV!]] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hz182bWa3r0&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- |rowspan="4"|1997 | "Mama" | Big TV! | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS8LzPf4dLs&feature=related YouTube video] | Single / Live Version |- | "Who Do You Think You Are"* | Greg Masuak | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAWQkY8Rlbg&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- |rowspan="4"|''[[Spiceworld]]'' | "Spice Up Your Life" | [[Marcus Nispel]] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgDdeBrGrro&feature=related YouTube video] | Toleo la Juu |- | "Too Much" | Howard Greenhalgh | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDiFLkJLzM8&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- |rowspan="3"|1998 | "Stop" | [[James Brown]] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpPyBXMxeb0&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Juu |- | "Viva Forever" | [[Steve Box]] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcr3sCkV5U4&feature=related YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- |rowspan="3"|''[[Forever (Spice Girls album)|Forever]]'' |"Goodbye" | Howard Greenhalgh | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO00WUeATFM YouTube video] | Toleo la Juu |- |rowspan="2"|2000 |"Holler" |[[Jake Nava]] |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCm7p2uCZyg&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Albamu |- |"Let Love Lead The Way" |Greg Masuak |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB-pnck2LEs&feature=related YouTube video] | Toleo la Single |- |rowspan="1"|''Greatest Hits'' |rowspan="1"|2007 | "Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)" |[[Anthony Mandler]] | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcAlA4iY_kY&feature=user YouTube video] | Toleo la Juu |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Spice Girls}} [[Jamii:Spice Girls]] [[Jamii:Diskografia|Spice Girls]] 1uwybk7clty1vnhjvxg54f2qdcw5dik 0 34732 1583101 1433443 2026-08-01T22:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |jina_rasmi = Jiji la Damietta |picha_ya_satelite = Damietta Corniche.JPG |maelezo_ya_picha = Corniche katika Damietta |pushpin_map = Misri |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa mji wa Damietta katika Misri |settlement_type = Jiji |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Misri]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Misri|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Damietta|Damietta]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = |latd=31 |latm=25 |lats=0 |latNS=N |longd=31 |longm=49 |longs=0 |longEW=E |website = [http://www.damietta-port.gov.eg/ www.damietta-port.gov.eg] }} [[Picha: كوبري دمياط التاريخي.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Mji wa Damietta]] '''Damietta''', '''Damiata''', au '''Domyat''' ({{lang-ar|دمياط}}) ni kituo cha safari za Majini, au bandari na pia ni mji mkuu wa uongozi wa [[Domyat Governorate|Domyat]], wa nchini [[Misri]]. Ipo katika sehemu ya mwingiliano katika ya bahari ya Mediterania na [[Mto Nile]] na pia ipo upande wa kaskazini mwa [[Cairo]] == Historia == Katika Misri ya kale, mji huu ulikuwa unajulikana kama '''Tamiat''', lakini uliendelea kupoteza umuhimu kufuatia kuja kwa ustaarabu wa Helleic, muda mfupi baada ya kujengwa kwa [[Alexandria]]. Wakazi wa [[Abbasids]] hutumia vituo vya [[Alexandria]], Damietta, [[Aden]] na [[Siraf]] kama njia katika kuingia katika nchi za [[India]] na [[China]].<ref>Donkin, Robin A. (2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 0871692481. </ref> Damietta na ilikuwa umuhimu sana katika karne ya 12 na 13 wakati wa vita vya kidini hususani vya kikristo. Mnamo mwaka 1169, wakitokea katika ufalme wa Jerusalem kwa msaada wa Ufalme wa Byzantine walivamia na kushambulia mji wa Damietta lakini walishindwa na kupigwa na [[Saladin]]. Katika maandalizi ya vita vya tano vya kidini mwaka 1217, iliamuliwa kuwa, mji wa Damietta ndio ungekuwa shabaha ya mashambulizi kwani kwa kuweza kuwa na mamlaka juu ya mji wa Damietta kungesabisha mamlaka pia juu ya mto [[Nile]], na kwa kuanzia hapo wapiganaji hawa wa vita vya kidini wangeweza kuwa na mamlaka juu ya Nchi ya [[Misri]]. Na kwa kutokea nchini [[Misri]] wangeweza kushambulia nchini ya [[Palestine]] na kuuteka mji wa [[Jerusalem]] Wakati mji wa Damietta ulipozungukwa na kukaliwa na [[Frisia]] katika vita vya kidini vya mwaka 1219, [[Francis wa Asisi]] alifika katika mji huo, na kufanya mazungumzo ya amani na kiongozi wa kiislamu wa eneo hilo. Mwezi Oktoba mwaka 1218. Viongozi mbalimbali walifika katika eneo hilo, ikiwa ni pamoja na wanaharakati wa kiingereza kama vile [[Ranulf of Chester]], [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester|Saer of Winchester]] na [[William Aubigny]] Odonel Aubigny, [[Robert Fitz Walter]], [[John Lacy]] wa Chester, William Harcourt na Oliver aliyekuwa mtoto wa nje ya ndoa wa [[John of England|King John]].<ref>Remfry, P.M., (1997). Buckenham Castles, 'The Aubignys and the Fifth Crusade, 1218 to 1221'. ISBN 1-899376-05-4.</ref> Mwaka 1221, wapiganaji hawa wa vita vya kidini walijaribu kuingia katika mjiwa [[Cairo]] lakini walishindwa kutoka na kupata upinzani mkali kutoka kwa waislamu. Damietta pia ilikuwa ni shabaha la wapiganaji wa dini ya kisabato, [[Seventh Crusade]], wakiongozwa na [[Louis IX of France]]. Majeshi yake yalifaika katika mji huo mwaka 1249 na kuweza kuuteka mji huo katika kipindi kifupi, lakini alikataa kuukabidhi mji huo kwa wahitaji wake wa kwanza yaani mfalme wa Jerusalem. Ambaye ndiye aliyeahidiwa katika vita vya tano. Lakini baada ya muda mfupi, Louis aliangushwa na kunyang'anywa mamlaka juu ya mji huo. Kutokana na umuhimu wa mji huo, kwa wapiganaji wa kidini, Sultani Mamluk aliubomoa mji huu na kuujenga kilometa chache kutoka ilipo bandari. == Majengo == * Amr Ibn Al-a'as Msikiti wa (Al-Fateh) ndio msikiti wa pili kujengwa na waarabu baada tu ya kuingia katika nchi ya [[Misri]]. Ulishabadilishwa na kuwa kanisa mara mbii kutokana na wapiganaji wa kikristo. [[Louis IX of France]] son [[Jean Tristan]] aliyekuwa mtoto wa [[Jean Tristan]] alibatizwa na makamu wa papa katika msikiti huu. * Al-Matbuly Mosque dating to Mamluk era. * Msikiti wa Al-Maainy kuanzia kipindi cha uongozi wa Al-Naser Mohammed Ibn Qalawon. * Msikiti wa Al-Bahr kuanzia kipindi cha uongozi wa Ottmo. * Msikiti wa Al—Hadidy uliopo katika eneo la Faraskour miaka 200 iliyopita. * Tabiet Ahmed Urabi, ruins of Damietta Fort at Ezbet El-Borg. * Msikiti wa Al-Radwaniya tangu enzi za Mamluk. * Daraja la zamani la " Elkobri Elqadeem" kuanzia miaka ya mwanzoni ya 1900. * Mji wa zamani wa Souk Al-Hesba,tangu uongozi wa Abbasi. == Damietta hii leo == Leo hii, kuna mfereji unaounganisha mji huu na Mto [[Nile]] ambapo ndio inaufanya mji huu kwa wa muhimu kwa mara nyingine tena. Mji huu kwa sasa una idadi ya watu wapatao 1,093,580 (2006). Pia kuna mtambo wa gesi ya [[SEGAS LNG]] (Liquefied Natural Gas) ambao hapo baadaye utakuwa na uwezo wa kuwa na ujazo kiasi cha tani 9.6 kwa mwaka. == Shughuli za kiuchumi == [[File:Market street in Damietta.JPG|thumb|Barabara katika soko la mji wa Damietta]] * White Dammiat Cheese ([[Domiati]]) na bidhaa nyingine nyingi ambazo zimeenea kote Misri, [[Ugiriki]], [[Kupro]], [[Sudan]] na [[Uturuki]]. * Ufundi seremala na utengenezaji wa samani * [[Pattisiare]] na [[Egyptian desserts]]. * Ushonaji * Usafirishaji mizigo mikubwa * Uvuvi ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya miji ya Misri]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} * {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.damietta-port.gov.eg/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Wayback|url=http://www.damietta-port.gov.eg/ |date=20100213220339 }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/20/Dumyat.html|title=Geographical information on Dumyat, Egypt|accessdate=2008-03-22|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119152702/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/EG/20/Dumyat.html|url-status=dead}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Misri]] 7fk4glas8771r7jframcxsxskao9nie 0 55725 1583097 1580221 2026-08-01T21:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:AminoAcidball.svg|thumbnail|200px|Mfumo wa jumla wa asidi amino alfa.]] [[Picha:Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_amino_acids.svg|thumb|right|upright=2.0|alt=Table of Amino Acids.|Asidi amino zinazopatikana katika yukaryoti, ambazo zimepangwa kulingana na 'pKa za minyororo yao ya upande na chaji katika pH 7.4 ya kimwili]] '''Asidi amino''' ni [[molekyuli]] zilizo na kikundi cha amaini, kikundi cha asidi ya kaboksili na mnyororo wa upande ambao unatofautiana katika asidi amino mbalimbali. Molekyuli hizi zina vipengele muhimu vya [[kaboni]], [[hidrojeni]], [[oksijeni]] na [[nitrojeni]]. Molekyuli hizi ni muhimu sana hasa katika [[biokemia]], ambapo neno hili kwa kawaida huashiria asidi amino alfa zilizo na [[fomula]] ya jumla H₂NCHRCOOH, ambapo R ni kibadala cha kiogani.<ref> Prolini inakinzana na fomula hii ya ujumla. Inakosa kundi la NH ₂ kwa sababu ya mzunguko wa mnyororo wa upande na kujulikana kama imino asidi; huwa chini ya kikundi cha muundo wa asidi amino maalum.</ref> Katika asidi amino alfa, kikundi cha amino kimeunganishwa na atomu ya [[kaboni]] kinachopakana na kikundi cha kaboksili (kaboni ya α), lakini kumbuka kwamba aina nyingine za asidi amino huwepo wakati kikundi cha amino kimeunganishwa kwa atomu nyingine ya kaboni (kwa mfano, katika asidi za amino za gama kama vile asidi amino butireti ya gama atomu ya kaboni ambapo kikundi cha amino hujiunga hujitenga kutoka kwa kikundi cha kaboksili na atomu zingine mbili). Amino asisi za alfa zinatofautiana katika upande ambao mnyororo (kikundi R) unapounganishwa na kaboni yao ya alfa na hizi zinaweza kutofautiana kwa ukubwa kutoka kwa atomu moja tu [[hidrojeni]] katika glaisini au kikundi cha methili katika alanini, hadi kwa kundi kubwa la heterosaikliki katika triptofani. Asidi amino ni muhimu kwa [[uhai]], na huwa na majukumu mengi katika [[umetaboli]]. Kazi muhimu hasa ni kutumika kama miundo msingi ya ujenzi wa [[protini]], ambayo ni minyororo tu ya asidi amino. Kila protini hufafanuliwa kikemikali kwa mpangilio wa mabaki ya asidi amino, muundo msingi na hii, kwa upande wake, huamua muundo wao wa sekondari (kwa mfano sifa zilizoelezewa vizuri kama vile helisi alfa au [[karatasi beta za mkunjo]]), mfumo wa tatu (umbo la protini binafsi, kwa mfano umbo la tufe kama katika [[kimeng'enya]] au kama safu katika kolajeni) au muundo wa nne (sura jumla ya changamano ya protini iwapo monoma zimepangwa kwa pamoja, kama katika mchangamo wahimoglobini, ambayo inajumuisha monoma nne ambazo zimeshikiliwa pamoja na vifungo vya hidrojeni ambavyo vina uwezo wa kuja pamoja wakati moja au zaidi yazo inapoifunga molekuli nyingine kwa mfano [[oksijeni]] ). Kama vile herufi za alfabeti zinaweza kuwekwa pamoja na kuunda orodha isyo na mwisho ya maneno, asidi amino inaweza kuunganishwa pamoja kwa utaratibu tofauti na kuunda aina nyingi ya protini.<ref name="NIGMS">{{cite web | url = http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html | title = The Structures of Life | publisher = National Institute of General Medical Sciences | accessdate = 2008-05-20 | archivedate = 2014-06-07 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140607084902/http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html }}</ref> Asidi amino ni muhimu pia katika molekuli nyingine nyingi za bayolojia , kwa mfano huwa na majukumu muhimu katika vimeng'enya mwenza kama vile S adenosilmethionini. Kutokana na majukumu yao muhimu katika biokemi, asidi amino ni muhimu sana katika [[lishe]] na ni kawaida kutumiwa katika teknolojia ya chakula na viwanda. Kwa mfano, monosodiamu glutamati ni kiimarisha ladha cha kawaida ambacho hupatia vyakula ladha iitwayo ''umami.'' Pia hutumika katika sekta ya viwanda ambapo matumizi ni pamoja na uzalishaji wa plastiki bayochungulika, [[madawa ya kulevya]] na vichocheo vya chirali. == Historia == Asidi amino za kwanza ziligunduliwa mapema miaka ya 1800. Katika 1806, na wanakemia wa Kifaransa Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin na Pierre Jean Robiquet waliutenga mchanganyiko katika asparaga ambayo ilipatikana kuwa asparagini, na kuwa asidi amino ya kwanza kugunduliwa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The discovery of a new plant principle in Asparagus sativus |author=Vauquelin LN, Robiquet PJ |journal=Annales de Chimie |year=1806 |volume=57 |pages=88–93}}</ref><ref name="Anfinsen">{{cite book |title=Advances in Protein Chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/advancesinprotei26anfi |author=Anfinsen CB, Edsall JT, Richards FM |date=1972 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/advancesinprotei26anfi/page/99 99], 103 |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-12-034226-6}}</ref> Asidi amino nyingine iliyogunduliwa mapema karne ya 19 ilikuwa sistini, katika 1810,<ref>{{cite journal |title=On cystic oxide, a new species of urinary calculus |author=Wollaston WH |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |year=1810 |volume=100 |pages=223–30 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1810.0015}}</ref> ingawa monoma yake, sisteini, ilikuja kugunduliwa miaka mingi baadaye, katika 1884.<ref name="Anfinsen"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Über cystin und cystein |author=Baumann E |journal=Z Physiol Chemie |year=1884 |volume=8 |pages=299}}</ref> Leucine Glycine na pia ziligunduliwa katika wakati huu, katika 1820.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sur la conversion des matières animales en nouvelles substances par le moyen de l'acide sulfurique |author=Braconnot HM |journal=Ann Chim Phys Ser 2 |year=1820 |volume=13 |pages=113–25}}</ref> Matumizi ya neno "amino acid" katika lugha ya Kiingereza ni kutoka [[1898]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=amino | publisher = www.etymonline.com | title = etymonline.com entry for ''amino'' | accessdate = 2010-07-19 | archivedate = 2012-10-20 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121020154535/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=amino }}</ref>. == Muundo jumla == [[Picha:Lysine fisher struct num.png|thumb|right|Lysine with the carbon atoms in the side chain labeled|Alt = Lisini ina atomi dioksidi sita. Atomi ya kati ya dioksidi iliyounganishwa na makundi ya amino na kaboksili na imelezewa kwa ishara alfa. Atomi nne za dioksidi katika mlolongo wake wa laini wa upande umepewa majina kutoka beta (karibu na dioksidi ya kati), gama, delta, hadi kwa dioksidi Epsilon mwisho wa mnyororo na mbali kutoka dioksidi ya kati.]] Katika muundo ulioonyeshwa katika sehemu ya juu ya ukurasa, '''R''' inawakilisha upande wa mnyororo maalum kwa kila asidi amino. Atomu [[Kaboni|ya kaboni]] karibu na kikundi cha kabonili inaitwa α-kaboni na asidi amino na mnyororo upande bonded na dioksidi hii inajulikana kama ''asidi amino alpha.'' Hii ndio miundo inayopatikana sana katika maumbile. Katika asidi amino ya alfa, kaboni-α ni atomu ya kaboni chirali , isipokuwa ile ya glaisini.<ref name="Creighton">{{cite book |last=Creighton |first=Thomas H. |title=Proteins: structures and molecular properties |url=https://archive.org/details/proteinsstructur0000crei |publisher=W. H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |year=1993 |chapter=Chapter 1 |isbn=978-0-7167-7030-5 |pages=}}</ref> Katika asidi amino ambazo zina mnyororo wa kaboni iliyoshikana na kaboni-α (kama vile laisini, imeonyesha kulia) kaboni zimepewa majina yafuatavyo α, β, γ; δ, na kadhalika.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | title = Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides | publisher = IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature | year = 1983 | accessdate = 2008-11-17}}</ref> Katika asidi amino fulani, kikundi cha amino kimeshikana na β au γ-kaboni, na hizi kwa hiyo zinajulikana kama asidi amino za ''beta'' au ''gamma .'' Asidi amino ni kwa kawaida zimegawanishwa kwa asili mnyororo yao ya upande katika makundi manne. Mnyororo wa upande unaweza kufanya asidi amino iwe asidi dhaifu au besi dhaifu, na iwe hidrofili kama mnyororo wa upande ni ncha au hidrofobi kama si ncha.<ref name="Creighton"/> Mifumo ya kemikali ishirini na mbili za asidi amino za kawaida, pamoja na sifa zao za kemikali, zimeelezewa zaidi katika makala ya asidi amino za proteinojeniki. Maneno ya "asidi amino yenye matawi" au BCAA yanahusu asidi amino yenye minyororo upande alifatiki usio kwenye laini , hizi ni liusini, isolusini, na valini. Prolini ni asidi amino ya proteinojeniki tu ambayo kundi lake la kando limeungana na kikundi cha amino-α, hivyo, pia ni asidi amino ya proteinojeniki ambayo ina amino ya pili katika nafasi hii.<ref name="Creighton"/> Kemikali, proline basi ni asidi imino kwani inakosa kikundi cha amino ya msingi,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ja01414a033 | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 751–753 | last = Jodidi | first = S. L. | title = The Formol Titration of Certain Amino Acids | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | accessdate = 2009-08-20 | date = 1926-03-01 }}</ref> ingawa bado inaorodhwashwa kama asidi amino utaratibu wa majina wa sasa, <ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Claude |editor1-last=Liebecq |title=Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemicalnomen0000unse |edition=2nd |publisher=Portland Press |year=1992 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biochemicalnomen0000unse/page/39 39]–69 |isbn=978-1-85578-005-7}}</ref> na pia inaweza kuitwa "asidi amino alfa yenye alikali-N".<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony D. |last=Smith |title=Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4/page/535 535] |isbn=978-0-19-854768-6 |oclc=37616711}}</ref> [[Picha:D+L-Alanine.gif|thumb|left|alt=Animation of two mirror image molecules rotating around a central axis. |Isoma mbili za kuonekana za alanini, D-Alanini na L-Alanini]] === Waisoma === Kwa asidi amino-α za kawaida, zote ila glaisini zinaweza kuwepo kwa aidha ya isoma zionekanazo mbili, ziitwazo asidi amino <small>L</small> au <small>D</small> , ambazo ni zinafanana kama shilingi kwa ya pili ''(tazama pia Chirality).'' Wakati asidi <small>L-amino</small> zinawakilisha asidi amino zote zinazopatikana kwa [[protini]] ya wakati wa tafsiri ya ribosomu, asidi amino <small>D</small> ni protini ambazo hupatikana katika baadhi ya protini zilizotayarishwa na vimeng'enya wakati baada ya kutafsiriwa kimuundo baada ya kutafsiriwa na kuchukuliwa na hadi kwa endoplasmu retikulamu kama katika viumbe wa baharini wa kipekee kama vile konokono koni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pisarewicz K, Mora D, Pflueger FC, Fields GB, Marí F |title=Polypeptide chains containing D-gamma-hydroxyvaline |url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2005-05-04_127_17/page/6207 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=127 |issue=17 |pages=6207–15 |year=2005 |month=Mei |pmid=15853325 |doi=10.1021/ja050088m}}</ref> Pia ni sehemu nyingi za ukuta wa seli wa peptidoglikani za [[Bakteria|bakteria.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Heijenoort J |title=Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan |journal=Glycobiology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=25R–36R |year=2001 |month=Machi |pmid=11320055 |doi=10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R}}</ref> na <small>serini-D</small> huweza kutendakazi kama nyurotransmita katika ubongo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Foltyn VN |title=D-amino acids in the brain: D-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=275 |issue=14 |pages=3514–26 |year=2008 |month=Julai |pmid=18564180 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x}}</ref> Mpangilio wa <small>L</small> na <small>D</small> kwa muundo wa asidi amino hairejelei jinsi asidi inavyoonekana, bali kwa kuzunguka kwa macho kwa aisoma ya gliseralidehidi ambayo asidi amino ambayo inaweza kinadharia kutengezwa kutoka kwayo<small>(gliseraldehidi-D</small> ni deksitrorotari, <small>L</small> - glyceraldehidi ni levorotari). Vinginevyo, viashiria vya ''(S)'' na ''R)'' ''(hutumiwa'' kuonyesha stereokemia kamili. Takriban asidi amino zote katika protini ni ''(S)'' katika kaboni α, huku sistini ikiwa ''(R)'' na glisini siyo chirali.<ref>{{cite web | last = Hatem | first = Salama Mohamed Ali | year = 2006 | url = http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3038/index.html | title = Gas chromatographic determination of Amino Acid Enantiomers in tobacco and bottled wines | publisher = University of Giessen | accessdate = 2008-11-17}}</ref> Sistini si ya kawaida kwani ina chembe ya [[sulfuri]] katika nafasi ya kwanza katika mnyororo wake wa upande, ambayo ina uzani mkubwa wa [[Uzani atomia|atomia]] kuliko makundi yaliyoshikana na kaboni α katika asidi nyingine, hivyo ''(R)'' badala ya ''(S ).'' === Zwiterioni === Asidi amino inaamaini naasidi ya kaboksili vikundi vya kazi na kwa hiyo wote ni [[asidi]] na besi wakati huo huo.<ref name="Creighton"/> Katika baadhi ya [[Thamani pH|pH]] inayojulikana kama ncha ya isoelektriki na asidi kwa ujumla haina chaji, kwa vile idadi ya vikundi vya amonia vilivyo na protoni (chaji chanya) na vikundi vya kaboksili zisizo na protoni(bila chaji chanya) ni sawa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Food Chemistry |edition=3rd |author=Fennema OR |year=1996 |pages=327–8 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8247-9691-8}}</ref> Asidi amino zote zina ncha tofauti za ki-isoelektriki. Ayoni zinazozalishwa katika ncha ya isoelektriki huwa na chaji chanya na chaji hasi na hujulikana kama ''zwitterioni,'' ambayo huja kutoka neno la Kijerumani ''Zwitter'' maana "huntha" au "mchanganyiko".<ref>{{cite book |author=Simmons, William J.; Gerhard Meisenberg |title=Principles of medical biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmedi0000meis |publisher=Mosby Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-323-02942-6 |oclc= |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofmedi0000meis/page/19 19]}}</ref> Asidi amino inaweza kupatikana kama zwiterioni katika mango na ufumbuzi kama vile maji, lakini si katika awamu ya gesi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Remko M, Rode BM |title=Effect of metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) and water coordination on the structure of glycine and zwitterionic glycine |journal=The journal of physical chemistry. A |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1960–7 |year=2006 |month=Februari |pmid=16451030 |doi=10.1021/jp054119b}}</ref> Zwiterioni huwa na umumunyifu mdogo katika ncha yake ya kielektriki na asidi amino na inawezakutengwa kwa kutumia kutuama kutoka kwa maji kwa kubadilisha PH yake hadi kwa ncha yake hasa ya elektriki. == Matukio na kazi katika bayokemia == [[Picha:Protein primary structure.svg|thumb|300px|right|alt=A protein depicted as a long unbranched string of linked circles each representing amino acids. One circle is magnified, to show the general structure of an amino acid. This is a simplified model of the repeating structure of protein, illustrating how amino acids are joined together in these molecules. | Polipeptidi ni mnyororo ambao hauna matawi ya asidi amino.]] === Asidi amino za kawaida === Asidi amino ni viungo msingi vya kutengeneza protini. Hujiunga pamoja na kuunda minyororo mifupi ya polima ziitwazo peptidi au minyororo mirefu iitwayo aidha polipeptidi au [[protini]]. Polima hizi ni zenye matawi na za mistari, na kila asidi amino ndani ya mnyororo imeshikana na asidi amino mbili jirani. Mchakato wa kutengeneza protini huitwa ''tafsiri'' na unahusu kuongezwa hatua kwa hatua kwa aidha asidi amino kwa mnyororo unaokuwa wa protini na ribozaimu iitwayo ribosomu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rodnina MV, Beringer M, Wintermeyer W |title=How ribosomes make peptide bonds |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2007-01_32_1/page/20 |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=20–6 |year=2007 |month=Januari |pmid=17157507 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.007}}</ref> Utaratibu ambao asidi amino zinaongezwa nao unasomwa kutoka kwa programu ya maumbile kutoka kwa programu ya jeni ya mRNA, ambayo ni nakala ya RNA ya jeni ya moja ya kiumbe. Asidi amino ishirini na mbili kiasili zimejumuishwa katika polipeptidi na huitwa proteinojeniki au asidi amino za kawaida.<ref name="Creighton"/> Kati ya hizi 22 ishirini, ishirini zimejumuishwa moja kwa moja na kanuni kuu ya maumbile. Zilizosalia mbili, selenosistini na pirolisini, hujumuishwa katika protini kwa utaratibu kusanisi wa kipekee. Selenosistini hujumuishwa wakati mRNA inapokuwa ikitafsiriwa ikiwa na kipengele SECIS, ambayo husababisha kodoni ya UGA kuweka Selenosistini badala ya kodoni ya kusimama.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Driscoll DM, Copeland PR |title=Mechanism and regulation of selenoprotein synthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-nutrition_2003_23/page/17 |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue= |pages=17–40 |year=2003 |pmid=12524431 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073318}}</ref> Pirolisini hutumiwa na baadhi methanojeni [[Archaea|echea]] katika vimeng'enya vinavyotumika kuzalisha methani. Imewekwa kwa kanuni pamoja na kodoni ya UAG, ambayo kwa kawaida huwa ni kodoni ya kusimama katika viumbe wengine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krzycki JA |title=The direct genetic encoding of pyrrolysine |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=706–12 |year=2005 |month=Desemba |pmid=16256420 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.009}}</ref> [[Picha:L-selenocysteine-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|left|alt=The structure of selenocysteine, this differs from the lead image by having the R group (the side chain) replaced by a carbon atom with two hydrogen and a selenium attached.|Asidi amino selenosisteini]] === Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida === Mbali na asidi amino za msingi ishirini na mbili, kuna idadi kubwa ya "asidi amino zisizo za kawaida". Hizi asidi amino zisizo za kawaida zinazopatikana kwa protini huundwa kwa mabadiliko baada ya kutafsiriwa, ambayo ni kubadilishwa baada ya tafsiri katika protini ya awali. Mabadiliko haya mara nyingi ni muhimu kwa ajili ya utendajikazi au udhibiti wa protini, kwa mfano, ukabsilishaji wa glutamati unaruhusu kushikilia vizuri kwa kashoni za kalsiamu,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vermeer C |title=Gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing proteins and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase |journal=The Biochemical Journal |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=625–36 |year=1990 |month=Machi |pmid=2183788 |pmc=1131186}}</ref> na hidroksilesheni ya prolini ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kudumisha tishu zilizoshikana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bhattacharjee A, Bansal M |title=Collagen structure: the Madras triple helix and the current scenario |journal=IUBMB Life |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=161–72 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=16036578 |doi=10.1080/15216540500090710}}</ref> Mfano mwingine ni uundaji wa hipusini katika kuanzishwa kwa kipengele tafsiri cha EIF5A, kwa kubadilishwa kwa mabaki ya laisini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Park MH |title=The post-translational synthesis of a polyamine-derived amino acid, hypusine, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) |journal=Journal of Biochemistry |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=161–9 |year=2006 |month=Februari |pmid=16452303 |pmc=2494880 |doi=10.1093/jb/mvj034}}</ref> Mabadiliko kama hayo yanaweza pia kuamua ujanibishaji wa protini, kwa mfano, nyongeza ya makundi marefu ya kukwepamaji kunaweza kusababisha protini kujifunga kwa utando wa fosfolidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Blenis J, Resh MD |title=Subcellular localization specified by protein acylation and phosphorylation |url=https://archive.org/details/current-opinion-in-cell-biology_1993_5_6/page/984 |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=984–9 |year=1993 |month=Desemba |pmid=8129952 |doi=10.1016/0955-0674(93)90081-Z}}</ref> [[Picha:Beta alanine comparison.png|thumb|250px|right|alt=Comparison of the structures of alanine and beta alanine. In alanine the side chain is a methyl group, in beta alanine the side chain contains a methylene group connected to an amino group and the alpha carbon lacks an amino group. The two amino acids therefore have the same formulae but different structures.| β-alanini na isoma yake α-alanini]] Mifano ya asidi amino zisizo za kawaida na hazipatikani kwa protini ni pamoja na [[lanthionini,asidi-aminoisobutiri 2]] , dehidroalanini na nyurotransmita asidi ya gama-aminobutiriki. Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida mara nyingi hutokea baina ya njia za metaboli kwa asidi amino za kawaida- kwa mfano orinithini na sitrulini hutokea katika mzunguko wa urea, sehemu ya ukataboli wa asidi amino (angalia hapo chini).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curis E, Nicolis I, Moinard C, ''et al.'' |title=Almost all about citrulline in mammals |journal=Amino Acids |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=177–205 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16082501 |doi=10.1007/s00726-005-0235-4}}</ref> Tofauti ya nadra kwa kutawala kwa asidi amino α katika biolojia ni asidi amino β beta alanini (asidi aminopropanu 3), ambayo hutumiwa na mimea na vidubini katika uundaji wa asidi pantotheni (vitamini B _5), sehemu ya kimeng'enya pacha A.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Coxon KM, Chakauya E, Ottenhof HH, ''et al.'' |title=Pantothenate biosynthesis in higher plants |journal=Biochemical Society Transactions |volume=33 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=743–6 |year=2005 |month=Agosti |pmid=16042590 |doi=10.1042/BST0330743}}</ref> === Katika lishe ya binadamu === Baada ya kupelekwa katika mwili wa binadamu kutoka kwa chakula, aina 22 za asidi amino hutumiwa kutengeza protini na bayomolekuli nyingine au huoksidishwa na kuwa urea na kaboni dioksidi kama chanzo cha nishati.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sakami W, Harrington H |title=Amino acid metabolism |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=32 |issue= |pages=355–98 |year=1963 |pmid=14144484 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035}}</ref> Njia ya uoksidishaji huanza na kuondolewa kwa kikundi cha amino na transaminasi, kundi la amino basi huongezwa katika mzunguko wa urea. Bidhaa nyingine za transamidesheni ni asidi keto ambayo inaingia mzunguko wa asidi sitriki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brosnan JT |title=Glutamate, at the interface between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl |pages=988S–90S |year=2000 |month=Aprili |pmid=10736367 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736367}}</ref> Asidi amino Glukojeniki pia inaweza kugeuzwa kuwa glukosi, kupitia glukoneojenesi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Young VR, Ajami AM |title=Glutamine: the emperor or his clothes? |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=131 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=2449S–59S; discussion 2486S–7S |year=2001 |month=Septemba |pmid=11533293 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11533293}}</ref> Pirolisini bainishi iko kwa vijiumbe maradhi kadhaa, na kiumbe kimoja tu kina Pyl na Sec. Kati ya asidi amino ishirini na mbili, nane huitwa asidi amino muhimu kwa sababu mwili wa binadamu hauwezi kuzitengeza kutoka [[Kampaundi|misombo]] mingine katika ngazi inayohitajika kwa ajili ya ukuaji wa kawaida, hivyo ni lazima zipatikane kutoka kwa vyakula.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Young VR |title=Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=124 |issue=8 Suppl |pages=1517S–1523S |year=1994 |month=Agosti |pmid=8064412 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8064412}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hali ni ya kuchanganya kwani sistini, taurini, tirosini, histidini na arginini ni asidi amino muhimu kiasi kwa watoto, kwa sababu njia za metaboli za kutengeza asidi amino hizi hazijaumbika kikamilifu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Imura K, Okada A |title=Amino acid metabolism in pediatric patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition_1998-01_14_1/page/143 |journal=Nutrition |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=143–8 |year=1998 |month=Januari |pmid=9437700 |doi=10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00230-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lourenço R, Camilo ME |title=Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease |journal=Nutrición Hospitalaria |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=262–70 |year=2002 |pmid=12514918}}</ref> Kiasi kinachohitajika pia hutegemea umri na afya ya mtu binafsi, hivyo ni vigumu kutoa taarifa ya jumla kuhusu mahitaji ya malazi ya baadhi ya asidi amino. {| class="wikitable" ! Muhimu ! Zisizo Muhimu |- | Isoleusini | Alanini |- | Leusini | Asparajini |- | Lisini | Asidi Aspariti |- | Methionini | Sisteini * |- | fenilalanini | Asidi Glutamiki |- | Threonini | Glutamini * |- | Triptofani | Glisini * |- | Valini | Prolini * |- | | Selenosistini * |- | | Serini * |- | | Tirosini * |- | | Arginini * |- | | Histidini * |- | | Ornithini * |- | | Taurini * |} (*) Muhimu katika kesi fulani tu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fürst P, Stehle P |title=What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans? |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=134 |issue=6 Suppl |pages=1558S–1565S |year=2004 |month=Juni |pmid=15173430 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15173430}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Reeds PJ |title=Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=130 |issue=7 |pages=1835S–40S |year=2000 |month=Julai |pmid=10867060 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10867060}}</ref> === Kazi zisizo za protini === Kwa binadamu, asidi amino zisizo protini pia zina majukumu muhimu kama viungo vya kati vya metaboli, kama vile katika biosanisi ya nyeurotransmita ya asidi gama aminobutiriki. Asidi amino nyingi hutumiwa katika usanisi wa molekuli nyingine, kwa mfano: * Triptofani ni mtangulizi wa nyeurotransmita serotonini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelieva KV, Zhao S, Pogorelov VM, ''et al.'' |title=Genetic disruption of both tryptophan hydroxylase genes dramatically reduces serotonin and affects behavior in models sensitive to antidepressants |journal=PloS ONE |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e3301 |year=2008 |pmid=18923670 |pmc=2565062 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003301}}</ref> * Glisini ni mtangulizi wa porifirini kama vile heme.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The biological utilization of glycine for the synthesis of the protoporphyrin of hemoglobin |author=Shemin D, Rittenberg D |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=1 Desemba 1946 |volume=166 |issue=2 |page=621 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/166/2/621 |pages=621–5 |pmid=20276176}}</ref> * Arginini ni mtangulizi wa oksidi nitriki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tejero J, Biswas A, Wang ZQ, ''et al.'' |title=Stabilization and characterization of a heme-oxy reaction intermediate in inducible nitric-oxide synthase |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=283 |issue=48 |pages=33498–507 |year=2008 |month=Novemba |pmid=18815130 |pmc=2586280 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M806122200}}</ref> * Ornithini na S-adenosilmethionini ni tangulizi kwa poliamini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rodríguez-Caso C, Montañez R, Cascante M, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MA |title=Mathematical modeling of polyamine metabolism in mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_2006-08-04_281_31/page/n236 |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=281 |issue=31 |pages=21799–812 |year=2006 |month=Agosti |pmid=16709566 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M602756200}}</ref> * Aspartate, glisini na glutamini ni tangulizi kwa nukleotidi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry200100jere |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistry200100jere/page/695 693]–8 |isbn=0-7167-4684-0}}</ref> * Fenilalanini ni mtangulizi wa Fenipropanoidi mbalimbali ambayo ni muhimu katika metaboli ya mimea. Hata hivyo, si kazi zote za asidi amino nyingi zisizo za kawaida zinajulikana, kwa mfano taurini ni asidi amino kubwa katika misuli na tishu ya ubongo, lakini ingawa kazi nyingi zimependekezwa, wajibu wake hasa katika mwili bado haujatambuliwa.<ref name="Brosnan"/> Baadhi ya asidi amino zisizo za kawaida hutumika katika mimea kama kinga dhidi ya wanyama walao mimea.<ref name="Hylin1969">{{Cite journal |last=Hylin |first=John W. |year=1969 |title=Toxic peptides and amino acids in foods and feeds |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=492–6 |doi=10.1021/jf60163a003}}</ref> Kwa mfano kanavanini ni mfano wa argininiambayo hupatikana katika mimea ya jamii ya [[Jamii kunde|kunde]],<ref name="Turner1967">{{Cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=B. L. |last2=Harborne |first2=J. B. |year=1967 |title=Distribution of canavanine in the plant kingdom |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytochemistry_1967_6/page/863 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=6 |pages=863–66 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86033-1}}</ref> na kwa kiasi kikubwa hasa katika ''Kanavalia gladiata'' (maharage upanga ).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ekanayake S, Skog K, Asp NG |title=Canavanine content in sword beans (Canavalia gladiata): analysis and effect of processing |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=797–803 |year=2007 |month=Mei |pmid=17187914 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.030}}</ref> Hii asidi amino hulinda mimea kutoka waporaji kama vile [[wadudu]] na inaweza kusababisha ugonjwa kwa watu kama aina fulani ya kunde ni kuliwa bila ya usindikaji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosenthal GA |title=L-Canavanine: a higher plant insecticidal allelochemical |journal=Amino Acids |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11764412 |doi=10.1007/s007260170017}}</ref> Asidi amino isiyo protini mimosini hupatikana katika aina nyingine ya kunde, hasa ''Leucaena leucocephala.'' Mchanganyiko huu ni mfano wa tairosini na inaweza kuwa sumu kwa wanyama wanaolishwa na mimea hiyo. == Matumizi katika teknolojia == Asidi amino hutumika kwa njia nyingi tofauti viwandani lakini matumizi yao makuu ni kama viziada vyachakula cha mifugo. Hii ni muhimu kwani sehemu kuu ya vyakula hivi, kama vile [[Soya|soya]], aidha ina viwango vya chini au hukosa baadhi ya asidi amino muhimu: lisini, methionini, threonini, na triptofani ni muhimu katika uzalishaji wa vyakula hivi.<ref name="Leuchtenberger2005">{{cite journal |author=Leuchtenberger W, Huthmacher K, Drauz K |title=Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives: current status and prospects |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16195792 |doi=10.1007/s00253-005-0155-y}}</ref> Sekta ya chakula pia ni mtumizi mkubwa wa asidi amino, hasa asidi glutamiki, ambayo hutumiwa kama kiongeza ladha,<ref name="Garattini">{{cite journal |author=Garattini S |title=Glutamic acid, twenty years later |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=130 |issue=4S Suppl |pages=901S–9S |year=2000 |month=Aprili |pmid=10736350 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736350}}</ref> na Aspartami (aspartili-fanilalanini-1-methili esta) kama kiongeza tamu bandia cha kalori kidogo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stegink LD |title=The aspartame story: a model for the clinical testing of a food additive |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=46 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=204–15 |year=1987 |month=Julai |pmid=3300262 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3300262}}</ref> Uzalishaji uliosalia wa asidi amino hutumika katika usanisi wa madawa na vipodozi.<ref name="Leuchtenberger2005"/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" !Minyambuliko ya asidi Amino !Matumizi ya Dawa |- | align="center"|5-HTP (5-hidroksitriptofani) | align="center"|Majaribio ya matibabu ya unyogovu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD |title=Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan |journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=325–38 |year=2006 |month=Machi |pmid=16023217 |doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004}}</ref> |- | align="center"|L-dopa (L-dihidroksifenilalanini) | align="center"|Matibabu kwa Pakinsoni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kostrzewa RM, Nowak P, Kostrzewa JP, Kostrzewa RA, Brus R |title=Peculiarities of L: -DOPA treatment of Parkinson's disease |journal=Amino Acids |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=157–64 |year=2005 |month=Machi |pmid=15750845 |doi=10.1007/s00726-005-0162-4}}</ref> |- | align="center"|Eflornithini | align="center"|Dawa inayozuia dekaboksilasi ya ornithini na hutumiwa katika matibabu ya ugonjwa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heby O, Persson L, Rentala M |title=Targeting the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: a promising approach to therapy of African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and leishmaniasis |journal=Amino Acids |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=359–66 |year=2007 |month=Agosti |pmid=17610127 |doi=10.1007/s00726-007-0537-9}}</ref> wa [[kulala]]. |- |} === Maumbile jeni yaliyopanuliwa === Tangu mwaka wa 2001, asidi amino 40 zisizo za kiasili zimeongezwa kwa protini kwa kujenga kodoni ya kipekee (kubadilisha) na uhamisho unaombatana wa jozi ya RNA: aminoacyl - tRNA-sinthetesi jozi kwa usimbaji wa mwili na kemikali tofauti na tabia ya kibayolojia ili kutumika kama chombo cha kuchunguza mfumo wa protini na kazi au kutengeneza mkusanyiko wa protini zilzoimarishwa.<ref name="pmid16260173">{{cite journal | author = Xie J, Schultz PG | title = Adding amino acids to the genetic repertoire | journal = Curr Opin Chem Biol | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = 548–54 | year = 2005 | month = Desemba | pmid = 16260173 | doi = 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.011 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid19318213">{{cite journal | author = Wang Q, Parrish AR, Wang L | title = Expanding the genetic code for biological studies | journal = Chem. Biol. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–36 | year = 2009 | month = Machi | pmid = 19318213 | doi = 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.03.001 | url = | issn = | pmc = 2696486 }}</ref> === Miundo msingi ya kemikali === Asidi amino ni muhimu kama viambajengo vya gharama ya chini. Misombo hii inatumika katika bwawa la chirali husaidia kujenga miundo mbinu yenye molekuli zenye [[chirali]].<ref name="Hanessian1993">{{Cite journal |last=Hanessian |first=S. |year=1993 |title=Reflections on the total synthesis of natural products: Art, craft, logic, and the chiron approach |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=65 |pages=1189–204 |doi=10.1351/pac199365061189}}</ref> Asidi amino zimechunguzwa kama kitangulizi cha kichocheo chirali, kwa mfano kwa mrundikano wa atomu zisopacha katika hidrojenesheni, ingawa hakuna matumizi yaliyomo kwa sasa.<ref name="Blaser1992">{{Cite journal |last=Blaser |first=Hans Ulrich |year=1992 |title=The chiral pool as a source of enantioselective catalysts and auxiliaries |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=935–52 |doi=10.1021/cr00013a009}}</ref> === Plastiki zinazoweza kuvundishwa === Asidi amino zinaundwa kama sehemu ya polima nyingi zinazoweza kuvundishwa. Vifaa na maombi kama zisizo na madhara ya ufungaji wa mazingira na madawa katika utoaji wa madawa na ujenzi wa uwekaji wa viungo bandia. Polima hizi ni pamoja na polipeptidi poliamidi, poliesta, polisulfuri na polietheni amabzo zina asidi asidi amino kama sehemu ya minyororo yao kuu au imeshikana kama minyororo ya upande. Mabadiliko haya hugeuza maumbile ya polima hizi pamoja na mrundikano wao wa atomu.<ref name="Sanda1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Sanda |first1=Fumio |last2=Endo |first2=Takeshi |year=1999 |title=Feature Article Syntheses and functions of polymers based on amino acids |journal=Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics |volume=200 |pages=2651–61 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19991201)200:12<2651::AID-MACP2651>3.0.CO;2-P}}</ref> Mfano mzuri wa nyenzo hizi ni poliaspartati, polima ambayo inaweza kuyeyuka kwa maji na pia inaweza kuvundishwa na bakteria na inaweza kutumika katika utengezaji wa nepi za kutupwa na kilimo.<ref name="Gross2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gross | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Kalra | first2 = B. | year = 2002 | title = Biodegradable Polymers for the Environment | journal = Science | volume = 297 | issue = 5582 | pages = 803–807 | doi = 10.1126/science.297.5582.803 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/297/5582/803 | pmid = 12161646}}</ref> Kutokana na umumunyifu wake na uwezo wa kushikana na molekuli zaidi ya moja za metali, poliaspartati pia hutumika kama ajenti inayoweza kuvundishwa na ya kuzuia ubambuzi.<ref>{{cite book |title= Commercial poly(aspartic acid) and Its Uses |last = Low | first = K. C. | coauthors = Wheeler, A. P.; Koskan, L. P. |series= Advances in Chemistry Series |volume= 248 |publisher= [[American Chemical Society]] |location= Washington, D.C. |year= 1996}}</ref><ref name="Thombre2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thombre | first1 = S.M. | last2 = Sarwade | first2 = B.D. | year = 2005 | title = Synthesis and Biodegradability of Polyaspartic Acid: A Critical Review | journal = Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A | volume = 42 | issue = 9 | pages = 1299–1315 | url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/718581646.pdf | doi = 10.1080/10601320500189604}}</ref> Aidha, asidi amino ya kunukia tirosini inaundwa kama iweze kuwa badala ya kwa fenoli zenye sumu kama vile bisfenoli A katika utengenezaji wa polikaboni.<ref name="Bourke2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bourke | first1 = S. L. | last2 = Kohn | first2 = J. | year = 2003 | title = Polymers derived from the amino acid l-tyrosine: polycarbonates, polyarylates and copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol) | journal = Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 447–466 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-409X(03)00038-3 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169409X03000383 | pmid = 12706045}}</ref> == Miitikio == Kwa kuwa asidi amino ina kikundi cha msingi cha kaboksili na amino, hizi kemikali zinaweza kuwa na athari zinazohusiana na makundi hayo. Hizi ni pamoja na kuongeza nukleofiliki, kutengeza kiunganishi cha amaidi na kutengezwa kwa imini kwa kikundi cha amaini na uundaji wa esterasi, uundaji wa kiunganishi cha amaidi na udikaboksishaji kwa kikundi cha asidi ya kaboksili.<ref>{{cite book |author=Elmore, Donald Trevor; Barrett, G. C. |title=Amino acids and peptides |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1998 |pages=48–60 |isbn=0-521-46827-2}}</ref> Minyororo mingi ya upande ya asidi amino inaweza pia kuwa na miitikio ya kemikali.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gutteridge A, Thornton JM |title=Understanding nature's catalytic toolkit |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biochemical-sciences_2005-11_30_11/page/622 |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=622–9 |year=2005 |month=Novemba |pmid=16214343 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2005.09.006}}</ref> Aina ya hizi athari huamuliwa na kwa makundi haya kwenye minyororo ya upande na kwa hivyo ni tofauti kati ya aina mbalimbali za asidi amino. [[Picha:Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis Scheme.png|thumb|400px|left|The Strecker amino acid synthesis|Alt = kwa hatua katika mmenyuko, angalia maandishi.]] === Usanisi wa kemikali === Mbinu kadhaa zipo za kusanisi asidi amino. Moja ya mbinu kongwe, huanza na kuongezwa kwa bromidikatika kaboni-α ya asidi ya kaboksili. Kubadilisha niuklofili na [[amonia]] nayo hubadilisha alkili bromidi kuwa asidi amino.<ref>{{cite book |last=McMurry |first=John |title=Organic chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry0000mcmu_t5f0 |publisher=Brooks/Cole |location=Pacific Grove, CA, USA |year=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry0000mcmu_t5f0/page/1064 1064] |isbn=0-534-23832-7}}</ref> Vinginevyo, usanisi wa asidi amino Strecker unahusisha matibabu ya alidehaidi na potasiamu sianidi na amonia, hii hutoa amino nitrili α kama cha kati. Hidrolisisi ya nitrili katika asidi hutoa asidi amino α.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Adolph |last1=Strecker |authorlink1=Adolph Strecker |title=Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen Körper |journal=Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie |year=1850 |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18500750103 |pages=27–45}}</ref> Kutumia amonia au chumvi za amonia katika mmenyuko huu inatoa asidi amino ambazo hazikubadilishana, wakati kubadilisha amini za msingi na upili kutatoa asidi amino zilizobadilishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Adolph |last1=Strecker |authorlink1=Adolph Strecker |title=Ueber einen neuen aus Aldehyd - Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehenden Körper |journal=Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie |year=1854 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18540910309 |pages=349–51}}</ref> Kadhalika, kutumia ketoni, badala ya aldehidi, inatoa α, asidi amino α zilizobadilishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masumoto S, Usuda H, Suzuki M, Kanai M, Shibasaki M |title=Catalytic enantioselective Strecker reaction of ketoimines |url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2003-05-14_125_19/page/5634 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=125 |issue=19 |pages=5634–5 |year=2003 |month=Mei |pmid=12733893 |doi=10.1021/ja034980}}</ref> Usanisi wa awali unatoa mchanganyiko rasimu wa asidi amino α kama mavuno, lakini taratibu kadhaa mbadala kwa kutumia mbinu saidizi zisopacha <ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=F. A. |journal=[[Tetrahedron Letters]] |year=1994 |volume=35 |page=9351}}</ref> au vichocheo visopacha <ref>{{cite journal |first1=Haruro |last1=Ishitani |first2=Susumu |last2=Komiyama |first3=Yoshiki |last3=Hasegawa |first4=Shū |last4=Kobayashi |title=Catalytic Asymmetric Strecker Synthesis. Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure α-Amino Acid Derivatives from Aldimines and Tributyltin Cyanide or Achiral Aldehydes, Amines, and Hydrogen Cyanide Using a Chiral Zirconium Catalyst |url=https://archive.org/details/american-chemical-society-journal_2000-02-09_122_5/page/762 |journal= Journal of the American Chemical Society |year=2000 |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=762–6 |doi=10.1021/ja9935207}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jinkun |last1=Huang |first2=E. J. |last2=Corey |title=A New Chiral Catalyst for the Enantioselective Strecker Synthesis of α-Amino Acids |journal=Orgic Letters |year=2004 |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=5027–9 |doi=10.1021/ol047698w |pmid=15606127}}</ref>vimeundwa.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Rudolf O. |last1=Duthaler |journal=Tetrahedron |year=1994 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1539–1650 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80840-1 |title=Recent developments in the stereoselective synthesis of α-aminoacids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tetrahedron_1994-02-07_50_6/page/n11 }}</ref> Kwa sasa njia inayotumika sana ni usanisi kwa kutumia mashine iliyo na nguzo imara (km shanga za polistirini), kwa kutumia makundi ya kulinda la (kwa mfano, t-Boc) na Fmoc na vikundi viamilishaji (mfano DCC na DIC). === Kuundwa kwa kiunganishi cha Peptidi === [[Picha:Peptidformationball.svg|thumbnail|right|400px|The condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond|Alt = asidi amino mbili zimeonyeshwa karibu na kila mmoja. Moja hupoteza hidrojeni na oksijeni kutoka kwa kundi lake la kaboksili (COOH) na nyingine hupoteza hidrojeni kutoka kwa kundi lake la amino (NH2). Mmenyuko huu hutoa molekuli ya maji (h2o) na asidi amino mbili zilizounganishwa na kiunganishi peptidi (-CO-NH-). Asidi amino mbili zilizojiunga huitwa dipeptidi.]] Kwa kuwa vikundi vyote viwili vya asidi ya kaboksili na amaini vya asidi amino vinaweza kuathiriwa na kuunda viunganishi vya amaidi, molekuli moja ya asidi amino inaweza kuathiriwa na nyingine na kujiunga nayo na kuunda muungano wa amaidi. Huu upolimishaji wa asidi amino ni ndio unaounda protini. Huu mtonesho wa kutonesha unazaa kiunganishi cha peptidi na molekuli ya maji. Katika seli, mwitikio huu hautokei moja kwa moja, badala yake asidi amino kwanza huchochewa kwa kufungiliwa kwa molekuli hamishi yaRNA kupitia kwa kiunganishi cha esta. Hii aminoasili tRNA huzalishwa katika mwitikio unaotegemea ATP unaofanywa na asidi amino tRNA sanisifu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ibba M, Söll D |title=The renaissance of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=382–7 |year=2001 |month=Mei |pmid=11375928 |pmc=1083889 |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve095 |doi_brokendate=2010-02-18 |url=http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v2/n5/full/embor420.html}}</ref> Aminoasili-tRNA hii huwa tena ni sabstreti ya ribosomu, ambayo huchochea ya mashambulizi ya kundi la amino la kurefusha mnyororo wa protini kwa kiunganishi cha esta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lengyel P, Söll D |title=Mechanism of protein biosynthesis |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=264–301 |year=1969 |month=Juni |pmid=4896351 |pmc=378322 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4896351}}</ref> Kutokana na utaratibu huu, protini zote zinazotengezwa na ribosomu husanisiwa kuanzia kituo chao cha N na kusonga kuelekea kituo chao cha C. Hata hivyo, si viunganishi vyote hutengenezwa kwa njia hii. Katika kesi chache, peptidi husanisiwa na vimeng'enya maalum. Kwa mfano, glutathioni tripeptidi ni sehemu muhimu ya ulinzi wa seli dhidi ya dhiki ya uoksidishaji. Peptidi huundwa kutoka katika asidi amino huru kwa hatua mbili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND |title=Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=489–92 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=14988435 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14988435}}</ref> Katika hatua ya kwanza gamma-glutamilisistini sinthetesi hutonesha sistini na asidi ya glutamiki kupitia kwa kiunganishi cha peptidi kilichoundwa kati ya mnyororo wa upande wa kaboksili wa glutameti(kaboni ya gama ya mnyororo huu) na kundi la amino la sistini. Dipeptidi hii basi hutoneshwa na glisini na sinthetesi glutathioni kuunda glutathioni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meister A |title=Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=33 |pages=17205–8 |year=1988 |month=Novemba |pmid=3053703 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3053703 |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610200802/https://www.jbc.org/content/263/33/17205.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Katika kemia, peptidi husanisiwa kupitia m mbalimbali. Moja kati ya sanisi za peptidi za awamu-mango zinazotumika sana, ambayo inatumia vitu vinavyotokana na oksime ya kunukia ya asidi amino kama vipande vilivyooamilishwa. Hizi huongezwa kwa mlolongo unaokua kwenye mnyororo wa peptidi, ambayo imeshikanishwa na utomvu imara.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Louis A. |last1=Carpino |year=1992 |title=1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole. An efficient peptide coupling additive |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=115 |pages=4397–8 |doi=10.1021/ja00063a082 |issue=10}}</ref> Uwezo wa kusanisi idadi kubwa ya peptidi tofauti kwa kubadilisha aina tofauti na utaratibu wa asidi amino (kutumia kemia ya kuunganisha) imefanya usanisi wa peptidi kuwa muhimu katika kujenga maktaba ya peptidi kwa matumizi ya ugunduzi wa madawa kwa njia ya uchunguzi hali ya juu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marasco D, Perretta G, Sabatella M, Ruvo M |title=Past and future perspectives of synthetic peptide libraries |journal=Current Protein & Peptide Science |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=447–67 |year=2008 |month=Oktoba |pmid=18855697 |doi=10.2174/138920308785915209}}</ref> === Biosanisi na ukataboli === Katika mimea, nitrojeni kwanza hulishizwa kwenda kwa misombo ya kikaboni katika mfumo wa glutemeti, hutengenezwa kutoka kwa alfa-ketoglutareti na amonia katika mitokondria. Ili kuunda asidi amino nyingine, mmea hutumia transaminasi kusongesha kikundi cha amino kwenda kwa asidi alfa-keto kaboksili nyingine. Kwa mfano, aminotransferasi aspartati hubadilisha glutameti na oksaloasetati kuwa alfa-ketoglutareti na asparteti.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jones, Russell Celyn; Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm |title=Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants |publisher=American Society of Plant Physiologists |location=Rockville, Md |year=2000 |pages=371–2 |isbn=0-943088-39-9}}</ref> Viumbe wengine hutumia transaminasi kwa usanisi wa asidi amino pia. Transaminasi pia hushiriki katika kuvunja asidi amino. Udhalilishaji wa asidi amino mara nyingi unahusisha kusongesha kundi lake la amino kwenda kwa alfa-ketoglutareti na kutengeneza glutameti. Katika wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo wengi, kikundi cha amino kisha huondolewa kwa njia ya mzunguko wa urea na kisha kuondolewa mwlilini kwa fomu ya urea. Hata hivyo, uharibifu wa asidi amino unaweza kutoa asidi mkojo au amonia badala yake. Kwa mfano, kiondoa-oksijeni serini hubadilisha serini kuwa piruvati na amonia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. |title=Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry200100jere |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biochemistry200100jere/page/641 639]–49 |isbn=0-7167-4684-0}}</ref> Asidi amino zisizo za kawaida hutengenezwa kwa kubadilishwa kwa asidi amino za kawaida. Kwa mfano, homosisteini hutengezwa kwa kusongeshwa njia ya sulfuri kwa njia ya kutolewa kwa methili kutoka kwa methionini kupitia kwa kimetaboli kati S-adenosili methionini,<ref name="Brosnan">{{cite journal |author=Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME |title=The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=136 |issue=6 Suppl |pages=1636S–1640S |year=2006 |month=Juni |pmid=16702333 |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16702333}}</ref> wakati hidroksiprolini hutengezwa na kubadilishwa kwa [[proline]] baada ya kutafsiriwa ya <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T |title=Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases |journal=Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology |volume=72 |issue= |pages=325–98 |year=1998 |pmid=9559057}}</ref> Vidubini na mimea inaweza kusanisi asidi amino nyingi zisizo za kawaida. Kwa mfano, baadhi ya vijiumbe maradhi hutengeza asidi amino sobutiriki-2 na lanthionini, ambayo imetokana na sulfidi ya alanini. Asidi amino hizi zote mbili zinapatikana katika lantibiotiki peptidi kama vile alamethisini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Whitmore L, Wallace BA |title=Analysis of peptaibol sequence composition: implications for in vivo synthesis and channel formation |journal=European Biophysics Journal |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=233–7 |year=2004 |month=Mei |pmid=14534753 |doi=10.1007/s00249-003-0348-1}}</ref> Ilihali katika mimea, asidi amino saiklopropani-1-kaboksili ni asidi ndogo iliyobadilishwa ya asidi amino ya mzunguko, ambayo ni muhimu katika uzalishaji homoni kati ya mmea ya ethilini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander L, Grierson D |title=Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato: a model for climacteric fruit ripening |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2002-10_53_377/page/2039 |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=53 |issue=377 |pages=2039–55 |year=2002 |month=Oktoba |pmid=12324528 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erf072}}</ref> == Sifa za kemikali za asidi amino == Asidi amino 20 zinazopatikana kiasili zinaweza kugawanywa katika makundi mbalimbali kulingana na sifa zao. Sababu muhimu ni chaji, kiwango cha kupenda maji au kukwepa maji, ukubwa na vikundi vya kazi <ref name="Creighton"/> . Hizi sifa ni muhimu kwa mfumo wa protini mwingiliano wa protini na protini. Protini mumunyifu kwa maji zinaelekea kuwa na mabaki yao ya kukwepamaji (Leu, Ile, Val, Phe na Trp) kuzikwa katikati ya protini, ilhali minyororo ya kupendamaji hufunuliwa kwa kiyeyusho cha majimaji. Utando wa muhimu wa protini mara nyingi huwa na pete za asidi amino za kukwepamaji iliyoonyeshwa wazi ambazo huzitia nanga katika rusu mbili ya lipidi ya. Katika sehemu ya kesi kati ya njia mbili tofauti sana, baadhi ya tando za protini za pembeni huwa na kiraka cha asidi amino za kukwepamaji juu ya uso wao ambacho hushikilia kwa utando. Vile vile, protini ambazo hufaa kushikilia kwa molekuli zenye chaji chanya huwa na asidi amino zenye chaji hasi kwenye nyuso zao kama vile glutameti na aspartati, wakati protini zinazofaa kushikilia kwa molekuli zenye chaji hasi huwa na nyuso zenye minyororo chaji chanya kama vile lisini na ajinini. Kuna mizani tofauti ya kukwepamaji ya mabaki ya asidi amino.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dan W. |last1=Urry |title=The change in Gibbs free energy for hydrophobic association: Derivation and evaluation by means of inverse temperature transitions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-physics-letters_2004-11-21_399_1-3/page/177 |journal=Chemical Physics Letters |volume=399 |issue=1–3 |pages=177–83 |year=2004 |doi=10.1016/S0009-2614(04)01565-9}}</ref> Baadhi ya asidi amino huwa na sifa za kipekee kama vile seistini, ambayo huweza kutengeneza kiunganishi chenye kugawanyika cha sulfudi na mabaki mengine ya seistini, prolini ambayo inaunda mzunguko kwa uti wa mgongo wa polipeptidi, na glisini ambayo ni rahisi kubadilika zaidi kuliko asidi amino nyingine. Protini nyingi hupitia mabadliko mengi ya muundo baada ya kutafsiriwa, wakati makundi ya ziada ya kemikali yanaposhikanishwa na asidi amino katika protini. Baadhi ya mabadiliko yanaweza kuzalisha lipoprotini za kukwepamaji,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Magee T, Seabra MC |title=Fatty acylation and prenylation of proteins: what's hot in fat |journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=190–6 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15780596 |doi=10.1016/j.ceb.2005.02.003}}</ref> au glikoprotini za kupendamaji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pilobello KT, Mahal LK |title=Deciphering the glycocode: the complexity and analytical challenge of glycomics |journal=Current Opinion in Chemical Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=300–5 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17500024 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.002}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya aina hii yaruhusu kulenga kunakoweza kurejeshwa kwa protini kwa utando. Kwa mfano, kuongezwa na kuondolewa kwa asidi yenye mafuta ya asidi ya kiganja kwa mabaki ya seistini katika protini fulani za kuashiria husababisha protini kujiambatanisha na kisha kujitenga kutoka katika utando wa seli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smotrys JE, Linder ME |title=Palmitoylation of intracellular signaling proteins: regulation and function |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2004_73/page/559 |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=73 |issue= |pages=559–87 |year=2004 |pmid=15189153 |doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073954}}</ref> === Orodha ya vifupisho na sifa za asidi amino za kawaida === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Asidi amino ! 3-Herufi<ref name="Hausman"/> ! Herufi-1<ref name="Hausman"/> ! Mnyororo wa upande:Upola <ref name="Hausman">{{cite book |author=Hausman, Robert E.; Cooper, Geoffrey M. |title=The cell: a molecular approach |publisher=ASM Press |location=Washington, D.C |year=2004 |page=51 |isbn=0-87893-214-3}}</ref> ! Chaji ya Mnyororo wa upande (pH 7.4)<ref name="Hausman"/> ! Kielelezo cha Hidropatiki<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kyte J, Doolittle RF |title=A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-molecular-biology_1982-05-05_157_1/page/105 |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=105–32 |year=1982 |month=Mei |pmid=7108955 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0}}</ref> ! Λ Uwezo wa Kufyonza _juu(nm)<ref name="Freifelder"/> ! ε katikaλ _juu (X10 ^-3 M^-1cm^-1)<ref name="Freifelder">{{cite book | title=Physical Biochemistry| url=https://archive.org/details/physicalbiochemi0000frei| edition=2nd| author = Freifelder, D.| publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company| isbn=0-7167-1315-2 | year=1983}}{{pn}}</ref> |- align="center" | Alanini | Ala | A. | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 1.8 | | |- align="center" | Arginini | Arg | R | pola | chanya | -4.5 | | |- align="center" | Asparagini | Asn | N | pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | -3.5 | | |- align="center" | Asidi Aspartiki | ASP | D | pola | hasi | -3.5 | | |- align="center" | Sisteini | Cys | C | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 2.5 | 250 | 0.3 |- align="center" | Asidi ya glutamiki | Glu | E | pola | hasi | -3.5 | | |- align="center" | Glutamini | Gln | Q | pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | -3.5 | | |- align="center" | Glisini | Gly | G | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | -0.4 | | |- align="center" | Histidini | His | H | pola | chanya (10%) zisizobainika (90%) | -3.2 | 211 | 5.9 | | |- align="center" | Isoleusini | Ile | I | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 4.5 | | |- align="center" | Leusini | Leu | L | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 3.8 | | |- align="center" | Lisini | Lys | K | pola | chanya | -3.9 | | |- align="center" | Methionini | Met | M | iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 1.9 | | |- align="center" | Fenilalanini | Phe | F | Iso pola | sio na sifa zinazobainika | 2.8 | 257, 206, 188 | 0.2, 9.3, 60.0 | | - align="center" | Prolini Pro | P | iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | -1.6 | | - align="center" | Serini Ser | S pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | -0.8 | | - align="center" | Threonini | Thr | T pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | -0.7 | | - align="center" | Triptofani | Trp W | iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | -0.9 | 280, 219 | 5.6, 47.0 | | - align="center" | Tirosini | Tyr | Y pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | −1.3 | 274, 222, 193 | 1.4, 8.0, 48.0 | | - align="center" | Valini | Val | V | iso pola sio na sifa zinazobainika | 4.2 | | |) |} Zaidi ya hayo, kuna asidi amino mbili za ziada ambazo zinajumuishwa kwa kutotilia manaani kodoni za kuacha: {| class="wikitable" ! asidi amino ya 21 na 22 ! Herufi-3 ! Herufi-1 |- align="center" | Selenosisteini | Sec | U |- align="center" | Pirolisini | Pyl | O |} Mbali na mfumo maalum za asidi amino, vishikilia sehemu hutumika katika kesi ambapo uchambuzi wa kemikali au wa chembechembe za peptidi au wa protini hauwezi kuamua kikamilifu utambulisho wa mabaki. {| class="wikitable" ! Asidi amino zenye utata ! Herufi-3 ! Herufi-1 |- align="center" | Asparagini au asidi aspartiki | Asx | B |- align="center" | Glutamini au asidi glutamiki | Glx | Z |- align="center" | Leusini au Isoleusini | Xle | J |- align="center" | Isoelezewa au asidi amino isojulikana | Xaa | X |} '''Unk''' wakati mwingine hutumiwa badala ya '''Xaa,''' lakini si kawaida. Zaidi ya hayo, nyingi zisizo za kawa asidi amino kuwa na mfumo maalum. Kwa mfano, dawa kadhaa za peptidi, kama vile Bortezomibi au MG132 ni zimesanisiwa kibandia na uhifadhi vikundi vyao vya kulinda, ambavyo vina mfumo maalum. Bortezomibi ni Pyz-Phe-boroLeu na MG132 ni Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al. Zaidi ya hayo, ili kusaidia katika uchambuzi wa mfumo wa protini, mifano ya kuunganisha kwa asidi amino inapatikana. Hizi ni pamoja na fotoleusini '''(pLeu)''' na fotomethionini '''(pMet).''' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Suchanek M, Radzikowska A, Thiele C |title=Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein interactions in living cells |journal=Nature Methods |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=261–7 |year=2005 |month=Aprili |pmid=15782218 |doi=10.1038/nmeth752}}</ref> == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} == Marejeo == * Doolittle, RF (1989) Vitu visivyohitajika katika Utaratibu wa protini. Katika ''utabiri wa Muundo wa protini na Kanuni za kuwiana kwa protini'' (Fasman, G.D ed) Plenum Press, New York, uk 599-623. * David L. Nelson na Michael M. Cox, ''Kanuni za Biokemia chake Lehninger ,'' toleo la 3, 2000, Worth Publishers, ISBN 1-57259-153-6 * Meierhenrich, UJ: ''Asidi amino na kutokuwa pacha kwa maisha,'' Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 2008. ISBN 978-3-540-76885-2 * Morelli, Robert J. "Mafunzo ya kufyonzwa kwa asidi amino kutoka utumbo mdogo. " San Francisco: Morelli, 1952. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.aminoacidsguide.com/ Muhtasari wa asidi amino] sifa za kimaumbile-kemia , miundo ya 3D, nk * [http://www.unc.edu/~bzafer/aminoacids/ Orodha ya asidi amino za kawaida] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unc.edu/~bzafer/aminoacids/ |date=20101110124343 }} Orodha ya undani ya PDF ya asidi amino za kawaida (ikiwa ni pamoja na picha za 3D) * [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/ Mfano kwa majina na picha ya asidi amino na Peptidi] IUPAC-IUB Tume ya Pamoja ya majina ya Bayokeia (JCBN) * [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/aminoacids/index.html Maelezo ya Masi: Ukusanyaji wa Asidi Amino] - Ina taarifa za kina na picha za darubini za asidi amino. * [http://www.russell.embl.de/aas/ Sifa za Asidi amino] {{Wayback|url=http://www.russell.embl.de/aas/ |date=20070927001521 }} - Sifa za asidi amino (chombo kinachowalenga wanasayansi wa jeni za molekuli wanaojaribu kuelewa maana ya mabadiliko) * [http://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/C1C/nitrogen/alpha-amino-acids2.shtm Usanisi wa asidi amino na minyambuliko yao] * [http://www.mathiasbader.de/studium/biology/index.php?lng=en Jifunze juu ya asidi amino proteinojeniki 20 kwa mtandao] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mathiasbader.de/studium/biology/index.php?lng=en |date=20101029232236 }} * [http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/Dayhoff.html Asili ya mfumo wa herufi moja ya asidi ya amino] * [http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html PH ya mchanganyiko wa Asidi amino, kuchanganya kwa kemikali na hesabu ya ncha ya isoelektriki ] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html |date=20190126143238 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Asidi amino}} [[Jamii:Kemia]] i1nspov971k4dyck47yl663yorkbvft 2 69330 1583106 1361076 2026-08-02T00:01:04Z Pathoschild 458 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 1583106 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|sw-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Revi C.|go here]].]] Hello! 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Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> esxe13mcstpjlux1bt2hqwxr2v8t8mn 0 69966 1583117 1522262 2026-08-02T03:40:38Z ~2026-42761-39 91364 /* */ 1583117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Njianne''' ni [[kata]] mojawapo ya [[Wilaya ya Mkuranga]] katika [[Mkoa wa Pwani]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''61510'''. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 4,902 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz/</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 6,627 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Pwani - Mkuranga DC |accessdate=2016-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> walioishi humo. Hii inaonesha namna watu wamezidi kuhama na kupungua kutoka Njianne. Kata ya Njianne ina vijiji vinne, kijiji cha Njianne(ambako ndipo kuna makao makuu ya kata), kijiji cha Mikere, kijiji cha Mingombe na kijiji cha Miteza.<ref>ofisi ya kata ya Njianne</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mkuranga}} {{mbegu-jio-pwani}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mkuranga]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Pwani]] irt73pxjs2cgs84uv51toeel8v19rby 0 70144 1583102 1578123 2026-08-01T22:38:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Image = Blue circle for diabetes.svg | Caption = Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol|url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org|date=17 March 2006|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|accessdate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/|archivedate=2007-08-05}}</ref> | DiseasesDB = 3661 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|11||e|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|250.00}}, {{ICD9|250.02}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 125853 | MedlinePlus = 000313 | eMedicineSubj = article | eMedicineTopic = 117853 | MeshID = D003924 }} '''Kisukari aina ya 2''', uliojulikana awali kama '''kisukari kisichotegemea insulini''' au '''kisukari kinachoanza katika utu uzima''' ni tatizo la [[umetaboli]] linalotambulika kwa [[kiwango cha juu cha glukosi katika damu]] katika muktadha wa [[kukinza insulini]] na upungufu wa [[insulini]] kwa kiasi kidogo.<ref name="Pathologic Basis of Disease"/>Hii ni kinyume na [[kisukari aina ya 1]] ambapo kuna upungufu wa insulini kufuatia kuharibika kwa [[Visiwa vya Langerhans|seli za endokrini]] katika [[kongosho]].<ref name=Green2011>{{cite book|last=Shoback|first=edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|url=https://archive.org/details/greenspansbasicc0000unse|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0-07-162243-8|pages=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Dalili kuu ni [[polidipsia|kiu kingi]], [[poliuria|kukojoa kila mara]] na [[polifagia|kuhisi njaa kila wakati]]. Kisukari aina ya 2 huchangia hadi [[asilimia]] 90 ya visa vya [[kisukari]] huku asilimia 10 iliyosalia ikisababishwa na [[kisukari aina ya 1]] na [[kisukari katika ujauzito]]. [[Unene wa kupindukia]] unakisiwa kuwa kianzishi kikuu cha aina ya 2 ya kisukari katika watu wenye uhatarisho kwa sababu ya [[jeni]] zao. <!-- Matibabu--> Kisukari aina ya 2 hudhibitiwa mwanzo kwa kuongeza [[mazoezi ya mwili|mazoezi]] na [[lishe la kudhibiti kisukari|urekebishaji wa lishe]]. Ikiwa viwango vya glukosi ya damu havijapunguzwa na hatua hizo, [[dawa]] kama [[metformin]] au [[insulini]] zinaweza kuhitajika. Watu wanaotumia insulini wanahitaji kukaguliwa viwango vya [[sukari ya damu]] kila mara. <!--Prognosisi na Epidemolojia --> Viwango vya kisukari vimeongezeka katika miaka 50 iliyopita, sambamba na unene wa kupindukia. Kufikia [[mwaka]] wa [[2010]] [[watu]] karibu [[milioni]] 285&nbsp; wana kisukari ikilinganishwa na karibu watu milioni 30&nbsp; katika mwaka wa [[1985]]. Matatizo ya baadaye ya kiwango cha juu cha sukari ya damu ni pamoja na [[ugonjwa wa moyo]], [[kiharusi]], [[retinopathi ya kisukari]] inayoathiri uwezo wa kuona, [[matatizo ya figo]], hali inayoweza kuhitaji [[dialisi]], na kutozunguka vyema kwa damu viungoni kukipelekea [[kukatwa viungo]]. Matatizo makali ya [[ketoasidosisi ya kisukari|ketoasidosisi]], ambayo ni pamoja na [[ugonjwa wa aina ya 1 ya kisukari]] ni ya nadra.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fasanmade|first=OA|coauthors=Odeniyi, IA, Ogbera, AO|title=Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management|journal=African journal of medicine and medical sciences|date=2008 Jun|volume=37|issue=2|pages=99–105|pmid=18939392}}</ref>Hata hivyo, [[koma ya haipaosmola isiyo ya ketosisi]] inaweza kutokea. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Ishara na dalili== Dalili kuu za kisukari ni [[poliuria]] (kukojoa kila mara), [[polidipsia]] (ongezeko la kiu), [[polifagia]](ongezeko la njaa) na [[kupoteza uzito wa mwili]].<ref name=Vij2010>{{cite journal|last=Vijan|first=S|title=Type 2 diabetes|journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=2010-03-02|volume=152|issue=5|pages=ITC31–15; quiz ITC316|pmid=20194231|doi=10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003}}</ref> Dalili zingine zinazotambulika mara nyingi wakati wa utambuzi ni pamoja na: historia ya [[kiwaa]], [[mwasho|kujikuna]], [[niuropathia ya pembezoni]], kurejea kwa [[inflamesheni ukeni|maambukizi ya uke]] na [[uchovu (kimatibabu)|uchovu]].<!-- <ref name=Green2011/> --> Hata hivyo, watu wengi hawana dalili mwanzoni na hutambuliwa baada ya vipimo vya mara kwa mara.<!-- <ref name=Green2011/> -->Watu walio na aina ya 2 ya kisukari wanaweza kukosa [[koma ya haipaosmola isiyo ya ketosisi]] (hali ya kuwa na kiwango cha juu cha sukari ya damu inayohusishwa na [[kiwango kilichopungua cha ufahamu]] na [[hipotensheni|kiwango cha chini cha shinikizo la damu]]).<ref name=Green2011/> ===Matatizo=== Aina ya &nbsp;2&nbsp; ya kisukari kwa kawaida ni [[ugonjwa sugu]] unaohusiana na upungufu wa [[matarajio ya kuishi]] kiasi cha miaka [[kumi]]&nbsp;<ref name=Will2011/> Kwa upande mmoja, jambo hili husababishwa na matatizo yanayohusiana na kisukari ikiwa ni pamoja na: hatari ya mara mbili hadi nne ya [[ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]] ikijumuisha [[ugonjwa wa moyo wenye iskemia]] na [[kiharusi]], ongezeko la hadi mara 20 &nbsp; la kiwango cha kukatwa [[miguu]] na ongezeko la kulazwa [[Hospitali|hospitalini]].<ref name=Will2011/>. Katika [[nchi zilizostawi]], na sehemu zingine kwa viwango vinavyoongezeka, ugonjwa wa kisukari aina ya &nbsp;2&nbsp; ndio kisababishi kikuu zaidi cha [[upofu]] usiotokana na [[jeraha|majeraha]] na [[matatizo ya figo]].<ref name=AFP09/> Ugonjwa huu pia umehusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya matatizo ya kiutambuzi na [[dimenshia]] kupitia kwa taratibu za magonjwa kama vile [[Ugonjwa wa Alzeheimer]] na [[dimenshia ya mishipa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pasquier|first=F|title=Diabetes and cognitive impairment: how to evaluate the cognitive status?|journal=Diabetes & metabolism|date=2010 Oct|volume=36 Suppl 3|pages=S100–5|pmid=21211730|doi=10.1016/S1262-3636(10)70475-4}}</ref> Matatizo mengine ni pamoja na: [[akanthosi nigrikani]], [[uhanithi]] na [[maambukizi]] ya kila mara.<ref name=Vij2010/> ==Kisababishi== Kisukari aina ya 2 huendelezwa na mchanganyiko wa masuala ya mtindo wa [[maisha]] na jeni.<ref name=AFP09/><ref name=Fat2009>{{cite journal |author=Risérus U, [[Walter Willett|Willett WC]], Hu FB |title=Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=44–51 |year=2009 |month=January|pmid=19032965 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002 |pmc=2654180}}</ref> Ingawa mtu binafsi anaweza kuvidhibiti baadhi ya visababishi, kama vile lishe na [[unene wa kupindukia]], vingine kama [[umri]], [[jinsia]] [[Mwanamke|ya kike]] na [[jenetikia]] haviwezi kudhibitiwa.<ref name=Will2011/> Ukosefu wa usingizi umehusishwa na kisukari aina ya 2.<ref name=Sleep2011>{{cite journal|last=Touma|first=C|coauthors=Pannain, S|title=Does lack of sleep cause diabetes?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cleveland-clinic-journal-of-medicine_2011-08_78_8/page/549|journal=Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine|date=2011 Aug|volume=78|issue=8|pages=549–58|pmid=21807927|doi=10.3949/ccjm.78a.10165}}</ref> Uhusiano huu unaaminika kutokea kupitia jinsi umetaboli unavyoathiriwa na ukosefu wa [[usingizi]].<ref name=Sleep2011/> Hali ya [[lishe]] ya [[mama]] wakati wa [[ujauzito]] pia inaweza kuchangia, huku utaratibu mmoja ukiwa ni kubadilika kwa [[umethili]] wa [[DNA]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Christian|first=P|coauthors=Stewart, CP|title=Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_2010-03_140_3/page/437|journal=The Journal of nutrition|date=2010 Mar|volume=140|issue=3|pages=437–45|pmid=20071652|doi=10.3945/jn.109.116327}}</ref> ===Mtindo wa maisha=== Masuala kadhaa ya kimtindo huchangia ukuaji wa aina ya 2 ya kisukari&nbsp; ikiwa ni pamoja na [[unene wa kupindukia]] (unaofafanuliwa kwa [[kigezo cha uzani wa mwili]] cha zaidi ya [[thelathini]]), ukosefu wa mazoezi, lishe duni, dhiki na [[kuishi mjini]].<ref name=Will2011/> [[Mafuta]] ya ziada [[Mwili|mwilini]] huhusishwa na asilimia 30 ya visa hivi kwa watu wenye asili ya [[China]] na [[Japani]], asilimia 60-80 kwa [[Wazungu]] na [[Waafrika]] na asilimia 100 ya [[Wahindi]] kutoka Pima na watu wanaoishi katika [[Oceania|Visiwa vya Pasifiki]].<ref name=Green2011/> Watu wasio na unene wa kupindukia wana [[uwiano wa kiuno na paja]] wa juu.<ref name=Green2011/> Masuala ya lishe pia huchangia hatari ya kupata aina ya 2 ya kisukari&nbsp;. Kutumia [[vinywaji]] vilivyo na [[sukari]] kwa wingi huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari.<ref name=SSB2010>{{citejournal|last=Malik|first=VS|coauthors=Popkin, BM, Bray, GA, Després, JP, Hu, FB|title=Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease risk|journal=Circulation|date=2010-03-23|volume=121|issue=11|pages=1356–64|pmid=20308626|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185|pmc=2862465}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Malik|first=VS|coauthors=Popkin, BM, Bray, GA, Després, JP, Willett, WC, Hu, FB|title=Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2010-11_33_11/page/2477|journal=Diabetes Care|date=2010 Nov|volume=33|issue=11|pages=2477–83|pmid=20693348|doi=10.2337/dc10-1079|pmc=2963518}}</ref>Aina ya [[mafuta]] katika [[chakula]] pia ni muhimu, huku [[mafuta yasiyo na kifungo]] na [[mafuta yenye asidi zilizo na vifungo vingi]] yakiongeza hatari, na [[mafuta yenye vifungo vingi]] na [[mafuta yenye kifungo kimoja]] yakipunguza hatari.<ref name=Fat2009 /> Kula [[mchele mweupe]] kwa wingi pia huzidisha hatari.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hu|first=EA|coauthors=Pan, A, Malik, V, Sun, Q|title=White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2012-03-15|volume=344|pages=e1454|pmid=22422870|doi=10.1136/bmj.e1454|pmc=3307808}}</ref> Ukosefu wa mazoezi unaaminika kuchangia asilimia 7 ya visa.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=I-Min|coauthors=Shiroma, Eric J; Lobelo, Felipe; Puska, Pekka; Blair, Steven N; Katzmarzyk, Peter T|title=Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy|journal=The Lancet|date=1 July 2012|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9}}</ref> ===Jenetikia=== Visa vingi vya kisukari huhusisha jeni nyingi huku kila [[moja]] ikichangia sehemu ndogo ya uwezekano wa kuwa na aina ya 2 ya kisukari.<ref name=Will2011/> Ikiwa mmoja wa [[pacha wanaofanana]] ana kisukari, uwezekano wa yule mwingine kupata ugonjwa huu maishani ni zaidi ya asilimia 90, ilhali kiwango katika pacha wasiofanana ni asilimia 25-50.<ref name=Green2011/> Kufikia mwaka wa [[2011]], zaidi ya [[jeni]] 36 zinazochangia hatari ya kupata aina ya 2 ya kisukari zimetambuliwa.<ref name=Genetic2011>{{cite journal|last=Herder|first=C|coauthors=Roden, M|title=Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance|journal=European journal of clinical investigation|date=2011 Jun|volume=41|issue=6|pages=679–92|pmid=21198561|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02454.x}}</ref> Jeni hizo kwa pamoja huchangia asilimia 10 tu ya vipengele vya ugonjwa huu vinavyoweza kurithiwa.<!-- <ref name=Genetic2011/> -->Kwa mfano, [[aleli]] ya [[TCF7L2]] huongeza hatari ya kupata kisukari kwa mara 1.5&nbsp;na ndiyo hatari zaidi ya aina nyingi za kijeni.<!-- <ref name=Green2011/> --> Jeni nyingi zinazohusishwa na kisukari huusika katika utendakazi wa seli za beta.<ref name=Green2011/> Kuna aina chache za kisukari zinazotokea kufuatia tatizo katika jeni moja (hali inayojulikana kama aina za [[tatizo la kijeni|la jeni moja]] za kisukari au [[Kisukari #Aina_nyingine|"Aina maalumu za kisukari"]]).<ref name=Green2011/><ref name=Will2011/> Hii ni pamoja na [[kisukari cha watu wachanga]], [[sindromu ya Donohue]] na [[Sindromu ya Rabson-Mendenhall]] na nyinginezo.<ref name=Will2011/> Kisukari cha watoto wachanga huchangia asilimia 1-5 ya matukio yote ya kisukari katika watoto wachanga.<ref>{{cite news|first=|last=|coauthors=|title=Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young|date=|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH|url=http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/mody/|work=National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC)|accessdate=2008-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704103703/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/mody/|archivedate=2008-07-04}}</ref> ===Hali za kimatibabu=== Kuna aina kadhaa za matibabu na matatizo mengine ya [[afya]] yanayoweza kusababisha kisukari.<ref name=BookDM2008>{{cite book|last=Bethel|first=edited by Mark N. Feinglos, M. Angelyn|title=Type 2 diabetes mellitus : an evidence-based approach to practical management|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-58829-794-5|page=462|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NctBmHUOV7AC&pg=PA462}}</ref> Baadhi ya matibabu hayo ni: [[glukokotikoidi]], [[thiasidi]], [[vizuia beta]], [[dawa maalum za kutibu saikosisi]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Izzedine|first=H|coauthors=Launay-Vacher, V, Deybach, C, Bourry, E, Barrou, B, Deray, G|title=Drug-induced diabetes mellitus|journal=Expert opinion on drug safety|date=2005 Nov|volume=4|issue=6|pages=1097–109|pmid=16255667|doi=10.1517/14740338.4.6.1097}}</ref> na [[statini]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sampson|first=UK|coauthors=Linton, MF, Fazio, S|title=Are statins diabetogenic?|journal=Current opinion in cardiology|date=2011 Jul|volume=26|issue=4|pages=342–7|pmid=21499090|doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283470359|pmc=3341610}}</ref> Watu ambao wamekuwa na [[kisukari katika ujauzito]] wako katika hatari kubwa zaidi ya kupata aina ya 2 ya kisukari.<ref name=Vij2010/>Matatizo mengine ya kiafya yanayohusishwa ni pamoja na: [[akromegali]], [[Sindromu ya Chushing]], [[uthiroidi]], [[fekromositoma]] na baadhi ya aina za [[saratani]] kama vile [[glukagonoma]].<ref name=BookDM2008/> Upungufu wa [[testosteroni]] pia unahusishwa na aina ya 2 ya kisukari.<ref name=pmid19444934>{{cite journal |author=Saad F, Gooren L|title=The role of testosterone in the metabolic syndrome: a review |journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=114 |issue=1–2 |pages=40–3 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19444934|doi=10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.022}}</ref><ref name=pmid18832284>{{cite journal |author=Farrell JB, Deshmukh A, Baghaie AA |title=Low testosterone and the association with type 2 diabetes |journal=The Diabetes Educator |volume=34 |issue=5|pages=799–806 |year=2008 |pmid=18832284 |doi=10.1177/0145721708323100}}</ref> ==Pathofisiolojia== Aina ya 2 ya kisukari inasababishwa na upungufu katika uzalishaji wa insulini kutoka kwa [[seli za beta]] katika kuanzisha [[kukinza insulini]].<ref name=Green2011/> Kukinza insulini, ambako ni hali ya [[seli]] kutoweza kuitikia vyema kwa viwango vya kawaida vya insulini, hutokea hasa katika [[misuli]], [[ini]] na [[tishu]] zenye mafuta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care.|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-732-8|page=15|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fiAclxvKblkC&pg=PA15}}</ref>Kwa kawaida, insulini hukandamiza uzalishaji wa glukosi ndani ya ini. Hata hivyo, katika ukinzani wa insulini, ini huzalisha glukosi ndani ya damu isivyohitajika.<ref name=Will2011/> Uwiano kati ya ukinzani wa insulini na utendakazi mbaya wa seli za beta hutofautiana kati ya watu walio na ukinzani wa kimsingi wa insulini na tatizo dogo la utoaji insulini, ikilinganishwa na watu walio na ukinzani mdogo wa insulini lakini hawawezi kuzalisha insulini.<ref name=Green2011/> Taratibu nyingine muhimu zinazohusishwa na aina ya 2 ya kisukari na ukinzani wa insulini ni pamoja na: ongezeko la kumeng’enya [[mafuta]] katika [[seli za mafuta]], ukinzani na ukosefu wa [[inkretini]], kiwango cha juu cha [[glukagoni]] katika damu, ongezeko la kuhifadhi [[chumvi]] na [[maji]] katika figo na pia [[mfumo mkuu wa neva]] kudhibiti umetaboli vibaya.<ref name=Will2011/> Hata hivyo, si watu wote walio na ukinzani wa insulini wanaopata kisukari, kwani hitilafu za seli za beta kwenye kongosho kutoa insulini pia huhitajika.<ref name=Green2011/> ==Utambuzi== [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linafasili kisukari (aina ya 1 na 2) kama kipimo kimoja zaidi cha glukosi iliyo na dalili au vipimo vilivyopanda katika visa viwili:<ref name=who-99>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/en/ |author=World Health Organization |title=Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus |accessdate=29 May 2007}}</ref> * fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0&nbsp;mmol/l (126&nbsp;mg/dl) * with a [[glucose tolerance test]], two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose ≥ 11.1&nbsp;mmol/l (200&nbsp;mg/dl) Mbinu nyingine ya kutambua kisukari ni kuchukua vipimo mbalimbali vya sukari ya damu vya zaidi ya 11.1&nbsp;mmol/l (200&nbsp;mg/dL) huku vikilinganishwa na dalili za kawaida <ref name=Vij2010/> au pia kipimo cha [[himoglobini iliyo na glukojeni]] (HbA_1c) cha zaidi ya asilimia 6.5.<ref name=Will2011/> Mnamo mwaka wa 2009, Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Wataalamu iliyojumuisha wawakilishi kutoka Shirika la Kisukari la Amerika, Kongamano la Kimataifa la Kisukari na Shirika la Masomo ya Kisukari la bara [[Uropa]] ilipendekeza kizingiti cha asilimia ≥6.5 HbA_1ckitumiwe kutambua kisukari.<!-- <ref name=Expert2009/> -->Pendekezo hili lilipitishwa na Shirika la Kisukari la Marekani mwaka wa 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|author= |title=Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=33 Suppl 1 |issue= Supplement_1|pages=S62–9 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20042775 |pmc=2797383 |doi=10.2337/dc10-S062 |url= |last1= American Diabetes |first1= Association}}</ref> Vipimo vinafaa kurudiwa iwapo mtu atatambulika kuwa na kisukari, isipokuwa ana dalili za kawaida na sukari ya damu ya >11.1&nbsp;mmol/l (>200&nbsp;mg/dl).<ref name=Expert2009>{{cite journal|last=International Expert|first=Committee|title=International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2009-07_32_7/page/1327|journal=Diabetes Care|date=2009 Jul|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1327–34|pmid=19502545|doi=10.2337/dc09-9033|pmc=2699715}}</ref> Kizingiti cha kutambua kisukari hutegemea uhusiano kati ya matokeo ya vipimo vya kubaini uwezo wa kustahimili glukosi, mfungo wa glukosi au HbA_1cna matatizo kama [[retinopathia|matatizo ya retinali]].<ref name=Will2011/> Mfungo au vipimo mbalimbali vya sukari ya damu hupendekezwa kuliko kipimo cha kubaini uwezo wa kustahimili glukosi kwani vipimo hivi ni bora zaidi kwa watu.<ref name=Will2011/>HbA_1cni bora zaidi kwa sababu mfungo hauhitajiki, na matokeo yake huwa dhabiti lakini ni ghali kuliko kipimo cha glukosi ya damu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=|title=Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=35 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S64–71 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=22187472 |doi=10.2337/dc12-s064 |url= |last1= American Diabetes |first1= Association}}</ref>Inakadiriwa kuwa karibu watu asilimia 20 walio na kisukari nchini Marekani hawajatambua kuwa wana ugonjwa huu.<ref name=Will2011/> Aina ya 2 ya kisukari hutambulika kwa kiwango cha juu cha glukosi kwenye damu katika muktadha wa [[ukinzani wa insulini]] kwa kukilinganisha na upungufu wa [[insulini]].<ref name="Pathologic Basis of Disease">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Cotran, Ramzi S. ; Robbins, Stanley L. | authorlink= | title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease | year=2005| edition=7th| publisher=Saunders | location=Philadelphia, Pa. | isbn=0-7216-0187-1|pages=1194–1195}}</ref>Hii hailingani na [[Hii ni tofauti na[[aina ya 1 ya kisukari]], ambapo kuna upungufu mkuu wa insulini unaosababishwa na kuharibika kwa [[visiwa vya Langherns| seli za endokrini]] ndani ya [[kongosho]] na [[kisukari wakati wa ujauzito]], ambacho ni kuanza upya kwa kiwango cha juu cha sukari ya damu katika ujauzito. <ref name="Green2011"/> Aina ya 1 ya kisukari inaweza kutofautishwa na ya 2 kwa msingi wa hali zilisababisha ugonjwa wenyewe.<ref name=Expert2009/>Ikiwa utambuzi hauaminiki, vipimo vya [[antibodi]] vinaweza kusaidia kudhibitisha aina ya 1 ya kisukari, ilhali viwango vya [[peptidi ya C]] vinaweza kudhibitisha aina ya 2.<ref>{{cite book|title=Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care.|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-58255-732-8|page=201|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fiAclxvKblkC&pg=PA201}}</ref> ==Uchunguzi bainifu== Hakuna shirika lolote kuu linalopendekeza ubia wa uchunguzi bainifu wa kisukari kwani hakuna ushahidi kuwa hatua hii huboresha matokeo.<ref name=Screen09>{{cite journal |author=Valdez R |title=Detecting Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Family History as a Risk Factor and Screening Tool |journal=J Diabetes Sci Technol |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=722–6|year=2009 |pmid=20144319 |pmc=2769984 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Uchunguzi bainifu umependekezwa na [[Tume ya Marekani ya Huduma za Kinga]] kwa watu wazima wasio na dalili huku wakiwa na [[shinikizo la damu]] la zaidi ya 135/80&nbsp;mmHg.<ref name=US08>{{cite web |url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdiab.htm |title=Screening: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults |year=2008 |work=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force |accessdate= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207214318/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsdiab.htm |archivedate=2014-02-07 }}</ref> Ushahidi hautoshi kupendekeza au kutopendekeza uchunguzi kwa watu walio na kipimo cha chini cha shinikizo la damu.<ref name=US08/> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] linapendekeza vipimo kwa watu walio katika hatari kubwa pekee.<ref name=Screen09/> Vikundi vilivyo katika hatari kubwa Marekani ni pamoja na: watu wa umri wa zaidi ya miaka 45&nbsp;walio na [[jamaa wa kiwango cha kwanza]] aliye na kisukari, koo maalumu kama vile Wahispania Wamarekani, Wamarekani wa asili ya Kiafrika na Wamarekani asilia, watu walio na historia ya [[kisukari wakati wa ujauzito]], [[sindromu ya uvimbe wa ovari]], unene wa kupindukia na hali zinazohusishwa na [[sindromu ya umetaboli]].<ref name="Vij2010" /> ==Kinga== Mwanzo wa aina ya 2 ya kisukari unaweza kukawishwa au kuzuiliwa kwa lishe bora na mazoezi.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Raina Elley C, Kenealy T |title=Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance |journal=Evid Based Med |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=173 |year=2008 |month=December|pmid=19043031 |doi=10.1136/ebm.13.6.173 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G, Roqué I Figuls M, Richter B, Mauricio D |title=Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD003054 |year=2008 |pmid=18646086|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub3 |url= |editor1-last=Mauricio |editor1-first=Didac}}</ref> Kuzingatia mtindo bora kunaweza kupunguza hatari kwa zaidi ya nusu.<ref name=AFP09/> Manufaa ya mazoezi hutokea bila kuzingatia uzito wa awali au wa baadaye wa mtu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Gorman|first=DJ|coauthors=Krook, A|title=Exercise and the treatment of diabetes and obesity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-09_95_5/page/953|journal=The Medical clinics of North America|date=2011 Sep|volume=95|issue=5|pages=953–69|pmid=21855702|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.007}}</ref>Hata hivyo, ithibati za manufaa ya kubadilisha lishe ni haba,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nield L, Summerbell CD, Hooper L, Whittaker V, Moore H |title=Dietary advice for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD005102 |year=2008 |pmid=18646120 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005102.pub2 |url=|editor1-last=Nield |editor1-first=Lucie}}</ref> huku kukiwa na ithibati lishe lililo na mboga<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carter|first=P|coauthors=Gray, LJ, Troughton, J, Khunti, K, Davies, MJ|title=Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2010-08-18|volume=341|pages=c4229|pmid=20724400|doi=10.1136/bmj.c4229|pmc=2924474}}</ref>na pia kupunguza vinywaji vilivyo na sukari nyingi.<ref name=SSB2010/>Kwa watu walio na [[matatizo ya kustahimili glukosi]], lishe na mazoezi pekee au pamoja na dawa ya [[metformin]] au [[acarbose]] zinaweza kupunguza hatari ya kupata kisukari.<ref name=AFP09/><ref name=AHRQ05>{{cite journal |author=Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, ''et al.'' |title=Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose |journal=Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) |issue=128 |pages=1–11 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16194123 |url=http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/impglucose/impglucose.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2008-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910035155/http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/impglucose/impglucose.pdf |dead-url=yes |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910035155/http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/impglucose/impglucose.pdf }}</ref>Mikakati ya mtindo wa maisha ni bora kuliko metformin.<ref name=AFP09/> ==Udhibiti== Udhibiti wa aina ya 2 ya kisukari huzingatia mikakati ya mtindo wa maisha, kupunguza hatari za magonjwa ya moyo na mishipa na kudumisha viwango vya kawaida vya glukosi ya damu.<ref name=AFP09>{{cite journal |author=Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ|title=Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=1|pages=29–36 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19145963 |doi= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2009-01-01_79_1/page/n29}}</ref> Ufuatilizi wa kibinafsi wa glukosi ya damu kwa watu waliotambulika na aina ya 2 ya kisukari kwa mara ya kwanza ulipendekezwa na [[Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa]] ya Uingereza mwaka wa 2008,<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Clinical Guideline:The management of type 2 diabetes (update)|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byID&o=11983|accessdate=2014-01-09|archivedate=2013-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216023110/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byID&o=11983}}</ref> Hata hivyo, manufaa ya ufuatilizi wa kibinafsi kwa watu wasiotumia insulini ya vipimo vingi sio bayana .<ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Farmer|first=AJ|coauthors=Perera, R, Ward, A, Heneghan, C, Oke, J, Barnett, AH, Davidson, MB, Guerci, B, Coates, V, Schwedes, U, O'Malley, S|title=Meta-analysis of individual patient data in randomised trials of self monitoring of blood glucose in people with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2012 Feb 27|volume=344|pages=e486|pmid=22371867}}</ref> Kudhibiti vipengele vingine vya hatari za moyo na mishipa kama vile [[shinikizo la juu la damu]], [[kiwango cha juu cha kolesteroli]] na [[mikrolubuminuari]] huongeza miaka ambayo mtu anatarajiwa kuishi.<ref name=AFP09/>Udhibiti wa kina wa shinikizo la damu (chini ya 130/80 mmHg) ikilinganishwa na udhibiti wa kawaida (chini ya 140-160/ 85-100 mmHg) huchangia upungufu mdogo wa hatari, lakini hauathiri hatari ya kijumla ya kifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McBrien|first=K|coauthors=Rabi, DM; Campbell, N; Barnieh, L; Clement, F; Hemmelgarn, BR; Tonelli, M; Leiter, LA; Klarenbach, SW; Manns, BJ|title=Intensive and Standard Blood Pressure Targets in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.|journal=Archives of internal medicine|date=2012 Aug 6|pages=1-8|pmid=22868819}}</ref> Upungufu wa sukari ya damu (HbA1C<6%) kinyume na upungufu wa kawaida wa sukari ya damu (HbA1C ya asilimia 7 -7.9) hauonekani kubadilisha idadi ya vifo.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boussageon|first=R|coauthors=Bejan-Angoulvant, T, Saadatian-Elahi, M, Lafont, S, Bergeonneau, C, Kassaï, B, Erpeldinger, S, Wright, JM, Gueyffier, F, Cornu, C|title=Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=2011-07-26|volume=343|pages=d4169|pmid=21791495|doi=10.1136/bmj.d4169|pmc=3144314}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Webster|first=MW|title=Clinical practice and implications of recent diabetes trials|journal=Current opinion in cardiology|date=2011 Jul|volume=26|issue=4|pages=288–93|pmid=21577100|doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e328347b139}}</ref> Lengo la matibabu kwa kawaida ni HbA1C ya chini ya asilimia 7 au glukosi ya mfungo ya chini ya 6.7&nbsp;mmol/L (120&nbsp;mg/dL). Hata hivyo malengo haya yanaweza kubadilishwa baada ya ushauri wa kitaalamu huku ukizingatia hatari maalumu za [[hipoglisemia]] na matarajio ya urefu wa maisha.<ref name=Vij2010/> Inapendekezwa kila mtu aliye na aina ya 2 ya kisukari apate uchunguzi wa [[kiofthamolojia|ofthamolojia]]<ref name=Green2011/> ===Mtindo wa maisha=== Lishe bora na mazoezi ndio msingi wa kudhibiti kisukari<ref name=Vij2010/>huku mazoezi mengi yakileta matokeo bora zaidi.<ref name=Exercise10>{{cite journal |author=Zanuso S, Jimenez A, Pugliese G, Corigliano G, Balducci S |title=Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence |journal=Acta Diabetol|volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=19495557 |doi=10.1007/s00592-009-0126-3 |url=}}</ref>[[Mazoezi ya kipumzi]] huchangia upungufu wa HbA1C na kuboresha kiwango cha usikivu dhidi ya insulini.<ref name=Exercise10/> [[Mazoezi ya kuinua uzani]] pia husaidia huku matokeo bora yakitarajiwa kwa kujumulisha aina zote mbili za mazoezi.<ref name=Exercise10/> [[Lishe la kudhibiti kisukari]] linaoimarisha uzito wa chini wa mwili ni muhimu.<ref name=Diet09/>Ingawa kuna utata kuhusu aina ya lishe mwafaka katika kuboresha matokeo, <ref name=Diet09>{{cite journal |author=Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J |title=Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Mt. Sinai J. Med. |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=257–68 |year=2009 |month=June|pmid=19421969 |doi=10.1002/msj.20118 |url=}}</ref>[[lishe lenye kielezo cha chini cha glisemia]] limetambulika kuboresha udhibiti wa sukari ya damu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Elliott EJ |title=Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD006296 |year=2009 |pmid=19160276|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006296.pub2 |url= |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=Diana}}</ref>Elimu bora kwa kawaida inaweza kusaidia watu walio na aina ya 2 ya kisukari kudhibiti kiwango cha sukari ya damu, hadi angalau miezi sita.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last1 = Hawthorne | first1 = K. | last2 = Robles | first2 = Y. | last3 = Cannings-John |first3 = R. | last4 = Edwards | first4 = A. G. K. | last5 = Robles | first5 = Yolanda | title =Masomo ya utamaduni ya afya inayofaa ya watu walio na aina 2 ya kisukari katika vikundi vidogo vya kabila | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year = 2008 | pages = CD006424 | issue = 3 | id = CD006424 | pmid = 18646153 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub2 |editor1-last = Robles | editor1-first = Yolanda}}</ref>Ikiwa mabadiliko ya kimienendo katika watu wenye kisukari kidogo hayajaboresha viwango vya sukari ya damu katika wiki sita, matibabu yanafaa kupendekezwa.<ref name=Vij2010/> ===Matibabu=== Kuna aina kadhaa za [[dawa za kukabiliana na kisukari]]. [[Metformin]] inapendekezwa kijumla kama matibabu ya kwanza, kwani kuna ithibati kuwa inapunguza [[idadi]] ya [[Kifo|vifo]].<ref name=AFP09/> Kikolezi cha pili cha mdomoni cha aina nyingine kinaweza kutumika ikiwa metformin haitoshi. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Qaseem|first=A|coauthors=Humphrey, LL, Sweet, DE, Starkey, M, Shekelle, P, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of, Physicians|title=Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2012-02-07_156_3/page/218|journal=Annals of internal medicine|date=2012-02-07|volume=156|issue=3|pages=218–31|pmid=22312141|doi=10.1059/0003-4819-156-3-201202070-00011}}</ref>Aina nyingine ya dawa ni pamoja na: [[salfonilurea]], [[vichochezi visivyo vya salfonilurea]], [[vizuizi vya alfa glukosidesi]], [[thiasolidinedionesi]], [[analogi ya peptidi-1 inayofanana na glucagon]] na [[vizuizi vya peptidase-4 ya dipeptidili]].<ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Standards of medical care in diabetes--2012|journal=Diabetes Care |volume=35 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S11–63 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=22187469|doi=10.2337/dc12-s011 |url= |last1= American Diabetes |first1= Association}}</ref> Metformin haifai kutumiwa na watu walio na matatizo sugu ya figo au ini.<ref name=Vij2010/> [[Sindano]] za [[insulini]] zinaweza kutumiwa pekee au pamoja na dawa za kumeza.<ref name=AFP09/> Watu wengi mwanzoni hawahitaji [[insulini]].<ref name=Green2011/> Insulini inapotumiwa, muundo wa kudumu kwa kawaida huongezwa usiku, huku dawa za kumeza zikiendelea kutumika.<ref name=Vij2010/><ref name=AFP09/>Vipimo kisha huongezwa hadi kuleta manufaa (viwango vya sukari ya damu vikidhibitiwa vyema).<ref name=AFP09/> Iwapo insulini ya usiku haitoshi, insulini ya mara mbili kwa siku inaweza kuleta udhibiti bora.<ref name=Vij2010/> Insulini za kudumu, [[insulini ya glargine|glargine]] na [[insulin ya detemir|detemir]] hazionekani kuwa bora kuliko neutral protamine Hagedorn [[insulini ya NPH | insulini (NPH)]] lakini ni ghali sana kutengeneza, na kufikia mwaka wa 2010 gharama yake ilikuwa juu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Waugh|first=N|coauthors=Cummins, E, Royle, P, Clar, C, Marien, M, Richter, B, Philip, S|title=Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)|date=2010 Jul|volume=14|issue=36|pages=1–248|pmid=20646668|doi=10.3310/hta14360}}</ref> Insulini ndiyo chaguo la tiba kwa [[wajawazito]].<ref name=Vij2010/> ===Upasuaji=== [[Upasuaji]] [[wa kupunguza uzito wa mwili]] ni hatua bora ya kutibu kisukari kwa watu wanene kupita kiasi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Picot|first=J|coauthors=Jones, J, Colquitt, JL, Gospodarevskaya, E, Loveman, E, Baxter, L, Clegg, AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)|date=2009 Sep|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410}}</ref>Wengi wao huweza kudumisha viwango vya kawaida vya sukari ya damu kwa kutumia kiasi kidogo cha dawa au kutotumia matibabu yoyote baada ya upasuaji,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Frachetti|first=KJ|coauthors=Goldfine, AB|title=Bariatric surgery for diabetes management|journal=Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity|date=2009 Apr|volume=16|issue=2|pages=119–24|pmid=19276974|doi=10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7}}</ref> hivyo idadi ya muda mrefu ya vifo hupungua.<ref name=Schum2009/> Hata hivyo, kuna hatari ya muda mfupi ya chini ya asilimia 1, ya kufa kutokana na upasuaji.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Colucci|first=RA|title=Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option|journal=Postgraduate Medicine|date=2011 Jan|volume=123|issue=1|pages=24–33|pmid=21293081|doi=10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242}}</ref> Kizingiti cha [[kielezo cha uzani wa mwili]] cha wakati mwafaka wa upasuaji hakijulikani vyema.<ref name=Schum2009>{{cite journal|last=Schulman|first=AP|coauthors=del Genio, F, Sinha, N, Rubino, F|title="Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus|journal=Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists|date=2009 Sep-Oct|volume=15|issue=6|pages=624–31|pmid=19625245|doi=10.4158/EP09170.RAR}}</ref>Hata hivyo, inapendekezwa kuwa chaguo hili lizingatiwe kwa watu wasioweza kudhibiti uzito na sukari ya damu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dixon|first=JB|coauthors=le Roux, CW; Rubino, F; Zimmet, P|title=Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-16-22-2012_379_9833/page/2300|journal=Lancet|date=2012 Jun 16|volume=379|issue=9833|pages=2300-11|pmid=22683132}}</ref> ==Epidemolojia== [[File:Diabetes world map - 2000.svg|thumb|250px|Uenezi wa kisukari ulimwenguni mwaka wa 2000 (kwa kila watu 1000). [[Wastani]] ulikuwa asilimia 2.8 duniani. {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤&nbsp;7.5}} {{legend|#fff200|7.5–15}} {{legend|#ffdc00|15–22.5}} {{legend|#ffc600|22.5–30}} {{legend|#ffb000|30–37.5}} {{legend|#ff9a00|37.5–45}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|45–52.5}} {{legend|#ff6e00|52.5–60}} {{legend|#ff5800|60–67.5}} {{legend|#ff4200|67.5–75}} {{legend|#ff2c00|75–82.5}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥&nbsp;82.5}} {{Multicol-end }} ]] Kote ulimwenguni, kufikia mwaka wa 2010, ilikadiriwa kuwa watu milioni 285&nbsp;walikuwa na aina ya 2 ya kisukari, hii ikiwa karibu asilimia 90 ya matukio haya.<ref name=Will2011>{{cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology.|year=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook00melm_993|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook00melm_993/page/n1365 1371]–1435|edition=12th}}</ref>Hii ni sawa na takriban asilimia 6 ya watu wazima duniani.<ref name=Mee2007>{{cite journal|last=Meetoo|first=D|coauthors=McGovern, P, Safadi, R|title=An epidemiological overview of diabetes across the world|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-nursing_september-13-26-2007_16_16/page/1002|journal=British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)|date=2007 Sep 13-27|volume=16|issue=16|pages=1002–7|pmid=18026039}}</ref> Kisukari hupatikana sana katika [[mataifa yaliyostawi|yaliyostawi]] na [[mataifa yanayostawi]].<ref name=Will2011/>Hata hivyo, ugonjwa huu ni nadra katika mataifa maskini.<ref name=Green2011/> Wanawake na vikundi maalumu vya kikabila wanaonekana kuwa katika hatari kuu zaidi <ref name=Will2011/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Abate N, Chandalia M |title=Ethnicity and type 2 diabetes: focus on Asian Indians |journal=J. Diabetes Complicat. |volume=15|issue=6 |pages=320–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11711326 |doi= 10.1016/S1056-8727(01)00161-1|url=}}</ref>kama vile [[makabila ya Asia ya Kusini|Waasia wa Kusini]], [[Watu wa kisiwa cha Pasifiki]], [[Walatino]] na [[Wamarekani wa kiasili|Wamarekani asilia]].<ref name=Vij2010/>Hali hii inaweza kusababishwa na kuiga [[mienendo ya Ulaya]] katika baadhi ya makabila.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carulli|first=L|coauthors=Rondinella, S, Lombardini, S, Canedi, I, Loria, P, Carulli, N|title=Review article: diabetes, genetics and ethnicity|journal=Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics|date=2005 Nov|volume=22 Suppl 2|pages=16–9|pmid=16225465|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02588.x}}</ref> Ingawa kisukari kilidhaniwa kuwa ugonjwa wa watu wazima, aina ya 2 ya kisukari inazidi kutambuliwa katika watoto walio na [[unene wa kupindukia wa watoto|unene wa kupindukia]].<ref name=Will2011/>Aina ya 2 ya kisukari sasa inatambuliwa mara nyingi sawa na aina ya 1 katika vijana baleghe wa Marekani.<ref name=Green2011/> Viwango vya kisukari mwaka wa 1985 vilikadiriwa kuwa milioni 30&nbsp;vikiongezeka hadi milioni 135&nbsp;mwaka wa 1995 na milioni 217&nbsp;mwaka wa 2005.<ref name=Epi2006>{{cite journal|last=Smyth|first=S|coauthors=Heron, A|title=Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics|journal=Nature Medicine|date=2006 Jan|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–80|pmid=16397575|doi=10.1038/nm0106-75}}</ref>Ongezeko hili linaaminika kusababishwa na kuongezeka kwa watu wazee ulimwenguni, upungufu wa kufanya mazoezi na kuongezeka kwa viwango vya unene wa kupindukia.<ref name=Epi2006/>Nchi tano zilizo na idadi kubwa ya watu walio na kisukari kufikia mwaka wa 2000 ni India, ikiwa na milioni 31.7&nbsp;, China milioni 20.8&nbsp;, Marekani milioni 17.7&nbsp;, Indonesia milioni 8.4 &nbsp; na Japani milioni 6.8&nbsp;.<ref name = "Wild 2004">{{cite journal |author=Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H |title=Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=27 |issue=5|pages=1047–53 |year=2004 |month=May |pmid=15111519|doi= 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes-care_2004-05_27_5/page/1047}}</ref> Kisukari kinatambuliwa na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] kama [[janga]] la ulimwengu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=9 January 2012|month=Aug|year=2011}}</ref> ==Historia== Kisukari ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yaliyoelezwa mwanzo <ref>{{cite book|last=Ripoll|first=Brian C. Leutholtz, Ignacio|title=Exercise and disease management|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25|edition=2nd|date=2011-04-25}}</ref> katika mswada wa [[Misri]] kutoka mwaka [[1500]] hivi [[BK]] uliotaja "kukojoa kwa wingi."<ref name=History2010/> Visa vya kwanza kuelezwa yanaaminika kuwa aina ya 1 ya kisukari.<ref name=History2010>{{cite book|last=editor|first=Leonid Poretsky,|title=Principles of diabetes mellitus|year=2009|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-09840-1|page=3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3|edition=2nd}}</ref>Matabibu wa India wa enzi hizo pia walitambua ugonjwa huu na kuuainisha kama ''madhumeha'' au ''mkojo wa asali'' wakitambua kuwa mkojo huo ulivutia mchwa.<ref name=History2010/> [[Neno]] "diabitisi” (kisukari) au "kupitia katikati" lilitumika kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka [[230]] KK na [[Mgiriki]] [[Appollonius wa Memphis]].<ref name=History2010/> Ugonjwa huu ulikuwa nadra wakati wa [[Ufalme wa Roma]] huku [[Galen]] akidokeza kuwa alitambua visa viwili tu katika [[taaluma]] yake.<ref name=History2010/> Aina ya 1 ya kisukari na ya 2 zilitambuliwa kama hali mbili tofauti kwa mara ya kwanza na matabibu kutoka India walioitwa Sushruta na Charaka katika mwaka wa [[400]]-[[500]] huku aina ya 1 ikihusishwa na [[vijana]], na aina ya 2 ikuhusishwa na watu wanene kupindukia.<ref name=History2010/> Neno "kisukari" au "kutokwa na asali" liliongezwa na [[Mwingereza]] [[John Rolle]] mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1700]] ili kutofautisha [[diabetisi insipedasi]] inayohusishwa na kukojoa kila mara.<ref name=History2010/>Dawa hazikuwa zimetengenezwa hadi kufikia mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]] ambapo [[Frederick Banting]] na [[Charles Herbert Best|Charles Best]] kutoka Kanada [[waligundua]] insulin, mwaka wa [[1921]] na [[1922]].<ref name=History2010/> Hii ilifuatiwa na kutengenezwa kwa insulini ya kudumu ya NPH [[miaka ya 1940]]. <ref name=History2010/> ==Tanbihi== |{{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Magonjwa]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] sjs8t9a9ms5lsbbm2d20tk1kj8mdl7o 2 72589 1583108 1361185 2026-08-02T00:38:14Z Pathoschild 458 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 1583108 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 3 72590 1583110 1361186 2026-08-02T01:07:39Z Pathoschild 458 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 1583110 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 0 80027 1583095 1539072 2026-08-01T21:39:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Buddha.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sanamu]] ya [[Buddha]] akiwa anatafakari.]] [[File:Meditating in Madison Square Park.jpg|thumb|right|Watu wakitafakari huko [[Madison Square Park]], [[New York City]], [[Marekani]].]] [[File:Padre Pio.jpg|thumb|Akiamini sana tafakuri katika [[Ukristo]], [[Mtakatifu]] [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]] alisema: "Kwa kusoma vitabu, mtu anamtafuta Mungu; kwa kutafakari mtu anampata".<ref>''The Rosary: A Path Into Prayer'' by Liz Kelly 2004 ISBN 0-8294-2024-X pages 79 and 86</ref>]] '''Tafakuri''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]] linalokazia kufikiri) ni [[zoezi]] la [[binadamu]] katika kutumia vema [[akili]] yake. [[Lengo]] linaweza kuwa [[utulivu]] wa [[nafsi]], ambao unasaidia pia [[afya]] ya [[mwili]], au uchimbaji wa jambo fulani, au utafutaji wa [[jibu]] la [[swali]] lililojitokeza, au [[uamuzi]] kuhusu [[maisha]] au mengineyo ya namna hiyo. Tafakuri za makusudi lilitumika toka zamani katika [[dini]] mbalimbali hata kwa kufumba [[macho]], kukariri maneno fulani, kutumia [[tasbihi]] za aina mbalimbali, n.k. Kwa namna ya pekee, tafakuri inazingatiwa katika [[monasteri]]. ==Katika Ukristo== Kwa kutafakari muumini anajitahidi kuelewa sababu na namna za kuishi [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] ili ashike na kuitikia yale anayoombwa na [[Mwenyezi Mungu]]. Kwa kawaida tafakuri inatakiwa kuhusisha [[wazo|mawazo]] ya mpango, lakini pia [[ubunifu]], [[hisia|miguso]] na [[hamu]] za [[moyo]] ili kuchimba hakika za [[imani]], hasa kupitia [[fumbo|mafumbo]] ya [[Masiya|Kristo]] kama katika [[rozari]], lakini pia kuhimiza [[uongofu]] na kuimarisha [[utashi]] kwa kumfuata [[Yesu]]. Unahitajika umakinifu unaopatikana kwa shida. Kwa kawaida mtu anatafuta msaada wa [[kitabu]] fulani, hasa [[Injili]] au kingine cha [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]], lakini pia [[picha takatifu]], matini ya [[liturujia]], [[maandishi]] ya [[Babu wa Kanisa|mababu wa Kanisa]] au ya [[maisha ya kiroho|maisha ya Kiroho]], kama si [[Kiumbehai|viumbe]] vya Mungu na matukio ya maisha binafsi au ya [[jamii]]. Kutafakari yaliyoandikwa ni njia ya kujipatia hayo kwa kuyalinganisha na nafsi ya msomaji, ambaye anaelekezwa kwenye [[ukweli]] wa hali yake ili kujua la kufanya. Kuna [[mbinu]] za kutafakari nyingi sawa na [[idadi]] ya [[Mwalimu|walimu]] wa kiroho. Ni lazima Mristo atafakari kwa mpango, asije akafanana na aina zile tatu za [[ardhi]] alizozifafanua Yesu katika mfano maarufu ([[Injili ya Marko|Mk]] 4:1-20). Hata hivyo mbinu yoyote ni muongozo fulani tu; jambo muhimu ni kusonga mbele kwa nguvu ya [[Roho Mtakatifu]] katika kumjua Kristo kwa [[upendo]] na kwa njia yake kuungana na Mungu. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin}} * Austin, James H. (1999) ''Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness'', Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999, ISBN 0-262-51109-6 * [[Azeemia|Azeemi]], Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi (2005) ''Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation''. Houston: Plato, 2005, ISBN 0-9758875-4-8 * Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001) ''Emotional Alchemy: How the Mind Can Heal the Heart,'' Harmony Books, ISBN 0-609-60752-9 * Benson, Herbert and Miriam Z. Klipper. (2000 [1972]). The Relaxation Response. Expanded Updated edition. Harper. ISBN 0-380-81595-8 * {{Rejea jarida|author=Bond, Kenneth; Maria B. Ospina, Nicola Hooton, Liza Bialy, Donna M. Dryden, Nina Buscemi, David Shannahoff-Khalsa, Jeffrey Dusek & Linda E. Carlson|year=2009|title=Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for "meditation"|journal=[[Psychology of Religion and Spirituality]]|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|volume=1|issue=2|pages=129–137|doi=10.1037/a0015736}} <small>(NB: Bond, Ospina ''et al.'', 2009, has substantial overlap with the full report by Ospina, Bond ''et al.'', 2007, listed below. Overlap includes the first 6 authors of this paper, and the equivalence of Table 3 on p.&nbsp;134 in this paper with Table B1 on p.&nbsp;281 in the full report)</small> *{{cite journal | pmid = 2680046 | volume=34 | issue=7 | title=Meditation and psychotherapy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-psychiatry_1989-10_34_7/page/n25 |date=October 1989 | journal=Can J Psychiatry | pages=648–53 | author=Craven JL}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=The meditative mind: The varieties of meditative experience |last=Goleman |first=Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Goleman |year=1988 |publisher=Tarcher |location=New York |isbn=0-87477-833-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/meditativemind00dani}} * {{Citation | last1 = Hanson | first1 = Rick | last2 = Mendius | first2 = Richard | year = 2009 | title = Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom | publisher = New Harbinger Publications | ISBN = 9781572246959 }} * Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. (1999) ''Acceptance and Commitment Therapy''. New York: Guilford Press. *{{cite journal | pmid = 3881049 | volume=142 | issue=1 | title=Meditation and psychotherapy: a rationale for the integration of dynamic psychotherapy, the relaxation response, and mindfulness meditation | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_1985-01_142_1/page/n40 |date=January 1985 | journal=Am J Psychiatry | pages=1–8 | author=Kutz I, Borysenko JZ, Benson H | doi=10.1176/ajp.142.1.1}} * {{Rejea jarida |author = Lutz, Antoine; [[Richard J. Davidson]] |url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/46/16369 |title = Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume = 101 |issue = November 16 |year = 2004 |pages = 16369–73 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407401101 |pmid = 15534199 |pmc = 526201 |display-authors = etal }} * Metzner R. (2005) Psychedelic, Psychoactive and Addictive Drugs and States of Consciousness. In ''Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience'', Chap. 2. Mitch Earlywine, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * MirAhmadi, As Sayed Nurjan Healing Power of Sufi Meditation The Healing Power of Sufi Meditation Paperback: 180 pages Publisher: Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 30, 2005) Language: English * Nirmalananda Giri, Swami (2007) [http://www.spiritualnow.com/blogs/112/Om-Meditation-Its-Theory-and-Practice.html Om Yoga: Its Theory and Practice] {{Wayback|url=http://www.spiritualnow.com/blogs/112/Om-Meditation-Its-Theory-and-Practice.html |date=20090717100414 }} In-depth study of the classical meditation method of the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and the Upanishads. * {{Rejea jarida |author=Ospina Maria B., Kenneth Bond, Mohammad Karkhaneh, Lisa Tjosvold, Ben Vandermeer, Yuanyuan Liang, Liza Bialy, Nicola Hooton, Nina Buscemi, Donna M. Dryden & Terry P. Klassen |title=Meditation practices for health: state of the research |journal=Evidence Report / Technology Assessment (Full Report), prepared by the University of Alberta Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0023) |publisher=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] |volume= |issue=155 |pages=1–263 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17764203 |doi= |url=http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/meditation/medit.pdf |format=pdf |access-date=2015-11-07 |archive-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225175425/http://www.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/meditation/medit.pdf |dead-url=yes }} * Perez-De-Albeniz, Alberto & Holmes, Jeremy (2000) Meditation: Concepts, Effects And Uses In Therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, March 2000, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p49, 10p * {{Citation | last1 = Saraydarian | first1 = Torkom | year = 1976 | title = The Science of Meditation | publisher = TSG Publishing Foundation | ISBN = 9780911794298 }} * Shalif, Ilan et al. (1989) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080822052515/http://www.etext.org/Psychology/Shalif/emotions ''Focusing on the Emotions of Daily Life''] (Tel-Aviv: Etext Archives, 2008) *{{cite journal | pmid = 1428622 | volume=39 | issue=1–4 | title=Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators | year=1992 | journal=Int J Psychosom | pages=62–7 | author=Shapiro DH}} * {{Rejea kitabu |title=The experience of meditation: Experts introduce the major traditions |editor=Shear, Jonathan |year=2006 |publisher=Paragon House |location=St. Paul, MN |isbn=978-1-55778-857-3 |pages= |doi= |url=http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip066/2005037743.html }} * [[Sogyal Rinpoche]], ''[[The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying]]'', ISBN 0-06-250834-2 * Smith, Fritz Frederick (1986): ''Inner Bridges: A Guide to Energy Movement and Body Structure'', Humanics Ltd. Partners, ISBN 978-0-89334-086-5. *[[Charles Tart|Tart, Charles T.]], editor. ''Altered States of Consciousness'' (1969) ISBN 0-471-84560-4 * [[Chogyam Trungpa|Trungpa, C.]] (1973) ''Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism'', Shambhala South Asia Editions, Boston, Massachusetts. * [[Chogyam Trungpa|Trungpa, C.]] (1984) ''Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior'', [[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala Dragon Editions]], Boston, Massachusetts. * Erhard Vogel. (2001) ''Journey Into Your Center'', Nataraja Publications, ISBN 1-892484-05-6 * Wenner, Melinda. "Brain Scans Reveal Why Meditation Works." LiveScience.com. 30 June 2007. {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== * [[Ajahn Brahm]], ''Mindfulness Bliss and Beyond''. ISBN 978-0-86171-275-5 *[[Alexander Berzin (scholar)|Alexander Berzin]], [http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/approaching_buddhism/introduction/what_is_meditation/transcript.html What is meditation?] * {{cite book |author= [[Meher Baba|Baba, Meher]]|title= ''Discourses''|url= http://www.discoursesbymeherbaba.org|publisher=Sheriar Foundation |location=[[Myrtle Beach, S.C.]] |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=1-880619-09-1 |oclc= |doi= }} * Cooper, David. A. ''The Art of Meditation: A Complete Guide''. ISBN 81-7992-164-6 * [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran, Eknath]]. ''[[Passage Meditation|Meditation]]'' (see [[Passage Meditation|article]]). ISBN 0-915132-66-4 new edition: ''[[Passage Meditation]]''. ISBN 978-1-58638-026-7. ''The Mantram Handbook'' ISBN 978-1-58638-028-1 *Glickman, Marshall (2002) ''Beyond the Breath: Extraordinary Mindfulness Through Whole-Body Vipassana. ISBN 1-58290-043-4 *[[S. N. Goenka|Goenka, S. N.]]. ''Meditation Now: Inner Peace through Inner Wisdom'', ISBN 1-928706-23-1, ISBN 978-1-928706-23-6 *Hart, William. ''Art of Living, Vipassana Meditation'', ISBN 0-06-063724-2, ISBN 978-0-06-063724-8 * [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti, Jiddu]]. ''This Light in Oneself: True Meditation'', 1999, [[Shambhala Publications]]. ISBN 1-57062-442-9 * [[Michal Levin|Levin, Michal]]. ''Meditation, Path to the Deepest Self'', [[Dorling Kindersley]], 2002. ISBN 978-0-7894-8333-1 * [[Barry Long|Long, Barry]]. ''Meditation: A Foundation Course&nbsp;— A Book of Ten Lessons''. ISBN 1-899324-00-3 * Meiche, Michele. ''Meditation for Everyday Living''. ISBN 0-9710374-6-9 <!-- note "Paramahamsa Sri Nithyananda" and other permutations have been previously deleted , and deleted again, watchout for nithyananda's spammers--> * Monaghan, Patricia and Eleanor G. Viereck. ''Meditation: The Complete Guide''. ISBN 1-57731-088-8 *Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. ''[http://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Understanding_Confucianism.html?id=hwnbAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Understanding Confucianism]'', Duncan Baird, 2003. ISBN 1904292127. *[[Mahamandaleshwar Swami Shankarananda (Shiva Yoga)|Shankarananda, Swami]]. ''Happy For No Good Reason'', Shaktipat Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-9750995-1-3 *[[Vethathiri Maharishi]]. ''Yoga for Modern life''. *[[Ernest Wood|Wood, Ernest]]. [http://static.livingcosmos.org/ebooks/ernest-wood/ldump2/ ''Concentration&nbsp;&ndash; An Approach to Meditation.''] {{Wayback|url=http://static.livingcosmos.org/ebooks/ernest-wood/ldump2/ |date=20210609051818 }} [[Theosophical Publishing House]] 1949. ISBN 0-8356-0176-5. * [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda, Paramahansa]]. ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''. ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Meditation}} *{{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Meditation/|Meditation}} {{mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Maisha ya kiroho]] [[Jamii:Saikolojia]] 8oz4vs06uncgh2qr0c9ect5zzw92o92 0 83995 1583193 1520966 2026-08-02T11:26:58Z ~2026-42646-67 91375 1583193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Mngeta]]''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Mlimba]] katika [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[Postikodi Tanzania|Postikodi namba]] 67521. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 32,409 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata hii haikuanzishwa bado. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |title=Sensa ya 2012, Morogoro - Kilombero DC |accessdate=2016-06-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225919/http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Mlimba}} {{mbegu-jio-morogoro}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Mlimba]] [[Jamii:Kata za Mkoa wa Morogoro]] sijaxdgcocrfr40rh5336mt3v2i7dj8 0 95287 1583105 1537677 2026-08-01T23:59:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Castell Coch stained glass panel 2.JPG|thumb|Mt. David katika [[kioo cha rangi]], [[Castell Coch]], [[Cardiff]].]] '''David wa Wales''' (kwa [[Kiwelisi]] 'Dewi Sant'; [[500]] hivi<ref name=Toke>{{CathEncy| last=Toke| first=Leslie| year=1908| wstitle= St. David}}</ref> - [[589]] hivi<ref>B text. Public Record Office, MS. E.164/1, [[s:la:Annales Cambiae B/VIII|p. 8]]. {{la}}</ref><ref>Phillimore, Egerton (ed.), 1888 "The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies from Harleian MS. 3859", Y Cymmrodor; 9 (1888) pp. 141&ndash;183.</ref>) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] wa [[Welisi]], halafu [[askofu]] wa Mynyw (sasa inaitwa [[St Davids]] kwa [[heshima]] yake). Alitunga [[kanuni]] ya kimonaki kwa [[monasteri]] aliyoianzisha kwa kufuata mfano na [[desturi]] za mababu [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|wa mashariki]] na alipinga vikali [[Upelaji]]. Wafuasi wake wengi waliinjilisha Welisi na nchi za kandokando ([[Ireland]], [[Cornwall]] na [[Bretagne]]).<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/43425</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]] na [[msimamizi]] wa [[Wales]]. [[Mwaka]] [[1120]] [[Papa Kalisti II]] alithibitisha heshima hiyo<ref>Music for his [[Liturgy of the Hours]] has been edited by O. T. Edwards in ''Matins, Lauds and Vespers for St David's Day: the Medieval Office of the Welsh Patron Saint in National Library of Wales MS 20541 E'' (Cambridge, 1990).</ref>. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[1 Machi]]<ref>In the 2004 edition of the [[Roman Martyrology]], David is listed under 1 March with the Latin name ''Dávus''. He is recognised as bishop of Menevia in Wales who governed his monastery following the example of the [[Church Fathers|Eastern Fathers]]. Through his leadership, many monks went forth to evangelise Wales, Ireland, Cornwall and [[Armorica]] (Brittany and surrounding provinces). ''Martyrologium Romanum'', 2004, Vatican Press (Typis Vaticanis), page 171.</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 25 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== *''[http://www.worldcat.org/title/vitae-sanctorum-britanniae-et-genealogiae/oclc/2040695 Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae]'' (Latin), ed. [[Arthur Wade-Evans|Arthur W. Wade-Evans]]. [[Cardiff]]: [[University of Wales Press]], 1944. * [https://books.google.com/books?id=XeVNjavhDpIC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=%22David+the+Briton%22&source=bl&ots=w59OVmy30v&sig=ijj1jrpl9yjK9ujt-z_b8zDR4K4&hl=en&ei=6yP0TKKpKoOdlge55OWfDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22David%20the%20Briton%22&f=false St. David the Briton] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeVNjavhDpIC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=%22David+the+Briton%22&source=bl&ots=w59OVmy30v&sig=ijj1jrpl9yjK9ujt-z_b8zDR4K4&hl=en&ei=6yP0TKKpKoOdlge55OWfDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22David%20the%20Briton%22&f=false |date=20140704143832 }}, in ''St. Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury Or the Apostolic Church of Britain'' by Lionel Smithett Lewis, page 198 * [https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ09AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=%22now+from+him+called+St.+David's%22&source=bl&ots=R_EKkyh5ES&sig=Wl1wO783Yu7jaVizMoro8gUD_zU&hl=en&ei=Tij0TPzxBISclgeRkdH4DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22now%20from%20him%20called%20St.%20David's%22&f=false St. David's Day] section of ''Observations on the popular antiquities of Great Britain: chiefly illustrating the origin of our vulgar customs, ceremonies and superstitions'', Volume 1 (Google Books facsimile) by [[John Brand (antiquarian)|John Brand]], page 102 * [https://archive.org/stream/observationsonpo01branuoft/observationsonpo01branuoft_djvu.txt St. David's Day] section of ''Observations on popular antiquities, chiefly illustrating the origin of our vulgar customs, ceremonies and superstitions : Arranged and rev., with additions'', Volume 1 (ASCII text) by [[John Brand (antiquarian)|John Brand]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.wales-calling.com/culture/st-david.htm St David &mdash; patron saint of Wales] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wales-calling.com/culture/st-david.htm |date=20191117183430 }} *[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-david-of-wales/ Saints SQPN.com » Saint David of Wales] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:David wa Wales}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 500]] [[Category:Waliofariki 589]] [[Category:Wamonaki]] [[Jamii:watawa waanzilishi]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Wales]] g79yutpz7jmatdmkq6m1u1wyfc4w88x 0 124965 1583142 1582385 2026-08-02T09:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{elementi | rangi =#ffbfff | jina =<center>Holmi ''(Holmium)''</center> | picha = Holmium2.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = | alama = Ho | namba atomia = 67 | mfululizo safu = [[Lanthanidi]] | uzani atomia = 164.930 | valensi = 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 | densiti husianifu = 8.79 g/cm3 | kiwango cha kuyeyuka = <small>[[°K]] 1734 </small> | kiwango cha kuchemka = <small>°K 2873 </small> | ugumu = | kiwango utatu = | % ganda dunia = | hali maada = | mengineyo = }} '''Holmi''' ''(Holmium)'' ni [[Elementi ya kikemia|elementi]] ya [[Metali|kimetali]] yenye [[alama]] '''Ho''' na [[namba atomia]] 67, maana yake [[Kiini cha atomu|kiini cha Holmi]] kina [[protoni]] 67 ndani yake. [[Uzani atomia]] ni 164.930<ref>Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305</ref>. Katika [[jedwali la elementi]] inahesabiwa kati ya [[lanthanidi]] na metali za [[ardhi adimu]]. Holmi ilitambuliwa kama elementi ya pekee nchini [[Uswidi]] na [[mwanakemia]] [[Per Theodor Cleve]] kwenye [[mwaka]] [[1878]]. Aliikuta kama taka ndani ya [[oksidi]] ya [[Ytri|Erbi]], pamoja na [[Thuli]]. Cleve alichagua [[jina]] la Holmi kwa heshima ya [[mji]] [[Stockholm]] alikozaliwa. <ref name="Virginia">{{Rejea jarida|last=Marshall|first=James L. Marshall|last2=Marshall|first2=Virginia R. Marshall|date=2015|title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years|url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|journal=The Hexagon|pages=72–77|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=2024-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515061951/http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="RSHolmium">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Holmium|url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/67/holmium|work=Royal Society of Chemistry|date=2020|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Stwertka">{{Rejea kitabu|title=A guide to the elements|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe|last=Stwertka|first=Albert|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-508083-1|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/161 161]}}</ref> Holmi safi ni metali laini. Kiasili Holmi haipatikani kwa hali safi kwa sababu inatendana kirahisi na [[kemikali]] nyingine. Lakini inapatikana ndani ya [[madini]] [[monaziti]] na [[gadoliniti]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018|work=www.mindat.org|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Maeneo makuu ya madini ni [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], [[Marekani]], [[Brazil]], [[Uhindi]], [[Sri Lanka]], na [[Australia]] na [[akiba]] ya holmi inakadiriwa kuwa [[tani]] 400,000. <ref name="history">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA181|title=Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements|last=John Emsley|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850341-5|location=US|pages=181–182}}</ref> Baada ya kusafishwa inakaa katika [[hewa]] kavu kwa [[halijoto]] ya kawaida. Ikifikia [[nyuzijoto]] [[°C]] 150 inawaka. Holmi huwa na nguvu kubwa ya [[usumaku]], na hapo inapita elementi zote nyingine. Kwa sababu hiyo hutumiwa kuzalisha sumaku zenye nguvu kuu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=R. W. Hoard|last2=S. C. Mance|last3=R. L. Leber|last4=E. N. Dalder|last5=M. R. Chaplin|last6=K. Blair|last7=D. H. Nelson|last8=D. A. Van Dyke|displayauthors=6|date=1985|title=Field enhancement of a 12.5-T magnet using holmium poles|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1200738/|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics|volume=21|issue=2|pages=448–450|bibcode=1985ITM....21..448H|doi=10.1109/tmag.1985.1063692}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Holmium}} {{wiktionary|holmium}} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ho/index.html WebElements.com – Holmium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ho/index.html |date=20080414083708 }} (also used as a reference) *[http://www.americanelements.com/hoinfo3.htm American Elements – Holmium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.americanelements.com/hoinfo3.htm |date=20120623041926 }} [[American Elements]] (also used as a reference) * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/067.htm Holmium] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham) {{mbegu-kemia}} [[Jamii:Lanthanidi]] [[Jamii:Elementi]] [[Jamii:metali]] owtutt0wrxmjloa8gqqr4m7rszwliev 0 142031 1583075 1573210 2026-08-01T15:06:49Z ~2026-42641-75 91353 nyongeza ya wasifu 1583075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Yericko Nyerere | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha = Yericko nyerere.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 4 Aprili 1983 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Iringa, Tanzania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwanasiasa na mwandishi wa vitabu | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = CHAUMMA | bodi = | dini = Muabudu Mizimu | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yericko Yohanesy Msambila Mkana Nyerere''' (alizaliwa [[Maduma]], [[wilaya ya Mufindi]], [[mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]], [[4 Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya "Yecco Group Limited". Ni mwanachama wa [[chama cha kisiasa]] [[Chama cha Ukombozi wa Umma]] (CHAUMMA). Tena ni mshindi wa [[tuzo]] 10 mfululizo "Barani Afrika", ambapo tuzo 9 ni za "Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu Afrika", na tuzo 1 ni ya "Kiongozi Bora wa Kijamii Afrika", Yericko ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na Content Creator Africa Awards 2026, Mwaka huo huo ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na E360 Awards East Africa 2026. Pia Yericko ameshinda Tuzo ya Shining Star Africa 2026, Akashinda Tuzo ya Zikomo Awards 2025, Pia akashinda tuzo ya “Young Achievement Africa Awards 2025”, Kisha akashinda tuzo "Shining Stars Africa Awards 2024”. Mwaka huohuo 2024 alishinda tuzo ya "Music Video Africa Awards" (MVAA) akishinda mara moja. Mwakao za uandishi wa vitabu alishinda kupitia [[kitabu|Vitabu]] vyake kama vile kitabu cha "[[Ujasusi wa Kidola na Kichumi]]", toleo la [[2016]], Kitabu cha "Mapambano ya Madaraka", toleo la [[2017]], kitabu cha "Mtu Baada ya Mtu", toleo la 2020 na Kitabu cha “We Shall Win” toleo la 2025. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UU Ventures|url=https://www.uu.com/|work=www.uu.com|accessdate=2024-12-18}}</ref> Yericko ni Mtanzania wa pili kutangaza hadharani kuwa anafuata [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], akiungana na [[Kingunge Ngombare Mwilu]] ambaye naye aliabudu Mizimu. Hivyo yeye si "Mkristo" wala "Muislamu". Urithi wake wa fasihi juu ya uandishi pia unadhihirishwa juu ya mkakati wa ushindi wa ushirika wa vyama vya upinzani nchini Tanzania (UKAWA) wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu mwaka 2015 akiwa sehemu ya jopo la wanamikakati wa Chama. ==Elimu== Yericko ana [[Stashahada]] ya [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] ya kiuchunguzi kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu huria]] cha [[Uingereza]] (2016-2017), akapata [[Stashahada]] ya Uchunguzi na [[Upelelezi]] kutoka taasisi ya kimataifa ya Uchunguzi na upelelezi ya "International Institute Of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals" kwa kushirikiana na "Osulivan Associates International" - USA (2015). ==Kazi== Tangu 2010 hadi Julai 2015, Yericko Nyerere alikuwa mshauri wa Usalama na Ulinzi binafsi kwa Katibu Mkuu wa CHADEMA, [[Willibrod Peter Slaa]]. Kama mwanaharakati wa kisiasa anasifika kwa mazungumzo yake ya busara juu ya mabadiliko ya kisiasa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini Tanzania, kazi zake hasa vitabu na makala mitandaoni zimesababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa kura nyingi kwa watoa maamuzi na viongozi wa kisiasa. Amekuwa msukumo wa kisiasa kwa mabadiliko na ushiriki wa vijana na ushiriki katika ajenda ya serikali na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi. ==Siasa== Aligombea ubunge Jimbo la Kigamboni 2025 kupitia CHAUMMA na kupata kura 36,789 kati ya kura 251,889 na kuwa wa pili dhidi ya mshindi Bwana Haran Sanga wa Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) aliyeshinda kwa kura 210,100. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ {{Wayback|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ |date=20250516171420}} *https://www.dw.com/sw/yericko-nyerere-azungumzia-orodha-ya-watu-hatari/av-42753403 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp {{Wayback|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp |date=20210324222412}} *https://www.rfi.fr/sw/makala/afrika-ya-mashariki/20210727-utamaduni-wa-kuandika-na-kusoma-vitabu-nchini-tanzania *https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12863187 *https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Yericko+Nyerere *https://iicfip.org/tanzania-2/ *https://www.futurelearn.com/certificates/8033r09 *https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco {{Wayback|url=https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco |date=20210906102432}} *https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Yericko+Nyerere&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yeriko-nyerere-afikishwa-mahakamani--2793292?view=htmlamp {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] gbeew6gb0qyp2ix43c5nnhffoa6bnrg 1583078 1583075 2026-08-01T15:34:49Z ~2026-42641-75 91353 updates 1583078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Yericko Nyerere | nchi = Tanzania | majina_mengine = | picha = Yericko nyerere.jpg | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina_la_kuzaliwa = | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 4 Aprili 1983 | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Iringa, Tanzania | tarehe_ya_kufariki = | mahala_alipofia = | sababu_ya_kifariki = | anajulikana kwa = | kazi_yake = mwanasiasa na mwandishi wa vitabu | cheo = | mshahara = | kipindi = | alitanguliwa_na = | akafuatiwa_na = | chama = CHAUMMA | bodi = | dini = Muabudu Mizimu | ndoa = | rafiki = | watoto = | mahusiano = | tovuti = | maelezo = | mwajiri = | urefu = | uzito = }} '''Yericko Yohanesy Msambila Mkana Nyerere''' (alizaliwa [[Maduma]], [[wilaya ya Mufindi]], [[mkoa wa Iringa]], [[Tanzania]], [[4 Aprili]] [[1983]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[kampuni]] ya "Yecco Group Limited". Ni mwanachama wa [[chama cha kisiasa]] [[Chama cha Ukombozi wa Umma]] (CHAUMMA). Tena ni mshindi wa [[tuzo]] 10 mfululizo "Barani Afrika", ambapo tuzo 9 ni za "Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu Afrika", na tuzo 1 ni ya "Kiongozi Bora wa Kijamii Afrika", Yericko ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na Content Creator Africa Awards 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Mwaka huo huo ameshinda tuzo ya Mwandishi Bora wa Vitabu iliyotolewa na E360 Awards East Africa 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Nairobi Kenya. Pia Yericko ameshinda Tuzo ya Shining Star Africa 2026 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Akashinda Tuzo ya Zikomo Africa Awards 2025 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Yericko akashinda tuzo ya “Young Achievement Africa Awards 2025” hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Kigali Rwanda, Kisha akashinda tuzo mbili mfululizo za "Shining Stars Africa Awards 2024” ambapo ni tuzo ya mwandishi bora wa vitabu natuzo ya kiongozi bora wa kisiasa, hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Johanesberg Afrika Kusini . Mwaka huohuo 2024 alishinda tuzo ya "Music Video Africa Awards" (MVAA) hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Lagos Nigeria. Yericko Nyerere alianza kushinda Tuzo ya Zikomo Africa Awards 2023 hafla iliyofanyika Jijini Lusaka Zambia. Tuzo zote ameshinda kupitia [[kitabu|Vitabu]] vyake kama vile kitabu cha "[[Ujasusi wa Kidola na Kichumi]]", toleo la [[2016]], Kitabu cha "Mapambano ya Madaraka", toleo la [[2017]], kitabu cha "Mtu Baada ya Mtu", toleo la 2020, Kitabu cha Moscow Operesheni Ukraine toleo la 2025 na Kitabu cha “We Shall Win” toleo la 2025. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UU Ventures|url=https://www.uu.com/|work=www.uu.com|accessdate=2024-12-18}}</ref> Yericko ni Mtanzania wa pili kutangaza hadharani kuwa anafuata [[dini asilia za Kiafrika]], akiungana na [[Kingunge Ngombare Mwilu]] ambaye naye aliabudu Mizimu. Hivyo yeye si "Mkristo" wala "Muislamu". Urithi wake wa fasihi juu ya uandishi pia unadhihirishwa juu ya mkakati wa ushindi wa ushirika wa vyama vya upinzani nchini Tanzania (UKAWA) wakati wa uchaguzi mkuu mwaka 2015 akiwa sehemu ya jopo la wanamikakati wa Chama. ==Elimu== Yericko ana [[Stashahada]] ya [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] ya kiuchunguzi kutoka katika [[chuo kikuu huria]] cha [[Uingereza]] (2016-2017), akapata [[Stashahada]] ya Uchunguzi na [[Upelelezi]] kutoka taasisi ya kimataifa ya Uchunguzi na upelelezi ya "International Institute Of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals" kwa kushirikiana na "Osulivan Associates International" - USA (2015). ==Kazi== Tangu 2010 hadi Julai 2015, Yericko Nyerere alikuwa mshauri wa Usalama na Ulinzi binafsi kwa Katibu Mkuu wa CHADEMA, [[Willibrod Peter Slaa]]. Kama mwanaharakati wa kisiasa anasifika kwa mazungumzo yake ya busara juu ya mabadiliko ya kisiasa na maendeleo ya kiuchumi nchini Tanzania, kazi zake hasa vitabu na makala mitandaoni zimesababisha ushawishi mkubwa kwa kura nyingi kwa watoa maamuzi na viongozi wa kisiasa. Amekuwa msukumo wa kisiasa kwa mabadiliko na ushiriki wa vijana na ushiriki katika ajenda ya serikali na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi. ==Siasa== Aligombea ubunge Jimbo la Kigamboni 2025 kupitia CHAUMMA na kupata kura 36,789 kati ya kura 251,889 na kuwa wa pili dhidi ya mshindi Bwana Haran Sanga wa Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) aliyeshinda kwa kura 210,100. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == *https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ {{Wayback|url=https://mtanzania.co.tz/yeriko-nyerere-kizimbani-kwa-uchochezi-facebook/ |date=20250516171420}} *https://www.dw.com/sw/yericko-nyerere-azungumzia-orodha-ya-watu-hatari/av-42753403 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp {{Wayback|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yericko-nyerere-alipa-faini-akwepa-kifungo-miaka-mitatu-jela-3333184%3fview=htmlamp |date=20210324222412}} *https://www.rfi.fr/sw/makala/afrika-ya-mashariki/20210727-utamaduni-wa-kuandika-na-kusoma-vitabu-nchini-tanzania *https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12863187 *https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Yericko+Nyerere *https://iicfip.org/tanzania-2/ *https://www.futurelearn.com/certificates/8033r09 *https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco {{Wayback|url=https://crb.go.tz/contractordetails/home/search?search=Yecco |date=20210906102432}} *https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Yericko+Nyerere&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25 *https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/yeriko-nyerere-afikishwa-mahakamani--2793292?view=htmlamp {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1983|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Tanzania]] qcceow5e6sknw9d2281r388t8ye1byv 0 142685 1583058 1582356 2026-08-01T12:48:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1583058 wikitext text/x-wiki Orodha hii inaonyesha baadhi ya [[waandishi]] wa [[Tanzania]] pamoja na [[kazi]] zao. * [[Agoro Anduru]] (1948–1992), mwandishi wa [[riwaya]] fupi * [[Fadhy Mtanga]] (1981– ), mwandishi wa riwaya na mpiga [[picha]] * [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] (1948– ), mwandishi wa riwaya * [[Ebrahim N. Hussein]] (1943– ), mwandishi wa michezo na [[insha]] pamoja na mfasiri * [[Prince Kagwema]] (1931– ), [[mtunzi]] wa riwaya * [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]] (1944–2020), mtunzi wa riwaya na [[Ushairi|mshairi]] * [[Ben Owden]] * [[Jacqueline Massawe]], mshairi<ref>[http://www.theafronews.eu/cover_stories-jacqueline_kibacha_social_justice_poet_and_activist_1585.html Jacqueline Kibacha, social justice poet and activist] https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075832/http://www.theafronews.eu/cover_stories-jacqueline_kibacha_social_justice_poet_and_activist_1585.html |date=13 March 2011 }}.''The AfroNews'', 15 December 2009.</ref>. * [[Aniceti Kitereza]] (1896–1981), mtunzi wa riwaya * [[Elieshi Lema]] (1949– ), mwandishi wa riwaya <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |title=Elieshi Lema (Tanzania) |publisher=Centre for Creative Arts |accessdate=2015-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |archive-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Amandina Lihamba]] (1944– ), playwright<ref>'Lihamba, Amandina', in Simon Gikandi & Evan Mwangi, ''The Columbia Guide to East African Literature in English Since 1945'', pp. 94–5.</ref> * [[Ismael R. Mbise]], mtunzi wa riwaya * [[Penina Muhando]] (1948– ), playwright<ref>Lee Nichols, ''Conversations with African Writers: interviews with twenty-six African authors'', 1981, pp. 139ff.</ref>. * [[Sandra A. Mushi]], fiction writer, mshairi<ref>[http://www.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=1 Profiled] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=1 |date=20120313123920 }} in ''Soma Magazine''</ref>. * [[Elvis Musiba]] (alifariki 2010), mwandishi wa riwaya za [[Kiswahili]]<ref>Judica Tarimo, [http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/?l=22747 EA Community mourns Musiba], ''IPP Media'', 4 November 2010.</ref>. * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]] (1949– ), mwandishi * [[Christopher Richard Mwashinga]] (1965– ), mshairi na mwandishi wa insha * [[Ras Nas]], mshairi na [[mwanamuziki]] * [[Julius Nyerere]] (1922–1999), mwandishi na mfasiri * [[Nancy Sumari]] (2013–2020), mwandishi wa [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Mtoto|watoto]] <ref>[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/MEET-THE-AUTHOR--Writing-for-a-future-generation/1843788-2431250-yvti4p/index.html MEET THE AUTHOR: Writing for a future generation]</ref>. * [[Peter Palangyo]] (1939–1993), mtunzi wa riwaya * [[Hammie Rajab]], mwandishi wa riwaya za Kiswahili<ref>Mikhail D. Gromov, [http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/SwaFo/SF_15_02_Gromov.pdf Swahili Popular Literature in Recent Years] https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150240/http://www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/SwaFo/SF_15_02_Gromov.pdf |date=29 September 2011 }}, ''Swahili Forum'' 15 (2008):5–13</ref>. * [[Shaaban Robert]] (1909–1962), mshairi na mtunzi wa riwaya * [[Emily Ruete]] (1844–1924) * [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]] (1938– ), mtunzi wa riwaya na masimulizi * [[Edwin Semzaba]], mtunzi wa riwaya, [[mwigizaji]] na muongozaji * [[Shaaban Robert]] (1902–1962), mshairi, mwandishi wa insha na wa vitabu * [[Shafi Adam Shafi]], mtunzi wa riwaya za Kiswahili <ref>Xavier Garnier, ''Le roman swahili: la notion de littérature mineure à l'épreuve'', 2006, p. 122.</ref> * [[Erica Sugo Anyadike]], mwandishi na mtunzi wa masimulizi mafupi * [[Simon Rieber]], mwandishi na [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]] * [[Josephs Quartzy]], mwandishi na mwigizaji * [[Nahida Esmail]], mwandishi na mtunzi wa masimulizi mafupi<ref>https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/success/nahida-esmail-on-writing-books-2587196,</ref> * [[Daniel Mbega]], mwandishi, mchapishaji na mtunzi wa riwaya * [[Daudi Lubeleje]], mwandishi na msanifu wa kazi za uandishi * [[Richard Richard Mwambe]] (2012-), mwandishi na mtunzi wa riwaya za kipelelezi * [[Suleiman A. Kijogoo]], mwandishi wa vitabu vya saikolojia ya maisha, riwaya na vitabu vya shuleni * Gwamaka Mwamasage, mwandishi na mtunzi wa riwaya * Bashiru Abdallah, mwandishi wa mashairi ya Kiswahili ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Orodha za watu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Tanzania]] rc2x1s87f5y1od7dphm0kmkc0ekmc4k 0 142978 1583107 1305619 2026-08-02T00:03:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = David Vlok | image = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1963|01|25}} | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Afrika Kusini]] | tarehe ya kufa = | mahala alipofia = | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji na Mwanariadha | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = | academyawards = | afiawards = | arielaward = | baftaawards = | bfjaawards = | cesarawards = | emmyawards = | filmfareawards = | geminiawards = | goldencalfawards = | goldenglobeawards = | goldenraspberryawards = | goyaawards = | grammyawards = | iftaawards = | laurenceolivierawards = | naacpimageawards = | nationalfilmawards = | sagawards = | tonyawards = | awards = }} '''David Vlok''' ni mwigizaji wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mwanariadha wa zamani<ref>[http://news24.com/news24/Entertainment/SouthAfrica/Egoli-actors-nightmare-Comrades-20100602 Egoli actor's nightmare Comrades] {{Wayback|url=http://news24.com/news24/Entertainment/SouthAfrica/Egoli-actors-nightmare-Comrades-20100602 |date=20231028232606 }}. News24. June 2, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.nedbank.co.za/WEBSITE/content/sportAffinities/SportlifeProject_detail.asp?ItemID=88&Article=Articles Shattering Stereotypes]. [[Nedbank]]. Heather Dugmore. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</ref> ambaye aliigiza [[filamu]] nyingi na anajulikana sana kwa jukumu lake kama ''Tim Voster'' katika televisheni ya Afrika Kusini kwenye filamu ya ''Egoli: Place of Gold ''.<ref>[http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=6868 David Vlok - TVSA]. TVSA. Retrieved January 8, 2015.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] itz6lmp2fdirslsf4lr6xj0rzx5ct37 0 143039 1583103 1503863 2026-08-01T22:47:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Danny Keogh | picha = | maelezo ya picha = | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = [[3 Machi]] [[1948]] | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] | tarehe ya kufa = [[23 Julai]] [[2019]] | mahala alipofia = [[Afrika Kusini]] | jina lingine = | kazi yake = Mwigizaji | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = | watoto = | mahusiano ya kimapenzi = | tovuti = }} '''Danny Keogh''' ([[3 Machi]] [[1948]] – [[23 Julai]] [[2019]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url = https://allafrica.com/stories/201907240630.html|title = South Africa: Veteran Actor Danny Keogh Dies|date = 24 July 2019|accessdate = 2021-10-09|archive-date = 2019-07-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190724204648/https://allafrica.com/stories/201907240630.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> alikuwa mwigizaji wa [[Afrika ya Kusini]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Uganda]] na kufahamika katika uhusika wake katika vipindi vya [[runinga]] kama vile ''Known Gods'',<ref>{{cite web|title = KNOWN GODS – M-Net Corporate|url = http://mnetcorporate.co.za/genres/known-gods/|website = M-Net Corporate|accessdate = 2016-01-05|language = en-US|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090122/http://mnetcorporate.co.za/genres/known-gods/|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> ''Interrogation Room'', na Julius Galt katika ''Charlie Jade''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlie Jade (a Titles & Air Dates Guide) |url=http://epguides.com/CharlieJade/ |website=epguides.com |accessdate=2016-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105210718/http://epguides.com/CharlieJade/ |archivedate=5 January 2016 }}</ref> Alizaliwa tarehe 3 Machi 1948 [[Kampala]], Uganda.<ref>{{cite web|title = Danny Keogh {{!}} TVSA|url = http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=619|website = www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate = 2016-01-05}}</ref> Danny Keogh aliigiza kama mfalme Dunchaid katika filamu ya ''Northmen: A Viking Saga''.<ref>{{cite web|title = Film Review: 'Northmen: A Viking Saga'|url = https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/northmen-review-a-viking-saga-1201554005/|website = Variety|date = 31 July 2015|accessdate = 2016-01-05|language = en-US}}</ref> == Filamu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Mwaka ! Jina ! Uhusika ! Maelezo |- | 1977 | ''Golden Rendezvous (1977 film)|Golden Rendezvous'' | Attacker | |- | 1978 | ''Someone Like You'' | Willem Labuschagne | |- | 1978 | ''Witblits and Peach Brandy'' | Peter | |- | 1978 | ''The Fifth Season'' | Lukas Mellet | |- | 1980 | ''April 1980'' | Maj. Harrison | |- | 1987 | ''Shot Down'' | Manuel | |- | 1987 | ''n’ Wêreld Sonder Grense'' | Stranger | |- | 1988 | ''Dark Justice'' | Hamish Burns | |- | 1989 | ''The Rutanga Tapes'' | Dr. Blunt | |- | 1989 | ''Options'' | Phillipe | |- | 1989 | ''Kill Slade'' | Flannigan | |- | 1989 | ''Jobman'' | Prison Doctor | |- | 1989 | ''Wild Zone'' | Emilio Cortez | |- | 1989 | ''Forced Alliance'' | Jack Rattigan | |- | 1990 | ''Sweet murder'' | Jerry Scott | |- | 1990 | ''The Sandgrass People'' | Lieutenant Cox | |- | 1990 | ''African Express (1990 movie)|African Express'' | Helmut | |- | 1990 | ''The Schoolmaster'' | Boetman Coetzee | |- | 1990 | ''A.W.O.L.'' | J.H van der Merwe | |- | 1992 | ''To the Death'' | Hank | |- | 1994 | ''Project Shadowchaser ll'' | John O’Hara | |- | 1994 | ''Kalahari Harry'' | Oscar Kowalski | |- | 1995 | ''The Mangler (film)|The Mangler'' | Herb Diment | |- | 1995 | ''Hearts and Minds'' | Andries Fourie | |- | 1997 | ''Jump the Gun (film)|Jump the Gun'' | J.J. | |- | 1998 | ''Operation Delta Force 3: Clear Target'' | Umberto Salvatore | |- | 1999 | ''Pirates of the Plain'' | Murzol | |- | 2000 | ''Falling Rocks'' | Gold Digger | |- | 2000 | ''In the Light of the Moon'' | Hunter | |- | 2001 | ''Pure Blood'' | Eugene | |- | 2001 | ''Malunde'' | Andy | |- | 2002 | ''Slash'' | Jethro | |- | 2002 | ''The Piano Player (2002 film)|The Piano Player'' | James – Lawyer | |- | 2003 | ''Citizen Verdict'' | Lt. Joe Cook | |- | 2003 | ''Consequence (film)|Consequence'' | Pope | |- | 2003 | ''Dissonances'' | Bill | |- | 2004 | ''Wake of Death'' | Mac Hoggins | |- | 2007 | ''Goodbye Bafana'' | Coloner Stander | |- | 2008 | ''Starship Troopers 3: Marauder'' | Dr. Wiggs | |- | 2008 | ''Skin'' | Van Tonder | |- | 2009 | ''Tornado and the Kalahari Horse Whisperer'' | Barrie Burger | |- | 2009 | ''Invictus (film)|Invictus'' | Rugby President | |- | 2010 | ''Master Harold...and the Boys (2010 film)|Master Harold...and the Boys'' | Mr. Prentice | |- | 2010 | ''Death Race 2'' | Dr. Klein | |- | 2012 | ''Labryinth (2012 TV miniseries)|Labryinth'' | Bertrand Pelletier | 2 episodes |- | 2013 | ''Zulu (2013 film)|Zulu'' | Kruger | |- | 2013 | ''Durban Poison'' | Klippie | |- | 2014 | ''The Salvation (film)|The Salvation'' | Calder Jenkins | |- | 2014 | ''Kite'' | Clive Thornhill | |- | 2014 | ''Northmen - A Viking Saga'' | King Dunchaid | |- | 2016 | ''Detour (2016 film)|Detour'' | Business Man | |- | 2016 | ''The Siege of Jadotville'' | Gorman's Father | |- | 2016 | ''Dora's Peace'' | Stavro | |- | 2017 | ''The Forgiven (2017 film)|The Forgiven'' | Rian Blomfeld | |- | 2018 | ''The Harvesters (film)|The Harvesters'' | Oupa | |- | 2018 | ''The Red Sea Diving Resort'' | General Weiss | |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{imdb name|449044}} * Labyrinth-tv.com [http://www.labyrinth-tv.com/actor/danny-keogh Danny Keogh] {{Wayback|url=http://www.labyrinth-tv.com/actor/danny-keogh |date=20170322093930 }} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii:Arusha MoAC]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] ozawni7u3gw4bcme7e0bmub03k838qe 0 150477 1583119 1581017 2026-08-02T04:50:29Z IntegratedGen 90771 Add infobox image (Christian Sebastia portrait 2022.jpg) 1583119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Christian Sebastia |Img = Christian Sebastia portrait 2022.jpg |Img_capt = Christian Sebastia mwaka 2022 |Background = solo_singer |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1974|5|7|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Ciudad Guayana]], [[Venezuela]] |Aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Kikristo, [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji na mchungaji |Aina ya sauti = Baritone |Miaka ya kazi = 1986–mpaka sasa |Studio = Carismah Studios |Tovuti = [http://www.christiansebastia.com christiansebastia.com] }} '''Christian Sebastia''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 7]], [[1974]] huko [[Ciudad Guayana]], Bolívar, [[Venezuela]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], [[mtayarishaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo kutoka Venezuela, aliyepata uraia wa [[Marekani]] mwaka 2023.<ref name="uraia">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian Sebastia|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CzrXq1_OMoV/|title=Cuando me haga ciudadano, no diré nada, pero habrá señales…|work=[[Instagram]]|date=2023-11-15|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}} Chapisho la akaunti rasmi iliyothibitishwa ya Sebastia linaloonyesha sherehe yake ya kupata uraia wa Marekani.</ref> Yeye ni mmoja wa waimbaji na watayarishaji mashuhuri wa Kikristo nchini Venezuela na ni mtetezi wa muziki wa Praise and [[Worship]], unaoitwa pia [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|muziki wa Injili]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|title=Theology and Place of Music in Worship|work=Reformed Church in America|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053950/https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref> == Maisha == Christian Sebastia ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto watano wa Juan Pablo Sebastia na Aura Mercedes Sebastia, wamisionari vijana wa Kivenezuela ambao, mnamo mwaka 1969, baada ya kumaliza masomo yao ya theolojia huko [[Puerto Rico]], walihamia [[Ciudad Guayana|Puerto Ordaz]], Venezuela, ambako walianza kazi yao ya umisionari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|title=Biografía|work=christiansebastia.com|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135911/http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1996 alimwoa Eukarys Piña, na wana watoto watatu: Sabrina Sebastia (1999), Samantha Sebastia (2003) na Christian Sebastia Jr. (2005). Kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2015]], Christian alikuwa Mchungaji katika [[Kanisa|Kanisa la Yesu Kristo]] (Iglesia de Jesucristo) huko Ciudad Guayana, pamoja na mkewe Eukarys.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|title=Iglesia de Jesucristo|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061509/http://iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|archivedate=2017-05-17}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2020, Christian na mkewe Eukarys waliwekwa wakfu kama Wahudumu wa Neno na [[:en:Christian Reformed Church in North America|Kanisa la Kikristo la Reformed la Amerika Kaskazini]] huko Spring, [[Texas]], [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|title=Christian Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195249/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|title=Eukarys Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195343/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2023, Christian alipata uraia wa Marekani kwa njia ya kuandikishwa uraia.<ref name="uraia" /> == Kazi == [[Faili:CS 004.jpg|alt=Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986|thumb|Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986]] Albamu ya kwanza aliyoshiriki Christian Sebastia kama mwimbaji ilikuwa ''La Familia'' (1986), albamu ya nyimbo kumi iliyotayarishwa na baba yake, ambapo aliimba nyimbo mbili. Huo ulikuwa mwanzo rasmi wa kazi yake ya muziki, iliyompeleka kwenye majukwaa makubwa kama "Nuevo Circo" ya [[Caracas]], mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tisa. Mwaka mmoja baadaye alipata kutambuliwa na wasikilizaji Wakristo kupitia redio ya Radio Trans Mundial.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|title=Trans World Radio|work=twr.org|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153426/https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|archivedate=2017-03-05}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2003, albamu ''En Ti'' ilieneza kazi yake ya muziki kama msanii, mtunzi na mtayarishaji kimataifa. Mwaka 2004 alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushiriki katika "Noche de Gala" ya [[Expolit]], maonyesho makubwa zaidi ya muziki na vitabu vya Kikristo katika Amerika ya Kilatini, na wimbo wake "Me Alegraré y Gozaré" uliingizwa katika albamu ya pamoja ''Llamados para este tiempo'' iliyotolewa na Expolit. Kwa miaka 14 mfululizo, Christian alikuwa mshiriki wa Expolit.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://expolit.com/Expolit|title=Expolit 2017|work=Expolit|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031719/http://expolit.com/expolit/|archivedate=2017-01-18}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2004, alijitokeza kwa usiku sita mfululizo katika ukumbi wa Monumental de [[Valencia (Venezuela)|Valencia]], na kila siku watu zaidi ya elfu 25 walihudhuria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|title=25 mil watu katika Clamor a Dios|work=Carismah|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629205809/http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|archivedate=2007-06-29}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2004, Christian alionekana kwenye jalada la toleo la 39 la gazeti la Revista Alerta (lililoanzishwa mwaka 1990 mjini [[New York]]), akiwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kupata heshima hiyo. Kati ya nyimbo za albamu ''En Ti'' zinajulikana "Tiempo de Júbilo", "En Ti" na "Me Alegraré y Gozaré", nyimbo alizoimba katika ukumbi wa [[Madison Square Garden]] wa New York kuanzia Julai 27 hadi 29, mwaka 2006. Alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kikristo wa Kivenezuela kujitokeza mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25, pamoja na wasanii wengine maarufu kama Martha Munizzi na Alvin Slaughter.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|title=Christian Sebastia brilla internacionalmente como productor de música cristiana|work=Noticia al Día|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221023445/http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2008 alitoa albamu ''Tu Amor'', iliyorekodiwa moja kwa moja mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tatu katika Kanisa la Yesu Kristo huko Ciudad Guayana. Albamu hiyo ina wageni mashuhuri walioimba pamoja na Christian Sebastia: nyimbo "Tu Amor" na "Palabra del Señor" pamoja na mchungaji na msanii [[Marcos Witt]], mshindi wa tuzo saba za [[Grammy Latino]];<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://es.christiandaily.com/news/marcos-witt-obtuvo-su-septimo-premio-grammy-en-la-edicion-2025|title=Marcos Witt obtuvo su séptimo premio Grammy en la edición 2025|work=Diario Cristiano|language=es}}</ref> "Tu eres mi abrigo" pamoja na baba yake, mchungaji Juan Sebastia; na "Para darte la Gloria" pamoja na msanii Jennifer Salinas. Katika mwaka huo huo, albamu ''Tu Amor'' ilishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama albamu bora ya muziki wa Kikristo ya mwaka 2008.<ref name="andes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|title=Mara de Oro a la mejor producción cristiana del año|work=Diario de Los Andes|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102749/http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2011 alishinda tena tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji bora wa ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt nchini Venezuela.<ref name="panoramawitt">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|title=Venezolano Christian Sebastia comparte su talento junto con Marcos Witt|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155155/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2013, Christian alikuwa mtayarishaji wa [[Mónica Rodríguez|Monica Rodriguez]], msanii wa Kikristo na mwanamke wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Latino]] (2010) kwa albamu bora ya Kikristo ya mwaka, ''Tienes que creer''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.noticiacristiana.com/musica-cristiana/2010/11/monica-rodriguez-gana-grammy-latino-2010-y-desplaza-a-salmistas-favoritos.html|title=Monica Rodriguez gana Grammy Latino 2010|work=NoticiaCristiana.com|date=2010-11-12|language=es}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji wa ziara ya Monica Rodriguez kupitia [[Ekuadori]], [[Meksiko]], [[Marekani]] na Venezuela.<ref name="panoramaprod">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|title=Christian Sebastia se destaca como productor de música cristiana|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154245/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Katika kazi yake, ametayarisha na kushiriki katika matamasha mengi makubwa, akifanya kazi katika utayarishaji wa ziara za [[Marcos Witt]] nchini Venezuela: "Poderoso" (1998, watu elfu 22), "Todos tienen que saber" (2001, watu elfu 25), "Sana Nuestra Tierra" (2005, watu elfu 35), "Sobrenatural" (2008, watu elfu 60), "25 Conmemorativo" (2011, watu elfu 40) na "Sigues siendo Dios" (2016, watu elfu 50).<ref name="panoramawitt" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014 alishiriki katika tamasha la "Festival Juventud Libre" pamoja na wasanii wengine wa kitaifa na kimataifa, mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|title=Festival Juventud Libre 2014|work=cnbv.org.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010410/http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2018 alitoa albamu ''Tengo Fe'', yenye wageni mashuhuri kama [[Ilan Chester]], [[Mariaca Semprún]], Luis Fernando Borjas (mwimbaji wa bendi ya [[Guaco]]), Gabriela Cartulano na Clayton Uehara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|title=Christian Sebastia regala con amor|work=Naguará|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722182556/https://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|archivedate=2019-07-22}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilitayarishwa na lebo ya Carismah Studios na CA Entertainment Group. Mnamo Aprili 5, 2019, albamu ''Tengo Fe'' iliteuliwa kwa toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa (Premios Arpa) katika makundi matatu: "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion", "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (Principe de Paz pamoja na Clayton Uehara) na "Mtayarishaji Bora".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa|work=Premios Arpa|date=2019-04-05|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180203/https://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|archivedate=2023-10-02}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 21, 2019, katika sherehe ya toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa iliyofanyika katika ukumbi wa Teatro Gran Recinto mjini [[Mexico City]], Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka kwa albamu ''Tengo Fe''.<ref name="arpaxv">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.premiosarpa.org/copia-de-edici%C3%B3n-vi|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa – Ganadores|work=Premios Arpa|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2024 alitoa albamu ''Tu Corazón'', yenye nyimbo kumi na tatu.<ref name="tucorazon">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/ec/album/tu-coraz%C3%B3n/1767719360|title=Tu Corazón – Christian Sebastia|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2024-09-15|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> == Diskografia == * ''La Familia'' * ''En Ti''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/en-ti-mw0002290174|title=En Ti|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''Llamados para este tiempo''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|title=Llamados para este tiempo – Expolit 2004|work=Devoción Musical|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193020/http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> * ''Tu Amor''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/tu-amor-mw0002290235|title=Tu Amor|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''eXplosión 2013''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|title=eXplosión 2013|work=explosion.com.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185006/http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> * ''Tengo Fe''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/Christian-Sebastia-Tengo-Fe/release/12011919|title=Christian Sebastia – Tengo Fe|work=Discogs|language=en}}</ref> * ''Tu Corazón'' (2024)<ref name="tucorazon" /> == Tuzo na uteuzi == * Mara de Oro – "Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Kikristo" (2008), kwa ''Tu Amor''<ref name="andes" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2011), ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt<ref name="panoramawitt" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2014), ziara ya Monica Rodriguez<ref name="panoramaprod" /> * Tuzo ya ARPA – "Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka", toleo la XV (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion" (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (2019), kwa "Príncipe de Paz" (pamoja na Clayton Uehara)<ref name="arpaxv" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.christiansebastia.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Christian Sebastia] * [http://studio.carismah.com/ Carismah Studios] {{Wayback|url=http://studio.carismah.com/ |date=20250215184253 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastia, Christian}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Venezuela]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Kikristo]] 5qchmywf3v2umptn5et7brqxlcqoqzm 1583143 1583119 2026-08-02T09:21:25Z CommonsDelinker 234 Replacing CS_004.jpg with [[File:Christian_Sebastia_as_a_child_speaking_in_Caracas,_1986.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Renaming fr 1583143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = Christian Sebastia |Img = Christian Sebastia portrait 2022.jpg |Img_capt = Christian Sebastia mwaka 2022 |Background = solo_singer |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|1974|5|7|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Ciudad Guayana]], [[Venezuela]] |Aina ya muziki = Muziki wa Kikristo, [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|Injili]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji na mchungaji |Aina ya sauti = Baritone |Miaka ya kazi = 1986–mpaka sasa |Studio = Carismah Studios |Tovuti = [http://www.christiansebastia.com christiansebastia.com] }} '''Christian Sebastia''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 7]], [[1974]] huko [[Ciudad Guayana]], Bolívar, [[Venezuela]]) ni [[mwimbaji]], [[mwanamuziki]], [[mtayarishaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa nyimbo kutoka Venezuela, aliyepata uraia wa [[Marekani]] mwaka 2023.<ref name="uraia">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Christian Sebastia|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CzrXq1_OMoV/|title=Cuando me haga ciudadano, no diré nada, pero habrá señales…|work=[[Instagram]]|date=2023-11-15|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}} Chapisho la akaunti rasmi iliyothibitishwa ya Sebastia linaloonyesha sherehe yake ya kupata uraia wa Marekani.</ref> Yeye ni mmoja wa waimbaji na watayarishaji mashuhuri wa Kikristo nchini Venezuela na ni mtetezi wa muziki wa Praise and [[Worship]], unaoitwa pia [[Nyimbo za Kiinjili|muziki wa Injili]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|title=Theology and Place of Music in Worship|work=Reformed Church in America|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210053950/https://www.rca.org/resources/theology-and-place-music-worship|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref> == Maisha == Christian Sebastia ni mtoto wa kwanza kati ya watoto watano wa Juan Pablo Sebastia na Aura Mercedes Sebastia, wamisionari vijana wa Kivenezuela ambao, mnamo mwaka 1969, baada ya kumaliza masomo yao ya theolojia huko [[Puerto Rico]], walihamia [[Ciudad Guayana|Puerto Ordaz]], Venezuela, ambako walianza kazi yao ya umisionari.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|title=Biografía|work=christiansebastia.com|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135911/http://christiansebastia.com/wp/?page_id=2317|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1996 alimwoa Eukarys Piña, na wana watoto watatu: Sabrina Sebastia (1999), Samantha Sebastia (2003) na Christian Sebastia Jr. (2005). Kuanzia mwaka [[2006]] hadi [[2015]], Christian alikuwa Mchungaji katika [[Kanisa|Kanisa la Yesu Kristo]] (Iglesia de Jesucristo) huko Ciudad Guayana, pamoja na mkewe Eukarys.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|title=Iglesia de Jesucristo|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061509/http://iglesiadejesucristo.tv/|archivedate=2017-05-17}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2020, Christian na mkewe Eukarys waliwekwa wakfu kama Wahudumu wa Neno na [[:en:Christian Reformed Church in North America|Kanisa la Kikristo la Reformed la Amerika Kaskazini]] huko Spring, [[Texas]], [[Marekani]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|title=Christian Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195249/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596479|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|title=Eukarys Sebastia|date=2020-10-27|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Christian Reformed Church|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195343/https://www2.crcna.org/person/4596478|archivedate=2021-06-24}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 15, 2023, Christian alipata uraia wa Marekani kwa njia ya kuandikishwa uraia.<ref name="uraia" /> == Kazi == [[Faili:Christian Sebastia as a child speaking in Caracas, 1986.jpg|alt=Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986|thumb|Christian Sebastia akiwa "Nuevo Circo" ya Caracas, Venezuela mnamo mwaka 1986]] Albamu ya kwanza aliyoshiriki Christian Sebastia kama mwimbaji ilikuwa ''La Familia'' (1986), albamu ya nyimbo kumi iliyotayarishwa na baba yake, ambapo aliimba nyimbo mbili. Huo ulikuwa mwanzo rasmi wa kazi yake ya muziki, iliyompeleka kwenye majukwaa makubwa kama "Nuevo Circo" ya [[Caracas]], mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tisa. Mwaka mmoja baadaye alipata kutambuliwa na wasikilizaji Wakristo kupitia redio ya Radio Trans Mundial.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|title=Trans World Radio|work=twr.org|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305153426/https://www.twr.org/americas-spanish|archivedate=2017-03-05}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2003, albamu ''En Ti'' ilieneza kazi yake ya muziki kama msanii, mtunzi na mtayarishaji kimataifa. Mwaka 2004 alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushiriki katika "Noche de Gala" ya [[Expolit]], maonyesho makubwa zaidi ya muziki na vitabu vya Kikristo katika Amerika ya Kilatini, na wimbo wake "Me Alegraré y Gozaré" uliingizwa katika albamu ya pamoja ''Llamados para este tiempo'' iliyotolewa na Expolit. Kwa miaka 14 mfululizo, Christian alikuwa mshiriki wa Expolit.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://expolit.com/Expolit|title=Expolit 2017|work=Expolit|accessdate=2016-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031719/http://expolit.com/expolit/|archivedate=2017-01-18}}</ref> Mnamo Machi 2004, alijitokeza kwa usiku sita mfululizo katika ukumbi wa Monumental de [[Valencia (Venezuela)|Valencia]], na kila siku watu zaidi ya elfu 25 walihudhuria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|title=25 mil watu katika Clamor a Dios|work=Carismah|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629205809/http://www.carismah.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=25|archivedate=2007-06-29}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2004, Christian alionekana kwenye jalada la toleo la 39 la gazeti la Revista Alerta (lililoanzishwa mwaka 1990 mjini [[New York]]), akiwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kupata heshima hiyo. Kati ya nyimbo za albamu ''En Ti'' zinajulikana "Tiempo de Júbilo", "En Ti" na "Me Alegraré y Gozaré", nyimbo alizoimba katika ukumbi wa [[Madison Square Garden]] wa New York kuanzia Julai 27 hadi 29, mwaka 2006. Alikuwa mwimbaji wa kwanza wa Kikristo wa Kivenezuela kujitokeza mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25, pamoja na wasanii wengine maarufu kama Martha Munizzi na Alvin Slaughter.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|title=Christian Sebastia brilla internacionalmente como productor de música cristiana|work=Noticia al Día|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221023445/http://noticiaaldia.com/2016/12/christian-sebastia-brilla-internacionalmente-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana/|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2008 alitoa albamu ''Tu Amor'', iliyorekodiwa moja kwa moja mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu tatu katika Kanisa la Yesu Kristo huko Ciudad Guayana. Albamu hiyo ina wageni mashuhuri walioimba pamoja na Christian Sebastia: nyimbo "Tu Amor" na "Palabra del Señor" pamoja na mchungaji na msanii [[Marcos Witt]], mshindi wa tuzo saba za [[Grammy Latino]];<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://es.christiandaily.com/news/marcos-witt-obtuvo-su-septimo-premio-grammy-en-la-edicion-2025|title=Marcos Witt obtuvo su séptimo premio Grammy en la edición 2025|work=Diario Cristiano|language=es}}</ref> "Tu eres mi abrigo" pamoja na baba yake, mchungaji Juan Sebastia; na "Para darte la Gloria" pamoja na msanii Jennifer Salinas. Katika mwaka huo huo, albamu ''Tu Amor'' ilishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama albamu bora ya muziki wa Kikristo ya mwaka 2008.<ref name="andes">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|title=Mara de Oro a la mejor producción cristiana del año|work=Diario de Los Andes|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102749/http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiasecundaria&id=36271|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2011 alishinda tena tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji bora wa ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt nchini Venezuela.<ref name="panoramawitt">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|title=Venezolano Christian Sebastia comparte su talento junto con Marcos Witt|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155155/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Venezolano-Christian-Sebastia-comparte-su-talento-junto-con-Marcos-Witt-20161101-0071.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka 2013, Christian alikuwa mtayarishaji wa [[Mónica Rodríguez|Monica Rodriguez]], msanii wa Kikristo na mwanamke wa kwanza wa Kivenezuela kushinda tuzo ya [[Grammy Latino]] (2010) kwa albamu bora ya Kikristo ya mwaka, ''Tienes que creer''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.noticiacristiana.com/musica-cristiana/2010/11/monica-rodriguez-gana-grammy-latino-2010-y-desplaza-a-salmistas-favoritos.html|title=Monica Rodriguez gana Grammy Latino 2010|work=NoticiaCristiana.com|date=2010-11-12|language=es}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2014, Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mara de Oro kama mtayarishaji wa ziara ya Monica Rodriguez kupitia [[Ekuadori]], [[Meksiko]], [[Marekani]] na Venezuela.<ref name="panoramaprod">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|title=Christian Sebastia se destaca como productor de música cristiana|work=Panorama|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154245/http://www.panorama.com.ve/espectaculos/Christian-Sebastia-se-destaca-como-productor-de-musica-cristiana-20161212-0067.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> Katika kazi yake, ametayarisha na kushiriki katika matamasha mengi makubwa, akifanya kazi katika utayarishaji wa ziara za [[Marcos Witt]] nchini Venezuela: "Poderoso" (1998, watu elfu 22), "Todos tienen que saber" (2001, watu elfu 25), "Sana Nuestra Tierra" (2005, watu elfu 35), "Sobrenatural" (2008, watu elfu 60), "25 Conmemorativo" (2011, watu elfu 40) na "Sigues siendo Dios" (2016, watu elfu 50).<ref name="panoramawitt" /> Mnamo mwaka 2014 alishiriki katika tamasha la "Festival Juventud Libre" pamoja na wasanii wengine wa kitaifa na kimataifa, mbele ya watu zaidi ya elfu 25.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|title=Festival Juventud Libre 2014|work=cnbv.org.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010410/http://www.cnbv.org.ve/web/index.php/contactos/39-nacional/714-festival-juventud-libre-2014|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> Mnamo Mei 2018 alitoa albamu ''Tengo Fe'', yenye wageni mashuhuri kama [[Ilan Chester]], [[Mariaca Semprún]], Luis Fernando Borjas (mwimbaji wa bendi ya [[Guaco]]), Gabriela Cartulano na Clayton Uehara.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|title=Christian Sebastia regala con amor|work=Naguará|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722182556/https://www.naguara.com/2018/05/christian-sebastia-regala-con-amor.html|archivedate=2019-07-22}}</ref> Albamu hiyo ilitayarishwa na lebo ya Carismah Studios na CA Entertainment Group. Mnamo Aprili 5, 2019, albamu ''Tengo Fe'' iliteuliwa kwa toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa (Premios Arpa) katika makundi matatu: "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion", "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (Principe de Paz pamoja na Clayton Uehara) na "Mtayarishaji Bora".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa|work=Premios Arpa|date=2019-04-05|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180203/https://premiosarpa.org/2019/04/05/xv-edicion-premios-arpa/|archivedate=2023-10-02}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 21, 2019, katika sherehe ya toleo la XV la Tuzo za Arpa iliyofanyika katika ukumbi wa Teatro Gran Recinto mjini [[Mexico City]], Christian alishinda tuzo ya Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka kwa albamu ''Tengo Fe''.<ref name="arpaxv">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.premiosarpa.org/copia-de-edici%C3%B3n-vi|title=XV Edición Premios Arpa – Ganadores|work=Premios Arpa|language=es|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2024 alitoa albamu ''Tu Corazón'', yenye nyimbo kumi na tatu.<ref name="tucorazon">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://music.apple.com/ec/album/tu-coraz%C3%B3n/1767719360|title=Tu Corazón – Christian Sebastia|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2024-09-15|accessdate=2026-07-08}}</ref> == Diskografia == * ''La Familia'' * ''En Ti''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/en-ti-mw0002290174|title=En Ti|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''Llamados para este tiempo''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|title=Llamados para este tiempo – Expolit 2004|work=Devoción Musical|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193020/http://devocionmusical.com/expolit/audio/albums/expolit-2004|archivedate=2016-12-21}}</ref> * ''Tu Amor''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/tu-amor-mw0002290235|title=Tu Amor|work=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> * ''eXplosión 2013''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|title=eXplosión 2013|work=explosion.com.ve|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185006/http://www.explosion.com.ve/2014/proyecto.html|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref> * ''Tengo Fe''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/Christian-Sebastia-Tengo-Fe/release/12011919|title=Christian Sebastia – Tengo Fe|work=Discogs|language=en}}</ref> * ''Tu Corazón'' (2024)<ref name="tucorazon" /> == Tuzo na uteuzi == * Mara de Oro – "Albamu Bora ya Muziki wa Kikristo" (2008), kwa ''Tu Amor''<ref name="andes" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2011), ziara ya "25 Conmemorativo" ya Marcos Witt<ref name="panoramawitt" /> * Mara de Oro – "Mtayarishaji Bora wa Ziara" (2014), ziara ya Monica Rodriguez<ref name="panoramaprod" /> * Tuzo ya ARPA – "Mtayarishaji wa Mwaka", toleo la XV (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Albamu Bora ya Pop/Fusion" (2019), kwa ''Tengo Fe''<ref name="arpaxv" /> * Uteuzi – Tuzo za ARPA, "Wimbo Bora wa Ushirikiano" (2019), kwa "Príncipe de Paz" (pamoja na Clayton Uehara)<ref name="arpaxv" /> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.christiansebastia.com/ Tovuti rasmi ya Christian Sebastia] * [http://studio.carismah.com/ Carismah Studios] {{Wayback|url=http://studio.carismah.com/ |date=20250215184253 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastia, Christian}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Venezuela]] [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Kikristo]] 2e0jmwm3upzwspn7wzueheki33n7cpx 0 152312 1583134 1513976 2026-08-02T08:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Malkia Elizabeth''' ni mbuga ya [[taifa]] nchini [[Uganda]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=29 October 2016|url=http://www.queenelizabethnationalpark.com/ishasha-sector.html|title=Queen Elizabeth National Park: Ishasha Sector|author=QENP|date=29 October 2016|publisher=Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP)}}</ref> == Historia == Mnamo mwaka [[1921]], kulitokea janga la magonjwa kama [[Ugonjwa wa malale|ugonjwa wa usingizi]] kati ya wakazi wa [[asili]] wa eneo hilo, [[wafugaji]] wa [[Wasongora|Basongora]] ,janga hilo lilisababisha vifo vingi na na wakazi kuhama kutoka eneo hilo. Ugonjwa huo uliaminika kusababishwa na [[serikali]] ya [[kikoloni]] chini ya kivuli cha kampeni ya chanjo ya mifugo. Mchezo uliongezeka, na serikali ya kikoloni ya [[Uingereza]] iliamua kuwaondoa watu waliosalia kutoka na kuchukua karibu 90% ya ardhi yao ili kutengeneza hifadhi. Nyumba zao zilichomwa moto na mifugo yao kuchinjwa, na kuwafanya kukimbia kuvuka mpaka na kutafuta hifadhi katika nchi ambayo sasa ni [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] . <ref name="Wanyama2014">{{Cite report|author=F. Wanyama, E. Balole, P. Elkan, S. Mendiguetti, S. Ayebare, F. Kisame, P.Shamavu, R. Kato, D. Okiring, S. Loware, J. Wathaut, B.Tumonakiese, Damien Mashagiro, T. Barendse and A.J.Plumptre|date=October 2014|title=Aerial surveys of the Greater Virunga Landscape - Technical Report 2014|url=https://uganda.wcs.org/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=38134|publisher=[[Wildlife Conservation Society]]|access-date=2 May 2021|archivedate=2021-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503201401/https://uganda.wcs.org/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?EntryId=38134|deadurl=yes}}</ref> <ref name="Losh2021">{{Rejea habari|author=Losh|date=2 April 2021|title=When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/02/uganda-conservation-poaching-crisis-poverty-national-park/|location=Kyambura, Uganda}}</ref> <ref name="govisitkenya">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda|url=https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|date=2014|work=Go Visit Kenya|accessdate=3 May 2021|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531102733/https://www.govisitkenya.com/songora-people.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Rukungiri]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Rubirizi]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kamwenge]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Kasese]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Bushenyi]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Dweru]] [[Jamii:Ziwa Edward]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Magharibi (Uganda)]] [[Jamii:IUCN Jamii II]] jrre2t5i78l4ehi1mf1oljt34g9yqnc 0 184842 1583112 1461704 2026-08-02T01:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dsamou Micheline''' (alizaliwa mnamo Juni 1 [[1947]]) ni raia wa [[Kamerun]] ni [[Daktari wa dawa|Mfamasia]] na [[Mwanasiasa]] pia. Amehudumu kama seneta katika bunge la [[Kamerun|Cameroon]] tangu Machi [[2018]]. ==Wasifu== Dsamou pia ni mjasiriamali. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, aliamua kurejea Kameruni ili kuchangia maendeleo ya nchi wakati wa ukuaji wa [[uchumi]]. <ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-09 |date=2023-03-07 |language=fr |title=Cameroun: La milliardaire Dsamou Micheline lance le plus gros projet agro-industriel |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroun-La-milliardaire-Dsamou-Micheline-lance-le-plus-gros-projet-agro-industriel-713117 |website=CamerounWeb}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> == Kazi == Dsamou pia ni [[mjasiriamali]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-09 |date=2023-03-07 |language=fr |title=Cameroun: La milliardaire Dsamou Micheline lance le plus gros projet agro-industriel |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroun-La-milliardaire-Dsamou-Micheline-lance-le-plus-gros-projet-agro-industriel-713117 |website=CamerounWeb}}<!-- tafsiri ya kiotomatiki kutoka Kifaransa na Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, aliamua kurudi Kameruni ili kuchangia maendeleo ya nchi hiyo wakati wa kipindi cha ukuaji wa uchumi.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michèle |last=Fogang |date=4 Februari 2022 |access-date=2023-03-09 |language=fr |title=Promotion de l'agro-industrie: un parc intégré annoncé à l'Ouest |trans-title=Kuendeleza Sekta ya Kilimo Viwanda: Hifadhi ya Viwanda Imetangazwa Magharibi |work=Cameroon Tribune |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/45530/fr.html/promotion-de-lagro-industrie-un-parc-integre-annonce-louest }}</ref> Baada ya kurudi, alimiliki duka la dawa la Guely kutoka kwa mhamiaji Mfaransa. Alipofikia umri wa miaka 28, alianzisha Pharmacie du Soleil mjini [[Yaoundé]] mwaka 1975. Mnamo 1986, alianzisha Pharmacam, kampuni ya usambazaji wa dawa, na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, alijikita katika usafirishaji na usimamizi wa mizigo kwa kuanzisha Line Transit. Ana nafasi za uongozi katika kampuni zingine kadhaa.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=2023-03-10 |date=2023-03-07 |language=fr-FR |title=Cameroun: Un parc agro-industriel intégré pour produire plus de huit cents tonnes de riz par an |trans-title=Kameruni: Hifadhi ya Viwanda ya Kilimo Viwanda ili kuzalisha tani zaidi ya mia nane za mchele kwa mwaka|work=237 Online |url=https://www.237online.com/cameroun-un-parc-agro-industriel-integre-pour-produire-plus-de-huit-cents-tonnes-de-riz-par-an/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mbodiam |first1=Brice R. |title=The Agro-industrial park project is expected to generate at least 2,000 direct jobs in Western Cameroon |work=Business in Cameroon |date=10 Machi 2023 |language=en-gb |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/agriculture/1003-13000-the-agro-industrial-park-project-is-expected-to-generate-at-least-2-000-direct-jobs-in-western-cameroon |postscript=none}} {{in lang|en}}.</ref> ==Wasifu wa Kisiasa== Mnamo Septemba [[2011]], Dsamou alichaguliwa kama mjumbe mbadala wa kamati kuu ya (Cameroon People's Democratic Movement). <ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-09 |date=11 September 2011 |language=fr-FR |title=Les Membres Suppléants du comité Central |trans-title=Alternate Members of the Central Committee |url=http://www.rdpcpdm.cm/les-membres-suppleants-du-comite-central/ |website=Site Web Officiel du RDPC (Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Camerounais) {{!}} Cameroon People's Democratic Movement}}</ref> Pia mwaka [[2018]], alichaguliwa kama seneta. Pia alichaguliwa tena kama seneta mnamo Machi [[2023]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-09 |date=2018 |title=Les Sénateurs élus du RDPC {{!}} CPDM |url=http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/fr/services |website=Senatoriales Comité Central du RDPC {{!}} CPDM |archive-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309142616/http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/fr/services |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-09 |date=11 September 2011 |language=fr-FR |title=Les Membres Suppléants du comité Central |trans-title=Alternate Members of the Central Committee |url=http://www.rdpcpdm.cm/les-membres-suppleants-du-comite-central/ |website=Site Web Officiel du RDPC (Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Camerounais) {{!}} Cameroon People's Democratic Movement}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Watu wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] gr1dzcqc0dd99pckix07yzvh82w06ey 0 204518 1583098 1498062 2026-08-01T21:47:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Mtandao wa NeuroGenderings''' ni kundi la kimataifa la watafiti katika nyanja za [[sayansi]] ya neva (neuroscience) na masomo ya jinsia (gender studies). Wanachama wa mtandao huu huchunguza jinsi kanuni za kijamii, uzoefu mbalimbali wa maisha, mazingira ya maabara, na biolojia vinavyoingiliana ili kuathiri matokeo ya tafiti za sayansi ya neva. Kwa kufanya kazi chini ya dhana ya "neurofeminism" (ufeministi wa neva), mtandao huu unalenga kuchambua kwa kina jinsi taaluma ya sayansi ya neva inavyofanya kazi na kujenga uelewa wa ubongo na jinsia unaopinga mtazamo wa "gender essentialism" (dhana kwamba tofauti za kijinsia ni za kiasili na zisizobadilika), huku ukikiri kwamba ubongo ni chombo cha kibaolojia chenye msingi halisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Breit|first=Lisa|title=Genderforschung: Das Soziale an der Biologie|url=https://derstandard.at/2000031791790/Genderforschung-Das-Soziale-an-der-Biologie|date=1 March 2016|access-date=26 October 2018|website=[[Der Standard]]|lang=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://derstandard.at/2000058162830/Geschlechterunterschiede-Das-Spiel-der-Hormone-im-Hirn|title=Geschlechterunterschiede: Das Spiel der Hormone im Hirn|date=24 May 2017|last=Krichmayr|first=Karin|website=[[Der Standard]]|lang=de|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> Kuanzishwa kwa mtandao huu kulifanyika wakati wa kuongezeka kwa shauku na shughuli za tafiti shirikishi zinazounganisha sayansi ya neva na sayansi za kijamii.<ref name="Schmitz_Höppner_Frontiers2">{{cite journal|last1=Schmitz|first1=Sigrid|last2=Höppner|first2=Grit|date=25 July 2014|title=Neurofeminism and feminist neurosciences: a critical review of contemporary brain research|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=article 546|pages=546|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00546|pmc=4111126|pmid=25120450|doi-access=free|author-link1=Sigrid Schmitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dussauge|first1=Isabelle|last2=Anelis|first2=Anelis|author-link1=Isabelle Dussauge|author-link2=Anelis Kaiser|title=Feminist and queer repoliticizations of the brain|work=[[EspacesTemps.net]] &#124; Brain Mind Society|url=https://www.espacestemps.net/en/articles/feminist-and-queer-repoliticizations-of-the-brain/|date=13 April 2015|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Deboleena|author-link=Deboleena Roy|date=Spring 2016|title=Neuroscience and feminist theory: a new directions essay|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2016_41_3/page/531|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=531&ndash;552|doi=10.1086/684266|s2cid=146995854}}</ref> == Historia == Kundi hili, linalojumuisha wasomi waliobobea katika ufeministi, nadharia za queer, na masomo ya jinsia, liliundwa ili kukabiliana na dhana ya "neurosexism". Dhana hii, kama ilivyofafanuliwa na Cordelia Fine katika kitabu chake cha mwaka 2010 Delusions of Gender, inarejelea "upendeleo usiokosolewa katika tafiti za sayansi ya neva na mtazamo wa umma, pamoja na athari zake kwa mtu binafsi, miundo ya kijamii, na ishara za kitamaduni."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333549/|title=Rethinking Interdisciplinarity across the Social Sciences and Neurosciences|last1=Callard|first1=F.|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=D.|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2016|chapter=Meeting People is Easy: The Pragmatics of Interdisciplinary Collaboration|oclc=1014459177}}</ref> Tafiti zinaweza kuelemewa na neurosexism ikiwa zinashindwa kuzingatia mambo ya kijamii na matarajio yanayounda tofauti za kijinsia, hali ambayo huenda ikasababisha hitimisho linalotegemea data yenye dosari. Kwa upande mwingine, wanachama wa mtandao huu wanatetea dhana ya "neurofeminism", wakilenga kuchunguza kwa kina dhana za heteronormativity katika tafiti za kisasa za ubongo na kuchambua athari za tafiti hizi kwa mitazamo ya kijamii kuhusu jinsia. Hii inajumuisha kuipa kipaumbele dhana ya neuroplasticity (uwezo wa ubongo kubadilika kutokana na mazingira na uzoefu) badala ya biological determinism (mtazamo kwamba biolojia pekee huamua tabia na uwezo wa mtu)."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/delusionsofgende00cord|title=Delusions of gender: how our minds, society, and neurosexism create difference|last=Fine|first=Cordelia|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=2010|isbn=9780393068382|location=New York|author-link=Cordelia Fine}}</ref> === Mikutano === Machi 2010, mkutano wa kwanza—NeuroGenderings: Critical Studies of the Sexed Brain—ulifanyika huko Uppsala, Uswidi. Waandaaji wake, Anelis Kaiser na Isabelle Dussauge, walieleza kuwa lengo la muda mrefu lilikuwa ni "kuandaa mtazamo mpya wa dhana ya uhusiano kati ya jinsia na ubongo, mtazamo ambao unaweza kuwaunganisha wanasayansi wa neva na wanafalsafa wa jinsia katika mjadala wa kiutafiti unaovuka mipaka ya mifumo ya kijamii na kibaolojia, huku ukiendelea kushughulikia hali halisi ya kibaolojia ya ubongo. Katika mkutano huu, Mtandao wa NeuroGenderings ulianzishwa rasmi, na matokeo yake ya awali yalichapishwa katika toleo maalum la jarida la Neuroethics. Tangu wakati huo, mikutano mingine imeendelea kufanyika kila baada ya miaka miwili: * NeuroCultures — NeuroGenderings II mnamo Septemba 2012 katika Idara ya Fizikia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Vienna; * NeuroGenderings III – The First International Dissensus Conference on Brain and Gender mnamo Mei 2014 huko Lausanne, Uswisi. * NeuroGenderings IV mnamo Machi 2016 katika Barnard College, New York City.<ref>{{cite book|title=Neurofeminism: issues at the intersection of feminist theory and cognitive science|url=https://archive.org/details/neurofeminismiss0000roby|last1=Bluhm|first1=Robyn|last2=Maibom|first2=Heidi Lene|last3=Jaap Jacobson|first3=Anne|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=9780230296732|location=New York|author-link1=Robyn Bluhm}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] e8hv6ki1baidppdu104u4lb50ieuzd0 0 205429 1583121 1512814 2026-08-02T06:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrude Njuba''' ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda ambaye alikuwa mtu muhimu katika Jeshi la Upinzani la Kitaifa (NRA) wakati wa Vita vya Msituni vya Uganda ambapo alikuwa na cheo cha [[Kapteni]] na alijulikana kwa ujasiri na uongozi wake kwenye uwanja wa vita.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-15 |title=Here are NRA's top 100 fighters |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/here-are-nra-s-top-100-fighters-1565000 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-07 |title=Getrude Njuba: A silent influence |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/getrude-njuba-a-silent-influence-1527194 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Baadaye alihudumu katika nafasi mbalimbali katika serikali ya Harakati za Upinzani za Kitaifa (NRM), ikiwa ni pamoja na kuwa [[mbunge]] na mshauri wa rais.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Museveni Was To Lose In Kyadondo East |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Women are cornerstone for society transformation - Maj (Rtd) Njuba |url=https://www.nrm.ug/news/women-are-cornerstone-society-transformation-maj-rtd-njuba |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Women are cornerstone for society transformation - Maj (Rtd) Njuba {{!}} National Resistance Movement |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409064815/https://www.nrm.ug/news/women-are-cornerstone-society-transformation-maj-rtd-njuba |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amepokea medali kadhaa za heshima za kitaifa kwa huduma yake kwa Uganda ikiwa ni pamoja na Nishani ya Nile, Nishani ya Lulu ya Afrika, na Medali za Miaka 50 ya Uhuru.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Lt. Gen. Museveni Rewards 82 Heroes |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya mapema== Alizaliwa tarehe 26 Novemba 1944<ref name="auto"/> huko [[Wilaya ya Hoima|Hoima]] kwa [[Askofu]] Yokana Mukasa na Norah Nakanywa Mukasa. Alisoma katika Shule ya Wasichana ya Duhanga na Shule ya Makerere College. Aliolewa na Sam Kalega Njuba tarehe 14 Septemba 1964.<ref name="auto"/> == Kazi== Mwaka 1981, aliingia katika vita vya msituni vya NRA na alikuwa mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kupata mafunzo ya kijeshi ili kuhudumu katika mapambano ya ukombozi. Ameshikilia nafasi ya Mwenyekiti wa Baraza la Utawala la Ukanda wa Biashara huru wa Ziwa Victoria, Mshauri wa Rais kwa Masuala ya Kisiasa na Mkurugenzi wa Ikulu kwa Masuala ya Ardhi. Baada ya vita vya msituni vya NRA kumalizika, alihudumu kama Waziri Msaidizi wa Viwanda katika baraza la mawaziri la [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] mwaka 1986.<ref name="auto"/> Mnamo Septemba 2016, alibainika kuwa alikuwa akiongea kwa nguvu kuhimiza Wauganda kuingia kwenye mitaa ya Kampala na kuandamana dhidi ya matumizi makubwa ya Bunge la 10 kwenye magari na mazishi.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Lubwama |first=Siraje |title=Gertrude Njuba Calls for Mass Demos Against MPs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201609261114.html}}</ref> Hata hivyo, alikuwa akipinga kuachwa kwa vijidudu wa nguruwe ndani ya ukumbi wa Bunge la Uganda na vijana wa Jobless Brotherhood.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2014-07-09 |title=Uganda's 'Piglet Protesters' say Their Work has Just Begun |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uganda-piglet-protesters-say-their-work-has-just-begun/1953993.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2021-01-11 |title=Youth drop yellow, blue piglets at Parliament, protest Shs200m cars for MPs |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/youth-drop-yellow-blue-piglets-at-parliament-protest-shs200m-cars-for-mps-1666706 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2020, Gertrude ambaye wakati huo alikuwa akiwahi kuwa mshauri wa rais inasemekana kuwa alishirikiana na maafisa wa Wizara ya Nishati na Maendeleo ya Madini kuendelea na uchimbaji madini katika [[Wilaya ya Mubende|Wilaya ya Mubende]], eneo ambalo serikali iliwaondoa wachimbaji madini haramu.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last=Otto |first=Alex |date= |title=Gertrude Njuba, Energy Ministry Face Probe over Mubende Mining Deal |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/gertrude-njuba-energy-ministry-face-probe-over-mubende-mining-deal- |access-date= |work=Uganda Radio Network}}</ref> == Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] fyxh9akpyqs09689dslcpa965ev6phy 4 208508 1583065 1582998 2026-08-01T13:38:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1583065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34977 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.3% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 132 || 9.6% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 7zlixy4vwj1ue8m01gwicnizla8ezln 1583066 1583065 2026-08-01T13:41:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1583066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 087kgfeeasmhrd4kmrffcexctoth7lj 1583086 1583066 2026-08-01T19:05:34Z Gayle157 73366 1583086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} nv51lapr9frj10aflrxgxioxkqqjizf 1583087 1583086 2026-08-01T19:06:10Z Gayle157 73366 1583087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} ip9spk1irro9n5l1v1fuqy20e9c9y8i 1583088 1583087 2026-08-01T19:16:52Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1583088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2363 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 889 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1206 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 494 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 420 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 476 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 292 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 677 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 254 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 211 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 321 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 339 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 301 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 226 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 2 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} c2j4yc59slvy63mux1ztlhtkgw5jv8z 1583089 1583088 2026-08-01T19:17:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1583089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} pi17kfg9p8dnvjh9bmim016bip7iw4d 1583090 1583089 2026-08-01T19:18:34Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1583090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-01) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-01)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 546 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2433 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 912 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1254 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 357 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 353 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 258 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 429 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 381 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 482 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 683 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 259 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 447 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 216 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 326 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 201 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 188 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 275 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 310 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 50 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} nug6vv4kve234rahym1m5uqnsgqwffl 1583115 1583090 2026-08-02T03:23:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1583115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 430 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 537 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2417 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 899 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1264 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 355 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 514 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 289 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34978 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21576 || ↓ -29.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 124.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2363 || ↓ -18.5% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 889 || ↓ -31.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 677 || ↓ -62.9% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 521 || ↓ -29.7% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 494 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 476 || ↓ -6.8% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 441 || ↑ +43.2% |- | 8 || [[Australia]] || 434 || ↓ -27.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 433 || ↓ -33.5% |- | 10 || [[Uingereza]] || 422 || ↓ -10.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 101mtna0ny5g8spgbccn9xjw52gsw84 1583116 1583115 2026-08-02T03:31:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1583116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 430 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 537 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2417 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 899 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1264 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 355 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 514 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 289 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 451 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 6616 || ↓ -32.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 38.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3% |- | 3 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 400 || ↓ -38.0% |- | 5 || [[Burundi]] || 378 || ↓ -9.8% |- | 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 355 || ↓ -39.0% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 300 || ↓ -37.2% |- | 8 || [[Uswisi]] || 227 || ↓ -11.3% |- | 9 || [[Norwei]] || 222 || ↑ +3.7% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 206 || ↓ -35.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} e09znnqjadokzgl88stp7l0qiev0qb0 1583130 1583116 2026-08-02T08:31:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1583130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 430 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 537 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2417 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 875 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1264 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 355 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 514 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 356 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 289 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 6616 || ↓ -32.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 38.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3% |- | 3 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 4 || [[Australia]] || 400 || ↓ -38.0% |- | 5 || [[Burundi]] || 378 || ↓ -9.8% |- | 6 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 355 || ↓ -39.0% |- | 7 || [[Uturuki]] || 300 || ↓ -37.2% |- | 8 || [[Uswisi]] || 227 || ↓ -11.3% |- | 9 || [[Norwei]] || 222 || ↑ +3.7% |- | 10 || [[Ubelgiji]] || 206 || ↓ -35.6% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} 2tgljzn5v3suso7wslnu4b1lzab5pyt 1583131 1583130 2026-08-02T08:32:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1583131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-08-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 61 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 72 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 27 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-08-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 430 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 537 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2417 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 875 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1264 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 355 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 514 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 356 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 428 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 378 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 400 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 486 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 284 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 230 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 289 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 666 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 261 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 206 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 269 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 300 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 11 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34979 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 21861 || ↓ -27.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 202.2 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 126.4 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2417 || ↓ -15.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 875 || ↓ -32.8% |- | 3 || [[Cabo Verde]] || 666 || ↓ -63.8% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 537 || ↓ -28.3% |- | 5 || [[Hispania]] || 514 || ↑ +100.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 486 || ↓ -5.3% |- | 7 || [[Misri]] || 442 || ↑ +45.4% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 431 || ↓ -7.5% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 430 || ↓ -34.5% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 428 || ↓ -43.4% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 587 || 42.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 360 || 26.2% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 133 || 9.7% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 119 || 8.7% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.9% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:Kisare|Kisare]] || 6 || 0.4% |- | 10 || [[User:CSGinger14|CSGinger14]] || 6 || 0.4% |- |} e3re2q4z7nhwcr03agowhfwlvhov7vw 0 218359 1583059 1474269 2026-08-01T12:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aabed-El ben Asher ben Matzliach''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Abdullah Wassef Tawfiq'''; alizaliwa [[Nablus]], [[1935]]) ndiye [[Kuhani mkuu|Kuhani Mkuu]] wa sasa wa [[Wasamaria]]. Alichukua wadhifa huo tarehe [[19 Aprili]] [[2013]]. Kulingana na utamaduni wa Wasamaria, ndiye kuhani mkuu wa 133 tangu [[Aroni|Haruni]] na kwa mujibu wa desturi za Wasamaria, atakapokufa, wadhifa huo utahamishiwa kiotomatiki kwa mzao mkubwa zaidi wa [[Ithamari]] aliyesalia. Aabed-El ameoa na ana wana wa kiume wawili na mabinti wawili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/religion/high-priests/|title=High Priests of the Israelite Samaritans from 1624 CE to the Present Day|work=Israelite Samaritan Information Institute|date=2 December 2018|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-04-12|archive-date=2022-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228190602/https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/religion/high-priests/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SU2013">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://shomron0.tripod.com/2013/marchapril.pdf|title=The Samaritan Update|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930015946/http://shomron0.tripod.com/2013/marchapril.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-30|accessdate=}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{BD|1935|}} [[Jamii:watu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] psnuo8fu68cdk1jbjashtayct0wpr86 0 219017 1583077 1476872 2026-08-01T15:30:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrew Kazamia''' (alizaliwa [[1953]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwandishi]] na mkurugenzi wa [[filamu]] wa [[Kupro]]. Amejishughulisha na kazi za uigizaji pamoja na uandishi na uongozaji wa filamu na vipindi vya [[televisheni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginmedia.com/entertainment/news/2015/10/londons-burning-where-are-they-now.html|title=London's Burning – where are they now?|work=virginmedia.com|accessdate=27 May 2016|archive-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223094402/http://www.virginmedia.com/entertainment/news/2015/10/londons-burning-where-are-they-now.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:waigizaji filamu wa Kupro]] [[Jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]] 12fcqaor197nuksafcbwndcx9b7g755 0 220063 1583113 1511361 2026-08-02T02:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eseohe Arhebamen''' au '''Eseohe Arhebamen-Yamasaki''', pia alijulikana kama '''Edoheart''' (mzaliwa wa Obehioye Eseohe Ikhianose Oghomwenyenmwen Cleopatra Anne Arhebamen), ni [[mshairi]], dansi, mwimbaji, [[mwanamuziki]], mtayarishaji, [[msanii]] wa kuigiza na msanii wa kuona.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/|title=Exclusive Interview Inside "For The Love – EP" With Nigerian Born Artist Edoheart|date=24 February 2020|website=Demand Africa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229165828/https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/ |archive-date=29 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name=EP>{{cite web | url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/466508 | title=Viies esituskunsti festival Diverse Universe meenutab maailma mitmekesisust | last=Kressa | first=Kaarel | work=Eesti Payaleht | date=24 April 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=PP>{{cite web | url=http://www.parnupostimees.ee/?id=112386 | title=Pärnu kunstihallis kohtusid nüüdisaegne tants ja macho-metal | last=Kivila | first=Marian | work=Pärnu Postimees | date=28 April 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=SIRP>{{cite web | url=http://www.sirp.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8743:ikka-teel&catid=6:kunst&Itemid=10&issue=3251 | title=Ikka teel | last=Kivila | first=Marian | work=SIRP Eesti Kultuurileht Number 18 (3251) | date=8 May 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=Hankooki>{{cite web | url=http://weekly.hankooki.com/lpage/08_life/200809/wk20080903133924100510.htm | title=국내 최대 실험예술 축제 열린다 | last=정 |first=영주 | work=[[Hankook Ilbo]] | date=3 September 2008 | accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=12Q>{{cite web | url=https://12questionslmp.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/eseohe-arhebamen/ | title=Eseohe Arhebamen | last=Keralis | first=Spencer | work=12 Questions | date=4 April 2011 | accessdate=5 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.akwaabamusic.com/blog/huuuuuuge-edoheart/ | title=Huuuuuuge: Edoheart - Akwaaba Music | last=Lebrave | first=Benjamin | publisher=Akwaaba Music | date=31 August 2010 | accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> Eseohe alizaliwa [[Zaria]], [[Nigeria]] <ref name=TPBBC>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/talking_point_programme/4556215.stm | title=What's it like to live in Africa? | work=Talking Point | publisher=BBC News | date=4 June 2005 | access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> na alitokana na familia ya kifalme ya Milki ya Benin. Bibi mzaa mama wa Eseohe Arhebamen ni Princess Theresa Maria Nodumwenben Osazuwa, binti mfalme wa watu wa [[Edo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm | title=Eseohe Arhebamen | last=Paldrok | first=Al | publisher=Diverse Universe Performance Festival | date=2009 | accessdate=5 October 2013 | archive-date=2025-01-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120055431/http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200703030157.html | title=Nigeria: Help! Wicked People Have Sold Our Farmlands, Now We Have Nothing to Live On | last=Ebegbulem | first=Simon | newspaper=Vanguard | date=3 March 2007 | accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> Babu wa babu wa Eseohe Arhebamen Osazuwa Eredia, babake Binti Mfalme Theresa Osazuwa, alikuwa Oba N’Ugu na Enogie wa Umoghumwun, na kumfanya Eseohe Arhebamen kuwa mzao wa kifalme na binti wa kifalme. "Msingi wa ufalme wa Ugu, pamoja na mji wake mkuu huko Umoghumwun umefuatiliwa hadi kwa Prince Idu, mwana mkubwa wa Oba Eweka I." <ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2001/544/pdf/Disse.pdf#page=89 | title=The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c.1440 - 1897 |page=77 | last=Osadolor Osarhieme | first=Benson |type=Doctoral thesis | publisher=University of Hamburg, Germany | date=23 July 2001 | accessdate=5 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Eweka | first=E. B. | year=1992 | title=Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles | location=Benin City | publisher=Uniben Press | pages=124–125}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Nigeria]] 9751vkb8lrc3fimd851gz78rygyic8h 0 228000 1583063 1522753 2026-08-01T13:16:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adejoke Ayoola''' (alizaliwa [[20 Julai]] [[1970]]) ni mwanamke mwenye utaalamu wa utafiti pamoja na kuwa muuguzi kutoka nchi ya [[Nigeria]] ndani ya bara la [[Afrika]] mwenye asili ya [[Marekani]] kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Calvin . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.grmag.com/features/01-13/01-13.htm|title=Grand Rapids Magazine|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417204214/http://www.grmag.com/features/01-13/01-13.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> == Elimu == Adejoke alipata masomo yake ya chuo kweney Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo eneo la [[Ile-Ife]], Nigeria, akihitimu shahada za BSN na MSN mwaka wa 1991 na mwaka wa 1998 kwa mtiririko huwo. Alihamisha makazi a Marekani mwaka wa 2001 ili kupanua elimu yake,huku akijipatia elimu ya [[Uzamivu|Shahada ya Uzamivu (PhD)]] dani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan, mwaka wa 2007. Adejoke alishika nafasi ya Muuguzi Msomi wa Kitivo cha Robert Wood Johnson Foundation kwenye sekta ya Uuguzi ya Chuo cha Calvin (CCDON) eneo la Grand Rapids, Michigan. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Calvin College nursing professor wins $350,000 to educate low-income women about unplanned pregnancy|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2012/08/calvin_college_nursing_profess.html|publisher=Mlive Media|author=Brian McVicar|date=August 29, 2012|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/scholars/scholar-detail/adejoke-ayoola|title=Ayoola Adejoke|work=Nursefacultyscholars|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archivedate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417192522/http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/scholars/scholar-detail/adejoke-ayoola}}</ref> == Utafiti wa uuguzi == Kazi za Adejoke na wanawake wenza wenye uchumi wa chini waliotokea asili mbalimbali za kikabila kwenye eneo Grand Rapids zilichapishwa kwenye ''Jarida la Ukunga na Afya ya Wanawake'' kwenye tarehe Julai 2013. Jumla ya hayo alikuwa mwenye michango mengi kuloko wote kwenye mchakato wa utafiti uliochapishwa kwenye ''Jarida la Marekani la Obstetrics and Gynecology'' mwaka wa 2009 ukielezea uhusiano kati ya wakati wa utambuzi wa ujauzito na matokeo ya kuzaliwa, kama vile kuzaliwa kabla ya wakati, uzito mdogo wa kuzaliwa, kulazwa katika kitengo cha utunzaji mkubwa wa watoto wachanga, na vifo vya watoto wachanga. Utafiti wake unajikita juu ya kukuza afya ya uzazi ya wanawake na vijana kwa lengo kuu la kupunguza matokeo duni ya afya ya mama na mtoto. Utafiti wake juu ya vipengele vya maarifa ya afya ya uzazi na upangaji wa ujauzito juu ya jamii tatu za makazi, zenye kipato cha chini zenye makabila tofauti ulikuwa vitongoji vilivyoshirikiana na mpango wa CCDON. Kusudi la mradi huo lilikuwa kupunguza changamoto ya mimba isiyopangwa na kupanua utambuzi wa mapema wa ujauzito. Utafiti wake unaonyesha umuhimu wa utafiti wa uuguzi na umuhimu wa kizazi cha utafiti katika kudumisha utendaji mzuri wa uuguzi, haswa ndani ya mfumo wa huduma ya afya ya Marekani unaobadilika kila mara. Adejoke ni mwanachama wa Jumuiya ya Utafiti wa Wauguzi ya Midwest (MNRS) na Makamu wa Rais wa CCDON wa Jumuiya ya Kimataifa ya Heshima ya Wauguzi ya Sigma Theta Tau, Kappa Epsilon-at-Large. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Ayoola |first=Adejoke |date=8 April 2017 |title=Preconception Reproductive Knowledge Promotion (PREKNOP) |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01849900}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Top Professors and Administrators|url=http://www.cnaclasses.org/top-professors-and-administrators/nursing/|work=CNA|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archive-date=2015-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417203942/http://www.cnaclasses.org/top-professors-and-administrators/nursing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://congress.nursingsociety.org/documents/feede342.2014_congress_program.pdf|work=25th International Nursing Research Program|title=Congress Program|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archivedate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417191038/http://congress.nursingsociety.org/documents/feede342.2014_congress_program.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Ayoola |first=Adejoke B. |last2=Stommel |first2=Manfred |last3=Nettleman |first3=Mary D. |date=August 2009 |title=Adejoke Ayoola |url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2809%2900505-5/references |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=156.e1–156.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.011 |pmid=19646566 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> == Nafasi za kitaaluma na heshima == * Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Uuguzi cha Marekani (2020–sasa) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://grbj.com/news/health-care/calvin-nursing-professor-inducted-american-academy-of-nursing/|title=Calvin nursing professor inducted into American Academy of Nursing|author=Danielle Nelson|date=4 November 2020|work=Grand Rapids Business Journal|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref> * Profesa Msaidizi, Agosti 2007–sasa: Idara ya Uuguzi, Chuo cha Calvin, Grand Rapids * Msaidizi wa utafiti, Januari 2005–sasa: Idara ya Tiba, Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Michigan . * Mwalimu mkuu wa muuguzi, Novemba 2000–Agosti 2003: Shule ya Uuguzi ya Baada ya Msingi, Kituo cha Kitaifa cha Huduma ya Masikio, [[Lagos]], Nigeria. * Afisa wa Programu, Septemba 1999–Oktoba 2000: Action Health Incorporated, Lagos, Nigeria * Afisa wa programu, Juni 1998–Agosti 1999: Mradi wa Kukuza Afya ya Wanawake, [[Ile-Ife]], Nigeria * Mkufunzi wa muuguzi aliyehitimu, Aprili 1994–Juni 1998: Idara ya Uuguzi, Chuo Kikuu cha Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Jimbo la Osun, Nigeria * Mkufunzi wa mkunga, Mei 1993–Januari 1994: Shule ya Ukunga, Hospitali ya Kikatoliki ya Oluyoro, [[Ibadan]], Jimbo la Oyo, Nigeria. == Machapisho yaliyochaguliwa == * {{Cite conference|url=https://awhonn.confex.com/awhonn/2014/webprogram/Paper10524.html|title=Pregnancy Intention and Contraceptive Use Among Low Income Women, The Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses is|date=June 15, 2014|location=Orlando, Florida}} * {{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.awhonn.org/awhonn/content.do?name=07_PressRoom/7B7_Sept16_Contraception_JOGNN.htm|title=Contraception Practices Place Low-Income Women at Risk for Unintended Pregnancy and Infant and Maternal Death|date=September 16, 2014|work=The Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417191823/https://www.awhonn.org/awhonn/content.do?name=07_PressRoom%2F7B7_Sept16_Contraception_JOGNN.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2015}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Adejoke Ayoola |date=February 16, 2015 |title=Late Recognition of Unintended Pregnancies |journal=Public Health Nursing |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=462–470 |doi=10.1111/phn.12182 |pmid=25655426}} * {{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZaHPJ3NXAYC&q=Adejoke+Ayoola+nursing+United+States|title=Timing of Pregnancy Recognition as a Predictor of Prenatal Care Initiation and Birth Outcomes|last=Adejoke Bolanle Ayoola|last2=Michigan State University|publisher=Michigan State University. College of Nursing|year=2008|isbn=9780549617181}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Adejoke B. Ayoola |last2=Manfred Stommel |last3=Mary D. Nettleman |date=May 10, 2009 |title=Late recognition of pregnancy as a predictor of adverse birth outcomes (Presented at the National State of the Science Congress on Nursing Research, Washington, DC, Oct. 2-4, 2008 |url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(09)00505-5/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=201 |issue=2 |pages=156.e1–156.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.011 |pmid=19646566 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Adejoke Ayoola |year=2011 |title=Reducing the number of antenatal care visits in low-risk pregnancies increases perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries; women in all settings prefer the standard visit schedule |url=http://m.ebn.bmj.com/content/14/2/55.extract |journal=Evidence-Based Nursing |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.1136/ebn1136 |pmid=21421980 |s2cid=219236040 |url-access=subscription}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} * {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/scholars/facultylectures/Ayoola.html|title=Ayoola Adejoke|work=Office for Research and scholarship, Department of Nursing Calvin College|accessdate=2026-04-13|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045440/http://www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/scholars/facultylectures/Ayoola.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Rejea tovuti|url=https://calvin.edu/directory/people/adejoke-bolanle-ayoola|title=Adejoke Ayoola|work=Calvin University}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] owcrozm96gbmwjhrid1iip0bl92y13a 0 228606 1583072 1548049 2026-08-01T14:42:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alina Machejane Rantsolase''' ([[15 Machi]] [[1954]] – [[Novemba]] [[2010]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanaharakati]] wa vyama vya wafanyakazi wa [[Afrika Kusini]] aliyetoa mchango mkubwa katika harakati za wafanyakazi na siasa za kitaifa. Akiwa ndani ya Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), alihudumu kama mweka hazina kuanzia mwaka [[1999]] hadi [[2009]]. Baadaye aliacha nafasi hiyo ili kuwakilisha [[African National Congress]] (ANC) katika Bunge la Afrika Kusini, ambapo pia aliongoza mkutano wa wabunge wa ANC hadi alipofariki dunia mnamo Novemba [[2010]]. Rantsolase alianza safari yake ya uanaharakati mwaka [[1978]] alipoungana na Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union of South Africa (CCAWUSA, baadaye SACCAWU). Alifanya kazi ya kuimarisha muundo wa chama hicho katika ngazi ya chini, hasa katika tawi la kampuni ya rejareja ya Checkers huko [[Vereeniging]], [[Transvaal]]. Kutokana na juhudi zake, alipanda ngazi na kuwa mweka hazina wa kitaifa wa CCAWUSA, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka 2009. Mwaka huo huo, alichaguliwa kushika wadhifa wa juu zaidi wa kifedha katika COSATU, akionyesha imani kubwa aliyokuwa amepewa ndani ya harakati za wafanyakazi. == Maisha ya awali na harakati za muungano == Alina Machejane Rantsolase alizaliwa tarehe 15 Machi 1954 katika eneo la vijijini lililokuwa likijulikana kama Jimbo la [[Orange Free State]], Afrika Kusini ya zamani. Alikulia katika mazingira magumu ambapo mama yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa shambani, na elimu yake ilitatizwa mara kwa mara kutokana na hali ya kisiasa ya enzi ya ubaguzi wa rangi. Akiwa bado shuleni, alianza kujihusisha na harakati za kupinga ubaguzi huo kabla hata ya kukamilisha masomo yake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=7 November 2010|title=Alina Rantsolase: MP and former unionist with head for accounting|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-11-07-obituary-alina-rantsolase-mp-and-former-unionist-with--head-for--accounting/|access-date=2023-04-27|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Baada ya kuacha shule bila kumaliza, alianza kazi katika duka la Checkers huko Arcon Park, Vereeniging, eneo la Vaal Triangle katika Transvaal ya zamani. Mwaka [[1978]], aliajiriwa rasmi na Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union of South Africa (CCAWUSA), ambapo alianza safari yake ya muda mrefu katika uanaharakati wa vyama vya wafanyakazi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-30|title=Cosatu ups NEC demands|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-11-30-cosatu-ups-nec-demands/|access-date=2023-04-27|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Kwa muda wa awali, alikuwa mwakilishi pekee wa chama cha wafanyakazi katika sehemu yake ya kazi. Baadaye alikua msimamizi wa duka kwa njia isiyo rasmi na kisha rasmi, akiwawakilisha wafanyakazi katika mazungumzo na Checkers kuhusu utambuzi wa vyama vya wafanyakazi kuanzia mwaka [[1983]], pamoja na majadiliano ya mishahara kuanzia [[1985]]. Kuanzia mwaka [[1984]], alihusika pia katika majadiliano ya kitaifa kati ya Checkers na CCAWUSA katika ngazi ya juu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=Why must I work under a police state': COSATU's outspoken Alian Rantsolase |url=https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Why-must-I-work-under-a-police-state.-Cosatus-outspoken-Alina-Ranstolase-by-Kally-Forrest_0.pdf |journal=SA Labour Bulletin |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=58-60 |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806181341/https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Why-must-I-work-under-a-police-state.-Cosatus-outspoken-Alina-Ranstolase-by-Kally-Forrest_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwaka [[1987]] alichaguliwa kuwa mweka hazina wa kikanda wa CCAWUSA, na mwaka [[1993]] akawa mwenyekiti wa kikanda. Katika kipindi hicho hicho, chama kilipanuka na kujulikana kama South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union (SACCAWU). Baadaye mwaka 1993, aliteuliwa kuwa mweka hazina wa kitaifa wa SACCAWU, nafasi aliyoshikilia hadi mwaka [[1999]], akijijengea heshima kubwa ndani ya harakati za wafanyakazi nchini.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bio: Alina Rantsolase|url=https://mediadon.co.za/bio-alina-rantsolase/|access-date=2023-04-27|website=COSATU|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427204248/https://mediadon.co.za/bio-alina-rantsolase/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii: Wanasiasa wanawake Afrika Kusini]] dfbse3pz8l0frpl2z4dlerxnkg9qnxw 0 229073 1583076 1560728 2026-08-01T15:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amy Jadesimi''' (alizaliwa [[Nigeria]], [[1976]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] mwanamke wa [[Nigeria]] na [[Mkurugenzi|afisa mkuu mtendaji]] wa Kituo cha Usafirishaji cha Lagos Deep Offshore (LADOL), kituo cha usafirishaji na uhandisi kinachomilikiwa kibinafsi katika Bandari ya Lagos, Nigeria. <ref name="Bio">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Laura Secorun Palet|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752|title=Amy Jdesimi: A One-Woman Economic Engine|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=22 January 2015|publisher=The Daily Dose (Ozy.com)|archivedate=21 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223418/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Baba yake ni Chifu Oladipo Jadesimi, mwenyekiti mtendaji wa LADOL . <ref name="Bio2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Laura Secorun Palet|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752|title=Amy Jdesimi: A One-Woman Economic Engine|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=22 January 2015|publisher=The Daily Dose (Ozy.com)|archivedate=21 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223418/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752}}</ref> Mama yake, Alero Okotie-Eboh, alikuwa mtangazaji wa zamani ambaye alikua mama wa nyumbani wa muda wote. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Meet the Boss: Amy Jadesimi, managing director, LADOL (Nigeria)|publisher=How We Made It In Africa|date=22 October 2015|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/meet-the-boss-amy-jadesimi-managing-director-ladol-nigeria/52384/|accessdate=3 November 2017|first=Kate|author=Douglas|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724162456/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/meet-the-boss-amy-jadesimi-managing-director-ladol-nigeria/52384/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Babu yake mzazi, Chifu Festus Okotie-Eboh, alikuwa mwanasiasa ambaye alikua Waziri wa Fedha wa Nigeria . <ref name="3R">''Oladeinde, Yetunde (3 August 2014).'' "I always wanted to be a broadcaster"''. The Nation. Mushin, Lagos State, Nigeria. Retrieved 24 August 2018.''</ref> Jadesimi alisoma katika Shule ya Benenden nchini [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], <ref name="Bio3">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Laura Secorun Palet|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752|title=Amy Jdesimi: A One-Woman Economic Engine|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=22 January 2015|publisher=The Daily Dose (Ozy.com)|archivedate=21 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223418/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752}}</ref> kisha katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford]], ambapo alihitimu Shahada ya Kwanza katika [[Fiziolojia|Sayansi ya Fiziolojia]] na Shahada ya Kwanza katika Tiba mnamo 1999. Baadaye, alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Biashara (MBA) kutoka Shule ya Biashara ya Uzamili ya Stanford . <ref name="Data">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=15 September 2013|url=http://venturesafrica.com/amy-jadesimi-working-towards-transformation/|title=Towards Transformation: The Amy Jadesimi Story|author=Ventures Africa|publisher=Ventures Africa Magazine}}</ref> Jadesimi ni dada wa kambo wa Emma McQuiston, mwanamitindo ambaye sasa ni Marchioness wa Bath. <ref name="3R2">''Oladeinde, Yetunde (3 August 2014).'' "I always wanted to be a broadcaster"''. The Nation. Mushin, Lagos State, Nigeria. Retrieved 24 August 2018.''</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya masomo ya udaktari, aliajiriwa na Goldman Sachs . Jadesimi alianza kazi katika kitengo cha Benki ya Uwekezaji cha kampuni hiyo, kilichokuwa katika ofisi zao jijini [[London]], akizingatia muunganiko, ununuzi na fedha za makampuni. Alifanya kazi huko kwa miaka mitatu. <ref name="Data2">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=15 September 2013|url=http://venturesafrica.com/amy-jadesimi-working-towards-transformation/|title=Towards Transformation: The Amy Jadesimi Story|author=Ventures Africa|publisher=Ventures Africa Magazine}}</ref> Ingawa Jadesimi anajulikana zaidi kama mfanyabiashara, hakuwahi kukusudia kuacha uwanja wa udaktari na kufuata kazi nyingine. Alipewa kazi na Goldman Sachs alipokuwa akifanya kazi na kampuni huko Oxford. Baada ya kufanya kazi huko kwa miaka mitatu, hakurudi hospitalini au kazi yake ya awali na badala yake aliendelea kufuatilia MBA huko Stanford. <ref name="5R">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://sinmisolany.com/2016/08/16/amy-jadesimi/|title=Amy Jadesimi, Managing Director of the Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base (LADOL)|accessdate=24 August 2018|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Sinmisolany.com|author=Sinmisola Nojimu-Yusuf|archive-date=2018-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813072402/https://sinmisolany.com/2016/08/16/amy-jadesimi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya kuhitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford, alifanya kazi kwa mwaka mmoja katika [https://brait.investoreports.com/about-us/ Brait SE] {{Wayback|url=https://brait.investoreports.com/about-us/ |date=20260124123728 }} huko [[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]], ambapo alifanya kazi katika kitengo cha usawa wa kibinafsi, kama mtendaji wa miamala. Mnamo 2004, alihamia nchi yake na kujiunga na LADOL, kampuni ya usafirishaji ambayo baba yake alianzisha mnamo 2001. Baada ya muda, alipanda cheo na mnamo 2009, aliteuliwa na bodi kama Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji wa biashara hiyo. <ref name="Data3">{{Rejea tovuti|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=15 September 2013|url=http://venturesafrica.com/amy-jadesimi-working-towards-transformation/|title=Towards Transformation: The Amy Jadesimi Story|author=Ventures Africa|publisher=Ventures Africa Magazine}}</ref> Kupitia LADOL, Jadesimi alijiunga na shirika la Venture Strategies for Health and Development (VSHD) ambapo anafanya kazi na madaktari wengine wa Nigeria na wakunga wa uzazi ili kupunguza kiwango cha juu cha vifo vya akina mama nchini Nigeria. Baada ya kushughulikia visa vingi, Jadesimi na wataalamu wengine waligundua kuwa dawa zinazotumika kusaidia kupunguza vifo vya akina mama zilikuwa ghali; kwa hivyo, wanawake wengi wajawazito hawakuweza kumudu. VSHD ilikuja na dawa ambayo ilikuwa inafaa kwa kupunguza vifo vya akina mama na ilikuwa bora zaidi kwa soko. Chini ya usimamizi wa Jadesimi, shirika hilo lilishirikiana na kampuni inayoongoza ya dawa nchini Nigeria, Emzor Pharmaceuticals, kusambaza dawa hizo kupitia Nigeria. <ref name="6R">{{Rejea tovuti|title=People: Amy Jadesimi|author=Oreoluwa Atobatele|url=https://the234project.com/people/nigeria/amy-jadesimi/|publisher=The234Project.Com|accessdate=24 August 2018|date=24 August 2018|archive-date=2018-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823205023/http://the234project.com/people/nigeria/amy-jadesimi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zaidi ya LADOL, yuko katika bodi ya ushauri ya kimataifa ya Prince's Trust International, kamishna mwanzilishi wa Biashara na Maendeleo Endelevu na Tume na mchangiaji wa Forbes. <ref name="7R">{{Rejea tovuti|publisher=Philanthropreneurshipforum.com|url=https://www.philanthropreneurshipforum.com/speaker/dr-amy-jadesimi/|title=Biography of Dr. Amy Jadesimi, Managing Director and CEO, LADOL|date=2016|accessdate=24 August 2018|author=Philanthropreneurshipforum.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430120326/https://www.philanthropreneurshipforum.com/speaker/dr-amy-jadesimi/|archivedate=30 April 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] cwlfao8d53zkkuhfo45sfzdoy43ksu2 0 229696 1583070 1508139 2026-08-01T13:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ningamai Akubai Nnam''' ni mwimbaji na mjasiriamali kutoka [[Kamerun]]. Ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa shirika la Impact Makers for Humanity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akubai – Artiste Cameroun, Biographie & Lyrics de {{!}} Kamer Lyrics |url=https://kamerlyrics.net/artist/akubai-1083 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=kamerlyrics.net}}</ref> Akubai anajulikana zaidi kwa wimbo wake wa mwaka 2020 uitwao ''Yahweh''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AkuBai le nouveau nom de l’afroGospel au Cameroun: Découvrez son titre " Triompher " |url=https://voila-moi.com/akubai-le-nouveau-nom-de-lafrogospel-au-cameroun-decouvrez-son-titre-triompher/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106152852/https://www.voila-moi.com/akubai-le-nouveau-nom-de-lafrogospel-au-cameroun-decouvrez-son-titre-triompher/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |website=voila-moi.com}}</ref> Alikuwa raia wa kwanza wa Kameruni kushinda tuzo katika kipengele cha Media Choice Award kwenye tuzo za Gospel Touch Music Awards mwaka 2020 zilizofanyika London, Uingereza.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2020-11-27 |title=L’étoile montante du Gospel, AkuBai revient avec Triompher |url=https://www.culturebene.com/64141-letoile-montante-du-gospel-akubai-revient-avec-triompher.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Culturebene |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === AkuBai alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Wum]] uliopo katika Kanda ya Kaskazini-Magharibi nchini Kameruni.<ref name=":2" /> === Kazi === AkuBai alianza rasmi kazi yake ya muziki mwaka 2019.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=AkuBai |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/127963 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Music in Africa |language=en}}</ref> Hutayarisha kazi zake za muziki chini ya lebo ya Niki Heat Entertainment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Akubaï {{!}} Douala Media Buzz |url=https://doualamediabuzz.com/?s=Akuba%C3%AF |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220110647/https://doualamediabuzz.com/?s=Akuba%C3%AF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amejishughulisha na uimbaji wa nyimbo za sifa (gospel) tangu mwaka 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-18 |title=La chanteuse Akubai lance sa carrière avec son single ‘’Yahweh’’ |url=https://www.100pour100culture.com/musique/chanteuse-akubai-lance-carriere-single-yahweh/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=100pour100culture |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Nyimbo zake huimbwa kwa lugha ya Kifaransa, Kiingereza na lugha kadhaa za asili kama vile Pidgin, Ewondo, Bassa, Mankon, Weh na Bamileke languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Akubai nous révèle où se trouve le bonheur dont nous avons besoin. |url=https://visartculture.com/musique/akubai-nous-revele-ou-se-trouve-le-bonheur-dont-nous-avons-besoin/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Accueil |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220105146/https://visartculture.com/musique/akubai-nous-revele-ou-se-trouve-le-bonheur-dont-nous-avons-besoin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pia ni mwanzilishi wa shirika la Impact Makers for Humanity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> == Diskografia == === Albamu === * ''The Genesis: Live EP'' (2020) === Nyimbo zilizochaguliwa === * ''Great God'' (2019) * ''Yahweh'' (2020) * ''Triompher'' (2020) * ''Tchapeusi (Le jour du jugement)'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akubai – Tchapeusi (Le jour du jugement) Lyrics {{!}} Kamerlyrics |url=https://kamerlyrics.net/lyric-3140-akubai-tchapeusi-le-jour-du-jugement |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=kamerlyrics.net}}</ref> * ''Dieu te Voit'' (2021) * ''More of You'' (2022) == Tuzo na uteuzi == === Gospel Touch Music Awards 2020 === * Mshindi: Media Choice Award (2020)<ref name=":1" /> === Uteuzi mwingine === * Muzikol Music Awards (2020) – Uteuzi * Green Light Awards (2020) – Uteuzi * Transgenerational Forces Impact Awards (2020) – Uteuzi * ''Canal 2'or'' Awards Act 13 (2021) – Uteuzi * Balafon Music Awards (2021) – Uteuzi<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Balafon music awards nominés|url=https://www.boomplay.com/playlists/36388738?from=home|website=boomplay.com}}</ref> * Muzikol Music Awards (2021) – Uteuzi * Cameroon Music Evolution Awards (2021) – Uteuzi == Tazama pia == * List of Cameroonians * List of African musicians == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kamerun]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Kamerun]] e6otzphcg7mpnhd701nfmnd3vvjym1u 0 241296 1583100 1580064 2026-08-01T22:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BL_Or_485_f._102r.png|thumb|Mwanzo wa kitabu katika toleo la [[Kige'ez]] la [[karne ya 16]].]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[kitabu]] cha kale kilichoandikwa kwa [[mtindo wa kiapokalipti]]. Ingawa [[sentensi]] yake moja imenakiliwa katika [[Waraka wa Yuda]] (14-15), kitabu kizima [[Kanuni ya Biblia|hakikukubaliwa]] kama [[Neno la Mungu]] isipokuwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Ethiopia]] na wa [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea]]. Kiliandikwa kwa [[Kiaramu]] au kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]]<ref>Fahlbusch, E.; Bromiley, G.W. ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity: P–Sh'' page 411, {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}} (2004)</ref>, ingawa kilijidai kutungwa na [[Henoko]]<ref name="Barker Lost Prophet">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1998]. ''The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity''. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. {{ISBN|978-1-905048-18-2}}</ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] * [[Apokrifa]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|25em|small=yes}} * {{cite book |first=Margaret |last=Barker |chapter=The Book of Enoch |title=The Older Testament: The survival of themes from the ancient royal cult in sectarian Judaism and early Christianity |orig-year=1987 |publisher=Sheffield Phoenix Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-905048-19-9}} * {{cite book |first=Gabriele |last=Boccaccini |title=Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondessenehypo0000bocc |place=Grand Rapids |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1998 |isbn=0-8028-4360-3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=Sebastian P. |author-link=Sebastian P. Brock |year=1968 |title=A fragment of Enoch in Syriac |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_1968-10_19_2/page/626 |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1093/jts/XIX.2.626 |jstor=23958598}} * {{cite book |first=John J. |last=Collins |title=The Apocalyptic Imagination |url=https://archive.org/details/apocalypticimagi0000coll_f4q8 |edition=2nd |place=Grand Rapids |publisher=Eermans |year=1998 |isbn=0-8028-4371-9}} * {{cite book |first=A. |last=Dillmann |author-link=August Dillmann |year=1853 |title=Das Buch Henoch |language=de |trans-title=The Book of Enoch |place=Leipzig, DE |publisher=Vogel }} * {{cite book |first=Philip F. |last=Esler |year=2017 |title=God's Court and Courtiers in the Book of the Watchers: Re-interpreting heaven in {{nobr|1 Enoch 1-36}} |place=Eugene, OR |publisher=Cascade |isbn=978-1-62564-908-9}} * {{cite book |first=Florentino |last=Garcia-Martinez |year=1992 |title=Qumran & Apocalyptic: Studies on the Aramaic texts from Qumran |place=Leiden, NL |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-09586-1}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Milik |editor-first1=Josef T. |title=The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4 |others=With the collaboration of Matthew Black |date=1976 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-826161-2 |url=https://archive.org/download/MILIKEnochInAramaicQumranCave4/MILIK_Enoch-in-Aramaic-Qumran-Cave-4.pdf |language=en}} * {{cite book |first=Annette Yoshiko |last=Reed |title=Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The reception of Enochic literature |url=https://archive.org/details/fallenangelshist0000reed |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-85378-8}} {{refend}} ==Marejeo mengine== {{refbegin|25em|small=yes}} * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Enoch, Book of |volume=9 |pages=650–652 |first=Robert Henry |last=Charles |ref=none}} * {{cite book |editor1-first=Gabriele |editor1-last=Boccaccini |editor2-first=John J. |editor2-last=Collins |title=The Early Enoch Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyenochlitera0000unse |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-16154-2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Dugan |first=Elena |year=2023 |title=The Apocalypse of the Birds: 1&nbsp;Enoch and the Jewish revolt against Rome |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-3995-0865-0 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first1=Florentino |last1=Garcia-Martinez |last2=Tigchelaar |year=1999 |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition |publisher=Brill |url=http://www.filbluz.ca/resources/_The.Dead.Sea.Scrolls.Study.Edition_Martinez-Tigchelaar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615144741/http://www.filbluz.ca/resources/_The.Dead.Sea.Scrolls.Study.Edition_Martinez-Tigchelaar.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-15 |df=dmy-all |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first=Helge S. |last=Kvanvig |title=Roots of Apocalyptic: The Mesopotamian background of the Enoch figure and of the Son of Man |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofapocalypt0061kvan |place=Neukirchen-Vluyn |publisher=Neukirchener |year=1988 |isbn=3-7887-1248-1 |ref=none}} * {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=The Book of Henoch (Ethiopic) |volume= |ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last=Hernández Valencia |first=Juan S. |title=Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study |journal=Perseitas |volume=12 |date=2024 |pages=34–71 |doi=10.21501/23461780.4671 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |first=Andrei A. |last=Orlov |title=The Enoch-Metatron Tradition |place=Tuebingen |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2005 |isbn=3-16-148544-0 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first1=Paolo |last1=Sacchi |first2=William J. |last2=Short |year=1996 |title=Jewish Apocalyptic and its History |place=Sheffield, UK |publisher=Academic |isbn=1-85075-585-X |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first=D. A. De |last=Sola |year=1852 |title=[[iarchive:significationofp00sola|Signification of the Proper Names occurring in the Book of Enoch: from the Hebrew and Chaldee languages]] |place=London |publisher=Isaac Frost |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first=James C. |last=Van der Kam |title=Enoch and the Growth of an Apocalyptic Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/enochgrowthofapo0000vand |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Catholic Biblical Association of America |year=1984 |isbn=0-915170-15-9 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |first=James C. |last=Van der Kam |title=Enoch: A man for all generations |url=https://archive.org/details/enochmanforallge0000vand |place=Columbia |publisher=University of South Carolina |year=1995 |isbn=1-57003-060-X |ref=none}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Wikisource|1 Enoch|Book of Enoch|has=an incomplete translation of|nocat=yes}} * [http://www.marquette.edu/maqom/ Jewish Roots of Eastern Christian Mysticism: An interdisciplinary seminar at Marquette University] * [http://www.tau.ac.il/~hacohen/Henoch/Henoch%201.html Ethiopic text online] (all 108 chapters) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006021949/http://enoksbok.se/ Book of Enoch Interlinear] (''Including three English and two Swedish translations'') * [http://www.biblicalaudio.com/enoch.htm Book of Enoch New 2012 Translation with Audio Drama] * August Dillmann (1893). ''The Book of Enoch'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160811142032/http://www.filbluz.ca/resources/1Enoch_Dillmann.pdf 1Enoch]) translated from Geez, መጽሐፈ ፡ ሄኖክ ።. * [https://www.patrologia-lib.ru/apocryph/vetus/index.htm Apocryphi testamenti veteris] {{Wayback|url=https://www.patrologia-lib.ru/apocryph/vetus/index.htm |date=20260301095815 }}, access to the Ethiopic Greek, a Latin translation * [https://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM BOOK OF ENOCH From-The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament R.H. Charles Oxford: The Clarendon Press] {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:maandiko ya kiapokalipti]] [[jamii:Apokrifa]] rduvbz722y7pkjg95l2s28hu6vzyvx7 0 241687 1583096 1577625 2026-08-01T21:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Sanaga.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Mto Sanaga baada ya kupita mtambo wa kufua umeme wa Edéa]] '''Mto Sanaga''' (zamani ulijulikana kwa [[Kijerumani]] kama ''Zannaga'') ni [[mto]] mkubwa zaidi nchini [[Kamerun]]. Mto huu unapita katika mikoa ya Mashariki, Kati, na Pwani ya nchi hiyo. Urefu wa mto huu ni takribani [[kilomita]] 603 kutoka pale unapoanzia kwenye muungano wa mito ya Djérem na Lom, lakini mfumo mzima wa mtandao wa Mto Sanaga-Djérem una urefu wa jumla ya kilomita 1,067.5, ambapo Mto Djérem ndio chanzo kirefu zaidi chenye urefu wa kilomita 464.5. == Ukubwa wa mto == Mto Sanaga unaanza katika Nyanda za Juu za Adamawa.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl4nd5K52FIC&pg=PA11 |title=Status of Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Thirteen Medium-sized African Reservoirs |last=Knaap |first=M. van der |date=1994 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org |isbn=9789251035818 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> Mto huu unaundwa rasmi na muungano wa Mto Djérem wenye urefu wa kilomita 464.5 na Mto Lom wenye urefu wa kilomita 424.2 upande wa kaskazini wa Mkoa wa Mashariki.<ref name="FluCAM">[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/Mon_hydr/25393.pdf PDF about the Hydrology of Cameroon (french)]</ref> Mbali na mito hiyo miwili inayounda chanzo chake, tawari kubwa zaidi linalomwaga maji yake kwenye Sanaga ni Mto Mbam wenye urefu wa kilomita 548.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra8Wpm1QoMoC&pg=PA148|title=Landscape Evolution, Neotectonics and Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Cameroon: Palaeoecology of Africa Vol. 31, An International Yearbook of Landscape Evolution and Palaeoenvironments|last=Runge|first=Jürgen|date=2012-05-30|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780415677356|pages=148|language=en}}</ref> Mto huu unapatikana katikati ya Kamerun, ambapo baada ya kuundwa kaskazini-magharibi mwa mji wa Bertoua, unatiririka kwa umbali wa maili 325 (kilomita 525) kuelekea kusini-magharibi ukipita kwenye eneo la hifadhi la nyanda za juu kuelekea mji wa Nanga-Eboko. Mwishowe, mto huu unapanuka na kutengeneza mlango mkubwa wa mto (estuary) unaogawanya pwani ya Kamerun ya Bahari ya Atlantiki, umbali wa maili 30 (kilomita 48) kusini mwa jiji la Douala. == Hali ya hewa na mazingira == Mto Sanaga unaweka mpaka wa kiasili kati ya kanda mbili muhimu za ikolojia za misitu ya kitropiki. Upande wa kaskazini kati ya Mto Sanaga na Mto Cross uliopo nchini Nigeria kuna ukanda wa misitu ya pwani ya Cross-Sanaga-Bioko, wakati upande wa kusini mwa mto huo kuelekea kusini-magharibi mwa Kamerun, Guinea ya Ikweta, Gabon, Jamhuri ya Kongo, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo kukiwa na ukanda wa misitu ya pwani ya Atlantiki ya Ikweta. == Mabwawa na uzalishaji wa nishati == Kutokana na nguvu ya mtiririko wa maji yake, kuna mabwawa makuu mawili ya kufua umeme yaliyojengwa kwenye Mto Sanaga kwa ajili ya kuzalisha nishati nchini Kamerun: * Bwawa la Song Loulou: Ambalo lina uwezo wa kuzalisha [[megawati]] 384 za umeme na uwezo wa kuhifadhi mita za ujazo milioni 10. * Bwawa la Edea: Ambalo lina uwezo wa kuzalisha megawati 264 za umeme. == Athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi == Chanzo kikuu cha mabadiliko katika ujazo na utiririko wa maji ya mto huu ni mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Mabadiliko yanayotokea katika utiririko wa maji kwa ujumla yanatokana na mwingiliano kati ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi, ingawa sifa za kimaumbile za bonde la mto (kama vile ukubwa, mteremko, na aina ya udongo) nazo huchia mto kuwa mwepesi zaidi kuathiriwa na sababu hizi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Impact of rainfall variability and land-use changes on river discharge in Sanaga catchment (forest–savannah transition zone in Central Africa) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S199895632600039X}}</ref> Katika mji wa Edéa, reli ya Camrail imejenga daraja kubwa linalovuka mto huu kwa ajili ya usafirishaji wa mizigo na abiria. == Bioanuwai na ikolojia == Mto Sanaga unasaidia uwepo wa moja ya mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji baridi yenye utajiri mkubwa zaidi katika Afrika ya Kati, na una aina nyingi za samaki wa asili ambao wanapatikana tu ndani ya bonde la Sanaga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lévêque |first=C. |title=The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of West Africa |publisher=IRD Editions |year=1992}}</ref> Mto huu pia unatoa makazi kwa viumbe wa majini kama kete (molluscs), mimea ya majini, na aina mbalimbali za ndege wanaohama wanaotegemea ardhi linganifu zenye unyevunyevu.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stiassny |first=M. L. J. |year=2007 |title=Freshwater biodiversity in Africa |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics}}</ref> Ujenzi wa miundombinu ya kufua umeme kama mabwawa ya Edéa, Song Loulou, Lom Pangar, na Nachtigal umebadilisha baadhi ya sehemu za mto huu. Miradi hii inachangia kwa kiasi kikubwa uzalishaji wa umeme nchini Kamerun, lakini pia imeleta changamoto kwa uhamaji wa samaki, usafirishaji wa mchanga na matope, na muunganiko wa kiikolojia wa mto.<ref>{{cite report |title=Lom Pangar Hydroelectric Project |year=2012 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Nachtigal Hydropower Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment |year=2018 |publisher=International Finance Corporation}}</ref> Jitihada za uhifadhi kwa sasa zinalenga kusawazisha uzalishaji wa umeme na usimamizi endelevu wa mazingira pamoja na ulindaji wa bioanuwai ya majini katika bonde lote la Sanaga.<ref>{{cite report |title=Integrated Water Resources Management in Cameroon |year=2020 |publisher=Global Water Partnership}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Winemiller |first=K. O. |year=2016 |title=Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in tropical rivers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2016-01-08_351_6269/page/128 |journal=Science |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=128–129 |doi=10.1126/science.aac7082}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Kamerun]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5s2vej52yylzv279eoe507gf4ig67gt 0 241839 1583180 1578370 2026-08-02T10:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Innocent Cosmas Msoka.jpg|thumb|Innocent Cosmas Msoka]]'''Innocent Cosmas Msoka''' ni kijana kiongozi M[[Tanzania]] anayejihusisha na masuala ya mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], mifumo ya [[chakula]], [[uandishi]] wa habari za mazingira, utunzaji wa mazingira, na uwezeshaji wa vijana. Anatambulika kwa kazi zake za utetezi wa haki za jamii asilia, uandishi wa habari, uzalishaji wa [[filamu]], na ujasiriamali wa kijamii nchini Tanzania na kimataifa. == Maisha binafsi == Msoka ni raia wa Tanzania, mzaliwa na mkazi wa jiji la Arusha. Ni Mmasai wa mjini (Urban Maasai), jambo linalomjenga kimtazamo katika uelewa wake wa uhusiano kati ya ardhi, mifumo ya ikolojia, na maisha ya jamii. Anazungumza Kiswahili (lugha yake ya asili), Kiingereza (kitaaluma), na Kimasai (kwa kiwango cha mazungumzo). == Taaluma na kazi == Msoka anajihusisha na nyanja mbalimbali zikiwemo haki za tabianchi, utawala wa mazingira, usimulizi wa hadithi za jamii asilia, utetezi wa sera za mifumo ya chakula na lishe, uhifadhi na utalii endelevu, uongozi wa vijana, na ubunifu wa kidijitali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The River That Feeds Us And How We’re Failing It|url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a9efc3629fb54c65a83169b6fe304ae3|work=ArcGIS StoryMaps|date=2025-09-13|accessdate=2026-07-04|language=sw|author=Innocent Cosmas Msoka}}</ref> Miongoni mwa nafasi alizowahi kushika au anazoshikilia ni: * Mshiriki (Fellow) wa Dialogue Earth katika mpango wa Indigenous Voices, akiripoti masuala ya mazingira na jamii asilia katika Afrika Mashariki. * Fellow wa Sera za Mifumo ya Kilimo na Chakula chini ya FANRPAN (YEFFA). * Kiongozi wa Sera (Policy Lead) katika Baraza la Ushauri la Mifumo ya Chakula la Arusha (AFSAC), chini ya GAIN Tanzania. * Mwanzilishi mwenza wa Green Panther Africa Safaris, mradi wa utalii wa kiikolojia unaolenga uhifadhi. Alifanya kazi kama Kiongozi wa Mawasiliano na Maudhui katika Muungano wa Vijana wa Tanzania kwa Mifumo ya Chakula (Vijana4Food), ambapo alisaidia kuimarisha ushiriki wa vijana katika mikoa saba ya Tanzania. Kupitia GAIN Tanzania, alichangia mafunzo ya vijana 92 kuhusu utawala wa mifumo ya chakula, utetezi wa sera, na uongozi. Mwaka 2025, aliwasilisha na kuongoza somo maalum (masterclass) kuhusu Utawala na Uongozi katika Mifumo ya Chakula katika Jukwaa la Mifumo ya Chakula Barani Afrika (AFSF) mjini Dakar, Senegal, na pia aliwezesha mafunzo ya Kozi Fupi ya UMOJA katika UWC East Africa jijini Moshi, akifundisha uanaharakati wa kidijitali na usimulizi wa hadithi kwa kutumia Canva na CapCut. Kupitia ufadhili wa National Geographic Society na The Nature Conservancy, alifanya utafiti na kutengeneza ramani-simulizi ya ArcGIS (StoryMap) kuhusu vitisho vinavyokabili Mto Themi na umuhimu wa kulinda mifumo ya maji baridi inayotegemewa na jamii na uzalishaji wa chakula. Katika Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi (COP30) uliofanyika [[Belém]], [[Brazil|Brazili]], aliandika na kusambaza sauti za jamii asilia na jamii zisizowakilishwa vya kutosha kutoka Tanzania, akitumia uzoefu wake wa ushirikiano na jamii ya Wahadzabe kutetea maamuzi jumuishi zaidi kuhusu tabianchi. Baada ya ushiriki wake katika AFSF 2025, alishiriki kuanzisha Baraza la Ushauri la Mifumo ya Chakula la Arusha (AFSAC), jukwaa la utawala linaloongozwa na vijana linalolenga kuimarisha ushiriki wa vijana katika sera za mifumo ya chakula katika ngazi ya jiji na taifa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Innocent Msoka|url=https://vijana4food.or.tz/meet-gain-youth-leaders/arusha/innocent-msoka/|work=Tanzania Youth Alliance for Food Systems|accessdate=2026-07-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704142206/https://vijana4food.or.tz/meet-gain-youth-leaders/arusha/innocent-msoka/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ujasiriamali == Msoka ni mwanzilishi wa Shellgro Solutions, mradi wa kibunifu unaobadilisha maganda ya mayai yanayotupwa kuwa mbolea rafiki wa mazingira zenye kalisiamu (kwa majina ya bidhaa CrystalCal na CalBoost), unaosaidia kuboresha afya ya udongo kwa wakulima wadogo na kupunguza utegemezi wao kwa pembejeo za kununua.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=ShellGro Solutions Tanzania|url=https://www.fao.org/platforms/green-agriculture/knowledge/green-practices-repository/detail/shellgro-solutions-tanzania/en|work=GreenAgriculture|accessdate=2026-07-04|language=en}}</ref> Pia ni mwanzilishi mwenza wa Green Panther Africa S afaris, mradi wa utalii wa kiikolojia unaolenga uhifadhi na kuwapa vijana fursa za kushiriki katika uchumi wa kijani kama waelekezi na wasimulizi wa hadithi za jamii. == Ushiriki wa kimataifa == Msoka ameshiriki katika majukwaa mbalimbali ya kitaifa, kikanda, na kimataifa, ikiwemo: * LCOY Tanzania, ambapo alichangia mijadala kuhusu Michango Iliyoainishwa Kitaifa (NDCs) ya Tanzania, hasa kuhusu kilimo na uwezo wa kustahimili wa wakulima wadogo. * Jukwaa la Mifumo ya Chakula Barani Afrika (African Food Systems Forum) 2025 mjini Dakar, Senegal.<ref>[https://static.nation.co.ke/pdfs/FANRPAN-Agrifood-feature.pdf FANRPAN-Agrifood-feature.pdf]</ref> * Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi (COP30) uliofanyika Belém, Brazili, mwaka 2025, chini ya mfumo wa UNFCCC. == Tuzo na utambuzi == * Fellow wa Young African Leaders Initiative Regional Leadership Center East Africa (YALI RLC East Africa), Kundi la 59, mkondo wa Biashara na Ujasiriamali. * Tanzania Emerging Youth Awards (TEYA) — Shujaa wa Vijana katika Uhifadhi wa Mazingira, 2024.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dalzstudios|title=TANZANIA EMERGING YOUTH AWARDS 2024|date=2024-11-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r12yb71DZuY|access-date=2026-07-04}}</ref> * GAIN Food Systems Youth Leaders Award, 2025. * Mfadhili wa Seed Fund ya National Geographic Society na The Nature Conservancy kwa mradi wake wa filamu ya kidokumentari kuhusu tabianchi. * Mshiriki wa mradi wa upigaji picha "Climate Through Young Eyes" ulioungwa mkono na Pulitzer Center, pamoja na AFRISOS na Greenmanjaro Foundation, 2025.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DJ3_JYMNyjf/?img_index=1|work=www.instagram.com|accessdate=2026-07-04}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} t4v9cixbrvm3m9mdxutz15y7u0ga8i7 2 242220 1583170 1583049 2026-08-02T09:52:17Z Amanich7 44301 Maandishi yaliyokuwepo yalichukuliwa nafasi na ' <br> == Katika utamaduni ==' 1583170 wikitext text/x-wiki <br> == Katika utamaduni == 5irbexgpaeyfgc5sm1fprjiabajnocr 0 242424 1583074 1580826 2026-08-01T14:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person|jina=Alyne Dumas Lee|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa=Machi 22, 1903|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa=Knoxville, Tennessee|tarehe ya kufa=Machi30, 1970 (Miaka 67)|kazi_yake=muimbaji wa soprano solo|picha=Portrait of Alyne Dumas Lee LCCN2004663195.jpg}} '''Alyne Dumas Lee''' (Machi 22, 1903 – Machi 30, 1970) alikuwa mwimbaji wa pekee (soloist) wa [[Marekani]] mwenye sauti ya ''lyric soprano''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alyne Dumas Lee (1903-1970)|url=https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/lee-alyne-dumas-1903-1970/|work=BlackPast.org|date=2018-11-07|accessdate=2026-07-20|language=en-US|author=Benjamin Baker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alyne Dumas Lee|url=http://www.iamaonline.com/Bio/Alyne_Dumas_Lee.htm|work=www.iamaonline.com|accessdate=2026-07-20|archive-date=2025-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117220423/http://www.iamaonline.com/Bio/Alyne_Dumas_Lee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Lee alizaliwa mjini Knoxville, Tennessee, tarehe 22 Machi 1903. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Oakwood Junior na Taasisi ya Sanaa za [[Muziki]] ya Detroit. Miongoni mwa maonyesho yake muhimu ni onesho lake la kwanza mwaka 1948 katika Ukumbi wa Mihadhara wa Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Detroit, pamoja na onesho la mwaka 1952 katika Ukumbi wa Town Hall, jijini [[New York]]. Kuanzia mwaka 1966 hadi 1970, alikuwa msanii mkazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oakwood. Alikuwa ameolewa na John Frank Lee na alikuwa mshiriki hai wa [[Kanisa]] la Waadventista Wasabato. Lee alifariki tarehe 30 Machi 1970. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1903]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1970]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 2q00r2j31ggheiadvvummfh079n2ofp 0 242565 1583068 1581250 2026-08-01T13:46:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1583068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kathryn Althea “Katie” Boyd''' ([[1897]]–[[1965]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyejulikana kwa kuigiza katika filamu kadhaa za waigizaji Weusi. Miongoni mwa filamu alizoshiriki ni ''The Flying Ace'' ya mwaka [[1926]], ambayo ni mojawapo ya filamu chache za aina hiyo zilizohifadhiwa hadi leo.<ref name="unionrev">{{cite web|title=A Glimpse at the Women of RHB|url=https://www.unionreview.org/articles/a-glimpse-at-the-women-of-rhb/|date=March 21, 2020|publisher=The Union Review}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1897]] [[Jamii: Waliofariki 1965]] [[Jamii: Waigizaji wa Marekani]] acs2gde5lq11spzk47sv9n001s3cj9f 0 242702 1583094 1582126 2026-08-01T21:38:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1583094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siwa''' (au '''Suwa''') (kwa Kigaritinya: ሰዋ, iliyoandikwa kwa herufi za Kilatini kama säwa; kwa Kiamhari: ጠላ) ni aina ya bia ya jadi inayotoka nchini Eritrea na [[Ethiopia]]. Kwa kawaida, siwa hutengenezwa nyumbani kwa kutumia mbinu za kienyeji, na bado ni kinywaji kinachopendwa na watu wa maeneo hayo wakati wa matukio ya kijamii, baada ya kufanya kazi za mikono, na pia hutumika kama motisha au zawadi kwa wakulima na wafanyakazi. Maelfu ya nyumba za kutengeneza na kuuza bia ya jadi zinazojulikana kama Enda Siwa zimeenea katika maeneo ya mijini na vijijini ya Tigray, zikifanya sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni na maisha ya kijamii ya jamii hiyo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fetien Abay |author1-link=Fetien Abay |last2=Waters-Bayer |first2=A. |last3=Bjørnstad |first3=Å. |date=2008 |title=Farmers' seed management and innovation in varietal selection: implications for barley breeding in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/ambio_2008-06_37_4/page/312 |journal=Ambio |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=312–321 |doi=10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[312:FSMAII]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=18686512 |s2cid=19271989}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ayimut Kiros-Meles |last2=Abang |first2=M. |date=2008 |title=Farmers' knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the Regional State of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: implications for farmer–researcher collaboration in disease management |journal=Agriculture and Human Values |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=433–452 |doi=10.1007/s10460-007-9109-6 |s2cid=153946918}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yemane Tsehaye |last2=Bjørnstad |first2=Å. |last3=Fetien Abay |author3-link=Fetien Abay |date=2012 |title=Phenotypic and genotypic variation in flowering time in Ethiopian barleys |journal=Euphytica |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=309–323 |doi=10.1007/s10681-012-0764-3 |s2cid=15197109}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Pombe za Asili]] [[Jamii:Jadi]] 0idmfu2utvy7r6cmgweoyi2oqtsyezm 0 242851 1583079 1581783 2026-08-01T15:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angeline Tetteh-Wayoe''' ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[redio]] wa [[Kanada]], kufikia [[Oktoba]] [[2016]] alikuwa ni mtangazaji kwenye mtandao wa CBC Music. <ref>"Emmy winner joins CBC's fifth estate". ''[[Toronto Star]]'', September 23, 2016.</ref>Tetteh-Wayoe alikuwa mtangazaji wa [[Tuzo]] za Juno za 2021. <ref>David Friend, [https://www.timescolonist.com/the-weeknd-leads-winners-at-historic-pre-telecast-junos-with-three-awards-1.24327139 "The Weeknd leads winners at historic pre-telecast Junos with three awards"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/the-weeknd-leads-winners-at-historic-pre-telecast-junos-with-three-awards-1.24327139 |date=20210627220402 }}. ''[[Victoria Times-Colonist]]'', June 4, 2021.</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watangazaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] s9h61z3pw6pecdag271i060ozle5unm 0 242890 1583067 1582034 2026-08-01T13:42:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Bot: fixed references and maintenance 1583067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Zimba''''' lilikuwa neno lililotumiwa katika mapisi ya Kireno ya karne ya 16 kuashiria vikundi vya Kiafrika vya kijeshi, na pia linapatikana katika baadhi ya hadithi za mapokezi za Ki-Zambezi. Neno hilo lilitumika kwa njia mbalimbali, kwa kundi la [[mamluki]] lililotumiwa na [[Lundu (ruler)|Mfalume]] wa Milki ya Maravi ambalo liliwashinda Wareno mara mbili katika miaka ya 1590, na kundi lililoshambulia [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili|majimbo ya miji ya Waswahili]] ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], [[Mombasa]], na [[Malindi (Kenya)|Malindi]], ambayo pia iliingilia kati kwa uamuzi dhidi ya [[Milki ya Osmani|Waotomani]] katika Vita vya Mombasa vya 1589. Wanazuoni wa historia wana tafsiri tofauti za jinsi matukio yaliyotajwa hapo juu yalivyohusiana. == Historia == Asili na motisha za Wazimba' zinazohusiana na mtawala/cheo cha Maravi [[Lundu (ruler)|Lundu]] zimejadiliwa na wanahistoria. Yaaminika kwamba walikuwa wazungumzaji wa [[Kishona]] waliohamia kaskazini kutoka ukingo wa kusini wa mto [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]] ya Chini hadi [[Shire (mto)|Bonde la Shire]], kutokana na jina ''Zimba'' kuhusishwa na vikundi karibu na Sena, na desturi za kidini zinazomzunguka kiongozi wa Zimba na {{Lang|sn|[[mhondoro]]}} Tondo/Tundu wakimhusisha na kusini. Wazimba mara nyingi hufikiriwa kuwa waliunda jeshi [[Mamluki|la mamluki]] ambalo lilitumika mwishoni mwa karne ya 16 na Lundu, ambaye Matthew Schoffeleers alimlinganisha na Tondo. Kwa hivyo Lundu alizitumia kupanua udhibiti wake juu ya Bonde la Shire, ikiwa ni pamoja na udhibiti wa uzalishaji na biashara, na pia juu ya ibada za kunyesha mvua kama vile Mbona . <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Schoffeleers |first=Matthew |date=1987 |title=The Zimba and the Lundu State in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/zimba-and-the-lundu-state-in-the-late-sixteenth-and-early-seventeenth-centuries/7A836F17F9B85D60688CBF3548D8C8BD |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=337–355 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700030073 |issn=1469-5138 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Mudenge-1988a">{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa|title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902|last=Mudenge|first=S. I. G.|date=1988|publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House|isbn=0949932302|chapter=Introduction: The Shona Environment, the Socio-Economic Organisation and Historical Identity}}</ref> : 25 Kwa msaada wa Wazimba, Walundu walishinda [[Lolo people (Mozambique)|Walolo]] na [[Wamakua]] . <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Phiri |first=Kings M. |date=1988 |title=Pre-Colonial States of Central Malaŵi: Towards a Reconstruction of Their History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778587 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Joseph Miller aliona matukio yanayohusu 'Zimba' kuwa hayahusiani, kutokamana na jina ''Zimba'' kutumiwa katika rekodi za Kireno kurejelea kundi lolote la kijeshi (ikiwa ni pamoja na Jaga ), ingawa baadhi ya wasomi huunganisha matukio yafuatayo na Zimba wa Lundu. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Miller |first=Joseph C. |date=1973 |title=Requiem for the "Jaga" (Requiem pour les "Jaga") |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391189 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=13 |issue=49 |pages=121–149 |issn=0008-0055}}</ref> Kulingana na [[Malyn Newitt]], mnamo 1585, Zimba walifika [[pwani ya Waswahili]] na kushambulia pwani karibu na [[Kirimba (visiwa)|Visiwa vya Quirimbas]], na mnamo 1588 waliiteka [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] . João dos Santos, ''Mhabeshi wa Mashariki'' (1609) aliwaelezea Wazimba kama wala watu ambao "waliwaua na kula watu 3000 waliokamatwa [Kilwa]", <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi|title=A History of Mozambique|last=Newitt|first=Malyn|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-253-34007-8|chapter=Mozambique North of the Zambesi to the Middle of the Seventeenth Century}}</ref> : 68 <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi|title=A History of Mozambique|last=Newitt|first=Malyn|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|others=|isbn=978-0-253-34007-8|chapter=International Relations and Coastal Commerce, 1600{{endash}}1800}}</ref> : 179 Ingawa wasomi kwa ujumla hawajalichukulia hili kwa uzito; Malyn Newitt aliandika kwamba hili linaweza kuwa liliundwa na dos Santos ili kuwaburudisha wasomaji wake, huku Eric Allina akisema kwamba dos Santos huenda alichukua maelezo halisi ya Kiafrika ambayo yalitumia ulaji wa watu kama [[sitiari]] maarufu ya nguvu za kisiasa na vita. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Allina |first=Eric |date=2011 |title=The Zimba, the Portuguese, and Other Cannibals in Late Sixteenth-century Southeast Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |issn=0305-7070 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wakati wa migogoro ya Ottoman-Ureno ya miaka ya 1580 ambapo Ottoman walitaka kuwafukuza Wareno kutoka pwani ya Waswahili, meli ya kivita ya Ottoman Mir Ali ilifika [[Mombasa]] na kuiimarisha ulinzi kwa usaidizi wa wenyeji, iliweka mizinga ambayo ilitishia mno manuwari za Ureno licha ya ukubwa wake. Hata hivyo, kabla ya Vita vya Mombasa kuanza, Dos Santos aliandika kwamba vikosi vya Mir Ali vilishambuliwa na "wala watu 20,000 wa Ki-Zimba" walojihami kwa mikuki na mishale ya sumu, na kuwafanya waelekeze tena baadhi ya mizinga yao kwenye 'Zimba'. Meli za Wareno zilipofika, waliwafukuza Waotomani Mombasa. Dos Santos aliendelea kusema kwamba mkuu wa Wa-Zimba' alishirikiana na Wareno, na \wa-Zimba' kisha akawafukuza Waotomani na washirika wao kutoka ndani hadi ufuoni. Wasomi wengi waiona taswira ya dos Santos ya Wa-Zimba' aliyehusika katika vita hivyo ni kama ya kubuniwa tu, na {{Lien|Giancarlo Casale|de}} anasema kwamba kinachodhaniwa ni kwamba kundi la Kiafrika liliingilia kati katika uamuzi wa vita vya Mombasa. Adhania kuwa walikuwa mamluki wa Lundu walioajiriwa na kundi la wapinzani wa Kireno la Mombasa, wapiganaji wa Maravi waliohamishwa na Waislamu, au kundi la wenyeji linalowaunga mkono Wareno. <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Casale |first=Giancarlo |date=2007 |title=Global Politics in the 1580s: One Canal, Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and an Ottoman Plot to Rule the World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079433 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=267–296 |issn=1045-6007}}</ref> Baada ya Vita vya Mombasa, kulingana na dos Santos, 'Zimba' baadaye waliishambulia [[Malindi (Kenya)|Malindi]], ambayo ilikuwa inalindwa na Wareno. Dos Santos aliandika kuwa wakati Wa-Zimba walipokuwa karibu kuchukua udhibiti wa ngome, kikosi cha Wa-[[Wasegeju|Segeju]] chenye wanaume 3000 kiliingilia kati, na Wa-Zimba walishindwa vikali. Eric Allina anasema kwamba ni chifu na watu 100 pekee waliorudi Sena. <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Allina |first=Eric |date=2011 |title=The Zimba, the Portuguese, and Other Cannibals in Late Sixteenth-century Southeast Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |issn=0305-7070 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAllina2011">Allina, Eric (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 "The Zimba, the Portuguese, and Other Cannibals in Late Sixteenth-century Southeast Africa"]</span>. ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''37''' (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>227. [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.579433|10.1080/03057070.2011.579433]]. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070 0305-7070].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://archive.org/details/general-history-of-africa-vol-5/page/n667/mode/2up|title=General History of Africa: Volume 5|last=Salim|first=A. I.|date=1992|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|chapter=East Africa: the coast}}</ref> : 762  Mnamo 1592, Mzimba' aliyedhaniwa kuwa mamluki wa Lundu alimshinda chifu Mwafrika kwenye Zambezi kinyume na Sena ambaye alikuwa mshirika wa Wareno. Kabla jeshi la Ureno halijafika, Wazimba walijenga ngome yenye nguzo mbili za mbao zenye msongamano na mtaro unaozunguka. Jeshi la Ureno liliomba kuongezwa kwa silaha za moto, ingawa walivamiwa na kuuawa na Wazimba kilomita chache kutoka ngome hiyo. Baada ya kujua hili, jeshi la Ureno lilijaribu kurudi nyuma, ingawa waliuawa na Wazimba, ambao waliendelea kushambulia Sena na [[Tete (mji)|Tete]], na kutishia sana uwepo wa Wareno kando ya Zambezi na udhibiti wao wa biashara. Mnamo 1593, jenerali wa Ureno aliongoza jeshi lililoambatana na mizinga dhidi ya ngome ya Zimba, ingawa Wazimba waliwalinda kwani mizinga hiyo haikufanikiwa dhidi ya kuta za udongo zilizojengwa hivi karibuni. Baada ya miezi miwili ya kushambulia ngome hiyo, Wareno waliamua kurudi nyuma, ingawa Wazimba waliwakamata na kuwaua baadhi yao na kukamata mizinga. Wazimba wa Lundu wanajulikana kufika pwani ya mashariki mwaka wa 1595. Licha ya nguvu ya msimamo wa Wazimba, mnamo 1599 'Tundu' (Lundu) alitoa amani kwa Wareno, ambayo ilikubaliwa. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Schoffeleers |first=Matthew |date=1987 |title=The Zimba and the Lundu State in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/zimba-and-the-lundu-state-in-the-late-sixteenth-and-early-seventeenth-centuries/7A836F17F9B85D60688CBF3548D8C8BD |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=337–355 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700030073 |issn=1469-5138 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchoffeleers1987">Schoffeleers, Matthew (1987). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/zimba-and-the-lundu-state-in-the-late-sixteenth-and-early-seventeenth-centuries/7A836F17F9B85D60688CBF3548D8C8BD "The Zimba and the Lundu State in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries"]</span>. ''The Journal of African History''. '''28''' (3): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>355. [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0021853700030073|10.1017/S0021853700030073]]. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5138 1469-5138].</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea jarida |last=Allina |first=Eric |date=2011 |title=The Zimba, the Portuguese, and Other Cannibals in Late Sixteenth-century Southeast Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 |issn=0305-7070 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAllina2011">Allina, Eric (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2011.579433 "The Zimba, the Portuguese, and Other Cannibals in Late Sixteenth-century Southeast Africa"]</span>. ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''37''' (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>227. [[Kitambulisho cha Kitu cha Kidijiti|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.579433|10.1080/03057070.2011.579433]]. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7070 0305-7070].</cite></ref> == Marejeleo == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Zimbabwe]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Msumbiji]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Malawi]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} 2h00nv8bc0u5ncdcuxmdp702un73stg 0 242973 1583052 1582315 2026-08-01T12:41:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1583052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Manolo Blahník (2017).jpg|thumb|Manolo Blahnik]] [[Faili:Manolo Blahnik.jpg|thumb|Onyesho la kiatu cha Manolo Blahnik]] '''Manolo Blahnik''' (jina kamili Manuel "Manolo" Blahnik Rodríguez; alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[27]] [[Novemba]] [[1942]]) ni mbunifu wa mitindo kutoka [[Hispania]] na mwanzilishi wa chapa ya viatu vya kifahari inayoitwa kwa jina lake mwenyewe, Manolo Blahnik. Anajulikana [[duniani]] kote kwa kubuni [[viatu]] vya kifahari vya [[wanawake]], hasa viatu vya kisigino virefu, ambavyo vimekuwa vikivaliwa na watu wengi maarufu na kuonekana katika maonyesho ya [[mitindo]] na [[filamu]]. Chapa yake inahesabiwa miongoni mwa chapa za hadhi ya juu katika sekta ya [[mitindo]]. == Wasifu == Manolo Blahnik alizaliwa katika [[mji]] wa Santa Cruz de la [[Palma]], ulioko katika [[Visiwa]] vya Canary, Hispania. Baba yake alikuwa Mcheki (Czech), huku mama yake akiwa Mhispania. Baba yake aliondoka mjini [[Prague]] katika miaka ya [[1930]] ili kukwepa kuongezeka kwa [[utawala]] wa kifashisti. Baada ya [[Wakomunisti]] kuchukua madaraka nchini [[Czechoslovakia]] katika miaka ya [[1950]], babu na bibi zake walitoweka na hawakuonekana tena. Familia ya upande wa mama yake ilikuwa inamiliki [[shamba]] la migomba katika mji wa Santa Cruz de la Palma, ambako Blahnik alikulia pamoja na dada yake, Evangelina. == Maendeleo ya awali == Mojawapo ya watu waliomhamasisha zaidi Manolo Blahnik katika maisha yake ya [[ubunifu]] alikuwa mama yake. Mama yake alikuwa akipenda sana mitindo ya [[mavazi]]. Alikuwa akisoma majarida ya mitindo na kuyatafsiri mwenendo wa hivi karibuni wa mitindo kwa kushona au kuagiza mavazi yanayoendana na mitindo hiyo. Blahnik na familia yake walisafiri mara kwa mara kwenda miji ya [[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]], na [[Madrid]], Hispania, ili kuagiza na kununua nguo, jambo lililomfanya afahamu mapema ulimwengu wa mitindo na kuchochea shauku yake ya kuwa mbunifu wa mavazi na viatu.<ref>https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1662116/0/manolo-blahnik/premio-nacional/zapatos-lujo/</ref><ref>https://www.drapersonline.com/news/kurt-geiger-signs-long-term-deal-with-manolo-blahnik</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Hispania]] hf3c0pk24tbde3z5tmibsr6fsd64kb4 0 242974 1583053 1582318 2026-08-01T12:42:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1583053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television film|jina=Mississippi Mermaid|mwongozaji=[[François Truffaut]]|mtayarishaji={{Plainlist| * Marcel Berbert * François Truffaut }}}} '''Mississippi Mermaid''' (kwa Kifaransa: La Sirène du Mississipi) ni [[filamu]] ya [[mwaka]] [[1969]] ya [[tamthilia]] ya kimapenzi na uhalifu. Iliandikwa na kuongozwa na François Truffaut, huku wahusika wakuu wakiwa Jean-Paul Belmondo na Catherine Deneuve. Filamu hii ilitokana na [[riwaya]] ya mwaka [[1947]] yenye jina Waltz into Darkness, iliyoandikwa na William Irish. Hadithi yake inamhusu mmiliki wa [[shamba]] la tumbaku kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha Réunion, ambaye anachumbiana kwa njia ya [[barua]] na [[mwanamke]] ambaye hajawahi kukutana naye ana kwa ana. Mwanamke huyo alipowasili kisiwani, anagundulika kuwa si yule mwanamke aliyekuwa kwenye picha aliyomtumia. Hata hivyo, licha ya tofauti hiyo, [[mwanaume]] huyo anaamua kumuoa, jambo linaloanzisha mfululizo wa matukio ya kimapenzi, [[siri]] na uhalifu. == Muhtasari wa hadithi == Louis Mahé, mmiliki [[tajiri]] wa shamba la tumbaku kwenye kisiwa cha Réunion kilichopo katika [[Bahari]] ya [[Hindi]], anasubiri kuwasili kwa mchumba wake mtarajiwa, Julie Roussel, ambaye hajawahi kukutana naye ana kwa ana. Wawili hao walifahamiana kupitia tangazo la kutafuta mwenzi katika [[gazeti]] la Kifaransa na baadaye wakaanza kuwasiliana kwa njia ya [[barua]]. Katika [[Hoteli]] ya Mascarin, Louis anakutana na mshirika wake wa kibiashara, Jardine, ambaye anaongozana naye kwenda kuchukua [[pete]] ya uchumba kabla ya kumpokea mchumba wake anayetarajiwa kuwasili. Wanapokutana kwa mara ya [[kwanza]], Louis Mahé anashangazwa na [[uzuri]] wa Julie, lakini hamtambui, kwa kuwa si yule mwanamke aliyekuwa kwenye [[picha]] aliyomtumia awali. Julie Roussel anamweleza kwamba alimtumia picha ya jirani yake ili kuhakikisha kuwa Louis alikuwa na nia ya dhati ya kumuoa, badala ya kuvutiwa na [[sura]] yake pekee. Naye Louis anakiri kwamba hakuwa amemweleza ukweli wote, kwani alikuwa ameficha kwamba yeye ni tajiri na [[mmiliki]] wa shamba kubwa la [[tumbaku]].<ref>https://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=9033</ref><ref>https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3697444353/weekend/</ref> == Waigizaji == * Jean-Paul Belmondo kama Louis Mahé * Catherine Deneuve kama Julie Roussel / Marion Vergano * Nelly Borgeaud kama Berthe Roussel * Martine Ferrière kama Mama mwenye nyumba * Marcel Berbert kama Jardine * Yves Drouhet kama Mpelelezi * Michel Bouquet kama Comolli * Roland Thénot kama Richard == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Filamu za 1969]] 0kcc4jofqjr9k5r6rodgujejxl019wk 0 242975 1583054 1582320 2026-08-01T12:44:03Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Libya 5321 Meercatze (Gatti Mammoni) Petroglyphs Wadi Methkandoush Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Michoro ya miambani ya meerkat katika Wadi Mathendous, eneo la Mesak Settafet]] '''Mesak Settafet''' ni [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|mwamba]] mkubwa wa [[mchanga]] uliopo [[kusini]] [[magharibi]] mwa [[Libya]]. Mwamba huu hufikia [[urefu]] wa takriban [[mita]] [[300]] (futi 980) juu ya maeneo yanayouzunguka. Eneo la Mesak Settafet lina utajiri mkubwa wa [[michoro ya miambani]] ya kale na zana za [[mawe]] za enzi za kabla ya [[historia]]. Mabaki hayo yanapatikana kwa wingi, hasa katika eneo la Wadi Mathendous, ambalo ni mojawapo ya maeneo muhimu zaidi ya [[akiolojia]] nchini Libya. Michoro ya miambani na zana za mawe zilizogunduliwa katika Mesak Settafet hutoa ushahidi muhimu kuhusu [[maisha]] ya watu walioishi katika eneo la Sahara maelfu ya [[miaka]] iliyopita, wakati mazingira yake yalikuwa na unyevunyevu zaidi kuliko yalivyo leo. == Michoro ya miambani == Eneo la Mesak Settafet, hasa Wadi Mathendous, lina michoro mingi mikubwa na ya kipekee ya miambani ya enzi za kabla ya historia. [[Mawe]] yaliyoko wazi katika mwamba huu yamefunikwa na tabaka jeusi la kung'aa , ambalo lina [[madini]] ambayo kwa sasa hayapatikani katika mwamba wa mchanga wenyewe. Tabaka hilo, ambalo lina [[unene]] wa mikroni chache tu, linaundwa hasa na oksidi za [[chuma]] na oksidi za manganisi. Wataalamu wanaamini kuwa tabaka hilo lilitokea wakati [[eneo]] hilo lilikuwa na hali ya hewa yenye unyevunyevu na [[mvua]] nyingi zaidi, hadi kufikia takriban [[mwaka]] 3000 KK (Kabla ya Kristo). Hali hiyo ya mazingira ilichangia pia kuhifadhi michoro ya kale ya miambani ambayo inaonekana hadi leo.<ref>https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4477174&fid=3747&c=libya</ref><ref>https://www.temehu.com/messak-settafet-and-mellet.htm</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Miamba]] [[Jamii:jiografia ya Libya]] [[Jamii:Michoro]] 5qxteb6vaj2xsxbi0kwy9ep1fsu333v 0 242997 1583055 1582343 2026-08-01T12:44:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"La Nigérienne"''' ulikuwa [[wimbo wa taifa]] wa zamani wa [[Niger]]. Maneno ya wimbo huo yaliandikwa na Maurice Albert Thiriet, huku [[muziki]] wake ukitungwa na Robert Jacquet pamoja na Nicolas Abel François Frionnet. "La Nigérienne" ulipitishwa kuwa wimbo rasmi wa taifa wa Niger [[mwaka]] [[1961]], baada ya nchi hiyo kupata [[uhuru]] kutoka kwa [[Ufaransa]]. Baadaye uliondolewa rasmi kama wimbo wa taifa mwaka [[2023]]. == Historia == Wimbo wa taifa "La Nigérienne" uliandikwa na [[mtunzi]] wa muziki wa [[filamu]] kutoka Ufaransa, Maurice Albert Thiriet. Muziki wa wimbo huo ulitungwa na Wafaransa wengine wawili, ambao ni Robert Jacquet na Nicolas Abel François Frionnet. Wimbo huo ulipitishwa rasmi mwaka 1961, mwaka mmoja baada ya Niger kupata uhuru kutoka kwa Ufaransa mwaka [[1960]].<ref>https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=c2_KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368&redir_esc=y</ref><ref>https://northafricapost.com/68884-niger-adopts-new-national-anthem.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211122071214/https://www.presidence.ne/la-nigrienne</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Niger]] [[Jamii:Wimbo wa Taifa]] 29ssneyuxbyriey0ulejvi6zags71uw 0 242998 1583056 1582344 2026-08-01T12:45:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Msikiti wa Yaama''' (kwa Kifaransa: Mosquée de Yaama) ni [[msikiti]] uliojengwa kwa kutumia mtindo wa [[asili]] wa [[usanifu]] wa Kisudani-Saheli. Ulijengwa [[mwaka]] [[1962]] katika kijiji cha Yaama, kilichopo katika Tahoua, nchini [[Niger]]. == Muhtasari == Hata baada ya zaidi ya miaka 60 ya [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ufaransa]], uliomalizika mwaka [[1960]], eneo hili lilibaki halijaathiriwa sana na ushawishi wa nje. Kwa hiyo, wakazi wa kijiji walipoamua kujenga msikiti wa [[Ijumaa]], ambapo jamii yote ingeweza kukusanyika kwa ajili ya swala za Ijumaa, walichagua kutumia mbinu za jadi za ujenzi. Msikiti huo ulijengwa kwa [[matofali]] ya udongo, na baadaye ulifanyiwa maboresho yaliyohusisha [[ujenzi]] wa kuba kuu katikati, iliyozungukwa na minara minne katika pembe zake. Hii ni mojawapo ya sifa za usanifu wa mtindo wa Kisudani-Saheli. Kila mkazi wa kijiji alitoa mchango katika ujenzi wa msikiti huo. Mchango huo ulitolewa kwa njia mbalimbali, kuanzia mmiliki wa [[ardhi]] aliyetoa [[eneo]] la kujenga, hadi watu waliotengeneza matofali ya udongo, waliobeba maji, waliokusanya kuni, na wengine walioshiriki katika kazi mbalimbali za ujenzi. Mwaka [[1986]], msikiti huu ulitunukiwa (Aga Khan Award for Architecture), [[tuzo]] ya kimataifa inayotambua [[ubora]] wa usanifu wa [[majengo]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180310015430/https://archnet.org/sites/390</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-msikiti}} [[Jamii:Msikiti]] [[Jamii:Niger]] r9121k5sso9zvawjbniazo04igk7mmo 0 242999 1583057 1582345 2026-08-01T12:46:16Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martha Davis''' ([[14 Desemba]] [[1917]] - [[6 Aprili]] [[1960]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa [[Marekani]] ambaye [[tamthilia]] yake ya vichekesho ya muziki "Martha Davis & Spouse" ilikuwa maarufu mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1940]] na [[1950]]. <ref>''The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, Second edition,'' three volumes, edited by Barry Kernfeld, [[Macmillan Publishers]], London (2002)</ref> <ref>''The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Third edition,'' eight volumes, edited by [[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]], MUZE, London (1998), Grove's Dictionaries, New York (1998)</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1917]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1960]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 4fztg6ppat24nm5upl3jtu4zz4b0dgs 0 243002 1583060 1582350 2026-08-01T12:49:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Marie Watts''' (alizaliwa [[6 Machi]] [[1959]]) <ref name="baltimore sun">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-women-in-court-20130702-story.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130193205/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-women-in-court-20130702-story.html|archivedate=November 30, 2015|title=Women to lead state's highest court|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=July 3, 2013|accessdate=July 19, 2016|author=Cox, Erin}}</ref> ni [[wakili]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Marekani]] kutoka [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. Tangu Julai [[2013]], amehudumu kama Jaji katika Mahakama Kuu ya Maryland, mahakama ya juu zaidi ya jimbo hilo. Watts ndiye mwanamke wa kwanza [[Wamarekani weusi|Mwafrika Mmarekani]] kuhudumu kama jaji katika [[Mahakama]] ya Rufaa. <ref name="baltimore sun" /> <ref name="maryland1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/29ap/html/msa13752.html|title=Shirley M. Watts, Judge, Maryland Court of Appeals|publisher=msa.maryland.gov|accessdate=August 7, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Marekani]] c4lv2kzudhia9dxee9i7cd7mox1k8ky 0 243003 1583061 1583011 2026-08-01T12:49:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theola Kilgore''' ([[6 Desemba]] [[1925]] - [[15 Mei]] [[2005]]) alikuwa mwimbaji wa [[Nyimbo za Kiinjilii]] na roho wa [[Marekani]]. Alifariki huko [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles,]] [[California]], mwaka wa 2005. <ref name="latimes">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Theola Kilgore, 79; 1960s-Era Rhythm and Blues Performer|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-20-me-passings20.2-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2005-05-20|accessdate=2026-07-29|language=en-US|author=L. A. Times Archives}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Theola+Kilgore%22+2005&pg=PA76|title=Billboard|last=Inc|first=Nielsen Business Media|date=2005-06-04|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] 5b981oboka4mws1fzloyg88jd7ec5kr 0 243004 1583062 1582353 2026-08-01T12:50:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1583062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre|name=Malhun|asili ya mtindo=[[Muziki wa Moroko|Moroccan music]]|asili ya utamaduni={{native name|ar|الملحون}}<br>{{native name|zgh|ⵍⵎⵍⵃⵓⵏ}}}} '''Malhun''' (pia huandikwa Malḥun; kwa Kiarabu: الملحون) maana yake ni "shairi lenye mdundo" au "shairi la kuimbwa". Ni aina ya [[muziki]] na ushairi iliyoanzia nchini [[Moroko]]. Ni aina ya ushairi wa mijini unaoimbwa, ambao ulitokana na mazingira ya tabaka la [[wafanyakazi]] wa kawaida [[wanaume]] pekee, hasa mafundi waliokuwa katika vyama vya mafundi. Mnamo [[tarehe]] [[6]] [[Desemba]] [[2023]], Malhun iliongezwa kwenye Orodha ya [[Urithi]] wa Utamaduni Usioshikika ya UNESCO ya Moroko, kama sehemu ya urithi muhimu wa kitamaduni wa [[nchi]] hiyo. == Asili == Mǝlḥun (Malhun) ilianza kwanza kama [[ubunifu]] wa kifasihi, yaani kama aina ya ushairi ambayo leo nchini Moroko inajulikana kwa majina ya: * Qasida — maana yake "shairi" * Zajal — aina ya ushairi wa lugha ya watu unaoimbwa Aina hii ya ushairi ilianza kuendelezwa katika maeneo ya mabonde ya Tafilalet [[kusini]] mwa Moroko katika [[karne]] ya [[15]]. Baadaye, Malhun ilisambaa kutoka Moroko kwenda sehemu nyingine za [[Maghreb]] (eneo la [[Afrika]] [[Kaskazini]] linalojumuisha Moroko, [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] na [[Libya]]). Mfumo huu wa ushairi ulianza kama maandishi ya kifasihi kabla ya baadaye kubadilika kuwa muziki wa kuimbwa wenye ala na midundo. == Muziki == '''Qasida''' katika muziki wa Malhun hujengwa juu ya vipengele viwili muhimu: # Utangulizi wa muziki, sehemu za mwanzo za muziki zinazotangulia kuanza kwa shairi lenyewe. # Sehemu kuu za [[shairi]], zinazoitwa aqsam ,hizi ni beti za mashairi zinazoimbwa na [[mwimbaji]] mmoja, kisha hukatizwa na kiitikio kinachoitwa harba , maana yake "uzinduzi" au "uzinduzi wa sauti". Kwa hiyo, muundo wa Malhun huwa na mwimbaji mkuu anayeimba beti za qasida, halafu sehemu ya harba hujitokeza kama kiitikio kinachosaidia kuunganisha na kusisitiza [[ujumbe]] wa wimbo.<ref>https://en.hespress.com/75959-unesco-lists-moroccos-malhoun-as-an-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-humanity.html</ref><ref>https://www.yabiladi.com/article-artiste-9.html</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Muziki wa Afrika]] rapu1zj82g9mvbclqqpc8i82twglkwq 0 243116 1583073 1583003 2026-08-01T14:50:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1583073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alma Jean Billingslea''' (alizaliwa 1946) ni msomi, mwalimu na mkongwe wa harakati za [[haki]] za kiraia nchini [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa katika mji wa Albany, jimbo la Georgia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjm6B4xirD0C&pg=PA156|title=Short Stories of the Civil Rights Movement: An Anthology|last=Whitt|first=Margaret Earley|date=2006|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-2799-0|language=en}}</ref> lakini alikulia katika mji wa Orange, jimbo la New Jersey, ambako alikuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa kwanza Waamerika Weusi kushiriki katika kuondoa ubaguzi wa [[rangi]] katika mfumo wa shule za umma za Orange. Kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1971, alifanya kazi kama mfanyakazi wa uwanjani wa Kongamano la Uongozi wa Kikristo Kusini, shirika lililoanzishwa na Martin Luther King Jr. Baadaye alikua profesa mstaafu na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa programu ya Masomo ya Diaspora ya [[Afrika]] katika Chuo cha Spelman kilichopo Atlanta, Georgia. Alipata shahada ya kwanza kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Rutgers, shahada ya uzamili kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Atlanta, na shahada ya uzamivu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Texas kilichopo Dallas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=404 Error Page|url=https://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown|work=www.spelman.edu|accessdate=2026-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2015-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220155114/http://www.spelman.edu/academics/majors-and-programs/english/faculty/alma-billingslea-brown|url-status=dead}}</ref> Billingslea ndiye mwandishi wa kitabu ''Kuvuka Mipaka Kupitia Fasihi Simulizi: Hadithi za Kubuni na Sanaa za Wanawake Waamerika Weusi'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 1999. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] 52hrwnhfsagj58fwx9ri448h7tcygv4 0 243139 1583081 2026-08-01T18:02:34Z HNgacheeku 91262 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Picha:South Wales PCC Emma Wools.jpg|thumb|Wools manmo mwaka 2014]] '''Emma Wools''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Labour na Ushirika nchini [[Wales]], anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] wa [[Polisi]] na Uhalifu wa Wales Kusini tangu mwaka [[2024]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=First female police and crime commissioners elected in Wales|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2le985g3gyo|accessdate=2024-05-03|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Hapo awali alifa...' 1583081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:South Wales PCC Emma Wools.jpg|thumb|Wools manmo mwaka 2014]] '''Emma Wools''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Labour na Ushirika nchini [[Wales]], anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] wa [[Polisi]] na Uhalifu wa Wales Kusini tangu mwaka [[2024]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=First female police and crime commissioners elected in Wales|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2le985g3gyo|accessdate=2024-05-03|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Hapo awali alifanya kazi katika huduma ya uangalizi wa wahalifu, na aliwahi kuwa Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu kuanzia mwaka [[2016]] hadi [[2024]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emma Wools|url=https://www.southwalescommissioner.org.uk/profile/emma-wools/|accessdate=2024-05-03|work=South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Wools alizaliwa na kukulia [[Cardiff]] na alisoma [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Kusini]].<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jones|first=Branwen|date=2024-05-03|title=Wales' first black PCC elected as Emma Wools named South Wales PCC|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/labour-candidate-emma-wools-wins-29109062|accessdate=2024-05-04|work=Wales Online|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Wools alifanya kazi katika [[huduma]] za uangalizi wa wahalifu. Katika kipindi hiki, alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mkuu wa Uratibu wa Huduma za Wahalifu ndani ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Wahalifu, ambapo alisimamia ushirikiano kati ya magereza ya sekta ya umma na Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Uangalizi wa Wahalifu.<ref name=":1" /> Manamo mwaka [[2016]], Wools alitunukiwa tuzo ya [[Kiongozi]] wa Kizazi Kijacho na [[tuzo]] za [[Uongozi]] za Wales. Tangu mwaka [[2021]], Wools amekuwa mwenyekiti wa mwenza wa Kikosi Kazi cha Polisi nchini Wales kuhusu [[Ukatili]] dhidi ya [[Wanawake]], [[Ukatili wa majumbani|Ukatili wa Majumbani]] na [[Ukatili wa kijinsia|Ukatili wa Kijinsia]], pamoja na Eleri Thomas, ambaye ni Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu wa Gwent.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-05-24|title=Policing in Wales VAWDASV Taskforce|url=https://www.gwent.pcc.police.uk/en/transparency/policing-in-wales-vawdasv-taskforce/|accessdate=2024-05-04|work=Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2023]], Wools alitambuliwa na ''Ethnic Minority Welsh Women Achievement Association'' kwa uongozi wake. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Polisi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] q4klphy7vt0pbn8t3cro2filwu5zl9j 1583083 1583081 2026-08-01T18:12:39Z HNgacheeku 91262 /* Kazi ya kitaaluma */ 1583083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:South Wales PCC Emma Wools.jpg|thumb|Wools manmo mwaka 2014]] '''Emma Wools''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Chama cha Labour na Ushirika nchini [[Wales]], anayehudumu kama [[Kamishna]] wa [[Polisi]] na Uhalifu wa Wales Kusini tangu mwaka [[2024]]. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=First female police and crime commissioners elected in Wales|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2le985g3gyo|accessdate=2024-05-03|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> Hapo awali alifanya kazi katika huduma ya uangalizi wa wahalifu, na aliwahi kuwa Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu kuanzia mwaka [[2016]] hadi [[2024]].<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Emma Wools|url=https://www.southwalescommissioner.org.uk/profile/emma-wools/|accessdate=2024-05-03|work=South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Maisha na Elimu == Wools alizaliwa na kukulia [[Cardiff]] na alisoma [[Elimunafsia|Saikolojia]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Wales Kusini]].<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Jones|first=Branwen|date=2024-05-03|title=Wales' first black PCC elected as Emma Wools named South Wales PCC|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/labour-candidate-emma-wools-wins-29109062|accessdate=2024-05-04|work=Wales Online|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi ya kitaaluma == Wools alifanya kazi katika [[huduma]] za uangalizi wa wahalifu. Katika kipindi hiki, alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mkuu wa Uratibu wa Huduma za Wahalifu ndani ya Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Usimamizi wa Wahalifu, ambapo alisimamia ushirikiano kati ya magereza ya sekta ya umma na Huduma ya Kitaifa ya Uangalizi wa Wahalifu.<ref name=":1" /> Manamo mwaka [[2016]], Wools alitunukiwa tuzo ya [[Kiongozi]] wa Kizazi Kijacho na [[tuzo]] za [[Uongozi]] za Wales. Tangu mwaka [[2021]], Wools amekuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa mwenza wa Kikosi Kazi cha Polisi nchini Wales kuhusu [[Ukatili]] dhidi ya [[Wanawake]], [[Ukatili wa majumbani|Ukatili wa Majumbani]] na [[Ukatili wa kijinsia|Ukatili wa Kijinsia]], pamoja na Eleri Thomas, ambaye ni Naibu Kamishna wa Polisi na Uhalifu wa Gwent.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-05-24|title=Policing in Wales VAWDASV Taskforce|url=https://www.gwent.pcc.police.uk/en/transparency/policing-in-wales-vawdasv-taskforce/|accessdate=2024-05-04|work=Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mnamo [[Mei]] [[2023]], Wools alitambuliwa na ''Ethnic Minority Welsh Women Achievement Association'' kwa uongozi wake. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Polisi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] o79kiuq80ix6r31sgg56iy17y7lirz8 14 243140 1583082 2026-08-01T18:04:12Z HNgacheeku 91262 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]][[Jamii:Uingereza]]' 1583082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]][[Jamii:Uingereza]] 6if46spwoq5v1v7xew9o0f7wwj6oc1j 0 243141 1583084 2026-08-01T18:51:35Z HNgacheeku 91262 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kiyan Michael''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida]] kutoka wilaya ya 16. Alichukua madaraka mnamo [[Novemba 8]], [[2022]]. Anaishi [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]].<ref name=fh>{{cite web|title=Kiyan Michael page|url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4869&LegislativeTermId=90|website=myfloridahouse.gov}}</ref> Pi...' 1583084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiyan Michael''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida]] kutoka wilaya ya 16. Alichukua madaraka mnamo [[Novemba 8]], [[2022]]. Anaishi [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]].<ref name=fh>{{cite web|title=Kiyan Michael page|url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4869&LegislativeTermId=90|website=myfloridahouse.gov}}</ref> Pia ni mhitimu wa [[Taasisi]] ya [[Uongozi]] ya Wagner. Ameolewa na ana [[watoto]] wawili. <ref name="fh" /> == Kazi == Michael alikuwa mjumbe wa Bodi ya Ushauri ya Black Voices kwa Trump hadi alipoanzisha kampeni yake ya kugombea nafasi katika [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gancarski|first=A. G.|date=2021-11-16|title='Angel Mom' Kiyan Michael launches state House run in Jacksonville|url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/473665-angel-mom-kiyan-michael-launches-state-house-run-in-jacksonville/|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Florida Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kiyan Michael wins Republican nomination for Florida House District 16 election|url=https://news.yahoo.com/kiyan-michael-wins-republican-nomination-002735431.html|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=news.yahoo.com|date=24 August 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> Pia amekua akitoa maoni kuhusu sera ya uhamiaji kupitia kituo cha habari cha Fox.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hill|first=Bailee|date=2021-11-08|title=Angel mom rips Biden over 'outrageous' immigration policy: My son should still be here|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/angel-mom-rips-biden-over-immigration-policy|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwezi Novemba 2022, alichaguliwa katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kiyan Michael|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kiyan_Michael|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Michael ameolewa na mwanajeshi mstaafu wa [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] la Marekani, na kwa pamoja wana watoto wawili.<ref name="fh" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2007]], mwanawe Brandon, aliuawa mchana kweupe na mhamiaji haramu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vecerina |first=Michelle |date=November 18, 2025 |title= Rep. Berny Jacques urges closing employment loopholes to combat illegal immigration |url= https://flvoicenews.com/rep-berny-jacques-urges-closing-employment-loopholes-to-combat-illegal-immigration/ |work=Florida News |access-date=1 December 2025 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] 4bunvvrllcixl12hb1jko0cavz9lvej 1583085 1583084 2026-08-01T18:55:02Z HNgacheeku 91262 1583085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Kiyan Michael.jpg|thumb|Mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida]] '''Kiyan Michael''' (alizaliwa [[Septemba 20]], [[1964]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]] anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida]] kutoka wilaya ya 16. Alichukua madaraka mnamo [[Novemba 8]], [[2022]]. Anaishi [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]].<ref name=fh>{{cite web|title=Kiyan Michael page|url=https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4869&LegislativeTermId=90|website=myfloridahouse.gov}}</ref> Pia ni mhitimu wa [[Taasisi]] ya [[Uongozi]] ya Wagner. Ameolewa na ana [[watoto]] wawili. <ref name="fh" /> == Kazi == Michael alikuwa mjumbe wa Bodi ya Ushauri ya Black Voices kwa Trump hadi alipoanzisha kampeni yake ya kugombea nafasi katika [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Jimbo]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Gancarski|first=A. G.|date=2021-11-16|title='Angel Mom' Kiyan Michael launches state House run in Jacksonville|url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/473665-angel-mom-kiyan-michael-launches-state-house-run-in-jacksonville/|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Florida Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kiyan Michael wins Republican nomination for Florida House District 16 election|url=https://news.yahoo.com/kiyan-michael-wins-republican-nomination-002735431.html|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=news.yahoo.com|date=24 August 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> Pia amekua akitoa maoni kuhusu sera ya uhamiaji kupitia kituo cha habari cha Fox.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Hill|first=Bailee|date=2021-11-08|title=Angel mom rips Biden over 'outrageous' immigration policy: My son should still be here|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/angel-mom-rips-biden-over-immigration-policy|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref> Mwezi Novemba 2022, alichaguliwa katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Florida.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kiyan Michael|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kiyan_Michael|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Michael ameolewa na mwanajeshi mstaafu wa [[Jeshi la Wanamaji]] la Marekani, na kwa pamoja wana watoto wawili.<ref name="fh" /> Mnamo mwaka [[2007]], mwanawe Brandon, aliuawa mchana kweupe na mhamiaji haramu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vecerina |first=Michelle |date=November 18, 2025 |title= Rep. Berny Jacques urges closing employment loopholes to combat illegal immigration |url= https://flvoicenews.com/rep-berny-jacques-urges-closing-employment-loopholes-to-combat-illegal-immigration/ |work=Florida News |access-date=1 December 2025 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] lgsxohvg0fq0mk7uvyphmquij0r64g8 0 243142 1583092 2026-08-01T20:48:13Z HNgacheeku 91262 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''René Hicks''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 28]], [[1956]], alifariki [[Julai 27]], [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mchekeshaji]] na [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji wa filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuonekana kwenye kipindi cha ''Comedy Central Presents'' cha ''Comedy Central'' na katika maonyesho mengi ya [[vyuo vikuu]]. Alitajwa mara mbili na [[shirika]] la ''National Association for Campus Activities'' kuwa Mburudishaji Bora wa [[Vichekesho]] wa Mwaka, kwa mwaka [[1995]] na [...' 1583092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''René Hicks''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 28]], [[1956]], alifariki [[Julai 27]], [[2026]]) alikuwa [[mchekeshaji]] na [[Mwigizaji|mwigizaji wa filamu]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuonekana kwenye kipindi cha ''Comedy Central Presents'' cha ''Comedy Central'' na katika maonyesho mengi ya [[vyuo vikuu]]. Alitajwa mara mbili na [[shirika]] la ''National Association for Campus Activities'' kuwa Mburudishaji Bora wa [[Vichekesho]] wa Mwaka, kwa mwaka [[1995]] na [[1997]]. Hicks pia aliwahi kufanya [[kazi]] kama mhasibu na [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani akiwa chuoni. Miongoni mwa kazi zake za televisheni ni pamoja na kuonekana kama mgeni kwenye ''Hangin' na Mr. Cooper'' na ''Midnight Caller''. == Filamu == * ''A Low Down Dirty Shame'' (1994) * ''Coming Out Party'' (2003) * ''Out on the Edge'' (2004) ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.renehicks.com/ Tovuti ya René Hicks'] *{{IMDb name|id=0382944|name=René Hicks}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wachekeshaji wa Marekeani]] 4aa7t1586ka8193b27fotxvknvr7eai 0 243143 1583099 2026-08-01T21:56:50Z HNgacheeku 91262 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Peggy Dillard-Toone''' (alizaliwa [[1956]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=USA Milliners Guild Organization|url=https://www.millinersguild.org/news/peggy-dillard-toone-force-of-nature|accessdate=February 12, 2026|work=Milliners Guild|language=en-US}}</ref> ni [[mwanamitindo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dillard-Toone alizaliwa na kukulia katika Kaunti ya Greenville, [[Carolina Kusini]], akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya...' 1583099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Dillard-Toone''' (alizaliwa [[1956]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=USA Milliners Guild Organization|url=https://www.millinersguild.org/news/peggy-dillard-toone-force-of-nature|accessdate=February 12, 2026|work=Milliners Guild|language=en-US}}</ref> ni [[mwanamitindo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dillard-Toone alizaliwa na kukulia katika Kaunti ya Greenville, [[Carolina Kusini]], akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya [[watoto]] 10. Alisoma ''League Junior High'' na Shule ya Upili ya Wade Hampton, ambapo alihitimu akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 16. Kisha Dillard-Toone alihamia [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] kusoma katika [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Pratt]], ambapo alitunukiwa [[shahada ya awali]] ya [[Sanaa]], huku akijikita katika [[utangazaji]], uuzaji wa [[bidhaa]] za [[mitindo]] na [[masoko]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Peggy Dillard-Toone|url=https://scafricanamerican.com/honorees/peggy-dillard-toone/|accessdate=February 11, 2026|work=South Carolina African American History Calendar|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya uanamitindo na burudani == Dillard-Toone alikuwa mwanamitindo wa pili mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Afrika]] kuonekana kwenye jalada la [[jarida]] la ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 24, 2012 |title=The Roots Of Beauty: Peggy Dillard Toone |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peggy-dillard-toone-beauty_b_1218014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105201921/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peggy-dillard-toone-beauty_b_1218014 |archive-date=January 5, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2026 |work=HuffPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa kwenye jalada la jarida hilo mnamo mwaka [[1977]], [[1978]] na [[1979]], kupitia [[picha]] zilizopigwa na [[mpiga picha]] wa Vogue [[Albert Watson]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vogue Magazine's Black Cover Models|url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/iwyvb2/vogue-magazine-s-black-cover-models/1uij8x|accessdate=February 11, 2026|work=BET|language=en}}</ref> Dillard-Toone alikuwa miongoni mwa wanamitindo wachache weusi walionekana mara kwa mara katika machapisho kama jarida la ''Glamour''.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvgq128NGX4C&pg=PA50&dq=Peggy+Dillard&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQjNem49GSAxXJ48kDHWvVDkQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Peggy%20Dillard&f=false|title=Black Enterprise|last=Ltd|first=Earl G. Graves|date=March 1982|publisher=Earl G. Graves, Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> Mbali na Vogue, Dillard-Toone ameonekana kwenye jalada la majarida ya ''Mademoiselle'', ''Cosmopolitan'', ''Ebony'', na ''Essence''. Kazi yake ilidumu kwa [[miongo]] minne naikihusisha uhariri wa mitindo ya hali ya juu, pamoja na [[maonyesho ya mavazi]], katalogi, [[filamu]], matangazo ya [[biashara]], sauti, na uandishi wa [[tamthilia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Speakers |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/fashion-culture-futures/speakers |access-date=February 11, 2026 |work=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Dillard-Toone ameolewa na [[msanii]] [[Lloyd Toone]]. ==Heshima na utambuzi== Mnamo 1998, Dillard-Toone alitunukiwa heshima ya kujumuishwa katika Kalenda ya Historia ya Wamarekani wenye asili ya Afrika kutoka Carolina Kusini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2017 |title=Past Honorees |url=https://scafricanamerican.com/past-honorees/ |access-date=February 12, 2026 |website=South Carolina African American History Calendar |language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo 2026, alitambuliwa kama 'Mvunjaji wa Vizuizi' wa Greenville.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haight |first=Laura |date=January 16, 2026 |title=Who are Greenville's Barrier Breakers |url=https://greenvilledemocrats.com/who-are-greenvilles-barrier-breakers/ |access-date=February 12, 2026 |website=Greenville County Democratic Party |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] 6wjjxyoa5y08nf07zhst0ltrk91jutn 1583122 1583099 2026-08-02T06:19:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1583122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Dillard-Toone''' (alizaliwa [[1956]]) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=USA Milliners Guild Organization|url=https://www.millinersguild.org/news/peggy-dillard-toone-force-of-nature|accessdate=February 12, 2026|work=Milliners Guild|language=en-US}}</ref> ni [[mwanamitindo]] na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dillard-Toone alizaliwa na kukulia katika Kaunti ya Greenville, [[Carolina Kusini]], akiwa mtoto wa mwisho kati ya [[watoto]] 10. Alisoma ''League Junior High'' na Shule ya Upili ya Wade Hampton, ambapo alihitimu akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 16. Kisha Dillard-Toone alihamia [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] kusoma katika [[Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Pratt]], ambapo alitunukiwa [[shahada ya awali]] ya [[Sanaa]], huku akijikita katika [[utangazaji]], uuzaji wa [[bidhaa]] za [[mitindo]] na [[masoko]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Peggy Dillard-Toone|url=https://scafricanamerican.com/honorees/peggy-dillard-toone/|accessdate=February 11, 2026|work=South Carolina African American History Calendar|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya uanamitindo na burudani == Dillard-Toone alikuwa mwanamitindo wa pili mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Afrika]] kuonekana kwenye jalada la [[jarida]] la ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Rejea habari |date=January 24, 2012 |title=The Roots Of Beauty: Peggy Dillard Toone |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peggy-dillard-toone-beauty_b_1218014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105201921/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peggy-dillard-toone-beauty_b_1218014 |archive-date=January 5, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2026 |work=HuffPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Alikuwa kwenye jalada la jarida hilo mnamo mwaka [[1977]], [[1978]] na [[1979]], kupitia [[picha]] zilizopigwa na [[mpiga picha]] wa Vogue [[Albert Watson]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vogue Magazine's Black Cover Models|url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/iwyvb2/vogue-magazine-s-black-cover-models/1uij8x|accessdate=February 11, 2026|work=BET|language=en}}</ref> Dillard-Toone alikuwa miongoni mwa wanamitindo wachache weusi walionekana mara kwa mara katika machapisho kama jarida la ''Glamour''.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvgq128NGX4C&pg=PA50&dq=Peggy+Dillard&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQjNem49GSAxXJ48kDHWvVDkQQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Peggy%20Dillard&f=false|title=Black Enterprise|last=Ltd|first=Earl G. Graves|date=March 1982|publisher=Earl G. Graves, Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> Mbali na Vogue, Dillard-Toone ameonekana kwenye jalada la majarida ya ''Mademoiselle'', ''Cosmopolitan'', ''Ebony'', na ''Essence''. Kazi yake ilidumu kwa [[miongo]] minne naikihusisha uhariri wa mitindo ya hali ya juu, pamoja na [[maonyesho ya mavazi]], katalogi, [[filamu]], matangazo ya [[biashara]], sauti, na uandishi wa [[tamthilia]].<ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Speakers |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/fashion-culture-futures/speakers |access-date=February 11, 2026 |work=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Dillard-Toone ameolewa na [[msanii]] [[Lloyd Toone]]. ==Heshima na utambuzi== Mnamo 1998, Dillard-Toone alitunukiwa heshima ya kujumuishwa katika Kalenda ya Historia ya Wamarekani wenye asili ya Afrika kutoka Carolina Kusini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=December 11, 2017 |title=Past Honorees |url=https://scafricanamerican.com/past-honorees/ |access-date=February 12, 2026 |website=South Carolina African American History Calendar |language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo 2026, alitambuliwa kama 'Mvunjaji wa Vizuizi' wa Greenville.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Haight |first=Laura |date=January 16, 2026 |title=Who are Greenville's Barrier Breakers |url=https://greenvilledemocrats.com/who-are-greenvilles-barrier-breakers/ |access-date=February 12, 2026 |website=Greenville County Democratic Party |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Marekani]] 3p4k5wvs4d6464uzkqc198tgy5h5dnk 2 243144 1583118 2026-08-02T04:50:06Z Xyn Ag 91366 Introduction for XYN AG 1583118 wikitext text/x-wiki XYN AG is a genre-flexible artist from Tanzania, bringing a fresh wave of sound shaped by emotion, rhythm, and creativity without limits. Known for blending different styles including Afro-fusion, trap, and melodic vibes, XYN AG represents a new generation of artists who refuse to be boxed into one sound. The name “XYN” reflects the idea of experiencing newness — evolving, adapting, and constantly discovering new creative energy. “AG” represents identity and origin, grounding the sound in real life experience and authenticity. With a growing catalog of music and a vision to connect with listeners across the world, XYN AG is building a unique space where sound, emotion, and storytelling meet. Every release is not just music — it is an experience of becoming something new. This real name is Abdull-hamid 71rsjbozejkm8amkpa59ofdbnnbkpbr 0 243145 1583124 2026-08-02T07:25:15Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franco Mostert''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[27]] [[Novemba]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya Honda Heat nchini [[Japani]] na pia ni mchezaji wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini . Nafasi yake ya kawaida ni mchezaji wa safu ya pili, lakini mara nyingi pia hucheza kama flanker (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu). Mostert alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa Springboks waliotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga (Rugby World Cup) mwaka [[2019]] nchini Japani na tena mwaka [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025 <ref>http://rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/58426</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161019153233/http://www.lourugby.fr/actualites/communique-officiel-franco-mostert/23661/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} 288ipgu94fbmct1mvf1x056z0587lnn 1583125 1583124 2026-08-02T07:27:15Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 1583125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franco Mostert''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[27]] [[Novemba]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anachezea [[klabu]] ya Honda Heat nchini [[Japani]] na pia ni mchezaji wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini . Nafasi yake ya kawaida ni mchezaji wa safu ya pili, lakini mara nyingi pia hucheza kama flanker (mchezaji wa safu ya tatu). Mostert alikuwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa Springboks waliotwaa ubingwa wa [[Kombe]] la [[Dunia]] la Raga (Rugby World Cup) mwaka [[2019]] nchini Japani na tena mwaka [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025 <ref>http://rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/58426</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161019153233/http://www.lourugby.fr/actualites/communique-officiel-franco-mostert/23661/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} <references /> [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Afrika Kusini]] ccui85kvd39oazb37y5dw2rrqy4y8m2 0 243146 1583126 2026-08-02T07:48:04Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Bongi Mbonambi 2022.jpg|thumb|'''Bongi Mbonambi''']] '''Bongi Mbonambi''' (jina kamili Mbongeni Theo Mbonambi, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[7]] [[Januari]] [[1991]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la Bongi, ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele (hooker) kwa klabu ya Sharks na pia kwa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini ya raga. Hapo awali alichezea timu ya Blue Bulls, ambako alicheza [[mechi]] yake ya kwanza katika ngazi ya wakubwa wakati wa msimu wa Super Rugby wa [[2012]] dhidi ya Crusaders mjini [[Pretoria]]. Mbonambi pia alikuwa mwanachama wa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya wachezaji wenye [[umri]] chini ya miaka [[20]] iliyoshiriki Mashindano ya [[Dunia]] ya Vijana ya IRB mwaka [[2011]]. == Raga ya kimataifa == Mnamo 28 Mei [[2016]], Bongi Mbonambi alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha wachezaji [[31]] cha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya mfululizo wa mechi tatu za majaribio dhidi ya timu ya taifa ya [[Ireland]] iliyokuwa imefanya ziara nchini Afrika Kusini. Mbonambi aliteuliwa pia katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshiriki Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]] nchini [[Japani]]. Afrika Kusini ilitwaa ubingwa wa mashindano hayo baada ya kuifunga [[England]] kwa mabao 32–12 katika mechi ya [[fainali]]. Aidha, Mbonambi alijumuishwa tena katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshiriki Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambapo Springboks walifanikiwa kutetea ubingwa wao kwa kutwaa taji hilo kwa mara nyingine. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025 <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/43544</ref> <ref>https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/bongi-mbonambi-breaks-silence-tom-28063959</ref><ref>https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/12992900/bongi-mbonambi-world-rugby-says-insufficient-evidence-to-charge-south-africa-hooker-over-alleged-racial-slur-at-tom-curry</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] 4xj8aknbo131ycys8g3wz52gdcexmzk 0 243147 1583127 2026-08-02T08:25:34Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gearldine Westbrook''' (1919–2016)<ref>{{Citation|last=Westbrook|first=Gearldine|title="Strips" Quilt|date=Made 1980–1989|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/160100/strips-quilt|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA86|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Hou...' 1583127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gearldine Westbrook''' (1919–2016)<ref>{{Citation|last=Westbrook|first=Gearldine|title="Strips" Quilt|date=Made 1980–1989|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/160100/strips-quilt|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA86|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Westbrook alikulia katika mazingira yaliyozungukwa na watengenezaji wa mablanketi. Alijifunza kushona mablanketi kutoka kwa [[bibi]] yake, mama yake na dada zake. Alifanya kazi katika shamba lake na la mume wake, Miree Westbrook, kwa kipindi kikubwa cha maisha yake. Wakwe zake walikuwa Fannie Westbrook na Eddie Westbrook, pamoja na mtengenezaji mashuhuri wa mablanketi, Amelie Bennet. Jirani yake, Mensie Lee Pettway, pia alikuwa mtengenezaji hodari wa mablanketi. Westbrook aliweza kufuatilia ukoo wa [[familia]] yake kwa vizazi vingi kusini-magharibi mwa jimbo la Alabama, akiwemo babu yake mkubwa ambaye alikuwa askari katika Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani. == Kazi == Westbrook alitengeneza mablanketi yake kwa kutumia vipande vya nguo vilivyotokana na mavazi mbalimbali ya familia yake. Baadhi ya mablanketi yake ya kwanza yalitengenezwa kwa kutumia ovaroli za babu yake mkubwa, sare za kazi za ndugu zake na soksi zilizokuwa zimechakaa. Hakupendelea kutumia michoro au mipangilio maalumu ya kushonea. Mtindo wake wa [[ubunifu]] ulitokana na kutumia mawazo yake mwenyewe, kama alivyowahi kusema: "Nilikuwa nakaa chini na kuviunganisha tu. Nipe tu sindano na uzi, halafu naanza kazi. Nilikuwa nafanya kadiri nilivyoweza. Unapokaa chini, lazima utumie akili yako mwenyewe na utafute namna ya kuviunganisha." Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika makusanyo ya Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Chicago na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya San Francisco. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 3kb6dqatpiafi3huh627tksnvftq528 1583128 1583127 2026-08-02T08:26:12Z Don Malya 61486 1583128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gearldine Westbrook''' (1919–2016)<ref>{{Citation|last=Westbrook|first=Gearldine|title="Strips" Quilt|date=Made 1980–1989|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/160100/strips-quilt|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA86|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Westbrook alikulia katika mazingira yaliyozungukwa na watengenezaji wa mablanketi. Alijifunza kushona mablanketi kutoka kwa [[bibi]] yake, mama yake na dada zake. Alifanya kazi katika shamba lake na la mume wake, Miree Westbrook, kwa kipindi kikubwa cha maisha yake. Wakwe zake walikuwa Fannie Westbrook na Eddie Westbrook, pamoja na mtengenezaji mashuhuri wa mablanketi, Amelie Bennet. Jirani yake, Mensie Lee Pettway, pia alikuwa mtengenezaji hodari wa mablanketi. Westbrook aliweza kufuatilia ukoo wa [[familia]] yake kwa vizazi vingi kusini-magharibi mwa jimbo la Alabama, akiwemo babu yake mkubwa ambaye alikuwa askari katika Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani. == Kazi == Westbrook alitengeneza mablanketi yake kwa kutumia vipande vya nguo vilivyotokana na mavazi mbalimbali ya familia yake. Baadhi ya mablanketi yake ya kwanza yalitengenezwa kwa kutumia ovaroli za babu yake mkubwa, sare za [[kazi]] za ndugu zake na soksi zilizokuwa zimechakaa. Hakupendelea kutumia michoro au mipangilio maalumu ya kushonea. Mtindo wake wa [[ubunifu]] ulitokana na kutumia mawazo yake mwenyewe, kama alivyowahi kusema: "Nilikuwa nakaa chini na kuviunganisha tu. Nipe tu sindano na uzi, halafu naanza kazi. Nilikuwa nafanya kadiri nilivyoweza. Unapokaa chini, lazima utumie akili yako mwenyewe na utafute namna ya kuviunganisha." Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika makusanyo ya Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Chicago na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya San Francisco. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] qm8vvn2224qf4dv0uhy0gyrxsesymb4 1583139 1583128 2026-08-02T09:00:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1583139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gearldine Westbrook''' (1919–2016)<ref>{{Citation|last=Westbrook|first=Gearldine|title="Strips" Quilt|date=Made 1980–1989|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/160100/strips-quilt|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA86|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Westbrook alikulia katika mazingira yaliyozungukwa na watengenezaji wa mablanketi. Alijifunza kushona mablanketi kutoka kwa [[bibi]] yake, mama yake na dada zake. Alifanya kazi katika shamba lake na la mume wake, Miree Westbrook, kwa kipindi kikubwa cha maisha yake. Wakwe zake walikuwa Fannie Westbrook na Eddie Westbrook, pamoja na mtengenezaji mashuhuri wa mablanketi, Amelie Bennet. Jirani yake, Mensie Lee Pettway, pia alikuwa mtengenezaji hodari wa mablanketi. Westbrook aliweza kufuatilia ukoo wa [[familia]] yake kwa vizazi vingi kusini-magharibi mwa jimbo la Alabama, akiwemo babu yake mkubwa ambaye alikuwa askari katika Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Marekani. == Kazi == Westbrook alitengeneza mablanketi yake kwa kutumia vipande vya nguo vilivyotokana na mavazi mbalimbali ya familia yake. Baadhi ya mablanketi yake ya kwanza yalitengenezwa kwa kutumia ovaroli za babu yake mkubwa, sare za [[kazi]] za ndugu zake na soksi zilizokuwa zimechakaa. Hakupendelea kutumia michoro au mipangilio maalumu ya kushonea. Mtindo wake wa [[ubunifu]] ulitokana na kutumia mawazo yake mwenyewe, kama alivyowahi kusema: "Nilikuwa nakaa chini na kuviunganisha tu. Nipe tu sindano na uzi, halafu naanza kazi. Nilikuwa nafanya kadiri nilivyoweza. Unapokaa chini, lazima utumie akili yako mwenyewe na utafute namna ya kuviunganisha." Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika makusanyo ya Taasisi ya Sanaa ya Chicago na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya San Francisco. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] r9d8dod5kpr8xfsyyjxrqhqusfxx0z5 0 243148 1583129 2026-08-02T08:29:41Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sara V. Beatty Shelton''' (1919–1994) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Marekani]]. Shelton alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mmarekani Mweusi kutoka eneo la Upstate kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Funeral services for Mrs. Sara Valena Beatty Shelton, Wednesday, March 16, 1994, two o'clock in the afternoon, Watkins, Garrett, Woods Mortuary, Greenville, South Carolina, the Reverend Joseph Adair and the Rever...' 1583129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sara V. Beatty Shelton''' (1919–1994) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Marekani]]. Shelton alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mmarekani Mweusi kutoka eneo la Upstate kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Funeral services for Mrs. Sara Valena Beatty Shelton, Wednesday, March 16, 1994, two o'clock in the afternoon, Watkins, Garrett, Woods Mortuary, Greenville, South Carolina, the Reverend Joseph Adair and the Reverend W.T. Holmes, officiating - Digital Library of Georgia|url=https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_fpro_shelton19940316#text|work=dlg.usg.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> Alihudumu kama mwakilishi wa Chama cha Democratic wa wilaya ya 23 katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la South Carolina kuanzia mwaka 1985 hadi 1988. Akiwa mbunge, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Maalumu ya [[Sheria]] ya Kuboresha Elimu, ambayo ilikuwa na jukumu la kushughulikia masuala ya mageuzi na uboreshaji wa mfumo wa elimu katika jimbo la South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sara Beatty Shelton rose from the classroom to the State House|url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/life/2015/02/01/south-carolina-black-history-month-sara-beatty-shelton/22411687/|work=The Greenville News|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Donna Isbell Walker}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 4uijpc0fdwcage980ccg5z8akxdd0zo 1583194 1583129 2026-08-02T11:50:24Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sara V. Beatty Shelton''' (1919–1994) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa [[Marekani]]. Shelton alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza Mmarekani Mweusi kutoka eneo la Upstate kuchaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la South Carolina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Funeral services for Mrs. Sara Valena Beatty Shelton, Wednesday, March 16, 1994, two o'clock in the afternoon, Watkins, Garrett, Woods Mortuary, Greenville, South Carolina, the Reverend Joseph Adair and the Reverend W.T. Holmes, officiating - Digital Library of Georgia|url=https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_fpro_shelton19940316#text|work=dlg.usg.edu|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> Alihudumu kama mwakilishi wa Chama cha Democratic wa wilaya ya 23 katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la South Carolina kuanzia mwaka 1985 hadi 1988. Akiwa mbunge, alikuwa mjumbe wa Kamati Maalumu ya [[Sheria]] ya Kuboresha Elimu, ambayo ilikuwa na jukumu la kushughulikia masuala ya mageuzi na uboreshaji wa mfumo wa elimu katika jimbo la South Carolina.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sara Beatty Shelton rose from the classroom to the State House|url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/life/2015/02/01/south-carolina-black-history-month-sara-beatty-shelton/22411687/|work=The Greenville News|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Donna Isbell Walker}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1994]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] p3j4jkl3qstb4x59cbvic3fikai8ixa 0 243149 1583132 2026-08-02T08:33:11Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Omega C. Logan Silva''' (4 Desemba 1936 – 2 Aprili 2020) alikuwa daktari wa [[Marekani]] aliyefahamika kwa ugunduzi wake kwamba [[saratani]] ndogo ya mapafu inaweza kuzalisha homoni ya calcitonin, pamoja na mchango wake katika shughuli za utetezi wa haki za jamii. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Silva alipata elimu yake yote ya juu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Alihitimu shahada ya kwanza ya [[Kemia ya fizikia|Kemia]] mwaka 1958 na shahada ya udaktari...' 1583132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omega C. Logan Silva''' (4 Desemba 1936 – 2 Aprili 2020) alikuwa daktari wa [[Marekani]] aliyefahamika kwa ugunduzi wake kwamba [[saratani]] ndogo ya mapafu inaweza kuzalisha homoni ya calcitonin, pamoja na mchango wake katika shughuli za utetezi wa haki za jamii. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Silva alipata elimu yake yote ya juu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Alihitimu shahada ya kwanza ya [[Kemia ya fizikia|Kemia]] mwaka 1958 na shahada ya udaktari wa tiba mwaka 1967. Kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1970, alifanya mafunzo yake ya udaktari katika [[fani]] ya tiba ya ndani katika Hospitali ya Utawala wa Masuala ya Wastaafu ya Washington, DC. Baadaye aliendelea na mafunzo ya ubingwa katika taaluma ya endocrinolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington, ambako alihitimu mwaka 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing the Face of Medicine {{!}} Dr. Omega C. Logan Silva|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_294.html|work=www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faces of AMWA {{!}} Women Physician Leaders|url=https://amwa-doc.org/about-amwa/faces-of-amwa/|work=American Medical Women's Association|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] pqpsh87qtjddfqztj08cflt2h0tqlx1 1583192 1583132 2026-08-02T11:24:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omega C. Logan Silva''' (4 Desemba 1936 – 2 Aprili 2020) alikuwa daktari wa [[Marekani]] aliyefahamika kwa ugunduzi wake kwamba [[saratani]] ndogo ya mapafu inaweza kuzalisha homoni ya calcitonin, pamoja na mchango wake katika shughuli za utetezi wa haki za jamii. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Silva alipata elimu yake yote ya juu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Alihitimu shahada ya kwanza ya [[Kemia ya fizikia|Kemia]] mwaka 1958 na shahada ya udaktari wa tiba mwaka 1967. Kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1970, alifanya mafunzo yake ya udaktari katika [[fani]] ya tiba ya ndani katika Hospitali ya Utawala wa Masuala ya Wastaafu ya Washington, DC. Baadaye aliendelea na mafunzo ya ubingwa katika taaluma ya endocrinolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha George Washington, ambako alihitimu mwaka 1974.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Changing the Face of Medicine {{!}} Dr. Omega C. Logan Silva|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_294.html|work=www.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Faces of AMWA {{!}} Women Physician Leaders|url=https://amwa-doc.org/about-amwa/faces-of-amwa/|work=American Medical Women's Association|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] j7cc9n1ovbx391vr2nk1dgl6fuwe019 0 243150 1583133 2026-08-02T08:36:35Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Elizabeth Kennedy''' (1911–1991) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC&pg=PA238|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|last=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-0-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Kazi]] zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Metropolitan....' 1583133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Elizabeth Kennedy''' (1911–1991) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC&pg=PA238|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|last=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-0-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Kazi]] zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Metropolitan. == Maisha ya awali == Mary Elizabeth alizaliwa Boykin, jimbo la Alabama, akiwa binti wa Mchungaji Spurllin Pettway na mke wake. Familia yake iliishi kwa kilimo cha upangaji wa mashamba na kilimo cha kujikimu, ambapo mazao yao makuu yalikuwa pamba na mtama. Baadaye aliolewa na Houston Kennedy, na walipata [[watoto]] 12. Mary Elizabeth Kennedy alifariki mwaka 1991 akiwa na umri wa miaka 80 baada ya kupata ajali ya gari alipokuwa akirejea Boykin kutoka mji wa Selma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mary Elizabeth Kennedy {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/mary-elizabeth-kennedy|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 7ft1z9z3mzj0mgee7djx3d9f9lw7qs2 1583189 1583133 2026-08-02T10:24:35Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Elizabeth Kennedy''' (1911–1991) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC&pg=PA238|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|last=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-0-9|language=en}}</ref> [[Kazi]] zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Metropolitan. == Maisha ya awali == Mary Elizabeth alizaliwa Boykin, jimbo la Alabama, akiwa binti wa Mchungaji Spurllin Pettway na mke wake. Familia yake iliishi kwa kilimo cha upangaji wa mashamba na kilimo cha kujikimu, ambapo mazao yao makuu yalikuwa pamba na mtama. Baadaye aliolewa na Houston Kennedy, na walipata [[watoto]] 12. Mary Elizabeth Kennedy alifariki mwaka 1991 akiwa na umri wa miaka 80 baada ya kupata ajali ya gari alipokuwa akirejea Boykin kutoka mji wa Selma.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mary Elizabeth Kennedy {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/mary-elizabeth-kennedy|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] qavahw02z2ev62csxidwah53qqa749h 0 243151 1583135 2026-08-02T08:43:01Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lutisha Pettway''' (1925–2001) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quilt {{!}} The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|url=https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/56749|work=www.mfah.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA68|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of F...' 1583135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lutisha Pettway''' (1925–2001) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quilt {{!}} The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|url=https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/56749|work=www.mfah.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA68|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}</ref> Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Houston. == Maisha == Mbali na changamoto za kiuchumi zilizowakabili wakazi wengi wa Gee's Bend, Lutisha Pettway pia alipitia matatizo makubwa ya [[maisha]] binafsi. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa bado mdogo sana, na baba yake alibaki akiwalea yeye pamoja na ndugu zake. Baba yake alipooa tena, mke wake hakupendezwa na jukumu la kuwalea watoto wake, hivyo majukumu mengi ya nyumbani yakamwangukia Lutisha. Pettway hakuwahi kuolewa. Alifanya kazi ya kilimo pamoja na baba yake hadi pale shirika la Rentz Realty & Investments lilipochukua ardhi ya baba yake. Baada ya hapo, Lutisha alihamia mjini Mobile, Alabama, ambako alifanya kazi za uhudumu wa nyumbani kwa familia za Wazungu. Ongezeko hilo la kipato lilimwezesha kumtumia baba yake fedha huko Gee's Bend ili kusaidia gharama za kulea watoto wake tisa, akiwemo mwanawe aliyekuwa na ugonjwa wa (Down Syndrome). Alifanya [[kazi]] mjini Mobile kwa muda wa miaka sita na nusu, kisha akarudi Gee's Bend baada ya baba yake kuugua. Baada ya baba yake kufariki, ardhi yake ilirithiwa na kaka yake Lutisha, Yancy. Lutisha Pettway alifariki mwaka 2001 akiwa na umri wa miaka 76. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 81chgq86z0byb4bkvilro4rmcobab89 1583184 1583135 2026-08-02T10:14:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lutisha Pettway''' (1925–2001) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Quilt {{!}} The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|url=https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/56749|work=www.mfah.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTCWY6VrqHcC&pg=PA68|title=The Quilts of Gee's Bend|last=Beardsley|first=John|last2=Houston|first2=Museum of Fine Arts|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9653766-4-8|language=en}}</ref> Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya [[Sanaa]] ya Houston. == Maisha == Mbali na changamoto za kiuchumi zilizowakabili wakazi wengi wa Gee's Bend, Lutisha Pettway pia alipitia matatizo makubwa ya [[maisha]] binafsi. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa bado mdogo sana, na baba yake alibaki akiwalea yeye pamoja na ndugu zake. Baba yake alipooa tena, mke wake hakupendezwa na jukumu la kuwalea watoto wake, hivyo majukumu mengi ya nyumbani yakamwangukia Lutisha. Pettway hakuwahi kuolewa. Alifanya kazi ya kilimo pamoja na baba yake hadi pale shirika la Rentz Realty & Investments lilipochukua ardhi ya baba yake. Baada ya hapo, Lutisha alihamia mjini Mobile, Alabama, ambako alifanya kazi za uhudumu wa nyumbani kwa familia za Wazungu. Ongezeko hilo la kipato lilimwezesha kumtumia baba yake fedha huko Gee's Bend ili kusaidia gharama za kulea watoto wake tisa, akiwemo mwanawe aliyekuwa na ugonjwa wa (Down Syndrome). Alifanya [[kazi]] mjini Mobile kwa muda wa miaka sita na nusu, kisha akarudi Gee's Bend baada ya baba yake kuugua. Baada ya baba yake kufariki, ardhi yake ilirithiwa na kaka yake Lutisha, Yancy. Lutisha Pettway alifariki mwaka 2001 akiwa na umri wa miaka 76. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2001]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] oqo8a9miuazrjipu3eaarhvnt8cagfm 0 243152 1583136 2026-08-02T08:49:11Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lucy P. Pettway''' (1930–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucy P. Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-p-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa mtengenezaji wa mablanketi wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Mojawapo ya mablanketi yake, Housetop – Tofauti ya Nusu ya Kibanda cha Magogo yenye Vitalu Tisa, kinahifadhiwa katika mkusa...' 1583136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy P. Pettway''' (1930–2003)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucy P. Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-p-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa mtengenezaji wa mablanketi wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Mojawapo ya mablanketi yake, Housetop – Tofauti ya Nusu ya Kibanda cha Magogo yenye Vitalu Tisa, kinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa kudumu wa [[Makumbusho]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Sanaa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lucy P. Pettway {{!}} National Gallery of Art|url=https://www.nga.gov/artists/51494-lucy-p-pettway|work=www.nga.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucy P. Pettway alizaliwa na Nelson Pettway na Catherine Mooney Pettway. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka minne, na baadaye akaenda kuishi na babu na bibi yake, Needom na Lucy Mooney. Pettway na babu na bibi yake waliishi katika jimbo la Alabama. Walihama kutoka Primrose kwenda Rehobeth, na baadaye wakahamia Gee's Bend, ambako [[bibi]] yake alikuwa mpishi katika nyumba ya shamba la Pettway. Pettway alikuwa mshiriki wa Kanisa la Baptisti la Kimisionari la Pleasant Grove na alipata shahada kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Alabama State. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] rmqi9vigalch5gseg5llfg7hiequ9s4 1583183 1583136 2026-08-02T10:12:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy P. Pettway''' (1930–2003)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucy P. Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-p-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> alikuwa mtengenezaji wa mablanketi wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Mojawapo ya mablanketi yake, Housetop – Tofauti ya Nusu ya Kibanda cha Magogo yenye Vitalu Tisa, kinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa kudumu wa [[Makumbusho]] ya Kitaifa ya [[Sanaa]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lucy P. Pettway {{!}} National Gallery of Art|url=https://www.nga.gov/artists/51494-lucy-p-pettway|work=www.nga.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucy P. Pettway alizaliwa na Nelson Pettway na Catherine Mooney Pettway. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka minne, na baadaye akaenda kuishi na babu na bibi yake, Needom na Lucy Mooney. Pettway na babu na bibi yake waliishi katika jimbo la Alabama. Walihama kutoka Primrose kwenda Rehobeth, na baadaye wakahamia Gee's Bend, ambako [[bibi]] yake alikuwa mpishi katika nyumba ya shamba la Pettway. Pettway alikuwa mshiriki wa Kanisa la Baptisti la Kimisionari la Pleasant Grove na alipata shahada kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Alabama State. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] mxsrq48a426tlxbonikm7olg5b49p1s 0 243153 1583137 2026-08-02T08:54:14Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Loretta Marion Murray Braxton''' (19 Januari 1934 – 19 Februari 2019) alikuwa mwanahisabati wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia State kwa kipindi cha miaka kumi na tano. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Braxton alizaliwa mjini Winston-Salem, jimbo la North Carolina. Baada ya kuhitimu akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] bora wa darasa katika Shule ya Upili ya Atkins mjini Winston-Salem, alisomea [[hisabati]] katika Chuo K...' 1583137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loretta Marion Murray Braxton''' (19 Januari 1934 – 19 Februari 2019) alikuwa mwanahisabati wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia State kwa kipindi cha miaka kumi na tano. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Braxton alizaliwa mjini Winston-Salem, jimbo la North Carolina. Baada ya kuhitimu akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] bora wa darasa katika Shule ya Upili ya Atkins mjini Winston-Salem, alisomea [[hisabati]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia Union, chuo kikuu cha kihistoria kilichoanzishwa kwa ajili ya Waamerika Weusi kilichopo Richmond, Virginia. Alihitimu mwaka 1955 akiwa na daraja la juu la heshima. Baada ya kuhitimu, alirejea katika Shule ya Upili ya Atkins na kufanya [[kazi]] kama mwalimu wa hisabati. Pia alifundisha hisabati katika shule za sekondari za awali mjini Norfolk, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary for Dr. Loretta M. Braxton at J M WILKERSON FUNERAL ESTABLISHMENT, INC.|url=https://www.jmwilkersonsince1874.com/obituary/6720241?lud=EAD7E88F8443315D8066DFE81204215A|work=www.jmwilkersonsince1874.com|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 MMHMF Honoree Dr. Loretta Braxton|url=http://www.mmhmf.org/honorees/honoreebio.php?HonoreeID=f58a9fae118816e|work=www.mmhmf.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] bfbjfipkr0nmc3gupghvz6injw9bp3b 1583181 1583137 2026-08-02T10:11:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loretta Marion Murray Braxton''' (19 Januari 1934 – 19 Februari 2019) alikuwa mwanahisabati wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa Idara ya Hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia State kwa kipindi cha miaka kumi na tano. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Braxton alizaliwa mjini Winston-Salem, jimbo la North Carolina. Baada ya kuhitimu akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] bora wa darasa katika Shule ya Upili ya Atkins mjini Winston-Salem, alisomea [[hisabati]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Virginia Union, chuo kikuu cha kihistoria kilichoanzishwa kwa ajili ya Waamerika Weusi kilichopo Richmond, Virginia. Alihitimu mwaka 1955 akiwa na daraja la juu la heshima. Baada ya kuhitimu, alirejea katika Shule ya Upili ya Atkins na kufanya [[kazi]] kama mwalimu wa hisabati. Pia alifundisha hisabati katika shule za sekondari za awali mjini Norfolk, Virginia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Obituary for Dr. Loretta M. Braxton at J M WILKERSON FUNERAL ESTABLISHMENT, INC.|url=https://www.jmwilkersonsince1874.com/obituary/6720241?lud=EAD7E88F8443315D8066DFE81204215A|work=www.jmwilkersonsince1874.com|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=2011 MMHMF Honoree Dr. Loretta Braxton|url=http://www.mmhmf.org/honorees/honoreebio.php?HonoreeID=f58a9fae118816e|work=www.mmhmf.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]] 6kl47q23h85cqlrcvw7o8fq2kqv354w 0 243154 1583138 2026-08-02T08:59:02Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Candis Mosely Pettway''' (25 Novemba 1924 – 22 Mei 1997) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Alihusishwa na kikundi cha Freedom Quilting Bee na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend, pamoja na mabinti zake Qunnie Pettway, Sally Mae Pettway na Edwina Pettway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candis Mosely Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/candis-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><re...' 1583138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candis Mosely Pettway''' (25 Novemba 1924 – 22 Mei 1997) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]]. Alihusishwa na kikundi cha Freedom Quilting Bee na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend, pamoja na mabinti zake Qunnie Pettway, Sally Mae Pettway na Edwina Pettway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candis Mosely Pettway {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/candis-pettway|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|last=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-0-9|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Candis Mosely aliolewa na Tank Pettway, na kwa pamoja walilea watoto kumi na sita. Kwa kipindi fulani, walimlea pia [[mpwa]] wao, Loretta Pettway. Baada ya watoto wake wengi kukua, alianza kufanya [[kazi]] jikoni katika [[shule]] ya msingi ya eneo lao. Alipofikisha umri wa karibu miaka hamsini, alianza kusumbuliwa na matatizo ya moyo yaliyomlazimu kuacha kazi. Alifariki mwaka 1997 akiwa na umri wa miaka 73. == Kazi == Baada ya kuugua kutokana na matatizo ya moyo, Pettway mara nyingi aliwakusanya watengenezaji wachache wa mablanketi nyumbani kwake ili kushona mablanketi kwa ustadi na umakini mkubwa. Kikundi chake kilikuwa na [[shangazi]] yake Allie Pettway, Lucy Mingo na binti wa Allie, Lola Pettway. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] qd63oeei8b9pqbdb6nbh70qu7fdv73d 0 243155 1583140 2026-08-02T09:02:21Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Kurt-Lee Arendse 2022.jpg|thumb|Kurt-Lee Arendse]] Kurt-Lee Arendse (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[17]] Juni [[1996]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya winga kwa klabu ya Bulls katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Arendse anajulikana kwa: * Kasi kubwa * Uwezo wa kubadilisha mwelekeo kwa haraka * Uwezo wa kufunga pointi kupitia majaribio Tangu alipoanza kucheza kwa mara ya kwanza kwa Springboks mwaka [[2022]], amekuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika safu ya nyuma ya timu hiyo, akitoa mchango mkubwa katika mashambulizi ya Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Kurt-Lee Arendse alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Paarl]], nchini Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Paulus Joubert , ambako alianza kuonyesha uwezo wake katika mchezo wa raga. Mwaka [[2014]], alichaguliwa kujiunga na timu ya Boland Cavaliers sevens iliyoshiriki mashindano ya SARU ya chini ya miaka 18. Ushiriki huo ulimsaidia kuendeleza vipaji vyake katika raga ya wachezaji saba kabla ya baadaye kuendelea na taaluma ya raga ya wachezaji 15 na kufikia kiwango cha kuchezea timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Kombe la Dunia la Raga (Rugby World Cup) ** Mshindi: 2023 * The Rugby Championship ** Mshindi: 2024, 2025 ==== Blitzboks (Timu ya Raga ya Wachezaji 7 ya Afrika Kusini) ==== * Mashindano ya World Rugby ** Mshindi wa Canada Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa Singapore Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa Dubai Sevens: 2019 ** Mshindi wa USA Sevens: 2020 ==== Bulls ==== * Super Rugby Unlocked ** Mshindi: 2020 ** === Tuzo na mafanikio === ==== Bulls ==== * Currie Cup ** Mshindi: 2020–21 * United Rugby Championship (URC) ** Mshindi wa pili (Runner-up): 2021–22 === Tuzo binafsi === * Mchezaji Bora wa Mwezi wa United Rugby Championship (Afrika Kusini) ** Machi 2022 * United Rugby Championship Elite XV (Kikosi bora cha wachezaji wa URC) ** Amechaguliwa: 2022–23, 2023–24 === Tuzo za Bulls === * Vodacom Bulls Heineken Champions Cup Player of the Year ** 2022–23 * Vodacom Fans Player of the Year – APP ** 2023 * Vodacom Players’ Player of the Year ** 2023 * Vodacom Player of the Year ** 2023 <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/60620</ref><ref>https://rugby365.com/schools/news-sa-schools/wp-u18-sevens-champs/</ref><ref>https://iol.co.za/sport/rugby/springboks/2025-01-08-watch-the-kurt-lee-arendse-story-from-the-butchery-to-springbok-star-and-the-influence-of-chester-williams/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] cs6nw5a0ufkpjkvgq92nrh25ple00ja 0 243156 1583141 2026-08-02T09:14:25Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583141 wikitext text/x-wiki Canan Moodie (alizaliwa tarehe [[5]] [[Novemba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Bulls katika mashindano ya (URC) na pia ni [[mchezaji]] wa timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini . Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni winga . == Kazi ya kimataifa == Mnamo [[Agosti]] [[2022]], Canan Moodie alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Springboks kilichofanya ziara ya mechi za ugenini dhidi ya [[Australia]] katika mashindano ya mashindano ya kimataifa ya raga. Katika [[mchezo]] wake wa kwanza wa kimataifa dhidi ya Australia mjini Sydney, Moodie alifunga jaribio katika dakika ya [[38]] ya mchezo. Uchezaji huo ulimsaidia kujitambulisha katika kiwango cha kimataifa na kuonyesha uwezo wake kama mmoja wa wachezaji chipukizi muhimu wa safu ya nyuma ya timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini.<ref>https://www.ultimaterugby.com/canan-moodie</ref><ref>https://rugby365.com/tournaments/rugby-championship/news-rugby-championship/boks-end-their-drought-down-under/</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] dq95xhncvrgmau5a8liezyp00m1mz6f 0 243157 1583144 2026-08-02T09:33:31Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Jesse Kriel 2015 RWC USA (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jesse Kriel 2015 RWC USA]] [[Faili:Jesse Kriel 210327a.jpg|thumb|Jesse Kriel ]] '''Jesse Kriel''' (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[15]] [[Februari]] [[1994]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Canon Eagles katika [[Ligi]] Kuu ya Raga ya [[Japani]] na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni (mchezaji wa safu ya nyuma anayeweza kucheza nafasi mbalimbali), lakini pia anaweza kucheza kama: * ([[kiungo]] wa kati wa safu ya nyuma) * ([[winga]]) * ([[mlinzi]] wa mwisho) Kriel alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda: * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la 2019 * Kombe la Dunia la Raga la 2023 Katika mashindano ya Kombe la Dunia la Raga la [[2023]], alicheza katika mechi zote za mashindano hayo, akitoa mchango muhimu katika mafanikio ya timu ya taifa ya raga ya chama na kutwaa ubingwa. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025 <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160607185606/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=2411934&fullview=true</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210229/http://www.sarugby.co.za/article.aspx?id=3122474&leagueid=2204</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1994]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] bn1gtjqjtdtpqmga1kzk1sohiiuq53m 0 243158 1583145 2026-08-02T09:47:03Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Faf de Klerk 2022.jpg|thumb|Faf de Klerk 2022]] '''Faf de Klerk''' (jina kamili François de Klerk, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[19]] [[Oktoba]] [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la utani Faf. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa klabu ya Yokohama Canon Eagles katika mashindano ya [[Japan]] Rugby League One, na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Faf de Klerk alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kilichoshinda: * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la 2019 nchini Japani. * Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la 2023 nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana kwa: * Kasi na uchezaji wa haraka. * Uwezo mkubwa wa kusambaza mipira . * Ulinzi mkali licha ya kuwa na mwili mdogo ukilinganisha na wachezaji wengi wa raga. * Uongozi na ushawishi mkubwa ndani ya timu ya Springboks. == Kazi ya uchezaji == Faf de Klerk alijumuishwa katika kikosi cha Lions kwa [[msimu]] wa Super Rugby wa [[2014]]. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika ushindi wa [[21]]–[[20]] dhidi ya Cheetahs mjini Bloemfontein. [[Mechi]] hiyo ilikuwa hatua muhimu katika kuanza kwa [[safari]] yake ya kitaaluma katika raga ya kiwango cha juu, kabla ya baadaye kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu wa Springboks na kushinda Kombe la Dunia la Raga mwaka [[2019]] na [[2023]]. <ref>https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/teams/south-africa/player/56104</ref><ref>https://www.news24.com/life/relationships/parenting/meet-baby-yuke-faf-and-mine-de-klerk-welcome-their-second-daughter-20251125-0557#:~:text=The%20couple%2C%20married%20since%202022%2C%20are%20now,eldest%2C%20Remi-R%C3%A9%2C%20stepping%20into%20her%20big-sister%20role</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150704000948/http://www.lionsrugby.co.za/lionsnews.aspx?item=4128&multiid=1363&archive=0</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1991]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] 3v4pum6ymdcxr9g3m3g0os3rp6pttt2 3 243159 1583146 2026-08-02T09:48:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583146 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 4q8ti2gx8091qvs10uo0y8yuxz7awf8 3 243160 1583147 2026-08-02T09:48:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583147 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 4q8ti2gx8091qvs10uo0y8yuxz7awf8 3 243161 1583148 2026-08-02T09:48:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583148 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 4q8ti2gx8091qvs10uo0y8yuxz7awf8 3 243162 1583149 2026-08-02T09:48:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583149 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 4q8ti2gx8091qvs10uo0y8yuxz7awf8 3 243163 1583150 2026-08-02T09:48:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583150 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 4q8ti2gx8091qvs10uo0y8yuxz7awf8 3 243164 1583151 2026-08-02T09:49:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583151 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243165 1583152 2026-08-02T09:49:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583152 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243166 1583153 2026-08-02T09:49:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583153 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243167 1583154 2026-08-02T09:49:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583154 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243168 1583155 2026-08-02T09:49:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583155 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243169 1583156 2026-08-02T09:49:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583156 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ix6xy1nvcz35itpfbwh2sx2dl0wesi3 3 243170 1583157 2026-08-02T09:50:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583157 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243171 1583158 2026-08-02T09:50:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583158 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243172 1583159 2026-08-02T09:50:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583159 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243173 1583160 2026-08-02T09:50:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583160 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243174 1583161 2026-08-02T09:50:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583161 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243175 1583162 2026-08-02T09:50:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583162 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) 317g4opy8k9iqzwzsutv2n88ct4j1we 3 243176 1583163 2026-08-02T09:51:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583163 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243177 1583164 2026-08-02T09:51:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583164 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243178 1583165 2026-08-02T09:51:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583165 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243179 1583166 2026-08-02T09:51:38Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583166 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243180 1583167 2026-08-02T09:51:48Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583167 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243181 1583168 2026-08-02T09:51:58Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583168 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) h9z432yh4svgculihz2b5ynlqfs5vkr 3 243182 1583169 2026-08-02T09:52:08Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583169 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ptu5jm0vjcngagg4u8aiiqyflgyhqtb 3 243183 1583171 2026-08-02T09:52:18Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583171 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ptu5jm0vjcngagg4u8aiiqyflgyhqtb 3 243184 1583172 2026-08-02T09:52:28Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1583172 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:52, 2 Agosti 2026 (UTC) ptu5jm0vjcngagg4u8aiiqyflgyhqtb 0 243185 1583173 2026-08-02T09:53:18Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yvette Greer-Albrecht''' ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Marekani wa riadha, aliyebobea katika mbio za kuruka viunzi, na [[kocha]] wa timu ya riadha. Mwaka 1979, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanamichezo Bora wa Kike wa Vyuo Vikuu na Chama cha Waandishi wa Michezo cha South Dakota. Mwaka 1982, Greer-Albrecht alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha South Dakota kutambuliwa kama mwanariadha wa kiwango cha kitaifa (All-American) katika [[mchezo]] wa riadha. Pia ame...' 1583173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yvette Greer-Albrecht''' ni [[mwanariadha]] wa Marekani wa riadha, aliyebobea katika mbio za kuruka viunzi, na [[kocha]] wa timu ya riadha. Mwaka 1979, alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mwanamichezo Bora wa Kike wa Vyuo Vikuu na Chama cha Waandishi wa Michezo cha South Dakota. Mwaka 1982, Greer-Albrecht alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika Chuo Kikuu cha South Dakota kutambuliwa kama mwanariadha wa kiwango cha kitaifa (All-American) katika [[mchezo]] wa riadha. Pia ameingizwa katika kumbi mbili za heshima za michezo kutokana na mafanikio yake. == Maisha binafsi == Greer-Albrecht alizaliwa mjini Sioux City, jimbo la Iowa, akiwa binti wa Wardell Greer na Ruth Greer. Anaishi mjini Redfield, jimbo la South Dakota, na ana watoto wawili.<ref>{{Citation|title=Article clipped from The Sioux City Journal|date=2005-04-25|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sioux-city-journal/171170487/|work=The Sioux City Journal|pages=17|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Marekani]] gtivdrd3qhexk1gyco3dhkzrh8x0mwk 0 243186 1583174 2026-08-02T09:56:08Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sharon Sanders Brooks''' ni mwanasiasa wa zamani wa Marekani kutoka Chama cha Democratic, aliyewahi kuiwakilisha Kansas City, Missouri, katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri. Alizaliwa mjini Lynchburg, jimbo la Virginia. Alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Francis L. Cardozo, Chuo cha Bennett, na Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani. Amefanya kazi kama mshauri wa masuala ya historia, mpelelezi wa haki za kiraia, na mpelelezi wa masuala ya makazi yenye usawa.<ref>{...' 1583174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon Sanders Brooks''' ni mwanasiasa wa zamani wa Marekani kutoka Chama cha Democratic, aliyewahi kuiwakilisha Kansas City, Missouri, katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri. Alizaliwa mjini Lynchburg, jimbo la Virginia. Alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Francis L. Cardozo, Chuo cha Bennett, na Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani. Amefanya kazi kama mshauri wa masuala ya historia, mpelelezi wa haki za kiraia, na mpelelezi wa masuala ya makazi yenye usawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representative Sharon Sanders Brooks|url=https://house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills01/member01/mem037.htm|work=house.mo.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] pp6brgygwi3jf99lyddl4s78o4f0y12 1583195 1583174 2026-08-02T11:54:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1583195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharon Sanders Brooks''' ni mwanasiasa wa zamani wa Marekani kutoka Chama cha Democratic, aliyewahi kuiwakilisha Kansas City, Missouri, katika Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri. Alizaliwa mjini Lynchburg, jimbo la Virginia. Alisoma katika Shule ya Upili ya Francis L. Cardozo, Chuo cha Bennett, na Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani. Amefanya kazi kama mshauri wa masuala ya historia, mpelelezi wa haki za kiraia, na mpelelezi wa masuala ya makazi yenye usawa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Representative Sharon Sanders Brooks|url=https://house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills01/member01/mem037.htm|work=house.mo.gov|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] cajthd1u21d2en0bm741fc934wu9wdj 0 243187 1583175 2026-08-02T09:59:18Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Imogene Williams''' (alizaliwa tarehe 5 Novemba 1870) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa meno na [[mwalimu]] wa Marekani. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwamerika Mweusi kuhitimu kutoka [[shule]] ya udaktari wa meno ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard mwaka 1896.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWgljwJvKfMC&pg=PA399|title=The Crisis|last=Inc|first=The Crisis Publishing Company|date=1979-11|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|language=en}}</re...' 1583175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Imogene Williams''' (alizaliwa tarehe 5 Novemba 1870) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa meno na [[mwalimu]] wa Marekani. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwamerika Mweusi kuhitimu kutoka [[shule]] ya udaktari wa meno ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard mwaka 1896.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWgljwJvKfMC&pg=PA399|title=The Crisis|last=Inc|first=The Crisis Publishing Company|date=1979-11|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA497|title=Notable Black American Women|last=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|date=1992|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-8103-9177-2|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1870]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]] neha7oxuoq9lrk5k5n9ow6rqylbu6e0 1583188 1583175 2026-08-02T10:22:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Imogene Williams''' (alizaliwa tarehe 5 Novemba 1870) alikuwa [[daktari]] wa meno na [[mwalimu]] wa Marekani. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Mwamerika Mweusi kuhitimu kutoka [[shule]] ya udaktari wa meno ya Chuo Kikuu cha Howard mwaka 1896.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWgljwJvKfMC&pg=PA399|title=The Crisis|last=Inc|first=The Crisis Publishing Company|date=1979-11|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA497|title=Notable Black American Women|last=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|date=1992|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-8103-9177-2|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1870]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Walimu wa Marekani]] 5krb8trp8sl35nklozkxkjs0lsu1z72 0 243188 1583176 2026-08-02T10:02:22Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Reinach 2021.jpg|thumb|Reinach 2021]] Jaco Reinach (jina kamili Jacobus Meyer Reinach, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[7]] [[Februari]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya [[chama]] kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza katika nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa klabu ya Stormers katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Reinach ni mtoto wa mchezaji wa zamani wa Springboks, Jaco Reinach, ambaye alicheza nafasi ya winga kwa timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Springboks kilichoshinda: * [[Kombe]] la Dunia la Raga la [[2019]] nchini [[Japani]]. * Kombe la [[Dunia]] la Raga la [[2023]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Jaco Reinach anajulikana kwa kasi yake, uwezo wa kusoma mchezo na uchezaji wa haraka katika nafasi ya namba 9 , ambayo ni nafasi muhimu katika kuanzisha mashambulizi ya [[timu]]. == Kazi ya awali == Jaco Reinach alizaliwa na kukulia katika [[mji]] wa [[Bloemfontein]], Afrika Kusini. Alisoma katika [[shule]] maarufu ya raga ya Grey , ambayo inajulikana kwa kuzalisha [[wachezaji]] wengi wa kiwango cha juu wa raga nchini Afrika Kusini. Mwanzoni mwa [[safari]] yake ya raga, alicheza katika viwango vya umri kwa timu ya Free State. Mwaka [[2009]], alihamia Durban ili kujiunga na mfumo wa maendeleo wa Sharks. Katika sehemu ya kazi yake ya [[klabu]], pia alicheza nafasi ya (mchezaji wa namba 9) kwa timu ya Durban iliyodhaminiwa na SA Home Loans.<ref>https://www.northamptonsaints.co.uk/</ref><ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-17/sharks-beat-crusaders-despite-red-card/5459936</ref><ref>https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/reinach-in-coenie-and-kolisi-out/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/39103649</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] 26awoebc8ywwtrm3h425ddlp7eqnay5 0 243189 1583177 2026-08-02T10:02:28Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Latonia M. Harris''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa kemikali wa [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa mjini Selma, jimbo la Alabama, na akasoma katika shule za umma za Detroit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latonia Harris Encourages Master’s, PhD Graduates to Honor Their Supporters|url=https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2022/06/latonia-harris-encourages-masters-phd-graduates-to-honor-their-supporters/|work=Northwestern Engineering|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</...' 1583177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Latonia M. Harris''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa kemikali wa [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa mjini Selma, jimbo la Alabama, na akasoma katika shule za umma za Detroit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latonia Harris Encourages Master’s, PhD Graduates to Honor Their Supporters|url=https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2022/06/latonia-harris-encourages-masters-phd-graduates-to-honor-their-supporters/|work=Northwestern Engineering|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref>. Harris alipata shahada ya kwanza ya uhandisi wa kemikali kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan. Aliendelea na masomo katika taaluma hiyo hiyo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern, ambako alimaliza shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi mwaka 1997 na shahada ya uzamivu mwaka 2001. Wakati wa masomo yake ya [[uzamivu]], aliongozwa na wataalamu Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis na Neil Welker. Baada ya kuhitimu, Harris alifanya kazi kama mwanasayansi katika kampuni ya Schering-Plough, kisha akahamia kampuni ya Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Mwaka 2020, Harris alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Uhandisi cha Marekani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Latonia M. Harris|url=https://nae.edu/224686/Dr-Latonia-M-Harris|work=NAE Website|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] j7dhq733p7ldut3fa6il8ccnory6q79 1583179 1583177 2026-08-02T10:07:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1583179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Latonia M. Harris''' ni [[mhandisi]] wa kemikali wa [[Marekani]]. Alizaliwa mjini Selma, jimbo la Alabama, na akasoma katika shule za umma za Detroit<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Latonia Harris Encourages Master’s, PhD Graduates to Honor Their Supporters|url=https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2022/06/latonia-harris-encourages-masters-phd-graduates-to-honor-their-supporters/|work=Northwestern Engineering|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref>. Harris alipata shahada ya kwanza ya uhandisi wa kemikali kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan. Aliendelea na masomo katika taaluma hiyo hiyo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern, ambako alimaliza shahada ya uzamili ya sayansi mwaka 1997 na shahada ya uzamivu mwaka 2001. Wakati wa masomo yake ya [[uzamivu]], aliongozwa na wataalamu Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis na Neil Welker. Baada ya kuhitimu, Harris alifanya kazi kama mwanasayansi katika kampuni ya Schering-Plough, kisha akahamia kampuni ya Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Mwaka 2020, Harris alichaguliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Uhandisi cha Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Latonia M. Harris|url=https://nae.edu/224686/Dr-Latonia-M-Harris|work=NAE Website|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] 9oqrh15wtwmati2fhu4k5gh5q0ym9e2 0 243190 1583178 2026-08-02T10:07:04Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joyce Ferriabough Bolling''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa habari wa [[gazeti]] la ''Boston Herald'' na mshauri wa mikakati ya Chama cha Democratic. Mwaka 2011, Bolling alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa washindi wa tuzo ya "Mwanamke Jasiri" iliyotolewa na Jumuiya ya Wanawake wa Kisiasa ya Massachusetts, pamoja na Spika wa zamani wa Baraza la Wawakilishi Nancy Pelosi, mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu Rubina Bhatti, na Waziri wa zamani wa Kazi Alexis Herman. Mwaka 2023...' 1583178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joyce Ferriabough Bolling''' ni [[mwandishi]] wa habari wa [[gazeti]] la ''Boston Herald'' na mshauri wa mikakati ya Chama cha Democratic. Mwaka 2011, Bolling alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa washindi wa tuzo ya "Mwanamke Jasiri" iliyotolewa na Jumuiya ya Wanawake wa Kisiasa ya Massachusetts, pamoja na Spika wa zamani wa Baraza la Wawakilishi Nancy Pelosi, mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu Rubina Bhatti, na Waziri wa zamani wa Kazi Alexis Herman. Mwaka 2023, alitambuliwa kuwa miongoni mwa "wanawake viongozi Waamerika Weusi wanaoheshimika, kupendwa na kufanikiwa zaidi wa Boston" na mradi wa Black Women Lead.<ref>{{Citation|title=Portraits along Blue Hill Avenue honor Boston's Black women leaders|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/portraits-honor-boston-black-women-leaders-roxbury/|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Black Women Lead - Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|url=https://www.greatergrovehall.org/black-women-lead/|work=Greater Grove Hall Main Streets|language=en-US|access-date=2026-08-02}}</ref> Mwaka 2024, aliteuliwa na [[Seneta]] wa Jimbo Liz Miranda na kuingizwa katika kundi la Mashujaa [[Wanawake]] wa Jumuiya ya Madola ya Massachusetts. Kwa kushirikiana na Mjumbe wa Baraza la Jiji la Boston, Bruce Bolling, Joyce Bolling alisaidia kupitishwa kwa sheria ya uhusiano ya Boston (linkage law), ambayo iliweka masharti kwamba miradi ya ujenzi wa majengo ya kibiashara ipate kibali kwa kuhusisha ujenzi wa nyumba za bei nafuu. Baada ya kazi hiyo, wawili hao walioana na waliendelea kuwa pamoja hadi kifo cha Bruce mnamo Septemba 2012. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] t3opmragt7aqpuvc4sg47gtlok5czct 0 243191 1583182 2026-08-02T10:12:16Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hortense Allen Jordan''' (17 Septemba 1919 – 15 Machi 2008) alikuwa mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[maonyesho]] ya dansi, mbunifu wa mavazi na mtayarishaji wa vipindi kutoka jamii ya Waamerika Weusi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-dancer Hortense Allen Jordan dies at 88|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20080323_Ex-dancer_Hortense_Allen_Jordan_dies_at_88.html|work=Inquirer.com|date=2008-03-23|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Gayle Ronan Sims,...' 1583182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hortense Allen Jordan''' (17 Septemba 1919 – 15 Machi 2008) alikuwa mcheza dansi, mbunifu wa [[maonyesho]] ya dansi, mbunifu wa mavazi na mtayarishaji wa vipindi kutoka jamii ya Waamerika Weusi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-dancer Hortense Allen Jordan dies at 88|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20080323_Ex-dancer_Hortense_Allen_Jordan_dies_at_88.html|work=Inquirer.com|date=2008-03-23|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en|author=Gayle Ronan Sims, Inquirer Staff Writer}}</ref> == Maisha binafsi == Alizaliwa kwa jina la Hiawatha Hortense Allen tarehe 17 Septemba 1919.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hortense Allen Jordan|url=https://www.folkloreproject.org/artists/hortense-allen-jordan|work=Philadelphia Folklore Project|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa na ndugu 12 na alilelewa katika eneo la East St. Louis, jimbo la Illinois. Hortense Jordan aliolewa na Theodore Jordan, aliyekuwa mpelelezi wa [[polisi]] mjini Philadelphia, mwaka 1955. Alikuwa na watoto watatu wa kiume: Dewey Allen, Theodore Jordan Jr. na Philip Allen. Alifariki tarehe 15 Machi 2008 kutokana na kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa moyo. == Kazi == Alianza [[kazi]] yake ya dansi akiwa na umri wa miaka 14. Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, alipata mafunzo na ushauri kutoka kwa Leonard Reed na Larry Steele. Mwaka 1947, Jordan alionekana pamoja na Billy Eckstine na bendi yake katika [[filamu]] ''Rhythm in a Riff''. Katika miaka ya 1950, alikuwa akicheza dansi na kuongoza vikundi vya wacheza dansi katika ukumbi wa Paramount Theater, Apollo Theater, Club Harlem na Robin Hood Dell. Katika miaka ya 1970, Jordan aliongoza kikundi cha wacheza dansi wanawake wengi Waamerika Weusi mjini Philadelphia kilichojulikana kama Hortense Allen Dancers. Kikundi hicho kilifanya maonyesho mara kwa mara katika Robin Hood Dell katika miaka ya 1970 na kiliambatana na maonyesho ya wanamuziki maarufu kama Lionel Hampton, Count Basie na Woody Herman. Mwaka 1995, Jordan alikuwa mkurugenzi wa kisanii wa onyesho la Stepping in Time, lililokuwa na muziki na dansi za wasanii Waamerika Weusi, lililofadhiliwa na kutayarishwa na Mradi wa [[Sanaa]] za Jadi wa Philadelphia. Maisha yake ya uchezaji dansi pia yaliangaziwa katika filamu ya maandishi Plenty of Good Women Dancers, iliyorushwa kwenye televisheni ya umma mwaka 2004. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] kbf0npcp6602yf494wba4gttwzdsmxx 0 243192 1583185 2026-08-02T10:14:13Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Ox Nché 2015.jpg|thumb|Ox Nché 2015]] Ox Nché (jina kamili Retshegofaditswe "Tshego" Nché, alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[23]] Julai [[1995]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la utani Ox Nché. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa klabu ya Sharks katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 1. Nché anatambulika kimataifa kwa uwezo wake mkubwa katika mchuano wa kusukumana wa wachezaji wa mbele, na anasifiwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora [[duniani]] katika [[eneo]] hilo. == Raga ya klabu == ==== Vijana (2011–2014) ==== Ox Nché alipata uteuzi wake wa kwanza wa ngazi ya [[mkoa]] mwaka [[2011]], alipoteuliwa kujiunga na kikosi cha Free State kilichoshiriki mashindano ya [[vijana]] ya chini ya miaka 16 Grant Khomo Week yaliyofanyika mjini [[Queenstown]]. Mashindano hayo yalikuwa sehemu ya [[programu]] za kukuza vipaji vya wachezaji vijana nchini Afrika Kusini, na yalitoa nafasi kwa wachezaji wenye uwezo kuonekana na kuchaguliwa kwenda ngazi za juu za raga.<ref>https://briefly.co.za/106964-ox-nche-age-dob-height-weight-family-espn-injury-stats.html</ref><ref>https://www.espn.com.au/rugby/story/_/id/38733572/ox-nc-skill-key-springboks-charge-final</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] hkoz18p7aomy4lf9w1vp8f2qtsf0w4q 0 243193 1583186 2026-08-02T10:15:50Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hope Elizabeth Whitehead''' (alizaliwa tarehe 30 Januari 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri akiwakilisha wilaya ya 57.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hope Whitehead|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Hope_Whitehead|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2020, Whitehead alikua Mwamerika Mweusi wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Msimamizi wa [[Mahakama]] (Judicial Administrator). Anafanya [...' 1583186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hope Elizabeth Whitehead''' (alizaliwa tarehe 30 Januari 1959) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Marekani]]. Aliwahi kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Wawakilishi la Missouri akiwakilisha wilaya ya 57.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hope Whitehead|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Hope_Whitehead|work=Ballotpedia|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2020, Whitehead alikua Mwamerika Mweusi wa kwanza kushika nafasi ya Msimamizi wa [[Mahakama]] (Judicial Administrator). Anafanya [[kazi]] katika [[Mahakama]] ya Mzunguko ya Kaunti ya St. Louis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hope E. Whitehead sworn in as St. Louis County Circuit Court judicial administrator|url=https://www.stlamerican.com/business/people-on-the-move/hope-e-whitehead-sworn-in-as-st-louis-county-circuit-court-judicial-administrator/|work=St. Louis American|date=2020-01-16|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en-US|author=Staff}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] bmcl4g68eciapsu007aizc01878z7d6 0 243194 1583187 2026-08-02T10:20:54Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dolores Salinas''' (1933–2011) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka Colombia. Alikuwa mshiriki wa kikundi cha [[muziki]] Las Alegres Ambulancias, ambacho kilipata umaarufu kupitia wimbo wake maarufu "La Maldita Vieja". == Maisha == Dolores Salinas alizaliwa mwaka 1933 katika mji wa San Basilio de Palenque, katika jimbo la Bolívar nchini Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dolores Salinas: una década sin “La maldita vieja”|url=https://www....' 1583187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolores Salinas''' (1933–2011) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] na mtunzi wa nyimbo kutoka Colombia. Alikuwa mshiriki wa kikundi cha [[muziki]] Las Alegres Ambulancias, ambacho kilipata umaarufu kupitia wimbo wake maarufu "La Maldita Vieja". == Maisha == Dolores Salinas alizaliwa mwaka 1933 katika mji wa San Basilio de Palenque, katika jimbo la Bolívar nchini Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dolores Salinas: una década sin “La maldita vieja”|url=https://www.radionacional.co/actualidad/dolores-salinas-la-maldita-vieja-las-alegras-ambulancias|work=www.radionacional.co|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=es|author=Radio Nacional de Colombia}}</ref> Alikuwa mwimbaji katika kikundi cha Las Alegres Ambulancias, kilichoongozwa na Graciela Salgado. Kikundi hicho kiliimba kwenye mazishi huko San Basilio de Palenque kama sehemu ya [[utamaduni]] wa jadi wa lumbalú. Salinas ndiye aliyekipa kikundi hicho jina la Las Alegres Ambulancias, na mara nyingi aliimba sauti za usaidizi katika nyimbo zao. Pia aliimba pamoja na Graciela Salgado na Cristobalina Estrada katika kikundi kilichoitwa Las Tres Mujeres. Kikundi hicho kilishiriki katika albamu Los Colores de la Tierra, iliyotayarishwa na Caja Agraria na Wizara ya Utamaduni ya Colombia. Kikundi cha Las Alegres Ambulancias kilipata [[mafanikio]] makubwa kupitia wimbo "La Maldita Vieja", ambao uliandikwa na Salinas kutokana na tukio la ugomvi aliokuwa nao na jirani yake aliyekuwa akimvizia mume wake. Wimbo huo baadaye uliimbwa tena na wasanii na vikundi mbalimbali, vikiwemo La Mojarra Eléctrica, Faraón Bantú, na vikundi mbalimbali vya muziki wa bullerengue kutoka eneo la Karibiani la Colombia. Baadaye jina la wimbo huo, "La Maldita Vieja", lilianza kutumiwa pia kama jina la utani la Dolores Salinas. Dolores Salinas alifariki tarehe 11 Mei 2011 mjini Cartagena akiwa na umri wa miaka 78. Graciela Salgado aliimba katika ibada ya kumuaga, na Petrona Martínez alihudhuria [[mazishi]] yake.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Murió cantadora Dolores Salinas|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/cultural/2011/05/12/murio-cantadora-dolores-salinas/|work=www.eluniversal.com.co|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=es}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2011]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kolombia]] fr4xpr9r7wvdrpy4jr92ou5e4wofhcw 0 243195 1583190 2026-08-02T10:28:08Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1583190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Vincent Koch 2022.jpg|thumb|Vincent Koch ]] Vincent Koch (alizaliwa [[tarehe]] [[13]] [[Machi]] [[1990]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa [[raga]] ya chama kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Kwa sasa anacheza kwa [[klabu]] ya Sharks katika mashindano ya United Rugby Championship (URC) na pia anaiwakilisha timu ya [[taifa]] ya Afrika Kusini. Nafasi yake ya kawaida uwanjani ni mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele, namba 3. Koch anajulikana kwa: * Uwezo mkubwa katika mchuano wa kusukumana wa wachezaji wa mbele. * [[Nguvu]] katika uchezaji wa karibu na mstari wa mbele. * Uzoefu mkubwa katika raga ya kimataifa akiwa sehemu ya kizazi cha mafanikio cha Springboks. == Kazi ya klabu == Vincent Koch hucheza mara kwa mara katika nafasi ya mchezaji wa mstari wa mbele. Hapo awali aliwahi kuiwakilisha timu za: * Blue Bulls * UP Tuks * Pumas Mwaka [[2015]], alijiunga na Stormers kwa ajili ya msimu wa (Super Rugby) 2015, lakini baadaye alirejea kuchezea Pumas katika mashindano ya Currie Cup. Mwaka [[2016]], [[Koch]] alihamia klabu ya [[Uingereza]] ya Saracens, ambako aliendelea kukuza taaluma yake katika raga ya kiwango cha juu. == Tuzo na mafanikio == ==== Afrika Kusini ==== * Mshindi wa The Rugby Championship: 2025 <ref>https://saracens.com/vincent-koch-to-leave-saracens-at-the-end-of-the-season/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/36459911</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/59596425</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Afrika]] kmr7cqlfxw6ojq204y3q77cp9bpay9g 0 243196 1583191 2026-08-02T10:28:57Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Arlonzia Pettway''' (1923–2008) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Alianza kutengeneza mablanketi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC&pg=PA54|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|last=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-7-8|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2006, [[kazi]] yake ya mto i...' 1583191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arlonzia Pettway''' (1923–2008) alikuwa msanii wa [[Marekani]] aliyehusishwa na kikundi cha watengenezaji wa mablanketi cha Gee's Bend. Alianza kutengeneza mablanketi akiwa na umri wa miaka 13.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC&pg=PA54|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|last=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=978-0-9719104-7-8|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 2006, [[kazi]] yake ya mto iliyokuwa na muundo wa "Chinese Coins" ilionekana kwenye stempu ya [[posta]] ya Marekani katika mfululizo uliotolewa kuwaenzi watengenezaji wa mablanketi wa Gee's Bend. Kazi zake zinahifadhiwa katika mkusanyiko wa Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Houston na Makumbusho ya Sanaa ya Juu yaliyopo Atlanta, Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Museum of Art Receives 54 Artworks from Souls Grown Deep Foundation|url=http://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/9125-high-museum-of-art-receives-54-artworks-from-souls-grown-deep-fou|work=ArtfixDaily|accessdate=2026-08-02|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Arlonzia Pettway alilelewa katika shamba la Pettway na wazazi wake hadi mwaka 1941, baba yake alipofariki. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, yeye na kaka yake Ike walichukua jukumu la kuendesha shamba baada ya kifo cha baba yao. Walilima zaidi pamba, [[mahindi]], njegere na viazi vitamu. Baadaye walianza pia kulima matango na turnips kwa ajili ya kampuni moja iliyokuwa Montgomery, Alabama. Mwaka 1940, nyumba ya utotoni ya Pettway iliyokuwa imejengwa kwa mtindo wa kibanda cha magogo ilibadilishwa na serikali ya shirikisho kuwa nyumba mpya ya mradi. Nyumba hiyo ilikuwa na vyumba vitatu vya kulala, jiko, [[chumba]] cha kulia na bafu mbili, lakini haikuwa na maji ya bomba. Familia yake ilipata mfumo wa maji ya ndani mwaka 1974, umeme mwaka 1964, na walinunua simu yao ya kwanza mwaka 1976. Pettway aliolewa na Bizzell, mwana wa Jennie Pettway, akiwa na umri wa miaka 20. Waliishi pamoja wakilima na kulea watoto wao kumi na wawili — wasichana wanne na wavulana wanane — katika nyumba ya familia ya Pettway. Mume wake alifariki mwaka 1964, na Arlonzia Pettway alifariki mwaka 2008. == Kazi == Pettway alijiona kuwa mtu mwenye uwezo wa kutumia [[rasilimali]] alizonazo, na alitengeneza vitu vingi kwa mikono yake mwenyewe. Aliamini kuwa kipaji chake kilikuwa sehemu ya asili yake, akisema: ''"Nilikuwa na uwezo wa kufanya jambo lolote. Ilikuwa ndani yangu tangu kuzaliwa kutengeneza vitu."'' Alikumbuka kutengeneza vitanda, rafu za vitabu, makabati ya televisheni na vyombo vya kupandia mimea kwa kutumia maboya ya mtoni. Akiwa na umri wa miaka tisa, alitengeneza magauni yake na ya [[dada]] yake kwa kutumia kitambaa cha rangi ya bluu cha tafta, jambo lililomfurahisha sana mama yake. Inaaminika kuwa mama yake ndiye aliyemfundisha kushona na kutengeneza mablanketi kabla hajafikisha umri wa miaka tisa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] cfi6y1zo980pkmx6wywmheaekxbfwmm